Utah Statewide Archaeological Society Newsletter, Volume 8, Number 3, September 1962

UTAH STATE HISTORICAL 603 EAST SOUTH TEMPLE

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A Newsletter

Sept. 1962

Vol o 8, No. :3

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Pictograph (actual size) from pear Ferron, utah

UTAH ARCHAEOLOGY is published quarterly by the UTAH STATEWIDE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Subscrition is included in membel1Ship. Membership in the society is available from th'e secretary-treasurer at ~2.00 pel' year. Correspondence concerning the activities of the :society should be· directed to the president. All manuscripts and news items ,should be sent to the editor: Lloyd Pierson, Arch-e·s National Monument, Moab, Utah.

PRESIDENT, . John L. Cross., 860 South 10th East, orem, utah VICE PRESIDENT: Francis Hassel 906 Rancho aLvd. ogden, utah SECRETARY-TREASURER, Veone Gale, 1432 Sunview Dr., Ogden, Utah ADVISORt . Dr. Jesse D. Jennings, Univ. ot utah, Salt Lake City 12, Utah EDITOR: W. D. 'Pack, 310 South 3rd East, Preston, Idaho

EDI'lORtS NOTES Vie are printing a copy of the By laws of your state organization with some ~1nor changes that were approved in the state wide meeting last April.

We are also printing a oopy of the proposed legislation to be passed by the new Legislature to create a museum to display the tremendous amount of material that has been collected and is being collecte~ at the present time. We feel that there are also many private oolleotions that would be put on display it a sult~ble place with adequlQte protection could be found.

The first paper in the present issue is an article by Gordon Grosscup on his work in Northeastern Utah that should be very interesting to all of us Wi th all of the work that is being done on the Colorado River and its tributaries.

Your Editor woUld appreciate some reproductions of petroglyphs to be used on our front cover. I have none at this writing so I am using a reprint from a fonner Issue.__ (Vol. 3, No.4) .

As I am very much dependent on all of you for any contribution you could make in the way of material would be appreciated. We are all dependent on each other for any new material that Vie know of that is of interest to members so feel tre~ to let me make it available through the newsletter. Address your inquiries to W. D. Pack 310 So. 3rd East, Preston, Idaho, or to the Dept. at the University of utah. Sorry to be BO far behind on the newsletter but we do hope to catch up in the near future.

The Utah utes by Edward Palmer is an article taken from "Anthropological.

Papers" no. 17 May, 1954. Printed by the University of Utah dept. of Anthropology. I tel t many of you would be interested in it. An explanation as to source acoompanies the paper.

Please try to attend the Statewide SOCiety meeting this year as a very interesting program is being arranged at this time. We plan to have it earlier this year.. You will all be notifie<i.

CONS"1'I'lUTION & BY-LAHS OF 'lHE UTAH STA'IEWlDE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIE'lY

Chapter 1 Name The name ot this society shall be the Utah Statewide Archaeological Society.

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Chapter The logical of utah

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purpose of this society shall be to increase and diffuse archaeoknowledge and to preserve and protect the archaeological heritage for the mutual enjoyment of all •

.Chapter III Memhership Any person interested in the aims of the sooiety shall be eligible tor membership.

Chapter lV lllanagement Seot,. 1. The society shall be managed by the officers of the society who shall be elected from the membership fol' two year term ..

Sect. 2. Officers shall consist of a President, President elect, Secretary-Treasurer, plus an ex-officio Advisor.

Sect. 3. Election of officers shall take place at the annual meeting of all members .. sect.. 4. Vacancies or any office shall be fUled from the membership by the other officers.

Sect. 5. The office:rs shall select an editor- for the societies newsletter "Utah Archaeology" , who should be, if possible, a professionally trained archaeologist residing in Utah. Sect. 6. Local chapters may be formed at the request of three or more .oitizens of utah who arEI paid members of the society.

Sect. 7. The socie1iY shall have an executive committee: eonsisting of president, president elect, secretary-treasurE~r, Ex-of1'icial advisor, and one delegate from each chapter.

Chapter V Heetings Sect. 1. '!he Society shall have an annual meeting to carryon the business of the Sooiety. sect. 2. Speoial meetings shall be called at the discretion of the officers or upon the request of five members.

Sect . ~.

All members shall be notified of speoial meetings at 1east 10 days in advanoe.

Sect. 4.

Seven members present make a quorum for annual and apeoial meetings.

Chapter VI Amendments

lIle conStitution mal' be ...ended by a r-thirds vote of . quaJ.1£1ed members at any stated meeting.

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Article I

Hembership

Contrib1J:~1(ms

Dues for. 1ndhr.idi.Aal membe::'sh:t:p chall be assessed at ~2000 per year or yearly daes fo:.' a-..J. mcmbe-r-s of' a 11.') ·~aJ. che.pter~ as a group, shell be $15.00,

but t~lO:3e dCf: h.'ing .IGO :r~c.eive "~~a r.. A.T>:}ha.zoic gy" shall be acseased an additiOf:,:li $1. 00 per ye~'L' to cove/.' hiS cos ·~c.

Article!I Duties of Of!iccro Sl)ct" 1. The Pr-eGi.d(>l~t '~ h~1.1 e.xQl·~i5e general S'l'.pervision of the affairs of the So::dety aud uh :~l Fl" e~i de at ::.ts meeiiings.

Sect. 2. The Vice~Pr·e$ido.nt sll.:?J.l a(;t in the Presidents absence.

Sect. 3., The Secre ·t a.ry.... ·£.~·e8;JUre:t' sha.."'.l have charge of the official records of the Society, keep a. r ecora ox.' '~he membership and the meetings, collect the monies and keep the finar.ci2J. re,;0rds. He shall make a full report at the annual meeting of the !.':1narl ·'i-l.l. co nd1 t,ions of the Society and of the receipt and diobursemen'~s he :1aB made under the direction of the officers of the socie ty" Seeto 4. The Adv:too1 shall ~e the h~ad of the Department of Anthropology at the Un1versi ty of utah, Sal t J,ak~ Cit ;)")) Utah or his designated repres~nta­ tive. His duty shall be to lend pl' of (;;fJ fJ i:'~f">l &dvise and wisdom to the ~oc­ ieties endeavors and to provide Stl(;h proi'esS7f..Onal assistance as he may Q~ able.

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Artiole liI AJnendments These By-Laws may be amended by a two ...thirds vote of all members qualified at any stated meetingo

AN ACT CREATlNG A STA'lE MUSEllA OF NA'lURAL HIS'IORY AND ESTABLISHING THE SAME AT THE UNlVERSI'lY OF UTAH. Seotion 1. Recognizing the cultural and educational advantages ot maintaining a centralized disPlay of the many objects of natural science which could support and encourage local al'!d muniCipal museums throughout utah, 'Ihere is hereby created and established at the University of utah. 'a state Museum of Natural H1st~ry where tangible objects ~enectin~ t~.e past,- pre~ent a.nd continuing development of. our natural history ·may be c~ll'ec·ted anc( '~spl~yed for educational 'and aut tural purposes. . : !" .: ' .•: } .;" .: . ~,: .1 :': : ".. i,U'.: . .~; : ~ ":', :'ilo-: . ". (;';1 ~ :.

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. SeC)t1:on 2'. ' The university of utah is herebY':authoMzed to' receive gifts, objects and spe.

contrlbutlo~ . and donationS of all kinds, 1ncl~ding . ~angible cimens. f<?,, · ~he dEm!lopnte'n·t of -01" d"splay in said mUBeum. . i h ,': :": - :!:,:' :, :', ,~; \ ,J..~,,: :: ' :.';'I r, :~1 · ! · 0 ...~ " A ~ :~.

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UPPER HILL C«fEK AREA A rough map of the area involved ;Ln the following article on "Excavations in The Hill Creek Areal! by Gordon L. Grosscup.

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EXCAVATIONS IN 'tHE HILL CREEK AREA GRAND COUN'lY, UTAH

Gordon L. Grosscup In 1961, at the request of the ute Tribal Business Committee at Fort Duchesne, utah, we began excavations in the upper HUl Creek area in the V i cinity of the ute Youth Camp and \':ith the boys of the camp as a free labor force. '!Wo sites were tested in 19611 Jennie Cave (42Gr283), at the mouth of Jennie Canyon, and Bolton Spring (42Gr279), in Post Canyon. Both sltes ha d been recorded by James Gunnerson about eight years ago (Gunnerson~ 1957, pp. 57-60). A number 01' additional sites were recorded, primarily thro~gh " infonnation supplied by local sheepherders and Bureau of Land Managemant personnel. The ute Youth Camp, itself, turned out to be located on an older Indian site.

During the summer of 1962, a second trip wasmade to the area under tl1e same oonditions as those of the first summer~ Jennie Cave was comp~etely excavated and test pits were dug in an open site near the cave (42Gr282), in a spring site (42Gr284,), about one mile north of 1301 ton Spring in Post Can;yon. and in a navly discovered site (42Gr381), a rock-shelter at the mouth of Burnt Draw, about three mUes northeast of Jennie pave.

The area, which is in northern Gran~ County, is abou1i 8000' in elevation and supports a plant cover of aspen, pine, spruce, and some scrub oak, with open areas of grass and sage. Deer are ' very common, and elk, bear, mountain lion, badger and porcupine are occasionally seen. Rabbits are rare. Chipmunks are particularly abundant around the youth camp and especially in the garbage dump â&#x20AC;˘. Beaver have been introduced to help control erosion. Birdlife is not cormnon, particularly in the early smnmer. An artificial lake., Weaver Reservoir, is a favorite local fishing spot; hOl"/ever, the trout are planted.

1he topography is highly dissected, but the steep slopes are well covered with vegetation and water is plentiful. At present, cattle and sheep are summered here and this practice is a fairly old one. About fifty years ago some attempt was made to settle the area and abandoned log cabins maybe found near many of the springs. Presumab17 the grawing season is too short and the area too isolated irom markets or shipping points to make farming feasible.

It is considered doubtful that the prehistoric Indians farmed this highland area, although there is evidence that farming was practiced in the deeper canyons to the west and north, e.g., Florence Canyon and lower Hill Creek.

All of the sites investigated are immediately adjacent to aprings or creeks which contain water in the late summer " In addHion, both Jennie Cave and the rockshel ter at :aurnt Draw contain seeps wi t hin the sheltered area.

With the exception of the natural stratigraphyfol~e d by a ~a83 root and htunus zone found in the open ai tea a~1d the manure laye:r whieh capped the Jennie Gave depOSits, no natural. or physicaL stra'iiigl~aphy was nO ' ~ed, wi th the possible exception of one exposure at Bol ton Spring where a. slight color c):lange was noted in the Boil somewhat below what would be expected for a root zone.

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The Jennie Cave deposits; which were the richest in artifact material, might have been expected to show some cultural stratigraphy. untor,t Unatel.y the depoei ts appear to be quite mixed and preliminary a1lalysis oan only suggest a sl :tght change in point types between deep and shallow level's. The mixture a~per':,rs to be due to a number of factors.

One is the fact that most of the d ;;po!::i.t is sa:-:.d and walking around is sufficient to churn up the surface.

More 1mportant is the tact that there is enough moisture in the cave from 路the natul'al seeps that roots of the aspen trees, which grow at the mouth of the cave, pave grown clear to the back of the cave. The extreme unevenness of the sandstone floor of the cave would also tend to prevent the deposits from accumulating in an orderly mannere: .

The analysis of the recovered materials is not yet complete, but some preliminary observations may be made. Pottery is very rare in the upper Hill Creek area. Gunnerson found three very small, black, highly micaceous sherds at Bolton Spring and one small, poorly corrugated sherd at 42Gr282. Gunnerson suggested that tlle black sherds might be Apache. '!hey might also be ute.

The corrugated sherd is tentative1y identified as North Creek Corrugated 路(a.M. Aiken, personal communication). EXcavations produced a single sherd, a rim gragment of a Turner Grays Emery' Variety, (i.e., Variety II) bulbous necked pitcher from a depth of 18-24 inohes at Bolton Spring.

Fragments ot grinding stones were relatively common. The most frequent type is a thin, tlat slab of sandstone with a very shallow basin which was pecked to facUi tate grinding. Less commonly, the sandstone slabs are thick and have a pronounced basin. ComPiete and fragmentarymanos were quite common, particularly in the crevices at the rear of ~ennie Cave. They are usually made of a coarse sandstone and are small and rounded, Commonly, both surfaoes have been used for grinding.

A fTagment of a marble tablet was recovered from the topmost level of Jennie Cave. It is less than n thick, carefully smoothed on both surfaces and on the unbroken edges. Presumably it was trapezoidal or triangular in shape with a concave base. Its function is unknown.

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stone balls are usually considered to be characteristic of the Fremont CultuTe, but they have a wide archaeological distribution in western North America. One example was recovered from 42Gr284.

ProjectUe points were quite common, particularly in Jennie cave, where a wide variety of fonns were recovered. Unfortunatel y the points do not sort well by dept h and form and it is ciff~~ult to su~gest w~ich forms might be earlier or later than other forms. 5mfl.ll po1n JIiI'J 8.,-'e s11gh lily more common in the upper deposits, but do occur in the doajJ~~!路 (1epes .:i:bs. A large, straight tanged form is relatively common and 'rends to be deeper in the deposits then the smaller forms. A few points were recliV31'eci i r vIn oeverru. 0 i.; her s j. t p.s and include Desert Side-notched ;Joi:l'i.;s u A r~V ,T~e c("'! ,l e G '~1 011 f :..'om the surface of Bel ton Spring shows a 311rpriotng va.riety of i'o"""ms an.d sizes. Two small stone drills were recovered; one was made f:..路om a px'oject:11e point. Flake scrapers were not particularly common.

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Four awls, two seapula S8ft'S J two tubular beads and 'a small rectanauJ,ar bone pendant with an incised design on one side were recovered trom Jennie Cave. The other sites were laoking in worked bone, and yielded relatively li ttle unworked bone. Jennie r:cnre ~ont.9.1ned c:-eat qt.antit.i3~ of unworked bone.

All of the bone was saved. Prelimina.ry identifi-::atir.ms su.ggest sheep and deer as the most oommon food animal e Poroupine bones VW9:i. € j~el<.\tively oommon.

Beaver bones are absent. Many of the u."'lworke~ bones show bll'~oherLlg marks, espeoially the dee:..' and sheep ~1..(,Vler jaws () The presence of bones of very young deer, perhaps even cnborn individuals, suggests utilization of the area during the spring and summer. 'lbere is no definite evidenoe oonf:i.rming or denying oocupation duri.ng other parts of the year; however, the presenoe of several fragments of fresh, thick antler might suggest late summer or autumn hunting as well.

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Fortunately there are two publioations which deal with sites not far removed from the upper Hill Creek area. One qf these is the Turner~ook Site, a Fremopt village, looated about twenty miles to the south-east, (VTormlngton, 195~)~ The other is the report on the Uncompahgr.e Complex, (Wormington & Lister, 1956). The smaller projectile points from Jen~e Cave resemble some of those from the Turner·..J..ook Gite and some of t!1e larger points appear to be typologioally the flame as those repor1jed f1'om the Uncompahgre Complex. .All of the artifa~ts from Jennie Cave ha"l'e their countel1>arts in ei ther the Turne~ Look site or the Unco'ill~llagre Complex, with the exeeption of the incised bone pendant, whioh io a "'1e!:y 'Joique i"Gem. Even the marble tablet fragment is comparable to several stone objects reported from the Moore site, a component of the Unoompahgre Cor.tplex. '!he Turner·-{.ook site may be dated roughly on the basis of trade :3he:.... ds at AoD. 1050 to A.. D. 1200. Dating of the Unoompahgre Complex is even mere inseoure. Wormington and Lister (1956) imply an antiquity to two to tm."ee or more thousand years" rinal oonolusions must await th~ oomPlete analysis of the recovered ma. terials and a detailed oomparison of these artifaots with those from other areas 0 B~th Je~u1io Cave and Bolton Spring revealed evidenoe of historio, presumable ute, oocupation. Probablyprehiatoric utes utilized the area too.

The presence of Fremont peopl.e is at1e sted to by the disoovery of the Fremont sherd at Bel ton Spring. Some of the projectUe points may also be Fr~mont produots, as there are resemblances to the points found at the 'l\lrnerooLook site.

It is entirely possible that the large points round in the deeper levels of Jennie cave were made by a different, and probably an e&~lie~, 1.e., preFremont, people. The points appear to be most olosely relat3d to these of the Unoompahgre Complex of Colorado. Because of the m:i.xed nature of the Jennie Cave deposits it would be impraotical to attempt. a raniocarbon date on the charcoal from that Site, and the artifact yielc from the other sites is so small and nondiagnostic that suoh tests from these Sites Vlould be rela tively meaningless o It is suspeoted that the presumed pre-Fremont material may be several thousand years old; but we wUl need to find this m~terial in more secure and meaningful assooiation before we may test this presUmption.

Bibliography Gunnerson, James H. 1957 An Archeological surVey of the Fremont Area. University of Utah Anthropological. Papers, No. 28, pp. vi-154. Salt Lake City.

'Wormington, Helen M. 1955 A Tteappra1sal. of the FremDnt Culture. Denver N:useum of Natural History, Proceedings, No.1, pp. xii-:200. Denver.

WormingtDn, Helen M. and Robert H. Lister .

1956 ArchaeOlogical Investigations Dn the Uncompahgre Plateau in ~~at Central Colorado. · Denver Museum of Natural History, Proceedings, No~ 2, pp. xiv-129, Denver. ' ..

NO'lE§ ON 'mE UTAH ums. BY ,E.nrrAR.D PALMER, 1866-1877

FOREWORD In the extensive files of data Dn Vleste m Indians accumulated by Dr. C..

Hart Herriam and now on permanent deposit at the University of California (Berkeley) are sorre envelopes containing first hand observatiDns Dn Indians

by Dr·. .. Edv/ard Palmer. One such set of memoranda concerns the Itpah utes" of southern utah,and these have been copied off as written and are presented withDut com!llant as a minor contribution to Utah ethnology. ·

R. F. Heizer Pah , ute Terri tory .'

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Pah ute nation extended over a great territory in the western half of Colorado most of Utah and part of Arizona. It was once a might,r nation, but now divided into' bands or tribes.

Any man who ·had a little influence, and could get two or three lodges 'Would start ofland make a new · band and thus they were split up. Vihen a chief died, his band divided among others.

For a long time those chiefs had not been hereditary.

Tabwah band had onoe live(f with the Comanches and Apaches but when .these Indians obtained horses they drove the moquis into the canyons and ledges and occupied the country themselves.

Ute Indians want revenge on a Mexican .. Fort Union, NeVI Hexico (1866) ;

Utes Imown in New l!exicD are found in the mountains north of Ta08 and frequently oome on the plains to llunt. While we were at Fort Union, a nock ot sheep guarded by the usual postor, a J!exican lad, was set upon by a small party

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ot utes. They wanted but one sheep whictt they killed and took having killed two others wantonly which they lett on the ground. ]mmediately after came another Indian, the son of Kaniatse, the ute chief, who aloo wanted a sheep. The Mexican told him to take one of those just killed by his coml·ades., No, he would kill another. The Mexican said he should not where upon the young ute drew his bow and arrow on him and immediately the MexicM shot him.

This occUITed on the Little Cimarron, some 50 miles from Ft. Union. The herd,sme n D.e d t(~ the Ff)rt tot" protect ion and ",.hile we were there old Kaniatse acccm~oF.~rl.E:.s. b y <. dc>zer. of il:ts wllL'rl'Jr among whom were his two sons, brothers of the one ;j;;:;:t .,-:G.l ed 1~ C:Jle in o 'i'!le:1:r d~mand was s imply that the l,{exican should be delivered up to them. 'fuey wanted to hear nothing of provocation or justification; blood of one of theirs had been shed and they must have the Mexican. ,

Old Kania tse appeared to be not unreasonable but the two sons could scarcely restrain themselves. I never saw so much devilish .passion painted on a human face. WhUe we remained at the Fort, four days the parley \vas stlll going on, it being thought best to prolong it and le1; the savage passion cool.

One circumstance it was thou6ht had a decidedly heal thy effect upon their understanding. While they were there a full regiment of Infantry and another of regular Cavalry came in and encamped near the forto These added to our large train made a more impo,'3 i :J.g mil:tta.:-.·y f orce than these Indians had ever beheld and old Kania tse was heard t o s~y indicating the different camps, "Soldados, soldados, soldados, todos, c~1.dac'JQs~1I I do not know the result of '~heir mission but itis more than probably the,y went off pacified wi th a few gifts. ,

Pah ute Indians .... Trading with 1hem (st. Thomas, utah) No sooner !lad I arrived at . st. 'thomas than the Indians came up, looked at me then declared lftat I was no r!ormon and as long as I staid and fresh Indians CSrrle in they all declared that I was no Mormon as soon as they caught sight of me.

How they could tell at sight is mown only to themselves. It is certain they can tell a Mormon at any time. Let a new comer make his appearance and they will quickly say what he is, a Mormon or Gentile. Hany questions were asked me by both sexes as to what I was going to do ,vith their baskets, etc., that I had purchased of them. !.~ ny a joke was had at my expense. More was brought than was wanted and they could not or did not want to understand why all were not taken that they offered for sale.

The chief inquired if I wasll1ke other 1t11te chiefs who had promised them things but never sent them, being informed who I was and what was my object He was satisfied.

The Indians at once recognized I was not a Mormon, shook hands with me and said, "You are no Mormon, you Eericst" (their term for American).

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'lbe sight or sUver money soon unlocked reserve and produQed a wide spread desire to sell everything theyhad~ In purchasing a rabbit net,.. the price was too great and the ohief said "It'&; all same to us, 88 gun to you - you much money gun Indian - much money for net."

A purchase was made satisfactory to them ..

Pah ute 8alle ot Prisoners at the Advent of Wh1 teB A.'Ilong '!hem The Pan utes when the first whi tes came among them was in the habit of stealing children from any tril;>e wi th whom they were at variance and trading' them oft to the tribes with whom they happened to be at peace and took especial pride in capturing children which were treated like Indian chUdren as Prisoners was sold. Ther-e was exceptions,_ some times espeoial liking 1'/ould be entertained for a child which would be brought up as one of the f8m1ly, thus saved them from sale. .

Femal~B ~aptured in battle was generally traded off,. sometimes one would be retained by the captors and cruely used, or if young would become wives of the conquerors.

Pah ute lnd1ans Were Once Slaves to Moguls This ttibe have a tradition that they were once slaves of the Moguls who once lived tn what is now known as Utah. The Indians from the North waged war upon them and drove them. all across the Colqrado river, the ~{oquis agreeing never to recross the river.

I see nothing improbable in this. All the tribes living in that part- of the countr~ acquired from " enco v/ere in the habit when at war or at variance wi th eaoh other to k::lll all their male but spare their' female enemies who became wives 1n some and slaves in other tribes ..

In the former case there would be a firmer bLending ot the two while in the latter the slaves were harshly-used, compelled to perform every species ot drudgery while at the same time compelled to become the mistresses of their masters who might have besides one or more legal wives according to the custom of the peopl,e of the tribe.

Children born under the like circumstance vnth their mothers woUld become estranged from their task masters and if the children did not intermarry with thel~ father's tribe they would soon become numerous by intermarrying among __ _ themselves and sbould an enemy descend upon their task masters and conquer them the slaves might desert¡ their masters, . aspume their !ndependence or even fight against them so as to .have deserted tbeir masters, the Moquis after their overthrow,. set up for themselves and become a nmnerous people.

Pah utes Mode of Sleepiss .

Several Pah Ute Indians after their curiosity was satistied by watching .la.1..d .down. tQ..sl.Hp in the f oUol'{j"ng.lII&U1er. They gently bent

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down bringing their hands under theirforeneads, the former resting on the ground .. but supporting the head, the lmees at the same time was drawn up to near the chin, this mode of going to sleep would not be acceptable to many the hands would not be considered a very soft cushion~ nor would the attitude ot the body wi th the knees pressed up to near the chin be an agreeable promoter ot sleep.

But its their custom, and for hours did they thus sleep as sound as could have cbne on the sof'test bed.

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Selecting a Wife by .Pah utes Pah ute Indiana in selecting a wife if' he can· steal off with the one ' of his choice he is safe, but 1£ he is found out all the males come forward and contest his right to the- female when a grand hauling, mauling, and vTrestJ.ing takes place and the would be bridegroom, if he is the best man and 't iires out all contestants, takes the bride, if' not she slips over to the one who is. On the other hand an Indian gives out that he is going to take a certain squaw for a wife, then all who want to contest his strength comes forward and a fierce encounter wrestling and pulling match is the resul t which ' often las ts tor hours and if the chosen female comes in sight then she is also assailed pulled and· dragged about untU the contest is decided by one whipping· all and taking her otf or as is some times the case killed. ~~ny are injured for life in these contests. Late years white men have sometimes taken the part of the females by rescuing them from contestants, this being thE:1 case the Indians consider the white men have fairly won the females and vrants them to take them which is not cbne.Pah utes Cradle Cradle tor females to tasten their children in, suspended to their Dacks, vmen the children become too long for the cradle, the mother fastens the feet to the bottom ot the cracD.e vb ich forces the knees upward and outward Which must be a painful mode ot carriage to the child.

Pall Utes Paint

Paint in use by the·· Pah utes is obtained trom a mine 150 miles SoEo of st.

George u~ it has furnished these Indians a much used commodity and an article for trade with other ' Indians.

Neeec t of .the Sick by t ehe Pah utes These' Indiana it one becomes Sick, a hovel is made and the sick put therein to die in soli tude and neglect some times an old blanke·1i is all the clothing and bed with the addition of a little grass - and a very little fooe is .given as if desirous to get· rid of those as soon as possible when they could no longer look out tor themselves • .

Abandonment of the Sick by Pah ute Indians A party ot these Indians camped at Johnson Utah, (a man) was taken sick the rest moved off leaving the sick among some rocks to starve, by accident the people of the plaoe herd of it and kindly cared for the poor Indian untU he died" then they buried h~.

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Pah ute Indi.ans - Cremating the Linn« S.i ck Their cruelty towards the sick is great. In former days they often piled up wood, placed the living sick thereon and set tire to the pUe thus consuming the living. On one occasion some years since on the st. Clara river, Southern utah, an a ttanpt was made tocrema te a living Indian. The fire was lighted, the sick man placed thereon and lett to burn, as the well Indians supposed, tor they moved on to a new camp. 'l'he sick man sprang from the fire muoh injured and followed after his people and found them in camp. As soon as he was seen a great consternation was· caused, they concluding it was the ghost of the sick man, ned leaving some of their food behind which the sick man ate, atter resting he followed atter them, overtook them and caused another panic.

A white man camf;l up at the time and t"Old them the sick man appeared among them because they tried to burn him. It took much to convince them that it was the sick man and not his ghost. SODle time v.hen they are tired of their sick they will kill them especially it they are tra~eling.

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Pah ute Indians - Crana tion I Upon the death of an Indian of this tribe, a pUe of wood is prepared in the immediate vicinity formed into a rectangle and two or three feet high.

The corpse is laid upon this ~hen the fire is started after which wood is continually t .hrown across the pUe untU the body is reduced. All his valuables are thrown upon the pUe, the remains are ·then covered wi th earth.

Now they begin to bury their dead more otten than burning them.

Pah Ute Indians -

Coold.~

by Heated stones

A quantity of rocks are piled upl a hot fire is made o,'er them and v/hen hot

the ashes are brushed off water is profusely sprinkled over these} then greens

or native plants, of which these Indians eat many, are laid over the steaming hot rocks which soon reduce the fresh green mass to an edible compound greatly relished by these Indians.

Young grass

~nd

clover are often

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cooked to eat.

Piles of stones that have been used for this heating process are often met with in Utah and Nevada.

Pah ute Indians - Bake Stones These Indians have a curious mode of baking small animals and birds in use previous to and after the settlement of the country by whites. It consisted in digging a round hole and lining it with cobble stones which are closely placed side by side and a littJ.e in the groundJ wood or brush laid over and burned untU 1Ihe rocks were c:Jutficiently heatedJ the ashes were then cleaned out and what ever was to be baked, animal or fowl~ were placed in these small heated pi ts. Weeds or gra,ss were covered over all and in a short time it was cooked

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Qame of any l:ind cookud :,ihir' way

sa::6 to be very good.

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'l'hese, now unused pi 15 or ovens ar e often met with in utah. The most noted place to find these bake ovens was five miles West of North from the city of Beaver Utah on a bench or narrow piece of level land oovered with sage brush and oontiguous to a piece ot low meadow land many was found. Robbits the fav~ ourite food of the Pah ute Indians delight to live in sage brush and when near moist grassey meadows there they congregate in large numbers, as was the case with the above mentioned locality and this accomts for so many bake ovens being found there. 'they are two feet deep and two feet across circumference 6 feet sides and bottoms lined with oobble stones. 'lhese ovens are not so muoh used now.

Pah UW Indians - Manufacture of Pottery (1870,) During my first visit to the Pah Utes t supposed they knew nothing of the manufacture of pottery as none was seen among them.

For tear of being deoeived by appearances I instituted inquiries of some old Indian women who said that they made olla kind of pottery, a cooking pot, before white people came among them for a long time they had ceased to make ~.

To my inquiry oan you make me some exactly like what you once used and made, the reply was, yes. A bargain was mllde and in a few days the specimens were received.

Not long after I visited a looali ty trhich many years before had been used otten as a camping ground for the Pah uteS. I was agreeable surprised by finding here two broken oook pots which proved to be like the reoentlymade ones showing that thes'e rude people do not readlly forget their native arts. , ,

Pah ute Indians - Cook Pots and Method of Oeing Them (1870) I had the good fortune of obtaining oook pot which was found in a cave where

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large tine speoimen ot this olass' ot had been lett by these Indians.

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These oook pots are of a funnel sha~. '!be sharp or lower end being in.serted in the ground to 6 teady ita fire 01 small sticks is made around it and in cooking or sometimes when filled with ~aterial requiring cooking, hot rocks were dropped in, taken out, reheated and returned untU the material. was cooked done.

Two hciLes were drilled in the top :1n which strings were inserted by whioh the vessel could be seou:red to a pack and oarried in moVing camp.

The two broken pots before mentioned must have been broken twioe, the first time a hole on each side of the cracks was drmed and strings inserted to draw the oraoks together, at the seoond breaking they were disoarded I have often tound pottery made by Indians whioh was broken and had nioely drilled holes in the pieces.

As to the food of the Pall utes they will eat every thing that will not prove absolutely poisonous soon after being swallmved. The various productions of the soil, seeds, leaves, roots, and fruit, either small or great, while all an1mal life except fish enters into their damestic food supply. I saw them collect grasshoppers, land turtles, lizards, snakes, mice, ratta and rabbits, swifts and horned toned (toads) and without taking off their hides or extracting their .entrals threw them on the fire cooked them a little, with 1heir tinge~s took them out and devoured them with a~ much avidity as i f they were cooked by modern stoves and cleaned.

Pah utes (Indians) - Food (1871) The Pah utes are fast decreasing in numbers. Various bands are scattered over Utah: some hold to the mountains but paying occaSional visits to favorite settlements; the other bands reside mostly about the settlements, but their likeing tor seeds, roots, snakes, grasshoppers, etc., takes them ocassionally away to hunt these delicate chosen articles of food, which taste ~ood to them, as that taste is associated with the memories of the free home they possessed before the advent of whites. Tou wUl often see them eat the coarse articles in preference to more concentrated articles of food obtained from civilized man. They are a good hand to beg on which they, to a great extent subsist.

Utah Indians Eat Vermin from otf Their Bodies , i_ In their persons, dwe1li~ and habits, the Utahs are filthy beyond des~ ; cr1ption. Their bodies swarm w!th vermin which they catch: ~nd eat with relish4 Pah ute Indians - l1asp' s Nes t as Food

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Pah ute Indian boys delight to fasten small lighted straws to wasps as to tallow them to their holes. VIi th a bunch of' lighted straw they smoke out the old one, then cook the nest with the eggs and eat them.

They a lso eat ants egg$, Pah ute Indians - Gathering ; gtasshoppers for Food (Beaver, Utah)

During the autumn grasshoppers are very abundant..

When cold weather sets jn these insects are numbed and can be gathered by the bushel at such a time.

They dig a hole in the ,and, heat atones in a fire near by, put some in the bottom ot the hole, put on a layer of grasshoppers, then a layer of hot rocks and continue this until they put bushels on to roast.

They are left here untU cool when they are taken out thoroughly dried and ground into meal.

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These lDdiana will now eat Ca.-rots Beet. - Turriips Potatoee iIIld PveD1p. · : are alike relished either' bolled or routed, iIl hot ashos - they ..eitbl!r .. .i' remove the ak1ns or' adhering dirt. All goes the lame way no wu.t e._ , . '" . ,

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Illtroduced Plants That Have Bec01I\e Wlld and Are Used by Pah

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Paragoonah, Utah. The Par.!dp has di.....inated !rem tho OariIeno to the fields, sides of tences and di tohes to 8uch an extent. ae to be disliked.,

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Illd1ana 10 tbe spring of the year dig the roots for food.

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payson, Utah. The Parenl.ps hove aleo gone wlld 80 &leo. hall the White .

Clover, In th~ srring the Il1d1a~ eat this tender clover.

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