Utah Statewide Archaeological Society Newsletter, Volume 12, Number 4, December 1966

A Newsletter

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UTAH ARCHAEOLOGY is published quarterly by the UTAH STATEWIDE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Subscription is included in membership, Membership in the society is available from the secretary-treasurer at $2.00 per year, Correspondence concerning the activities of the society should be directed to the president. All manuscripts and news items should be sent to: Utah Statewide Archaeology Sodety % Dept. of Anthropology, University of Utah.

UTlill STATID;lIDE ARCHEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

PRESIDENT: PRES. ELECT: SEC. TREl\S. ~

ADVISOR:

EDITOR:

George U. Tripp, 98 vlest 2000 South, Bountiful, Utah Grant N. Reeder, H.D. 1969 S. Claremont Dr. Bountiful, Utah Norma Dalton, 829 North 100 West, ~unset, Utah 84015 Dr. J.D. Jennings, Univ. of Utah Dept. of Anthropology-, Salt Lake City, Utah.

F .K. Hassel, 906 Rancho Blr d. Ogden, Utah

EDITOn's HOTES I don't knOlT if you buffs are aHare of it, but the interest in archeology seems to be growing by leaps and bounds. It's a COlTlmon occurrence now to pick up household magazines with articles covering some phase of the discipline. ' For example, the December 3rd 1966 issue of Saturday 1Yening Post carries a summary of the available bits of knouledge concerning very early man.

The story is entitled, lilIan-Through Times l'iists", by John Pfeiffer. While the account has been 'popularized' to make it palatable to the average read.er, it is 11ell worth reading. Those l'J'ho have heard Dr. Lealcey lecture at the University of Utah vdll be especially interested.

Other items of interest to the trade are frequently noted in the local nevrspapers. In recent months ue have read about Floyd. ,sharrock's Bison 'Jump' site in the extreme northeasteIr'n corner of the state; Hel Aiken's Doctorate I~gree from the University of Chicago; and a fantastic account of what may be the Horld's deepest exploratory archeologiml (??) ex.cavation near Filmore, Utah. To you out of state readers Hho may not have heard - this last item concerns a vertical shaft, dug by volunteers to an unbellevable depth at the cost of tuo lives, in search of the legendary golden plates of the Book of Horman. Since there have been no barmer-sized headlines ue must assume this l>-laS a 'dry' hole. I understand this vrhole business 'Ims triggered by a group of Petro glyphs locally interpreted to mean - so rrarry axe handles north, a fe1f scythe snaths l--rest and 'x' marks the spot. "Holy Long John Silver! ", as Robin woUld say.

Tb.e editorial staff again requests co-operation in the matter of neus items. He are in bad need of short articles to fill out each issue.

Of course, we could also use all the longer articles ue could get, and l-ri thin si x months loTe uill be desperate for them. If anyone is discouraged because t hey feel t hey have nothing to say, just consider this a detailed descr~ptioh of a single small projectile point together lnth 8., fe1-1 comparisons and a description of the site and circumstances found in, would pretty uell fill a typed page. A three dimAnsi.onal vieW' of the same point 1'ÂŤ>'11 rl compJ e I;~ t ,]18 p-'l.e;a :mr1 l)r(~~jt,o! - an item f'Ol' p11bl i cationl

Just a I'lord of vmrning - HOvT 'would you like to receive a nicely addressed issue vn th a one line entry inside reading ~ "We told you so l" A nelfS item is one thing you can give that doesn't cost a red cent. Try it!

'Er'le cover illustration is a reconstruction of a faint pictograph found undeÂą: an overhan~ing ledge near Connor Springs (about tvlenty miles Hest of Corrine) in Box Elder County, Utah. The original is outlined in red pigment, the left side is Hell defined but parts of the right leg (?) and arm (?) and portions of the head ('?) are not too distinct. A some\elha t similiar petroglYl)h can be seen approximately one mile northeast of the rock shelter containing the illustrated pictograph (see plate 9d, Ancient Caves of the Great ,Salt Lake Region, by Julian Steuard, nt1.E Bulletin i;f11 6. ) The lead article is a paper presented by Dr. C. Belvin Aikens, nOv1 of the University of Nevada, at the annual meeting of the Society for American Archeology held at Reno, Nevada in May 1966. l'iel Aikens needs no introduction to members of this organization - his smiling face, (fire e11l:,ine red in the summer and glacier blue in the Hinter) has been seen from one end of the state to the other, checking out reported sites, escorting traveling exhibits and shovling slides at local chapter meetings. During his tenure as Director of the Utah Statevlide Archeological Survey, 11m sure Nel became personally acquainted Hi th over 90j:; of the members.

Congratulations are due I~l on his recent acquisition of the coveted PhD. '!he second item in this issue is the continuation of John H. Dewey's article, "Evidence of Acculturation Among the Indians of Northern Utah and Southsast Idaho: A Historical Approach,i1 Next 1'18 have a fell notes from the President of our organization, George Tripp, concerning the state fair exhitit; the reo-classification of Floyd Sharrock from batchelor to otheruiÂŁe; and the new address of liel Aikens.

IJD..stly, some chapter neHS of activi ties of the Cache, Utah County and Ogden Chapters. This is the type of report that other chapters can directly ben~fit from "hen trying to line up programs for monthly meetings.

Good 'VTorlcl Keep it comingi I hope all chapter secretaries and members Hho do not belong to organized chapters Hill note the pointed hint on the Inst page - membership rene~m.l blank. At about this time of the year the society coffers are pretty Hell exhausted so [1m sure Norma Dalton vmuld appreciate early response. vJhile on this su.bject, the state officers are considering an amendment of the ground rules to clear up the confusion about a:~mual chapter dues. il.s of now, unless fifteen or more individuals band together e.s a chapter, the present set up penalizes attempts to organize by making it more expen .. sive than individual, memberships Hould be. Until the change can be made the old rules apparent.1,y st::.ll apply, that is, $15.00 fol' the yearly chapter fee plus ~i1 .00 arlrlit.lor~l "for' each flllhse:r,':ip,ti on t,o the Newsletter.

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Presented at the Annual 11eeting of the Society for American Archeology.

Reno, Nevada, Nay 1966 / PLAnTS RELLTIONSHIPS OF THE FHEMONT CULTUHE

A Summary Statement of a Hypothesis by

C. Nelvin li.ikens

Ba_c}~g}'ound_.!-:.nd _~!bes~~

Ever since ~furss (1931), on the basis of his surveys in ti1e Fremont River drainage of east-central Utah, defined the Fremont as a culture that was "primi tive and peripheral II to the Southwest, it has been the object of a great deal of speculation. In fact, it may fairly be said th~more pages of discussion of its origins, relationships, and llitimnte fate have been Ivritten than have pages of primary d.n.t...'l. In spite of this volume of discussion, there is justification for yet another paper attempting to deal Hith these problems. This justific.'ltion is to be found in bro facts. First, University of Utah excavations in southlvcstern vJy-oming (Sharrock 1966) in the Uinta fusin of northeastern Utah (Ambler 1966), and in central and northern Utah (ldkens 1965, Sharrock 1966, Aikens 19600) have at least doubled the amount of data available on the Fremont culture. Second, these nelf d.n.ta hnve st:i.nn.linted a reorientD.tion of thinking about the origins nnd disposition of this culture.

It is the thesis of this paper that the Fremont is not a primi tive, peripheral Southl'Testern culture, as has bean thought over three decades, but is a culture l1ith ethnic and cultural roots in the NorthvrGstern Plains, acculturated in part to the Southuestern 11.nasa~i pattern.

Possible identity of the so-called Promontory ll:cul ture II of northern Utah ..Ii th the poorly understood northern Utah vnriant of the Fremont culture is also considered, and a post-15th century movement of the Fremont people from the Utah area onto the Centr.'ll Plains is postulated.

'!here is not time to revimr the various contributions to the Fremont and Promontory problems here, but n gener<.'.l sumrn.ury of idens concerning them can be presented (See llormington 1955 and 'fuylor 1957 for SU11lIi1D..ries).

First, it is generally ngreed that the tHO Fremont variants (sep3.rnted hy the 1rhsatch range into eastern Fremont, and Hestern or Sevier Fremont) are peripheral, Qttenuated manifestations of tll0 Soutimcstern Anasazi culture, and that they are a blend of trQits of tuo chronologicnJ_ly distinct AnnsQzi phases, l'lodified. Basketmnker and :I)evelopmentnl Pueblo.

Evidence of Plains trnits in the Fremont culture has been cited by several authors, eSj,J8<.:inTly 1'lormington (1955), but in the felce of inconclusive evidence, no r8~l attempt has been mrl,de to QCCOUilt fo!' their presence. TIather, they hay\;; beRn lJ'l'h <) .f.r ~tfl Iitmi 13111i1.-l;.j ( . II

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Second, it is agreed that the Fremont culture resulted from the diffusion of Anasazi traits j_:-lto Utc.h much more than from migration of Annsa-z"i-'cul ture-bearers. It is thought thnt i.nasnzi trni ts iiiOvecC northward from the nuclear South~rest into Utah, and there blended ~~th the indigenous Desert f~rchaic cul turo to produce the distinctivo Fremont Vo.riat. lfuch of the distinctive character of the Fremont culture is thought to result from the Fremont's retention of a heavy Desert. Archaic emphasis on hunting o.nd gathering, ~dth horticulture never hnving become really central to the cuI ture, as it did among the ilnasllzi.

Third, and related to this lo.st point, tho Fremont people ethnically have been thought to be either Shoshonean-like Utah indigenes somewho.t modified by a degree of Anasnzi inbrc0ding, or to be c. broad variant of the 1 nasazi (SoUtl1N'8s t Plateau) stock .

Four th, the disappearance of the Fremont culture, hitherto surmised to date to the 12th century, has been e:ll..'Plained ei thor as a regression back to the origino.l Desert Archo.ic level of the indigenes In th the Fremont population remaining in situ to become the Ute and Paiute, or as nn aban -' donment by the Fremontculture-bearers, vlho moved southHarci to be assimila ted by the .lnasazL Hoi ther viG1f has been demonstrated conclusively.

As regards Promontory, any cultuo.l relationship hetHeen it and Fremont has not generally been recogni zed, but the general nor thern affinities of the culture have been discus sed, and it ha s been considered that Promontory is related to the Dismal Jli.ver uspect of the lJ'est-cent rcal Plains., and that it probably represents an Athnbaskan thrust into Utah from the Plains in late protohistoric times (Gunnerson 1956).

The existing situation must be considered unsatisfactory in that it fails to account satisfactorily for a munber of problems noted but not pursued in the literature, and for new data uncovered by the recent University of Utah fieldwork mentioned earlier. These problems are as follOlvS: (1) Emerging eVidence suggesting a northern origin of the Fremont people (Reed 1965; thi s interpretation is based on nel'" data, and will be discussed further b6ImT) .

(2) The presence in the Fremont area of North1-lestern EI..!J.ins-style pictographs (Hormington 1955).

(3) The Fremont's distinctive surface manipulated and plain grayvrare pottery-- such surface manipulation is COlrll!lon in the Plains, but foreign to SouthvJestern pottery.

(4) TI1e occurrence of stone alignments interpreted in Borne caseS as tipi rings (n HorthHestern Plains tro.it) o.t o.nd near Fremont sites, and in Fremont territory generally (Taylor 1957; Aikens 1966a, b).

(5) The finding in the Fremont area of hide shields very similar to modern ApR-chs (Ath::tb::tRkan) shields, D"nd assigned to the Fremont '~lJl_+-. ure because of sinJi] nrit,y to l'~l:Cml.')Jd~ f'ldc'>l n lli.¡; j;"' cJ-"!ph.s ('ii. ren 19.31; vJormington 1955).

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(6) The sharp boundary betHeen tho Fremont and i..nnsa2li arens (Euler 1964, l.ikens 19155) -- not to be expected if the Fremont 1'Tere merely an a ttenua ted periphornl version of the liJ1o.sazi.

(7) The absence of kivas in the Fremont culture, as noll ns (to quote Judd ' 19L~o) II ••• the general absence throughout the Northern Periphery of those economically desirable and easily transportable trails that partially identify Pueblo I-II in the San Junn nren -- so.ndals, cotton cloth, domesticated turkeys, eroovod axes, ronded-neck pots, scoop lQ.dles, canteens, etc. II. (8) The association in several Utah site s of Fremont and Promontory culture remnins, and the co .... occurrence of Fremont and Promontory trai ts in certain reported collections of pottery (l/.hlouf 1944; j.ikens 1966a) • (9) The fact that Promontory is demonstrably considerably _~ar:lier than Dismal Piver U~ikens 1966a), negating the claim (Gunnerson 19,)6) that Promontory culture is the result of a liprotohistoric thrustll of Dism2.1 ill vcr bison hunters into the _Gre~ t BD_sin.

The Pueblo affinities of the Fremont culture arc numerous and wellknovm. It is not :tho purpose of this paper to ar[;ue further the mechanism of .l',nasazi influence on the Fremont culture, as has been the focus of discussion in the pnst, but to shift the topic to discussion of tho heretofore neglected nathern relationships of tho Fremont .culture, its relationships to the Promontory culture, and the relationship of both to protohistoric Plains cultures. The re:tWlinder of the pnper attempts to ostablish the extent and significance of these relationships. ~de?c_e. !~..?m._T~~y'~ic~} :~~l1r.<?p'_0_lo~_..

'l'he earliest finds of Fremont skeletons (Judd 1926; Stevmrd 1936; Gillin 1938), and some of the later ones as lTell (Gunnerson 1957) Here reported by mon VIho \-lOre not primarlly physical anthropologists. They c.~ro()d that the physical type of the Fremont people 1-rns either IItypically Pueblo II or an unlcno1m indigenous Gront Ilasin stock, possibly Shoshonean-speaking tinged by _Pueblo inbreeding. This viell of the Soutlmestern provenience of the -Fremont population, in part at least fostered by the unfortuiw.te early deSignation of the Fremont area ns the IINorthern Poripher;yll of the ,south1'Test:, has dominatGd all subsequent l1riting about Fremont ethnic origins.

Despite its populo.rity, hmrever, this ViOll has not been supported by the studies of physical anthropologists. In a recent, yet unpublished, pD.per·, Jleed (1965) discusses some recent evidence lmich suggests a northern rather than southll'Ostcrn origin of the Fremon-b populnt:Lon. l.1'ive 1.]'011preserved adult ma~e skulls recovered by 1964 Univorsity of Uto.h exc<J.Vo.tions (l'.mbler 1966, Likens 1966b) provided the basis for Reedls study. l"remont skulls 1-101'0 previously very briefly reported by Stenard (1936), Gillin (1930), ~ger D.nd mair (1 9b 7), ~-Tormi.ngton (1 95.5), and Gunnerson (1957), J1:nger and Blair (19h7) suggested the possibility of I..thnbasknn relationships. TIoGd concluded that those skulls, 1mich represented :J. Hide geographic aroa ui thin F-r emont territory, uero II ••• not southtlGstern -- not merely not Imasn.zi, but dnfi nitely outRide the range of · the SouthvlOst Plateau or Lshiuid typo ••• ",. ConLrnsts bo-l.:'Ho8n the 00uthvlCst

Plateau type and the Fremont skulls Hhich Reed points out are as follOl-ls: Southw'est Platenu, crania mesocephalic or high dolichocephalic; Fremont type, crania brachycephalic. Southl'rest Plateau, vault height absolutely low, but relatively modernte or high; Fremont type, vault height lou. Southwest Plateau, .fa ce narrOlf; Fremont type, face broad. SouthvTest Plateau, small mesoconch or hypsiconch orbjts; Fremont type, hypsiconch orbits. Southwest Plateau, mesorrhine high-bridged nose; Fremont type, leptorrhine nose. South-vrest Plateau, brachyuranic palate; Fremont type~ highly brachyuranic palate. SouthvTest Plateau, quite small stature, moderately Hell developed muscularity; Fremont type, small to moderately tall stature andheavy build, yet comparatively 10VT muscular development.

The Fremont type thus described resembles Neumannfs (1952) Deneid and La,kotid varieties, a s Hell as other Plains and nothern gr oup s.

By contrast, Reed sees "no close res emblance to the rather longheaded, fairly high- vaulted, moderately long-faced, mesorrhine and hypsiconch populat ion of the Grea t Basin."

Nmr, it must be pointed out that this asses sment is based on a very

small number of skel etons, and hi nges on llJ"eUllJ.:lnn IS (1952 ) typology of I.mer-ican Indian racia l s trains, "lhidl mny be cr iticized both because of the small samples on which it is boased, a nd on me:thodol ogica.l grolmds.

Thus , t.he i nterpretati on presented here is preliminary and not strongly conclusive , a point which "leed empha s izes. !lot the v cry least, h01V8ver, it may be noted that the int erpretation, independently aIrived at, fits ,Tell with the archeolOgical eVidence of northam Fremont origins, and tllUS t he ~fO lines of evi dence lend stlpport to one another â&#x20AC;˘ .L\rc~e?_~o [i~~l_ }~vidence

Ii northern origin of the Fr emont population is suggested by tho Fremont IS

phYSical type. Northern antecedents of the Fremont culture are indicated by shared Fremont-Nortl"luE;stern Plc_ins cultural trai ts ,- 'ns10llOlvs (lrJormington 1955; Taylor 1957; E~loy 1953) : (1) S hield p ict ogr aphs; i n nddi tioD t o the b ~sic shield f igure form, a l a rge number of design motifs nre shared betMeen Fremont nnd North"tVestern Plains fi gures, and the IItc1.r-stre.:tlc moti f beneath t he eyes of t he shi eld-bea r ers of the nor t h ern pict ogr<!phs occurs also on some Fremont figurines. ( 2) Tipi rings.

(3) Projectile point forms.

(l.j.) Bone artifact types, including unilaterally barbed bone harpoon points, fish hooks, vTedges or chisels, and "Thistles.

(5) Hoccasins; occurrence in li'remont sites of len-ther moccasins is noteuorthy because mo~cas:Lns a re ;'1. genr-n:aUy norther'n, rather than southt-.restern, trai~.

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(6) Plains-~voodlnnd like techniques of pottery decoration by punctnting and incising.

(7) Bison hunting.

A northern Plains origin of the Promontory mterial is indicated by -the following Promontory traits l'lhich are generol,:y northern and/or Plains in distribution (Steuard 1937): (1) Four-piece moccasins of distinctive form, mode historically

by Tlingi t, Tahl tan, Tnshimshian, Naskapi, QIld Hon'tagnais.

(2) Hittens; n simi~3.r type is mnde by the Lemhi Shoshoni.

(3) Sinel'T-backed bOlT; wide distribution, but generally nortl1ff':"n.

(4) Plains t~)C of hand-gnme bones.

(5)

End scraper; especially Plains in distribution.

(6) Possibly benver-teeth dice; kn01·m from Puget Sound. (?) Pottery of prob<'lble Plnins-Hoodland affinity, mtlde by the paddl_e-<'lnd-anvil technique.

(8) Serrr>.ted bison mmte_pocli2.1 flesher, ospecia.lly Plains.

(9) Bison-hunting econo~J. Temporal and culturr>.l connections betlvoon the Fremont nnd Promontory complexes are indicc.ted by the follouing: ('1) Physicnl nssocia tion of Fremont nnd Promontory artifacts irrithin the same strata of n nwnber of sites in the Grent ,')..,,It Lnke region (Ste"Hard 1937.; 8mi th 1941; Enger1942; Jmneson 1958; falcens 1966a).

(2) Premont-like traits in the Promontory assemblnge, including the tubular pottery pipe, cedar bark ring$ (pot rests), '\Vooden tubes possibly for the hidden-ball game, bird bone beads .. perforated pottery disks, possible cnnc dice, and horned anthropomoI'f,hic figures on the distinctive etched slate IIPromontory slabs ll , which are reminiscent of horned anthropomorphic Frraont pictographs. (Steuctrd' 937).

(3) Sharing of technological sirrilarities in ceramics, including the manufacture of predominantly plain Hure, decorntion of surfaces by punctation or incising, and the occurrence of certain pottery sherds '!<Thich appear to be intergrades bet1'reen the hlO types (H.1.1ouf 1944, Aikens 1966a) • These data are interpreted to mean that the Promontory nssemblage does not represent a cultural group separate from the northern Ut;J.h Fremont, but merely several vari::mt items of Fremont nn toric.l culture. Host Promontory and Fremont art.ifact classes are similar; the distinctive cast of the Promontory Qssembl,e,'l.ge soelilS to be due to the fact that the si tes in which it appears are seasonal hunt.i.ng carllJ.lR> and because it contains many normally per:Ls.habJ_e item:=: not found in ·thp. opan F~ 'P.mout sites.

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Dismnl P.i ver Culture has been d1 nro.ctarized by GLmnerson (1960) as probably consisting of II, •• D..n alien bnse 1fl th ('. thick veneer of Plains traits •.• II. No Rlnins or other antecedents for the culture have yet been recognixed. I~ possible Fremont-Promontory base for Dismal River rather than a Dismal River parentage for Promontory, ['IS proposed by Gunnerson (1956), is suggested by the following: (1) The long-lmmm earlier date of Fremont, and 11 recently acquired (,"dkons 1966a ) earlier date of Promontory, thffil Dismal Ri.vel'. (lL recent C-14 determination Oll a Promontory moccasin gives;;. date of A.D. 1110~ 75 years.)

(2) Ceramic similarities; Disrn.nl Hi ver pottery shares

1'n th

Fremont

and Pronmntory pottery a predominance of plain-surfaced vessols{ and inCising and punching as techniques of decoration (Gunnerson 1956)~ These features of Dismnl iliver are unusual on the Plains in comparison Nith the contemporal"J cord-marked, paddle-stamped, etc. VJnres.

(J) General similarities of Dismal Hi ver r.nd Promontol"J stonmmrk (Gunnerson 1956).

(4) it degree of simila rity betueen the Dis:mnl Id.ver house type (unusual for the Plains) und a house recentJ-y discovered at a FremontPromontol"J si-::,e in northern Utah (Aikens 19660.).

(5) Sharing botliTeen Fremont and Dis:trk.1.1 River of a mixed hlmting and horticultural ty~e of econowJ. (6) The iden tificn tion of the Disr.lD.I }liver people as Plains l~p.3.che (Chnrope 1949), D..nd the probnbili ty that the Fremont Here Athnbask~ms, suggested by the Fremont's general correspondence to the Deneid physico.l type (Tl.eed 1965), artifactual evidenco of northern cultural antecedents, and the coincidence of time betvlGen the Northern-Southern Athabnsko.n language divergence (Hoijer 1956; Hymes 1957) <:l.nd the first appear~mce of Fremont culture in northuestern Colorado (Burgh o.nd Scoggin 1948);0 Both events are dated co., A.D. 600.

(7) A coincidence in dates bebreen the latest knmm Fremont and early iJismal River. Recent C-Hf dates from a northern Utah Fremont site of A. D. 1365+ 90 yenrs nnd 1605 + 100 yea rs suggest thnt Fremont in utah l::stcd to approximately the period 1,ihon the ea rliest Disrnnl lli.V0l" ct~ture appoars, ~. A.D. 1650 (Gunnerson 1960 ).

Conclusions

T'ho hypotheSis briel'ly outlined 1?-.t the beg:inning of the paper to account for the non-nnasazi features of Fremont culture, and tile apparent relationships betueon Fremont, Promontory, and Dismal River assemblages may" on tho basis of the above evidence, nov, be amplified as folIous: The Proto-Fremont people appear to huvo been n group of North1',estern PInins origin, probably Ii.thabaskans. They moved southward and vlOstHard into utah at nppro:x:imately A.D. 600, as indicnted by the dates of early Fremont sites in morthllestern Colorado (Burgh .::tnd Scoggin 1948). 1.. s increments to their eswblished cultural pnttern of bison hunting, use

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of skin tipis and moccasins, mking of coiled basketry" and drmdng of shield pictogr aphs (and hence probably also use of shields)" they acquired and modified Pueblo horticulture, architecture, and cerr'..mics. (It vlUS these obtrusive elements which gave ti1eir culture its distinct Soutrnrestern cast).

The inmrigrants synthesizod from the Northw'ostern Plains nnd llnasazi elements a mixed horticultuml-hunting ecomony, the distinctive Premont rock art, and t\ pottery tradition in which traits of both J'UKl.sazi (plam-ware made by coilscrape method) and Plains (decoration by incising, punching, and applique) ceramic traditions "mre incorporated. (vli thin the Fremont pottery tro.di tion t:1ero is a north to south gradient, with Plains traits more prominent in the north and Anasazi traits more prominent in tile south.) On the northern fringe of the Fremont area (the Great Salt l.:lke Region) the local culture exhibited a relatively high proportion of N'orthlfestern Plains traits because of proximi ty to the HorthHestern Plains homeland, and probably also as a function of additional increments of population nfter the original pre-Fremont influx into Utah CUds is the c.ssemblage Im01m as "Promontory culture"). At least by c路;>. . J路l . D. 1600 , and perhaps oarli6:': , the Fl'emont people began to drift back eas tvrard onto '~he Central Plains, under pressure from the Shoshonean expansion out of the s outhern Graa t B:lsin (Lamb 1958). Back on the Plains, they selectively adopted some elements of late Plains culture to form the unique complex known as the Dismal Uiver aspect (attributed to PlainS Apnche) of 1Vestern Nebraska and T\aJ.1S[l.S and eastern Colorado and 1'.Yoming.

This brief presentation leaves many ranufications of the hypotheSiS unexplored, and a number of problems undiscussed. I plan to publish soon a more complete version of this paper in which tl1ese ShortCOllti.ngS are corrected; for the present, I inVite your questions, comments and criticism.

Acknouledgements The contributions (in the form of comment and constructive critisism) of the follo1.oring to the hypothesis. offered here are aclmot-lledged 'Vl'i th appreciation: Ilobert M. : .dams, Pedro l路l.rmillas" Robert J. Braidwood, Fred Egg.:m, IX>bert C. Ihlar, Jes so D. Jennings, C.li'. rierbs, Erik K. Reed, ,'.lbert H. Schroeder, FlO"yd 路l. Sharrock, and Charlie n. Steen .

The archeological research11JOn vThich this paper is based 'VlO.S financed by a series ofggenerous grants from the National Sci.once Foundntiol1 vThich t-mro c.chninistered by Jesse D. JenrrLngs.

University of Utah Salt Lake City References Idkens, C. 11elvin

1965

Excavations oin SouthHest Utnh. Uni!ersity. _~. Utah Lnth:r:,cpologic<:1.._?apers~ No 76 (Glen Canyon Series No. 27. )Salt Inke Gity.

1966a

Plains .Helationships of the Freront Culture: f~ H;y}}othesis based on Excavations at tHO Fremont-Promontory sites in Horthern U'kLh. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation submitted University of Chicago.

9

1966b

Exca.va tions at SnD..ko Hoele.. Central utah. J.VlS, Department of University of U"W.h.. Salt L'lke City.

~mthropology, l~ler,

J. ITichard

1966

Excavations at the Caldvrell Site. lis, University of U-roh Doparlmen t of Anthropology, Salt kUce City.

Burgh, Haberl F., <ll1.d Charles n. Scoggin 1948 The Archeology of Gastle Park, Dinosaur Nntional Monument, University of Colorado Stldies, SerieS in fmthropology;, No.2, Boulder.

Champe, d. L. vJhi te Out Village.

191-1-9 YJenasha.

American Anti qui ty, Vol. 14, No.4, pp 2135-92.

Enger, \!Jal tor D., and Hllliam C. Blair 1947 Cronia from the Harren Nounds and ~leir p ossible Si gnifi~~nce to Morthern Periphe ry h rcheology. lune!t!ic..m 1 ntiquityj Vol. 12, No.2, pp. 142-1-1-6. Henasha.

Enger, Halter D. 1942 Archeology of Black Hock 3 Cave, UtD.h. l1eprinted 1950 in University of Utah itnthropologicc..l Papers, No.7, SnIt Lake City.

Euler, Hobert C. 1964 Southern Paiute f~cheology, lunerican Imtiquity, Vol. 29, No. 30, pp. 379-381. Salt .I~ke City.

GiLlin, J olm 1938 I.rcheologicc..l Investigations in Nine I·l ile Canyon, Utah. r~printed 1955 in Universi~~Uto..h :·. . ni?propoligical Pc.pers, No. 21, Salt luke City, Gurmerson, James H. 1956 Flains-l'romontory 11elationships. l".merico..n J'..nthiquity. Vol. 22, Ho. 1, pp. 69-72, S;:Qt luke City.

1957

1m J\.rcheological Survey of the li:remont Are::..

University of Ut.,....h ; . .nthrapological Papers, No. 28 , Salt L::tke City:-- .

1960

1m Introduction to Plains Lpo.che Arche ology: The Dismal l1i ver

Lspect. ~e.0u__of !.J.:nericnn Ethnolo lq' Bulletin 173. Anthropological Papers, tIo. )8, 1IJhshing-c,on.

Hoijer, Harry 1956 The Chronology of the Athabask2.l1. InnguQ gex ~ Interno..tional Jourr:0.1 of Arneri~n Lin~ stics, Vol. 22, No.3, pp.-21SL )2, -lhltimore .

Hymes, Dell H. 1957 A Hote on Athaba.skan Glottochronology. International Journal of J\meriC::?-!~..),Jin~ stics, Vol. 23, No, 4, pp. 291-97, Bnltimore.

Jame son, Sidney J.S, University of Uta h 1958 ~rcheoligical Note s on Stansbury Islnnd.

Ci ty-.--------- ·- c.l Imthropologirol FnpEr s, No. 34, 8 t Lo.ke 10

Judd, Heil H. 1926 Archeological Observations North of the'llio Colorado. lJnerican Ethnology, Bulletin 82, -~hshington.

1940

Bureau of

Progress in the SouthlUest. In, Essays in the Historical Anthropology of Ho:trth jlmeticn. Smithsonia.n Miscellamlous Collections, Vol. 100, pp. 417-444, Hashington.

J :uab ~ Sydney N.

1958

I,inguistic Prehistory in the Great 11.1.sin. International Journal of .!'mlerican Linguistics, Vol. 24, Ho. 2, pp. 95-100, B:tltimore.

M:tlouf, Carling 1944 Thoughts on Ut,.'lh Archeology, Pp. 319-328. 11enasha.

American i.ntiquity, Vol. 9, Ho. 3,

Morss , H08l , 1931 'lhe il1lCient Culture of the li':ocmont Hi ver in Ut.:lh. Pa.pers .of _t l1.e_ Peabo~~~~~ ofJ:..rcbe ology and Etimology, Ih1:'Vard Unive,l"sity, Vol . 12, No. 30ambridge .

Nulloy, i;Jilli!lm 1958 1'.. preliminary Historical Outline for the Northwestern Plains â&#x20AC;˘ .!:!.n_~~~. of l{Yu~g_.!,uhlicntions, Vol 22, Ho. 1, I.nramie.

Heumnrm, George K. 1952 Archeology andil.ace in the i.mericon Indian, In, 1lrcheol~ of the Eastern Uni t~d S_tutes, James B. Griffin, Editor, p . 13-34. Chicngo .

Heed, Erik K, 1965

Human Skeletons from tHO Fremont Sites in Ute1-h; a Preliminary 11eport. Hs. University of Utnh Department of Anthropology, Salt lake City.

Sharrock, Floyd [rT. 1966 Prehistoric Occupation PCltterns in H.elationships with the Great Basin '\<TCta tion submitted to the grodua te Utah in partial fulfillment of the Doctor of Philosophy.

,SootHest li'Tyoming and Cultural andPlains Culture l:..reas. Disfaculty of the Uni versi ty of requirements for the degree of

Steward, Julian H. 1936 Pueblo I'-fu.ter-lal Culture :in Western Utah. University of H61v }1exic_~ Bulletin, 2[37, Anthro~o gical SeriGs., Vol~ No.3, Al buquerque .

1937

Ancient C~wes of the Grent,.) Salt L'lke l1e gion.

EthnolC?m:. Bullitin 116, vlashington.

nurenu of Il.merican

Smi th, Elmer R. 1941 The Archeology of DeCld.rrnn Cn-ve, Utah. TI.epl.'inted 1952 in Uni~ ai'by of_ Y-\:;ah_ .~t~lu~op o),()gi<?0-I_ P<:!.P.<?!'.~,~ No. 10, SQl t I.nlce C:i ty.

11

Ta.y lor, Dee C. 1957 Two Fremont Sites a.nd Their Position in Southwestern Prehistory.

University of _~~h .!.n thr0Eologica l PD..per£, iJo. 29, Snlt l:1ke City.

Hormington, H. :['1.

1955 A TIea.ppra.isa.l of the Fremont Culture. of patura.l Histo.~, No.1, Denver.

Proceedings, funver lIuseum

EVIDENCE OF ACCULTUliATION AI·fONG THE UWIf,J{S OF HO~lTHEIllJ UTf.I-I AND SOUTHE;"ST IDiU-IO: AN HISTOlUCAL J'\.;.'l'llOi.. CH (a.rticle continued from September issue) B-y John n.• Dewey Tll...·,;:·I~EllS

/J'.JD

EXl··LO~I.KlS

In fBil.).-,-' J~tiorlne-l'rovot led one of three bc.nds sent out by l:..shley's America.n Fur Company into the region of the Bear a.nd Weber Rivers. Heading other groups of !~shley' strappers 1·rere Jim Bridger and Jedodiah Smith. Tho three groups met and wintered in Ogclens Holo--a favorite l.Jintering area. for 'bhe L. shley trappors, at the hoad of the Ogden river (ne2r the present day tm-n1 of Huntsville).

In 1025 Jim Doclm ourth led a group of trappers ba.ck to Cache Vnlley. During this trip;. tuo of t hem died. '!he Indic.ns 1"7i th the group disposed of the corpses by hoisting them into trees (Bonner 1356:70; Hefen and Ghent 1931). 'l"his method of burial (sic) inclicntes tha.t the Indic.ns with BeCklcJ"ourth' s group hnd nclopted this particulnr Pla.ins trni t or 1"lOr8 a.ctua.lly members of some Plains tribe ,mo had nccompanied Bocl(\yourth into the nren a.s guides.

In 1826 BockFJourth descr-lbed o.n encounter ln th sixteen liJ.atheads "l"Tho brought him nm'lS 01' another group of Ashley's tr2.ppers. On the wrxy to meet the other trappers they battled i'Ti. th n large group of Bb.ckfoot llho we re m01.U1ted; some "tore a rm,od "nth rifles. '1\10 days I nter, after returning to Ogden' s Hole, I3eclnlOurth tells of meeting approxinllJ. tely L~ooo Sn~lce ' s, ~ny of 1'Thom Here mounted ( Bo:p.ner 1856:70). In another battle ~dth the Blackfoot Incli:ms, Decla'TQurth describes the 'lf r uits of battle" ns being 11 ••• 173 scalps, uith numerous quiVers of arrO'l-m, 1<1~r clubs , R'J.ttle mcos and lo.nces (Bonnor 1856: 73; Hafen <:md Ghent 1931 :64)." It Hould soem that by 1826, the Blnckfoot Here still not 1'1811 o..rmed 1'Ti. th rifles but depended in battle on their arroW's and lances combined l'Jith tho increased mobility from being mounted.

Jerediah 8mi th in 1827, on his return from the Color2.do :lQVer, passed the southuest corner of the Groat Sa.lt Lo.ke nnd:thoro met a group of Gosiute Indi.'llJR. They II, •• appeared thEinost miserable of the hUIinn ro..co having nothing to sub,gist on (nor any clothjng ) except grnss seed, and gl'Qsshoppel's ••• (;~lter 1932: 20), II Smith gives no "lnd:i.cation that these Inclinns had horses or f:,rtlns a.t this time.

Tho111D.S Fi tzpntrick, another of the Ashley trappmr·s, descr1bed problems l'Ji th the Blackfoot and Gros VE::I1tre. These Inrli:ms 11erc r.'1.i (li ng the trnpper 1 s caches (in Cache VvJ .ley) Hhen l)Of1s'UOll p . IIB fl1 flo t.p.lls of li'"J;):t.hf·<~d Indians in

12

the Ogden 2.rea (Ha.fen ::md Ghent 1931 : 60-62) • Hero agnin is evidence that the Triangle Lren and prob.::.bly the sITL'J.ller Great Salt Iilke region were commonly used by various Indian groups other th:ll1 tho Shoshone and Ute. In Ylarch, 1828, Poter ,skeino Ogden returned to the 8...1.1t Tillee V.:tlley and noted that at thnt time of the year the Blnckfoot .:tnd B11ll.kes ,vere scattered, searching for fish and roots (iQ ter 1932: 22). This suggests that the Blackfoot Here COlTanon the the area and thn t p ossibly they Here not as rrPlnins oriented ll as is genernlly believed. It is possible that Ogden ivas mistaking ffiackfoot for Bannock, but this is r o.ther unljJcoly because Ogden hnd been deal:lng with both groups and certainly ImeVT hmv to distinguish bettveen them.

In a.dditimn, Ogden describes a route from the B~r TIiver Valley to the Ogden l1iver, then through Ogden Canyon, Eden, r aradise, Logan and to Idaho as a II • • • 1'1'611 used Indian ['.nd trading route (ill tel' 1932: 23) • Jl

O:f all the trappers .,mo VJrote journals about the Triangle ilrea, Osborne 11ussoll ,·ms one of the most descriptive. In 1835 he assisted in the establishment of Fort Hall andthen traveled to the outlet of Bear Hiver Vlhere he found 300 lodges of Snake Indians. He later moved to the present site of SD.lt Lake City to st.::.y with friendly Inc1inns. By 1840 he Has back at Ilear IQ ve~me re he 1'Jintered ~r.i:t, h a Fren<inan tlnd his Fl.::.thead \·rife (i:..l ter 1932: 30) • He describos the co.mp ns consisting of about tucnty lodges of Sno..ke Inctio..ns.

In this co..mp Here muuorous families composed of members from various o.reo.s and cuI tures. '111is indico.tes contact ovor n fo..irly brond nrc()..

In 1841 Itussel stayed at, a " Eutavrll "'Villcge on the southeast extremity of Groat Salt L:llce. During his' Visit he inquired ['.bout t he Indians living in the most southern portion of the Salt L:J.ke, 1I • • • but nIl thnt I could leam Has that it Nas a sterile, barren, mountainous country, inh<'.bitecl by .:t race of depraved ~nd hostile vIho poisoned their arroHs ••• (i-lter 1932:32) . 11 He described tho Indians of the ute village 0.8 vTe.:l.ring buffnlo robes 2.nd ll'ICllcing raft voyages to the largest island in the lake (J.ntolope Island) 1vhere they hunted o..ntelope.

Tho natives told him thnt they remembered uhen the buf:falo passed over dry land to get to the isl,:md ("'.lter 1932:32).

By 18L~1 it appears tho.t the Ute Indians Here orienting their food gathering habits tovrard the bison and antelope. hlhether this Sh01-J'S influence of the more easterly and rlains acculturated Utes is hard to tell. i~t least the statement indicates ['. change in food go..thering patterns from the descriptions of the T-lmpanogos Utes ronde by Escalante nnd il.rze.

In 18h3 John C. Fremont came into the Triangle I.re[;\. by way of t he Trapper 1s l~oute via Bear lti.vor to tho Heber. He indic().tes in his journal tho..t the Hoot Dig(~er Indians at this time nere " ... miser.:1bly poor, armed only ,dth bows nnd arrow·s, or clubs ••• (Fromont 1886 : 216 ) • II FrtilllOll'l; also scems to 1lk'l.ke tbe~ (:] ..::'..8sic distinction bet"Teon the ~oshoni groups--those Hhich we re mounted Iver8 "Snakes; II those unmounted 1'J'ere

lIi~ot

Di,ggers. II

In Fremont's encounters ,nth the llDJ.gger" grrups there is no mention of either

the horse or the ri.fle. He does indicnto, hOvTOvcr, that the ,shoshone l'lere shy of him and his men but Hore not nfr2.id.

They Here very nru.ch startled D.t our nppO:J.l.... 0.6, but -VTO soon established an acquaintance; and finding that they han r;onu3 roots, I promised to send some lflelt I'll th goods t.o t.rn.de Hi th them. They

13

ho.d the usual very Inrge hends, rem::trknble nmong the Digger tribe, with me. tted hair, nnd ":TOro almost ~ntirely nnked ••• (Fremont 1887:223) This statement also indicates that the lIJJ.i.ggorsll Hero ttilling to trado llith the Whites . Later in his journey, on the wny ba.ck up the !Boar lliver, :B'remont noted that they traded pm-mer nnd ball for nn .. antelope from a mounted Snake Indian. That s ame day they had cont<lcted a CD..lJl)? of Snake Indic:ms--tH9 f runilies " ••• f rom them ,.,e purchased a small qunnti ty of. kooYi\-h!Vo.lerio.na edulus7 (Stew~rd 1938). They had pile s of seeds, of t hr ee different kinds, sp r ea.d out upon pieces of buffalo robe ••• " "They had 0. bnnd of tllolvo or fifteen horses, and appeared to be growing in the sunshine 1-Iith about as little labor .:ts the plants th ey "\oTere eating (Fremont 1887:238)." Fremont describes tho Salt Lake !bsin as H most desirable spot tqlive, a pla.ce wherE> there linS plenty of bunch gro.ss for pasturage. "Tho bensts of the Indlinns 1mre fOot upon it; our OlVYl found it 13. good subSistence; and its qu.:tntity will sus"b<.1.in any amount of co.ttle.

(Fr omont 1887:239.)" f ..ssuming that it is correct to state that the "Digger" groups did not hC!ve horses, HO must .:1.1so [tssume that the reason l-JU.S not because of lo.ck of foro..ge for the horses but uns, inste.3.d, cultur.:tl. It is probo.blc tho.t those Shoshone \'Tho inh.3.bited the most desolate desert nr~s could not h<'.vc Icept horses even if they ho.d viclnted them; but vIC find that the "Diggerll Shoshoni 0.11 the l/.].y :from Id.:tho through tho Groat SnIt lD.ke region Hero not utilizing tho horse to <l.ny extent, even in those nrons uhero there Ha.s: pasturage.

Fremont st<l.tes that on lhy 20, 1C4h ; "We mElt 0. bo.nd of Ut ..'1h Indians, hcnded by n chief who had obtnined the i1.merico.n or English n[lme of l'.]a)1cer, by which he is ·quoted and woil kn O'tm . TI.1CY 1'1erO o.il mounted, armed with rifles, and used t heir rifles 1-1011 (Fremont 183 7 :305-6)." (This cont..1.ct ,vas nenr L,'1ke SeVier D.nd out s ide of the scope of t his p nper, but does illustl'c.te the point concer ning tlle6. cclLltur~tion gr .:.dient existing botueen the Utes, Digger Shoshono and murope;:ms .) On Hay 24 Fr emont me t throe Utc.h Indinn scouts near Ut:1.h l<lke 'Vn10 ..Tere moU11ted ~nd bore fire nr ms.

Ho a lso explo.ins thn t they encamped ne.:1r 2. "Utah" vi.lle.ge but moved out after findir€ tho Indiiins to be qui to "troublesome ll • ( Fr emont 13137:337)." i..lt hough the re is a time differential of nearly [l ye~. r be t l'1een his discussion of tho "Diggers" and t ho Utos, the implic.:1tion i s t hat by ~':. . D. 18l.r3-4 the Utes Here st..1.rting t.o res ist the ~-Jhi tas Hhe ro.:1s tho "Digger" Shoshone ucro still amiable .:tnd completely Hilling to trnde Hith nonIndian outsiders. rlliere is little informD.tion of reciproc.:11 relations betvreon ute nnd "Digger" group s except that (Fremon t · state s) the Ute s kept the "lliggel''' from ·:fishing the Utah Inke a ren ( Fr emont 1087 :391). It 1'Tould appe.:1r that by t he ea rly 18ho I s the Ute s of the r l"inngle i.rea had become r:mch more acculturated to the use of the horse nnd the rifle than h[ld their Shoshone neighbors. This dD.ta supports the hypothesis thnt accoptance of these tr~its (in this area) was d:U1I! to cultural f a ctorfl :(,Cttll.er t han QnVironmontnl limit......tions.

In 184.5 Fremont lIr.:1. S o.gnin in the area. and de scribe d c. '"I~"r-lp to the large island of the lake (!..ntelopo IsICl.nd). Ther e his men killed nn .:!ntelopc. i;·D10n they r e turned, an old Ut e Indian told them tha t tho isL1.nd 1 el onged to him and 1m-a hi s priva t e hunt i ng ground (Fremont 108 7 :431). This statement may indicQte t h .~ t he Utes had t he concep t of priva te olIDe,rship of lond or at IO[lst privnte t enur e . This 'Has possi bly i mpl ied by 1I.rze in 1813 when he ta)1cod of the 'l'impanagos Utes <?s haVing "r<:J.llcherias (tJ.tcI' 1932:13)." It [llso could 1110.:1n th.~.t J.i'rcrnont and his men met <? shroud Indian who 1ms m;:mjpuJ_~ting thom, but at lenst, it suggests thnt tho old Ute uas fam:i.linr onongh Hith Europeo.n concepts of property to have b80n n.bl (] tAl pUrtlllH ::t rOlH:a"l exp 1, ,i t.n Gi.on in t.Jl; R pnrticul.1..t' situo.tion.

1l.r () f '

Jc..mos Clyman in 1846 reports that while trading ,¡d th severol friendly "Euta.w ll Indians he was told by them thnt the Snr,kes and the ~'I'hi tes wore at vlcOlr Gnd that the Snakes had killed two white men (i~tor 1932 :42). Clyrnnn also indicC!.tes that the Blackfoot (in [l.ll are.:ls) 1i>rere hostile to whites and that as e.:lrly as tho middle 1820's Vlere very vlOll armed and vlOll mounted (Cmnp 1928).

In 1846 ono of the first emigrant groups through the nre.:l. vms the &hr.in Bryant'\Ihn. H. Russell expedition which reported meeting 15 or 20 non-hostile Ute Indians ne.:l.r VJeber Ca.nyon: I'lost of these Indians Hero anllCd with bous Gnd arr01i>TS. There 1rTere among them a miser~ble rifle o.nd musket, Hhich they hOod eVidently procured from l1exican trQ.ppors or trnders, as, 1'J'hen I (BryOond) inquired of tho owner of one of them its name, he pronounced the Hord "carabina~' They Here .:111 miserably clothed, some Hearing n. filthy, r.:l.gged blanket, others a short ('?) and ge.ithcrs made of skins, o.nd others simply a breech cloth of skins (f~ter 1932:47).

He Inter describes another encounter with an Indian nenr the Il1<1.rshy nrens of tho ,'jal t Lo.lu'l ~ '!his Indian hnd only 0. balf an(jlhrr01'1 ~md 1ms on foot (l~ ter 1932;1.~7). In the ID.st rose it is prob.9.ble th.:tt tho Indian described ,oms Shoshone, and is likely that tho first group 11ere not Ute but rather '~lober ~l.iver Utes l'ITho Here nlso ~.ihoshones.

1iomi~r. SJÂŁTTLElrr!:1~ T

By the time of tho Liormon ~'ioneers the Utes Here hostile. l'lillim11 Clayton reported a covorsation Inth the fnmed tro.pper Jim Bridger who described the Utes: The Uta.h tribe of Indians inhabit the region nround the Utnh Inke e..nd are 0. bad people. If they c~tch 2. mnn Oolone, they are sure to rob and nbusc him if they don't kill hm, but parties of men in no danger. They r1.re mostly nrmod with guns (Ll ter 1932 :68).

In this same report to 1'f.illiam Claytone, 13ridger mo.de one curious stntement: '!'here is a tribe of Inclinns in th.:ltcountry nho are unlmovm to either trnvolors or geogr<. phors. They make farms and raise abundance of gr~l.in of various kinds. He (Dridger) cnn buy a quantity of the very bost uher1.t there. This country lies southeast of the snlt Inke. (Alter 1932:68).

This mention of -; ngricul ture (ospeciOolly lfheat) is curious unless Bridger referring to areas a great do<:tl distD.nt from the salt lake, Le., the <:trocts of Nou l';iexico and Arizona. If this is the case, it is unusual that he used the snIt lnke as a geogrophico.l referent.

H<:!. S

The first Indian children lfero purchased by the Mormons in 1847 or 1848, to save them from being shot by their Ute captors. About tho same time (1850) the measles first appeared among the Inelinns of ,Sal t In.ke Valley. "They assembled in largo number::.; at t,lm "farm GvM,np;fJ .. bat,hnn. :i.n the lvn.ters, n.nd died (Bancroft 1809:278).11

15

During tho yo[\rs irnmedintcly fol101ring the occuPQtion of the nron by tho 1iormon emigrnnts, n grent rrnny hostile incidonts occurred betueen Indians and 1'lhites. Those culminated with the B:>.ttle of DcQr llivor in 1863 betl1een the nr.m;y and about 300 funnock and Shoshoni.

Factors contributing to these hostilities seem clem'. The Indians Hero under D- gront deo.l of stress, both physicnl and cultural. They Hero losing prime hunting land and "lD..ter nroas (funcroft 1839 :630). 'lhere is somo evidence thnt during the eo.rly years of trouble tho IndiG.ns did not cOrr:qJrehend Llle Hormon concepts of . mvnership • Conversely, the emigr~mts did not unders~nd tho roasons vmy the Indians nero helping themselves to uhent O,nd cattle.

It 1ms 0. genernlly misunderstanding about vJi1at thoft Has Hhich resulted :in the smnll incidents of depredntion. 'ilie Mormons vwuld inflict retribution for theft on the first Indians thnt they came across, r['.ther than finding out '\']ho rO::llly connnittod tho o.ct. Hext, thero is some evidence tho.t a fou sottlers did not havo much rognrd for Indian lifo o.nd Ilk1.de ['. sport out of shooting Illdio.ns. In 1849 neo.r K1.1D-d tHO Indio.n l·wman 1(1'01'0 killed and their horses stolen. There 1oTerO Indian roprisals extending as far south as Ogden, Ute.h. (funeroft 188~ ;~.72). !~nothor possible factor of irl1portance in the continuing problems betl-reon

settler ::J.nc1 native lTD.S the onforced apprenticeship of Indinn children legalizod by the Utah tegislature in 1852. Indenture could not Inst longGr them 20 years hO"HOV8r (Itmcroft Hl[W :L~77). f~t ~n occrlier de.te, the Desert 1'1ells (Eov. 15, 1851) hud run the follom.ng edi toriccl: - Indian Slo..very 5 1llitorio..l : f. copy of 0.. license given to lodro Leon to tro..de uith the Ukh Indinns, signod by Jarnes .s, Calhoon, Sur1er:intendont of Indi~n nff~irs, do.ted So.ntc.. Fe, Au.g. 14th, 1[351, o..ttested by D. V. \'.hiting, ho..s fD-llon under observation; o..nd ue understand the s.::dd J.)edro Loon l;JCl.S at },bnti in tho county of San i.'ete, 011 or ccbout tho 31'. inst., ~ccompanied by about 20 ,Spanish Hexicans, trmling and desiring to trade horsos, for Indi.:m children, fire o.rms, ,::c., o.nd He ':>,re al:D informed thnt tHO other cOllqJanies, of about the sccme size, nnd from the snme source, one of l1hom holds 0. blank license, do. ted II Ex:(cuti ve Depo..rtment, :3ant.., 1"0, NeH Hoxico, July 30, 1351, II signed by IIJ. S. Ccc]JlOon, superintendent of Indie,n nffairs, II o.uthorizinr:; so.id blank holdor to "proceed to the ,Salt Lako country, in tho Terri tory of Ut..:,h, for the purpose of tradinG vJi th the Ut.."..h Indians in said region. II lIe are also advised tho.t the ostonsible object of sci(:1 tradors lJaS to '>,"'purch::l,se Indi;;.n children to k . ko to NmJ Hexico, or NexiCO, and also purchnse guns ,:mc16.nmluni tion, to furnish the Havahoe IndiO-ns.,.

Fe have no objections to Spaniards, I"iexico..ns, or any other nation coming in our midst, buying teo., sugar, coffee, or mole.ssos, buying selling, slmpping horse, mules, or any othor, ·r.>.nimnls or proporty VJhich ,·Jill tend to the public good; but from ui1o.t HO h.:lve boo.rd of the affair before us, we fGel to r['j.se our '·lD..rning voice to all men wi thin our l:iJni ts, and especio.lly to tho citizens of Utrth Terri tory, to bm·mro hOH they furnish Dorms or t:',nmrul1ition to [my tribo of Indians 'Trlhatsoover, and ol3podally to a.ny tribe at unr va th tho United ,Si:.-1.-COS, or to nny nnn or set of men, of 17110m it can bo rOf.'..son:1.bly supposed they havo t:',ny disposition to furnish TiIlU1i tions cbf WOol' to hostile tl'1bnR. Awl. lJU furt,ll(·n' cmJJlsnl t.lln.t. no p01"son

whatsoever be guilty of trafficing in hUlllnn blood, or of selling Indians or Indian childron to be transported out of the Tori tory or from one pnrt of the terri tory to another. Our limits ,v.i1l not pormi t us to sny more at present, our feelings would not permit us to sny less; should tve learn more concerning this matter hereafter, we shall communic~to freely (Alter

1932 :172-3).

Then in a turnabout, Brigham Young (H:1.Y Wa)lmr and his Utes:

1854)

took arms and amnruni tion to

l".nd as it t'ms the object of the Mormons to protect, as nruch as pOSSible, their people from the aggressions of the Indians, and also from the continual descent upon their t'mms --begging for food, and stealing when it 1VciS not given, he thought it more advisable to furnish them Hi th the menns of shooting their own game. 'Ihe Utah Indians possess rifles of the first quality (:-1 ter 1932: 1 73) â&#x20AC;˘ The abovo action WCl.S possibly the be's t and most r ealis tic endeavor , ,dur ing the period of H3h7-1863 tnken by the }1ormon lendors in dealing with Indian probJ,ems. It also indicates that Brigham Young understood somo of t he cult- ¡ ural concepts of the Ute Indi~n and thereby wns able to unde r s tand t he problems Ivhich arose.

Another incident possibly illustrates the idea that stress from loss of lcnd and food vms heavily felt by the Indian s . The De s er ct N'et-Ts J Sept. 21, 1854, records tHO cases of HC-X' sortie s botHoon the ute s .:md t he Snakes nenr Ogdon.

Previous to this time the utes n.nd the Snnkos (Qt least as far as I could determine) had advoidcd contact and fought only in cases of torritorial t.respass.

The real attitude of the Mormons tolmrd the Indians CM be soen in another soYles of statements ''lhich: appeared in the Deserot Neus.

Brigham Young stated that peace u:i.th the Indians . 'Vms holding and had held for the past year except for one incident ill which tvTO !!Iormons Here killed, In this case the Indians turned the offenders over to the U. S. !.uthori ties for trial. He also steted thf',t the great amounts of beef, l'lheat, clothing, guns" etc. that h.:lc.l been given to the Indians 1Jould not overcome their natural savagery and indolent natures. He also suggested th~t the Shoshone m~re superior to tho utes in providing f or t hemselves . HOlvevcr, he fel t that tho continual gifts to tho Indians by t h e Mormons did have a tendency to induce them to l abor f or t hemselve s. He fclt that the course of liberality H~,S n severe t<lX and burden upon the Hormons, but that this burden Vlould soon be lessened beaause the Federal Governmont would soon be making appropriations for holding tro~tics with the Inditms. He Hr'.mod, hOHever, that the Indians could be expected to m.-lke further deprec1ctions and thnt anyone settling nn a rea llD.lst ve prepared to dofend his farn:iJ.y against occasional Indian difficulties. In the long run, it would be, n!on.i :festl_y mort) ocoTloywic4\l, nnd less e::q ntlflive .. to feed and clot he , than to fight them ( .I\lt<on~ 1)1j2:1I1h-5 ).

17

Brigham Young also described an experiment in I'leber County .mere incli viduQls and families of the smnll band llhich genorally inhnbi ted thc.t area (Ueber River Utes'?) wore distributed among tho Hormon familios and given food, shelter, etc. in exchange for their labor. He suggosted thnt in sit~tions where Indians are w"orking for whites, that the Indians nrust be pnid fairly. (i.J.ter 1932:185).

'This eXperiment is interesting historically in terms of its IInpplied" value.

It appears to be ":: i1Uch the same program that the lJl0rmon Church is carrying on at present, with the exception that the Hormon families lceep tJw children only during the school year Qnd "' ~"return them to tho resorwtions during the summer months.

On Oct. 20, 1855, tho IJ.D.S. Millenial star notod that there >Tere Indians nttcmding Church services in Provo. The Qrticle Glso stc.tcd that BrighQm Young had suggested that the people of Provo should divide the land nCQr utah lake in hQlf and ostc-.blish n plnce whore tho Indinns could live Qnd fish. He further suggested thQt the r10rmons should help the Indinns build homes and make clothing (i.J.ter 1932:202).

By 1855 the r1ormons hQd chn.nged their ntti tudes tOvJard the Indians a grent denl. There "Here defmi to attempts :b'y; the leaders of the church to under-

stc.ncl. the problems faCing tho Indians in order to solve their Olm problems.

It is also apparent that tho Indians nere trying to solvo their Olm problems.

SUMMll.TIY bu.iing 'the yonrs betueen 1776 and 1850 there "rere great changes occurring in the Indian populations of the Triangle f.rc::-.. D-l1d especially tho Grant Scl t Lake Ilegion. Subsistence patterns changed from tho.t of hunting and guthering to subsistence based on begging and stealing. Honover, n feH Indians did leo.rn to plant a fm, staples under the [$1lid.::mce of their i'[onnon noighbors.

PQtterns of travel iVore enlarged with the advent of tho horse among some groups .such as tho utes and Eastern G110shone. Other groups lilce the Gositr~8, Bannock} Timpanogos utes, and Hestern Shoshone were content to resist, for" a time the greater mobility offerod by tho horse. The same Indian trails I¡Jere still being used but were being used more often by those groups I'Ji th horses.

It also appears that the v-iestern Shoshoni groups tended. to resist the rifle oven in the latter days of Mormon influence. v]hercas the utes, by tho time of the settlers, hae. alm.ost completely ndopted the rifle, the Timpanogos utes resisted it more than tho othor Ute groups. '1110 "lind HiveI' Shoshone, Commanche, an~lackfoot h.:td readily adopted the [:,llll.

During the period 1776-1855 there l..rere a fmi minor shifts in <llliances behmen Indian cul tiuni ts and many shifting alliances betlvoen whites and different Indian groups. The utes <1nd lJestern Shoshone tonded to ignore the prossure of 8[1.ch other ull.less terri tory "Has challenged.

The B1D.ckfoot Here at odds ,vi th nearly all git?OUPS, especially the E.:1.stern Shoshone, and were continually llk1.rauding throughout the Triangle Area.

During the Garlier contacts the Indi<1ns and trappm-s tended to get along fairly well, but by tho -ti.me of 11ormon se'b'ljlemellt,~ most of the Indians

'VTere at least confused about Europe~n property rights if not outright hostile.

Indinn nnd 1rlhite dcpredu.tions were frequent during tho yom's 1847-1863.

There is also some evidence that the Indians vrere interested in the :Hormon religion; some nctually attended services. There is no evidence that Hormon settlers, on the other hand, became more that acndernicnlly interested in Indian ideology.

Modes of dross chnngecl r"dically : after tI1ormon contact, especially among the mounted Indinns. 'D1e uIUllounted and sUJPosedly miserable "!astern Shoshoi Indi:ms c.g<lin resisted acculturation until the mid 1800 1 s. One exception appec.rs to be tittle Soldier of the Heber Diver Utes. He Has often described as being extremely proud of his pink, checkered shirt and milored trousers. 'lhe Heber 11iver Utes were more acculturated thnt other '~Jestorn Shoshone groups.

During the time period of contact betl-Teen trappers, there is some evidence of acculturation feedbnck in pntterns, hunting techn.iques and even the counting scalps) by the txnppers. Undoubtedly, the tl\:l.ppers from Plains India.ns ra.ther thM from InctL[!ns of the

explorers and Indi.:ms, terms of subsistence of coup (a-t lCQst :taking picked up this last trait Greo.t SnIt Inke area.

Culturnl feedbo.ck appe:J.rs to have lessoned during the pcriod of the settling of the va.lley, but ucculturotion vlL'.s more rapid for the Indians during th:is same period.

BIDLIOGi U'J?HY .I'll tel' , J. Cecil

1932

Ut.:lh: The Storied Domain, Vol. 1.

Inc. , Noll York.

Tho ilmerican Historical Society,

B':'.ncroft, H. H.

1809

The vlorks of Hubert HOlTe B:1.ncroft: . Histo!X of Utnh, 151.~o~ 1806, Vol. XXVI, 3o.n Fm-cisco. . __.-

Belton, Harbert E. 1950 Pageant in tho lIildorness. uto.h Ste. to Historical Society, So,l t j':il{e 'City ,·'-15"50:- . _... ---Bonner, T. D. 1856 The Life .::md Adventures of JG.mes Hew York.

?

Be clmo1l'lrth , Hnrper Bros.,

Cmnp, Chas. L. 1928 James (a~: f.mericO-n Frontiorsman, 1792-1881, L..rthur Clark Co~~ -bl-cvela,n d.

----.- -.- - - '-

Do llenbo,ugh , Frederick S. 1908

Bron.}~'£Lt.1£...~~~:~d.erness, G. 1\ Putllcuns Sons, UeH York.

Fremont, John C. 1887 1-1emoi:!,~.~f.}tr_ ..14.fo, Vo]. T., .BoJf'o:t'c1, Cl:1.rke, t, Co., GJ.1.:i.cago c.nd Hew York.

19

Guru1.erson, Jwncx H. l'm_'_ i..rcl:.eologicn~_ Gurvey of the Fremont I~D., Uni versi ty of Utnh :..nt hropologicnl .i:'o..pers, l~o, 28, Unvorsityof utah Press. So..lt 1D..ke.

195'7

v,.

HAfen, Treroy 1 • .:1ndIInfen, f.nn 1954 ~~e_ Ol.d-.i-£a_nJ-sh.. }~ilL . F~E ~~c_s"!i .::n4,jl.o<?ki_ci? .So!.i~, .rthur Clark t.: Co., Californio.. .

Vol. L,

Herskovi ts, Helville J. 1954 "Somo Problems of }1cthod in Ethnography, II in Spencer, jwbert F. (ed.) ~t!1.od D..nd l~cFsEc.c.tiv_~._~.n !'!:~tl?.!_oJ?.o~.o.gy:, Uni versi ty of 11inncsota j?ross, Minnuoapolis.

Jennings, Jesse D. , Smith, Elmer R., nnd Dibble, Charles E. 1959 Indians of Uto..h: Past and Present, Univorsity of Utnh i'ross.

Salt Lctl<£ .- - - · Loomi s , Leander V. 1928 !~_J.o:u:rn.a;I.__of. _tllc ..~~~j;;..h~ }~n:i.grntinfL~nn:y:, Edi ted by Edgnr 1-'I. Ledyard, 80.1 t luke City, Utah.

Murphy, 1(0bert 1955 1he_~h..9.Ehon~_0P.9- . ~~lc... Indi~, manuscript uIlpublishod.

Harroll, Il.o.oul 1964 liOn :ethnic Unit Classification, Ho. 4, October.

Smi th, Elmer 191~1

II

~m:.ron~J~~hE012..0_~?~' VoL

5,

n.

!he J~cr:tCol<?N_~£ De~clmo!! CavE!., Bulletin of Uni versi ty of Ute'lh,

"oL 32, No.4, November.

Spicer,

,,~podaca,

Imacleto Human Problems in Technologicnl Ch.:'.11(;O" pp. -35:';46 :-. Ne;l- ~Yoric~-- '- ..- ._--- - -

IICorn and Custom, II

Spicer, Sasaki, Tom and ..:·,clair, John 1952 !luntar:!._l.'robl.e!~~i~o_c~1?o_~og_~g~~S~nJ~~.J . pp. 97-112, How York.

OHm; 1D..nd to Farm,

1952

StmlV.rd, Julian H. 1938 Bnsin-l'lo. te u j,bor.:i.:.[:i.:!lal~~ociop.~J.tic~l Group~,

BurecLU

II

of

f ..mericD.n EthnolotY, Smithsonio.n Institution, Bulletin 120, Hashing-

ton, D. C.

1933

&t. r1Y~ In!.~bi~!.!ts

oJ.'. ~'1E 6tCl'P..Ut..:.h,

rart I, Bulletin of Univorsi ty

of Utah , V'01. 23, No.7.

Taylor, Dee C. 1957 'l't'1O Fremont f31.t c s a.nd'I'hcir Position in Southu lst,CJl:n ~' rehisto~7' , Un:i:~rer:s~t,y-6 f U1;':' 1 l\.nt;l U'Ol)Oi.or~ c..1 l Ji.!p(~i~ 3 ,_. No. 29, 1Jniv. of lJ·I;r.... )·\ ~'I:"'~ ~ • 20

1'Jhi tney, Orson F. 1892 History of Uto.h, Vols. I, II, Cannon &. Sons, Galt lake City.

STf...TE

FADL

DISPll~Y

k.lmost everyone from the Utah Statovrido Archeological Society who helped mml our display at the Sate Fair agree that this year's display ..,e.s sucessful.

Our display lv~S upgraded .nth the ncquisition of lighted display cnses don<lted by the State of Utah, and moved to the Fnir Grounds by Floyd liormnott o.nd .F rnnk Hoscon of the Salt luke-Davis County Chapter, .spo~:irtl_ interest loJnS noted in this year's displi..'.y materials Hhich lvcre borrolvod i'rom the I ..nthropolicnl collection of the University of Utah, courtesy of Dr. Jesse D. Jennings, and models of various types of Indian D!-lOlling plnces mado by tho Numi-Chi, h H Club of .Sunset, Uii<."h, under the direction of its leader, lJOrrn.D. Dalton.

Our display Has organized ,¡r.ith hm objectives: He attempted to point out to Fai:pgolers that f..rrol'll~ends, ;'.pottery, and other Archeologi.cnl curiosities, although intere sting as souvenirs., are of greatest vv.lue o.s a ids to tho i.rcheologist in helping him interpret the history of tho si te. He lvore trying to teach thn:t$moHledgo is the the thing of greatost 1-.Torth that cnn be derived from any 'o.rcheologicnl site.

Secondly, He tried to discourage commercinl traffic in Indian artifacts by pointing out to our visitors thnt mn!1..y skillfully nnde imitntions of genuine artifacts D.re being sold to the unsuspecting public by unscrupulous Indicms Hho X'OJ.Jrosont thom ns authentic.

This year at the suggestion of our ;)ccretary, Hormn fulton, n Log Book Ivas kept in Hhich comments and suggestions of those in nttendnnce 1-TOre recorded. \IJe I d like to extend thanks to Llll those uho did so much to make our display so

suce ssful, IrlD.ny of .mo tr<:weled long distc'1nces o.t their ovm expence to fill their ~ ssignmcnts at our displny- Your efforts o.re deeply appreciated. Tha ru<s a million!

TI1.e unmarried girls C'..re find:ing Lnthropology not quite as attractive 2. subj e ct this y ear nt the Un:i.versi ty of Uwh. This hns been noted since Susan Clnrk mo.de off vnth the bie; prize, the Professor! Congrntulntions, Floyd and 0us<.m Shnl'l'uck" we hope your married life is 0. long hnppy one.

C. BoIvin Aikens, formor Utah State Lrcheologist, is nOH aSRoda'b~d >"ith the University of NfilTaae, Ik"p.'l..d'lIlBnt of t.lltlll'OlI U 1 "FY, 17-G1Jll .. He vad.'l. HiR l1LllfJA n..drh'('r1S is : 11 25 il.kard Drive, Heno, NCV-:'-l0n. .

George Tripp U. S.iL.~). President.

21

. ..

CLUB

-

~

HEHS

Cache I~?heoloG~cal and Geological Society Officers: President : Mr. OSHell G. Clarke, Um·1ton, Ut.."lh Vice-Pres. : 11rs. ';")aul (ViVian~ Niller, 191 South 4th He st, Logan, Utnh Sec. Treas. : Hr. lolund H. Nortensen, Trenton, Ut...'lh 84338 Program Chairman: Mr. 1'1errill Peterson, 651 Cmlyon Rd. Logan, Utah Neetin~£:

Time-:

" "nter, 7 :30 p.m. Summer 8 :00 p.m.

Place: 1st half of yoar in the State Employment Office. Last half of year in IJIountain Fuels Demonstration room.

NeHS: :rJO"Cember 1965, ~e had our annual l.n.nter party. 1Lvery fino progrom c.nd lip at luck II dinnor 1'las enjoyed. '!'he eloctions for the yoar of 1966 were held and t,he o:fficcl'·'_ listed were installed.

January 13, 1966. Dr. lll.oyd Sharrock, University of utah, gave a lecturo and showed slides on the Indi.an artifacts and handicr:lits in VJyoming. li'cl:iuary10th. Professor hrthur Holmgreen, Utilil state Uni versi ty, presented a fine t a1le on the various native plants and anirrnls used by the Indians for food, clothing, and othcr uses. lhrch 10th. Colonel Doyle Heese of Logan, shc..red with us beautiful slides of Alaska and the Alouti.Oll Islands. ~10 enjOY-bd the pictures of IQaskan Indians and Eskimos, tho plant and animal life. Colonel Heese uas in charge of esl;ah.lishing an escape route for IJilots along the Yukonl1d ver V<lJJ.Oy if' an omergeney arose.

April 14th . Ur~ and Hrs. ~se of the Ogden Golden Spilce Club shOlmd pictures of their trip around the 11Torld. They also brought b enutiful hand.iJ.lork of their ovm as '1-1011 a s hand carving and jel'lels from ru.fi'eront pnrlis of the v-TOrld. Very educational. }hy 11 tho Hr. Dru AJ.~ell, Utah State Universi t,y, presented a lecture and showed slides of bone specimens from prehistoric mrlmals of our area. ,April 1st and Nay 30th lfe held our 11lmual 110ck ShaH in I.ogan .:l.t the Sr. High Gym. 111e dis-pIny 'YTO.S fine, but it should hnve been better attended by the public. Lester Lowe o.nd Don l'ack plarmed 11 three day trip for the Decoration Day Heekend to Cnrlin Nevada, He c.ll lTere able to get some Shndow i.gate.

June. Emil llosenau brought some very good pictures of the exibits at the Vegas n.ock &'hm-T to share vr.i. th us.

L.'lS

Instead of our regular July meeting, He held 1'1 Cnnyon party, enjoyed an excellent "pot lucle" supper. Our club furni.shE::ld meJlon, pop, and rolls. 110 had a fine program and slides. On the July hth vrGekend, our li'ield Captain lfnrk Checketts, guided a club trip to Arco nd the &':1Jnon l?i.ver aroa fo r funded iL.gate, Jaspu.r and Blue Agate. On the July 24th "18elCflnd, Nerd.l1 i'nt.(H'[JOn. planned a trip to 0t'/O'.:t W; ~'lA';r st,a tj on and JeffeI"J City, \~'\)ll1i.nc;, for J ::.de, ' A~.:nte Jnspur ~:mcl Hood as vTell ns tho 8w(jc~:, lib '~l." j\gllt.f3R.

22

August. He Here fortunate to have Hr. mld HI's. Jordan of ,':Jalt Lake come to Sh01-, pictures and some of their handhlOrk in Silver smithing nnd je-vrelry finishing. 'Ibey lv.i..ll come teach a class for us this fall.

September 8th. l'Iembers of our group gave reports of various trips and experiences. l'le heard n report on the Nortin-rest Federation lUUlUaJ. nock Show', sm, slides on the wild ''life and landscape of Alaska, and saw a film on the tests made on the 'Ihyocol l\mphibious Vehicle in Tha.iland. Each "ms very educational. On the 3rd-5th of Sepl/}ember, Don rack vms our Field Captain, when we visited the southeastorn part of the state for Septarian Nodules, Hood Agnte, vJonderstone and other gem stones.

October. Slides were shmm teaching members hou to mnke cutting and polishing tools from materials th<:'>t may be fOlIDd in jlIDk yards. ffiue prints l¡mre given to members for cnscs to be made for our displays in our next rock Sh01-1.

November. Wayne Shields, UniVel' si ty of Ut..."l.h, shm-fed slides and gave a lee turo on a Buffal o jwnp in 111.ch COlIDty tho.t t he University 1~1thropology department has been oxcavating. Hr. Keith Heese reported the prepnrations had beem made for a fine Christm-'1s i-arty to be held a. t 7: 30 p.m., Dec. 8th in the Edyth B01'Ten ,School Ilecreation Hall, east on 7th North, Logan. Ue Hill hnve n gift exchange and the election of officers for 1967, 1'110 ticlcets of officers are being planned by the Nom:i.nating cOI1lIl1Dttee, headod by chnil"l11iln C. C. Neilson. ilolc.nd H. Hortensen, correspondent

Officers: President: Hr. Dale Barnett, 447 North }1n.in, I'nyson, Utah.

Vice-Pres. : Hr. La}fD.r Gronemen, 369 Horth }bin, Springville, Utnh Sec. Treas. : HI'S. mle (Gloria) Barnett, 447 North fuin, Pa.yson, Utah Program Chairman: 11r. James Mock, 501 Columbia L.'1ne j~163, Orem, Utah l=>Ublici ty: l'trs. Shirl (l1nrilyn) Gronemnn, 258 Horth 1st East .springville, Utah Heetings: Tiriie'~-7:30 p.m. on the fourth Friday of each month, in homes of members.

News: September 22, 1966. The meeting vTaS held in the home of the President, 1tklyne l~lred, in Lehi, Utnh.

Tv18nty-four members enjoyed the antique furnishings throughout the home, and the Indian artifact collection of the I.llreds. A "8hov1 and Tell" time vTas held and members shared summer experiences arid articles they had found. l1efreshments were served. There was no October meeting due to the deer hlmt.

November 13th. Dr. nay Matheny, B.Y.U. instructor of imthropology, presented an interesting tall< andj;honed slides of sites in l1ule Canyon, Hontez1lll1a Canyon, and tJexico. 'Ihe election of new officers v1us held 1J.llrJ;t,he officers listed at the begining of this article uere elected. The out¡-going officers were: Mr. Hayne fl.llred, Hr. fule Barnett, vice-pres., and }1rs. f:.lJua. Banks, sec. -treas.

The new officers expressed apprectiation to those retiring.

December. Our meeting Has held at the Dept. of ;.rchaoJ.ogy and Enthnology at the B.Y.U. under the direction of James Hock. Prefl:ident lhl e R'lrnett. presided.

Dr. Hock shouecl members how to catalog their O1mi 8;? Gcimens. 1'..l80 he shoued 23

artifacts from the Spotton Cave at ~enoola that he is excavating. Five levels have been found there so far. The rest of the department was toured, to the enjoyment of all attending.

1~

social is planned for the January meeting at Dr. and HI's. Cloyde Krebbs. }1rs. lrbyne Allred and Mrs. Glori.:1. furnett, correspondents.

Officers: Pre-sident: Vice-:2res: Sec. Treas:

YJr. Phippip Hansen, 830 North 100 Hest, Sunset, Utah l-1rs. Kenneth (Dorothy) Hildoner, 979 1-'Innchester Rd. KaysvilJe, Utah ~1rs. lifichiel (Jean) Burson, 2446 North 400 Hest, Sunset, Utnh

VJee~ngs:

Time and place: of the members.

8 :00 p.m. on the second Friiliy of eQch month at the homes

News: October, 1966. Our meeting was held at the home of Jeo..n and Nike Burson in Sunset. Janet Ol..]'ens, a graduate student at the University of Utah, spoke on the excavations at Nephi Hhich Professor Sharrock has been in charge of and for which she has organized the photogr::tphs of the site, .'311e mll0HOd about eighty slides with her most interesting talk. vhyne Shields of the University of Utah staff spoke before our group in November. Our m,eeting uas held at the home of our President and his charming 11ife •.• 1'hil and Lillian Hansen in Sunset, Utah. Hr. Shields gave an illustrated talk on the Buffalo Jump areQ near Evanston, ['froming, and ':'Toodruff, Utah ••• where excavations have been going on. The jump Has probably used as late as 1850 and is possibly 200 yeo..rs old. ;. diorama of this jump site is planned for the nmT museum on the Uniyersity of Utah campus.

The climax of a nice year together for our group, vms the Christ41lns pot luck supper 1-/8 had at the home of ~?on and Smitty Fike in Ogden. 'I he l"ike I s museum of antique bottles, antiques, and Indian artifacts plus files of old Salt Lake new'spapers lV'ere of special interest to some thirty-five people who attendeel the party.

January.

The Ogden Chnpter met at the home of the Nilco Bursons in S1lllset.

Dr. and }lIrs. Floyd Sharrock from the University of U-t.:th uere present and

,Dr.

Sharrock gave an interesting history of the development of the Indian cultures of the BGreat rosin area prevalent in the "\<Jestern part of our state, ex-tending also into Nevada, Ido.ho o.nd }>rizonn. Tne 1'hsatch range through Utah is a definite eastern b01llldary of the Great ~sin area.

He explaine the geographical factors contributing (if any occurred) in these cultural lifeways. -vIe were interested in the geographical nV,enues from the Plains areas on the east1·m.rd side of the swte that were openings for 1)lains cultural infiltration into Utah. He Qlso mentioned some of the excavation facts pertaining to the Buf.fnlo Jump site, that very fev1 Qrtifacts nere found and that Carbon 14 tests ~lCre not going to be run on on thi s si to. Dr. Elharrock 'Hill be at the Universi ty of lJQv:::.d~LldurinG· ., the spring months on a teaching assignment.

Our February me8tmg ev1ill be held in the Hounto.in Fuel Supply ooditorium in Ogden at 8:00p.m. on Feb.10th. The public is invited to this and all" of our meetings, Joan Burson, correspondent.

NOTICE TO NEMBERS The 1967 subscription fee for the NErJSLETTEi.l. is nOVI due. This will be your only notice. For your convenience, n remittnnce blnnk is printed bclo'l'T. Please use it whether you mnil your subscription directly to I;.he State officers or pny it to the secretary-treasure of your loca.l chapter. }bke your check U~2.00) p,:W.:lble to the Uta.h St..l.teHide Archeolog:Lcn.l Society, and mnil it to NorITJ.;."'. lli.lton, 829 North 100 lvest, Sunset, C).earfield, Utnh ••• 84015.

Perhaps you have a friend or a relative interested in subscriping to tho NEWSLETTER, the extra order blank is printed for this purpose •

.12 67.

.U~ g_t!:.t.e!:l.c.l:~J-,!:~c!.t_e.o~_o_gl:.cn_~ .S<?.c.i.e1.;~ ~J!lbership ._~n~wa.!..p1a:u< fo:t: 1~<lIl18

of local Chapter: .....

(All subscr1bers are members of the State Society tV'hether they belong to a loc~l chapter or not.)

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The Utah ;3w.tewide Archeological Society welcomes new members! You may become a member of the State .Society by subscribing to our HE'vISLETTEH, "Utah il.!'cheology", uhich is published qu;:>.rterly (¥.orch, June, SeptembeT, and December)~ Membership in the local chnpters may be enjoyed by contactmg one of the officers of the chapter nec.rest you. These officers are listed in the precodinG ·Club HelTs. section.

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