Utah STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY EAST SOUTH TEMPLE INDEXEQ T LAK E CITY, UTAH
Volume 12,
Number 3
a'tchaeolo9~ A Newsletter
September 1966
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UTAH ARCHAEOLOGY is published quarterly by the UTAH STATEWIDE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Subscription is included in membership. Membership in the society is available from the secretary-treasurer at $2.00 per year. Conespondence concerning the activities of the society should be directed to the president. All manuscripts al1d news items should be sent to: Utah Statewide Archaeology Society % Dept. of Anthropology University of Utah.
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UTAH STATEI'lIDE ARCHEOLOGICAL SOCIETY PRESIDENT: George W. Tripp, 98 liest 2000 South, Bountiful, Utah. PRES.-ELECT: Grant 11. Reeder, 102 East Virginia lane, Bountiful, Utah. SEC.-TREAS.: Norma. Dalton, 829 North 100 West, Sunset, Utah 84015. ADVISOR: Dr. J .D.Jermings, Univ. ~f Utah ~pt. of Anthropology, Salt Lake City, Utah. EDITOR: F .K. Hassel, 906 Rancho Blvd. Ogden, Utah
EDITOR I S NOTES Thi,s i.!'Isue marks the first to be pub,l ished under a ne..r arrangement aim:i.1ar to the Mel AiJeens/George Tripp committee that has prepared and distributed the ~J'EV>]SLE'l¡TF...R for the past year. We hope to provide the same high caliber publication ~s our predecessors.
George Tripp oversees the publication of the NENSLETTER, In.th Jean .Burson and Norma Dalton handling tho press run, ~ssembly and distribution. Thamcs to the bountH'ul supply of mnnuscripts rounded up by Mel Aikens, the edi'cor is left with little to do but decide how fat an issue the society can afford. Mel /likens, as ronny may not mOli', is leaving his assortment o:f pOSitions ana. titles at the University of Utah for greener pastures (?) in NeV'udu. In all seriousness I would like to thank Melon behalf of the U.S.A. S . for the many services he has td.llingly provided to the society as a lm>~e and to i ndividual members, over the past fel-l years. We all In.sh Mel the best and expect to hear more of his exploits in the Sagebrush state. WlLile we have a legacy of materit1l on hand for the next few issues, we still need articles from the "Silent Majority" (tho amateur members). As it ::, .3 been stated beÂŁore, the non profession~l onn ronke signific~t oontributions in t he field of Archeology by careful observation and reporting of surface sites, petroglyphs, unusunl artifact types (collected on the surface, of oourse) and other indications of early ocoupations. Jot your notes qown and send them in to sec how your nruno 100 1'1) :in pr:int. Tho figure on the cover is a replica. of one of the better knovm Fremont "shield bearing ll pictographs. This particular figure was painted in light red and is approximately four feet high. The original is part of a panel located on Westwater Creck, Grand County, Utah. Tho figure also appears on thc co~er of IIA Reappraisal of the Fremont Culture II and is further described by Mt.'U'ie l>Jormington of the Denver Museum of Natur~ History.
'[he footure Il.rticle in this issue is by John R. Del-leY of the DepnriDnent of Anthropology stllff at the University of Utah. From the runount of re .. senrch necessary to come up lnth this nnsterpiede, John, -who is Super-' visor of the Archeologico.1 laboratory of the U. of U., obviously does not .!3pend all his time counting pot sherds. This is a most interesting piece of lolork with a couple of novel tldsts that are somel-mat of a. surprise! Due to the length of the D.rt1cle and to 0.11011' the publication staff time to get their feet on the ground, it was necessary to publish this in t l'10 seotions. (Sorry about that, John.) '!he seoond section commencing with the trapping and exploring era (circa 1824) ldll a.pear in the next issue. Next, we have a brief book review by our past editor. Mel has some very kind words about the "funateur Aroheologist's Handbook" by Jliaurice Robbins. Published by 1honns Y. Crowell Co., Now York, New York. It might well P"-Y most of us to read this book. Last, but not least, to repetlt the old saw, is a S1.lIl1mt'.ry of the summer activities of the Ogden Chapter of the U.S.A.S. Non thnt the summe~ vacation period is over, we hope to hear more from the other ob.o.pters before the next publication dnte rolls arQund.
EVIDENCE OF ACCULTUrlATION MiOHO THE JlJDIAUS OF nORTHERN UTAH AND SOUTHEt~ST IDAHO; A HISTOIUCAL APPllOACH By
John R. Dewey
ECOLOGY
~10 pr:i.mary area here under consideration is the vaJJ.ey between the shoreline of the Salt Lake, Utah Lake and the l'1estern watershed of the tWlsatch M:mntains. Of secondary :l11!portanoe is a larger area 00compassing a rough triangle extending from Utah Ln.ke to the northwest tip of the Great Salt lake to Bear Lake. (lhis rd.ll be hereafter referred to as the Triangle .Area (!ig. 1J. )
The 8eogrnphical setting is that of high mountains and 0. salt desert. The range of elevation is from approx::i..mately 4000 to 9000 feet. Ho.:i.nfall V'O.:Fles from foUl~ mches (on the West sid~ of the Groot Salt la.ke) to over fii'ty inches in the m01mta:ins~ The foJJ.01dng life \?jones are represented: spruce nnd fir, the lower aspen-fir ~lts, the yellow pine, pinyon-junipher, S8.E;ebruBh, and the desert shrub zone of the suIt flats (Steward 19.38: 14-7). Spo;ro.dic rums¡ mnke for spv.rse represention of ronny floral 5pscies in larGe areas, &1other geographical fil.ctor 'Which is important in underlrltlIld:ing the Jack of vegetation, in soma nreas, is thG a.J.kaline nature of the JAke periphery-the closer one gets to the Ul.ke shore, the__fewer t~:e P??nt spooies represented,
A .greo.t ma:n:y species of plnnts and on:i.n.als are represented in this recion, but the abundance varies w.i. th the specii":i..c 10- 111.0. At higher elevations there were bear, deer~- hare, rabbits, numerous species of' fish, porcup:1ne, eJJt, sqlLUTel; and ~ other an::I..nnls. J.n tho 10'W01' i'lat ~as there loJel'e bison, water fovr1, nUll1OI'OUS species of rodoots, and vnrious edible :i.nsectx.. In addition to nnny fresh water streams d.rair.dng the Vb.satch F.ront, there were lTDllY springs and nrtesian wells which v~ probabJy used for drinking purposes ond possibly for irrigation.
In sun, this habitat appears to have boon .fairly well suited for the nnmtennnce of a sizeable llooriginDJ. popu:Intion, J.;uoger o.pparently than 'WUs ~ the 0000.
PREHISTORY 'Ihe f'trs-I-Inc1ians mOWl"!' to have lived in this tl.l"'OO were those archeologically defined as Peripheral Big Game Hunters, or the Desert Culture. These people were hunters and gatherers, who gamerod an eXistence from the harsh enViromnent with a teclmology not unJ..ike tho historic Shoshoni of this sOome area. 'lbey existed in 0. continWll state of transhL1'tlB.nCe, and ha.d to be careful to move into the harvest nreas at exnct tines in order to glean their idld plant foods. A fe~I week's, or even day's delny often meant the loss of an important staple. ~1ese Indians not only moved across the terri tory :in s~h for sustenance but also took advantage of life zones 'Which varied with nltitude as vIGil as season (Jennings, Smith and Dibble 1959:28).
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ArcheologionJ. evidence concerning the Desert Culture is now fairly abundant. Artifacts found in excnvations include robbitsldn cloth, grinding stones, fiber sandals, spear throwers, twined bn.sketry, and n nrultitude of small generalized projectile points (Smith 1941; Jennings 1957). TIle Desert Culture lifewny existed from about lO~OOO years ago lIDtil nearly A.D. 400 (and possibly until historic timeS) with onJsr minor changes in teclmo10gy. After A. D. 400 there occurred in the area a culture Imown as the Fremnt (including the Fremont variant known as Promontory). 'Ihese people were semi-sedentAry, supplementing their horticultu.raJ. crops with food gleaned by hunting and gathering. IIFound all over Utah, oven as .far notth as the shores of the groat Salt Laka and in west central Utah, the lifoway seems to be mixed as if a Deserl population loomed and partly accepted a sot of alroady doveloped new idoas ll (Jennin~s" Smith and Dibble 1959:14). Thoso now ideas---horticulturn, pottery rraking, wa. t tIe and daub houses, graIlllries" certnin l11D.sonry techniques" p;i cto graphs , and' distinctive figurines--all seem to be traits developed by the Desert Culture peoples from tho more southern P1.lQblo phases. '\rJhether the traits ware pnSsGB by conto.l.. t diffusion, stimulus diffusion, or both, is di.fficult to dGtonnino. Acculturation procGSSOS probably c'Ontinuo:d for lilany yoars lmtil the culture became the distincly Fremont. An alternAte -hypothoSiS is that tho Fromont Indians lrorG ori[f-Lnallyllorthwost.ern Plains Indians who migrated to Utah 0. roo. , a.dopting and adapt,ing ma.ny of tho Pueblo trajt S while retaining a groat deal of their own culture (C. Molv:ln A:ilcens, personal connnunication, Decombor 196.5). Archeol oeica1 mn.teri.ll from the Trianele .Areo., for tho pariod between the stlirt of the ]l~th centUry to historio times, is lOO~ger. HoWO'Vcr, this paucity of evidence . (',an be oXplained in various vJaYs. It may indicate ¡t.hat t he Indians dUr1.11E ll. perio.d of rota.strophe ma.y ha.ve cast off their Pueblo cultural overlay and reverted to a. Desert Culture lifeway und remained in the region. Or, the lack of eVidonco may :i.lr:ply that the Fremont people emigrotod durinG t his poriod, and moved to tho Great Plains (C. Malvin Ail<:ens, personal conmnmication, December 1965). FInally, the archeological evidence nay not have been interpretod or dated correctly. HISTORIC IHDIlUJS By the historiC-period there IDS 0. variety of Uto-Aztocan span.kinG
eroups livine in or near the Great SnIt Lake. Of the uto-Aztecnns J the Shoshoni 8peokers . were tho most 111.lli1OroUS. ~ the Timpanogos Utes at utah Lake were true utes. Tho Gosiutos, tveber River utes, tvestern Shoshoni. and Bannock ..roro all I'enI'esentatives of the J.:inguistic division--Sh;shoni. . Periodically, Athnbaslcan, Siouxian, and Uto-Aztecan speakin~ Indians from outside tho region, moved through the vaLloy btlltwoen the vlo.sntch Moun-roins and the onstGI'll shore of th.e Grant SaJ:b l.lIJ.-.::c. For example, the BJ.nckfoot, ¡ Gros Ventre, Flathead, Crow, and Commanche J poriodio~ utilized this corridor llS 0. road to the Snnke lliver :in Idaho, or, convorsely, as a pnssage to tho Henrys Fork area of Wyonul1G, and from thoro to the Groot Plains. The tl'li masi ties genorated between different
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Indian groups furthor stiImllated the use of this passage o.s an escape route. The ffiackfoot and the Hind River Shoshoni were both lmO'Wl1 to have come into this area to oscapo fron Plains Indian wnr parties. 'rhe Blackfoot periodicQJly IOO.do raidine sortios against the Shoshoni of t he SnIt Lake r e eion (Alter 1932; Bonner 1856; Hafen and Ghent 1931). These peridoic wnderings by marauding outsiders po s sibly had tho effect of re. ·tr-icting 'p.9 Pulation growth of the loss warliko local Indians and rrright explain lffiy' the fairly lush area oast of the Great &I.lt Lake and west of the Wasat,c h mouritains was not moro donsel¥ populated during prehistoric t:ilnes,; Further. t,h.:i. s intermittent contact proobly resulted in acculturntion between thO'/~vaious transient eroups and tho indieenous Indians. If this patton: of movement existed beforo the 14th century, it could then be tl parti~l Gxpl~l1tltion for the l1'Llli16rous Plains traits wh:l'; \,occurred .in the F'rcmont culture. Naturo.lly, travel during preh:i·$P.{.~ij , c ti.Inc.s,would have boon without benefit of tho horse, and contact t" he tweon "cultiul1its lf (Nnrroll 1964) from different reeions would have been much l oss. \'n1D.t e ffect this sporadic contact ha d on the pr oces s of accultur{lti on is not certain. In nnny ca.ses, continu~ rel~tion ships , of t en p rimD.ry relationships, are nece s sary for the tr<msf er of culture tr.:l.i t s be'~ween difforent culture c roups (as was noted wi th the introduction of hybrid corn to SpD.nish American farmers (Apodaca, in ~)icer 1952: 35-41). On the other hand, many caSGS of total acceptance , of a particular trait from a donor group to a recipient eroup have occurred after CD.sunl, sporadic contact (the dispersal of the horse and riflo Comone the Plains tribes). Probably, more important is the receptiv~ attitude of the recipient eroup and tho cultural ufi tll of the transfer i tom. If tl trait is useful to a cuI ture and will function with enstinf! idcolomr and socin.l "orerulization without too much disruptive influonco, a pattern or object mny be rocoived '\on. thout C;ontinued contact. . . THE EAnLIEST illCPLOnms There Ts- s: his"to-ri'cal 'r ocord which possibly relates to the problem of Plains traits in the Grent Salt Lake reCion. furon w ' Hontan, in A.D. 1689, sw.tes (Alter 1932:7) that durine his smy 't-Tith n group of Indians called the Gnr'.csita.res, who lived nenr thG headwaters of a tributary of tho }1ississippi Iliv er called Lone Iliver, he met four slaves of the Mozeeruek nation. llieso slnves wore clothed and sported a thick bushy bonrd. La HonUm learned that they 'came from an area whore existed a salt lake which wns Q.bout 300 IGD..gues in circumference.
'I'hnt -bhe Mozeemlek people supply the Citics or To'Wl1s of tho T~u.iilauk with grea.t numbers of little Calves, which they wlce upon the ••• Mountains: and, That the lbhu lZlauk lilD.ke use of these Calves for several ends: for, they no"1i only oat their nosh, but brine tern up to Labor, and make Clonths, Boots, &c., of their skins: •• (l~ter 1932:7) The slnves also described the 'fuhuglauk Indians ns living in "six noble citiosll at the lower end-c;r--nrlver which emptied into the salt lake. Scattored 'around the lake were about 200 other citie~ "ereat" and .. )'smn.lL" "The 'fuhuglauk wore their boards about t}TO
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inches lone; wore garments IlUlOO of skin 't-lhich ronched their knees; wore boots which reached up to the lmeo; nnd wore sharp pointed caps (Alter 1932:4-7; Ibnncroft 1889:18-19; vJhitnoy 1892:288-89).11 Most hi s torians feel thl:'. t Baron w. HontD.n was, at loa.st, f~.nciful and, at mos t, un outright liar. The true answ'e r lies probD.bly som~mhere in the middle. However, in this tale wo see 11 fow elements which may reveal some significant implications. First, the R~ron talks of people who wore skin clothin~ and boots. These nrc not objects found in the Dusert Chl.lture but are Fremont characteristics. La Hontan also wlks about cities ncar an inlet stream of the Great &1lt Lake. "Cities fl is certainly a term which is too grund to encQmpc.ss anything found archeologically in this area, but Julian Steward describes Fremont villiages at the present day locations of vlillard, Plain City, and Grantsville. At Grantsville, IIScattercd for several nules nlong the former channels of North and South Willow Creeks, about five miles frar,1,. tho prosont 10.1.:0 s~loro and vr.i thin a few hundred feet on each side of the streams, 1,rore probably, at one time, two hunQred pit house sitos (Steward 1933:9)." There are also approx:i.mntely thirty mounds in less than Q one square mle area nt Plain City on the IrlGnnders of Third SnIt Creele. These are prob..'lbly the l-brren mounds described by Steward (Steward 1933:9). The fact that lil IIontan speaks of the erlstence of ยง large salty lake lends some credence to the tale. In nddition, the Blron tells of' Indians 1-1ho 1'lore beards, a f'act that is subst..'Ulti.'lted by Father Escnlanto in 1776 (Bolton 1950; Alter 1932; l1hitney 1892). All in all, wo have in Baron La Hontanfs tnle at least n possibility thw.t he was describins events and troi ts v-1hich are factual. \-Jhether those Indians were Fremont, Ute or Shoshoni is not ImolID. 'The culture pnttorns best fit what we Imow about the Fremont people, but in sur,eestine this connection 1m run into one great problem. As far as cnn be determined archeoloCicaUy, the Fremont Culture ceased to erist in Utah by the 11th century. However, n l-m.rnin~ must be stn ted at this point. The datine of this culture is at present not all conclusive. In fact, thero are sites such as Deadrnru1 l s Cave where Fremont and Shoshone pottery are mixed (Smith 1941). 'Ihis meht indicnte x that the Fremont Culture lasted in the area lTIUCh loncer than supposed. ~ J~
"Tivo carbon-lh dates, A. D.1365+90 years and A. D. 1605+100 years, ho,ve been obtained from charcoal f'ound at tho lIInjul1 Creekii site at 1Alarren, Utah (Aikens 1966). This site is situated on tho bank of .'l tributary of' t he Great Salt La.ke nnd is part of' the 'varren Mounds described by Julian Steward in 1933. If these dates are correct, tl1Pn the lo..st is only 84 years cn.rlier t.hnn BIJ.ron 1.1. Hon[ln IS [lcconnt.
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Alternatives concerninG the datin~ of the Fremont Culturo in utah, especially Northern Ut<!h, must not be clisc.:'.rdtl -""r existing theories which are not completely suppozrted by empirical evidence. Future studies will possibly show that there is no connection between the Fremont culture and Baron La Hontanls tale; but, this problem certainly requires further probing. At minimum, assuming that the Enron was not a absolute fabricator, the La Hontan tale shows that by 1689 the Indians living in the Salt Lake region exhibited some Plains trro.its, and that there i'lP.re Alnveraids and marauding from the Plains area into the Triangle Area. 1here Here various historic Shoshoni groups inhc.bi ting or traveling thrOUGh the &1t Lake region (see above). Each lived in a somewhat different ecological niche, and -was associated Ni th and influenced by other groups. This in turn caused the minor cultural and historic riifforences \·,hich were apparent by tho late 18th century and early 19th century. '1'ho differences, though great enough to rG~dily distineuish between the different Shoshoni groups, were also felv enough that all may be leeit.i1nntely considered under one hendinc;. The historical Shoshoni which Here of importance in the Triangle lJ.'€a were tho \vind ilivor Shoshone, COJlll1Ulncho, the vlebor Iliver Uto, the Gosiute, and the funnock. All "Tere technologically similar. They Hero hunters and gathere.cs "Whoso food 1ms eleaned from a rather hUFv.h environment. The B,".nnock, iVind IIIver Sho shoe, and Col1'IlWlnche had less trouhle eathering food because of the greater natural productivity in their region and because of teclu10logical innovation (the horse ui th tho eastern groups); but, as n rule the food lvas n~agsr enough to dictato against becomll1G organizod on any level above the band. There was little or no horticulture practiced, nor was domesticntion of animals an important enerey sourco. The Indians exploited most food plant, and for protein l-TOuld en.t almost any animal found in the reGion. C10thine lvaS generally Simple, consisting of rabbit fur robes and breechclouts. All Shoshoni groups in the Triangle Aren. made pottery. The Eastern Sh08hoe, includinG the COnUl1D.nCe, had early ndoptcd many Plains troi ts as had Utes l'lho also (periodically) utilized the area around the Groat Salt L'lke. Between the time of Spanish contc.'l.ct and later Allelo contact in tho 1800's thore were increasing acculturation pressures on the Indinns of the TrianGle 1-.:rea. There is some indication that these pressures wero boing resisted by tho Sh08110e and the Utes. De spi to the fact that the Hind P.iver Sho shone and the COll'nnanche had already adapted to n Plains lifeway by the time Escaln.nte reached the shores of utah I.ake, the utes of the 'l'riangle Area maintained a pattern of livinG similar to that of the Shoshali. Groups in the same area. The reasons could be as follows: (1) It's possible that the horse and rifle •.,ere relatively scarce in this still isolated region. The TimpanoGos Utes and the Hestern Shoshone probably k11e", nbout firearms and the advantage of owninG horses, but wore unable to abtain them due to lack of contact with tho vrhites; therofore, the only way to 0b"kin tho so new' i toms Hould be fl'om t.ho (~[I.storn Imli an Group s (Plains or Eastern Shoshono).
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It is unlikely that they could have obtnined them by trade as these ...mltures at this early date probably did not have enough rifles or horses for themselves. It is also unliltely that Indians 1I0uld be willing to trade ·iteIl1B which would eive them an advantaeo over other groups (an analogy could bo drawn ·to tho distribution of' nuclear power in our modern world). (2) The lack of mobility of the Salt Lake Indimls would have mado it impractical to steal either horse or rifle and engage in warfnro 1-1i th a group which had superior wapons would have been foolhardy. (3) The horse never really became established in the Triangle because tho Indians could not feed and maintain them in such n harsh enVirorunent. This concept, though rendily accepted by lTl£!.ny modern anthropologists, is probably much overrated. It seems more likely thnt these Indinns did not mako grenter use of t h o horse because they Here unwilling to radically alter their way of lifo. Tho alteration would have been more : disruptive for tho "lestern Shoshone becnuse the Plnins and llhstern Shosho11o groups had alrendy partially adl'1pted to bie game hunting. The horso is an advantage lmen chasinG larGO herds of bison. It is of less advnntnge in the huntine of deor or antelope, s m.:>.ll numbers of bison, and of no a dvmrtego lmen hunting rabbits. Of t ho se anilnnls the Triangle Area supported only the rabbit in signifinant qunr.t ity. To adopt tho horse the Indians w'Ould. have had to abandon a successful pattern of subsistGnco in order to pasture tho new domesticates. The acceptance of the horse w'Ould have also del1Ul.nded that other organizational facets of their culture be chnnged. In total, the costs in terms of stress on the cultur,l l system, as conpored to the advantage gained by accepting this new toohnologioal tl'a.i. t would have boon prohibitive. The uso of the rifle probably gave the natives of the Great Salt Inke a rea no real long term advantaGe. Tho initial imp nct of this weapon vmuld have enabled tho hunt er to more easil y kill came, but t he hunter, after expending his ar.nnunition, 1-1ould havo boen forced to rely on his old \>lays unt i l he could r epl enish his powder and shot-a proce ss which a ga in would have be en prohibited in terms of cost, t:iJne and energy. It is more likely that in the early st.."lges of contact rifles vrore accepted as vlOapons for defense rather than as wenpons of the hunt. Escalante states that the T~Janogos utes were afraid to hunt to the north because mnruudli1g Comrnanche groups (Bolton i950:l86). This suggests that as early as 1770 I s the COIlD1'kiIlche were utilizing the routo, later lmown as tho Ore con trail, i f not as a prilrk."l.ry avenue a.t least as an alternate passage into the TrianGle Iirea. Tllnt the COl'l1JllC.nche entered tho Great Salt Lake Vc.lley is inlp lied by another stRtement by Escalonte. liOn this ocoD.si an they ( Escalante I s party) entered by the last pass in the SOl.·r-ln Blrmcn de los Timpnl1sis by a quarter north to the northwest, and by this samo pnss they sny the Cornmanchos enter, but not very frequently (Alter 1932:10; Ba.nnroft 1898 : 16) • \I 1~i tney (1898) beJioves the. t this p:lFlS wns Provo Canyon.
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The sue;gestion was 1!lado earlier that Indinns of the SnIt :_Lo.ke region possibly resisted the pressures for chanee which cnme about from the Plains area. Escalante ae;ain eives us some dJ.ta from which further inferences can be mnae concerninG this rosist...'U1ce. He describes the Timpanois (Tirnpanogos Utes) as Indians lIDO spoke" the Yut..'"'. Innguagc, who ate fish, gathered seeds and herbs, hunted rnbbit D.nd birds; and lIDO made cane huts. Cane vms also used for their basketry. They also mnde robes of rabbit skin. Escalnnte also mentions Mother group of about tuenty Indians who were distinct from the Timpanogos Utes in appenronce but spoke the same languaGe. 'lliese individuals wore short beards and pierced their noses, in which they wore sm:tU ornaments of bone. These Indians also wore the rnbbitskin robe (Alter 1932:10; Bancroft 1898 :15). These traits are very sirn:iJ:..'\r to l'lestem Sh08hoe traits and indicnte that the donor cultures in this system of acculturation rrny have been Shoshone. n1is is not to SUG3e3t that the Plains culture had no effect on both the Shoshoe and utes of the Great Salt L,1.ke area. In fact, it is fairly evident that such items as buckskin moccasins, leggings and jackets were, at least indirectly, attributable to PLlins influonce. H01-lBVOr, 1-Te cannot know whether these trnits came by wo.y of the earlier Fremont people or lmether the troi ts were a.ccepted throue;h the pseudo-Plains Croups--the ~'lind River Shoshoni and Corrnnanche. Escalante described the Indians ..rho live in the Great Salt Lake area by quo tine; tho Tirnpanois,: lrlo are told that in tho cireuit of this Inke thel'El livo a numerous and quiet nation, called Pua~~, "mich means in our lane-unce Sorcerers: they speak the Commm1che languaGe, feed on herbs, and drliik from various fountains or sprines of Good water vrutch are about the lake; and thQY have their little houses of Grass t"and earth, '-Thich l~tter forms tho roof (Alter 1932; Bancroft 1898; Whitney 1892). This description of a Gr~ss and earth horen is suGGostive of the Fremont Hattle and daub structure. If thix statement is accepted, one must assume that either there were Fremont livine around tho Groat Salt Lake during. historic times or that the Shoshone people of this ree;ion borrowed this particular cul ture trait for a short period. Thoro is runple oVidence of the use of the brush shol tar by the 1rlestern Shoshoni by tho middle of the 19th century. The next record of contact with the Indians of the Utah-Sul t Lake area is in 1833 when 11faurlcio Arze and Lo.eos G.."l.rcia brouGht a tradine expedition to tho Timpanogos Utos. They tell of the 'IJ..mpanogos slaughtering their (Ju-ze I s and Garcia IS) horses, and that the utes II • • • would trade nothing but Indian slaves (Hafen and Hafon 1954:264). II This SUf.mests that these Indians were not yet acculturated in terms of usjnC horses for trnnspo:rlj,.'"t.ion and vm.rfare. ('Ibis article uill be concJ_udod :in the next issue) 10
BOOK HEVIE'd by O. Melvin Aikens
., THE iiMf...TEUR ~mCHEOLOGISTI S HJUIDBOOK by Mllurice 11obbins, pp. 273, 112 fies., 5 appGndices. Th01lUlS Y. Crmvell 00., Nci'T York, 1965. About $5.00. Maurice Uobbins, of the Cohannet Chapter of tho Mhssachusctte i..rcheological Society, is n dedicnted /llTk'lteur o.rcheologist who has over n period of more thnn 25 yeurs rtnde significant contributions to the corpus of data on the a.rcheolo.C;"y of the eastern United States. Mr. Hobbins has presented in his Handbook, in his own words, "a practical guide to arche(110eica.l methods for the General reader. It is intended to encourage the reader to acquire a eood backeround in archeology and to gain practical experience in the proctic.:>.l aspects of fieldw-ork ll (from the Preface). The book contains 11 chnpters, titled ns follows: IJ Before You Start to Dig; 2} vJho Lived 'VJhero; 3, How to KnOv-T Ulero to Die; 4, vJhat You Inll Find; 5, HOvT to Plan an EXcavation; 6, VJhat You lIeed to KnOvJ l ..bout Soils; 7, How to Excavate a Site; 8, HOlT to TIecord Dnt..,; 9, How to Preservo and Restore your Finds; 10, How to Date Archeo~oe ical Finds; 11, Hou to HritG a Site Report. The concreteness and practicality of Mr. Hobbin"s approach to these topics will be appreciated by the reader, uho will bo able to find what he wishes to lfuov clearly and concisely s~1.ted, nnd not embedded in a mass of generalities. An abundance of illustrations in the text also aids understanding. In addition to tho 11 chapters, the book has 5 appendices, viThich contain information of particuao.r interest to tho a.rnnteur: I, Archeological Sites O.c?en to the Public; II, Archeological Societies and llelated Organizations; III, Archeologicul Museums and Special CQlloctions; IV, Stu~ Courses; V, Antiquities Laws. tbst books of this type, vmich encourQeo non-professionals to excnvate archeological sites, cause reactions in profeSSional archeologists which range from mild uneasiness to sheer horror. This is be'f;D.use such books often foster the ill.usion that exc~vation (and thus destruction) of n valuable site is raised above the level of pilla~e if the colloctor 1-lill only imitate the technical prutices of the professional. Too oftGn, too
II
little is said about tho true ~oso of exc~v~tion-- fho reconstruction of prehistory -- and ~bout the responsibility of the excavatlilr~\~~to ~blish his records and interpretations. - Mr. l?obbin'!! book will be welcomed by professionals as well ns t:lJ1UI.teurs bocnuso i t omph~sizes that the pr:i.mary end to be ~~ined by excc.vntion is scientific understanding, nnd not merely ~ co~ec$ion of rolics: "I have compared archooloc:r to a ttl.pestry, We cru1 also thiru{ of it ~s ~ book, unique in the !net th~t is cont~ins the entire story of the past. Eilch site is a pnge, the only one of its kind in the world. The stono, bone, or clc.y artif~cts found ~1ero are the illustrations. As you excavate, you destroy a p~Ge from this record of the past; only tho illustr~tions remain. Much priceless information has been lost to posterity throUGh the activities of poople ignor~t of archeoloeicnl discipline who wish merely to a.ntD.SS ¡,loot. Tho relic hunter, with his pack rat mania for collectine, is an exnmple, or the commercial collector and the dealer, who aid and abet the wholesale destruction of sites for person~ gain. The true a.rchcolo~ist, on the other hand, vrelcomes the discipline because it gives him the skill to interpret and reconstruct a pnge of 11istory. Arncteur or professionc.l, ho accepts his moral oblifStltion to record and preserve his findings so thnt others may traco the sto~ they have to toll. II Im,the opinion of this reViewer, the Amateur Archeologists r Hand-, book succeeds in its ~ims to be a practical guide tobnsic excavation techniques nnd to encourar:;e a. sci~ntific ntti tude on the part of tho arnntour tm.m.rd archooJ.ogical excava.tion. It is one of the best, and perha.ps the best, (pal"t.:i.~l1J.nrly 1'01' the American reador) books of H,f) k t nff"?iV;dl nh18 tocl¡W.
12
CLUB lIEt-JS
OGDEr'l
Officers: President: Vice-Pres.: Sec~/Treas:
C~TER,
Utah sta'lmr.lde Arohoolog:looJ. Sooiety
Mr. Phillip lfunsen, 8)0 North 100 Hest, Sunset, Utt\h D:>rotby Wlld.onmr, 979 l-tmcheeter Rei. Kaysville, 'Utah
Jean Burson,
Meet:lllgs fimo and placo: 8:00
2446 Uorth 400 lrlest, Sunset, Utnh
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p.m.
second Fridl\y of each mtmth at the home
of one of the roombers. NOire Our April and M:ly meetings 't·mro combined as ODe maet:lng. Mr.' Mer l ·J.ll (Bu.d)~'berson of 'Logan was our guest for d:1nner at the J:.:uie Ter:roce in Roy prior to our general meeting at tJ1e home of our President and his w.1i'e, Phil and In 111 AIl Hansen.. Bud spoke before our group on his findings of Indian life in' the Bear Jake tl.l'El(l of Utah.. He did this research for Jim Carnion, ReCl~i.on comrrd.ssioner Q,nd Professor Jennings of t he Un:tv. of Utah. ' His slides of ~laus areas of Utah ,rere most interesting too. Bud is a remo.rlcabl:f k:nOl-Tleg~bl¥ person in the fields of Archeology-J Paleontology, Ge ology, and Anthropology. He r.u:mtioned several caves 1-Mch he felt nooded further Scientific explorotion iD. Utah. They we~ two oave s ~ logan Canyon, and a. cave nt F'n\tlklln.
In June, Mr. and l1rs 4 Jerrold Da1tcn of Stmset entertained the "group at their home. Mrs. Mn.ry Perry of Clea.rfield, a. member of the Shoshoni Tribe J spoke to us. Several m3ll1bers of her fam:1J.Jr vrere present, includillg her mother D.Ild father, sister and brother.... in-la't-T,' Her f'ather is Chief '!';lm...b:i.Jn....boo of the Shoshoni B:md from 1-Jashald., U'l;D.h.. Mrs. Perry1 s fo.m:t1y has been honored over":the yeD.rS beoo..use her grandfathers have been chief's of their tribe.. 'Her great grandfather .SUJtvltz; and grondfa ther figured in the :Blttle of Bee,r River tl.gai:nst Col. Conners and his 300 soldiers from Ft. Douglo.s, utah. 'lhe f~ brought interesting orti.fa ots and pieces of clotlrl.ng w1.th them to show the group and Phil' and Tdl1itm tookpiotures of Ch:l.ef 'l'.i.m-lJ.I.Jn,..boo in his hea4...crres s , vest and glove s . Mr. und Mrs. Frnn Hnssel of Ogdan entertn:iJ:l.ed US at their home on the pntio with the lovely,"",satch Itnmtnins in the b~ckground for our enjoyment in the July BUlTll'OOr evening. Col. and Mrs. Doyle Reese from Logan &'Poke to the group and shmv-ed slides from his tour in /~ska wlth the Air Force. He 't.ro.s in oht\rge of frI.lrV1.vtU ond res ... cue mssions 'Wb:f.l:3 stat:toned there o.nd wna able to take some ooccellant slides of 00ln'1'~1'Y the avure,ge per son navel" sees in .A.:I.Afb. And his slides of the Ir-ln:t;:ms nnd E81d moes of lCI..aatcn. we]'"e of tremendous :interest to 115.'
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ut:l.h .Archeo1ogy' Department of Artthropology· Univarsity of Utah Salt Lako Gity ~ . Utah 84112
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