Utah Statewide Archaeological Society Newsletter Volume 13, Number 4, December 1967 & Vol 14, 1968

INDEXED

December 1967 1968

Volume 13 Number 4 Volume 14

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Utah Archeology is published qua~terly by the Utah Statewide Archeological Society. Subscriptions should be sent to the Sec-Teeas.

Correspondence concerning activities of the society should be directed to the President. Manuscripts should be sent to the President.

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UTAH STNI1El!JJDE

ARCI~OI.OG

rCAL

soc:mrry

President:

Grant M. Reeder M.D. 1969 South Claremont Drive, Bountiful, Utah 84010 Pres. Elect: G. Cloyd Krebs M.D. 3353 Cherokee Lane, Provo, Utah 84601 Sec-Treas.: Mrs. Glbria Barnett 447 North Main~ Payson, Utah 84651 Advisor: Dr. J.D.Jennings University of Utah, Department of Anthropology, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 NOTES: The cover illustration is one of the pictographs in an extensive and interesting panel in Dry Fork Canyon, Vernal, Utah. These panels are on the property of the McConkie farm. The MCConkies have an enormous collection of antiques and old relics. Mrs. "McConkie has developed a marvelous cactus garden for .visitors to share. For the purpose of building housing for the museum pie~es, MCConkies charge a small fee per car of visitors to the1r farm. A short hike to see these panels of pictographs is included in a tour of antiques and relics.

You will notice this issue is the December 1967 issue and the 1968 volume combined. This issue completes the 1967 subscription.

There have been many folkS send in 1968 dues. In as much as we did not have materia:l to print 1968 issues of the Newsletter, we are applying all 1968 subscription fees and membership dues to the year 1969. The final page of this issue is a subscription blank for the year 1969 • . If you did not send in membership dues or subsc r iption fees fo~ 1968, you must fill in this blank and r.eturn it SOon to teceive ttle 1969 Utah Archeology Newslett ers. Since ~r. Jennings is again . at the Univers1ty of Utah o we f~ ~l confident that we 'will be able to get material for the n e\~slett; e ,t' this coming year.

More good news!! l I hear through the gJ':apevine that a competent €ditor will join our s,taff come 1969. Hoo:ray~ An account of the 1968 Annual meeting appears on page 3. The meeting was very well attended. Everyone there enjoyed the present~­ ions very much. It was election time; you may notice our new slate of officers listed above.

George Tripp gives an account of the progress o'f the USAS Capitol Display. George is also responsible for rounding up our first feature ~rticle, buying paper for the Newsletter, etc, etc, I could go on and on. The printing of the Newsletter at this time is done at the home of Norma Dalton.

Our two feature articles this time are:.1.) "Hogup .Mountain Cave"

by C. Melvin Aikens, Kimball T. Harper and Gary F. Fry. Pages 5-11 d 2) l1Split Twig Animal Minat\lres" by Grant M. Reeder M.D.. Pages . l~'; - l()~ - .

The Hogup Mountains have been the scene of great activity the pa~ 'f.; two summers. The ~avation crew from the University of Utah's Anthropology de~rtment have had a successful venture there_. The fill of the caye ranged to fourteen feet deep~ There were s1xteen I

levels of habitation unearthed. The bones of small mammals, including the rock chuck, rock squirrel, northern pocket gopher, and pygmy rabbit indicate that the climate was perhaps cooler, and more moist than is now. This same. informatio'n sCGms . to disprove the previous theory that huildreq,s, of yep-rs. of drought preven ted human habitation bf thi~ ~~rt of the west. The dates ~f strata range from about , 6400 BC : to l470' AD. · ' The ' report of ' tne Hogup Cave iri this issue is a s mmary of the ' 1967 summer work~ •• I called Mel Aikens to ~ee ·if any · neW discoveries b~d changed the picture~ He said no. Tnere were pollen samples taken from a spring bog , near the cave and more carbon 14 datings, but the resul~s of th~se tests are n,ot yet available. ' The University had n.ot finished their work at the cave when pothunters got in destroyed the site for further scientific investigation ••• A sa~ thing, it happens too often ••• A personll.l word about Mel ••• He is leaving Utah again, this t ime for Oregon where he will work as a Professor at the University ", of OregO'n,. \'I1e hope :all goes 'w el'! ,for he and h:is fainily~·.

Grant Reecie,r:!s ar ·~icle.; ·.pages 'l;~~6, tetis of ~ !tfind" by the rive:t: ., : runners. W,i .t h the ,drscription of the' figurines and' re,l a ted research, Grant has prepared ,some in,teresting reading' for :us, Exploring . th~ . the Color<;Ldo .'l;{iv~ 'r.' sound~ like so niu'c h fun, I'm ." just green wi'th env y .

Dr~ Reeda~ has p ~~pare d ' other articles' which h~ve appeared ' in the " Newsletter t ., aI,ld this contribution is most welcome. ' He will ha.,v e his hands full fo 'r ' a time, filling the office, of theP:resident of the US.t~S . ,

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A 1968 Bonu~.. . In" this issue · we have reprinted 'Vo1ume ,1 of ' ~he . News~

letters. , . S'1~c,e , the June '1967' is~ue was prin t~d, listing, all tl1~ , .. newsletters with topics and authors, . many fol~5 havebeenpurch~tJin, g , the back iss~es we have a,7ailable. , Many ' expres'sed regret tha ~ th~, ',' . firs t volume was ,out of' prin-t. They wanted to' fg~t·tl1e .f e.e l' .'of : hqw the US~S , cam~ ~o oe So it is with pleasu~e we have prepated . these ' ' : four copies of the. first. Utah Archeology for you. Pages' l7~36". "., 0'

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ltJe find that the two libraryvolumes:of Newsl'e t.ters which are ' k~pt by the ,Society are lacking' issues which are 1l0~)' out bf prin-e .... II f

anyone ,out there would like to donate or ,s ,e'l l any of t ,hese iss ,' ~ es: to th~, Soc iety, '';Ie surely would appreciat e :i t '. Th,e USAS p~e~;''dent .

Grant Reeder" has made itrangementSwith Di. Jennings to ke~p the USAS ~olume of NewSletters in the library of the Anthropology ~ept~~ at tl1e Uni~Je:l:'sity of uta 11. ," The second volume is the Edi,tOr.'s . CoPYs> and w:l,11 be ' kept by the editor. , If you w3,<jh .. to~ont :ri btlte,9r sell. ('l,l1Y of the :' ·f,011owing issue's at ' SO¢ each; ' please contact D;. ~eC.der.

These are the issues we need: ,. , , Vol. 1 Nos. 1-2-3-4 1955 one copy each Vol. ' ,a Nos ~ 1-2-3 1956 . one'- C01)Y e.ach t Vol. , -,3 ; No.1 " ' :,' ·1957 one .'copy_ Vol. 6 Noo ,1 , . . ~ 1960 ttjJO copies . " .

Vol. · " 8 Nos '. 1~4 ' (2) .

1962')' two cop,1es ~ ~ac~ .

Vol. 9 Nos. 1-4 (2) 1963 ' two copies each ' Vol. 11 Nos. 1&2-3-4 (3) 1965 two . ~op~es e",ch " ,.' :" .. \

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The State ofticers arid publicatioh Staff · of ~ the Newsletter, ~~Qi~e' : Tripp and Norma Dalton, send you Best Wishes' for the Hoiiday Season, and a Very Happy and Pr osperous NEW YE~R. 2 :: .

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USAS Annual Meeting

April 27, 1968

The annual meeting was held in the Anthropo10gy "Bui1ding on the University of Utah campus. Salt Lake City, Utah. "

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President Gemrge Tripp conducted the meeting. Mr. Tripp announced that the LOgan chapter could ' not attend our meeting as they were holding their': annual. rock , show • . The Ogden people were involved in a bottle show. All three groups had secured ,their dates unknown to each other of the confliction.

The display at·, the Capitol Buil(li:n g has been: received well, and c~~nges of the display have been under the directiQn of Mr. Tripp W1 th the aid of Mr. Don Hague. ' , ,,

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The three display cases that were given to the USAS for use in the State Fair exhibit are being stored at the present time. The Museum of Natural · JH.story .has requested to use our spac,e ,at the Fair this fa i Our USAS h~s been c90perating with theBLM dep~~t~nt in the interest of preserv1ng out state ts prehistoric Indian si tes .• ·i~ .. ~.

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Several of the 'back roads' which" are in fact county .roads and should be open to the"public, havebe~n closed and loc~ed by briva~e individuals. This could be handled by ' our group as ·a' project, to try to . make these areas open to the public. Mr. Merrill Peters,on . has sU3gested that the ' importance of the Promontory Point caves is .such that the public should be able to visit them. Mr. Peterson believes that we should tak~ some action to get these roads open for public ' use. .

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The Museum of Natrua1 History next to .this building , is under de:~Jf.,l­ <?pment and should be open to the public about a yea r ·from now. ' . Tnlf, 1S planned to be the outstanding museum in Utah. Each of the d1sp!ays is authentic in design and reproduction of Utah's resour~es.

The financial report and a report of the ~tanding of ihe ~ewslettcr was given by sec.-treas. Norma Dalton.

The first speaker was Dr. Gordon Keller from the Utah State University Anthropology department. His lecture was a slide p'resentatiol1 of the stabilization work on prehistoric dwellings, in south eastern Utah, financed by the BLM. A very interesting account. : .'

Mr. Gary Fry addressed the group on the Prehistqry of the Great Basin area. Mr. Fry introduced many n,ew avenues of importance in understanding these cultures, that -have not been viewed before in pre- - , hi storic reports. " : . " '.

Elections of the 'new USAS ' officers were cfrnduct~d by " Mr. Tripp, the ou tgoing President. Dr. Grant Reeder, the previous PresideQt Elect will serve as President the next two years. The new Pres n Elect chosen was Dr. G. Cloyd :Krebs ' of Uta~ Couqty chapter. Mrs. Gloria Barnett of Payson, Utah' was chosen" bY"unanimous vote as Sec.-Treas. ' :, Mr. Steven Johansen ;g ave. an int·ersting 1ec'tu~eon po.tt'e rynUiking ..

He had several specimens of pottery he had made to show us • ." .

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USAS Utah State Capitol Display

by Georg~ Trip,p. , .

For some time the members and officers of the Utah Statewide Archeoiogical Society have felt that an educat i qnal program, presented in an interesting manner, on a level that tile general public could understand, Would be helpful in g~ining public support and respect for Utah's archeological resourses.

A first step in this direction was taken about four years ago when ' we asked for and were given permission to set up a display at the Utah State Fair. Encouraged by·the. public interest shown in our fair display, we began 100kirig fo~ other display . : opportunities. .. ' With the: renovation of the Utah State Capitol BUilding ' displays a couple of years ago, came the opportunity we had been looking for. Before definitely granting us display space in the Utah state capitol Building, the committee in charge of renovation asked Us to submit detailed .plans of our proposed display • . M~mbet's of the USAS met with Mr. Don Hague, CUrator of the Utah Mtlseum of Natural History, in the home of Fra~ and Carol Hassel in Ogden, to'wprlc' out -our plans.for a display that would outline Utah's known archeological,history in a concise vmy. Many hours of cussing and discussing passed befor~ the proposed display began to shape up_ The display was constructed in the Natural History' work shop, largely by members of the Salt Lal<:c/Davis County Chapter, who were aided and abetted ' by Mr .• ,Don Hague and Gail. Hammond. "

Artifacts displayed were loaned by the Department of Anthropology of the University of Utah through Dr. Jesse D. Jennings.

Our display is unique in several. respects. It i~ actually two separate displays in one. Each face tells a different story. One side outlines the archeological histQ~y of. Utah; the other side is desigt;led : to highlight .specific archeolo'g iaal s~.tes and to tell why the selected site was ,important. This side of the display can be changed without interferring with the ~ther display. ' We feel (impartially) that our c:apitol display is outstanding and uLge you to drop by and take a loqk at i,t next time you are in the Capitol Building. We also would like to thank Dr. Jesse D. Jennings, Don V. Hague, Gail Hammond ' and all o{"flc:et..f , ~.r.td m~mbers of the USAS who contributed of their time and talents (and ~n some cases their money also) to bring our, capitol display into existence. ~,;

ANN 0 U N C E M E

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The date set for the 1969 Annual Meetitig 'is ' March 1st, ~969.

The meeting will be held in the Anthropology Department, of the UniveJ:si ty ,of .1Jtah in the stewart Training 1 :School at 1 to 4 p. m.

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OOGUP M)UNTAIN CAVE:

INrtERIM REPORT

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C. Melvin Aikens"Ximball T. Harper; Gary F. Fry May 1968 Hogup Mo untain Cave is located on the eastern edge of the Great Salt Lake Desert, approximately 75 air-line miles northwest of Salt Lake City, Utah. The cave is on the southwestern flank of Hogup Mountain, approximatel y midway between the Provo and Stansbury terraces of pleis tocene lake Bonneville. Hogup Moun tain, . wh~ch is a rather typical low-lying Great Basin range, is covered chlef1y by Artemesia and Atripl es, with Some Juniper on its highest points. The eastern srae-or-the mountain flanks the western shore of the Great Salt Lake; to the west aad south the range is bordered br t~e salt flats of the Great Salt Lake Desert, and to the north It 15 connected by a low saddle to the Raft River Mountains, which straddle the Utah-Idaho state boundary. 'ren weeks of excavation in the summer of 1967 demonstrated the considerable potential of the cave, and a second season of excavation is planned for ~he.coming summer. This report is an interim summary statement of flndlngs and speCUlations based on these findings, to be followed by a comprehensive report after the excavation is complete.

-Excavation Hogup Mountain Cave is a limestone cavern consisting ~f two chambers linked by a l~w passageway barely high enough to allow passage. The outer chamber is 50 feet long from front to back; it has a large, open portal, approximately 20 feet high and 30 feet across at ground level. The portal faces south, and the front chamber i ~ very well-lighted. The inner chamber is appr~Kimately the same size, but because of the small low passageway 1inki~g i~ with ~he outside, this chamber is poorly lighted. The deposJ. ts J.ll the 1nra~ r chambe r were not excavated during the 1967 season, but will be excavated this coming summer. In the out er chambe r, approximately ~/4 of the total floor space was excavat ed to bedrock, 11 to 14 f et beneath the surface of the deposit.

The deposit was compos ed pr edominantly of dry v~g~tal matter, combined with small spalls from the cav~ c~iling, animal bone, human and oth ~ r animai f c c ~ s, windborn - .dust, and artifa~ts. Strata w ~rl2 weI defin d, be ing r t.! cognizr.able because of both color and t extural chang ~ s within th ~ total deposit.

1. Presented at the annual meeting of the Societ~ for Am~rican Archeology, May 1 , 1968, Santa Fc, l'iCW i'iicxico.he" cxcavatio~ of Hogup Mo unt ain cave was mad <=: pOSSible, as. part of.a .targer pro~ect, by a gene rous grant (GS1456) from the l~atlonal SCience Founda tlon, to J ess e D. J ennings, Principal Investigator.

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Sixteen major natural stratigraphic layers were isolated and used as ver~ical provenicnc~ controls. Cultural fGatur~s, as opposed to art1facts, were rare. Small fir~ beds and thin beds of rushes , . grasses, an d tW1gS occurred throughout the deposits. Three stonelined hearths and a single small bowl-shaped pit wcr~ the only prepared structures noted during the excavation.

Radiocarbon Dates Ten c-14 sampies were SUbmitted to the Gakushuin University Radiocarbon Laboratory, Tokyo, and three samples were later submitted to Gcochron Laboratories, for dating. With four exceptions" thre e rather easily explainable, the series of dates obtained was consistent with stratigraphicrontext and cultural content of the dated layers. The dates are as follows: Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum

1, 8350+ 160, or 6400 B'': 2, 3970 + 100, or 2020 BC 3, 6020 + 380 1 or 4070 BC 4, 7815 + 350, or 5865 Be 5, 5795 + 160. or 3845 Be 6, 6400 + 100, 01' 4450 BC 6, 5960 + 10O, or 4010 Be 8, 4610 + 100, or 2660 BC 8, 3200 + 140, or 1250 BC 12, 2920-+ 80, or 970 BC 12, 1530 :! 80, or 420 AD 16, 1810 + 80, or 140 AD 16, 480 !-80, or 1470 AD

The dates for st=ata 2 and 3 (3970 + 6020 yrs.) arc clearly aberrant, bracketed as they are b~twccn the dat~s of 8350 yrs. for stratum 1 and 7815 yrs. for stratum 4, both of which dates are fully consistent with the stratigraphic placement and cultutal ' contents of the dated layers. These aberrations may be attributed to the character of the samples--that for stratum 2 was uncharred bone, and that for stratum 3 was pulverized charcoal, from which it proved impossible to remove all the apparently extraneous noncharred vegetal matter (Krueger, Gcochron Lab. personal communication). The date from stratum 12 of 2920 yrs. is earlier than expected on the basis of cultural cont e nt of the layer , but fue r c is no easy manner of explaining it away. The date of 1810 yrs. fr from stratum 16, the surface layer of the site , is also.une~p e ct e dly early; it may perhaps be explaine4 by undetected contam1nat1on of t the surface layer by pothunter debxis. Th e companion da te of 480 yr s â&#x20AC;˘ is more consistent with the stratigraphic position and cultural content of the layer.

Artifacts Th~ artifacts from Hogup Mountain Cav ~ are w1l-pr es rved and num-

erous. However only a few remarks can be mad ~ he re. p~ttery, of Fremont and Sho~honi types, is present in th uppe~ port10ns of th e site, layers 9 to 16. Fremont war ws predominate 1n levels 12-14, 6

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and Shoshoni wares in layer 16. Thete is a slight, but perhaps significant, overlap in the di~t:ibutions of the two wares.

Projectile points are present in variety. It appears that Elko eared specimens arc earliest, occurring in strata 1-5. In these sames levels arc also a f~~ Bitt e r~oot Side-notch~d points, and one Cascade point. Biko corner-notched vari e ti~s occur through a large ~pan of time, strata 3 through 12. Blko Contracting stem VRtlty are not spread through time, occurring only in strata 8 and 9. In strata 10 through 16 are example s resembling Rose Spring points. Desert Side-notched varieties do not occur in the cave. Ground stone artifacts include hand stones and milling .â&#x20AC;˘ ston.e s, assorted abraded and battered ,h ammerstones, incised stone tablets, and a stone phallus. The great majority of the milling stones occur in levels I through 10. Worked bone artifacts include awls, punChes, and eyed needle, gaming pieces, and pendants. Hide fragments were found in all levels,' but were sparse except for level 12, in which leather scraps and leather artifacts were superabundant. Fourteen mocassins were recovered from level 12; twelve of these are of the classic Fremont variety first reported by Morss (1931). The remaining two are similar to the single specimen¡ reported from a late level of Danger Cave (Jenn~ngs 1957). Wood artifacts include a variety of utilized sticks, a number of arrow shaft fragments, and an atlatl fragment. The atlatl fragment is from stratum 7, the arrow shafts are concentrated in stratum 12.

The most abundant artifact at the cave is cordage. It is of interest that by far the greatest quantity of cordage came from levels I through 8, and that below level 8 there is a small but consistent preponderance of S-twist over Z-twist, while above level 8 there is a small but consistent preponderance of Z-twist over S-twist.

Several artifacts are rare or unique. There are two bundles of jackrabbit foot bones' which are held tog ether with wrappings of sagebrush bark. A small bundle of neatly and tightly folded gra. ~s i~ held together by a wrapping of very fine cordag e made from Apocynum .

Six artifacts appear to be small anthropomorphic horn ed figures-.-These consist of a small bundle of vegetal fib ers , with a "tai l"oI "body" of fiber or a single feather. Inserted into the fiber bur dl e at the end opposite the "tail" are two small horns made of. bone splinters, twigs. or porcupine quills.

Faunal material from the site includes jackrabbit, cottontails, marmot, prarie dog, several varieties of groun4 squirrl1, antelope, mule deer, mountain sheep,- and bison, Plant material includes a great variety of desert types. The variations in the stratigraphic distribution of the plant and animal species seem Significant, and make possible somp speculatinus and infe.rences about past environments in the eastsrn Great basin.

Speculations and Problems To date, the analyses necessary to making a full assessment of the ecological data from hogup Cave have not been completed, and only a partial and provisional interpretation is offered here. Radioca~bon dates indicate that the cultural deposits of Hogup Cave have been

7

accumUlating virt~al1y throughout postglacial time.' Strata 1-3, which accumulated between 8350 aud 7815 radiocarbon years ago, may be assigned on the basis of their dates to the Anathermal period. Strata 4-8, dated between 7815 and approximately 4000 years ago (average of two dates: 4610 and 3200). 'may be assigned to the Altithermal; and stratum 9 and subsequent st~ata may be assigned to the Medithermal.

The deposits offer little evidence for sudden' or dramatic change in either vegetation or fauna with the onset of the Altithermal.

Strata assigned to the Anathermal have abundani remains of sagebrush, reedgrass, and saltgrassj all these are also common in layer. s attributed to the supposed Altithermal, and all still occur today within 20 miles of the cave. ' Within this pattern of a broadly stable environment there are ~ndicationsof minor ecological changes.

Hackberry (Celtis douglas) 1n stratum 1 and Uinta Ground Squirrel (Citellus armatus) in stratu~ ~ are perha~s our strongest evidence that during the Anathermal per10d, thec11mate in ,the vicinity of the cave was somewhat cooler aad/o wetter that it was during the Altithermal or Ivledithermal. Both species are at present confined to cooler and more moist environments than now occur on , the Hogup range.

Data pertaining to the climate of the Altithermal and Medithermal are more equivocal. The presemce of the pallid bat (Antrozoas pallidus) and possibly of the desert almond (E mplecto"cracTUsrasiculatus) in strata ,of Altithermal age suggest that the Altithet'mal wa~, warmer than either t~e Anathermal or the Meditheymal. The pallid bat 1S now cont'iued to a range far to the south of Hogup Cave, and desert almond occurs no nearer than 200 miles to the south.

Other data may indicate that tpe increased warmth of the Altithermai was accompanied by somewhat higher precipitation as well. Several mammals, including the rock chuck (Marmota flaviventris), the rock squirY c:l (Citellus variegatus the l?o rtfiern pocKet gotihcr (Jhomomys talpoid e s), and the pygmy rab it (Sylvilagus idahoensis) occur-rn both An~th ermal and Altithermal strata, but not strat a of Medithermal age. None of these species are now known to occur in the vicin~ty of the cave, and all are believed to prefer cooler and/or moister environments than now occur anywhere on the southern end of the Hogup range, where Hogup Cave is located. That these species ~r.­ sisted during the period of supposedl, warmer temperatur~s may imply that a suitable vegetative cover was main4ained in the face of increased transpiration stress by a slight increase in precipitatioh during at least the early stages of the Altithcrmal. As the Altithermal drew to an end, the data seem to indicate a decrease in both temperature and precipitation. The Medithermal may thus have been d~y e r in general than the alleged~y "hot, dry" Altith~rmal . . We say n 1n general c;1,ryer" because sporad1c occurrence of Jun1per, P1nyon pin e , ChoIc e-cherry, and upland , bunch grasses in strata of Medit:he.rmal age suggest that local conditions may occasionally have been ~oiGte~ and/or cooler than they were during the Altithermal or are at preS ~" lt.

t,

8

Before passing on to other matters, we would like to re-emphasize the tentativeness of these intcJ.'pretatiol1s. Becallse most of the species discussed above as climatic indicat6rs ~erebrought into the cav e by man, it is obvious that cultural rather than climatic factors may be partly r esponsible for some of the observed fluctuations in species distributions. We anticipate that pollen analyses of sediments from a spring bog near the site will provide environmen tal data fre e from cu l tlllral bias, which will complemen t and provide a control on the macrofossil data from the cave deposits. ~hatever

th e precise final conclusions to this problem may be, two 1mportau t facts already s eem clear: the range of environmental fluctuation during postglacia l times in the vicinity of Hogup Cave was not great; and, th abundant. cultural debris in strata assigned to Altithermal times shows that climatic conditions were not severe e~ough to significantly limit human activities in this portion of the Desert West. . .

Three major cultural variations are present in the cave sequence: 1) the materials in and below stratum 8 represernt a local variety of the Desert Archaic culture ~ype; 2) materials from strata9 thro 14 are identified as being of the Fremont culture by presence of diagnostic pottery and moccasins; 3) strata 15 .and 16 are identified on the basis of pottery as Shoshonean.

The sequence of projectile points from the cave is r~levant to a minor debat¡e among western prehistorians, conc er ning the temporal distributions of projectile point styles. J ennings (1957) reported that at Danger Cave (a scant 50 miles west of Hogup), many projectile point types were very longlived, some spanning a period of up to 5000 years. Baumhoff and Heizer (1965) express surprise at such extreme stabi lity, and imply that mixture of artifacts between levels may be the cause of this apparent longevity, though they note that .

J ennings is very explicit that any mixture noted at Danger was w:U~h1n rather than between r levels. The quantity of projectile points.from Hogup Cave is relatively small, and additional samplin~ may mod1fy the present obs e rvable patterns. With this caution, it can be a~seIte that the projectile point styles at Hogup Cave parallel to a co~si~er­ able degree in longevity those at Danger. Points which would f~t 1n the Blko corner-notched type (Heize r and Baumhoff 1961) occur fr0m stratum 3 to stratum 12, spanning a period of at least 5000-6000 years. Bi ko eared varieties (Heiz ~ r ~nd Baumhoff 1961) occur f~om stra~um 5, a time period of over 2000 years; Bitterroot side-notched points . (Butler 1962) have the same distribution~ Points resembling the Rose Spring contracting stem type occur from strata 10 through 16, spanning a period of at least 2000 years agd perhaps more. A detailed comparison of projectile point sequences between.Hogup, Danger and other western sites will be attempted in the f1nal report.

For now, only these general observati6n~ can be made .. In the cu~tural remains of the upper levels several problems are read11y apparenc.

The most obvious of these relates to the Promontory complex. Steward in 1937 reported his excavations at Promontory Poin~, a per:insu18, extending into the Great Salt Lake,and, on the bas1s of.h~s exc&vations there, he defined the Promontory Culture. The va11d1ty of the 9

Promontory Culture concept has recently been questioned (AikenS 1966, 1967), and the suggestion made that the Promontory materials did .oot represent a discrete culture, but were related in some way, not well understood, to the Fremont Culture, which is wide~ sprt:ad in the eastern Great Hasin. Diagnostic features of the Promontory complex are a lifeway based 01.1 hunting, particularly of Bison, wide use of leather as a raw material, a distinc tive type of moccasin.", coarse black pottery, and small stone slabs or p~bbles with geometric and other designs scratched on their surfaces (Steward 1937). Prior to the Hogup Cave excavations, Fromontory pottery, etched stoNes, and Bison bones, in association with diagnostic Fremont culture pottery, had been reported from several northern Utah sites (Aikens 1966, 1967). Hogup Cave presents the interesting enigma of a Bison-hunting complex, similar in many details to that reported as Promontory Culture from the nearby Promontory Point Caves, but totally lacking in the two most distinctive characteristics of the comlllex, Promontory Ware po ttery and Promontory type moccasins. Instead, the Hogup ass e mblage ineludes un"mistakaqle Fremont culture pottery and moccas ins of the classic, diagnostic Fremont River type report ed by Morss (1931).

This would appear to corrgborate the suggested connection between the Promontory and Fr e mont complexes (Aikens 1966, 1967), and to further unde rmin e the val idity of a separate Promontory Culture.

The e vidence clearly establishes the identity of much of the material from the Promontory caves with the Fremont culture. But, it raises additiona l problems,. i. e . the question of the origins and significance of the distinct~moccasins from Promontory Point, and of the Promontory ware pottery. Because Pr.omontory Ware intergrades with Fremont pottery it lmay, for the present, most easily be dismissed as a late derivative of Fremont; the radiocarbon dates from Hogup sug"gest that Fremont pottery dates to AD 500 or earlier, while the earliest radiocarbon date yet for Promontory Ware..~is ~.

AD 900 (Aikens 1966, 1967).

The moccasins from Promontory Cave . perhaps may be explained similarly as a variant Fremont style dat1ng later in time than the diagnostic Fremont moccasins from Hoeup Cave. The Fr emont moccasins ftom Hogup, like the pottery, date. to at least AD 500, and the two radiocarbon dates at present ava1lable for Promontory-style moccasins are ca. AD 1100 and AD 1600.

(Aikens 1966, 1967). The availabl e possIbility that the moccaSl"ns at Promontory Cave were left by late-arriving Shoshoni d<:>es not. provide a satisfactory "alternative explanation, because lt requ1~es the assumption that the earlier Fremont peoples at Promont?ry P01nt had n'J moccasins at all, or at any rate left none at the ~lt~, a.r: d because of the fact that there is no diagnostiC archeologlcal eV1dence (~. pottery) to indicate that Shoshonean peoples had ever used "Promontory Cave.

Other problems will no doubt be identified as a~a1y~is of the HoguP Mountain Cave data proceeds and further excavat 70n 1S comp~etedi tJ.l e final report will give a more detailed account~ng of th~ lssues raised above, as well as of new i&ses that may be recogn1zed.

10

References Aikens, C. Nlelvin .

Fremont-Promontory-Plains Relationships in Northern Utah.

1966 University of Uta,h Anthropological Papers,No. 82. S.L~C. 1967

Plains Re 1a tionships of the Fremo'n t CuI ture: A Hypothesis.

American Antiquity. Vol. 32, ('0. 2, pp 198-209. Salt Lake.

Antevs, Ernst 1948 Climatic Changes and Pre-White Man. Univer~ity of Utah Bulletin, Vol. '38,. pp. 168-191. Salt Lake City, UteJl~-Baumhoff, Martin A., and Robert F. Heizer 1965 Postglacial Climates and Archeology in the Desert West.

IN H. E. Wright and D. G. Frey (Eds.), The QuaternaEY-of or the United States, pp. 697-707. Princeton.

Butler, B. Robert 1961 The Old Cordilleran Culture in the Pacific l'1orthwest.

Occasional Papers of the Ida?o State College Museum.!. 1~0.9 Pocatello.

1962

Contributions to the Prehistory of the Columbia Flat'eau.

Occasional Papers of the Idaho State College Museum, No. 9 Pocatello.

Heizer, Robert F., and Martin A. Baumhoff 1961 The Archeology of Two Sites at Eastgate, Churchill County, Nevada. Univ~~sit~ of California Anthropological Record~, Vol. 20, pp. 119-1 O. Berkerey and Los Angeles.

Jennings, Jesse D. 1957 Danger Cave. University of Utah Antnropoli&ica1 Papers, No. 27. Salt La~e City.

1964

The Desert ~5t ·. IN' Jesse D. Jennings and Edward Norbeck (Eds.), PretdstoriC:-ivlan,in the l'lew World. pp. l49-174.ChicaL

Lanning, E. P. 1963 Archeology of the Rose Spring Site. Iny-372. University of California publications in American Archeology and Ethnology, Vol. ~9, pp 2~7-·~36. Berlceley.

..

Morss, Noel 1931 The Ancient Culture 6f the Fremont River ' in,' Utah. paters . of the Peabo(i"¥ Museum of Archeology and Ethnology, Vo . TI, No.3. Cambr1dge. '

Steward, julian H. " .

1937 Ancient Caves of the ~reat Salt Lake Region. Bur eau of Am~rican Ethnology, Bulletin 116. Washington.

11

SPLIT TltJIG ANIMAL MIl'iIATURBS

IN THE

SOUTHVvÂŁSTER1~

UNITED STATES

by Grant M. Reeder. M.D. On a voyage down the Colorado River in June 1967, we explo.r.ed a cave in the canyon wall.

One of the memil>ers of the group found a small effigy under a rock, intricately formed by the intertwining and twisting of a long strand of a twig split down its center. The effigy was incomplete and representd the he~, neck and shoulders of a statuette of a quadruped.

These interesting artifacts fbtidd in the Southwestern United States are called, in archeologic literature, split twi~f i g urines.

I had the opportunity .,Co-¡examine the figurine closely and subsequen t l ycame to rec6g~ize ' and appreciate the degree of skill involved in oa king it. the location of the cave has some features that a.re significant in the light of the information I have obtained. The cavern is formed in the Redwall Limestone formation about halfway betwee3 Lee's FerrY J Arizon~ and the confluence of the Colorado and Little Colorado Riv e rs, which is the stretch of the Colorado known as Marble Canyon.

12

Upstream from the cavern about t mile is a tributary canyon.

At the mouth of the canyon, situated on a shelf about 100 feet above the river are a number of ruins, remnants of walls of stone without mortar. Potsherds may be found in association with the ruins. According to the students of Grand Canyon archeology, the effigy found in the cave pre-dates the nearby ruins many hundreds of years.

Access to the cave would have to be made by one of two routes. The first ap proach made by the Colorado River, the second by hiking down the tributary canyon. The Indians in historic times have been very cautious about traveling down the Colorado. None of craft known to be used by North American Indians for travel on water are suited for enduring the rapids of the Colorado. The tributary canyon has been used as an access route in recent years.l I have hiked into the lower end of the canyon and know it to be a passable but very difficult traverse. It is the route most likely used by the aborigines to travel to the river at this location and to the cave.

Starting on a project to find out what I could about the twig effigy, I frequently encountered the question: nDo you think it is a fake?" (Others report the same response.)2 I found that the people who could tell me anything about the split twig miniatures are very scarse. I found some excellent papers written on the subject in the archeological jounrnals.

The making of effigies seems to be a persistent human activity.

Effigies are found in the remnants of prehistoric as well as in historic and contemporary civilizations. Arriving at an acceptable explanation for the creation of prehistoric statuettes isn't always easy and sometimes is conjecture at best. Our own culture, highly complex, is difficult to define and analyze even by us; we who know it better than anyone else. Consider the puzzling challenge that will conforont some archeologist 4000 years hence when be finds the remnant of a Gift or Curio shop of the 1960's (possibly reduced to ruin by civil disturbanceh as he tries to explain the table decoration for a banquet,(a miniature twisted tree of artificial material placed in a shallow dish), the novelty salt and pepper shakers, the mementos of Yellowstone Park or Fisherman's Wharf (bearing the inscription "Made In Hong Kong"), or the figurines and vases that are truly exquisite works of art.

To reach a conclusion about the purpose and function for each of these items, one must have an insight and understanding about our culture and how the item fits into it. In the same way, we neled to understand' the culture that produced thE: twig effigies to explain them. -In this regard, we are at a disadvantage. The search for information about that culture has some facinatiag history. .

An early report published of the discovery of such effigies appear~d in 1937 by S. M. Wheeler. 3 He described some an~mal/ miniatu.res 13

•

•

- _ ••

_.

• - ; - .- l -:-

_

... . .

. ..

" '" "

fo~nd i~ Etna Cave in Southern Nevada in a Basketmakei III ~eposit.

Effigies of 'the same type had been found in 1933.,. io the Grand Canyon by trail construction crewmen. Others had been found in 1933 near Clarkdale, Arizona. St~11 others had been·foand' in a cave by ~oyaB e ~l in 1934 on a jouraey through,!'Jlarble and Grand Canyons. 'Nqne of the~e discoveries were pUblicized until after Wheelei's 1937' report~ .

.

Twig figurines havebeeri found in ten locations . in the Southwestern United States.. These locations were: Southern California, Southern Nevada,Utah, Northern Arizon a and in th ~ Grand Canyon vicinity.4 A pape r pub,~ished in 1966 s.tat;c-d that up to Shi:i.t time , a total of about 200 figurines had. been accounted , for. 'Most of thtse . have come from . ia~es " in M~rble arid Grand Canyon.

As ~9re figurines and sites have been reported~ students ha~ e noted a consistent set of conditions in which they are located: 1 .. All of them, have been found in caVEs, most of , these , . , caves have ve ry difficut acc(;ss. · . , 2. 'The caves have little evid ence that they were use<i for dwelling purposes. ' 3. There are no definite cultural relations,hips. The . crea tors of the figurines are not posit~vely identified . .

Initialiy the figurines were Classified Basketmak~~ III, dating them around 500-700 A.D. Some of the accompanying artifacts (atlatl points) suggested an association .with the ground ~l~th huntcr~ studi e ~ at Gypsum Cave which dates them to 8000 years of age or more. T~ey have also been considered ~s Puebloan and as Yavap~i and they , hav~ been dated from 10,000 years of age to around 1300A.D.4 Mos't of , the earlier discoverers regarded the effigies as ' B~sketmake% II~.

This view prevailed for a number of 'years. , .

The antiquity of the effigies was not definitely est~blished : uritil radiocarbon analyses were ~eported in 1958 by SChwartz, Lange and DeSaussure at 3100+ 110 and .3530+ ,- 300 years of ' age. 7.

-

Euler .and Olson in 1965 'reported fur t her radiocarbon .da,ti n g ~ con -:firming the 1958 determinations. The ir resu l ts, us~ng s pe c1mens fro!l1 different si t,es and' the servic'e s of two s e pa ra"t e' l,aborh ,o ries , had a range of 3500+ 100 to 4095 + 100 years g f age . O ~e o f t he specimen sites used-for t ,his study was a ~ a ve in Ma rb le, C.a n yo r.. .

The other wa.s a cave in Walnut Canyon; a f w mi le s e"ast o f Mar blc Grand Canyon. 8 The ,studies provid e t he evide nc e for the e ar lie st .

'l'

1. stanton, Robert B. Down the ColQrado, Uni~:~t 6klahoma ~~~ (Account of the Brown-S.tan t on RiY.~~pedi tion 1889-1~, 9 0.

I know, 9f three' men w'ho hiked, wi th pa cks,the same rct'.te. J 2. Whe e l er', S.M. ' ~ Masterkey, Vo1.23 #5, pp 156. 1949.

3. Wh eele r, S. M. Maste rke y, Vol.11 #5, lQ37.

4. Smith, 'G.A. Maste rke y, Vo l . 37 #3, 1963.

5 . Ol s on,A.P. Plateau, Vol. 38. 1966.

6. Whee l e r, S.M. Maste rke y Vol. 13, #1. 1939 7. Ame ric an Anti quity Vo l . 23. 1958.

8. Euler, R. C., Orson,A.P. Science Vol. 148. 1965.

14

known occupation of the Grand Canyon by man. The information thus obtained does not indicate how long these people utilized the area or remained in i t,. T'he next earliest cultural occupation of the Grand Canyon started about 700 A.D. by Basketmakers. 9 The Cohonina Branch is known by tree ring dates to have settled in the Grand Canyon area about 750 A.D.lO The culture of the Western United States for which there is agreement in geographic area and period " of time established for the figurines is the DeSert Culture.

In 1964, MeNutt and Euler made a discovery at Red Butte a few miles south of Grand Canyon identified as Pinto Complex (first described ~Pinto Basin in the Majave Desert).

Pinto Complex is a specific subdivision of the D~sert Culture, Because of the proximity of Red Butte to the Grand canyon and because it corresponds in time to the Carbon 14 figurine dates, it has been iyegestcd that these people, the Pinto Compl.ex, made the figurines.

Except for this probable association, the crea.tors of the figurines have not been identified.

Some o~ e rvers have thought that th e figurines were made for objects of amusemen t. Most authoriti e s, "at the pr es ent time, think that they had magico-r el igious Significanc e , that th e y probaMy were made for us in rituals invoking hunting succ ess. The r easons for this int e rpretation ar e thes e : 1. All such figurines appear to represent quadrupeds. (game animals) 2. A few of them had a straight, unsplit twig passing through the body, apparently representing a spear.

3. Most of the figurines have been found in caves with a difficult access, apparently to preserve the sanctity of the sites for ceremonial use.

4. The sites contain no evidence that they were used as living quarters at that time.

In support of this concept, M. F. ~armer quoted a Yavapa4 who remembered from his boyhood, seeing the men of his tribe make similar stick effigies : be fore going on a hunt and placing them i n a cave.

However, there was some doubt expressed about the reliabil ity o~ ' the Yavapai claim. 12 .

The material used most commonly in making the effigies has been identified as willow. A desirable characteristic of the willow is its uniform diameter with very little taper over a length of several feet. Curious about what was involved, I tried to make a figurine. Although they appear to be very simple in constructi?npatience, practioe, and skill are prime ingredients â&#x20AC;˘ . The only instrument I could use successfully to make an even Split of t~e long willow was a sharp steel blade. Since steel and meta~l~c impliments have not been found in association with the effigies, the artisans must have had some sharp stone knives. The process 9.

10.

11.

12.

Euler,R.C. American West, Vol. 4 #2, 1967.

Schwartz, D.C. Ame rICati Antiqui~ Vol. 31 #4, 1966.

McNutt, C. ; Euler, R.C. J merican Antiquity Vol.31 #3,1966.

Wheeler, S.M. Masterkey Vol. 13 #1. 1931.

15

of weaving the e ffigi e s takes a d e gree of excellence that does not come readily. Speculative l y, I suggest that the effigies were made by skilled a(tisans who probably served an apprenticeship in some sort of pries.t role for lear,n ng the art 'of: making the , figurines and for performing the re la ted ce remonials. ' ' : , ,"", The creation' and use of figurines for ceremonial purposes is a logiGal explanation. No one is certain who made them. We know that tbey were made a very long time ago, in a period of time by a culture about which we have' very little informatipn.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Euler, Robert C., "The · Canyon Dwellers", The American west Vo1.4 #2, May 1967. ' 2. Euler, Robert C., "Willow Figurines from, Ari~ona", Natut;al [i'st<2~J:' Vo 1. LXXV - 3 , 1966 . ' " 3. Euler, Robert C., Olson, Alan P. t ."Split-Twig Figurines from Northern Arizona: New Radiocarbon ' Dates" t Science Vol. 148, 4-l6-6S • .

4. Farmer, 'Malcolm· R., deSaussuie,Raymond, "split-Twig Animal Figurine.

Plateau Vol~ 27 #4, 1955.

5. Kelly t Roger E., ttSpli t-Twig Figurines from Sycamore Canyon", Platiau Vol. 38, 1966. , 6. Mcr~utt, Charles, Eu.ler,Robert C., "The Red Butte Lithic Sites near Grand 'Canyon, Arizona". American Antiquity Vol. 31 #3, 1966.

7. Olson, Alan P." "Spli t-Twig figurine's trom -Jor thern Ar j.zon a ", .

Plateau Vol. 38, 1966. ' .

8. Schwartz. Douglas ttA Histor,icalAnalysis .and Synthesis of Grand Canyon Archeology", American Antiquity, ,Vol. 31 #4, 1966.

9. Schwartz, Douglas WOf Lange, Ar thur, dcSaussure, Raymond, ",s,;Jli tTwig Figurines in the Grand Canyon", Ame rican Antiquity yol,:13 #3,1 lO.Smith, Gerald A., "Split .. TW.ig .igurines from san Bernardinc;'Count·, California", Th e Masterkey Vol. 37' #3, 1963. l1.Wheeler S.M., uPrehlstoric Min~atures", The Masterkey Vol. 11 #5, 1937 .... "Split-Twig Figurines", The Masterkey Vol. 13 #1,1939 ....

"More About Split-Twig Figurin e-s"', TheMast e rk~ Vol. 23 "5, 1949.

7 I,

W.,

Length 6.6. c.m.

~~-c~

greatest width 1.8 c.m.

,

cm.

I

~1

.

I

2

em.

16 ,

.

1968

BONUS:

Reprints of "Utah Archeology"

Vol.~ '1-4.

March 1955

UTAH Af{CI:kOLOGY A i'lewsl>2tter Do you want a Utah Archeological Society?

During the development of the Statwide Archeological Survey of the Department of Anthropology at the University 6f Utah, it has become evident th~t there are ' people throughout the state who are keenly interested in the archeology of Utah. It seems probable that these, and bther individuals who may b~come irtterested, might wish to organize a Utah Archeological Society, the ' sole and simple purpose of which 'w ould be to increase and diffuse k~owlâ&#x201A;Źdge of Utah archeology.

There is no way as yet to determ1ne the amount of inter e st in such a society, but I have suggested tha~ a newsletter. !-!.~ah Arc h::e olo YJ.. he puolishcd A.no mn:ilcd to potentlat \Tl mbers.

For the present, at least, it is anticipated that the cost of distributing such a newsletter will be low enough that the members of ,the society would not ' have to pay dues. The Department of Anthropology will, ' fot trial pe~iod, make the,facilities of the d epartment available for duplicating and mailing the newsl~tter, providing there is suf~icient interest to justify it.

It is anticipated that Utah ,A~ch e ology will be prepared from two to four times a year. Both amat eur and professi6nal archeologists are encouraged to submit articles pertinent to Utah Archeology.

Such articles could be anywh~re from a short paragraph to a few pages in length. Since the newsletter must be produced at m~ni~um expense, illustrations will have to be limited to simple line drawings.

If you are interested in organizing a Utah Archeological Society and in receiving the newsletter, .Utah Archec;>logy, please fill out and retu~n the attached membe~sh ~ p app l1 aatlo~orm. Be sure to list the names and addresses of oth e r individuals who would al~o be interested in joining.

Until such time as the activities of the society may become great enough to warrant formal organization and the election of officers, I am prepared to serve as editor of the newsletter.

I ,will greatly app~eciate your suggestions, comments, expre3~ions of interest and- ,-above ~ll-- articles to be printed in the n ~ ws­ letter. In the b e ~inning stage, artic~es should deal with descriptions of intere~ting archc910gical sites, col1~ctions, or even individual artifacts. '

17

Sincerely, (signed) James H. Gunnerson James H. Gunnerson Field Director Statewide Archeological Survey Department of Anthropology University of Utah Salt Lake City, Utah

Statewide Archeological Survey Department of A~thropology University of Utah Salt Lake City The Statewid~ Archeological Survey was organized in 1949 to initiate a systematic study of the prehistory of Utah. For many years detailed study has beeri mad e in the south~astern corner of the St ate but very little was known about other areas.

The first job ot the survey, th en, was to determine the archeologir.al resourc es of the unknown and poorly known sections of ~he state and to evaluate these resources.

When the preliminary 1nvestigation of the entire state is completed, the survey can devote more effort to intensive study of key areas and importan t sites. .

Anoth~r e qu~lly important job for the survey is to provide an ag e ncy to conduct sa l vag e archeology where evidences of prehistoric Indian occupat i on ar e threatened by construction work, natura l forc e s, or vandalism. The information collected by the survey is made available by me ans of published reports. The spe cimens co l l e cted and the records of the surve y are preserved in th e Museum of Anthropology at the UniverSity of Utah.

The material and information collected by the Statewide Archeological SurVey make possible the reconstruction of Utah history before the firat white men arrived to beg~n written records and descriptions of the Indians. The r e cords with which the archeologist works are the tools and utensils of stone, bone, wood~ pottery, etc., which belonged to ancien t peoples, together with the remains of their houses and other structures.

These 0 f jec ts are aimos t use leSS to the inves tiga tor 1 hot'leve r ? unless there is also an exact knowledge of wher e artifacts are found. That is, he needs to know at what site an artifact was found, whe Ie it occurred within . the s,i te, and its r E; 1ationship to other artifacts or structures found at the site.

Such information can never be obtained if artifacts are .removed from a site wit~out records having been made. Therefore, if \11 -8 are to find out as much as possible about the early Indians of the state, it is essential that the evidence they left remain unmolested until ar.cheologists are able to study it and make Pt. rmanen t records of its nature and location.

To help conserve the remains of prehistoric Utahns there are Federal laws providing stiff penalties for the rem0va~ dama~eing or destruction of Hany prehistoric or hisroric ruin or monument, or any object of antiquity" situated on government land. It requires more than laws, however, to protect these ~aluable remains: the cooperation of all interested persons 1S ne eded.

Fortunately there is an increasing awareness of the import,:-rlce of archeological material. Persons in charge of construct1on

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work are reporting Indian sites threatened by the building of roads, dams, etc. Such cooper.atio~ is a real contribution to the stady of Utah's pr~history.

The Statewide Archeological Survey, especially, has benefited from the friendly assistance and hospitality of local citizens in each part of the state which lt has explored. Information given by interested persons has enabled the Survey to accomplish more thaa would otherwise have been possible in the time: allotted. The Survey wishes to emphasize that, in return, the information it obtains is available to the public. The museum of the University of Utah Department of Anthropology is open to everyone, and visitors are urged to come in and see the displays. In the "past it has been possible for the Survey to meet speaking engagements before local organizations in various . parts of the state. The Survey welcomes opportunities to give back to Utahns the results of its work, which their cooperation haa so greatly facilitated.

James H. Gunnerson

An application form to be used in joining the Utah Statewide Arch eo l ogical Society, and to receive the Newsletter, Utah Arch eo log y, was the final page in this the first issue-or-the Ne wsle t te r.

UTAH A

Vo 1. 1,

ARCHEOWGY

Newsletter

No. 2

June 1955 EDI'roR'S NOTES

Response to the inquiry concerning the organization of a lJtah Archeological Society has been encouraging. More than sixty application forms have been returned, most of these with the names of other possible members, and many with useful and constructive comments and suggestions. Although new applications continue to arrive in almost every mail; it seems ad~ visable to release a second number of the newsletter at this time. This issue is intended as an acknowledgement to members that theirapplication~ have been re6eived 'and .their names placed on the mailing list for the newsletter. ~ Additional names of persons who might be interested in joining will 'be welcome at any time. It was emphasized in the last newsletter that articles written by members are needed and will be much appreciated.

The March 1955 issue of Utah Ar cheology will be considered as Vol. 1, No.1, making this Issue Vo l . No.2.

This seems a good opportunity to inform members of archeological activities which are bein~ carried out . in Utah this summer.

The Department of Anthropology of the University of utah is conducting an archeological field school, between Ferron and Salina. Excavation is under the direction of Dr. Jesse D. Je~nings and runs from June 12 to August 1.

The Department of Anthropology of the University of

Californ~a

is holding its summer archeological field school for the second near Paragonah, Utah. This year, as last, it is under the direction of Dr. Clement Meighan. This party will be in the field from about June 20 to July 30.

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- '- - - - ---- -Utah Archeology is mailed to members of the Utah Statew~de Archeological Society. All Acorrespondence should be directed to the editor--James H. Gunnerson, Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.

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Archeological field schools have two primary functions.

The first is to train students in archeological techniques and the second is to obtain basic data which will further our knowledge of prehistory. Members of the USAS may be interested in visiting these excavations to get an idea of the field methods and techniqu es.

The Statewide Archeological Survey is continuing its activities this summer in the south~astern quarter of Utah, but mostly north of the San Juan drainage. 1~0 intensive archeological excavation will be undertaken by the survey, which will concentrate on covering as much of the area and locating as many sites as possible. The survey will also conduct some salvage archeology where sites are to be damaged by road construction.

UTAH ANTHROPOLOGY An Outline of its History* Elmer R. Smith Associate Professor of Anthropology Unive~sity of Utah An interest in Utah Indians, both in an archeological and ethnological sense, was brought to the Great Salt Lake valley by the early Mormon p;oneers. Brigham Young stated the atitude the pioneers should have toward the Indians of Utah in a number of utterances. The basic policy was first, to bring the Indians to terms with the pioneers; second, to teach the m the ethics of the white man; third, to convert them to Mormonism.l The Mormon pioneers were interested in the arch ological wealth of the area because of their belief that the American Indian was descended from the Hebrew, who arrived here be tween 2200 BC, and 588BC. With the keen interest based on this religious background, it is understandable that much has been written by members of the Mormon Church relative to archeology and ethnology of the Utah area.

Many diaries, kept by the early p i on ee rs, ar e r i ch sou r c e mat e rials for descriptions -of Ut ah I ndian ways of l i f e , bel i e f amd lore, as well as full accou nts of a rch e o logi~ a l s i t es a nd 1I,_'e l ics" from mounds and cliff dwellings i n va r ious parts of Uta~.

The Impr ov em c n~ E ~a , an offi c ial publi c at io n of th La.tter. Day Sai nt s Chu r(;;~has many articles of interest to the anthropologist.

The scientific dev e lopment of anthropology in Utah has followed the general pattern found in other parts of the *Th i s paper is baged on a report pres e n ted t o t he i ni tia l meeting of the Western States Branch, Amexican Anthropol~gical Association, held in Salt Lake City, March 1949.

1. Dibble, Charles E., 1947, pp 64-71 21

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United states. The earli stage was one of collecting and display with little interest in the theoretical and practical aspects of the materials collected. The next period was one of formulation of theories and the practical application to the various aspects of the anthropological material. This first period dates about 1876 with B. A. Barber's article on pottery published in the American ~aturalist. Major J. W. Powell and G. W. Ingalls did, however, report on the conditions of the Utah Indians in 1874. Henry Montgomery, Profe ssor of l~atura1 History at the University of Utah, was the first Uhah to publish a report in a sci entific journa l . He published Itprehis toric Man in U t:;ah," in ':Che Archaeologis t in 1894. This was followed in 1899 by art article writtenby Don Magu ire entitled "Antiquiti es of the Southwes t," ~nd published by the Historical So.ciety of Utah. Two oth er S?arl y archeological ~eports of .s .ignificance' .to Utah. antJaropology dur iug this p e,r iod w ~ re George H." Pepper's paper oh the Utah BaskctmRkcrs and T. M. Prudden's studi c~ of pr ehistoric ruins of the San Juan wa.tersh e~ : · I n 191.0 Dean Byron Cummings, then with the Uui v e rs i ty 'of Utah, pubi ished his now f?-'mous" " The Ancient Inl.1abitants of the San Jual). Vall,e y," and fOllowed it in 1915 with liThe K-ivas of tbe San Juan Drainage."

Between 1908 and 1913, Dr. Ralph V. Chamberlin, when he was associated with Brigham Youog University and the Uriiv~rsity of Pennsylvania, publish ed t.he first specific classic studie,s of Utah Indians , and th ~ se are still classic studies in the ,i t field.

Archeolo.gists sucp. as A. ,V Kidder, i~eil Judd, and J. L. Nusbaum worked th e southe astern part of Ucah from 1908 to 1926, when the first step was made to establish some theoretical problems for Utah archeology. ' The second pe riod in Utah anthropology can be said to have begun with the publication of l~eil M. Judd'S "Archeologica l Observations North of the Rio Colorado" in 1926. Dr. Julian H. Steward in 1930 continued th scientific elaboration of anthropological research in Utah, and 'this type of study bas cont i , ued to the pr es e nt. There have been a number of research anthropologists working 6n Utah problems both from within the state and elsewhere since 1926 t bu't four seem "to have published more than ·others to the pr e s e nt time. These four, arranged in order of their number of - publications, ~ are Albert B. Reagan, JUlian H. Steward, Carling Ma louf, and .B Imer R. Smith.

Ba ch of thece anthropologists has Shown an Interest in both archeology and ethnology.

The University of Utah has tended to take the lead in the evelopment of anthropology in Utah. The Utah State Agricultural College located at Logan does not have a department, a museum, or classes in anthr?pology. The Brig~am Young ~niver­ sity at Provo has a collection of anthropological material.

Dr. George Hanson~ of the Department of Geolog y of the BYU has published short papers on some of this mat:;erial excavated from the vicinity of Provo and Utah Lake. Ten years ago a Department of Archeology was organized at Brigham Young Univer22

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Sity, and some work has been done on sites in the Utah Lake area; more extensive work has been carried out in Mexico. Dr. Albert B. Reagan was, for a few years before his death, Special Professor of Anthropology at Brigham Young University. The University Archeological Society has been organized under the auspices of the BYU and a series of bulletins of archeological, material has been made available.

The Latter Day Saints Museum located on the Temple Square Grounds, Salt Lake City, has primarly archeological displays with some ethnological material from various parts of the world.

No research and no publications have as yet been made concerning the archeological and ethnological material available there.

The development of anthropology at the University of Utah can be said to be basically the history of this science in Utah.

The principal highlights will be presemted in the followitig account in chronological order of anthropology at the University.

1891 • • • The first mention of I1An archeological collection, amd much that may be c l assed under the head of curiosities" as being part of the university of Deseret (Utah) is found in the University catalogue for this year. The collection was under the care of Henry Montgomery, Professor of Natural History. ~o~tgomery collected a few arc~eological item~ through e~p~d1 t:lons, but most of the collectl.ons from varl.OUS commun1 t1es thToughout Utah, donated by collectors.

1~~' 3 • • • Byron Cumm.:Lngs came to the University of Utah, and held the position of Assistant Professor of Latin and Greek, and lai; <':! r 'c~at of Dean. He immediately became interested in the archeo:,rgi~al material of the area, and assisted Montgomery in increasiD.r-; the collections for the Museum. In 1895 the Museum listed one hi-~n d:red complete anthropological specimens and two hundre'd curios.

F~0m 1895 through 1914 Cummings headed the archeological expeditions :ir;+.:0 the "four corners" area and into southern Utah, and made collec~lc~s of Basketmaker and Pueblo artifacts.

In 1914 Cummings B ~v~ the first specific courses in archeology at the University of L~ ~~ .

These consisted of two courses in archeology (American) a:-/ :"):").e in Greek archeology. At this time the Depa,rtmen t of A.;·~ ·: l '?c logy was organized.

Cummings, before leaving the University :i . ~ l..~ \.5, published two bulletins describing some of the archeologj ~~.i and geological studies carried out during the preceding years.

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• • • Professor Levi Edgar Young of the History Department University was put in charge of the Department of Archeology a ,: :(", :] x'cheological expedi tions when Cumo ings left Utah.

This ' a!: =:: ;l'~t'<::nent existed until ,192.2.

It was during this period that AnO:;:':' '.'l A. Kerr and Neil M. Judd (two native Utahns) conducted ar(",h~t;"<tQgical expeditions to various parts of southern Utah.

Judd colJ .2 r: ·~ed basic materials for his initial publications of Utah arcl1 8010gy during these expeditions. During this period of .1916-22 a divJsion was specifically made between anthropology and archeology.

In 1917 the Department of Sociology was reorganized and named the, Department of Anthropology and Sociology under the direction of Professor Young, who taught a few classes on American archeology.

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Dr. Andrew R. Anderson of the Latin and Greek Department taught Old World archeology.

1922 • • • Dr. A~drew A. Kerr returned to the University of Utah from Harvard, where he had just received his Ph.D under R. B. Dixon, and started a new series of classes 'in archeology. It was not until 1926, however, that anthropology was separated from the Department of Antbropology and Sociology, and a new Department of Anthropology was organized, including both archeology and anthropology. During the time Dr. Kerr was in charge of the anthropology department, many artifacts were added to the archeology collection.

This collection was housed in the Museum of Archeology located on the top floor of the administration building on the University campus. Dr Kerr published very little dealing with his archeological investigations in Utah, and m~ny of the specim ~ ns were collector's items with f ew scientific or descriptive notes recorded. The Mus eumiS ethnological material also . increased during this period, most of it being ln the form of gifts from promi~ent Utahns and returned LDS missionaries. The bulk of the ethnological material was brought from the I1South Seas" where many missionaries had spent from two to four years on ~issions for the LDS church.

1930 • • • After the death of Dr. Kerr in 1929, Dr. Julian H. Steward was appointed chairman of the Department of Anthropology in the fall of 1930. Utah anthropology then definit e ly entered on its second period pf 4~velopme nt. From 1930 to the fall of 1935 Steward carried on ihtedsive archeological and ethnological rese ar.ch in t he In t e r moun t ai n a r ea , collecting material for his later publ ic ations on ar cne o l ogy and ethnology. Steward truly established anthropo l ogy on a s c ien tific basis at the Univcr.s j ty, and in t r oduc ed man y o f t he theore t i cal problems developed by tis and later research. A number of future anthropologists and a~t~ro­ pogeographers obtained much of their initial field and class training under Steward during this period.

All direct work and teaching in anthropology was suspended for three years following Steward l s d eparture from Utah in 1933. However, because of the interest of President .George Thomas, and with the cooperation and interest of Dr. Arthur L. Beeley of the DepRr tme ut of Sociology, survey work in ar cheology was c a r ri ed on during the summers of 1934-35-36 by Elmer R . Smi th, who a t th ~ t ime wa:, associated with the Social Science Depar t ment at Snow J unior <?0 11e~e Eph~aim, Utah.

The archeological su r ve ys co nsis t ed i n ma pp ng and making surface collections and t est dig s o f all t h e tbc ~ available-and known sites in the state. It-was during this period that a museum of Central Utah was established at Snow College for . the purpose of salvaging much archeologic~l material in the immed-, iate area of Central Utah. This Museum, after maldng a sma ll 0011ection of artifacts and publishing one small . bulletin on " Ut;ah Type Metates ," was disbanded in 1937.

1935 • • . The Anthropology Department was once again,incorporated with the Sociology Department under the chairmanship,of Dr. Arthur L. Beeley. Dr. John P. Gillin was appoi~ted a~s~stant; professor of Sociology.and Anthropology and.h~ld thlS POSition . until 1937 when he resigned to accept a POSition at Ohl0 State Unlv.

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During Gillin's stay archeological excavations were carried out ' at Nine Mile Canyon, Witchets Knoll in Central Utah near Ephraim, Marysville in southern Utah, and at Tooele, 40 miles southwest of Salt Lake City. Gillin advanced the scientific study of archeological materials in Utah, and published discussions of some of the theoretical aspects of hi3 work in relation to the previous work of Steward.

1937 • . _. Elmer R. Smith was appointed to the Department of Sociology and Anthropology as instructor in Sociology and gnthropololgy and Curator of the Museum of Archeology. In 1940 Charles E. Dibble joined the Museum as assistant curator. Research interest through this period (1937-48) was primarily centered on the cave cultures of the Great Salt Lake area, but some work in ethnolog y was done with the Gosiute and Washakie Indians as well as in race relations in various areas of -Utah and Idaho. Dibble continued his work on Aztec codices begun in Mexico before he joined the staff at the University of Utah. Ma~ie Wo~~ington bf the Colorado Museum of Natural History and the University of Denver, conducted archeological investigations at CiSCO, fJtah, and cooperated with the University of Utah in a number of surveys.

1948 • • • Anthropology was reestablish~d as a separate department under the chairmanship of Dr. E. Adamson Hoebe1. Dr. Jesse D. Jennings joined the staff as Associate, Professor of Anthropol~ cgy and Curator of the Museum of Anthropo'logy. Dibble and Smith remained in anthropology. Under the directi,on of Dr. Hoebe 1 an extensive and well-defined progrim for research and training in all aspects of anthropology was institued at th e University of Utah. Initial steps have been made to investigate the life of early man in Utah along with e thnological and community studi~s t,;r) '.)~ conducted in various parts of the state among both aborl:gie.a : and non-aboriginal groups. . The , Muse~_lI:n of Anthropology ~,,?-, s m:.' ; from its old quarters in the administration buildi'ng to a t~ _··~, Lding formerly occupied by the Armed Service's at· Fort Dou.gla.s. ;~ 50 .. 55 • • • The Anthropology Department expanded its resea~ch ,.-.:s ram to include studies on Ute and Paiute Indians; an extcos J. ve '. ': ':ve y of the demographic si tua tion and accul tura tion on the Ute J scrvation, begun in 1950 has be en revived and accelerated t his l ear. The Statewide Arcb~ological survey, inaugurated in July ~ ~ 51, continues this year on the last leg of an intensive, long nee ded survey of th e rich archeological sources of th e state • ~ " 'J

._ Nineteen nu~bers of the University of Utah Ant~ropological ,1.g~rs, begun 1n 1939 as Ifhe Archeology and Et hnolo~y Papers, , have b€en published to date. Seven mOLe are 1(1 press •

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From four in 1950, the staff of the Department of Anthropology has increased to six in 1955.

Th~ 5 page concludes

issue No. 2 of Vol.

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UTAH ARCHEOLOGY Vo 1.

t, No. 3

A Newsetter

November 1955

CONTE1'iTS

Edi tor r S Notes New Publications Summer Field Reports Archeological Evidence -of Hunting Magic

Page Page Page Page

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Editor's Notes Membership in the Utah Statewide Archeological Society is still increasing and I feel that it will continue to do so for some time to come. If any ~embers know of other people interested in joining the Soclfty, I will be glad to mail application blanks to them.

Displays In addition to the regular displaY$ in the Anthropology Museum at the University of Utah, there will be special anthropology dis~ plays in the University of Utah Library, No,rember 12-25. Any members of the Society who have sons or daughters attending the University and who wi ll be visiting the University on Parent's day, November 12, are extended a special invitation to see the exhibits in the Library and to visit the Anthroplogy Museum. Tbe Museu~ will be open Satu~day forenoon, ~ovember 12, and will be a stop on the bus tour of the mmpus. .

Members I have received ~nterBsting communications from two of our members. Mrs. Jeanial Tribe and family of Ogden were enthu~iastic over their visit to several ruins, including Hovenweep, in southeaste~n Utah and adjoining states.

Anyone who has not visite~ the ~abional Parks and ifunuments which contain Indian ruins will De as excited as the Tribes were when they take advantage of these opportunities.

Mrs Amy Avery of Venice, Utah, has begun to map and photograph pictographs and petroglyphs in her area. She i~creasedlocal interest through a letter to the editor of the ~ Richfield Reaper. This worthwhile project could be duplicated with great profit1n all parts of the state. Mrs. Averyts request for .additional information on pi~ogaphs prompted me to summarize what is known of Utah pictographs for a future issue of Utah .Archeology,

A~cheol~ 1S mal1ed to members lo~ical Society.

All correspondence

Utah

of the utah StateWiae Archeoshould be directed tti the¡ ed~tor--James H. Gunnerson, Department of Anthro~ology, Uni72rsity of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.

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New Piblications

Wormington, Curator of Anthropology at the Denver Museum · of Natural H~story, in~ludes a . r~port on ~he Turner-Look site, a Fremont s1te near C1SCO, Utah. The "Northern Periphery" includes most ,of Utah, and the Fremont; cult~re, which she describes in greater detail, is found chiefly in the. northeastern quarter of , the ~tate. ' Rudy, Jack R.

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Ar~heol.Q~ic?- l J?xc~vations i ~ . Beef ~~~~!!.L~.l}~~~_. University' uta Ant . .t'opolog1c.a '1 No.2". -Un'1 vers1 ty of Utah P;rpss,

1955

or

Ut~h ••• ~1.50

Salt Lake C1,t -y,

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Rudy reports €xt.avation at n1·n e sites ;we·st of Monticello, Utah.

All are of Pueblo (Anasazi) affiliation and are located in what was a nearly inaccessible area until roads were constructed to facilitate uranium prospection. Rudy conducted the excavations for the University of Utah in 1953.

American This interpretative article has greatly clarified the . prdRble ;Litre bf :tle:v~ 1"0'P1'lt~ n:t i.;o f:t tth fD !v.ia r i1l)1tS :PI e-h:irs t,~d::H. c; .'I:iu'l. tiu r:~s ri~n tl1t:;.G i·e a. tQ :r:~ :1 :d.n.

Jennings, Head of the Department of AnthropoloGY aG the : ; '; '~ :J ~ rsity o f Utah, ,and Norbeck" member of the Department of An.thro" G y at the Uni ve rs i ty of California" demonstra te a ve:ry ear 1 y ~ espread hunting and gathering w'a y of life, the Desert Culture, ,~ ich apparently served as a basis ' for such subsequent developments "~ the agricultural Anasazi and Fremont groups. This hun ting and ;~ -ltherin'g economy would seem to have continued essentially unChanged ·.i.cltO historic ,times in the case of the Paiutes.

The three publications listed above are written primarily for ':;he. p rofessional archeologist (and antnropolo,gist) but would be of iaterest to anyone 'interes·tcd iq Utah .archeolo,gy.

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Summer Field

"

Report~ ,

It is to be hoped that ' many of"the members of the Utah State',vide Archiological Society were "ab'le to visi t one or both of the nrcheological exca~ations reported briefly below. Reading reports cf such work can never be as enlightening as actually watching the cAcavation in progress. It is probable that members and other

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interested people will have an opportunity to visit digs' again next summer, but as of now no definite plans have been made. When sites have been selected and dates set, this newsletter will pass the information on to you.

Univers~ty

of Utah's Archeological Field Work James H• .Gunnerson .

The Unive rsity of Utah summe r ar ch e olog i c al ' fie id ' s~~ool under the dir ection of Dr. Jesse D. J ennings excava ted two F.remont cultur ~ sites between Salina and Emery, Utah. At oile site, Poplar Knob, four r ectangul ar hous es with 'a total of fiv e rooms we r e excavat ed. ftt l ha d had cour s ed masonry walls and had been built on th e surf a ce of i o1ated knolls. The a rtifact yie ld was s mall.

The second s i t e , the Old Woman, was more r ewa r ding in that thr e e types of s tru cture s were r epresen t ed. There we r e t h r ee round pit hO llses, ea ch a bout two feet d eep, and with plastered wa l t s t f orming an arc at the edge of the s i t e . Ce nt r a lly were two contiguous r e c· tangula r j a ca l houses which . had been built on the ground surfa c e .

On e had bur n ed and was ' r eeuil t wi th co a rsed adobe . .

Als o c ent r.all y lo c ated we r e t wo co a= sed adobe r e ctangular granarie s whic h had been bu il t on the surf a c e .

Of sp ecial int ersst we r e el ev en complet e po tt er y vessels and fo ur c lay fi gur i ne s. The l a tt er had be en a cc idelrtal l y .fir eq. wh en a hous e burn ed. The y c l os e ly r es e mbl e f ig ur in es r eport ed by MO~ 3 S from Range Creek Canyon. . . .

These excavations g r eat l y increase our knowledge of the Fremont culture since only on e oth e r open vill a ge site li~G be~n excavated and it was much farth e r from t he area where this cult;llre was fir~.·:; defined. The material from these exc ava tions is being t'JOrlced up;a and reported by Mr.D eci Taylor, gr adua te student at the University of Michigan, who served a s Dr . Jenning's field assistant.

The Utah Statewide Archeolo gical Survey under the direction of James H. GUnnerson comp let ed a ~ec O"nd ye ar in the sur.vey of ea[)te~n Utah, exclusive of the An ~s azi area. Work this summer was centere~ ip the drainage of the Dirty Devil River with Limited ~ime spent in su~~ounding aieas. Ov er 100 pr ev i ous ly unrecorded s1tes were located. Most of .the sites ,a r e as s i gnabl e to the Fremon t cui tu:re which was original ly de f i ned f r om th i s a r ea, the extreme south west portion of its area of dis t r ibution. .

The su:r:vey was int.e rrup ted for one month while Gunnerson assi~,t­ ed with pipeline salvage archeology in ea~tern Utah and contiguous portions of surrounding_ c states.. . . ________ An archeological survey _-1-..:,-,._ was also _..."A..-. _& ... ..:,..,.", .... _& •.• _ .... _ +-. ...

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the Atomic Energy Commission in eastern Utah, but no salvage excavation was necessary.

Dr. Charles Dibble, collaborating with Dr. Arthnr J. O. Anderson of' the Museum of New Mexico, has continued the translation of t~e Florentine Codex. Book XII of Sahagun is in press and translat10ns or-Books IV, V, and IX are in progress. Of special interest to archeologists is his clarific~ion of the description of the casting of gold by the lost was method.

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E~cavation

atParasonah, Utah ·Clement Mp.ighan

The University of California (Los Angeles ca,mptls) conducted its field training program in archeology at the important site of Paragonah. This location', which represents a large Indian sett'lement and which originally had ' some 400 mounds, was invest~,g~ted by Neil M. judd for the Smithsonian Institution in 1917':'19. Since then, nearly all of the Indian re~ains have' been de~troy~d or damaged by cultivation, land-leveling, and unscientific ' relic collectors. .

Only a small portion of the site remains .ingood enough condition to yield a scientific record; this part, owned by Mr. Chester Robi~~on .of Paragonah, has been made available for research during the past two years~ The 1955 field program, .which was assisted by the College 6f Southern Utah in Ce(iar City, con tinued -wi th investigations begun the pre~eding year. Six pit-hou~es and two surface adobe bujld~nGs were uncovered by the 1955 group.' Some of the pit-houses had been destroyed by fire, and by very careful excavation it was possible to recover ~ntact the burned roof-heams support poles and 'other parts of ~he house which may be able to'give the trc~-;ing date for the s1te • . Some charred pieces of basketry were also preserved and removed.

The d~gging produced pottery,stone and bone beads, grinding tools, p1pes, three turquoise pendants, and many other objects which show some relationship to the Anasazi cultu~e of southeastern Utah. ' ARCHEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF HUNTING MAGIC James H. GUnnerson The Mu~eu~ ~f Anthropology at the University of Utah has rerient- : ly been g1ven several unusual wicker animR~ figurines (Fig.l). These were found by Mr. M. 'J. Le~intis, P.G~ SItes and N. J. Comas in u dry Ca-ve on the Colorado River, ' about twenty miles dO :~\1nstJ:eam from Lee's . Ferry, at the mouth of Marble Canyon, Arizona. These are not; the f 1rSt such s'pecimens to come from the cave. (Anonymo1j~ 9 19 B: 87) and Leventis estimates that a total ,'of at least thi~ty have teen recovc-.:£t::d over a period of several years. The f igur:i.res were rep~rted as having been found undcr . sever~l inche~ of fine sand~hich couJ.d have sifted down from the roof~ The depth of the cave was not determined but a draft suggested a second ogening. A search of the cave failed to disclose any other cultural manifestations. Th l~ , ' lack of associated mater-ial makes it impo$'sib1e to assign to ' them a cultural or temporal po.si tion •. -A1mos t identical figuzin~s found in the Etna cave in southeastern Nevada appear to. be associated with late Basketmaker material, about l20'0 · to 1400 years old ~ Wheel­ er, 1942, pp23-24~) Stil~ ofhers .have b~e~ found in : ~orthern ' Arizona. (Farner and De Saussure, 1955) The nine whole and fragmentary specimens donated to the mu~eum

by Mr. Leventis are very similar in appe~r~nce and in technique 0f m'1.nufacture. They range from eight to twent~'-tw~ centimete!."s high at the head. Each was made from a single willow stjck (Pig. 1), tLe thicker end of which forms the : rear foot. The stick extends vertically to. the top of the rump where it is bent forward to form 1

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the top of the back. At the shoulder the stick solits. One half is bent down at a right ang~e to form the foreleg~ At the foot it dotthles back on itself and extend~upward to form the neck. At the top of the head it is bent forwaid at an acute angle and back at an even more acute angle to form the head and nos~. It is th~n bent d0wn parallel .with the nEck, passEs under the body behinq ' the forelegs and up along th-e neck ~gain. The end is then ' wrapped around . the head and neck and tucked in. The body is filled in solidly after the foreleg was finished but before the head and neck Wlere fit:lished by wrapping the second half of the split stick spirally around the front and hind legs. (Fig. 2). This same pattern is evident in all the specimens, insofar as ' they are complete. The bar,k was left on the sticks, 'which ranged in maximun diameter from five to twelve millimeters. ' .' '; .

Several of the specimea:; have what appear to be horn~. One has, the end of the split stick wrapped around the neck projettirig back ~s though to r~preSent a horn. Anoth~r , specimen, although fragmeutary, has one complete horn which is a separate elewent and has. been iriselCted into the wrapping of tIle head. This horn i.s of special intere~t in that' is has been wrapped spirally with a very slim twig, giving the impression of a mountain sheep or goat horn, although it is , straight. ' It is impossible to tell whether or not the remaining figurines ,originally had horns.

The proportions of the animals, also, are suggestive of sheep or goats. The legs and neck are moderately short and the body somewhat blocky. There seems to be no attempt to represent a tail.

Of speci~l interest are the sticks, appa~ent1y representing spe a~~, thrust through some of the animals. In orie ' ca~e the spear is of willow; in the other it is made fxom a . ree.,d. These ~peats strongly sugge~t that the figurines repres~nt fetishes u~ed for hunting magic. Further, if th~ cave in which they occurred is indeed devo :"d of other evidence of occup2.tion, it may well represent a cercmoniaI retreat reserved for thE;: pr.a,=tice of hunting magic. .

Mr. Malcolm Fnrmei of the Museum bf Northern Arizona is at present preparing an extensive report on ~U~h ~ figuriaes.

1. Dr â&#x20AC;˘ Walter. P. Cottam, :1ea,d of the Department of Bota,ny, Uni vex:-¡ sity of Utah, kindly identified the ~ooa.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY Anonymous 1943. "Report on the Co'ndition 6f the' United 'States National Museum for the Year ended June, 30, 1942. Washington.

Wheeler, S. M. .: 1942. "Archeology of Etna Cave', Lincoln -County, Nevada."

Nev ada State Park Commission., Garson City.

Farmer, M. and R. De Sausaure ..

1955 IfSpli t-twig Animal Figurines. Tt

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Phteau, Vol. 27, No.4, pp. 13-2:

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These drawings complete this ' Newsletter issue of Vol. ,

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UTAH ARCHEOLOGY Vol. 1, No. 4

December, 1955

A Newsletter

CONTENTS Editor's Notes Museum of Anthropology Archeological Excavation Near Salina, Utah

By Dee C. Taylor University of Utah Map

Page 1 Page 2 Page 3 Page 8

EDITOR r S NOT.ES This number of Utah Archeology will complete the first volume.

It is hoped that it;WII be poss~ble to continue i~suing four ll\lmbers a year and at somewhat more regular interv'(lls.

Membership in the society has grown so much that ,it has been necessary to dU9licate additional copies of earlier numbers to supply the demand. The interest in our organization is most encouraging.

If any member 0 f the society fails to receive ~.n issue of the newsletter, I would appreciate being noti,f ied :so t"h~t I can send the qlissing number. ::; ~ .-' ":,' ~ ,.,' : ~ " " ' , , ' , I' ; ' -, '

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C '~nf erences ~he season

for professional conferences is just about over, but it is possible that some of the members of tlie U-:;ah Statewide Archeological Society will be interested in attending one or more archeol~gica1 conferences next summer or fall.

The Pecos Conference for Southwestern Archeology was held in Santa Fe, N~M., the middle of last August and was followed by the Great Basin Archeological Conference in Los Angeles, California. Next summe~; the Pecos Conferen ce will be h eld in Flagstaff, Arizona, and the Great Basin Conference in Salt Lake City or Brighton, Utah. The Plains Confer.ence for Arc heology was ha1d as usual Thanksgiving weekend in Lincoln, Nebraska. Since "ill three of these are open to anyoo~ interested, I will car~y notices of exact meeting places and times before next year's sessions. I hope that manya the members of the USAS will be able to attend at lea8't th"e Gl!eat Basin Conference, since it will be held in Utah and will be devoted in part to Utah archeology.

This Issue - We are fortunate in having in this issue a more detailed report of the University of Utah excavations between Emery and Salina. Mr. Taylor, the author of the feature article, is a graduate student in anthropology at the University of Michigan and is a former student in anthropology at the Universi~y,o~ Utah., ~~~ home was in ... .

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Utah Archeology is mailed to members oftheutali Statewi,1,e Archeological Society. All correspo~dence shoul~ be direct~~ 1~O t~ e ~, edi tor-;"James ",H• . Gunners6n:~' Departmerl't of,' Anthropology ~u. of U , SLC,~ , .,

Salt Lake City. He served as Dr. Jesse D. Jennings' field assistant during the 1955 season and is in the process of writing the complete report of the summer's excavations.

The in elusion of photographs with Mr. Taylor's article is possible bec'ause l was able to secure an over-run from another similar report. A future article will also include photographs secured in the . same way_ Since Utah Archeology is produced at a minimum cost, it is not possible to have plates made soley for the newsletter, Museum o,f Anthro'POIO~y " ., ' ~~useum of Ant ropology at the University of Utah is a part of ~he Department of Anthropology and houses the departmental ' off1ces as well as the displays, laboratory, and storage facilit . . ,ies. , The museum is located in Building 411 on the . Universi ty' s upper : campus and is opeh(free cof charg~) from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.

Monday through Friday. The included map will help you find the museum if you ¡ are not well acquainted with the campus.

The displays are devoted primarily to the archeology and of Utah. Mo~e general exhibits deal w1th NQtth American Ind1an art, weapons, applied anthropology and the various branches of anthropology. eth~ology

In the course of a year, the museum is visited by thousands of grade, and high school students ' brought by their teachers. University stud'ents, especially those studying anthropology, also make extensive use of the displays. And last, but not least, visits by the general public are alwa l ~s most welcome.

ARCHEOlOGICAL EXCAVATION NEAR SALINA, UTAH Dee C. Taylor , The University ,of Utah summer field school in archeology has a dual purpose. Fitst~ the student is taught archeological field techniques. ' Secondly, the class furthers research in Utah's prehistory, to answer such questions as: who ".were the early inhabitants; how did they live and what was their relationship to other known ancient peoples; what happened to them and why.

During the 19~5 summer session the Unive$sity field school operated out of Salina, Utah, investigating sites some 30 to 40 miles northeast of there on the eastern slopes of the Wasatch Mountains. The terrain ' under inspection was from over 7000 ft. in elevation. in the Wasatch ~.ountains to about 500.0 ft. in the foothills. Wind and streams have carved the landscape into a series of canyons, steep sandstone abutments, and isolated buttes.

Evidence of the aboriginal Fremont people is plentiful among the pines and aspens at higher elevations and on the sage and juniper covered sandstone knolls at a slightly lower level. These early inhabitants painted or pecked figures of costumed men and animals upon sheer sandstone walls. They also cleverly conce~led their rock and mud granaries, blending them with the surround1ng rocks.

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The summer's activities centered around the excavation of two Fremont sites. Quite probably two time periods are represented b y these sites. . ' . ~

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south of an interesting rock formatidti. thir·ty,;.two' miles northeast of Salina cin Utah Highway 10. The formation is an isolated pinnacle, a part of a.steep buff sao dstonc ledge w~l.ch has been erClJded and carveci by the elements so that it resembl~s a .,w9m.a.,n, , ~rm,s fold-e'd who .app'~~rs to be b.rooding ov:er the ' v·is~a ' 'b€"19W:.:,i.,' .Tli~ .g"i;/;:e ~ con- . siste!-1 ofahopen and ,r:etat-xYely,' ,§i~O~:)tb :a.r~a, .wp:i.¢h ex:ten'ded some 600 ft. south froln the . .state, ro'a d ' and 'lay just · east 0'£ ' S.am Allen ' .5 ' shearing corral. This area was selected for e~avat10n because the presence of a low mound covered with pottery fr.agments, pieces ,of , ' bu~ned adobe, and broken grinding stones indica:ted buried, perhaps rU1ned, structure~. . ' :" " . " " ' " . " The ' Fr~mont ' Iud.i~n,~ \',Iho Ii ved th~oughout tile' ·easteJ'.n' .p'o~tion of Utah, :s~em to, have pr~ferred ran-cheria-type 'dwellillg units instead . of h'o·~ses . c0,n c.en,tr,ated into, vi.llage's 5uth: as the l~.i:'ge Puebl:q towns. Dw~11i!lgs :were sca tterec.' in small units of two or three houses, presumably located close to corn fields. Probably each small settlement was inhabited by kinsmen. The Old Woman site app~~,r:s to " b.ave been on·e ·such unit. Our excavati.ons ~evea.l,ed that ~ .t : ~~m:tain, ed ,t llr.e e .pi thous'es'__ In the.' c'onstruction · of ' one of these typie,a l: dwelliilg 'U'nits, a hole w-a.~ dug"into the ' gr oOnd, the wall of this pit was thickly plastered with adobe mud, and a wooden superstructure was erected, supported by the edg~sl)f the excavation and several stout centet posts. Each house had a cen t er firepiace . wit~ · a ~arefully modelled ~dobe ~im, and fl.oors of ha.rd mud. Also, each of the three houses had ' been destroyed by fi r e; sections of ,purned roof and support: t:tmbers" .alongtl1:i th a~h and ' charcoal, lay upon the fbo-r. • In each house we found abunda.nt pottery, even whole pots. Two hous es contain-ed· charred fragments of basketry.

In one of these pithouses a small cist was located against. the . Small ver.tica 1 poles had" been set in a half circle ':, around this c,ist a:nd ~ev..eral pots were found clo'se; by. Wi thin the pit were 'found the flat rpck sla11 whiCh' ,had once baen the, lid. and . five small .Jigur'in~sw ... Th~se small figur e s--t~o male'; two female, :".ond ' one perh8.pc a, child--are ' almost identical with the' p'illings figurines from e'~,st of Price • (Mo'rss, 1954). ' The' figurines , with their intricately modelled appliques j are importanti.r-ot only , because o~ )th~iJ;' Probable religious fUl?-ction,f: but' a~~o' leea us~ they f~rn1sh ~ wealth of detail about dress and c.c>stume ~ p~_a5teredwaJ.l •

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In addi tiQn to . the ' tl1ree pit lodges.; the Old Woma'ri sit'e., .contained 'a" la,l;ge two-r,oom surJace 5tructllre. TV10phasesof occupa- , tion were evident here·. I'n the' earliest, ph'as'€! 'the ' wail;g' wetc bui1 t of adobe whi'ch 'wa's ..pi·c·ked "in the' mud. · 'The ' west · r'60m •cbnt'aineCl a fireplace f and a small slab-lined stora~e ptt •. " ,, , . \

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For a p~riod the village consisted of these f~u~ 5tructu;~s. .

Then the surface structu.re burned and c'ollapsed~ All of the. burned " adobe scattered over the site can be' attributed t"o: this fire' and 1,

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the subseql1ent removal of rUbble prior to rebUl"l.ding. In the l'ebuilding of ,this structure a second floor was laid over some of the , rubble; the old wall bases were us'e d, ' but the new walls were built entirely of adobe and lacked the vertical poles. In ' con~ junttion with this phase two rectangular (can 6 ft. X 8 ft.) adobe storage granaries were built upon the surface.

At : the southeast corner of the site the grbund rises sharply into a . pine-covered hillock, and here~ Some 80 ft. higher, overlooking the houses and affordin g a view up and down Ivie ' Creek Canyon, we found rocl{s, large and small, standing on edge and arrangea into a rough 20 ft. square. There no artifacts, or even evidence of fire, associat ed with these stones. Such rock 'enclos~res, square Dr round, have frequently been repor~ed from Fremont G~~~s. but as yet their function remains problemattal. 'l'bp ar tifacts r ecovet:ed from the Old Woman site iUG1U00 hone awls, jllden1.-crt __l ::\se points" sid e- notched points knives, grinoing stones, s mooth stone sph eres, and abl1l1dant pot1.:~.LT which is plain gr ay, painted, inci sed , or decoJ:at~ed by app11que.

The other'site excavated ,by the field school was located 3.4 mi!es.north of Highway 10, and north and east of the M & 0 ranch . bU1ld1ngs. Here a sandstone erosional remnant forms a wedge: about 1000 ft. long and 75 ft. wide between two large alfalfa fields.

This ridge, an ancient Indian habitation site, waD c;:~11ed Poplar Knob beca use of dead or dying poplar trees which r;tlr.r.o~.lnded an abandoned ranch house loc atedat the base of the p,ortheastern s lopf>.

At the eastern end, the flat-topped knoll rises steeply . to the height of 50-60 ft. abQve thc ; fields , below; towards the ~est tbe slope in more gradual. Th~site was covaxed. with sage, cacti, desert shrubs, and a few Juniper trees; much of . the si~e was barren rock.

The presence of archeologic al material was indica ted ' by a.n abundant surface pottery ,aq.d ,by , paral1elalignment[; of rocks standing on edge; the remains of fallen masonry walls , which were partially exposed thr.o ugh the sC,anty surface soil., Three structures had been built on top of the ridge. One was a single-room house (16 x 20 ft.) which contained four postholes aq~ a small slab-paved fireplace near the southwest corner. The two other buildings, 230 ft. farther west, were less than 20 ft.apa~te The smallest of these was long add narrow (26 ft. x 8 ft.) and was divided into two rooms by a center partition. Though one room contained a small fireplace, this structure probably served more as a storage granary than as a dwelling unit. The other house be~an as a square building (20 x 20 ft.) with four central roof-suppol't1ng posts arranged around an adobe-rimmed, slab-paved fireplace. Later, a second narrow room o~ storage bin was added onto the east ,end.

The floors of all the buildings were simply a laye~ ,o f adobe mud laid over bedrock sandstone. None of tbe structures on Poplar Knob showed any evidence of burning.

Whereas the construction on the Old Woman site was almost entirely of adobe, the structures on Poplar Knob were built of adobe and masonT.; 35

Beginning with a foundation layer of mud, the walls were built up of irregular " blocks or slabs of sandstone. ' Adobe was packed between the rocks an~ filled into every crack and cre~ice to fbrm a strong,. splid wall • and a difference in the amout of painted pottery are two of the criteria which suggest that Poplar Knob was occupied at a somewhat later period than the Old Woman S1 te. .... L~_

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The picture presented here is quite sketchy; details will be available after laboratorw analysis and comparison of the artifa~t , collection. As a preliminary statement ,about the "life way" of the Fremont Indians t we mig·h t say that they lived comfortable in snug, well-built house,S whichcon'tainedstor-age, cis ts t bar,k couches ,and fireplaces. To secure food, they combined hunting with the ra.ising of maize. They made good pottery and baskets and used a variety of stone and bone tools. From outside the'area they ,obtained ,shell and some t 'ypes of p~ttery. Bone gaming pieces and perhaps ,smooth ' ' stone spheres were used in games. Figurines, pictographs of -masked dancers, the strange arrangements ~f rocks and boulders into squares and circles, the scarcity of human burials, and perhaps the frequen t butnin,g of 'buildings offer tantalizing, if ill-understood, clues to their ceremonial life. , " ,, The Fremont people apt>ear to have been most- similar to those Indians known archeologically from central and western Utah. There was certairily some inte~relationship with the Pueblos and perhaps some 'influence from the Indian:s of the Plains' . " BIBLIOGRAPHY' Morss, Noel 1954 "Clay Figurines of t;he America. n Southwest. It Papers of t.he Pea.body Museuni of American :Ar'c'heolog: vo1 ~ XLIX,. No. 1"~ambri~ge, Mass. '

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The final pages:.' of this firs't Volume of "the Newsletter, No.4 were: 1) A page'of f6ur pictures of the Old Woman site and des- ' criptions of them. 2) A mat> of -the 'Unive'rsity of Utah campus and directions to the Museum of Anthropology. , ' This concludes the 'reprinting' 'o'f Volume 1- ('1955) Utah' Arch€olo gy" .

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A WORD OF WARNING The News1ett'er will not be forwarded by the post OFfice. P1eC'.!;; e-ret us' know if you move or have a change of a.ddress.

The unclaimed issues ar'e not returned to us, and we have no way of knowing the' sUb~criber is not getting his Newsletter.

A list' of back issues ' availableand the cost of these was printed in the June 1967, Vol. 13, Number 2 issue .. At this time, back . issues m,aybe ob:tained by writing the USAS sec-treas. Mrs. Glor1a Barnet't~ ' 447 North Main, Payson; Ut:ah 84651. .

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NOTICE TO

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The 1969 subscrip~JoD fee for ':;Lt; "l.lf!SLBTl'ER is n01ll due.

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'T his will be you, only notice. For yOh~ COI1"/t.nience, a rem.iJ;tance blank is printed below. Please use it whether you mc..il yout"su.bscriptioD directly to the St.te officers or pay it to 'i;he SE~_ ., ~treas .. of your' " local chapter. Make your check ($2.00) pil.r,~ble 1;0 ~he Utah state~ wide Archeological Society, &11<.1 Mail it to M~s. Gloria Baruett, 447 North Main, Pa,,aon, Utah 34651 ••••••Perhaps you have a friend . or relative iatera.ted in 8ubScrbing to the ~WSLBTTBR, aa ext~a order blank is priDtec1 for tbis purpose ••••• Rememb.c.. those membera who sent in 1968 c1ues or subscription fees dO not resubscribe now, the 1968 dues are appliec1 to the 1969 year.

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Utah Statewide Archeological SocietI Membership Renewal Bla_ for

Name of 10~1 Chapt-er •••••••••••••••••••••••-••••••••••-••••••••••••• ., .. ,',(All subscriber.s ace membfts of tbe Stat. Society wbetller they bebng to a local cbapter or not.) . _ <

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Name........................................._.......-. -. '. .......-......-....._............_- .... ,. ,:; Address: ••••• 41 • • • 414141.4141 . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-• • • '-. ' • •• • • • • • • • • • ,," '" O ~ -·

Ci ty, State. and Zip Code, ....................-•••••••-••.•-••••••••••••'•••

Tbe Utah Statewide Archeological Society welcom~s new- members! You may become a member of the State Society by ~ubsc~ibing to our Ne~s­ letter., ~ah Ar!...l!eoloIY", wbicb is .publiohe<l qUCI.z·ce,:ly 'Ma.~ch. June, .

Septmeber, and Decewher.> Membersh1p in the 10cal chapters may ~e enjoyed by cont&ctmg one of the officers of tf't:! chp.pteJ:. neareet YOU"f .

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Please make a check of $2.00 payable to the Utah sta.tewide Arcbeolog.i.· icat Society, and mail it to Mrs. Gloria Barnett, 4(·7 North Main, Your- subscription will begin: with the '.

Pays~' ,Utah 84651.

March 1969 issue.

Name: •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Address: ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Ci ty, State, and Zip Code:., ............... ",•• ~' ....... ,. ....... • ..... • ... • • •

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THANK yOUI