Utah Statewide Archaeological Society Newsletter, Volume 20, Number 4, December 1974

A VOLUME 20

.A~11I\EOJ.JX?l

.NÂŁWSL~1JE1t

DECmmm 1974

NO. 4

Red painted anthropomorph with helmet and shield. Anthropomorph is four feet tall. South edge of the Kaiparowi tz Plateau. Source: C. Sharp photo

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Utah Archaeology is distributed quarterly to members of the Utah Statewide .rchaeological All correspondence should be directed to the Rod. ChaJD&n, P. O. Box 47, West Jordan, Utah

all Societ7.

Bditor:

84084

NE\N5LE TTER UTAH STATEWIDE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY 1974-75 .Jeff Her-rick

President • Vic~

President. •

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William Thompson Mary Sewall

Recording Secretary Treasurer. •

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Ruby Bowers Chairman Rod Chapman RuJean Brunson Guide Hetrick Ella Mae Loll Mary Sewall

Publications Committee

EDITOR'S NOTE Our correspondence has picked up due to letters received from Ray Math eny of Brigham Yaung Unive r s ity and William D. Lipe, Assistant Director of Research at the Museum of Northern Arizona. Each promise material for future newsletters.

We will look forward to their contributions.

Claudia H. Berry has presented us with a splendid paper for our lead article in this issue. We appreciate her talents and efforts to share with us.

Congratulations go out to Dean Caldwell, whose drawing on the cover of our last issue, was selected as our state emblem. Soon we will be sporting this emblem on our favorite field attire.

If you have a favorite pictograph or petroglyph you would like to see on a future newsletter cover, send it in.

Suggestions are also appreciated.

Your Editor, Rod Chapman

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"_.- M.r --A-RCH;)EOLO-GICI\L SURVEY IN SEVIER, EMERY liND GARFIELD COUNTIES

By Claudia Barry Introduction During the 1973-74 field Seaeon, an archaeological survey was undertaken in Sevier, E~ery and G~tfield counties as part of a comprehensive pr~gram aimed at collecting information from one rlf the least known areas located in the state, archaeologically. The survey area lies entirely within the Colorado PlatSodu physiographic province r with specific surveyed areas located in both the High Plateaus and Canyon Lands sections. _ Culturally, this area has been assigned t~ both the Sevier and San Rafael va~iants of the Fremont culture (Marwitt 1970), ·and an~arlier Archaic or Basketmaker occupation has been recognized ~y various authors ' (~ormingtbn 1955, Hunt 1953). " .

The project was directed by

Jesse

~r.

~.

Jennings, Department of Anthropology,

Univ~rsity of utah, and was made pHssi~le by a grar ~ifro~ the NationaL Science Foun-

qaticn (Grant No. GS'1 988) to him. The fieldwork:' ~e. s done under the supervision of the author with the assistance of various E!tud.ellts •. Three prel'ilninary reports, including an'analysi~ bf artifacts ~ecovered f~6m the first sea~6n's survey have been written and E1.re onfil:e at the Department of Anthropology, University of Utah. The final report; in the farm of a Ph~ dissertation, will be available later this yea~.

Procedures and Areas Surveyed The survey area is bounded on the east ~y the Green River, on the west by Capitol Reef Nation~l Monu~ent and the High Plateaus, en the south by the southern slopes of the Henry jliountains ~ and on the north by the northern end of the San Rafael Swell. Ten soparate ~reas were chose~ for intensive :investigation. The choice of these areas was influenced by several factors, ene of the formost b.eing the need to collect data from areas which had not been prevlo\1s1y surveyed in order to verify the ' assumptions of many professionals regarding the distribution of sites.

The nature of previous archaeologidal research in Eastern Utah--largely to salvage threatened sites or to survey along highways or other right of ways--has resulted in an unbalanted picture o~ prehist~ric occupati~n, with numerous areae archaeolo§ically unknown.~~cause of the lack of recarded sites. Thus; tiur survey was an atte'rnpt to partially remedy this situation. In addition" during the first year an attempt was made to locate several sites recQrded by Gunnerson (1957) in order to make artifact collections end to assesS their condition after 20 years, and to relocate sites recorded by Alice Hunt in the Henry Mountains. .

The. survey located and recorded 153 new sites and collected well over 20,000 artifacts ,which were brought back for laboratory analysis. During the first year a variety ,'o f surface sampling techniques were tested to record archaeological and environ mental da t a , ' ~nd to collect the artifacts in order to be able to recognize variab "ility ~ wi:th).lJ. : a site, that might reflect temporal and/tir activity differences i f they W 8~ e pr esent,.• Th· ,$I:i'flCluded collection of artifacts by three-meter squares, mappin g, photo graphy. a nd the utilization of a checklist for each site. The checklist covered such ,e nvironmental variables as vegetation, land forms, and water resources. It was modified th'e second year by deleting the page on cultural attributes since it was clear. that the categories listed were either too confining or not relevant. ' Another change was made in the collection of artifacts from each site.

The practice of collecting within a grid system was aband~ned when laboratory anc.1ysis (as well as field observations) indicated that in this part Df the Colorado Plat eau modern erosion is the main factor influencing the distribution of artifacts on the surface of r.:ost sites instead of cultural activity. M~d8rn ,erosion 1s apparently 8Jso one of the most important fact~r9 g~verning the distri~ution of the sites 'c hemselves.

The remainder of the report has been divided into ~he specific survey areas with th ~, f,i.ndings an d conclusions ' so far fer 8.a,ch Elf these areas.

D~C9rr.f:;n? J 974 USAS NEWSL ETTER Page 1 .. ~

The Old Woman Plateau The Old Woman Plateau, at an elevation of BOOO-B400 fet., forms the eastern part of the High Plateau section, overlooking Castle Valley, ca. 2000 feet below. Several streams ;which head head on the plateau, or at higher elevations farther west, have cut, deeply vertical faced canyons in the plateau and only a few a're accessible from the plateau rim near their heads.

The southern ~oundary of the plateau is for~ed by I vis creek canyon, and.it appears that the main accesS to the plateau is up lvie C~e0k and some of the canyons cut by its tributaries at the southern end of the plateau.

The first year of survey twenty-six sites were found, all of which were located on the plateau rim within 300 meters of one of three springs. Neither sites nor scattered artifacts were found in the rest of the area surveyed along the canyon rims or on the valley floors of the two uppervalleys which were checked, those of Saleratus ~ . and Mill Creek canyons. Ten new sites were located during the second season, all of which are located adjacent to canyon rims either above a spring or on points of land near the head of canyons with viewa into these canyons. Three springs near the north end of BId i'Joman Plateau were checked for Sites, but only a few scattered pieces of debitage WEre found.

All of the sites were relatively small and very shallow, and many cases definit"J,:" tion of the site area was a problem because of ground cover. Their extent was simply defined as the size of clearings in the manzanita groundcover where the artifacts were loc~ted. In several cases it was clear that the artifacts had eroded out f~nm the areas covered by the dense thickets of manzanita. On other sites it appeared that the artifacts were present on the ground surface because of soil deflation. Two of the sites showed possible evidence of surface structures in the form of rock alignments. The only artifacts recovered were chipped stone and one mana. The chipped stone included a wide variety of projectile points which typologically appear to span a long period of time from early Archaic to Fremont. The large percentage of finished artifacts in relationship to blanks and debitage suggests that the manufatture of tools was not one of the major activities.

A numberof apparently significant features present themselves, based on site distribution and artifact types. The most obvious is the proximity of sites to springs. However, other factors evidently played a significant part also, as witnessed by the lack of sites at the largest spring in the area-- Saleratus Springs, which cannot be reached directly from the plateau above. It also appears that the numbers of resources which possible could have been exploited aboriginally are much more limited in the immediate Vicinity of this spring when compared with other areas on the Old Woman Plateau, especially those near the large concentration of sites (19) located above a spring to the east in a side canyon of Saleratus. In the latter case, not only could several different resource zones be reached easily in a matter of minutes, but altitudinal differences presently' make such resources as service berry, pinyon, snowberry, currants, and rose pips available for a relatively long period of time. Bulbs and grasses are also readily accessible on the valley floor.

Thus, su~sistence-8ctivities at these sites on the plateau may have centered aroL~d the exploitation of the rich vegetable resources found at these elevations as well as hunting.

Paradise Valley Paradise Valley is a high mountain valley ca. 2 ' miles long (north-south) by ca •• 2 miles wide, located approximately one mile west of the Limestone Cliffs which formed a vertical face along the western edge of the Last Chance Desert. The floor of Paradise Valley, at an elevation of ca. 7900-8000 ft., is relatively flat, so that a shallow saline lake has formed at the north end while the south valley floor is marshy. Several springs on the valley floor and above it on the southwest slopes ..

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read ¡ the lake and marsh. Along the western and northern gudeS if tge vakketm rekarively steep hillsides rise steeply to p~ak9 oVer 8500 fet; these sl~pes are covered by pinyon-juniper fo~est. The slopes forming the eastern side of the valley are much les8 steep, covered mainly by sages, grasses, eng a few scattered trees. At the southeast end of the valley these slopes are cut through by a deep, narrow canyon connecting Para~is8 Valley with the Limestone Cliffs. A permanent spring is located en the floor of Paradise Valley at the mo~th of this side c3nyon.

Fifteen sites were loriatsd

o~

the south and southeast slopes above the floor of

Par~diaG VBlley clus~ered either directly above the spring at the mouth of the side

canyon or along the rim of the side canyon farther west toward the Limestone Cliffs, All of these sites were located on top of or betw8en sandstone outcrops with views int~Pa~adise Valley or toward the desert to the east.

Considerable quantities of debftage, almost entirely small finishing flakes, were noted in the areas between the sites, as well as on the sites themselves, er~ding down the slopes.

The Sites, with one excepti~n, were shallow but quite extensive with thousands of pieces of chipped stone littering the surface, most of which was debitage. Finished artifacts appear to make up a relatively small percentage of assemblages. Our sample may be askewed, howe~er, since time did not permit .us to collect much of the material. In addition, the valley is on the main road from Fremont Junotion to Fremont 80 that the numerous 10c81 collectors and deer hunters have probably picked up much of the diaonostic material. One of the laroest sites, immediately adjacent to the' 'springs~ in;luded s6veral larga outcrops of ;andstone which fOl'med small, flat protected areas. At the east end of the site n~tural ho~lows, wome of which ' may hav6 had fire-blackened rQofs, appear to have been utilized as campsites. The only site with any depth is ~ small, badly Fotted rock shelter which yielded Emery and Sevier Gray pottery, two manos and a small arrow ~oint. One of the sites appears to ~e a large quarry area where poor quality quartzite and chalcedony cobbles could be ob~ tained. A large number of thick primary flakes, coreS and unfinished bifaces were obtained from t~is site.

Chipped stone constitutes the largest category of artifactual materiai tecovered, most of which is debitage. Ground stone was only present at the small shelter, while pottery was recovered in limited quantity from f6wr other sites. All of the pottery is Emery or SeVier Gray with the exception of several unimentified Anasazi sherds which have not yet been analyzed. The few.difugnostic points that were recovered include small arrow points plus a few other broken specimens which resemble those in the Elko series.

Our investigatio~s indicate a heavy utilization of the Paradise Valley area, above 7800 ft., perhaps over a long period of time. Little can be said at present abowt subsistence activities since the area has been highly altered by white occupation. However, it does seem clear that the occupation here was different from that of the Old Woman Plateau at approximately the same elevation, and only a few miles ta the north.

Much of the cultural material is the remains of workshop activity, ana camping, perhaps for extended periods of time. The presence of a small village site near Round Springs on Last Chance Creek, just north of Paradise Valley, also indicates that this region was occupied on more than just a seasonal basis.

Saleratus Benches The Salsratus Benches, at an elevation of 6600-6300 ft., are located a few miles south of Emery, west of Highway 1". These benches are relatively flat areas formed by the Emery Ssndstone iYlember of the Mancos Shale Formation and drained- by several intermittent tributa~ies of Saleratus Cre~k. Whlle relief. is relatively low on th3.benches themselves, Saleratus and its tribut~~ies have cut deep narrow canyons ranging from 20 to 150 feet deep. Vegetation consists largely of pinyon juniper forest, although there are numerous open meadow-like areas with deeper soils. It may be significant that beeweed (Cleome sp.) ~ i~ found iM abundance in DECEMBER 1974

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Page :3

these ~reas, since it is believed'that it could have been a weedy plant introduced from the south in association wi thaboriginai agriculture.

One area along the south bank of Saleratus was ~urve~ed. Although ~uch of thi~ area is covered by sage-grass parkland, the seven sites that we located were along a narrow ridge 50 to 70 feet above Saleratus in stands of pinyon juniper. Most of the sites appeared to be fairly large, with what apPdared tc be cultural fill material eroding out of the top and sides of small sandy rid~8s. storage bins were clearly visible at two of the sites, ana there is good evidence for the pt'essliGe of OIOl'S s ubstantial (pithouses7) structures at four of the sitss.

Surface artifact density at all of tr.esE sites WaS extr~mely high--up to 450 per three-meter square. This unusu~l condition may be due to tht inacciessibility of the area to local collectors. While a little pottery was present . at four~f the Sites, by far the majority of artifactual material consisted af chipped sto~e. · Only, a few manos and metates were present. . . 'These ~ites, as well as the large ' numb~r of site~ r~cbrded by Berge (1973) on the Saleratus Benches, seem t. indicate nol ohly a substBnti~l aboriginal occ~pation, mut that a wide range of site types is probably , represented. A wide range of activities is indicated for these benches, including special ' chipping areas for manuf~ti~ ture of artifacts. The USe of quadrants in this area for collecting artifacts w~s extremely useful since we were able to recognize different activity areas within sites as well as use of different material for manufacture of lithic tools, The presence of typically A~chaic points, arro~ points, Fremc~t pottery, and Paiute/ Shoshoni pottery indicates a temporal time span pOSsibly of several thousand years.

The absence of the typologically early points such as those ·found on the Ol~ Woman Plateau maY ' indicate that the benches were not utili~e~ as early as other areas of the Colorado Plateau. However, this riould could be ,8 ~~~ult of the nature of our surface collections • . The presence of numerous sites, which could have been semipermanent or permanent vii lages, and ~eew~ed pciint to ' t~~ probability that the benches were used for agriculture.

Another bench area, or small meqa, ca, .5 mile north of Saleratus Creek which faces east toward Walker Flat was also surveyed. The me~a is drained by intermittent tributaries of lvie Creek, and ,there is no perma~ent water on or near it at pres8nt.

Seventeen sites were located in a~ area measuring ca . • 5 by .9 miles square. All but two 'of thes~ sites lie in a ,low area of the wesa, surrounded on three sides by higher sandstone cliffs. Most of the sites are eroding out of low ridges covered by pinyon juniper. The majority of sites are fairly extensive, but have little or no depth. Evidence of small surface structures, firepits, and small storage cists was present at several of the sites. Eleven large boulder rings are present at one site but it was ' not clear whether they were aboriginal constructions. The , large quantity of artifacts, thermal cracked rocks, and ash-stained sand would argue that they are prehistoric. ~ Sevier Gray and Emery Gray pottery was recovered in large quintities from one site. Chipped stone was present- at' all sites in relatively large ~mounts, and manos were recovered from most sites. Large, pecked, shallow-basined met~te S ' w8r8 pre s ent at several sites.

While th i s bench was a pparent ly ;not utilized as heaVily as those ~ith mare adequa t e s our ces of per manent water , clearly, the Size, nwmber of sites., and diversity i ndica te that areas qhich p r esB ntl ~ have no permanent water sourc~s cannot be ov erl ' oked by a r cha eol og i sts . SHes ma y have been used sporadicEllly all a seasonal bas i s f or the explo itat i on of a .part i cular resource. The large number of grinding Lnpl ement s mely indicat e e xplo ita'ti on of pl ant resources 8S opposed to huntin:g.

Willow Springs

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Will6w Springs, at an elevation "of , 6200 feet, is located in the floor of Willow Page It

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uECEMBER 1974

Springs Wash, which has cut 'a narrow canyon ca. 200-4eo feet deep. 1\ relatively flat bench-like area extends north from the canyon several miles to Ivie Creek, connecting with Ivie Creek bench, Access from this bench to the spring is possible via two large side canyons, We surveyed a small ~rea where nine sites were found, on the north canyon rim adjacent to these side canyons, The terrain to the south ' of Willow Springs Wash is much more rugged, rising ca. 2000 feet to the high plateau above.

There is a small bench along the southern rim of Willow Springs Wash canyon, near its head, which can be reached fr0m the floor of the wash. Time did nut permit a thorough survey of this latter area, but one site was located. The entire canyon rim above the wash as well as the rugged higher terrain is covered by pinyon juniper forest, with large pinyon trees predominating. Vegetation on the bench area presently consists of grasses, c~cti and sages. However, the veg8tation has probably changed markedly sinc~ aboriginal times due to grazing; the spring has also been affected and is not found ' at the bottom of a modern arroyo.

The nine sites ' on the ' canyon rim above Willow Springs are all located in the pinyon juniper zone and appear to have little depth, with two possible exceptions.

One ~adly potted site appears to have remains of several firepits and small surface , structures. Considerable quantities of lithic material were also eroding out of a sandy ridge at one end of the site, and a small sheltered area formed by an overhanging sandstone ledge is also present, but lIttle materia] has been left.

These sites did yield a considerable quantity of a r tifactual material, much of which consists of finished, classifiable tools. Howev er , informants have indicated that mu6h ~t the material had already been picked up, ah d one of the site~ has apparently used as a camp by hunters. We found no ground stone, but again, we were told that much had been present at one time. Emery and Sevier Gray pottery was recovered from three of the sites. Only a few diagnostic points were found which typologically span the time period from (Late?) Archaic into Fremont.

Since our survey of the Willow Springs area lasted for only a short period and covered a small area, not much can be said about aboriginal occupation. The sites ' see,m, to represent temporary use sites adjacent to what must have been one of the few pe rmanent sources of water. Probably more vegetal reseurC8S were once available for expl oitation, and hunting was probably of ' some importance.

Three other small sites were located southwest of Wi:low Springs at ca. 7000 feet in the rugged terrain of Indian Canyon which drains into Willow Springs Wash.

Ou~ finding these sitss was fortuitous, since only oneda~ was spsnt hiking down the canyon to Willow Springs from Clay Flats at an elevation of 7700 feet, Each of these sit8s consisted of a small number of finished artifacts (projectile points and knives), with onlY a small number of pie6a~ df'd~~ltQge, locDted in small clearings, The lack of permanent water, the extre~e ruggedness of the terrain, and the nature of the ar~ tifacts suggest that these sites represent tempoLary hunting camps Dsed by a small number of individuals. ' Rock Springs Bench Rock Springs Bench, at an elevation of ca. 6200-E400 feet, lies at ths base of Thousand Lake Mountain and runs ca, 10 miles eastward into the desert. The western end of the bench is surrounded on three sides by higher terrain forming a bay which opens to the east, while the east end .has sheer cliffs along its northern edge which drop several hundred feet and' face towards Solomon's Temple and the Last Chance Desert. From the western end of the bench easy access is provided by several drainages to Thousand Lake Mountain. Prehistorically, this must have been an important route between the high plateaus and the desert lands to the east. Rock Springs Bench, especially the westerri "half, is well watered, especially when compared to the surrounding desert. Per~anSnt ' water is available at the westernmost end of the bench, and a small, evidently permanent, marsh is present, Approximately 4 miles --------~--~----------------,------ ------~.--------------~------~~----~~

DECEMBER 1974

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east of' the mar'sh are a series of .perrr,~nent; ~pringe · and seeps--Rock Springs and Birch Springs. In short, the bench would have be'sn extr.emeh: at~r~ctive prehi.storically just as it is today. "

Gunnerson (1957) located several small sites on the Rock Springs Bench, scattered down the center of the bench east of Rock Springs along the interud.tt.Rllt d~fd,n898 fed by the springs.

He also located an extremely large site adjacent to and above Birch Springs. Our survey, which was ~nly in the area for a short period of time, located an additional three sit9s on the bench as well as four others along the road between Last Chance Desert and Birch Springs. The most impressive ~as a large (ca •• 3 miles long) site just ea~t of clnd above Rock Springs, along the edge of the escarpment. The site area was cove£ed by an axtremely large quantity of chipped stone; only 3,sherds of Emery Gray po~tery was found. A quarry s~te was also located ca. 3 miles north of Birch Springs on a ridge along the edge of an escarpment which formed the southern edge of the Last Chance Desert. The ridge was covered with basalt boulders and chalcedony cobbles andnodules. This particular deposit is ; evidently typical of Pre-Wisconsin pediment gravels in the Capitol Reef area, and is often found as caps on local divides (Smith, ~. ale 1963:44).

There are probably other gravel deposits in the area which were utilized as sources of raw material. The chalcedony nodules and cobbles are a medium to poor ·quality material, generally white, g~ay, and tan in color, and translucent. It has been found at most sites in all of the areas we surveyed in varying quantity. The fact that such an inferior material was utilized so 'much and RO widely probably indicates that better material simply was not as available. The quarry site itself was littered with large spalls, nodules from which one-or two flakes had been removed, large primary flcikes, cores, and a few unfinished bifaces.

Another large Site, from which only chipped stone was recovered, was located directly above the small marsh at the west end of Rock S~rings Bench. The large quantity of steep end scrapers which were p~es9nt is nbtable, since this WaS not duplicated at other sites~ In addition to the areas;~~~cussed above, we also spent some time in other parts of Eastern Utah, which will not'be discussed in detail here. During both seasons, survey work was conducted along the flood plains of Ferron, Muddy, Saleratus, and Ivie Creeks. Results were less than satisfactory, mainly because the majority of sites has already been vandalized; in many cases nothing was left but debitage and fire-cracked rocks. In addition, these valley floors are the location of mojern settlements and farming activities which have destroyed many sites. Nevertheless, cur survey results, ~11us earlier reports (s. g. Gunnerson 1957, /likens 1967), indicate that occupation of these alluvia~ flood pla~ns conforms more closely to what has often been considered a "typical Fremont pactern", ·if such exists, of agricultural villages. In the case of Castle Valley, these villages were probably bath numerous and large. Unfortunately, little can be added to this general picture without excavation.

Work was also conducted in the San Rafael Desert between Hanksville and Green River, but results were somewhat disappointing. Six small lithic sites were recorded adjacent to sprin gs or seeps. While the desert may never have been heavily utilized prehistorically, the paucity of sites is probably related to the surficial deposits. Large active dunes cover much of the area making survey work practically uselsss. Some seeps and springs'we~e surrounded by badly ertided terrain of allUVial remnants up to 12 fest in height, around which active dunes wer~ building. In fact, all of the sites were badly eroded.

Finally, portions of COPPSI' Creek, on the south slape of Mt. Hillers, in the Henry Mountains, and several springs in the vicinity were surveyed.

T~enty-eight

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e~tes

were located, but again, they had been heavily vandalized.

Aclmowledgments.

I 'would like to thank the following people for their comments and continued interest in this project: Dr. Jesse D. J ennings, Dr. Eldon Borman, Dr. Roben¡i:,f.'C. Pend.leton, Dr. Kimball T. Harper, and Michael So Berry.

Bibliography Aikens, C. Melvin 1967 Excavations at Snake Rock Village and the Bear River No. 2 Site.

University of utTIh Anthropological Papers, Noo 97.

Berge, Dale L. 1973 An archaeological Survey in the Castle Valley Area, Central utah.

Report submitted to the utah POlITer and Light Company.

Gunnerson, James H. 1957 An Archaeological Survey of the Fremont Area. .!!!:!iversity of utah A~l.QEical Papers, Noo 29.

Hu,,'"1t, Alice B. 1953 A!'chaeological S't.1rvey of the L118a1 Mountain Area, utah. of Ut.C:+1 AnthrÂŁEolo~tc 81 Fa.pers , No. 140

Univers tty ,..".,......

....;.:,

Marwitt, John Po 1970 Median Village and Fremont Culture Regional Variation. University of ytah Anthropological Papers, No. 95.

Smith, Jo Fred, Jr., et al e 1963 Geology oft he Capitol Reef Area, \'Tayne and Garfield Counties, utah ~o S. Geological Survey!rofessional Paper 363.

1rl ormington, H. M. 1955 A rteappraisal of the Fremont Culture. Denver Museum of Natural II if3to.!:,l Proc eedin&.~ , No. 1.

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