Utah Gravestone Preservation Guide by Utah Historical Society

UTAH GRAVESTONE PRESERVATION GUIDE

January 2020

Gravestone Preservation Guide

Photo credit: Amy Barry

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WELCOME Historic preser vation of gravestones adheres to the best practices and conser vation standards of “d o n o h a r m” f i r s t a n d f o r e m o s t . We a l l r e c o g n i z e the importance of historic cemeteries in our communities. C emeteries and individuals want t o p r e s e r v e t h e i r h i s t o r y, a n d t h i s b o o k l e t i s meant to help guide those efforts through proper techniques. T h i s g u i d e w a s p u t t o g e t h e r f o l l o w i n g a Ut a h G r a v e s t o n e P r e s e r v a t i o n Wo r k s h o p h e l d i n Au g u s t 2 0 1 9 . T h e w o r k s h o p w a s l e d b y Ja s o n C h u r c h o f t h e Na t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r P r e s e r v a t i o n Te c h n o l o g y & Tr a i n i n g a n d Ja m e s “ R u s t y ” B r e n n e r o f Te x a s C emeter y Restoration. Par ticipants in the workshop sp ent three days in the field learning about proper documentation procedures and correct techniques for basic cleaning of gravestones. They also learned historic preser vation standards for resetting and repairing monuments. Inside this guide you will see photos taken during the workshop at Salt L ake City C emetrey a n d G l e n w o o d C e m e t e r y. Yo u w i l l f i n d a l i s t o f p r o d u c t s r e c o m m e n d e d b y Ja s o n a n d R u s t y a n d w e b s i t e s t o p u r c h a s e t h o s e i t e m s . Yo u w i l l a l s o f i n d a supply list that represented the tools used and n e e d e d d u r i n g t h e w o r k s h o p. It i s n o t m e a n t t o b e an exhaustive list of ever ything you may need. T h e Ut a h D i v i s i o n o f S t a t e H i s t o r y h o p e s t o b e a resource to help guide proper historic preser vation projects.

A M Y BA R RY C emeter y & Burials Program Manager Ut a h D i v i s i o n o f S t a t e H i s t o r y h i s t o r y. u t a h . g o v / c e m e t e r i e s

Gravestone Preservation Guide

TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S 07 CARING FOR CEMETERIES 08 GETTING STARTED 10 HEADSTONE CLEANING 13 MONUMENT RESETTING 20 MONUMENT REPAIR 26 APPENDIX A - SURVEY DOCUMENTS 27 APPENDIX B - BASIC SUPPLIES LIST 28 APPENDIX C - SPECIALIZED SUPPLIES LIST 292APPENDIX D - ADDITIONAL RESOURCES

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Gravestone Preservation Guide

Gravestone in Silver Reef Catholic Cemetery, Leeds, Utah

Photo credit: P. Marlin

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CARING FOR CEMETERIES P r e s e r v i n g a n d s h a r i n g Ut a h’s p a s t f o r present and future generations is the mission o f Ut a h S t a t e H i s t o r y. Cemeteries provide a connection to our past and a view into the histor y of our c o m m u n i t i e s . T h i s r o l e c o n t i n u e s t o e v o l v e . It was not that long ago that cemeteries were our parks and open spaces. They were a gathering s p o t f o r f a m i l i e s , l i v e l y a n d f u l l o f a c t i v i t y. - a stark contrast to how we interact with c e m e t e r i e s t o d a y. I n Ut a h t h e r e a r e o v e r 6 0 0 c e m e t e r i e s that have var ying degrees of care. Many are abandoned, while others are well loved and maintained. They all represent an important cultural, archaeological, architectural and historical link to our past. They are an invaluable res ource to ol in res earching l o c a l h i s t o r y a n d f o r g e n e a l o g y. O f t e n t i m e s c e m e t e r i e s i n r u r a l a r e a s o f Ut a h a r e t h e o n l y remnant left of a town or settlement that other wise has been long forgotten. The question now becomes how do we c a r e f o r c e m e t e r i e s . Ho w c a n c e m t e r i e s , municipalities, historical societies, genealogical organizations, families and interested people go about tr ying to preser ve these important cultural and historical places?

This guide can help you get started and provide some basic instructions with regards to historic preser vation methods. L arger and more complex monuments will require professional monument conser vators. As a result, this guide is not an exhaustive manual for headstone preser vation. The focus of this guide is preser vation and conser vation. Preser vation is used to discuss the whole cemeter y and its overall attributes. Wi t h i n t h i s g u i d e , p r e s e r v a t i o n i s c e n t e r e d around maintaining the historic integrity of a c e m e t e r y, g r a v e s t o n e s , a n d o t h e r c u l t u r a l resources. C onser vation is focused on the method and processes of caring for damaged gravestones, focusing on the proper way to m a i n t a i n h i s t o r i c a l i n t e g r i t y, w h i c h w e a l s o address. Anyone interested in cemeter y pres er vation and monument conser vation can attest t h e r e a r e a l o t o f a p p r o a c h e s . It c a n b e over whelming to determine the proper m e t h o d s . It i s t h e g o a l o f t h i s g u i d e t o p r o v i d e direction to allow you to perform some of the work yourself and when to call in a p r o f e s s i o n a l . Yo u w i l l b e a b l e t o e v a l u a t e a n y p r o j e c t b a s e d o n t h e D o No H a r m a p p r o a c h .

“We walk by historic buildings all the time. We use them. We inhabit them, we don’t raise that many questions about it. With cemeteries, they’re historical, by definition. They’re historical, and they are so tangible [that] they are these tangible reminders of our own mortality. They are open air museums. They contain incredibly beautiful sculptures. They are parks, nature preserves often times, and they are these accessible, historical repositories.” ~Keith Alexander

Gravestone Preservation Guide

G E T T I N G S TA RT E D Whether you are part of an organized effort or an individual, the steps to getting started are the same. Step 1: Establish ownership of the c e m e t e r y. T h i s t a s k c a n b e d i f f i c u l t when the cemeter y is abandoned, but records may exist with the county r e c o r d e r. M a n y c e m e t e r i e s a r e t h e p r o p e r t y o f t h e t o w n o r m u n i c i p a l i t y, but they can also be owned and maintained by cemeter y associations or a cemeter y district. The Cemeter y & B u r i a l s P r o g r a m a t t h e Ut a h Division of State Histor y (UDSH) may have information on ownership of active cemeteries. Step 2: Get permission before you d o a n y w o r k i n t h e c e m e t e r y. Ut a h law requires active cemeteries to have rules and regulations available to the public. Each cemeter y will have different policies with regards to monument care. Step 3: Gather information from

historical documents, photographs, a n d o r a l h i s t o r i e s / i n t e r v i e w s . It is vital to know what information a l r e a d y e x i s t s s o y o u d o n’t e x p e n d r e s o u r c e s r e c r e a t i n g d a t a . It i s a l s o helpful to understand the historical changes the cemeter y may have encountered. S t e p 4 : S u r v e y t h e c e m e t e r y. I f t h e cemeter y does not have a map one will need to be created. Free mapping software is available online, GPS data can be used or a simple hand drawn map will suffice. Map(s) should include: • Boundaries • Fencing/gates • Buildings • Roads • Tr e e s • Other distinguishing features C emeter y owners may have historical documents to help in your sur vey regarding original conditions, work p erformed on any par t of the

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c e m e t e r y, b o u n d a r y c h a n g e s , historic pathways, gates, e t c . Yo u w i l l w a n t t o r e v i e w those records along with y o u r m a p s u r v e y. Step 5: Prepare a Preser vation Plan. S etting goals will be necessar y to focus the work you will be doing. The plan may focus on a specific area within a cemeter y or may address a specific type of problem, such as headstones that are a health and safety issue. Once the overall goal is stated, you can develop objectives to help you achieve that goal. Those objectives are measurable outcomes for the preser vation plan. At t h i s t i m e , y o u c a n identif y funding needs and

Photo credit: Amy Barry

address fundraising. The Cemeter y & Burials Program at the UDSH has a matching grant available for cemeter y p r e s e r v a t i o n . Yo u m a y a l s o identif y alternate sources for potential funds as well. The Cemeter y & Burials Program at the UDSH is a resource for information and instruction for cemeter y historic preser vation. Remember the first rule is D O N O HA R M . T h e s e c o n d r u l e i s t h a t a l l WO R K I S REVERSIBLE. Please see APPENDIX A for more detailed documents.

Gravestone Preservation Guide

HEADSTONE CLEANING

Photo credit: Jason Church

Gravestones can range from simple markers to elaborate works of art. Based on the monument, material and climate, time can take a toll on the condition of grave monuments. Cleaning headstones is basic maintenance and can help your stone last for decades in good repair. Unfortunately, well-meaning people do the wrong things based on information they find on YouTube or word-of-mouth that causes more damage and deterioration in the long run. Based on the survey guide you read previously, you can determine the general condition of the monument and use that information to help you do a general cleaning. You will find some general principles here to help guide you. In Utah, historic stones range from sandstone to limestone and more currently granite. This guide will help you understand the best methods for cleaning. Regradless of the material, gravestones are

exposed to the elements, and no one should expect any work to make them look exactly as if they were new. Part of the historic character is the weathering. However, we don’t want to lose the ability to read the inscriptions or admire the works of art. DO NO HARM. This is a basic rule of all historic conservation. Do not do anything that furthers the deterioration of the monument. Many good intentions introduce biological elements that yield great results in the short-term, but have significantly accelerated the breakdown of the stone. On the next page, you will see a quick list of Do’s and Don’t’s. In Utah we have hard water issues on granite headstones that accumulate quickly due to our modern watering methods and hot weather. You should not attempt to clean granite if the stone is hot or in strong direct sunlight at the time of cleaning. This can harm the polish on the stone.

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GRANITE CLEANING To clean hard water stains off GRANITE ONLY, ONLY, use Sparks Brick & Tile cleaner. Simply spray the stone with water using a spray bottle and use a soft bristle brush. Start scrubbing gently. Applying Sparks will result in the bubbling of the calcium deposits and show you where to concentrate your efforts. Use a rock block, which is a block made of recycled glass that will disintegrate as you rub it along the stone. The rock block should only be used for granite. It does not harm granite because granite is harder than the rock block. This is not true of all stone. Using a rock block on any other surface can result in damage. Rinse with water to clean off the granite reguarly. All other cleaning and removal of biological growth should use D/2 Biological Solutions with a soft

Photo credit: Jason Church

bristled brush and water. Always get the monument wet beforehand as stones are porous. Clean from the bottom up. If the stone is unstable, do not attempt any work until it is safe. TIPS Safety precautions should always be taken when using Sparks. Rubber gloves and glasses should be worn at all times, and a mask or safety respirator may be needed. Do not leave Sparks on the monument for long periods. Make sure to rinse the stone every few minutes. Sparks is approved for GRANITE ONLY, and all other materials (including metals) should be avoided.

Gravestone Preservation Guide

GENERAL CLEANING For a general cleaning and biological growth removal from all stone types, D/2 Biological Solutions is recommended. First wet the stone and when the surface is free of water, spray on the D/2. Let the D/2 dwell on the surface for around five minutes before scrubbing the stone with a natural bristle or soft nylon brush. It is best to start at the bottom and work your way up. Rinse the stone thoroughly after scrubbing. Remember that the stone will continue to lighten over the next few weeks as the D/2 kills the residual biological growth. If you have a fragile stone, it is appropriate to wet the stone, spray with D/2, and skip the step or scrubbing. The D/2 will still clean the stone over time. Safety glasses and gloves should be worn when using any cleaner. You can reference the instructional videos for more reference in using D/2 Biological Solutions.

VIDEOS • NCPTT • Cemetery Preservation (playlist) • Instructional Videos (playlist) • Texas Cemetery Restoration • Atlas Preservation • Cemetery Conservators for United Standards

“YES” LIST • Water • Soft bristle brush with either natural fibers or synthetic • Plastic or wooden scrapper • D/2 Biological Solutions Biocide • Sparks Tile & Brick Cleaner (GRANITE ONLY) for hard water stains • Work from the bottom up • Non-ionic detergents • Rock Block (for granite ONLY) * A more complete list of supplies and sources can be found in Appendix B. “NO” LIST • Do not do anything to a headstone that cannot be undone • Do not use bleach, salt-laden cleaners, ammonia, or acids, ionic dish soap, wire brushes or metal tools • Do not use chalk, flour, shaving cream or baby powder • Do not use a pressure washer • Do not use power tools • Do not use a brush that you would not use on your teeth • Do not make rubbings • Do not use sealants to waterprrof • Do not set markers in concrete

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Photo credit: Jason Church

Photo credit: Amy Barry

Before and After Supplies: Sparks, Rock Block, & Water

Magazine Name

MONUMENT RESET TING Leaning monuments generally present the most significant health and safety issue in a cemetery. There is risk of bodily injury and damage to the headstone should the monument fall over. The good news is that fixing the majority of these issues is fairly straight forward. When conducting the cemetery survey, documentation of conditions will yield information on monuments that have settled, are no longer level, and present a danger to the public. RESETTING

These headstones are only supported by the earth and should be reset in that same fashion. Often you will be instructed to reset groundsupported headstones in concrete. That approach is incompatible with historic restoration and can actually create more damage with different pressure points, making it more difficult in the future to address problems. Again you want to do work that can be reversible and introducing a foreign material, such as concrete, is not recommended. See Appendix B for a supply list and references on page 11 to NCPTT instructional videos.

GROUND-SUPPORTED MONUMENTS are upright gravestones that represent some of the earliest headstones. An easy example would be upright marble military headstones.

Photo credit: Amy Barry

Presented here is a photo gallery and steps of a resetting for a ground supported headstone. Ground-supported monuments are typically two to three feet below ground. You won’t really know until you start digging. This VA monument had sunk an additional 12” since it was installed in 1935. Manually dig around the stone to provide access. Avoid hitting the monument with the shovel. Once the monument is loose, you can use a lifting strap or hoist to pull the monument out. (See Figures 2 - 4.) If needed, use scrap wood to roll the monument out of the hole. For non-veteran ground-supported headstones you can measure for a typical depth of two to three feet. Using a tape measure, fill the hole to the desired depth. Tamp down that dirt so the monument doesn’t resettle. (See Figure 6.)

Figure 1

When placing the monument back, check that it is level and plumb. You will also want to ensure that it is in-line with other monuments in the same row. You may wish to use string to mark your row. Once it is in the right position, start adding more dirt and tamping it down with a wooden 2x4. You will not want to use a metal tamper because if it hits the monument, you may crack the headstone. Continue this process until the hole is filled and tamped down. As you can see in our photos, this monument was raised about 12” to its proper position and height. Once the stone is reset, you can properly clean it with water and a soft bristle brush. You can watch videos of raising and realigning ground-supported headstones on the YouTube page of the NCPTT (National Center for Preservation Technology and Training).

Figure 2

Military markers have specific guidelines. Depending upon the year the monument was created the overall height of the stone can vary. Typical modern ground supported stones are 42” in height. Measuring from the top of the arc you should end up with 25” above grade.

Gravestone Preservation Guide

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 8

Photo credit: Amy Barry and Jason Church

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Photo credit: Amy Barry

STACKED BASE MONUMENTS represent the bulk of monuments in our cemeteries. Many historic and modern monuments consist of the upper headstone section, known as the “die,” sitting on top of a base stone. Historically, the die was set on the base using lead strips as a cushion on each corner. This served as a way for the die to settle on the base evenly, using gravity to keep it in place. A limebased mortar was used to join the die to the base. The mortar is not a strutural support but rather a method to keep moisture out. Today, historical conservation work consists of the same methods. In addition to lime-based mortars, a setting putty compound can be used to seal the joint. The first photo gallery on the opposite page depicts a stacked base monument that is attached in some fashion. At some point, in recent history repair work was attempted on this monument

that adhered the die to the base.This is an example of what not to do in that you cannot reverse this material added to the monument without damaging the monument itself. To reset this monument, dig around the base to loosen the soil and provide access to the bottom of the base. (See Figures 9-11.) Each situation is different, but in this case a pinch bar is used to lift the monument while dirt is placed underneath and tamped down with a wooden 2x4. (See Figure 4.) This action is repeated until the monument is level and plumb. Continue to add dirt around the base and tamp it down to ensure the monument is stable and toprevent movement. Resetting a monument that is not attached to the base will follow the same principles just discussed. In our example, a 10-12 foot hoist with lifting straps was used to move the die part of the

Gravestone Preservation Guide

Monument attached to base

Figure 9

Figure 10

Figure 11

Figure 12

Figure 13

Figure 14

Photo credit: Amy Barry

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monument to a safe distance. Digging began around the base in order to get the strap around the base. (See Figures 16 and 17.) Once the base is removed, follow instructions for stacked-based monuments to measure the hole to the appropriate depth. Fill the hole and tamp down the dirt. (See Figure 19.) Once the die is separated from its base, you will remove old mortar for a clean surface. Using a hammer and chisel, gently remove the old mortar. This will need to be done to both the base and the die. (See Figure 18.) Once the hole is prepared and the base is reset in its proper place, check to make sure it is level and plumb as well as in line with the surrounding monuments. You will see in the photo gallery small pieces of lead ribbon are placed on the base. Instead of putting the tape on the corners, it is placed along the sides and lightly tapped down to be straight. (See Figure 20.) The corners of the die are generally the smallest and most fragile points of any monument. Setting the lead ribbon in the center sides of the base will give the most surface area for the die to settle correctly. This is a crucial step. Without the lead ribbon or setting cushion, the die will settle improperly and unevenly.

Figure 15 Photo credit: Amy Barry and Jason Church

A setting putty compound is placed on the base prior to the die being reset on it. The die will use gravity to settle on the base. This is where the lead ribbon is crucial to allow the die to rest evenly on the base and to remain level. Setting putty will be squeezed out and the die settles. Using mason tools, remove the excess setting putty for an air tight seal. (See Figure 21-24.) Fill dirt around the base and tamp down to ensure the monument is stable.

Blind pinning was a technique used to provide more structural support to join the die to the base. Holes are drilled in both the base and the die. Metal pins were placed in the hole and usually secured with mortar. Unknown during this time period was how metal would react over time with moisture and ultimately worked to destroy the monument. Repairing pinning failure is a job for a professional conservator.

Figure 16

Gravestone Preservation Guide

Monument not attached to base

Figure 18

Figure 17

Figure 20

Figure 23

Figure 21

Photo credits: Amy Barry

Figure 24

Figure 19

Figure 22

Figure 25

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M O N U M E N T R E PA I R Broken tablets are a common find when walking through a cemetery. They are also great candidates for repair. These tablet headstones are either ground-supported, set in slotted bases, or in some cases concrete. Gravestones may have a decorative feature on the top that has also broken off. In the case of John L. MaWhinney featured below, the tablet had broken off and was resting against the base. The bottom of the monument was completely obscured and covered, losing the quote, “Budded on earth To bloom in heaven” inscribed on the bottom. Repair work is rarely done in one day, so plan on multiple days to complete the job correctly and perhaps weeks to months for larger jobs. You

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may often encounter previous attempts at repair done incorrectly that will make the job harder. Those jobs may need to go to a professional conservator. You should always review the stone for integrity and survey the area for any hazards. Attempt to locate all pieces as the tablet may have broken into several pieces. You should also ensure the stone is not suffering from other degradation, such as delaminating or sugaring that may make it a bad candidate for repair. Stones and bases should be thoroughly cleaned using D/2 Biological Solutions, water and soft bristle brushes. The edges of broken pieces are going to be more fragile so handle with more care. You should dry fit broken pieces together

Gravestone Preservation Guide

Photo credit: Amy Barry

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to get an idea of how they fit before moving forward. This will show you how clean a break may be and also if there are missing parts. Missing pieces in a tablet will require an infill. After thoroughly cleaning the edges, let the pieces dry completely before proceeding. The edges that will be adhered back together using epoxy need to be gently cleaned using a wire brush. This is the ONLY time a wire brush would be used anywhere on a restoration. The broken ends need to be thoroughly cleaned of dirt. Left-over material used to adhere it need to be gently chiseled off to ensure the epoxy bond can hold. EPOXY is used to reattach broken monuments. You can see in the photo below (Figure 26) material from a previous repair job that has failed. That material was chiseled off and a wire brush used to prep it for the epoxy. (This is the only time it is acceptable to use a wire brush). You can reference Appendix B for specific epoxy to utitilize, but it is usually a 2-part epoxy meant for preservation projects and is UV stable. You can mix it in the field to get the right amount. Figures 30 and 31 demonstrate application of the epoxy substance.

Figure 26

The preferred method is to spread the epoxy down the center to keep it away from the edges, but make sure all points of contact are treated. You want to avoid it coming out the edges when the pieces are pushed back together as much as possible. If excess epoxy needs to be removed, it is helpful to wait for it to become the consistency of putty and then pinch it rather than tackling it at the beginning. Avoid smearing the wet epoxy on the surface to prevent staining the monument. After the epoxy has been applied, you will need to clamp the pieces together. Simple breaks can be done in the field, but more intricate repair work may require an off-site location to repair the broken tablet.

Figure 27

Gravestone Preservation Guide

Figure 28

Figure 30

Figure 29

Figure 31

Photo credit: Amy Barry

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SLOTTED BASES are very common types of monuments. These bases were stone that had a hand chiseled slot used to place the tablet. Over time theground settled and mortar used along the base of the slot and the tablet wore away. Slotted bases could have originally been set above ground, partially buried, or fully buried. You will need to make a determination based on location and size as to the original location and work to reset the base back in its proper position. Based on Utah’s freezing weather, most of these smaller bases were above ground. If you are repairing a tablet into a slotted base, you may encounter a base that has broken, such as the example given here. You will need to make sure you keep track of all the parts associated with the base. You can view in Figure 28 and 31 a slotted base that had one side broken off and the reuse of the original material to reconstruct the base properly.

Figure 32

You may also find the base is in good condition and only needs to be leveled and the tablet reinserted. Again, each segment that needs to be adhered using epoxy must be thoroughly cleaned and wire brushed. The ends must be dry before any epoxy can be used. In Figures 29 and 30, you can view the 2-parts epoxy that were mixed together in the field and applied to broken parts of the slotted base. In the example given, clamps were used to keep all parts in place while they dried over night. Wooden stakes are used to avoid placing the clamps directly on the stone where the epoxy was applied. For larger upright tablets, you may need to brace the tablet from the front and back too.

Figure 33

MORTAR is used once epoxy repairs have been made to the slotted base and/or the tablet, and you are ready to reset it. The base needs to be leveled properly before the tablet is reinserted. To reinsert the tablet, use a lime-based mortar (see Appendix B for supplies list.) Using the lime-based mortar also requires the use of tint. This colorization helps match the existing color of the tablet or base you are working with to get some continuity.

Figure 34

Gravestone Preservation Guide

The mortar setting is not meant as a structural support for the tablet. That is the job of the slotted base. The mortar helps bond it, but more importantly, it is meant as a weather seal. As seen in figure 32, the mortar is applied to the slot first using a small mason trowel. The tablet is then gently reinserted in its original position and the mortar is then applied to the base. If you have a repair that has missing pieces in the tablet, you can infill those voids using the lime-based mortar color tinted to match your stone. This should be done after the epoxy set has

fully cured. Figure 35 shows the final setting back in the reconstructed slotted base. Please note this tablet had a previous repair job that was done incorrectly, but was still holding, so no further repair work was done on the tablet itself. You should follow all directions of the limebased mortar regarding covering or time alloted to dry. As always, when using chemicals, follow all safety precautions.

The color of the mortar in Figure 35 is still wet in this picture. Based on the tinting used the coloring will start to match the stone once it begins to dry.

Figure 35

Photo credit: Amy Barry

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APPENDIX A Sur vey Documents Creating standardized methods and definitions to collect survey data is vital. If you have volunteers assisting in this project, everyone will need to be trained in order to get results that can be used. The National Center for Preservation Technology and Training has created forms for Caring for Historic Cemeteries. • Conditions Survey Form • Conditions Survey Definitions • Rapid Cemetery Assessment Form • Rapid Cemetery Assessment Definitions • Preservation Briefs - Preserving Grave markers in Historic Cemeteries 2016 • NCPTT video Basics for Cemetery Documentation Mapping is another essential step in survey work. Free mapping programs are available online. We don’t make any recommendation on any particular program. • How to map a cemetery (video) Helpful Videos NCPTT • Cemetery Preservation (playlist) • Instructional Videos (playlist) Cemetery Conservators for United Standards Texas Cemetery Restoration Atlas Preservation More information can be found on our website: history.utah.gov/gravestonepreservation

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Gravestone Preservation Guide

APPENDIX B Basic Supplies List This is a generic list of supplies you may need to perform cleanings and repairs. It is not exhaustive, but represent the tools used in the workshop. This list is organzied by the action you may need to take. A website for purchases is provided in Appendix C. Cleaning General Supplies Brushes - soft bristle (preferably natural) Plastic Scraper putty knife 2” & 3” Nylon detail brush Chopsticks & skewers Gloves Water Level Buckets Mask (if needed) Eye protection (if needed) Resetting General Supplies Shovels Pry bar 2x4 3’ long Gantry or tripod hoist Tape measures Nylon lifting straps Masonry string Chisel Clamps Lead ribbon Masonry tools Setting putty Epoxy Paper plate/plastic spoons

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APPENDIX C Specialized Supplies List Many of the supplies needed can be found at basic hardware stores. Some of the cleaning and repair work requires specialized items. The following is a list of suggestions on where you can purchase those more specific items. This is not meant to be an endorsement or exhaustive list of potential suppliers. A website for purchase is provided, but that may not be the only outlet available. Check around for pricing. General cleaning and biological growth • D/2 Biological Solutions Hard water stains on GRANITE ONLY • Sparks Brick & Tile Cleaner • Rock Block (made out of recycled glass) Nonionic Soap • Orvus soap solution Atlas Preservation - atlaspreservation.com Monument & Building Restoration Products. Akemi epoxies, D/2 Biological Solution, Bon Tools, Marshalltown tools, Monument setting compound, Sarco window putty, and numerous related restoration products. Cemetery Preservation Supply - gravestonecleaner.com Monument & Building Restoration Products. Brushes, D2 Biological Cleaner, Graffiti Solutions, Gravestone cleaning kits, Sparks Brick & Tile Cleaner, Rock Block, Pratley Epoxy. Bonstone - bonstone.com Bonstone manufactures the highest quality performance adhesive and patching systems for the restoration, fabrication, and assembly of natural stone and concrete. Lime Works.US - limeworks.us Supplier of St Astier natural hydraulic Limes and Lithemix restoration mortars D2 Stone Biological Cleaning Solution. Talas - talasonline.com Your one source for the finest in preservation and restoration supplies since 1962 Cemetery Conservators for United Standards - cemeteryconservatorsunitedstandards.org Showcase tools they have found helpful for cemetery preservation.

Gravestone Preservation Guide

APPENDIX D Ad d i t i o n a l R e s o u r c e s There are many resources for additional information on gravestone preservation and the topic of cemetery restoration in general. Below is a list of organizations that give helpful information and guidance. Association for Graavestone Studies - gravestonestudies.org Cemetery Conservator for United Standards - cemeteryconservatorsunitedstandards.org National Center for Preservation Technology and Training - ncptt.nps.gov Gravestone Preservation - gravestonepreservation.info