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Laying the Foundation for Utah’s Beekeeping Success, 1848–1888
Laying the Foundation for Utah's Beekeeping Success, 1848-1888
BY J. MICHAEL HUNTER
In the twenty years since Latter-day Saint settlers introduced honey bees to the Salt Lake Valley in 1848, beekeepers struggled to keep their bees alive.1 Exposure to inclement weather, dry seasons, and a scarcity of forage caused early bee losses. Diseases and accidents also resulted in early bee failures because traditional beekeeping methods limited a beekeeper’s ability to detect these problems and protect their bees. Prior to the completion of the Transcontinental Railroad in 1869, overland transportation made it difficult for beekeepers to import new bees to mitigate losses. Many beekeepers determined that beekeeping was not sustainable in Utah and gave up on the endeavor, while other apiarists were determined to prove that beekeeping in Utah could be successful.
Relying on developments in the country’s freight transportation system to ship beekeeping equipment and honey bee stock, they introduced honey bee subspecies that were productive, gentle, and more resistant to diseases. They utilized innovative beehive designs that provided healthier environments for bees to thrive. Nineteenth-century beekeepers took advantage of a modernized scholarly and professional communication system for disseminating scientific information about beekeeping and created organizations dedicated to the art of keeping bees. These successful beekeepers also practiced improved methods of disease control and advocated for bee-protecting laws. In this in-depth analysis of beekeeping in territorial Utah—the first of its kind—I steer away from the typical representation of the beehive as a symbol of Latter-day Saints industry, and rather, emphasize the environmental conditions, technological innovations, and flourishing organizations that fostered the use and culture of keeping bees.2
There is no known evidence that the honey bee existed west of the Rocky Mountains until settlers imported them in the mid-nineteenth century. Initial honey bee imports to Utah were limited.3 Wagon trains whose inventories included beehives arrived in the Salt Lake Valley in September 1848, September 1849, and October 1849.4 According to the 1850 United States census, taken in 1851, Utah Territory produced a combined total of only ten pounds of honey and beeswax in 1850–evidence that at least one hive of bees survived the overland journey and was producing a little honey.5 Salt Lake City’s Deseret News referred to “four swarms of bees” in the Salt Lake Valley in the autumn of 1850. Territorial Governor Brigham Young may have referenced the same bees when he wrote his “Fifth General Epistle,” dated April 16, 1851, stating: “Several swarms of bees, that have been brought from the states, are doing well in the valley, and it is very desirable for the brethren to bring all the bees they can; for it is believed they will flourish here; and so far as honey can be produced, it will supersede the necessity of making sugar; and if there were ever so much sugar, honey is needed as a medicine, as well as a luxury.”6
U.S. patent no. 9300 issued to Lorenzo L. Langstroth in 1852 for a beehive design that contained moveable frames and a 1/4-to-3/8-inch space between the side bars of the frames and the hive walls. An American apiarist, clergyman, and teacher, Langstroth observed that bees would neither build comb in this space nor cement it closed with propolis, allowing beekeepers to check hives for parasites and diseases and harvest honey without destroying bees. The widespread adoption of Langstroth’s hive transformed beekeeping in the United States.
Responding to Young’s call for more bees was no easy task, as transporting bees to the American West was a risky undertaking. For example, Dr. Wood of Polk County, Oregon, attempted to haul bees from the eastern states to Oregon around 1852. “After enduring a tedious route,” Dr. Wood’s bees “perished by the wagon being overturned.”7 Just after leaving Winter Quarters, Nebraska, for the Great Basin on May 26, 1848, John D. Lee was forced to encamp “on acount [sic] of the Heat which melted down the comb in his Bee Hive & destroyed nearly all the Bees.”8 On his way to California, W. A. Buckley planned to avoid the hazardous trip across the prairies by crossing the Isthmus of Panama in the summer of 1852. He sailed from New York to Panama with three hives of bees, losing two before landing due to the tropical heat melting the wax. He was forced to make his way through the dense jungle of Panama by “conveying [his remaining hive] on the backs of natives.”9
The ability to increase the number of hives on hand was essential to Utah beekeepers, because having enough colonies in reserve to make up for the inevitable losses due to diseases, predators, and other challenges was vital to a sustainable bee population. To increase the hives in their apiaries, nineteenth-century beekeepers could either obtain bees from another beekeeper, catch natural swarms, or utilize the swarming instinct to divide their hives artificially. Swarming is the natural method by which bee colonies propagate. Through the process of swarming, the original queen takes flight with a portion of the colony to form a new colony elsewhere, leaving behind a new queen to populate the old location. Both swarming and dividing require large, healthy hives.10 Bees that survived the long, jolting overland journey to Utah arrived in a weakened state, making their hives vulnerable to harsh weather, diseases, and predators. These hives were not healthy enough to swarm, and beekeepers had too few hives to pass on to their neighbors. Under these conditions, beekeepers could only hope to grow their existing colonies into large healthy hives that could be artificially divided. In early Utah, however, beekeepers struggled to strengthen their hives while learning to manage them in a new climate.11
Traditional beekeeping methods contributed to the ongoing difficulties. For generations, beekeepers in Europe and America used fixedcomb hives to house their bees. In Europe, beekeepers favored bell-shaped straw baskets called “skeps,” while beekeepers in the heavily forested American colonies preferred to house their bees in wooden barrels and boxes, as well as in hollow logs called “bee gums.”12 Following tradition, early Utah beekeepers kept their bees in fixed-comb hives, including straw skeps, bee gums, barrels, kegs, and boxes of various kinds.13 These styles of hives presented challenges for Utah beekeepers to overcome. For example, bees affixed the wax comb to the sides of these containers so that beekeepers had difficulty removing or manipulating the comb without permanently damaging it and the bees. It was likewise difficult for beekeepers to move their fixed-comb hives around without causing harm to the bees. The inaccessibility of fixed combs also made it difficult for beekeepers to monitor their bee colonies, concealing diseases and parasites that often spread without notice from hive to hive.14 Notably, one such parasite is the wax moth larva, which destroys honeycomb by boring through and ingesting the old wax. Without being able to check their hives, fix-comb beekeepers could do very little to control the pests.15 In the 1860s, William Bringhurst, who maintained beehives for Brigham Young, reported that “the moth have destroyed one stand for me and one for you in spite of all I could do.”16 Young, himself, took interest in beekeeping. In February 1860, responding to a query about beekeeping, Young wrote,
Although Young expressed discouragement, several local beekeepers remained optimistic and continued trying to establish healthy and growing colonies. These intrepid beekeepers were willing to adopt several midcentury innovations that led to their ultimate success, and among the most important of these innovations was transportation. Beginning in 1852, individuals like W. A. Buckley attempted to transport bees to California by taking them south from New York to Panama by sea, overland across the Isthmus of Panama, and then north by sea again to San Francisco. Buckley’s bees are the earliest known importation of honey bees to California. The completion of a railroad across the Isthmus in 1855 made the route easier and safer for transporting bees to California. By the 1860s, beekeepers had established several large apiaries in California and were selling bees for conveyance to other western states, including Utah.18
In the winter of 1863, William D. Roberts of Provo hauled two hives of bees from San Bernardino to Utah “on springs at the back of John Whitbeck’s wagon.” The popular all-purpose spring wagons featured a box body hung on platform springs for a smoother ride and often had a canopy top for shading. Although Roberts and Whitbeck avoided the long, tedious ride across the plains, the trip from California to Utah remained a rough one. One of the hives “was slightly damaged by some accident, on the way.” After arrival, the injured hive remained unproductive while the intact hive produced thirty-four pounds of honey in four weeks, which Roberts and Whitbeck took as a positive sign. The Deseret News reported,
Deseret News stated later that the bees brought in by Roberts and Whitbeck were “the first bees to live”; Salt Lake Tribune declared that Roberts “imported the first bees to Utah.”20 Sometime after importing these bees, Roberts began to import bees to Utah from Los Angeles, selling them for $100 per hive.21
Other venturesome beekeepers followed Roberts and Whitbeck’s lead. For example, in the spring of 1864, William Bringhurst of Springville purchased two hives in California for $20 in coin. He transported them to Utah in a wagon with suspension springs, letting them out daily for air and water. In July 1864, George Goddard, whose Church assignment was to travel the territory collecting old fabric that could be mulched into pulp and turned into paper, stopped by Bringhurst’s Springville home in search of rags. Bringhurst showed Goddard his beehives. Goddard reported in the Deseret News that Bringhurst’s California imports were healthy and that several Springville residents were planning to travel to California in the fall to procure more honey bees. Enthusiastically, Goddard declared that “every lover of honey will do well to weigh over the facts above stated, pertaining to the successful existence and prosperity of bees in this climate and as to afford an almost inexhaustible supply of honey, it is to be hoped that no stronger arguments will be necessary to encourage their general introduction throughout the Territory.” Goddard ended his report by informing that honey bee imports from California could be purchased from Bringhurst.22
One person who utilized the services of Bringhurst was Brigham Young, who imported bees from California for his apiaries.23 In 1865 Bringhurst maintained hives for Young in Springville; the following spring Young purchased three new hives from Bringhurst for his Salt Lake apiary. In May 1866, the Deseret News excitedly announced that a hive of Young’s bees had swarmed, “being the first that [the editors] have ever heard of in this city.” Considering that settlers had imported the first bees to the Salt Lake Valley nearly twenty years earlier, swarming seemed a long time coming to the city. Nonetheless, the forecast looked to be improving. In June, the Salt Lake Daily Telegraph announced that another hive Young had received from Springville had swarmed.24
Advancements in transportation extended the options for transporting bees and bee equipment to Utah beyond the improved wagons coming from California. The opening of the Transcontinental Railroad in 1869, connecting the existing eastern rail network at Omaha, Nebraska, with the Pacific Coast Railway, made transporting passengers and goods coast to coast considerably quicker and less expensive. William D. Roberts was an early adopter of the new railroad for the commercial importation of bees to Utah. In January 1870, some Provo residents “convinced of the importance and value of cultivating the honey-bee” hired Roberts to “go East and make purchases for them.” Roberts planned to “bring on at least a car load.”25 Writing to the Deseret News in support of Roberts’s trip, Provo resident Alexander F. Macdonald wrote:
William D. Roberts (left), a prominent freighter and enthusiastic promoter of Utah’s bee industry, purchased from Charles Dadant (above) and imported over six hundred bee colonies to Utah by wagon and train from California and the Midwest. Roberts is credited with importing Utah’s first successful bee colonies in the 1860s. Orson F. Whitney, History of Utah, 4 vols. (Salt Lake City: George Q. Cannon & Sons, 1904), 4:386–88. Dadant (1817–1902), a French emigrant to America, was one of the first in the beekeeping industry to import Italian queen bees on a large scale to the United States. The company Dadant founded in 1863 was for a time the country’s largest producer of extracted honey and one of the earliest producers of modern beekeeping tools. The company remains a leading seller of bees and beekeeping equipment in the United States today. Lorenzo L. Langstroth, Camille Pierre Dadant, and Charles Dadant, Langstroth on the Hive and Honey Bee (Hamilton, IL: Dadant & Sons, 1907), plate 3.
Roberts began his journey east on February 5 and, wanting to relieve the “anxiety” of those who commissioned him, reported to the editor of the Deseret Evening News from Hamilton, Illinois, on March 17 that “I have met with much better success than I expected in purchasing bees.”27 The bees came from Charles Dadant of Hamilton, Ohio, an immigrant beekeeper from France. Roberts returned to Utah on April 12 with 135 hives “in pretty good condition,” according to the Deseret News. Dadant reported that Roberts purchased 164 hives. The discrepancy may indicate that Roberts lost twenty-nine hives on the journey home.28 With a greatly improved means of transporting bees, Utah beekeepers were poised to take advantage of other beekeeping innovations.
One of these advances was the improvement of the bee stock itself. Although there were more than twenty subspecies of the western honey bee (Apis mellifera) in existence, colonists had transported only one, the black bee or German black bee (Apis mellifera mellifera), to North America in the early seventeenth century. The black bee remained the only strain of honey bee in the United States until the latter part of the nineteenth century.29 In the 1850s, several American beekeepers attempted to import an additional subspecies, the Italian bee (Apis mellifera ligustica). Their efforts finally found success in 1860 when enterprising beekeepers brought in Italian queens and began artificially breeding them. Italian-queen rearing became an important part of the beekeeping industry. American beekeepers quickly developed a preference for the Italian bee, which they found to be hardy in cold temperatures, to be gentler than the German black bee, and to be more resistant to diseases than the black bee. They also found that the Italian queens tended to be more prolific than the German queens. Beekeepers transported Italian bees across the Isthmus of Panama to California within a short time.30 In May 1866, F. T. Houghton of Oakland, California, advertised in Salt Lake City’s Semi-Weekly Telegraph declaring, “Bees! Bees! . . . I offer to deliver, in San Francisco, in order for shipment for any distance, ready for work on opening the hive, ITALIANIZED BEES, Warranted pure and healthy, TERMS—$25 [gold coin] per swarm.”31
The arrival of the railroad and the distribution of Italian bees by commercial breeders was a winning combination for Utah beekeepers. Of the beehives Roberts purchased from Dadant in the spring of 1870, Dadant reported that 150 held black bees that Roberts purchased for resale in Utah and fourteen held artificially bred Italian bees for testing in Roberts’s apiary. After working with the bees in Utah for several months, Roberts wrote Dadant, stating, “I am so contented with your Italian bees, that I wish I had bought all Italians.”32 That summer, Roberts announced in Deseret News his confidence that the importation of Italian bees would result in the ultimate success of beekeeping in Utah. Roberts’s hasty conclusion may have resulted from his eagerness to see the success of his own beekeeping enterprise. In the same article, he advertised that he was taking orders for queen bees that he planned to import into the territory.33 In August a Deseret News article reaffirmed the superiority of the Italian bee over the black bee, claiming it was “the longer lived and the more industrious.”34 By November, members of the newly formed Deseret Stock and Bee Association were holding meetings in Salt Lake City for “those interested in the importation of Bees and of pure breeds of stock.”35 By the December meeting, members of the association had placed orders for a hundred swarms of Italian bees at $20 per hive, to be secured and transported by W. D. Roberts.36
Roberts’s work was in response to what Robert L. Campbell, secretary of the Deseret Agricultural Society, called a “universal demand” for Italian bees. According to Campbell, Roberts eventually returned from Indianapolis with “250 stands of Italian bees; sold out and has now returned East for more.”37 The Utah Central Railroad, according to freight reports, brought 18,000 pounds of bees into the territory the third week in December 1870.38 In January 1871, Adam Grimm, who bred Italian bees in Wisconsin, sold 240 colonies of bees for $2,450 for shipment to Utah in January 1871.39 Later that year Charles Monk, writing in The Bee-keepers’ Journal and National Agriculturist, described what he called “a growing interest in bee-keeping here” and the “success and popularity especially of the Italian bee.”40
As the demand for the Italian bees grew in Utah, so too did competition in the importation of bees. At a meeting of beekeepers in March 1872, Moses Thurston announced that he was in the process of arranging a shipment of two hundred hives of Italian bees from California and that he planned to sell the hives for $14 each—considerably less than eastern imports going for $20 per hive plus the $3 or $4 freight cost. Roberts, perhaps sensing a threat to his importation business, contested Thurston’s claim that he was importing bees “as pure as could be obtained either east or west.” Roberts declared that “his experience taught him that bees from a warm climate would not do as well when brought to a cold climate, or at least a climate similar to our own, would do much better here.” Coming to Thurston’s defense, George Bailey asked why the Italian bees from California could not adapt to Utah’s climate when the Italian queens, imported from “warm Italy,” did well in other cold regions of the United States. Seth Putnam also said he could “see no reason” why bees from California would not prosper in Utah. John Pack did not think it made any difference whether they imported “black or white” bees, since bees have short lives and can be “easily Italianized” through the introduction of an Italian queen.41 In April 1872, Thurston imported two hundred hives of Italian bees that he purchased from John S. Harbison, who operated one of California’s largest apiaries.42
Accompanying Utah’s and America’s infatuation for Italian bees was enthusiasm for housing them in patented hives. In the nineteenth century, the United States Patent Office issued more than nine hundred patents for beehives. Like the mousetrap, inventors worked continuously to perfect the beehive.43 American beekeepers considered the use of skeps or bee gums to be “old fashioned” and preferred moveable frame hives, notably the Langstroth hive.44 In his 1853 Langstroth on the Hive and the Honey Bee, the Reverend Lorenzo L. Langstroth explained that while inventors had introduced many new hive designs, numerous beekeepers saw them as “delusions” and kept with “the simple box or hollow log, and ‘take up’ their bees with sulphur, in the old-fashioned way”—a reference to the method of safely harvesting honey each fall from fixedcomb hives by killing the entire hive of bees with sulfur or brimstone. Langstroth had been experimenting with beekeeping for some fifteen years and, after trying various hive types, came up with a design of his own that featured moveable frames. With public opinion critical of socalled improved hives, Langstroth admitted that “it required no little courage to venture upon the introduction of a new hive and system of management.” However, Langstroth declared that he felt “confident that a new era in bee-keeping has arrived.”45
Through his experiments, Langstroth noted that when his bees had less than three-eighths of an inch but more than one-fourth of an inch of space available in which to move around, they would neither build comb into that space nor cement it closed. This discovery led Langstroth to design his wood box hive so that the frames, in which the bees were to make their comb, could easily be separated from all adjacent parts of the hive. In his patent, Langstroth wrote, “As there is a stratum of air always interposed between the combs and the sides and bottom board of the hive, the bees are much more effectually guarded against extremes of heat and cold and the pernicious effects of condensed moisture than they can be in hives of the usual construction.” Langstroth believed the space around the frames was the key feature of his hive design. Extracting the frames in Langstroth’s hive did not require any comb to be cut, so beekeepers could harvest the honey and inspect the hive for diseases without harming the bees. While the idea of moveable frames was not a new one, Langstroth obtained a patent for his practical design with its specific spacing in 1852. After Langstroth’s patent was filed, many of the more than eight hundred patents related to bee hives issued in the nineteenth century featured moveable frames, and Langstroth spent years unsuccessfully defending his design from infringement.46
U.S. patent no. 19931, issued April 13, 1858. This patent drawing of K. P. Kidder’s beehive design illustrates the complexity and sophistication of nineteenth-century beehives. The Utah Beekeepers’ Association promoted the use of Kidder’s hive design, which was widely used by beekeepers in Utah. Google Patents.
In Utah, beekeepers were switching to patented hives by the 1860s. In 1863, Roberts and Whitbeck hauled their bees from California “in patent hives, better calculated than any other for being moved such a long distance over a rough wagon road.”47 Generally, the term “patent hive” referred to some patented variation of the moveable-frame hive. In 1866, Houghton was using “the most approved pattern of a movable frame hive, And the only safe one for transporting Bees . . . long distances” to Salt Lake City.48 In addition to Italian bees, Roberts experimented with patent hives in the summer of 1870. He wrote, “I transfer according to [S]. H. Putnam’s plan—from the old box hive into moveable comb hives. I have different kinds of moveable comb hives and would recommend K. P. Kidder’s as the best I have yet seen.”49 Roberts was referring to Seth H. Putnam, a Davis County beekeeper who had paid $1,000 to obtain “the sole Territorial right” to license the use of Kidder-style hives in Utah.50
Kimball P. Kidder’s hive, patented in April 1858, contained two boxes—an upper and a lower. A square base attached to the bottom of the top box connected into the lower box, leaving a “dead air space” for “ventilation” between the base and the sides of the lower box. Frames for comb hung from recesses in the base. Two boards with access holes for the bees covered the frames. Two “honey boxes” sat on these two boards in the upper box, so that the brood nest was in the bottom box and honey was in the top box. As the colony grew, the design allowed beekeepers to expand the hive for more room by lifting the base out of the bottom board, placing two boards with bee access holes over the bottom box, and placing the base of the upper box on the two boards. It also featured an entrance with a “peculiar slide” for adjusting the size of the opening. Ever innovative, Kidder’s hive was an example of how complex and sophisticated beehive designs became in the nineteenth century.51
Putnam did not hold back on promoting the Kidder hive wherever he could. At the May 9, 1874, meeting of the Beekeepers’ Association, for instance, Putnam “had on exhibition a three storied Kidder Hive, made of red wood, which of course he considered the ne plus ultra of all hives for winter and summer use.”52 Kidder also sold accessories for the hive, including the “drone catcher, moth preventive, and bee feeder.”53 An informal network of mutual support appeared to exist among members of the Beekeepers’ Association. When a man in Salt Lake City tried to sell his beehive design known as the “box,” the Beekeepers’ Association “recommended the Kidder hive and unreservedly condemn[ed] the ‘box.’”54 The California bees Thurston purchased from Harbison in 1873 had been delivered in Harbison’s own patented hive, which Thurston “and others” considered “almost worthless.”55
During this period of developing technologies and techniques, the publication of beekeeping journals and the formation of beekeepers’ associations played an important role in disseminating information about what beekeepers were calling “modern beekeeping.”56 In January 1861, a bank cashier named Samuel Wagner edited what is believed to be the first English-language bee magazine, the American Bee Journal, published in Philadelphia. Publishers suspended journals during the American Civil War; the beekeeping movement continued after the war, with the American Bee Journal resuming publication in July 1866 and five other beekeeping publications appearing by the end of the decade.57 The national journals connected local Utah beekeepers to the wider world of regional and national beekeepers and provided them with an avenue for obtaining awareness and knowledge of advances in the trade. For example, in 1870, a beekeeper from Utah named R. R. Hopkin wrote to The Bee-Keepers Journal and National Agriculturist, published in Cleveland, Ohio, declaring, “Quite an interest exists here on bee-culture. Shall try and start a convention on the subject, at which I shall take pleasure in presenting the claims of the BEE-KEEPERS’ JOURNAL, and moveable-comb hives.”58 In October 1871, Charles Monk of Spanish Fork wrote to the editors of the same journal, declaring, “The JOURNAL is always a welcome visitor; I should be sorry to be without it; therefore, I renew my subscription, and I think a few more bee-keepers here will make its acquaintance in ‘72.”59 That same month, a letter from William D. Roberts appeared in the journal, asking for advice on a disease afflicting his Provo hives. Monk had seen something similar in his hives in Spanish Fork and responded to Roberts’s questions in a letter published in the January 1872 issue of the journal.60
This late nineteenth-century photograph taken by George Edward Anderson (1860–1929) in Springville, Utah, shows beekeeper Amos Warren (1831–1909) in the foreground wearing a bee hat with the veil lifted. L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University, MSS P-1 no. 18615.
Hopkin’s interest in organizing a beekeeping convention in Utah may have resulted from reading in the journals about the formation of beekeeping associations and meetings in other parts of the country. In 1859, beekeepers in Michigan meeting to discuss their craft proposed the formation of a national organization. In March 1860, beekeepers held what is believed to be the first national beekeeping convention in the United States in Cleveland, Ohio. That November they met for a second time in the same city. Again, the Civil War forced organizers to suspend beekeeping conventions, but when the movement continued after the war Professor A. J. Cook, secretary of the Michigan Beekeepers’ Association, began organizing a national beekeeping convention to take place in Indianapolis in December 1870.61
Reading in the journals about beekeeping conventions made Utah beekeepers aware of the networking opportunities available through regional and national meetings. Local beekeepers realized that these associations would provide them with a broader perspective on beekeeping and the honey industry, as well as opportunities for learning about new techniques and technologies. In Salt Lake City, Wilford Woodruff was a leader in the “Society for the Introduction and Culture of Stock, bees, fish, etc.,” sometimes referred to as the Deseret Stock and Bee Association or simply Stock and Bee Association. At the December meeting of the Stock and Bee Association, Roberts announced that he would represent Utah at the first national beekeeping convention in Indianapolis.62 According to the American Bee Journal, Roberts joined with “an assemblage of wide-awake, intelligent, and enterprising beekeepers” from eleven states and Canada, was a member of the committee appointed to prepare a constitution for the formation of the North American Bee-keepers’ Association (with Lorenzo L. Langstroth elected unanimously as president), and gave a presentation entitled “Bee Culture in Utah.”63
Upon returning from the first national conference, Roberts helped form the Utah County Bee Keepers’ Association, the first association devoted solely to beekeeping in Utah. Beekeepers from Salt Lake County and Davis County were present when locals formed the association in Provo on July 12, 1870.64 In August, the group held “a convention of bee keepers” in Provo and invited beekeepers from other areas of the territory to attend.65 Beekeepers began to meet in other areas as well. On January 24, 1872, Roberts wrote the editor of the Deseret News: “I see . . . there is to be a meeting of bee-keepers at Mill Creek Ward school house. . . . I am in favor of the organization of a bee-keepers’ association separate and apart from the stock, fish, fowl, &c. [Deseret Stock and Bee Association],
and would suggest that Brother [Wilford] Woodruff call a meeting of bee-keepers, to be held in Salt Lake City, as soon as convenient, for that purpose.” The society was composed of various committees for livestock, fish, bees, and other agricultural animals. Roberts thought it “necessary for bee-keepers to meet often for the purpose of exchanging ideas and experience.” He was calling for a territory-wide beekeeping association, explaining that he could “see a prosperous future for bee-keepers in Utah, if we be up and doing and encouraging others in the good work.”66
Woodruff responded, calling a meeting of the society on March 4, 1872, “to discuss the propriety of organizing a territorial bee association.” The motion to organize the “Deseret Bee Association” was carried. The organization, also referred to as the Territorial Bee Association, had a president, secretary, treasurer, and vice presidents (i.e., representatives) from the various counties. The organizing meeting began with a discussion about how to deal with the most serious threat to Utah beekeeping at that time—foulbrood, a fatal disease of honey bee brood caused by a spore-forming bacterium. Attendees also discussed methods of artificially feeding bees and protecting bees from predators. This conversation was followed, according to the minutes, by discussions about a “uniform hive for the Territory, infringements on patents, the right of ownership to the Kidder patents,” and the “cost and economy of hives.” The group gave “a decided preference to the general use and adoption of J. P. Kidder’s patent bee-hive.” Because of Seth Putnam’s “indefatigable efforts to promote bee culture,” the group hoped that everyone would remember Putnam’s monetary investment for the territorial rights to the Kidder hive and pay him $6 for farm rights to use the Kidder design.67
Following its formation, a major focus of the Territorial Bee Association was to promote modern beekeeping. At the organizing meeting, the newly elected president, A. Milton Musser, stated that a progressive beekeeper in Utah was “a very useful missionary, who should not put his light under a bushel, but give the people the benefit of his experience and talent.” Musser’s plan was to promote the methods and technologies of modern beekeeping through the local newspapers.68 The association formed a committee to oversee the dissemination of reliable information about beekeeping through the local newspapers. Association members also discussed forming a local beekeeping journal.69 The information committee encouraged Utah beekeepers to become involved in the social media of the day. “Take a bee journal and post yourselves,” the committee recommended to its members, referring to the practice of writing letters of beekeeping advice for journal editors to publish.70 Throughout the 1870s and 1880s, the local newspapers published the association’s meeting minutes and ran regular educational articles written by association members.71
Local beekeeping organizations that subsequently sprang up throughout the territory acted in many ways as branches of the statewide society.72 In 1880, Oliver B. Huntington complained at one of the central association meetings that beekeepers in Springville had yet to form a local organization and that “several old-fashioned beekeepers . . . would not adopt modern methods in bee culture.” According to the minutes, “the feeling of the meeting was strongly in favor of organizing bee societies in every settlement in Utah,” and it was “hoped the friends of bee culture everywhere will appreciate the importance of this suggestion and act upon it without delay.” The Territorial Bee Association’s roots extended to Utah’s 1870s cooperative movement where the formation of satellite societies was a networking device designed to promote home industry and self-sufficiency among farmers and small-business owners. Bee Association members carried the sentiments of the cooperative movement forward into the 1880s. In addition to promoting a self-sustaining local economy, association members believed a cooperative network could also encourage uniformity in beekeeping methods, which would in turn raise the territory’s overall honey production.73
Persistent beekeepers willing to adopt new techniques and technologies laid the foundation for the ultimate success of beekeeping in Utah. By the 1880s, beekeeping was on solid footing in the territory, although foulbrood was a major challenge for many beekeepers. In early 1880, beekeepers successfully petitioned the territorial legislature to pass its first bee inspection law to protect beekeepers against the ruin caused by the foulbrood disease.74 In early 1884, beekeepers from across the territory reported on the number of beehives in their areas. Though incomplete, the report of 3,183 beehives demonstrates the progress beekeepers had made since 1859 when Brigham Young said there were hardly any honey bees in the territory.75 As the year 1886 began, a reader from Farmington wrote the editor of the Salt Lake Herald-Republican to declare that “beekeeping is a permanent industry and a considerable portion of the farming community are engaging in that pursuit.”76 An article in that same newspaper in December 1886 asserted that “Bee-keeping is no longer a game of chance, but if any industry has been reduced to a science, such a claim may now be made by the progressive bee keeper.” By 1888, the “progressive” beekeepers had established beekeeping as an enduring enterprise in Utah and had set the stage for large-scale commercial beekeeping in the decades that followed.77
Salt Lake City downtown scene of the 1897 pioneer semi-centennial celebration. Note the float of the beehive, a prominent symbol since the early territorial period. Utah is the Beehive State, the beehive is the state symbol, and the honey bee is the state insect. Utah State Historical Society, photograph no. 27211.
Notes
1. The spelling of “honey bee” in this article follows the rules of the Entomological Society of America, which specifies that common insect names have two parts—the group name with a modifier—and that “the group name will be a separate word when used in a sense that is systematically correct,” as in “house fly” and “honey bee.” Those not systematically correct (e.g. yellowjacket) are combined into a single word. “Use & Submission of Common Names,” Entomological Society of America Common Names Database, accessed April 8, 2020, www .entsoc.org/pubs/use-and-submission-common-names.
2. Historians have written very little about this formative period of beekeeping in Utah. For a brief overview of beekeeping in Utah, see J. L. Townsend “Bee Keeping in Utah,” Scientific American, American Periodical Series, vol. 67, no. 20 (November 12, 1892): 309. William P. Nye devoted one paragraph to nineteenthcentury beekeeping in William P. Nye, “Beekeeping in Utah,” Gleanings in Bee Culture, April 1976, 133. In her extensive world history of beekeeping published in 1999, Eva Crane briefly mentioned the introduction of honey bees to Utah in the nineteenth century. Eva Crane, The World History of Beekeeping and Honey Hunting (New York: Routledge, 1999), 307, 359–60. In an overview of beekeeping in the United States, Tammy Horn focused on the symbolic use of the beehive by Utah’s early founders but provided little information on practical beekeeping in Utah. Tammy Horn, Bees in America (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2005), 80–81, 93–96. The pioneer settlers of Utah adopted the beehive symbol before settling Utah, though the symbol had little to do with beekeeping in Utah. For more information, see J. Michael Hunter, “The Mormon Hive: A Study of the Bee and Beehive Symbols in Nineteenth-century Mormon Culture” (master’s thesis, California State University Dominguez Hills, 2004), scholarsarchive.byu.edu/facpub/1361/. Albert Chubak’s 2017 presentation to the Utah Beekeepers’ Association on the history of Utah beekeeping from 1846 to 1900 provided the most detailed outline of the topic up to that time. Albert Chubak, “History of Beekeeping, Utah, 1846–1900,” presentation, Utah Beekeepers’ Association Conference, Lehi, UT, February 24, 2017, three-peaks.net /uba/2017_UBA_Convention_Day_2_1000_Al_Chubak _History_of_Beekeeping.pdf.
3. Crane, History of Beekeeping, 307–8, 360; Ezra Meeker, Seventy Years of Progress in Washington (Seattle: n.p., 1921), 169, archive.org/details/seventyyearsofpr00 meek; Frank Chapman Pellett, History of American Beekeeping (Ames, IA: Collegiate Press, 1938), 1–2. Colonists imported the honey bee to America from Europe, and the honey bee migrated west with the pioneers who settled the frontier.
4. Thomas Bullock, “Bullock, Thomas, Journals 1843–1849, Fd. 1–4,” transcript, 1848, Mormon Pioneer Overland Travel, 1847–1868, database, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, accessed January 30, 2019, history.lds.org/overlandtravel/sources/4546/bullock -thomas-journals-1843–1849-fd-1–4?lang=eng; Thomas Bullock to Brother Levi, July 10, 1848, published in “Letters from the Camp of Israel,” Latter-Day Saints’ Millennial Star 10, no. 20 (October 15, 1848): 314; Mary Pugh Scott, “Life Story of Mary Pugh Scott,” in Journey to Zion: Voices from the Mormon Trail (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1997), 399–402, citing Mary Pugh [Scott], (1848), typescript copy, Utah State Historical Society, Salt Lake City, Utah; Samuel Gully to George A. Smith and Ezra T. Benson, June 26, 1849, in “Found on a Grave,” Frontier Guardian, September 19, 1849, 3; Reuben Miller to Brigham Young, September 9, 1849 (in Brigham Young Office Files, 1832–1878, Church History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah), database, Mormon Pioneer Overland Travel, 1847–1868, accessed January 30, 2019, history.lds.org/overlandtravel/sources /10638517531107314377-eng/miller-reuben-to-brigham -young-9-sept-1849-in-brigham-young-office-files-1832 -1878-reel-31-box-21-fd-17?firstName=Rosel&surna me=Hyde&lang=eng; David Moore writings, circa 1860, 45–54 (in MS 1892, CHL) database, Mormon Pioneer Overland Travel 1847–1868, accessed February 1, 2019, history.lds.org/overlandtravel/sources /90945116270484656910-eng/moore-david-writings -ca-1860-45–54?lang=eng. Bullock was in the Brigham Young Company, which arrived in the Salt Lake Valley in September 1848. In his journal entry for May 29, 1848, Bullock lists “3 stand of bees” in the Brigham Young Company. In a column under “Bee Hives” in his July 1848 letter, Bullock lists two in Zera Pulsipher’s sub-company and three in Heber C. Kimball’s company, which also arrived in September 1848. Scott also listed “3 hives of bees” in Kimball’s company. Gully was in the Samuel Gully/Orson Spencer Company, which arrived in the Salt Lake Valley in September 1849. Gully lists one “Bees, (Hives).” Miller was also in the Samuel Gully/Orson Spencer Company, and in his letter he lists “Bees 1.” Moore was in the Allen Taylor Company, which arrived in October 1849. Moore lists “number of hives of bees 5” on July 3, 1849.
5. National Agricultural Statistics Service and Albert R. Mann Library, Cornell University, “USDA Census of Agriculture Historical Archive,” database with digital images, United States Department of Agriculture: Natural Resource Conservation Service, 2007, usda.mann lib.cornell.edu/usda/AgCensusImages/1850/1850a-32 .pdf. Although the census was taken in 1851, census takers attempted to record statistics for 1850. “Census of Utah,” Deseret News, June 12, 1852, 2.
6. “General Items,” Deseret News, February 21, 1852, 2. The editor wrote, “One year last fall [autumn 1850] we understood there were four swarms of bees in the [Salt Lake] valley. How many are there now, and what is their success at honey gathering?” See also Reid L. Neilson and Nathan N. Waite, Settling the Valley, Proclaiming the Gospel: The General Epistles of the Mormon First Presidency (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017), 135.
7. T. T. Eyre, “The Apiary: Bees in Oregon and California,” Oregon Farmer 1, no. 1 (August 1858): 2; Meeker, Seventy Years of Progress, 173.
8. John D. Lee, A Mormon Chronicle: The Diaries of John D. Lee, 1848–1876, eds. Robert Glass Cleland and Juanita Brooks (San Marino, CA: Huntington Library, 1955), 1:30, babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015002623 836;view=1up;seq=11.
9. “Bees in California: The First Importation,” Daily Alta California, July 1, 1852, 2, https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a =d&d=DAC18520701.2.3&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN --------1.
10. Jürgen Tautz, The Buzz about Bees, ed. Phänomen Honigbiene (Berlin: Springer, 2008), 42–43, search-lib -byu-edu.erl.lib.byu.edu/byu/record/elee.EBC364609.
11. A. F. Macdonald, “Correspondence,” Deseret News, February 16, 1870, 1, newspapers.lib.utah.edu/details?id =2606872; Crane, History of Beekeeping, 22–23, 576–77.
12. Crane, History of Beekeeping, 307–8; Gene Kritsky, The Quest for the Perfect Hive: A History of Innovation in Bee Culture (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 79–81.
13. E. Stevenson, “Bee-Keeper’s Convention,” Deseret News, October 22, 1879, 3; Edward Stevenson, “Correspondence: Bee-Keepers’ Convention,” Deseret News, April 28, 1880, 2; Townshend, “Bee Keeping in Utah,” 309; T. W. Lee and John Dunn, “Bee Culture,” Deseret News, April 30, 1884, 13; E. S. Lovesy, “The Bee Industry,” Salt Lake Tribune, January 2, 1895, 3, newspapers.lib.utah .edu/details?id=12604809. In referring to various housing for bees by Utah beekeepers, Stevenson refers to “skips” and “sugar barrels,” Townshend to a “bee gum made from a section of a hollow tree” and “an old twisted straw rope hive,” Lee and Dunn to “old fashioned bee gums,” and Lovesy to “nail kegs” and “cracker boxes.”
14. Adam Wayne Ebert, “Hive Society: The Popularization of Science and Beekeeping in the British Isles, 1609–1913” (PhD diss., Iowa State University, 2009), 3, 36–38, 59–60, 81–82, lib.dr.iastate.edu/.
15. Horn, Bees in America, 66.
16. William Bringhurst to Brigham Young, September 1, 1865, Brigham Young office files, 1832–1878 (bulk 1844–1877), CHL, catalog.lds.org/assets/16958836-07da-450c-8bb1 -ae4d6100a94d/0/0.
17. Brigham Young to William Urie, February 2, 1860, General Correspondence, Outgoing, 1843–1876, CR 1234 1, CHL, catalog.lds.org/assets/60dd4267-e4ad-40b4-aead -23a4ceb1d842/0/9.
18. “Bees in California: The First Importation,” Daily Alta California, July 1, 1852, 2; Eyre, “The Apiary,” 2–3; Lee H. Watkins, “California’s First Honey Bees,” American Bee Journal 108, no. 5 (1968): 190–91.
19. “Something New in Utah,” Deseret News, August 5, 1863, 5; Lovesy, “The Bee Industry,” 3; Erik Gregersen, The Complete History of Wheeled Transportation: From Cars and Trucks to Buses and Bikes (New York: Britannica Educational Publishing, 2011), 11.
20. “Death Summons Pioneer at Provo: William D. Roberts 9.
21. Lovesy, “The Bee Industry,” 3.
22. George Goddard, “Honey and the Honey Comb,” Deseret News, July 6, 1864, 5; George Goddard, “Ten Months Among the Paper Rags,” Deseret News, August 20, 1862, 3.
23. Lovesy, “The Bee Industry,” 3.
24. Bringhurst to Young, September 1, 1865, Brigham Young office files, 1832–1878, catalog.lds.org/assets/16958836 -07da-450c-8bb1-ae4d6100a94d/0/0; “Another Swarm,” Salt Lake Daily Telegraph, June 3, 1866, 3; “Home Items: Bee Swarming,” Deseret News, May 24, 1866, 5.
25. “Enterprising,” Deseret Evening News, January 28, 1870, 3.
26. A. F. Macdonald, “Correspondence,” Deseret News, February 16, 1870, 1.
27. “Enterprising,” 3; William D. Roberts, “Local and Other Matters: Honey Bees,” Deseret News, March 30, 1870, 1.
28. C. Dadant, “Artificial Queens, and Swarming Fever,” American Bee Journal 6, no. 6 (December 1870): 184; “Local and Other Matters: Arrived,” Deseret News, April 13, 1870, 9. Dadant claimed he sold Roberts fourteen hives of Italian bees and 150 hives of black bees.
29. Michael S. Engel, “The Taxonomy of Recent and Fossil Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae; Apis),” Journal of Hymenoptera Research 8, no. 2 (1999): 172–76, 181–85.
30. Frank Chapman Pellett, History of American Beekeeping (Ames, IA: Collegiate Press, 1938), 59–61; Horn, Bees in America, 91–92, 97–98, 293, 294.
31. F. T. Houghton, “BEES! BEES!,” Semi-Weekly Telegraph, May 3, 1866, 3.
32. Dadant, “Artificial Queens, and Swarming Fever,” 134.
33. William D. Roberts, “Correspondence,” Deseret News, August 3, 1870, 12. The minutes of the Bee Association meeting indicate that beekeeping in Utah was dominated by male beekeepers; however, there were female beekeepers as documented in Edward Stevenson, “Correspondence: Bees and Honey: An Extraordinary Yield.” Deseret News, July 29, 1885, 15; and Edward Stevenson, “Correspondence: Bee-Keepers’ Convention.” Deseret News, April 28, 1880, 2. Passes Away After a Long Illness,” Salt Lake Tribune, March 9, 1912,
34. “Local and Other Matters: Bees a Success,” Deseret News, August 17, 1870, 1.
35. “The Deseret Stock and Bee Association,” Deseret News, November 16, 1870, 2, newspapers.lib.utah.edu /details?id=23157159; “Local and Other Matters: Stock and Bee Association,” Deseret News, November 16, 1870, 5, newspapers.lib.utah.edu/details?id=2607087; “The Deseret Stock and Bee Association,” Deseret News, November 23, 1870, 4, newspapers.lib.utah.edu /details?id=2607131.
36. A. Milton Musser, “Minutes of Meeting of ‘Parent Society,’” Salt Lake Herald Republican, December 14, 1870, 2, newspapers.lib.utah.edu/details?id=11526194.
37. Robert L. Campbell, “Blooded Stock and Bees in Utah,” Pacific Rural Press 1, no. 15 (April 15, 1871): 230.
38. “Business of the Utah Central,” Salt Lake Herald Republican, January 1, 1871, 3, newspapers.lib.utah.edu /details?id=11522906.
39. Adam Grimm, “Report to Horace Capron, Commissioner of Agriculture,” American Bee Journal 6, no. 12 (June 1871): 278, hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b4243158 ?urlappend=%3Bseq=402, citing a letter from Adam Grimm to Horace Capron dated January 12, 1871, and written from Jefferson, Wisconsin.
40. Charles Monk, “Bee Keeping in Utah,” Bee Keepers’ Journal & National Agriculturist 12, no. 12 (December 1871): 91.
41. R. V. Morris, “Correspondence: Bee Association Deseret News,” Deseret News, March 20, 1872, 7, newspapers .lib.utah.edu/details?id=2618065.
42. “Bees,” Salt Lake Herald Republican, April 18, 1872, 3, newspapers.lib.utah.edu/details?id=11548077.
43. Leggett and United States Patent Office, Subject-Matter Index of Patents for Inventions Issued by the United States Patent Office from 1790 to 1873, Inclusive (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1874), 1:69–76, archive.org/details/subjectmatterind01unit; United States Patent Office, Report of Commissioner of Patents for the Year (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1874–1899).
44. “The Bee Keeper: Beekeepers’ Convention,” Wisconsin Farmer 13, no. 6 (June 1, 1861): 191.
45. L. L. Langstroth, Langstroth on the Hive and the Honey Bee: A Bee Keeper’s Manual (Northampton, MA: Hopkins, Bridgman & Company, 1853), 2, 14, archive.org /details/langstrothonhiv00lang/page/n10; For more on the use of sulphur to kill bees, see Crane, History of Beekeeping, 308; Ebert, “Hive Society,” v, 36–37, 62. 46. Lorenzo L. Langstroth, Beehive, United States Patent Office 9,300 (Washington, D.C., issued October 5, 1852), patents.google.com/patent/US9300A/en; Leggett, Subject-Matter Index of Patents, 69–76; United States Patent Office, Report of Commissioner of Patents; Crane, History of Beekeeping, 422–23, 427–28; T. S. K. Johansson and P. M. Johansson, “Lorenzo L. Langstroth and the Bee Space,” Bee World 48, no. 4 (December 1, 1967): 133–43, doi.org/10.1080/000577 2X.1967.11097170.
47. “Something New in Bee-Keeping,” Deseret Evening News, July 11, 1872, 5.
48. Houghton, “BEES! BEES!,” 3.
49. William D. Roberts, “Correspondence,” Deseret News, August 3, 1870, 12, newspapers.lib.utah.edu/details ?id=2606183.
50. A. M. Musser, “Deseret Bee Association,” Deseret Evening News, March 5, 1872, 2.
51. K. P. Kidder, Beehive, United States Patent Office 19,931 (Washington, D.C., issued April 13, 1858), patents .google.com/patent/US19931.
52. “Meeting of Stock Improvement Society,” Salt Lake Herald Republican, February 8, 1871, newspapers.lib.utah .edu/details?id=11516167; G. E. Wallace, “Correspondence: Bee Keepers’ Meeting,” Deseret News, May 13, 1874, 5, newspapers.lib.utah.edu/details?id=2635061.
53. Musser, “Deseret Bee Association,” March 5, 1872, 2.
54. A. Milton Musser, “Correspondence,” Deseret News, June 19, 1872, 7, newspapers.lib.utah.edu/details?id =2611386.
55. Morris, “Correspondence: Bee Association Deseret News,” 7.
56. Joseph Swift, “Requirements of Modern Beekeeping,” American Bee Journal 20, no. 34 (August 20, 1884): 538, reader.library.cornell.edu/docviewer/digital?id=hive bees6366245_6497_034#page/8/mode/1up.
57. Pellett, History of American Beekeeping, 114–15, 124; Crane, History of Beekeeping, 427, 446, 453.
58. R. R. Hopkin, “From Utah Territory,” The Bee-Keepers Journal and National Agriculturist, 11, no. 10 (October 1, 1870): 74.
59. Monk, “Bee Keeping in Utah,” 91.
60. Charles Monk, “From Utah,” Bee Keepers’ Journal & National Agriculturist 12, no. 1 (January 1, 1872): 2.
61. Pellett, History of American Beekeeping, 114–15, 124; Crane, History of Beekeeping, 427, 446, 453.
62. A. Milton Musser, “Minutes of Meeting of ‘Parent Society,’” Salt Lake Herald Republican, December 14, 1870, 2, newspapers.lib.utah.edu/details?id=11526194.
63. “North American Bee-Keepers’ Association,” American Bee Journal 6, no. 8 (February 1871): 169–70, hdl.handle .net/2027/uc1.b4243158?urlappend=%3Bseq=236.
64. Roberts, “Correspondence,” August 3, 1870, 12.
65. “More Bee Experience,” Deseret Evening News, August 26, 1870, 3, newspapers.lib.utah.edu/details?id=23156821.
66. W. D. Roberts, “Correspondence,” Deseret News, February 7, 1872, 10, newspapers.lib.utah.edu/details?id =2610636; “Deseret Bee Association,” Salt Lake Herald Republican, March 6, 1872, 2, newspapers.lib.utah.edu /details?id=11533701.
67. Musser, “Deseret Bee Association,” March 6, 1872, 2; A. M. Musser, “Deseret Bee Association,” Deseret News, March 13, 1872, 9, newspapers.lib.utah.edu/details?id =2618023; Musser, “Deseret Bee Association,” March 5, 1872, 2.
68. Musser, “Deseret Bee Association,” March 5, 1872, 2; Musser, “Deseret Bee Association,” March 13, 1872, 9; “Deseret Bee Association,” 2.
69. Wallace, “Correspondence: Bee Keepers’ Meeting,” 5.
70. Seth H. Putnam, John Morgan, and George B. Bailey, “Correspondence: To the Beekeepers of Utah Territory,” Deseret Evening News, June 5, 1874, 4, newspapers.lib .utah.edu/details?id=23162607.
71. Wallace, “Correspondence: Bee Keepers’ Meeting,” 5.
72. John Morgan, “Beekeepers’ Meeting at Millcreek,” Salt Lake Herald Republican, April 2, 1874, 3, newspapers .lib.utah.edu/details?id=11603323; Edward Stevenson, “Foul Brood,” Salt Lake Herald Republican, June 12, 1880, 2, newspapers.lib.utah.edu/details?id=10585635.
73. T. W. Lee and John Dunn, “Bee Culture,” Deseret News, April 30, 1884, 14, newspapers.lib.utah.edu/details?id =2649263; Leonard J. Arrington, Feramorz Y. Fox, and Dean L. May, Building the City of God: Community & Cooperation Among the Mormons (Salt Lake City, UT: Deseret Book, 1976), 209–10; Leonard J. Arrington, Great Basin Kingdom: An Economic History of the Latter-Day Saints, 1830–1900 (1958; Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2005), 226–27, 293–98.
74. “The Legislature,” Salt Lake Herald Republican, February 4, 1880, 3, newspapers.lib.utah.edu/details?id =10585904; Utah, The Compiled Laws of Utah, the Declaration of Independence and Constitution of the United States and Statutes of the United States Locally Applicable and Important (Salt Lake City: H. Pembroke, printer, 1888), 1:777–78, catalog.hathitrust.org /Record/008595997.
75. Lee and Dunn, “Bee Culture,” 14.
76. C. T., “Some Good Ideas from a Practical Farmer,” Salt Lake Herald Republican, January 28, 1886, 6.
77. “Indoors and Out: The Farm Orchard, Garden and Household,” Salt Lake Herald Republican, December 5, 1886, 14, newspapers.lib.utah.edu/details?id=10686308.
