Presentation to
Comprehensive Campus Renewable Energy Feasibility Study November 13, 2012
design/construction solutions
Overview • Study Goals and Objectives • Renewable & Energy Efficiency Incentives • Solar PV • Combined Heat & Power (CHP) • Solar Thermal • Fuel Cells • Biomass • Anaerobic Digestion • Wind Energy • Geothermal • Next Steps
Study Goals & Objectives • Identify locations & applications − Buildings, grounds, utility
infrastructure, historical significance
• Review technology & best practices − State and local regulatory
requirements
− Incentive programs • Conformance to 2006 Master Plan • Review existing studies • Economic analysis • UVM Student participation • GIS Map
Student Participation • Student ownership of the study • Provided crucial insight into campus operations • Research − Solar PV Surveys (all) − Wind (Ryan Darlow) − Solar Thermal (Jack Lehrecke) − Geothermal (Rich Smith)
• Extracurricular − Visit to South Burlington Solar Farm − AllEarth Renewables factory tour − Engineering & Consulting career path exploration
Vermont Renewables & Efficiency Incentives Vermont SPEED / Standard Offer Program •
Program is full, but electronic
applications still being accepted •
2.2 MWE maximum
LEVELLIZED PRICES (for information purposes only) Solar PV Hydro Landfill Gas Farm Methane Wind - over 100 kW Wind - 100 kW or less Biomass
$/kWh 0.271 0.123 0.090 0.141 0.118 0.253 0.125
Vermont Clean Energy Development Fund •
Loan and grant program is (currently) closed
•
Theoretically open to CHP but no evidence that any have been submitted / awarded
Local Utility Solar Tariffs •
BED: $0.20/kWh, connect directly to grid
•
GMP: $0.06/kWh, net metering ‘bonus’
Small-Scale Renewable Energy Incentive Program Solar Photovoltaic (PV) •
$2.10/W DC up to 10 kW, $1.40/W DC up to 60 kW.
•
Maximum incentive $97,500 or up to 50% of project costs,
Solar Hot Water •
$3.00/100 Btu/d up to 1,500 kBtu/d,
•
Maximum incentive of $45,000 or 50% of the costs
Wind •
Hybrid incentive: (capacity-based + performance-based)
•
$1.20 per kWh with a maximum incentive of $455,000
•
60% paid on installation; 40% at year one
Solar PV
Solar PV • Technologies • Installation best practices • Incentives • Locations • 66 buildings • 29 parking lots • 3 ground mount sites Aggregate Summary of UVM Solar PV Opportunities Total Installable Capacity (kW) 6,525 Total Annual Output (MWh) 7,861 2011 Campus Electrical Usage (MWh) 63,809 Percent Offset 12.04 %
Solar PV
PATRICK GYM
Sample Site Report Total Useable Roof Space: Type:
40,000 sq.ft.
Ballasted Roof-Mount
Tilt Angle:
10°
Orientation:
170° South
Estimated Installed Cost $/watt: Estimated Installed Cost:
Solar PV System Size: 320kW Basis of Design Equipment: • Sharp 250W Mono Solar Modules • SunLink Ballasted Racking System • 1x 250 kW PV Powered Inverter • Cooper Crouse Hinds Disconnecting, Surge Protection Combiner Boxes
$4.16
$1,330,000
Payback (with no incentives):
18 years
Payback (with incentives):
17 years
Annual Electrical Usage:
3,655,385 kWh*
(*usage is for entire complex)
Annual Solar Generation: % offset:
384,000 kWh 10.51 %
Combined Heat & Power / Cogeneration the simultaneous production of two or more useful forms of energy from a single fuel source (usually electricity and steam or hot-water) at higher combined efficiency
Potential Opportunities: Cage Complex CHP University Heights CHP
Combined Heat & Power / Cogeneration Cage Complex CHP Plant 3.5 MW Gas Turbine Generator (GTG) with single-pressure Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) Steam & Feedwater connected to existing Cage systems – 19,000 / 50,000 lb/hr steam (unfired / supplementary fired) Electrically connected to ~11 large-load buildings near Cage: • New per-building 13.8 kV feeders (underway) • BED 13.8 kV upgrade* to Cage • BED standby charge & other legal / commercial negotiations • Building electrical load-following required Vermont Gas supply system upgrades* $15.7 mm*, net of $2.9 mm avoided boiler upgrade cost (* BED / VG upgrade costs not included)
Combined Heat & Power / Cogeneration Cage Complex CHP Plant WMG 2006 Study Basis • 4.5 MW gas turbine and 60,000 lb/hr fired HRSG • 9 buildings connected electrically • Steam loads peaking at 130,000 lb/hr
2012 UVM and Potential Cogeneration System Changes • 2 more buildings – Davis & Jeffords • UVM utilities group energy efficiency / conservation have
lowered electrical & thermal loads
• 3.5 MW gas turbine and 50,000 lb/hr fired HRSG • Increased project cost / complexity
Combined Heat & Power / Cogeneration 1st-Year Annual Savings / Simple-Payback Gas Price
$/mmbtu
5.00
5.00
7.50
7.50
10.00
10.00
12.85
12.85
c/kW.hr
12.1
15.0
12.1
15.0
12.1
15.0
12.1
15.0
Net Installed Cost
$mm
15.7
15.7
15.7
15.7
15.7
15.7
15.7
15.7
Total Savings
$mm
6.3
7.2
7.7
8.6
9.1
10.0
10.7
11.5
Total Costs
$mm
4.2
4.2
5.9
5.9
7.7
7.7
9.7
9.7
1st-Year Annual Savings
$mm
2.2
3.0
1.8
2.7
1.4
2.3
1.0
1.9
Simple Payback
Years
7
5
9
6
11
7
15
8
Avoided Electricity Price
20-Year Present-Worth / Break Even Point Gas Price
$/mmbtu
5.00
5.00
7.50
7.50
10.00
10.00
12.85
12.85
Electricity Price
c/kW.hr
12.1
15.0
12.1
15.0
12.1
15.0
12.1
15.0
$mm
2.18
3.04
1.81
2.67
1.44
2.30
1.02
1.88
$mm
15.5
30.6
9.0
24.1
2.5
17.6
-4.9
10.2
Years
10
7
13
8
17
9
N/A
12
1st-Year Annual Savings 20-Year Present Worth Break-Even Point
A Cage Complex CHP Plant may warrant further examination.
Combined Heat & Power / Cogeneration University Heights CHP Potentially a modest “cogeneration” island: • Relatively steady electrical load ~ 250 kW • Hot-Water heating system (fed by Cage steam via HXE)
Microturbines, Fuel Cells or Gas-Fired Reciprocating Engine – with integral or external hot-water CHP system Simple Economic Summary - $5.00 gas; 15.0 c/kW.hr electricity Description Installed Cost Net Power Thermal Heat Annual Net Savings Nominal Payback *
Units $ kW mmbtu/hr $ years
Capstone Microturbine C65 ICHP C200 425,000 1,250,000 60 180 0.4 1.0 51,635 161,937 8 8
Typical Recip. Engine 1,250,000 225 0.7 216,863 6
UTC 400 Fuel Cell (too big) 2,000,000 388 1.6 345,866 6
* For different gas / electricity prices, payback is 15~25+ years. Payback is sensitive to building thermal useage / CHP hot-water generation matching
Solar Thermal
Solar Thermal • Technology • Collectors, storage, and heat exchangers
• Applications • Year-round hot water demand
• Incentives • Challenges • Central steam plant
• Locations • Marsh, Austin, Tupper, Living and
Learning D, University Heights, Harris Millis Dining, Simpson Dining
Solar Thermal
Harris Millis Commons Site Report Installation Detail Collector Area Number of Collectors Number of Arrays DHW Demand Temperature Setting System Flow Rate
System Spec. 1606 sq.ft. 40 5 2,402 Gal/day 140 째F 44.8 gpm
Fuel Cells
Fuel Cells • PEM & SOFC fuel cells - Bloom Energy 100, 200 kW - UTC Power 400 kW • Cogeneration with UTC model • Site requirements: - large, consistent load - Heat load for UTC model • High installed cost • Payback versus stack replacement • Maintenance and performance degradation • Potentially economically viable with low price gas and high price electricity. Simple Economic Summary with 5.00 gas and 15.0 c/kW.hr electricity Description
Bloom 100kW
Bloom 200kW
UTC 400KW
Installed Cost
$1,000,000
$1,300,000
$2,000,000
Annual Net Savings
$76,000
$152,000
$345,000
Payback (years)
13
9
6
Biomass Typically wood chips, bark, sawdust, wood process residues, wood pellets, wood pallets, agricultural waste, yard clippings and even municipal solid wastes Thermal energy (heat); both electricity and thermal energy (i.e. CHP); or a renewable biogas or syngas.
Biomass Trinity Campus – Biomass – Heating Only • Review/update of the 2011 Intern Trinity Biomass Study • Examined Trinity buildings currently heated by gas boilers • Basic economic and other considerations: -
High capital cost – biomass combustion boiler or gasifier
-
Biomass price uncertainty
-
Externalities – physical space, truck traffic, emissions
-
Additional operators and O&M
• Simple payback 10~14 years at current gas prices, but
uncompetitive if gas prices drop
• May be uncompetitive v.s. an extension of the UVM steam
distribution system
Biomass Trinity Campus Biomass CHP • UVM is considering district heating for electrically-heated
Trinity buildings (requires new buried piping and per-room electric-to-hot-water heating coil conversions)
• Consider a modest CHP with hot-water for those buildings,
plus electrical generation, for example: - AG-125 proprietary biomass cogeneration system - 100 kW net electrical output – heating-season only - 1.2 mmbtu/hr thermal output – heating season only
• $3.0~$3.5 mm (buried services / conversions not included) • Simple Payback, based on 1st-year Annual Savings:
20+ to 70+ years - Vermont SPEED biomass (12.5 c/kW.hr) does not improve economics -
Biomass Cage Complex Biomass CHP • Assume modestly sized biomass CHP (due to lack of fuel
storage space)
• Same AG-125 proprietary biomass cogeneration system
100 kW net electrical output – year-round 1.2 mmbtu/hr thermal output – year-round Thermal output used to pre-heat condensate – decreases deaerator steam required
-
• $3.0~$3.5 mm capital cost • Same externalities – space, truck traffic, emissions • Simple Payback, based on 1st-year Annual Savings:
20+ to 90+ years - Vermont SPEED biomass (12.5 c/kW.hr) does not improve economics -
Anaerobic Digestion
Anaerobic Digestion 1,000 tons/year
• Degradable organic waste collection - Existing compost program - Landscaping - Mixed manures • Digestion to RNG • CNG vehicles • Economic Viability & Challenges • Large capital investment • Annual operations costs = fuel • • • •
savings Payback non-existent Vehicle fleet changes Consider externalities Environmental advantages
Wind Energy
Campus Wind Speed: •
Class 1
•
Less than 11.6 mph
Wind Energy
Quiet Revolution 6.5 kW
Small Wind Turbines: • Siting Conditions & Locations • Incentives •
UVM Small Scale Renewable Energy Program
• Northern Power Systems •
Feasible for Miller Farm location
Micro Wind Turbines: • Building / Ground Mount •
Structural issues
• Locations • Technologies •
Cost Estimates
•
Challenges
•
Paybacks
Wind Energy
Miller Farm Site Report Bolton Valley Ski Resort
Northern Power Systems – Northwind 100 100 kW - interconnected to main service Annual Output: 170,000 kWh (est.) Installed cost: $640,000 Payback term: 18 years % offset: 25-35%
Site Wind Speed: 10.9 mph @ 30 meter hub height
Geothermal
Geothermal Sites: • The Back Five • Mercy • McAuley • Blundell House • Mann Hall • UVM Rescue/Police Services/PPD • Waterman
• Ground source heat pump – Hybrid system • Site selection: – Available space for wells – Independent of central plant – Heating & cooling load • The Back Five – Replacing electric heat • Mercy, McAuley – Existing boilers to be replaced in near
term
• ‘Residential’ buildings
Next Steps Renewable Energy Options – review, categorize,
evaluate, resolve technology conflicts, prioritize, further detailed-study and decide on implementation Solar PV / Thermal Wind Generation Geothermal
CHP/Cogeneration/Fuel Cells Biomass – Heating / CHP Anaerobic Digestion / Biogas
Energy Efficiency – Buildings and Systems • Optimize electricity useage / find “negawatts” • Continue to improve steam / condensate distribution system
Energy Cost Reduction – Electricity • Smart Metering • Building electrical load / BED invoice aggregation
Thank You It was a pleasure working with the UVM Clean Energy Fund team and the interns