Nautopia by VYTAS JACKUS

Vitamin

Vytautas JackeviÄ?ius Mindaugas Skrupskelis

Nautopia Water urbanism. Moving patterns. Social Liquidity.

Vytautas JackeviÄ?ius Mindaugas Skrupskelis UCL Bartlett School of Architecture MArch Urban Design 08/09 UD Unit 2 BENVUD 4.0 Thesis Tutors: Jason Coleman & Robert Dye

UCL Bartlett School of Architecture MArch Urban Design 2008/09 UD Unit 2 BENVUD 4.0 Thesis: Nautopia. Water urbanism. Moving patterns. Nomadic frameworks. Vitamin team Students: Vytautas Jackevičius & Mindaugas Skrupskelis E-mail: vitamin2009bartlett@googlemail.com Course Director: Collin Fournier Tutors: Jason Coleman & Robert Dye

Cover © Vitamin See list of images from other sources in the list bellow references.

We, VITAMIN team, confirm that the work presented in this report is our own. Where information has been derived from other sources, we confirm that this has been indicated in the report. Vitamin: Vytautas Jackevičius & Mindaugas Skrupskelis

Foreword 71% of our planet’s surface is covered with water and climate change is causing it to increase rapidly, which impact we can face in next 50-100 years. We live in aquatic planet. It should be called not the Earth but Nautus. We are exploring possibility to live in the landless environment. Instead of capitulation and retreating away from the attacking waterfront, use water surface for everyday living needs. Treating oceans as field of fishery only already proved to be immature world outlook of humanity. In 50 years we have eaten 90% worlds big fish and destroyed half of coral reefs in the seas and oceans. The idea we are testing is a culture set on water, where people have different values for life, they are living self-sustainable, consciously, socially and environmentally active. Different speculative scenarios are seen in the animations and models. Marine objects are designated to different functions, but encouraged to stay sustainable and independent. Ship can be part of the city organism as a whole, or detach itself without damaging the system. Our project demonstrates detailed analysis of North Sea region. Dover Channel proved to be one of the best locations for new type of offshore city as ‘filter’ on the channel. Our goal is to find out if it could be a futuristic answer to the environmental and social problems of today’s “land urbanism”. Challenge is to design a better quality living in comparison to land urbanism. We would like to thank everybody who was involved in our project through the year. Especially our devoted tutors Jason Coleman and Robert Dye.

006

Jonathan Kendall Fletcher Priest UDD Director

As previously discussed, the level of enthusiasm and graphic output is very much to be supported. It is therefore recommended that this working method continues, with regular questioning and cross-fertilising between the two students.

Mamata Bora MArch UD Barttlet Student

Vitamin’s endeavour to create an entirely altered life in the sea against the society and the systems prevailing on land; reminds me of a ‘Yogi’ who, in order to escape the ‘Maya’ (illusions) of life sets off to nature so as to find shelter in her. The project carries full potential of exploring not only what a city but also life could be in the future starting in a blank blue canvas. Personally I feel the most challenging and interesting part in the project is defining the attachment in the detachment. Is it possible to instigate a completely altered value system where life is full of pleasure and sharing without competition and jealousy? Are these characters part of human nature or behaviour prompted by the systems that we created? Is it possible to ignore land being in the sea the way we have been ignoring the sea being on land? Though many answers are unfound, the project spills over to all dimensions of life which, I believe, makes it a very remarkable urban venture.

sequence

Contents 011 021

Introduction Beginnings

01 021 Escapism 02 022 social networking 03 024 tribes. kibbutz 026 micronation - Sealand

028

IdĂŠe fixe

04/05 028 05 031 033 035

ethos Cesar harada. Open sailing SOS Nautical Stripe fetish

Ocean EXPLORATION Salvage Catalogue Future visions simulative procedures

07 047 decision Making 049 Vitamin forum 08 050 Public vs. private

09 10 11 12

14 075 Recombinant spaces 15 076 attractors 16 077 Liquid patterns

036

047

Nautilus

037 038 040 042 045

Access

052 Reef

075

052 055 057 058 060 062 063 065 13 069 073

h2o future lessons vision Bittertang sea environment hydroponics fowl vision seaweed Dinner @ nautopia

Liquidity

082

Injection

17 082 Rich in new settlers 18 086 Big boom challenge 089 teu

19 090 motion 20 091 Interaction 21 094 mooring systems i fenders 097 mooring systems ii Large 098 mooring systems iii chains 22 103 Mooring systems iV Megacities 105 oma . zeekracht masterplan

090

109

Hydrodynamics

Infrastructure

23 109 24 110 25 113 114 26 117 27 118 120 28/29 122

123

the root Plug in / plug out navigation hms belfast defence industries motivation break

Conclusion

30 125 refrences and images

Introduction

011

“Let your mind start a journey through a strange new world. Leave all thoughts of the world you knew before. Let your soul take you where you long to be...Close your eyes let your spirit start to soar, and you’ll live as you’ve never lived before.”

Erich Fromm

Nautopia is initiated by a desire to change the status quo of present day society. It is driven by the wish to escape the complexities of present day world and to create an alternative way of living. Hence the project aims to create a city in the sea for a future which is essentially unknown. A city, whether based on land or water is a dynamic environment constantly undergoing change. Static environment doesn’t exist. Each mutation drives changes in other related fields. It could be understood of somewhat as snowball attaching more and more snow while rolling down the mountain. That makes the city future platform of infinite possibilities and also extremely difficult to predict. Therefore a designer’s approach should be to design an environment which is flexible, adaptable and also dynamic. This project explores the failures in land urbanism and gives opportunity to explore a system using updated present day scientific knowledge. Over-complexity of nowadays monetary system is absolutely unnecessary. We aim to model simple and elementary one, which would revolutionize and enrich present day urban lifestyle, increase happiness and life-span of people. Our project is an intuitive journey, which is supported by moral values of humanity, our passion to know things and question them. We understood that this journey is meaningful as a process itself, not as attempt to reach the destination. Being unaware of how far or which direction our travel will turn, we were conscious we will never get to the end. There are no finishing lines of the city development which kept us on making our way. We believe that every designer is a perfectionist. We are pushing our projects to the most idealistic picture as we understand. Given the freedom to do so in our course we are questioning is the utopia possible at all? The project was given provocative name - Nautopia. Though Nautopia is idealistic, fictional city indeed, we were trying to find balance between fiction and reality, free mind visions and pragmatism. Nautopia is adaptable because it is experimental interdisciplinary design platform built for future - which is uncertain. This book is full of space for interpretations and questioning. It is simply a tool kit - answers for building difference to improve presence.

Methodology In the beginning of the project we have chosen a site in the North Sea to have some situational conditions for city to evolve. The framework of report was built while working on the model of site map introduced in next pages. It is a dialogue and decision making process through which city is built. The process is documented and presented in the report via 30 sequences - major events of the city. Each sequence is a scheme of the city phase which is explained by our discussion below. We would like to remind that the story is purely simulative. It could be changed and pointed to different direction at any point. Variations of Nautopia could be infinitive.

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014

The Channel In phase of the Strategic Urban Design we have made detailed analysis of North Sea region. We have performed several simulations to test possible sites for water based urban development. Dover Channel proved to be one of the best locations for new type of offshore city. Though it is the busiest channel in the world, there is 2km wide separation zone of industrial shipping lanes. Waters here are shallow and rich in alternative energy resources. As it is a corridor between North Sea and Atlantic ocean water stream here is comparably powerful and winds are more intense. We could benefit from existing infrastructure: telecommunication cables, ferries and Channel Tunnel crossing the site. Geopolitically it is on the border of UK and France water sectors. Ignoring this line is a statement of our wish belong to neither.

France >-50m

-50m

-30m

-20m

International Borders

United Kingdom

Telecommunication Cables

Transport / Shipping Lanes

015

>-50m

-50m

-30m

-20m

Tidal stream

Wave Energy Predominant Wind Directions

016

>-50m

-50m

-30m

-20m

Best Wave/Tide energy Site

Best Wind Farm Location

017

>-50m

-50m

-30m

-20m

The Composite Scheme

019

om d g n i K d ite n U ce n Fra

005

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01 Beginnings sequence

Escapism

V: OK! It’s recording. So where do we start? M: Lets start with couple of living boats coming to the North Sea from London and staying around the area u. These are the first people. They are experienced sea travellers, who enjoy nomadic life and this summer they want an escape leaving all things behind... They enjoy being surrounded by open water environment. V: The reason for their escape may be too static life in nowadays cities. They are looking for the other more interesting ways to spend the rest part of their life. They also know that they have been living under the rules of monetarism structure for so long, where the government decisions are made to support the elite. Literally corporations have grown up even larger than the governments. That does not make these people happy. M: World Statistics shows that out of top 100 economies in annual world’s GDP - 51 actually are corporations. That shows a lot. Basically we are given evidence of how corrupted our resource exchange system is. The only thing that most powerful characters are seeking in this drama is profit. As if it is not enough being their target, we are also giving up our institutes of social order to this hunt. Government is supposed to take care of our interests, while it is the same puppet in global corporations hands as we are in micro scale as individuals. V: Also. Our economy in this system is based on material consumption in a linear way: extraction > production > distribution > consumption > disposal, which leads to unsustainable living and non- adaptable environment. The real estate property prices have risen so much, that an average citizen

can not afford to get one. People work long hours, but social structure enslave people labour and manipulate their time. Culture. Consumerism values have evolved by media to run this system. We have more stuff in this culture, but less focus on the joy that truly make people happy: friends, family. M: So what you are saying is that these people want to live in the sea, because they want to find the backdoor? They may not be understanding very clearly the complexity of the problems they are going to be exposed to, but there is the strong feeling of escape at least for a while and there is flair it may be a right thing. V: They are a group of “hippies” who are doing things that make them and their friends happy. M: Yeap! That is one small community... Three families. And this year their holiday destination is here. V: Lets see if this idea works. More on escapism:

www.zeitgeistmovie.com

some rules just make no sense...

022 Social Networking M: So they are staying here for quite a long time and they are quite successful. Only once in two months they are sending someone to replenish their resources from the land. V: OK! Whatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s next? M: They spread a message of their successful story to the friends and relatives to the land. V: And does the kind of them join? M: Say, they invite some more life boats to join them. V: So we have 10 boats here now.... What do they with the sewage? M: There is no infrastructure here... It is just a small community the primitive one. V: Do they need electricity at least? M: Yes. Although having individual energy generators, this size of community should consider having one bigger communal generator. V: Lets give them one!u M: Now it should keep on growing. V: OK... I am thinking about the location... Maybe they should be staying in more shallow water? M: It is still quite primitive tribe. They are dealing with everyday challenges so far. They have nothing in common with sea bottom so it is just a flat surface of water they use. Location at this point is not important to them, it could be anywhere in the sea. The thing they could consider is the richness of fish. So they catch fish and get all other V: necessary things from the shore. But how do they spend their time? I know they can survive here, but what keeps them and their children busy? To be more specific, what are their daily life activities? I think their activities are very basic M: compared to any other social network. They definitely have to eat, so they catch fish, also to grow some vegetation on the top of the boats and take care of it... All the rooftops can be greenhouses, and use the heat from the sea in a passive solar distillery that automatically waters the plants. So. They have their â&#x20AC;&#x153;survival tool kitâ&#x20AC;? V: to be in the sea, but what keeps them busy? I think they create their own rituals, M: because their needs differ from people left on the land. That is why they have retreated. They play, socialize, discuss, travel, create art... Whatever makes them happy. What do you do when you leave planning behind Vytas?

...they create their own rituals, because their needs differ from people that stayed on the land... I can not really remember what is the V: smell of holidays :) but if I took one I would like to read a lot, go fishing, have deep conversations with my friends, travel, do some sports. M: Maybe VITAMIN family can visit them. V: I can not agree more...So here we have more families coming. How do they communicate with each other? M: By language you know :) Maybe they are a bit closer to each other? No doubt, they have to be connected V: to survive in this unfriendly environment, they cannot be so separated. But it is not one dense bunch of boats M: either. They should start organise structure. V: M.. I am putting a boat for the public use and gathering together. v M: Yes indeed. They need it for social events. I assume they start developing social networks; as we passed a tool kit for them*. Should the boat be larger? V: No. Same size -life boat is enough. This is the kind of community that one part of it still comes back to the shore from time to time. Some of them stay only for one season. I agree. How many of them do we M: have now? Population of 20+? Do they start taking life on sea serious and found a research centre? V: They start to systematize their knowledge using the same public boat. They start to spread the message about themselves around the world. Via social networks @ Internet and so on. So are boaters getting curious about it?

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02 sequence

Tool kit: * Highlight the code of openness and more advanced ethics. Treat community people equally and leverage the best members by * giving them a chance to declare their opinions. Plan and manage the community, elect community leaders early â&#x20AC;&#x201C; * ideally these would be technical people that quickly gain credibility in community development .

Find few colourful personalities to represent the community. These * people should organize meeting, participate in discussions, mailing lists, broadcast your ideas on shore.

Support the new comers to the community. Smaller developer groups * will naturally seek to help each other, they will gladly participate in jointeffort projects.

Take the early problems seriously, respond to social issues very * quickly.

* Make your city a place that people very much want to visit. Measurable achievements for each individual. Motivate them con* stantly. Stimulate sharing of ideas. Hold frequent development events and * invite leaders and representatives to speak.

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03 sequence

Tribes. Kibbutz M: They get in touch with a bunch of very alike people (Open sailing/Seasted). We can have more people coming and contributing. V: Some of them are just visiting, some having summer holidays. The Netherlands, UK, France, etc. Some of people stay. M: OK. If we reach 100 of people we need to have bigger ship for the public and administrative use. u We have to start more sophisticated research. They should start thinking about more comfortable life as they are settling down. It could be a distribution point of products from land as well. V: Why don’t we create sustainable community from the very beginning? They can grow for themselves everything they need... Lets give them a fish farm at least! v M: Well, they really need one. Do you remember example of the tribes who are living similar manner? V: There is one movement living that way, but they are located on the land in Israel. They are Kibbutz. “It is almost a century since a small group of young Jewish immigrants from eastern Europe, inspired by Zionist and socialist ideals, set up the first kvutza (“group” in Hebrew) later renamed kibbutz (“community”, when membership grew) on the shores of the Sea of Galilee. They viewed the kvutza as a closely-knit, egalitarian community, based on common ownership of the means of production and consumption, where all, conferring together, made decisions by majority vote and bore responsibility for all.”01 M: Sounds really similar to the one we want to establish. What can we learn from them? You mentioned that they exist for almost a century now. The social model should be quite sustainable.

V: Yes we can. “The kibbutz movement has since become the world’s largest communitarian movement. Some 117,300 people live in 268 kibbutzim across Israel... Membership ranges from less than 100, in a few cases, to more than 1000 in a number of kibbutzim, most having several hundred members.”01 M: So this means they keep those tribes in few members. Doesn’t it sound a bit isolated? V: Socially people living in communities can not really consist of more than couple of thousands of members, because later on it is really hard for the members to remember and define who is the part of community and who is an alien. M: I find that nowadays cities are very alienated. We have a similar situation in city culture today; although there is a general culture to which we can feel we belong, it has become impersonal and is becoming increasingly fragmented. This is mostly because of the sheer size of country and population. It is possible to be relatively intimate with people in numbers under 1 or 2 thousands, but try being intimate with 300 million. It is impossible. V: Yes indeed. City culture is not monolithic like communal cultures are; it is a melting pot of post modernistic cultures.

“An individual has a greater degree of choice of cultural behaviour. One has the opportunity to learn about and interact with many different cultures. This is good for reducing fear of “the other” but only if a person feels psychologically safe. But it can be difficult to feel psychologically safe in today’s culture. Many people feel like they are being tossed on a sea of change. They want something to cling to.”

025 The social structures that have traditionally been meeting the need for intimacy and community in the West have mostly been churches, clubs, and civic organizations. Instead of belonging to a group of several million people, a person has the option of joining a church, for example.” “But traditional In the last hundred years, several technological developments have changed the playing field when it comes to cultural choices. First, with the advent of modern transportation – planes, ships, automobiles – we have become extremely mobile. No longer is geography a barrier. Second, we have the recent boom in the development of communication technology. The Internet has been the greatest advance yet because of the potential to connect people.” 02 Jon Fidler. Kibbutz. What, Why, When, Where M: So each tribe of kibbutz is solid and independent social unit with limited networks regarding the external world. It may seem monolithic and strong inside, but I find it preserving itself from the rest of the world. There is a danger of losing touch with the real world and start living in mass fantasy. Anyway it is a kind of parallel world. Not exactly. Although each kibbutz V: is socially and economically an autonomous unit, a number of national federations provide coordination of activities as well as some services.

“At the beginning of the new millennium, the two largest national federations, the United Kibbutz Movement and the Kibbutz Artzi Movement amalgamated and became The Kibbutzim Movement, to which over 90% of the kibbutzim belong. Some 6% of kibbutzim are affiliated with the Kibbutz Dati (religious kibbutz) and there are two national-ultra-orthodox kibbutzim, which belong to Poalei Agudat Yisrael. Most kibbutzim are similarly laid out, with communal facilities such as dining hall, auditorium, offices and library at the centre, ringed by members’ homes and gardens, with sports and educational facilities beyond these, and industrial buildings and agricultural land on the perimeter.”01 Royce Carlson. New Tribalism M: So our community also wants to be economically and socially independent, but still part of the system.

...city culture is not monolithic like communal cultures are; it is a melting pot of post modernistic cultures...

More on footprints in oceans:

The End of the Line - the movie (2009) www.endoftheline.com www.seashepherd.org www.greenpeace.org.uk

@ ns on o d ti daerac Lon a r Int Art a h ign f r Des ge o g lle yin Co cesa d u l St ya Ro

031

Cesar Harada Open sailing

Open Sailing aims to design and invent future lifestyles to overcome any possible natural and man made disasters stimulating peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ingenuity and sense of solidarity. Open Sailing method is to convert apocalyptic threats into design constraints. From our compiled set of threat maps, we found that oceans are the safest locations. Ocean survival architecture became our new starting point, but we need to go further than surviving : how can we live together in this new fluid configuration and remain a hyperconnected intelligent social being? We are trying to make a truly â&#x20AC;&#x153;open architectureâ&#x20AC;? : pre-broken, under-defined, reconfigurable, moveable, pluggable, organic, fluid. Can we reach a harmonious dynamic state of interdependence with each other and the earth? www.opensailing.net

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September 7th 2009 To mark Labour Day weekend Alaskaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s fishermen took bold action in an attempt to protect their livelihood and the health of ocean fisheries worldwide, sending an

SOS

More than 100 fishing boats, sail boats, skiffs and kayaks took to the waters off Homer Alaska to draw attention the threat of ocean acidification. The boats arranged themselves in the ocean to spell out Acid Ocean

SOS

www.SpectralQ.com

034

myNautical

Stripe Fetish

Tara. Was excited to grab my new striped top yesterday from LL Bean [not a place I usually shop, mind you]. I have probably purchased 3 or 4 similar tops in the past year alone, because I clearly have an obsession with French nautical stripes, and I am always on the lookout for the perfect one. I decided to buy this one because it is made of a thick-knit, high quality cotton. Do you have a certain clothing item or accessory that you find yourself buying over and over again?? MySpecialStash. Ooo I love this outfit! Very A.P.C. The cut of your trousers is so unique- they look perfect for warm weather! ambika. Oh love that little jacket. The nautical look is *always* a go-to for me. Lily. Give us the download on the LL Bean top -- how’s the fit? Does it run a little big, a tad small? Inquiring minds want to know! Tara. Lily -- it fits slightly loose, but not oversized, just comfortable. I bought a medium, and I typically wear an 8 [sometimes a 10]. It is definitely not “slouchy” though because of the material -- it is a thicker woven cotton. It is nice! saragraph. I think your stripes are my polka dots! I’m wearing my black with white polka dots cocktail dress with a black v-neck tee over it. Two of my buy-over-and-over-again items. www.nothing-elegant.blogspot.com

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*Nautilus

[ναυτίλος - sailor] The common name of marine creatures of the cephalopod family Nautilidae. Having survived relatively unchanged for millions of years, nautiluses represent the only living members of the subclass Nautiloidea, and are often considered to be “living fossils.”

037 date:

population:

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06 Nautilus sequence

Ocean EXPLORATION

V: 71% of the world’s surfaces are oceans and seas. If we look at our planets’ surface and compare the land to the oceans, it would be proportion of 1:2. If we imagine the cut through the earth, then the earth layer in the section would be paper-thin. The oceans have depth dimension which is 20 times longer. By today we have only explored 5% of what is in the ocean, and we found there the worlds highest mountains, worlds deepest valleys, underwater lakes, underwater waterfalls. The other 95% of the earth water may be empty or full of surprises. We live in the ocean planet, paradoxically called earth; 94 % of earth life is aquatic. Density and diversity is much bigger than tropical rain forest. And do you know what? We have better maps of Mars than our own planet. M: How come? V: There are two world’s biggest exploration programmes held by US. M: That would be NASA... and? V: NOAA (National Ocean Atmospheric Administration), which explores the oceans and seas, so called inner spaces of our planet. M: Humn... Never heard of this one. V: NASA’s annual budget would cover NOAA’s budget for 1600 years. M: Oh dear! That is why!? US rockets are pointed to the wrong direction! V: Yes I can not agree more. To find a quest living intelligent life elsewhere in the Universe is surely a good goal. I have a hope that someday we will find evidence that there is an intelligent life among humans on this planet.

M: If only governments would share the budget more carefully. Just a tiny piece of NASA’s budget could build our city. As we assumed that they would be able to get support from the globally aware entities, then UK would provide a big ship to convert it to a research centre of our city and workshop for building reefs... Name it Nautilus*.u V: So have we decided if people are moving to another place? M: I propose they are splitting 8 v9 Assume that some of the people may wish to remain at current location. V: I do not have any arguments against. M: Lets examine the idea of having the group of apostates. They are free people who avoid belonging to a system. Once they have showed ability to escape, they may demonstrate it again. V: Would their lifestyle change? M: No, simply lead the same life...being fishermen. They are happy now and want to stay there.

Beauty of Statistics:

www.gapminder.org

Salvage off the beach!

After 25 to 30 years ships are at the end of their operational life. These ‘end-oflife’ vessels are sold and dismantled to recover valuable steel. More than 90% of a ship’s structure consists of steel. However, ships also contain large amounts of hazardous materials. Shipbreaking today occurs mostly in yards on the beaches of South Asian countries as well as in China and Turkey. As thousands of South Asian workers desperate for jobs at any cost dismantle ships without protection, shipbreaking creates unacceptable levels of death, injury, work-related diseases and environmental pollution. This situation will be aggravated by the number of ships going out of service in the next few years following the global phase out of single hull oil tankers; the large estimated backlog of old vessels still operating because of high freight rates; and the general boom in shipbuilding over the last years. www.shipbreakingplatform.com

039 ...finally you get to the breaking sites and what a vision of the apocalypse it is. As far as the eye can see container ships, oil tankers and other huge hulks have been beached like a pod of whales on a bad navigation day... http://colinlaidlaw.wordpress.com/2009/01/

040

Catalogue

041

Above you can see a range of existing marine objects, which would be used for Nautopia city framework. For notion of their scale some more familiar dry land objects appear in the line. Some of these ships can accommodate up to 6000 residents. Those big objects are significant urban elements themselves in comparison with present cities; putting only few of them together we would make a quarter of city. Most of these object were designed to withstand harsh environment in the open sea and be sustainable and independent in a long term journeys. Some of them have nuclear power generators that can produce energy with alternative power resources.

042 ENDLESS LAYERS Can offshore city elements be physically attached to each other creating almost endless layers of the sea surface? What would be nature of this big structure? How fast could it react to threat of hazardous storms?

Would all the objects sunk after they expire? Should they be chopped into pieces and be recycled? Or could they serve as air pillows, supporting the new layers on the top.

LAYERS OF TIME

ICEBERG Is the city growing flat on the sea surface as in present (according to ground surface)? Objects in the water are affected not only by earth gravitation but also air pulling it up. Can we think about â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;weightlessâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; city? Compact living between ground and water environments? This kind of space would be submerged as an iceberg; only small part of it showing off on the surface.

FLOATING LANDSCAPES Will there be a need of creating floating platforms for artificial landscapes? Would people use them for agriculture? Soil from bottom of sea and composts waste could be used.

043

Future Visions

After using mentioned inventory of salvage; people would start to build new types of marine objects to accommodate their needs of offshore city. We made some sketches of how these objects might look like.

MODEL OVER THE CHANNEL TUNNEL MODEL ON THE SAND BANK MODEL IN DEEP WATER

045 VITautas. Simulation is based on settling above the existing Channel Tunnel. This maneuver gives opportunity to have a fast and regular transport connection to the land. People and goods flow via tunnel accelerate growth and development of the offshore city. Assuming the tunnel can accommodate traffic of cargo transportation from offshore port straight to the continent; ships can unload here without entering the busiest ports of the North Sea. All facilities for inhabiting the ‘alien land’ are placed around the area: ships for inhabitation, water, food, sewage. The Elements form market like courtyard which creates shelter from the wind and waves in this unfriendly environment.

MINdaugas. Second simulation suggests

the start of building the frame of the city in the shallow waters of sandbanks (such as Varne Bank, Le Colbart). Ships are driven on the bank and permanently stuck to the sea bed. This may reduce the costs of fixing objects to the sea bottom. At the same time friendly environment for marine life on the seabed is created instantly. While small boats are still fully flexible; large elements can have physical links due their stability (e.g.: bridges, piers). Other big ships that need to be flexible can also be floating aside.

VITAMIN CITY Unites most attractive so-

lutions of both simulations. Ships are being sunk systematically forming artificial reefs. This environment crates shelter for human occupied ships as well as sea fauna. City makes a stop for cruise liners, ferries and container ships (for uploading in its port) as it is suited on the busy lanes and Channel Tunnel. The development of the city is drawn to the sand bank direction, while the head is facing the strongest currents of the sea; absorbing it with power collectors and buffer zone – artificial reefs.

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047 date:

2061/09 population:

000 750 a r ea ( 1 0 0 m 2 ) :

000 450

07 Access sequence

Decision making

V: This is very intimate community of people that are supporting each other. How come they have to split up in two groups now? M: It is a nature of relationship, sometimes you turn your way. Anyway they are free people and can choose. Even if 1% of population wants to stay there they have a right to do so.

The only way for a system to evolve into something is to have flexible structureâ&#x20AC;Ś A decentralized redundant organization can flex without distorting its function, and thus it can adapt. It can manage change. We call that growthâ&#x20AC;Ś there is no control outside a self-making system. (Evolutionary decision-making systems Kelly1994)

V: Assume that no more than 10% of people stay at current spot. Those staying should have their own idĂŠe fix. At the new spot the mandatory rule for the rest of 90% people is to follow ethos. M: The city can move gradually according to the progress of the new development. Some people have the idea to stay on the safe side. I mean changes always bring a degree of risk and they do not want to move on. How do they make their decisions in new environment? V: They have several ways of resolving problems depending on importance of the question. First of all it is forum - a debate arena, development events. They also use the modern technologies, virtual spaces for sharing ideas and voting. Everybody should be given a right to vote. M: I like the forum idea. It is the archetype of Greek democracy that modern cities moved away from as they have expanded so much that is hard to manage.

It is easier to present the issue at the debate because more arguments are shared. It is important to decide how we make everyday decisions, how we define positive and negative issue sides. The best way is to acquiesce to leaders, persons in authority, approved experts. However there will always be somebody who decides coincidently as flipping a coin. Some of people will just accept their flair. All together should agree the list of issues regarding the new development. V: Yes. And they should be using Nautilus as the centre of proposed site at shallow waters. u They are bringing in the retired oil rig which they have got as a present from former oil enterprise. v Then they can start building the city centre with the plans to open the ferry stop there. M: As soon as they have got the platform here, the bigger mass of people moves and starts building the city that is constructing those reefs. w Assuming that they have got even more people coming who are exited about the life at sea idea and want to be ha part of it.

Greek democracy model Fundamental political ideas. Ran House Encyclopedia (1990)

049

050 Public vs. Private V: Lets identify the ships that are used for public purposes . Basically they would be our centres - nodes of social network. As we discussed some time ago, most of cities we want to escape create alienation. The key to solve this problem is to create framework of communities.

“communities are seen as frameworks that protect the individual and the household from impersonal world. A community, it is hoped, would establish an interpersonal level of encounter, hence preventing alienation...” M: Yes. Lets determine the public and private space relations. The code for our society is to divide city space into private and public realms and regulate people flow from one ship activities to another floating object.

“...On the one hand, they seem to semi-privatize parts of urban space,i.e. create a defined area for the residents to feel in control and the non residents to feel outsiders...” V: I can not agree more. Public and private connection or separation has to be balanced and is extremely important topic sculpting our visual urban space as it directly influences our city’s social life.

M: It is especially important in our city as we give people possibility to move freely from one place to another. Population mobility and liquidity will tend to grow in the high rate. That may also bring some negative effects on our society.

“...social pluralism makes the process of signification and identification far more complex than ever before...” V: If we develop communities and allow complete freedom to migrate, people will travel consciously and the movement will be limited by their attachment to one or another urban tribe.

“...institutional common area that relates individuals to one another, allows to regulate their relation partly through controlling exposure and concealment. It allows them to express their differences and identities, test their own reality, experience permanence through relation to other generations, while scrutinizing the state and forming condom opinions, thereby integrating the positive and negative meanings of freedom.”

051 date:

2062/04 population:

001 000 a r ea ( 1 0 0 m 2 ) :

000 500

08 sequence

M: Our city is like a flock of bees: in a day time flying around and working for common wealth and prosperity, but at night they come back to the nest that they belong to.

“...We have seen that splitting the city into distinctive, small-scale neighborhoods inside or on the periphery has been advocated as an environmentally friendly urban form...” Ali Madanipour . ‘Public and private spaces of the city’ V: How our community differs from the communities living on land? Most often communities we live in are not adaptable. People we don’t really like appears to be in the centre of it. But we have static(fixed) homes, so we can’t avoid them. Our communities are on water so it is more flexible to change the location and rigidness is not the issue anymore. So you can change people living near you, which makes communities stronger. V: So the more public or semi-private spaces we have, the more monolith neighbourhoods will become. We need some bigger objects for residential use to tie the people. Shall we open a school? The city should start look more or less as city. M: Yes, we can put an educational functions in this ship u.

V: I am placing a new fish farm near the edge of the site with the ship for vegetation, hydroponics and small park v. At the same time they should start structure the system. We could do waste recycling at Nautilus. Its the biggest object in the city and supposed to be more complex. I think it should be as floating reef itself. M: Is it moving constantly? V: Yes. Nautilus leaves the life behind. It has got service boats following and looking after the reefs w. M: You mean - is the whole city following Nautilus? V: You are right. It creates the ecosystems and leaves them behind with some settlements. Few boats are still moving with it. It is the most important element of the city so far. By the concept it unites the citizens.

European Archive of Urban Public Spaces:

www.urban.cccb.org

052 date:

2062/06

population:

001 200 a r ea ( 1 0 0 m 2 ) :

000 610

Reef H2o

M: Station has got different character so far. I suggest it has some potential to grow and should keep on developing on its individual way. I mean it doesn’t follow the Nautilus and stays here u. Therefore I am thinking about making Nautilus less universal, less involved in whole infrastructure of the city. Before letting it go we should think about distribution of the functions. We should build more reliable waste management site. Maybe consider bigger fish farm? Should we put new desalination plant on other side of the reefv? You are dispersing the city. Why not V: somewhere in between reefs and station? Water saltiness is the same, it could be anywhere. Well, I was thinking about the deeper M: waters, as it would be less inhabited in the future. It is more about finding zone for industrial use. As we build the reef range on the edges of the city it would become spine and frame for city development, something like green belt of London. In this case we would have station centre inside the frame and industries outside? V: It is not a heavy industry. We wouldn’t put something polluting anywhere in our city. You are right. It is not the time for M: zoning anyway... OK lets make it in the station platform. I’m moving this ship there to collect by-product. What do we do with that salt? TransV: porting it to the continent? Yea, we cannot discharge it again to M: the water. We may sell it as food salt.

V: We should not forget about the rainwater harvesting systems as it most sustainable way of collecting drinking water. And we would not have those by-products I have doubts about the rainwater M: quality in these years, basically it’s already raining pesticides. We would have to clean it somehow anyway. In addition, we have to keep in mind that it rains approximately 80 mm/an which wouldn’t be enough anyway. But this could be the alternative way of water collection. What about other alternative ways of V: obtaining fresh water? Maybe we could drill a bare hole and get geodesic water? If you remember the sea map - there is some fresh water springs spurting straight from the seabed. Yes. Of course we can assume it as M: possibility. And most of all we should not forget about the water recycling. Drinking water in open sea may be very preciuos. Collecting it and monitoring it`s consume may be one part, but recycling it would be the most convenient way of replenishing our resources. V: OK, we will need to build a water recycling plant, but lets move Nautilus now. Lets get to the business. Part of the city moves with it. So we M: have three parts now. Community at former locationw, then stationu and following Nautilusx.

053

Xavier Maniguet. Survival: How to Prevail in Hostile Environments. Once you got stranded at sea, with scant supply of fresh water you should first begin diluting freshwater (if available)... Maniguet suggests: â&#x20AC;?adding a glass of seawater to a liter of fresh water will produce a liquid with the same osmotic pressure as beerâ&#x20AC;?. If seawater must be consumed, some of the guidelines are: drink before you start to feel thirsty; intake should be divided up into about 10 portions of two or three mouthfuls each per day, limit consumption to no more that five to seven days to avoid exceeding the limits of renal function. If after this length of time you have been successful in obtaining freshwater from fish, turtles, algae or rain, you can again drink seawater in small doses for another five to seven days. Also suggested: alternate consumption of sea and freshwater (if available) and, most interestingly, saltwater enemas, as the mucous lining of the colon has a filtering system that other mucous membranes lack. Any volunteers?

054

055 date:

2062/09 population:

001 500 a r ea ( 1 0 0 m 2 ) :

000 750

10 sequence

Future lessons V: They need one more ship for maintenance and boat service. Something like floating dock y And they need to enclose the territory of new reef for a while, to protect new species and yet fragile ecosystem z. Almost as its seen on Britain from above. Manipulation of ecosystems. Yea it could for a period of incubaM: tion. How long it could take? One year? No. It should take at least 5 years to V: develop sustainable ecosystem. Half of decade is a lot of time. It M: should teach the our forming communities and growing young generation how fragile our ecosystem is. I think this is an opportunity for enV: gaging children from early years to be responsible and aware about our delicate environment. Children see the change them selves and feel the connectivity with the fish, birds, plants and other marine animals. This will definitely make the shift in young people values. M: I imagine it as a classroom of tomorrow. Direct influence would make sure that children who will grow up in this environment will be responsible, and maybe would become future scientists. This direct engagement to communiV: ty is a part of intrinsic motivation. Purpose doing or taking care for something larger grater than our selves.

Example: Let’s take a nature lesson at a primary school as a prime example. If you’re simply going to talk about an iguana and tell your pupils all about it and perhaps show them a few photographs, the chances are they’ll soon get bored. But how about if you got somebody from your local zoo or pet store to bring an iguana into the classroom? You can bet that the pupils will show far more motivation and will be far more interested and will learn and retain far more information by observing the behaviour of a real live iguana and perhaps even holding it than they would looking at pictures in a book. In other words, to create a culture of intrinsic motivation in a school lesson, you’ve got to do something that will enable pupils or students to engage with the topic. www.motivationexpert.co.uk M: We are nearly clean slates when we are born and it is our environment that shapes who we are and how we behave.

“We shape our Buildings and afterwards they shape us”. Winston Churchill

Visit for more:

www.edenproject.com

057

Vision Ship as a floating reef

058

Bittertang Microcosmic Aquaculture

‘We imagine a future where the vast and deep expanses of the ocean will teem with overabundant floating gelatinous reefs. Human’s will be nourished physically and aesthetically by encouraging new floating worlds of reefs that sustain large quantities of harvestable wild and captive fish. Farming in this project is not viewed as a monoculture but the creation of a new ecology where wild and captive wildlife are ‘raised’ and their aesthetic potential is enjoyed by future divers and fishermen. By encouraging the establishment of new ecosystems contemporary farmers as well as the public can reap sustenance and aesthetic benefits from environmental stewardship. By combining manufactured products with plant material we will help to define a new bio-engineered aesthetic associated with qualitative benefits that disturbs romantic desires to return to nature and environmentalism. Our ominous orbs will provide the structure from which this aesthetic will arise. Once set loose in the wild the orbs will literally take on a life of their own, following currents and attracting life wherever they go, possibly even mingling with other spheres of various ages, sharing their ecosystems and giving them away as they collapse and die. In the ocean this growth can happen very quickly within months of being born the orbs will be covered with living material becoming new edible living worlds.’ www.bittertang.com

Michael Loverich & Antonio Torres

059 V: I love “Microcosmic Aquaculture” because it is completely convincing as a concept that can help to increase marine biodiversity and replenish the world’s over fished waters. M: It has a lot of to do with our project indeed. I like it to be nomadic ecosystem. Though it is artificial it is absolutely organic and biodegradable fish farm. Imagine discovering this strange floating piles of goo while scuba diving. And apparently those gelatinous spheres are edible. However it naturally differs from our project as we are building the city and we want to make more stable ecosystems. Human is a close part of eco-cycle here and gets instant advantage of being it’s protector. It maybe beneficial if our citizens would be building those reef seeding bombs and let them find their way through the channel to the Atlantic Ocean. It would boom the global sustainability awareness.

060

above WATER

UNDER

UNDE

RGROU

WATER SURFACE

WATER seabe

RGROU

Sea Environment

It may seem that our city differs from dry land only by exploiting the wet surface. Compared to the dry land situation environment in the sea gains three more layers of different environments: sea bed, underwater and water surface.

062 date:

2063/06 population:

002 000 a r ea ( 1 0 0 m 2 ) :

000 950

11 sequence

Hydroponics* M: Ok. Lets continue. V: What do the apostates do? M: Let them join our city later. The generations may change, and the new city should prove its potential. We also need a sufficient infrastructure at least. So far we have just started building reefs and the new community stays there to supervise the reefs during incubation period and settle a new urban structure u. V: These communities support the ecosystem and more ships are coming to the edge of the reef v. How many people are there at the moment? M: ~2000? The reefs should accelerate growth now. V: I think we need to get into more detail about those objects we have. The population is growing in the station district w. Where do people grow more fish? We need additional local fish farms x. Lets run over the control systems. What are the functions of them at existing grid? How do they move? How much resources should we dedicate to each object? What are people occupied with? It lacks of organisation. M: Yes. I agree. We have a lot of small objects. It is impossible to go into details about each and every of it. We can decide on key dedications, but identifying each person’s occupation will not change much. Being so environmentally aware we have to build more serious waste recycling facilities due to the increasing population. I am allocating them on the rare edge of the city y. The wind will blow the smell out of the city. We have a lot of renewable energy V: resources in the sea: wind, tidal, wave power. There are also other opportunities such as solar and geothermal power.

Tidal power is the most predictable and wind is the richest source of energy. I locate wave power plant just in the front of the reefs z to absorb the surface disruption coming to the city and bring in some more energy for the city. M: I am also thinking about hydroponics right now (v next page).

*Hydroponics by definition, means ‘water-working.” In practical use, it means growing plants in a water and nutrient solution, without soil. Hydroponics allows a gardener to grow plants in a more efficient and productive manner with less labor and time required.

Lessons on hydroponics:

www.hydroponicsonline.com

This is not the only way to grow vegetation in landless environment, but it is useful for us to recycle/clean water as well. While plants are growing, they utilize the nutrient-rich water, reducing or eliminating the water’s toxicity for the consuming. V: We may also do some hydroponics at Nautilus. Although each individual contributes to the food production, it may become more communal. What do you think about the reef, can we treat it as a green open space as well and plant a park there? M: The park should come above water at some points. However there is more than 40 meters in depth. We would have to build reasonably tall reefs. It is more efficient to use the floating platforms for parks and greenhouses.

063

Fowl V: What logic of organisation can we apply now? Frontier of the reefs; reefs themselves and at the back of it with station behind. M: Having a buffer in the front, the structures can grow as chains towards the station. After forming the small centres as heads of the body located on the edge of the reef, some parks may appear there. V: So we concentrate the city just on the edge of coral reefs because the city unites them. It is a basis of the society as well as urban fabric. M: That is the idea for the moment. Lets see where it can lead... we can locate a platform in recent part of the reef in the front of the newly planned chains as their head and the centre? u

V: I like it in that place. What is happening on that platform? The top surfaces of it can be dedicated to the nature as well. For example we can have nesting site for birds? It may be the ornithology centre as well. M: Imagine having thousands of terns here. We may have problems with them eating our fish and vegetation. V: We can control the number of their population by eating them :) M: It is not very nature loving Vytas! :) We need broader diet variety. That is our organic fowl! We can collect their eggs as well if there would be anybody who dare. I already see revival of A. Hitchcokâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s beloved â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Birdsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;.

065

Vision Nautopia @ sequence 12

067

Seaweed Seaweed as a staple item of diet has been used in Japan, Korea and China since prehistoric times. In 600 BC, Sze Teu wrote in China:

Some algae are a delicacy fit for the most honoured guests, even for the King himself...

Drying sea weed

069 date:

2065/06 population:

003 000 a r ea ( 1 0 0 m 2 ) :

001 500

13 sequence

Seaweed V: At this stage the city has to densify. We have the big objects on the edge of the reef, we have put the critical mass of smaller urban elements further. During the time these objects densify and grow bigger. Our reefs have grown big enough to support larger population . As we have got a new centre with ornithology on the edge of the reef, we have to develop the city. M: Defining The elements that support the population growth, I would like to focus on sea vegetation as one of the most important every day diet product. It will be commonly used as the main dish, even more frequently than fish. V: I have never tried seaweed. It is something of a mystery to me, though I can imagine it in my plate and I have seen some ‘sea vegetables’ at the market place. M: You have almost certainly eaten seaweed or at least a product derived from seaweed without even realising it, and there are some ‘five to six hundred seaweed species found around the coasts of the Britain’ with about ’nine thousand found worldwide.’ * V: Can we actually collect any sea vegetation that grows on our reefs and eat it? With a level of control of course. M: Although you may think that all seaweed in our waters are edible, some of them contains chemical constituents that are poisonous. Our safest option is to cultivate the tested ones. V: Are you suggesting to try them all? M: Well its about the time to dine! V: We definitely will make it. That is going to be a real speciality of our city. It is one of the products that can be used for exchange and support of our economy.

M: Absolutely. What really fascinates me is that it can be used not only as a food product. There is possibility to produce bio fuel. Are you trying to massage my greed V: with that now? You mean that it may be our answer to oil crisis and create totally new industry? Maybe. But it is not our prerogative. I M: believe it is more likely we will use seaweed for producing gums and pigments which will be needed to maintain our ships. That is tempting anyway. The fact is V: that having dried seaweed even as a raw material may boost our industries. Lets check a list of its uses.

Most common uses of seaweed: Human food/ Agricultural fertilisers/ Building material (Coralline algae)/ Industrial gums/ Fibers/ Pigments/ Biofuels/ Medicine/ Cosmetics/ Baths/

More on Sea Level Rise:

www.flood.firetree.net www.extremeicesurvey.org

We have less than TEN YEARS to make the changes necessary to prevent major disastrous climate change. - Dr. James Hansen

085

Greenland Ice Sheet, Greenland July 18, 2006 A meltwater lake on the surface of the Greenland Ice Sheet. The dark material etching out the crevasses is a combination of natural dust particles kicked up by winds; air pollution particulates generated by hydrocarbon; and the constant rain of meteorite debris that showers the earth. Meltwater produced by spring and summer warming collects in lakes such as these, then flows into moulins, stream channels that drill their way down through the ice. The water then flows out the base of the glacier and into the ocean. The more water there is, the more it lubricates the glacier bed and the faster the ice flows into the sea. Global warming has caused melting many dozens of miles further inland and many hundreds of feet higher than just a quarter century ago. At Swiss Camp on the Greenland Ice Sheet, springtime temperatures have increased 5.4oF (3oC) and winter temperatures 9oF (5oC) since measurements began in 1993. As a consequence, while twenty-two cubic miles of Greenland ice melted in 1996, 54 cubic miles melted in 2005. Current Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimates of global sea level rise-1/8 inch per year--include only water produced by atmospheric warming and not by increased glacier instability from meltwater. The estimate therefore UNDERSTATES sea level rise to be anticipated if the atmosphere continues heating up (the next IPCC report in 2009 will almost certainly adjust its estimates to account for this crucial factor).

www.extremeicesurvey.org

086 date:

2067/06 population:

017 000 a r ea ( 1 0 0 m 2 ) :

006 500

18 sequence

Big boom Challenge M: As we accept those refugees. We should think how to deal with this boom. I suggest that our citizens establish a refugee camp in the site near the tunnel.u As it could be the strategic plan for having fast connection with continent via tunnel in the future, when new comers can sustain themselves. For a while we can convert the site of former apostates to the Humanitarian help centrev. V: Yes, sea communities could help thousands of people descending with their ships after the flood, but what about those who don’t have boats? M: Remember our catalogue? We could have huge sea containers. Converting them to some kind of condos could be the answer. I remember you went to do the investigation at cargo port? V: Oh yes, this spring I did a research about quick and cheep housing, which could be erected from sea containers. I visited port of Klaipėda (Lithuania). I found out that sea container, which is 36 m2 cost only 1000 euro. Containers are an extremely flexible method of construction, being both modular in shape, extremely strong structurally and readily available. They offer an alternative solution to traditional space provision. They are ideal for office and workspace, live-work and keyworker housing. Special thanks to Vytas friend Donatas Kupresčenko, who got him to the port of Klaipėda and shown facilities.

M: Oh yes, we visited Trinity Buoy Wharf in London, called Container City. Place is very funky and painted in bright colours. It even has no clue about industry! It is a relatively simple matter to completely clad a building externally in a huge variety of materials. I would like to test living in one of those.

Finally the benefits of Container Cities can truly be seen in short and medium term land use projects. Short-life sites can have Container Cities that simply unbolt and can be relocated or stored when land is required for alternative uses. To date this alternative method of construction has successfully created youth centers, classrooms, office space, artists studios, live / work space, a nursery and retail space. www.containercity.com

Containers can be transformed into stylish modern homes that are expandable, and the space that you get is much the same as in many swanky developments

Recycling old shipping containers is both a green and affordable solution to Britain’s Housing crisis

Funky, sustainable and cheap”— GRAND DESIGNS

Container Ship

@ Nautopia

089

*TEU

The twenty-foot equivalent unit (TEU) is an inexact unit of cargo capacity used to describe the capacity of container ships and container terminals. It is based on the volume of a 20-foot (6.1m) long intermodal container, a standard-sized metal box.. A related unit, the forty-foot (12.2m) equivalent unit (FEU) is defined as two TEU.

090 date:

2067/09 population:

020 000 a r ea ( 1 0 0 m 2 ) :

008 000

19 sequence

Hydrodynamics Motion

M: The nature of the sea is unpredictable and harsh environment. There are strong long lasting winds, constant exposure to the sun. There are tides and flows and of course the waves. All these factors affect each of the urban objects. V: These forces have been effecting the ships from the very beginning. The ships had to adopt themselves already and minimize uncomfortable nature impacts. The reef acts as the buffer and reduces the damaging flows. The reef at this stage is growing t and providing new settlers the support through the information share and â&#x20AC;&#x153;know- howâ&#x20AC;? tools. M: But still, drifting in the sea can still be caused by several types of motion.* V: These are not the most disastrous risks. The city is open and free, it is possible to move a boat closer to the reefs and be more sheltered. M: Having recent number of people it may happen that sometimes there is not much spare space left in the popular places. Therefore the tools are needed to reduce the crowd numbers at some of the locations. It may be not only due a cause of ship damage or other risks. Then the damages should be fixed adequately.

*Rotational

motion

Rolling - motion around the longitudinal axis. Pitching - motion around the transverse axis. Yawing - motion around the vertical axis.

*Linear

motion

Surging - motion along the longitudinal axis. SWaying - motion along the transverse axis. Heaving - motion along the vertical axis.

091 date:

2068/04 population:

021 000 a r ea ( 1 0 0 m 2 ) :

009 500

20 sequence

Interaction In Crossing Ships V: It is necessary to make sure that all ships are stable. M: The flexible houses are floating around. The interiors and everyday use things have to be kept in the designated areas and be fixed all the time to avoid mess. V: It is the new way of living and this feature will contribute to the idea of reducing consumerism. Funnily, while shopping, one will have to think first if the item fits in the space at home. M: Yet another issue would be the interaction between ships while they are in a move.*

Interaction between two ships passing each other in close proximity can affect steering and lead to collision. Interaction occurs at any depth but as with the other types of interaction, it is amplified in shallow water. The separation distance between the two ships, besides the speeds squared, is a critical parameter. Typically, interaction effects are more pronounced if the side shell to side shell distance is less than two times the beam of the wider ship. In general the effect on the smaller ship is more pronounced than in the larger one. I. C. Clark. Ship Dynamics for Mariners. The Nautical Institute. London. 2005 M: not to forget the fact that a new gigantic container ship u is located in the city to meet the accommodation demand. It is necessary to check how this ship will effect the structure that it is surrounded with. The capacity provided by this container ship is about 12.000 TEUâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s*; the change of water pressures will be instant and very noticeable Check the simulation on next page.

pressures

092

Interaction between structure & ship passing by

x 0.00 y 0.00 Depth 20.0 m Speed 0 knots Roll angle 0.000 Wind speed 8.0m/s Wave amplitude 4.0m

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step 03.55

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x 9.29 y 11.7 Depth 20.0 m Speed 7 knots Roll angle -450 Wind speed 8.0m/s Wave amplitude 4.0m

x 4.00 y 4.00 Depth 20.0 m Speed 7 knots Roll angle 9.320 Wind speed 8.0m/s Wave amplitude 4.0m

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x 1.00 y 1.00 Depth 20.0 m Speed 7 knots Roll angle 0.000 Wind speed 8.0m/s Wave amplitude 4.0m

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please find HydD.gif in the CD attached -

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Please find movement.gif in the CD attached. Preview with internet explorer.

step 18.55

S W E T P

093 WATER DEPTH EFFECT ON STOPPING PATH

SHALLOW WATER EFFECT ON TURNING PERFORMANCE

094 date:

2068/06 population:

024 000 a r ea ( 1 0 0 m 2 ) :

011 000

21 sequence

Mooring systems i M: The simulation illustrates clearly the way that ship impacts all the structure while passing by. V: The strict regulations of speeding and access limitations must be established. Most optimal distances from the city structures should be precisely counted and marked as well. M: The structure should be able to withstand the natural forces of the sea. For example, in case of a mild storm or a ship passing by, the city structure would not react to the wave power as one structure. Each element of the structure would be riding wave individually as if one would be on itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s peak and one trough.

V: this is the nature of the city. The structures are incoherent and self re arranging. Area u is to declare the independence of the individuals of the city. They live in a group but keep their own spaces. The city structure is growing and become more dense but in fact nobody is being tied physically. M: Assume the damage this structure can cause. Probably the long term residents would forbid the other who are unmoored. If to assume that all ships would break apart once. Of course there are few tools to evade unstructured motion. The scheme below presents how the ships should be coupled in the open sea6 6 6.

095 V: This method may be applied to the bigger scale structures especially in the area v where there is the growing structure consisting of the large scale ships. It is spreading towards the station. M: There is a need to tie the ships together and anchor them as one structure to create the consistent frame. V: in physical terms this structure becomes as monolithic as the city society is. M: Yes indeed. Not to forget the fact that the individuals wish to keep their distance between other objects. The ships should have layers of cushions in between to protect them from high frictions. Various types of fenders may be applied to solve this matter.

V: The summary of what connections between the objects are there in the city right now will be explained. vAll the ships are connected at some points. To mention few ways, they are connected by their half sides to make some cosy little spaces. All the boats are connected creating the trespass from one end of the structure to another. If the ferry station is w going to grow in density and grow towards the planned train station, it will become similar to the structures near the tunnel - the large chains of boats. To execute the opposite side of the ferry route x, there is the cosy park That is quite distant. The park is needed to grow larger to sustain itself more. It could be part of the new city. Almost an opposite pole. It has an unlimited space to expand towards the North. It could be a start of a new floating mega city. M: The proposed idea is worth to consider in the near future, however the is a huge potential to grow inside the existing city. This part or strategical move could be as a reserve for future growth. I can almost imagine it as structure of fractals. We would have our old city as a head of new megastructure and its tale would be the endless city itself. But what about the Nautilus? y Should it keep on moving and grow reefs to connect them to one chain? Building one unbroken chain of reefs V: makes no sense, we need to leave the gates of the city clear. Nautilus should leave this part of reef chain and move to the front of former apostates territory z. It would be one more part in the dashed line of reef. Though we wouldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t build the continuos chain, the nature will take care of connecting it into one chain in the future. At this stage Nautilus could be given a chance to contribute differently to our city. He could start one of industries to maintain our city. Reefs could be continued to be build by other ships and other settlers however. thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a different story.

Fenders CUSHION. Dependable ship-to-ship lightening. Rugged, unsinkable, and superior energy-absorbing characteristics.

GUARD. High performance fenders for docks, piers, wharfs, ship-to-barge and barge-to-barge fendering.

Small Shipboard & Utility Fenders for small boats, ferries, cruise ships, passenger transfer vessels.

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Chain method

Tension leg method

097 MOORING SYSTEMS II LARGE Structures M: Having those large structures tied and moored we have to keep in mind that the mooring system must be well designed to ensures that the gigantic floating structure is kept in position, so that the facilities installed on the floating structure would be operating reliably. And to prevent the structure from drifting away under critical sea conditions and storms. A freely drifting very large floating structure may lead to not only damage to the surrounding facilities but also the loss of human lifes if it collides with other objects. Those are some systems that could be applied in our city.

V: In order to reduce the wave amplitude impacting the floating structure, breakwaters are constructed nearby. That could be a wave energy collecting â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Ducksâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. They leave glass flat surface behind and brings more renewable energy to the city.

Wall method

Duck rotates with nodding motion as wave passes

Frameguide method

098 MOORING SYSTEMS IIi chains M: The most efficient way of building large moored structures would be - tieing them into chains rather than putting them side by side. While being so close to each other ships are loosing natural daylight penetrating to the interiors of ships through the side facades. In â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;chainâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; case we would need to sacrifice only one side of the ship, we would reduce the amount of ropes and fenders needed to tie them. At the same time it creates continuos highstreets with clearly defined centre - platform, as ahead of the body.

Oil & Gas Rigs There are around 350 various types of oil and gas platforms in the North Sea. Assuming their expiration in several decades we could bring them to Nautopia city creating a significant amount of stable living area.

005

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weâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re out in bathroom and about to examine the structures Check the video in CD attached

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The North Sea is full of surprisingly suitable areas for water colonization Dots on the map represents existing oil/gas platforms. Darker shades indicates sand banks with shallow waters and lighter ones are prohibited areas for industrial water transport. North Sea is rich in renewable energy resources. Coast lines are highly populated, most of countries are facing flooding threat.

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MOORING SYSTEMS Iv megacities V: I kind of sympathetic to the developments of the chains. You build quite logic story. But Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d rather experiment with more diverse typologies. What if we move the ships from the area u straight on the edge of the reefs. And we continue to build the reefs as one continuos range v, as our urban spine. Standing back and looking at more macro scale it wold be the same development with Channel Tunnel link as our head and main centre? M: Diversity always comes with evolution. And offshore city has got this advantage of flexibility, which will accelerate the changes. With all my appreciation to our common will not to dictate the physical form of the city, I have doubts about creating continuos structures. It feels like becoming a huge totalitar development. I do even see the attempts to grow towards north w creating megacity. Endless urban patterns on water. I assume it may happen. But it is not the time yet?

V: You absolutely misinterpreting. We had a statement in the very beginning about the social structures of the city, the urban frameworks that dehumanise us and takes away our votes, our freedom. Megacity is evil in its nature. M: However human nature always drags us to the greed and will to rule the world. One day people will come with idea to create a new world order and start to build global networks. Megacity seems very plausible case of scenario to me. V: Put it back to the drawer my friend. Its a different story. We wont start new world order here, nor will dictate the city to become totalitar conquer of the world.

Scheme of Oxford Street; London on chain development

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OMA

Offshore Hyperpark | Architect: Rem Koolhaas | Zeekracht masterplan Dutch architect and visionairy Rem Koolhaas has developed a masterplan for an offshore wind farm in the North Sea. If built, the massive 13,400 TWh “Zeekracht” (“Sea Power”) could give Europe energy independence by 2050. The Zeekracht masterplan idea is to cover almost one third of the North Sea with a gigantic park for wind turbines. The North Sea is the most suitable area for large scale windfarming in the world, due to its high and consistent wind speeds, shallow waters, dense population and knowledge industry. The park would primary be situated outside the Dutch coast streching north. For the energy distribution, Koolhaas proposes a surrounding Energy Super-Ring connecting the Zeekracht to The Netherlands, Belgium, The UK, Norway, Denmark and Germany. www.oma.eu / www.ekopolitan.org

V: The idea of generating alternative energy from water is wonderful. OMA's project would generate energy to make Europe energy independent by 2050. But the city that OMA has proposed is an infra structural one. Though they claim that they are building artificial reefs, it is not about living with water or restoring ecosystem or even about exploring the sea which is 71% of the earth, it is again about sucking benefits from water for land. M: Nautopia project is about generating lifestyle in sea habitat and uplifting social awareness, whereas the project by OMA is about energy production in sea environment. Moreover, in Nautopia ordinary citizen is involved in the process whereas offshore hyper-park is a specialist's project for governments.

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23 sequence

Infrastructure the root

M: I was wondering what makes nowadays cities so inflexible. First of all it is of course the physical nature of buildings as we have foundations to make them stable. V: Yes. It is a nature of buildings on the land. It is good we have floating objects on water, that can rearrange and readapt themselves fast. It makes our city very flexible and open. M: But imagine we would have moving houses on the land. I think it is quite possible. However it is not enough. Eventually land possession and infrastructure preserves itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s stability even more. V: Land use regulations and possesions is just missunderstanding, we could solve this problem quite easy, as water couldnt belong to anybody. M: But what about the infrastructure? it will significantly affect the patterns of the city. I guess people would settle down on the lines of build infrastructure? (Sequence 23?) V: Do not give up so fast! We should find the answers how to root them out. We should make the infrastructure as flexible as our ships are. if they could plug in and plug out easily like in the vision you show about Manhattan.

in the picture:

Manhattan rooted out.

Buildings are like artificial plants. Although we cannot visually experience it, buildings are connected to the complicated network of infrastructure.

M: But what about the exiting infrastructure we were considering to plug into? The tunnel for example?

CHANNEL TUNNEL Channel tunnel already proved to be capable of serving in transportation of over 18 million passengers and 20 million cargos every year. It is only a question of engineering solutions how we could connect Vitamin city to Channel Tunnel. Having fast rail connections with dry land, could bring a lot of advantages to our city. Practically you could live in Nautopia city and work in London or Paris only one hour journey away or vice versa. Also it would enable to attract travelers as the same day tourism destination. That flow of people and flexibility of citizens/workers would increase the economical and intellectual potential of a city. V: It is the subject that was argued a lot as it questions the whole ideology of our city. But i think we should also see the advantages we get from it rather than just following concept of detachment blindly. I absolutely do support the idea of connecting to the channel or existing submerged cable network. We are talking about the balance between the typologies here as well.

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24 sequence

plug in / plug out M: The new typologies of infrastructure and inflexible existing would create some kind of balance. However the existing typologies would have to change in the future, as I assume we would find more sustainable and efficient ways of supply systems. V: We already talked about some types of infrastructure but what about the physical? Water supply, waste management, electricity and other things that needs vast net of pipes and wires? Our network would have to cover big surface of sea If we want to make easy plug in/out systems possible.

M: I was thinking about floating buoys or flexible pipes with sockets to plug in/out easily. In this case we could move those nodes/ points of recharging quite flexibly as our urban fabric moves as well. The connections are submerged and left opened in the water which makes easier to maintain them. V: Great! In this case the infrastructure would adapt to the fabric as it should be, not vise versa.

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25 sequence

Navigation M: The system of navigation in our city would get very complicated. As we intend to let floating objects move freely. We should build something like nowadays GPS, but we have to take into the account the various sizes of ships, different directions and speeds. V: Even nowadays advanced digital technologies could solve this problem. Every ship could have sensors that sends their real-time properties to the satellite. Satellite sends information to the computer that calculates data. Computer sends back information to the receiver about existing traffic, with some suggestions how should they behave. It is very simple scheme, we just need to build sophisticated software to realise it. M: At the same time we would use some traffic regulators such as floating barriers* and buoy lights* to regulate the traffic in busiest lanes.

Floating Barrier Systems. A highly visible floating physical barrier intended primarily as a demarcation or delineation barrier. Larger units, in addition to marking an exclusionary zone, also provide a significant physical barrier to entry. Bellow: Solar LED Lanterns for buoys and ships. A completely self-contained lights designed for a range of low maintenance applications. The lantern is easily installed in minutes and requires no further operator intervention.

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hms Belfast Britainâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 20th century naval heritage. Decommissioned in 1963 following a number of overseas tours Belfast was initially expected to be disposed of as scrap. After a campaign by a private trust, she was preserved as a museum ship in the Pool of London. Opened to the public in 1971 Belfast has been maintained as a branch of the Imperial War Museum since 1978.

General characteristics Displacement: Length: Beam: Draught: Speed:

11,553 tons 187.0 m 21 m 6.0 m 32 knots (59 km/h)

M: While walking inside the ship and following the guided tour you are facing a high pathos of British defence institute. This macabre euphory brought a shiver to me. She is so daring and brief taking. Gigantic killing machine... standing in the ammunition rooms or near nuclear engine. Is it about liberating Europe? Or its about stuffing tank-guns with meat of people and passing it to â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;enemyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; as it would be the main argument... HMS Belfast was used to destroy lifes, to kill and discredit the humanity. We can turn inside out the contradictory and make her truly work for humanity. Let her be a shelter for people, safe place inside and flourishing life around. PEACE

V: When HMS Belfast was serving it was inhabited by 500 people and it was small urban area alike. During the trip we discovered most advanced surgery centre, small church, food preparation facilities, workshops for creating high tech tools. She boasted even more functions than typical English local centre, which is approximately 4000 inhabitants armoured with local shop, nursery and a pub. Imagine, if government instead of investing all their finance create the greatest killing machines, would research and design most sustainable objects to live at sea. What our world would look like?

1991 January Unarmed Lithuanian nation defends itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s independence.

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26 sequence

Defendence M: With all my belief in brighter future of humanity, I think it is a time to talk about the defence of our city Vytas. Since our nation is small and vulnerable, any attack could be the last one. I would like to remind about the events we experienced both in the childhood.

Opposite page: 1991 January 13th Events in Lithuania

Large crowds (20.000 - 50.000) of independence supporters gathered around the strategic objects of Lithuania. People started building anti-tank barricades around the Supreme Council building and setting up defences inside surrounding buildings 01:50 – Tanks and soldiers encircle the TV tower. Soldiers fire live ammunition overhead and into civilian crowds gathered around the building. Tanks drive straight through lines of people. Fourteen people are killed in the attack, most of them shot and several crushed by tanks. V: Yes I do remember this event, that night my father left to defend the TV tower of Lithuania on January 11. It was civil resistance. He told me that:

Our government asked citizens of Lithuania to be witnesses, if the occupation would happen. People worked together to protect the government and national information centre. Farmers were bringing food for free to keep people’s strength and be awake during the nights. People were drinking tea, eating

traditional food, singing national songs and standing aligned in 5-6 rows. During January 11 and 12 tanks started to drive around the strategic objects of Lithuania to frighten people protecting their important places. A propaganda from the Russian side was saying that citizens of Lithuania are fighting against each other and Russians should bring order here. We couldn’t really defend ourselves with guns, if we were doing so, there would be more victims. By accident solders even killed one of themselves. It was successful passive fight, we won a battle. 1991 January 13th was the longest night of my lifetime.” Dr. Egidijus Jackevicius V: I would like we would not need to talk about it, but Nautopia has to be able to defend itself. M: I am afraid of the same defence scheme coming to our city... military, weaponry. Diplomacy is one thing, but sometimes there is no time for negotiations... Ideally, everyone could be part of the army in our city, even if most were fairly casual about it. V: Yes, it would be a shared duty of society. Team building exercises in defence strategies. Self-awareness and community observation programs are more likely in Nautopia rather than militaristic countries as USA spending billions of dollars for war industries. Violence create more violence.

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Industries M: And again its the same old question about the economy. It seems to me that getting into escapism idea, we isolate our city. As if it is not enough that it is already physically detached. If we are creating really open city it has to offer something to the outer world. Lets talk about industries off shore city could have in order to build sustain its economy? We already grow artificial coral reefs, and have eco-tourism and water sports. One could step out of condo* and go diving every morning. I still believe we have some potential with international banking, tax haven. All that might be excessively regulated or even banned in some countries. Entertainment such as casino resorts, risqué nightlife. Even hi-techs: equatorial space launch services, biotechnology and nanotechnology. Medical tourism. Advanced bio-medical therapies such as regenerative medicine and anti-ageing therapies that may not be available or heavily regulated in other countries... V: Banks and casinos? No way! Through my dead body only. Kidding? Our economy is still part of the system but it is in the direction becoming autonomous by less involved with banking manipulations, because it has all necessities to survive (water, food, electricity, there is very less demand for money or not at all... M: V: Risqué night-life or thrill seeking life would be very interesting. We have good waves and amazing diving places with new reefs... Seafood production. We grow and we love seafood. M: We could hire the best Japanese chefs to make it and have the best seafood and sushi restaurants on the planet*.

Condo - or condominium is the form * of housing tenure and other real property

where a specified part of a piece of real estate (usually of an apartment house) is individually owned while use of and access to common facilities in the piece such as hallways, heating system, elevators, exterior areas is executed under legal rights associated with the individual ownership and controlled by the association of owners that jointly represent ownership of the whole piece. A condominium may be simply defined as an “apartment” that the resident “owns” as opposed to rents.

Ever had a really bad sushi craving? * Just feel you desperately need a fix of raw

fish and rice on a little tray with a bit of pickled ginger and wasabi paste? I haven’t, but I would guess it must be a powerful yearning. Roman Abramovich, the Russian billionaire owner of Chelsea football club, was once gripped by just such a craving while in Baku, capital of Azerbaijan, late one afternoon. There are many things in Baku, but not, as it happens, sushi. He devolved the problem to an aide, and this is how it was solved: “The aide ordered £1,200 worth of sushi from Ubon in Canary Wharf …It was then collected by limousine, driven to Luton airport, and flown 3,000 miles by private jet to Abramovich in Azerbaijan. At an estimated cost of £40,000, it must rank as the most expensive take-away in history.” From Russia with Cash. The Sunday Times 2009 07 26

119 V: Not to forget the use of seaweed we grow: Human food/ Biofuels/ Cosmetics/ Baths/ Medicine/ Agricultural fertilisers/ Building material (Coralline algae)/ Industrial gums/ Pigments. If we utilise all their advantages efficiently we could have briliant organic products out of seaweed. Maybe even for export.. M: The initial industries - medical tourism and equatorial space launch facility make sense. Medical tourism is, of course, about stem cell regenerative and other therapies that may not be available in the home countries due to regulation. This is already admitted in places like Thailand and India. Much of the regulation that inhibits the development of effective anti-aging medicine appears to be ideologically motivated in what we call the â&#x20AC;&#x153;pro-ageingâ&#x20AC;? trance*. Having a city-state free of people with these kinds of attitudes is very desirable.

*To Pay for Health Care, Treat Aging. Wired 2009 08 07

120 Motivation V: I was wondering how will we keep the community members engaged in the emerging problems? There still will be some boring, monotonous, mechanical jobs, for example, to clean public spaces, taking care of fish farms, serving electricity. M: Yes, motivation is really important for making decisions in our community. V: I know two ways of motivation one comes from outside and another comes from inside of a person. M: You are talking about extrinsic and intrinsic motivation? V: Yes most of nowadays companies are based on extrinsic motivators which is - rewards. It works really well when there is simple set of rules and a clear destination to go to. Rewards by their nature narrow our focus, concentrate the mind. For the task like this, when you narrow your focus, see the goal right there, zoom straight ahead to it they work really well. Routine based work, mechanical work. M: Problems we are facing are very complex and doesn’t have a clear set of rules and a single solution... V: In monetary system the rules blocks decisions if they exits at all. It is surprising and not obvious but then, reward doesn’t work.

“As long as task involved only mechanical skill, bonuses worked as they would be expected: the higher the pay, the better the performance.” But once the task called for “even rudimentary cognitive skill,” a larger reward “ led to poorer performance” “In eight of nine tasks we examined across the three experiments, higher incentives led to worse performance.”

V: I agree. Most of people are making their decisions their policies about talent and people, based on assumptions that are out dated, unexamined, rudimentary more from folklore than from science. My grandmother used to say that money is the route of all evil. Maybe she had extrinsic motivation in mind. M: ha ha ha yea right V: There is way better motivation which doesn’t need no money which comes form inside. M: Yes, intrinsic motivation.

It is derived from the pleasure or satisfaction we get from inside from something which gives us immense pleasure. In other words, there is no reward or financial incentive to act as a factor in your motivation. The most common examples of this are our hobbies. www.motivationexpert.co.uk V: We have to use it if we really want to shift change in our society. There is a miss match what science knows and what today’s system does.

Definitional tasks needs intrinsic motivation. Based around the desire to do things cause they mater, cause we like it, cause they are part of something important.

New operating structure for motivation revolves around 3 elements: autonomy, mastery and purpose. Autonomy - the eager to direct our owns lives. Mastery - the desire to get better and better and better at something that matters. Purpose - the yearning what we do in a service larger than our selves. Ted talks: Dan Pink on The surprising science of motivation (Aug 2009)

D. Ariely, U. Gneezy, G. Lowenstein, & N. Mazar, Federal Reserve Rank of Boston Working Paper No 05-11, July 2005; NY Times 2008 11 20

“We find that financial incentives... can result in a negative impact on overall performance.” Dr. Bernard Irlenbusch, London School of Economics

M: When we are making our decisions we need to look at he periphery, narrow our focus and restrict our possibilities.

M: I feel motivated. Until I know that what I am doing is for well being of community and I feel responsible for something bigger than me. V: That also involves exploring and saving the nature. I would clean open spaces several hours a week or take care of fish farms. Everything could be based on intrinsic motivation.

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29 M: Vytas? We could go like this forever. V: Yes I know. We need to stop and summarise our journey. M: Do you think we have assembled enough correct tools? V: I think we finished packing our “baggage” it is a very good starting point and we have to kick off with a real journey when we finish our studies. Let’s experience it! M:

Vitamin Ship Under Construction

sequence

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30 Conclusion sequence

In the end of our journey we are offering you this book as a tool kit. A tool kit that has been created through the process of developing a better city to live. Report is written to not only assist you through understanding the issues of water urbanism. It is analytical study of presence as well. The fact that we stopped at this point of the narrative without actually getting anywhere close to utopia doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t matter at all. We are not claiming to be utopist. However, visualizing the idealized future was our intention as it leads people to seek perfection. If somebody would like to continue with our study and test it in more specific disciplines, we would encourage them to work on social political and economical issues. Those are the fields that rased the most intensive discussions as they can change our lifes most significantly. People are not born with their values, they gain them through time, depending on in what conditions they live in. It is time to change the way corrupted enterprises designs our values and intentions. We have to bring back values for humanity. The best way of governing a city should be a self regulative structure. Where people are responsible for human rights being upheld. The simplest way for people to realise it is to lead communal way of life. It is also the most environmentally friendly social structure. It is difficult to define the optimal number of people in such structures. But it is functioning as long as community members define outsiders, recognizes other members. The community is respective and responsive to the individuals living inside it. It is monolithic and keeps the values as priority for the existence.

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Mutation of urban environment and change depends on how fast collective decisions are made. And this depends on how monolithic social structure is. This means that mutation and evolution of the design, directly depends on the environment you live in. Consciousness of our behaviour brings freedom. People in the community are kept together by intrinsic motivation. With the desire to do things because they matter, because they are interesting, because we like it, because then we feel we are a part of something important. We have modelled city performance from different perspectives. The narrative was build up till 2070 investigating possibilities and writing down manual for DIY. Discovery that people are not aware of what is happening to our planet is not surprising at all, because the system we live in is obsolete. We are not stating that our model of the city is perfect. It is simulation. We â&#x20AC;&#x153;rolled the diceâ&#x20AC;?. We give you our results. We are glad to find Zeekracht masterplan by OMA in the end of the year. Because comparing both projects now, we can see that both projects are alike. However Rem Koolhaas didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t dare to get his legs fully wet. The heroic ring is designed to only suck power from the sea, without attempts to explore human existence in this environment. Our journey offers opportunities for the true organic nautical development, which eventually could be called a city at sea - Nautopia. Vitamin

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Refrences:

Images:

Jon Fidler. Kibbutz. What, Why, When, Where. 2009

Pg. 020 © NASA cosmic observatory. Dover Strait. Pg. 021 © Otofun. The Rules Pg. 026 © The Principality of Sealand. Sealand Pg. 030 © Cesar Harada. Open Sailing Pg. 033 © Greenpeace. Alaska SOS Pg. 038 © Colin Laidlaw. Bangladesh ship breakers Pg. 048 © Polko. Orchestra Pg. 058 © Bittertang. Microcosmic Aquaculture Pg. 063 © Y. Halsman. Alfred Hitchcock by Ph.Halsman Pg. 064 © Seaweed Pg. 068 © Jesse Castanares. Drying Seaweed. 2005 Pg. 070 © H.Abdel-Rahman. Seaweed in Indonesia Pg. 074 © Flickr. Liquidity Pg. 076 © Flickr. Magnetic board Pg. 078 © Flickr. Flood Pg. 083 © Post Hurricane Katrina Pg. 084 © Bleeding Greenland @ www.extremeicesurvey.org Pg. 093 © TWH Oceanographic Institute. Ship hydrodynamics Pg. 104-107 © OMA. Zeekracht masterplan Pg. 114 © Bigbadgrandad. HMS Belfast 2009 Pg. 116 © Lithuania Independence Archives. 1991 January the 13th Pg. 021 © Flickr. Work Hard

Royce Carlson. New Tribalism. 2009 www.zenzibar.com/articles/newtribalism.asp www.mfa.gov.il www.storyofstuff.com www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_National_Happiness Joan Busquets. Cities: X Lines. 2007 Paul Virilio. Unknown Quantity 2003 Ch. Collins W.Hegemann & the search of universal urbanism. 2005 Stan Allen Points + Lines: Diagrams and Projects for the City. 1999 Waterworld (the movie by Kevin Reynolds 1995) Catherine Zegher, Mark Wigley The Activist Drawing: Retracing Situationist Architectures from Constant’s New Babylon to Beyond. 2001 J.Ryan, G.Dunford & S.Sellars Micronations. Lonely Planet. 2006 www.sealand.org Hansen Burke. “Sealand seeks satellite & movie deals”. The Register 2009 04 M.S. Chislett. Marine Simulation And Ship Manoeuvrability. 1996 V.Bertram. Practical Ship Hydrodynamics. 2000 J. N. Newman. Marine Hydrodynamics. 2000 I.C. Clark. Ship Dynamics for Mariners. The Nautical Institute, London. 2005 John Frazer. An Evolutionary Architecture 1993 Archilab’s Urban Experiments. 2005 G. Schuller. Designing universal knowledge. 2008 Kevin Lynch. The image of the city. 1960 China Mieville. The Scar (novel) 2002 Steve Henry. Change the World 9 to 5. 2006 Lew Roberts. Over Hong Kong. 1982 Peter Hall. Cities of Tomorrow. 1988 J. Jacobs. The Death & Life of Great American Cities. 1961 R. Rogers. Cities for a small planet. 1997 Rem Koolhaas. Delirious New York. 1994 John Lenon. Imagine (mp3) Note.: please find the direct refrences in the text.