Valenzuela andrea 590512 final design journal by andrea

ARCHITECTURE STUDIO AIR ANDREA VALENZUELA 590512 STUDENT DESIGN JOURNAL STUDIO AIR APBL30048

INTRODUCTION

My name is Andrea Valenzuela. I am a third year architecture major at the University of Melbourne. I have chosen to pursue a career in the Architecture, Building and Planning discipline as it involves the use of both artistic skills and problem solving abilities, with a focus on the pursuit of sustainability in our natural and built environments. The most important thing that I have gained from the architecture major is the ability to the consider and appreciate world around us, built and natural, from anthropological, historical, technological and design perspectives. I have developed proficiency in design softwares such as AutoCAD, Google Sketchup and the Adobe creative suite through work experience with T&Z architects and undertaking design based subjects throughout school and university. Above, the evocative model images submitted towards my second year Architecture Design Studio: Earth are shown. Architecture Design Studio: Air has been my first experience working with the proscribed Rhinoceros and Grasshopper. From this subject, I hope to gain literacy and understanding of algorithmic softwares and the process of parametric design. The main objective is learning: to concieve a design which demonstrates ability surpassing that which I currently hold.

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

B.6 TECHNIQUE: PROPOSAL

PART A - CONCEPTUALISATION

B.7 OBJECTIVES AND LEARNING OUTCOMES

A.1 DESIGN FUTURING

PART B REFERENCES

A.2 DESIGN COMPUTATION

PART C - DETAILED DESIGN

A.3 COMPOSITION/GENERATION

C.1 DESIGN CONCEPT

A.4 CONCLUSION

PLANS/SECTIONS/ELEVATIONS

A.5 LEARNING OUTCOMES

C.2 TECTONIC ELEMENTS

PART A REFERENCES

STRUCTURAL RENDERS

PART B - CRITERIA DESIGN

FLEXIBLE PIEZOELECTRIC DEVICE IMPLEMENTATION

B.1 RESEARCH FIELD

C.3 FINAL RENDERS

B.2 CASE STUDY 1.0

C.3 FINAL MODEL

B.3 CASE STUDY 2.0

C.4 LAGI RESPONSE

B.4 TECHNIQUE: DEVELOPMENT

C.5 LEARNING OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOMES

B.5 TECHNIQUE: PROTOTYPES

PART C REFERENCES

PART A: CONCEPTUALISATION

A.1 DESIGN FUTURING

Fresh Hills Artist Team: Matthew Rosenberg  Artist Location: Los Angeles, USA 2nd Place, 2012 Technology: Wind turbines Wind turbines installed in the artificial landscape, the form of which places the turbines in optimal position as it reaches upwards towards levels of increased energy potential1. Expanding Future Possibilities Employment of wind power technologies, which is not commonly used beyond simple wind turbines, ‘leads by example’. Contribution to site and inhabitants: The bamboo forest in the centre offers an on site maintenance solution for the ‘skin’ and also functions as a community garden. Native vegetation is housed here, promoting engagement with the local environment. The central hub draws visitors as a place to gather and reflect; as opposed to turbine farms that isolate landscapes and prevent visitors. This facilitates discourse and education about sustainable energy generation and inspires future possibility. Likeminded individuals with an interest in sustainable infrastructure are likely to be drawn to Fresh hills, facilitating positive community interaction and exchange of ideas between those who share common interests.

Matthew Rosenberg, 2012, Electronic Image, landgenerator.org, <http://landartgenerator.org/LAGI-2012/8Y8B8U8R/#>, accessed 10 March 2014.

Contribution to ideas, ways of thinking: “The apparatus is generated from the grafting of fresh kills wind rose data onto the site”2. This design demonstrates connection between site-specific data and the designed structure. The symbiotic relationship between site and design is as emphasized by the concept of organic architecture3. Critique: The scheme outlines plan for bamboo forest, but does not consider lifespan of bamboo cladding vs. growing time. No solution is offered to the noise generated by wind turbines; required in order to utilize the central hub as a community space. Should this be resolved, however, this design solution increases usability of the space even in times of low power generation potential.

1 “2012 Second Place Award Winner”, landartgenerator.org, Last Modified 2013, <http:// landartgenerator.org/LAGI-2012/8Y8B8U8R/#>. 2 Ibid. 3 William J.R. Curtis, “The architectural system of Frank Lloyd Wright”, in Modern Architecture Since 1900, (New York: Phaidon Press, 1996) pp 113-129.

Ibid.

A.1 DESIGN FUTURING

Fresh Kills Coaster Artist Team: Jason Shannon, Paola Yanez  Artist Location: Jersey City, USA

Technology: Solar panels due south. The slope of the running track is based on angles of optimum solar energy gain. South facing panels generate the most amount of electricity, on average, of all possible orientations1. Pavegen kinetic energy converters are used in conjuction to harness kinetic energy of runners using the track, increasing energy output of the coaster2. Expanding future possibilities: This scheme introduces the concept of attracting users and generating energy as part of one unified strategy. The idea is transportable, applicable to any site. Contribution to site and inhabitants: Creation of usable space, which promotes exercise and healthy living, community, and the harmonious relationship with wildlife and landscape. The raised track leaves animals undisturbed and minimizes need for clearance of natural vegetation.

Jason Shannon, Paola Yanez, 2012, Electronic Image, landgenerator.org, <http://landartgenerator.org/LAGI-2012/XWWXWW11/#>, accessed 10 March 2014.

Contribution to ideas, ways of thinking: The combination of kinetic and solar energy iterates that a single design is not limited to a single form of energy generation. Humans are in many ways responsible for environmental damage, this initiative allows them to also be the solution. The ability to contribute fosters interest in environmental and sustainability issue. This opens up the question of how else we can help. Critique: The scheme assumes humans to be heavily environmentally and/ or fitness motivated. While the gradients of the track optimize solar gain, the steep slopes create a strenuous circuit and are likely to deter potential users. The design is likely to produce seasonal benefit. Lack of sunlight is often accompanied by cold weather in autumn and winter. It is likely that less people will run in this weather. The coaster will experience simultaneous reductions in energy output through both the solar and kinetic generator systems during the colder months.

1 “Your Solar Panels Aren’t Facing the Wrong Way”, Forbes, last modified 11 November 2013, <http://www. forbes.com/sites/tomkonrad/2013/11/22/your-solar-panels-arent-facing-the-wrong-way/>. 2 “FRESH KILLS COASTER”, landartgenerator.org, Last Modified 2013, <http://landartgenerator.org/LAGI-2012/XWWXWW11/#>.

Ibid.

A.2 DESIGN COMPUTATION

Case studies: Material behaviour embedding physical properties in computational design processes. Computing self organisation: Environmentally sensitive growth modelling. Computational design has affected the design process by enabling a dynamic, visualized design process, rather than fabricating a preconceived idea, as in computerisation. The result is an increase in creativity of design solutions, both visually and structurally. It may be argued that a visually experimental design process encourages prioritization of form over materiality, “in the virtual space of digital design, form and force are usually treated as separate entities – divided into processes of geometric form generation and subsequent engineering simulation”1 This method of design development resembles that employed by Frank Gehry and Antonio Gaudi: conception of form before function, and post-justification of aesthetic agenda. What are the ongoing and incoming changes within the design and construction industries? The introduction of 3D modelling software and parametric/algorithmic design strategies, as discussed above, have shifted the paradigm of design conception techniques. The capacity for generative design is expanding with such advancements as can be seen in these case studies: consideration of natural behaviours. Computational design can no longer be seen to seperate desingers from their physical context. Technological innovations have been made possible by the employment of ‘modern’ materials such as plate glass, steel, iron, reinforced concrete e.g. curtain walls. An understanding of the influence of materiality on form fosters generation of holistic designs that are well integrated with function2. Design strategies have encompassed the relationships between influences such as function and materiality in response to a change in societal values, where sustainability may conflict with long standing economic concerns.

The form-found structural analysis model enables simulation of residual stress. Moritz Fleischmann et al., 2008, digital image, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezp.lib.unimelb.edu. au/store/10.1002/ad.1378/asset/137_ftp.pdf?v=1&t=hsyhwhqk&s=9706b39ac5a73717e6ab68a a6d13623b784c0c50.

“Design computation provides the possibilities of integrating physical properties and material behaviour as generative drivers in the architectural design process. Thus architectural form, material formation and structural performance can be considered synchronously”.

1 Moritz Fleischmann et al., “material behaviour embedding physical properties in computational design processes” Architecture Design 82, 2 (March 2008), http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezp.lib.unimelb. edu.au/store/10.1002/ad.1378/asset/137_ftp.pdf?v=1&t=hsyhwhqk&s=9706b39ac5a73717e6ab68aa6d13623 b784c0c50. 2 Ibid. Quote Source: Ibid.

A.2 DESIGN COMPUTATION How does computation impact on the range of conceivable and achievable geometries? Algorithmic softwares enable designers to explore infinite mathematical possibilities. This has exponentially increased exploration and possibility with regards to geometric form. Employment of complex geometric form and supporting systems is encouraged by computerized design as it increases speed and efficiency in design conception and development. The project of plant growth modeling, as undertaken by the University of Alberta, Canada, is based around the premise of computing self-organisation. Self organization is based on mathematical, spatial models which are dynamic and progressive1. Technology now exists which is capable of simulating the effects over time on such mathematical algorithms considering a given set of influences. This is demonstrative of the progression of computer technology enabling 3D modeling programs to process increasingly complex mathematical principles. What does computation contribute to evidence and performanceoriented designing? Computerized building performance rating schemes such as NABERS and Green Star have reformed standards of performance orientation. Computational design increases propensity for consideration of feedback. The ICD/ITKE Research Pavilion 20104 project, material behaviour embedding physical properties in computational design processes, is an example of computerised design technology employing mathematical principles to evaluate design possiblities. This project focuses on elastic bending of bitch plywood and has produced bending-active computational simulation systems; which are equipped to respond to theoretical linear forces on a given material2. Architecture has always progressed through the development of standard processes and components attributed to the architectural style or movement in question. Examples of this include the classical orders and the rules of the gothic. Modern architecture is no different: we have developed standardized methods for the construction of modern technologies, made possible my computational design, such as curtain walls, trombe walls and reinforced concrete flooring systems. Contrary to the view presented by the futurist manifesto, the success of modern architecture and technology is derived from, and inspired by, innovative development through history. The computational design movement may be seen as another brick that will pave the way towards future prosperity. Plant growth modeling: computerised model of self organisation 1 “Computing Self-Organisation: Environmentally Sensitive Growth Modelling”, Architecture Design 2 (April 2006), http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezp.lib.unimelb.edu.au/store/10.1002/ad.235/asset/235_ftp.pd f?v=1&t=hsyeuc6w&s=04c4fdb73dc210e225af8a051d314049f8c49f63\ 2 Moritz Fleischmann et al., “material behaviour embedding physical properties in computational design processes” .

Architecture Design, 2006, digital image, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezp.lib.unimelb.edu. au/store/10.1002/ad.235/asset/235_ftp.pdf?v=1&t=hsyeuc6w&s=04c4fdb73dc210e225af8a 051d314049f8c49f63\

A.3 COMPOSITION/GENERATION Energy Research Photovoltaics

Photovoltaic cells work to convert the energy of light directly into electricity via the photovoltaic effect that is, the creating of electric current upon exposure to light. Thin film solar cells reduce material requirement for the creation of the solar cell. However, the solar cell is sandwiched between two panes of glass, as opposed to the single pane on a normal photovoltaic cell. As a result, thin-film cells are approximately twice as heavy. Moreover, the conversion rate of thin film lags by two to three percentage points1. The typical monocrystalline solar cell is a dark black colour, and the corners of cells are usually missing as a result of the production process and the physical nature of monocrystalline silicon. Polycrystalline, on the other hand, is light or dark blue in colour with a much less uniform finish2.

BigSun Energy, Crystalline Modules, Digital Image, http://www.bigsunenergy.com/category/products/mono-crystalline/

Advantages of monocrystalline Monocrystalline solar panels have the highest efficiency rates since they are made out of the highest-grade silicon. The efficiency rates of monocrystalline solar panels are typically 15-20%. Monocrystalline also has the largest efficiency in terms of space. Since these solar panels yield the highest power outputs, they also require the least amount of space compared to any other types. Monocrystalline solar panels produce up to four times the amount of electricity as thin-film solar panels. Monocrystalline solar panels live the longest. They suffer less adverse effects on performance under increased temperatures than polycrystalline, and tend to perform better than similarly rated polycrystalline solar panels at low-light conditions. Advantages of polycrystalline The manufacturing process for polycrystalline cells is simpler and cheaper. Les of the original silicon ends up as waste than in the production of monocrystalline cells. If a monocrystalline solar panel is partially covered with shade, dirt or snow, the entire circuit can break down3.

1 “Which Solar Panel Type is Best? Mono- vs. Polycrystalline vs. Thin Film, Energy Informative: The Homeowner’s Guide to Solar Panels”, accessed 26 April 2014, http://energyinformative.org/best-solarpanel-monocrystalline-polycrystalline-thin-film/#monocrystalline-silicon. 2 “E20/435 SOLAR PANEL, SUNPOWER”, accessed 26 April 2014, http://www.solarchoice.net. au/blog/monocrystalline-vs-polycrystalline-solar-panels-busting-myths/.

3 Which Solar Panel Type is Best? Mono- vs. Polycrystalline vs. Thin Film, Energy Informative: The Homeowner’s Guide to Solar Panels, accessed 26 April 2014, http://energyinformative.org/best-solarpanel-monocrystalline-polycrystalline-thin-film/#monocrystalline-silicon.

Landlearn NSW, Polycrystalline Silicon Solar Cells, Photograph, https://www.flickr.com/photos/landlearnnsw/4602432021/

A.3 COMPOSITION/GENERATION Energy Research Piesoelectrics

Piezoelectric ceramics when mechanically activated with pressure or vibration, have the capacity to generate electric voltages sufficient to spark across an electrode gap. Piezoelectric generators can be single layered or multilayered. In single layered generators, pressing a button causes a springloaded hammer to apply a mechanical force to a rod-shaped single-layer piezoelectric ceramic. As a result of the piezoelectric effect, the ceramic element produces a voltage that passes across a small spark gap causing the fuel source to ignite. Multilayer piezo generators consist of a stack of very thin (submillimeter-thick) piezoelectric ceramics alternated with electrodes. The electrical energy produced by a multilayer piezo generator is of a much lower voltage than is generated by a single-layer piezo generator, although the current produced is much higher than that of a single-layer1.

Ecofriend, Piezoelectric systems for green environment, Photograph, http:/ www.ecofriend.com/12-piezoelectric-systems-for-green-environment.html

Pavegen, a multilayered Piezoelectric generator tile, converts the kinetic energy of every footstep on the tile into electricity.The energy harvested by the Pavegen tile can immediately power off-grid applications such as pedestrian lighting, way-finding solutions and advertising signage or be stored in a battery. The wifi technology allows monitoring of energy generation data from any location including the site of implementation. Thie result is a user-interactive method of energy generation. The top surface of the flooring unit is made from 100% recycled rubber from car tires and the base of the slab is constructed from over 80% recycled aluminium compounds and alloys. This minimizes use of embodied energy of production. It is waterproof and so can be placed indoors or outdoors. The system can be simply retrofitted in place of existing flooring systems as well as specified for new developments2.

1 “Piezoelectric Generators: Applications”, APC International LTD, accessed 26 April 2014, https://www.americanpiezo.com/piezo-theory/generators.html 2

“Applications”. Pavegen systems, accessed 24 April 2014, http://pavegen.com/technology.

Pavegen Systems, Digital Image, http://pavegen.com/technology

A.3 COMPOSITION/GENERATION Literature and Practice

The introduction of computer-aided design has provoked different response strategies. The degree to which designers embrace the freedom and autonomy associated with the use of algorithmic design softwares affects the capacity of the designer to embark on a generative design process. Scripting is the capability offered by design softwares that allows the user to adapt, customise and reconfigure software around their own preferences and modes of working. ‘Scripting language’ is often synonymous with ‘programming language1. Software modified by the designer through scripting provides a range of possibilities for creative speculation that are not possible using the software only as the manufacturers intended2. An algorithm is a set of rules that precisely define a set of operations. In parametric design, algorithms are the data inputs that inform the parameters of the design, in turn dictating its form3 A parametric model is a model wherein the parts of a design relate and change in a coordinated way as defined by the parameters and dependencies stated4.

Most architectural practices are still limiting themselves to the former, although a few strategies have been identified for integrating computational design into architecture: First, and most commonly, computational designers form groups that work separately to the design team. These exist in practices such as Foster + Partners and Grimshaw. Second, Computational design consultants, such as SMART solutions and Gehry Technologies may be hired by architectural firms. Third is full integration of computation into the design process i.e. lack of separation between concept development and computational technique allows for an inherently generative design procedure. Such firms as MOS and Facit homes have employed this strategy. Fourth, an emerging model of software engineer/architects1

Employment of algorithmic thinking and parametric modelling makes the difference between computerisation and computation. Computerisation refers to the use of computers as a ‘virtual drafting board’ for the purpose of simplifying the editing process and increasing precision of drawings5. Computation furthers this by allowing designers to employ complex mathematical algorithms in their designs by way of utilising computer technologies in generational design strategies6.

1 ’Mark Burry, “Scripting Cultures,” Architectural Design, June, 2011, 8. 2 Ibid. 3 Introduction to Grasshopper. Directed by Modelab. New York: Modelab, 2013), Online video.

4 Introduction to Grasshopper. Directed by Modelab. (New York: Modelab, 2013), Online video. 5 Brady Peters, “The Building of Algorithmic Thought”, Architectural Design, 2013, 10. 6 Ibid.

1 Ibid.

A.3 COMPOSITION/GENERATION Existing Examples

Grimshaw architects: Southern cross station. The roof’s form plays a crucial role as part of the environmental envelope. An efficient ventilation mechanism, the canopy satisfies internal needs for diesel extraction as well as cooling1. Function being the main design focus here, it becomes evident that the development of form was removed from the initial design process. The visible disconnect between form and function may result from separation between computational designers and the primary design team. MOS Architects The portfolio of work displayed by MOS architects has been described as “experimental” and “wilfully strange”2. MOS designs communicate a creativity that comes from an integrated understanding of design intent and computational design. Element House is an exploration into the integration of the seemingly competing design considerations: systems, and shapes3. This is representative of the cohesion between form and function that can be achieved to its greatest extent when the design team integrates computational design with the formal design process.

Grimshaw, Southern Cross Station, Photograph, http://grimshaw-architects.com/project/southern-cross-station/

Ibid.

MOS, Element House, Photograph, http://www.mos-office.net

1 “Southern Cross Station,” Grimshaw Architects, http://grimshaw-architects.com/project/ southern-cross-station/. 2 “MOS Architects Take on Humanitarian Design in Nepal”, Aleksandr Bierig, ArchDaily, last modified Dec 8 2013, http://www.archdaily.com/tag/nepal/. 3 “Index”, MOS Architects, last modified 2014, http://www.mos-office.net.

A.3 COMPOSITION/GENERATION CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT Generation, Growth, Bioinspiration

The project of plant growth modeling, undertaken by the University of Alberta, Canada, has addressed the role of bio-inspiration in computerized design by successfully modelling the process of self-organisation. As seen in nature, plant growth is inherently self-generative; computerization of a growth formula signifies a great capacity for computer modeling to employ generative design1 . This has prompted the question: in what capacity can we use computer modeling to influence and represent our own organically inspired design in Architecture Design Studio: Air?

Exercise A.3 has explored the progression from compositional design to generative design. Progression and generation are related closely, in my mind, to the idea of growth and self-organisation. This theme also ties in with energy production. With nature and the growth of plants and animals as inspiration, I have looked towards case studies which have employed bio-inspiration and operate symbiotically with their environment. MOS Architects: PS1 Afterparty The fluid, organic form taken by the streetscape installation named ‘afterparty’ is characteristic of the experimental forms created by the MOS team and their full integration of computation into the design process. Bioinspiration The interior canopy structures resemble bats wings and similarly operate under tensile strength. Moreover, the mounds of the shelters are said to represent a primitive vernacular hut, which “reconcile technological change with innate bio-cultural memory” 1. Consideration of site and passive design The exterior cladding is of dark and rough fibre thatch, which provides increased radiant thermal absorption. Shade is abundant with more than 90% UV protection. The interaction between existing airflows with site geometry and orientation were considered in the design placement to increase the effect of evaporative cooling. Through employment of concrete thermal mass, low pressure differential generates airflow through space2.

Source: MOS, Afterparty, Photograph, http://www.mos-office.net

Ibid.

Passive design can greatly assist the function of an energy generator requested by our design brief. This is shown by the wind rose shape of the Fresh Hills design, second place in the 2012 LAGI competition3.

Ibid.

Escape (Correspondence), (New York: MOS Architects 2014), online video.

2 Ibid. 3 “2012 Second Place Award Winner”, landartgenerator.org, Last Modified 2013, <http:// landartgenerator.org/LAGI-2012/8Y8B8U8R/#>.

1 “Computing Self-Organisation: Environmentally Sensitive Growth Modelling”, Architecture Design 2 (April 2006), http:// onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezp.lib.unimelb.edu.au/store/10.1002/ad.235/asset/235_ftp.pdf?v=1&t=hsyeuc6w&s=04c4fdb73dc210e2 25af8a051d314049f8c49f63\

A.4 CONCLUSION

A.5 LEARNING OUTCOMES

Research undertaken on generative design as prompted by the part A assignment have impacted on my interpretation of the concept of generation. Based on this, my design approach intends to incorperate bioinspiration in mimicking the natural process of photosynthesis by harnessing solar energy in conjunction with producing kinetic energy.

Architectural computation, as opposed to computerisation, provides opportunities for designers to explore solutions that would be impossible to generate with the human mind alone. Employing algorithmic strategies into parametric design, as we are beginning to in grasshopper, has prompted an understanding of data flows in design. Most importantly, I have learned the parameters of a particular design are specified, not the shape. Form is a response to the series of constraints placed by the designer.

Awareness of the nature in design is an innovative strategy in itself, as emphasised by the philosophy of Organic Architecture. A design solution that displays a visibly symbiotic relationship with itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s surroundings inherently promotes a value of unity between anthropocentric and biocentric forces. Promotion of such values facilitates discourse and education about sustainable energy generation and harvesting. The use of multiple generator types iterates that a single design is not limited to a single form of energy generation. Moreover, the design strategy intends to employ adaptable technologies where possible, which can keep up to date with new developments. Community and environment are both to benefit from the design outcome. The concept aims to attract users and generate energy as part of one unified strategy. The design will create a usable space which promotes community interaction and a harmonious relationship between wildlife and landscape.

This knowledge is useful, also, when applied to compositional design. This awareness of the effect that self-imposed constraints take on my design possibilities would have greatly improved my responses to past design briefs. This understanding prompts the questions: How relevant is this constraint? It is derived from the brief, or is it an autonomous measure? Is the placement of this constraint going to limit my capacity for experimentation with form? Will it limit the design function? Is there a more creative way to satisfy the criteria?

PART A REFERENCES

A.1 Curtis, W.J.R. “The architectural system of Frank Lloyd Wright”, in Modern Architecture Since 1900, 113-129, New York: Phaidon Press, 1996. “Your Solar Panels Aren’t Facing the Wrong Way”, Tom Konrad, last modified 11 November 2013, <http://www.forbes.com/sites/ tomkonrad/2013/11/22/your-solar-panels-arent-facing-the-wrongway/>. “2012 Second Place Award Winner”, landartgenerator. org, Last Modified 2013, <http://landartgenerator.org/LAGI2012/8Y8B8U8R/#>. A.2 “Computing Self-Organisation: Environmentally Sensitive Growth Modelling”, Architecture Design 2 (April 2006), http://onlinelibrary. wiley.com.ezp.lib.unimelb.edu.au/store/10.1002/ad.235/asset/235_ftp.pdf?v=1&t=hsyeuc6w&s=04c4fdb73dc210e225af8a05 1d314049f8c49f63\ Fleischmann et al., “material behaviour embedding physical properties in computational design processes” Architecture Design 82, 2 (March 2008), http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezp.lib.unimelb.edu. au/store/10.1002/ad.1378/asset/137_ftp.pdf?v=1&t=hsyhwhqk&s =9706b39ac5a73717e6ab68aa6d13623b784c0c50. A.3 Peters, Brady. “The Building of Algorithmic Thought”, Architectural Design, 2013.

Introduction to Grasshopper. Online Video. Directed by Modelab. New York: Modelab, 2013. “MOS Architects Take on Humanitarian Design in Nepal”, Aleksandr Bierig, ArchDaily, last modified Dec 8 2013, http://www. archdaily.com/tag/nepal/). “Southern Cross Station,” Grimshaw Architects, http://grimshawarchitects.com/project/southern-cross-station/). List of image sounces A.1 Matthew Rosenberg, 2012, Electronic Image, landgenerator.org, <http://landartgenerator.org/LAGI-2012/8Y8B8U8R/#>, (accessed 10 March 2014). Jason Shannon, Paola Yanez, 2012, Electronic Image, landgenerator.org, <http://landartgenerator.org/LAGI-2012/ XWWXWW11/#>, (accessed 10 March 2014). A.2 Architecture Design, 2006, digital image, http://onlinelibrary.wiley. com.ezp.lib.unimelb.edu.au/store/10.1002/ad.235/asset/235_ftp. pdf?v=1&t=hsyeuc6w&s=04c4fdb73dc210e225af8a051d314049f 8c49f63\ (accessed 17 March 2014). Fleischmann, Moritz et al., 2008, digital image, http://onlinelibrary. wiley.com.ezp.lib.unimelb.edu.au/store/10.1002/ad.1378/asset/137_ftp.pdf?v=1&t=hsyhwhqk&s=9706b39ac5a73717e6ab68 aa6d13623b784c0c50 (accessed 17 March 2014).

Burry, Mark. “Scripting Cultures,” Architectural Design, June, 2011.

A.3 Grimshaw, Southern Cross Station, Photograph, http://grimshawarchitects.com/project/southern-cross-station/ (accessed 26 March 2014).

Escape (Correspondence). Online video New York: MOS Architects 2014.

MOS, Afterparty, Photograph, http://www.mos-office.net (accessed 26 March 2014).

“Index”, MOS Architects, last modified 2014, http://www.mosoffice.net

MOS, Element House, Photograph, http://www.mos-office.net (accessed 26 March 2014).

PART B: CRITERIA DESIGN

B.1 RESEARCH FIELD Biomimicry Emergent Urbanism

In looking at computation as a component, or version, of the design process, I have chosen to ask the question of how manmade technologies fit into the generative process: a characteristically natural phenomenon.

“All of nature is a computation”

Everything in nature, everything around us, can be put down to a set of interactions between scientific and mathematic principles. This, too, is the basis of computational design. We are now able to use technology to recreate the generative processes seen in nature. Technology is our newest, most opportunistic source of creation. Economist Jeffrey Goldstein defines emergence as the arising of novel and coherent structures, patterns and properties during the process of self-organization in complex systems1. The emergent is unlike its parent components and cannot be reduced to the sum of its parts.

1 Jeffrey Goldstein. “Emergence as a Construct: History and Issues”, Emergence: Complexity and Organization 1, 1 (1999): 49–72. Quote Source: “The Meaning of Emergent Urbanism, after A New Kind of Science”, Matheiu Helie, EmergentUrbanism, last modified 21 May 2012, http://emergenturbanism.com.

“One could search through the ”computational universe” for patterns found in the natural world, and know their rules immediately without necessarily understanding their behavior, which for complex systems defies analysis”1 This validates the concept of emergence; associated with spontaneity and randomness. This draws a parallel with the process of computerised design in that the possibilities extend beyond what can be conceptualized by the rational mind. Matheieu Helie defines successful design, albeit with reference to urban centers, as being simple in its definition but emergent and complex in behavior, adopting the complexity of nature and computation as a design model2

1 “The Meaning of Emergent Urbanism, after A New Kind of Science”, Matheiu Helie, EmergentUrbanism, last modified 21 May 2012, http://emergenturbanism.com. 2 “Decoding paradise - the emergent form of Mediterranean towns”, Matheiu Helie, EmergentUrbanism, last modified 9 April 2012, http://emergenturbanism.com/2008/12/21/decoding-paradise-theemergent-form-of-mediterranean-towns.

B1. RESEARCH FIELD

Biomimicry A Greenfield and a Constellation LAGI 2012

The concept of emergence has been explored through the behaviour of the dynamic land art entry to the 2012 LGI competition, A Greenfield and a Constellation. The project consists of a large number of small outdoor radiocontrolled flying devices. The installation is bio-inspired in that the devices are self-organised1. Energy for flight generated by ‘tandem cells’ (solar energy, glows at night) making up an impact resistant skin on the attractors and replicants. The project employs the use of micro batteries, solar batteries, accumulators, LED lights and GPS navigators: all well known and easily accessible technologies2. While the project does not display any progressive or innovative technological solutions, this decision has expanded capacity for concentration on component interaction and dynamics. A Greenfield and a Constellation employs two categories of flying devices: Attractors and Replicants. The attractors make up only 1% of all devices, and do not differ in appearance. The attractor organizes a large group of replicants, indicating how they should behave within their radius of action3. This system displays common properties of emergent phenomena. The system correlates the separate lower-level components into a higher-level unity. The correlation spans across several components, therefore observation of emergence is of component behaviour on a macro level4The system evolves over time, in this case to generate different patterns such as a flag, a flock, a city skyline and a constellation5.

Carlos Campos and Yamila AIub, 2012, Electronic Image, landgenerator.org, <http://landartgenerator.org/LAGI-2012/XWWXWW11/#>, accessed 5 April 2014.

Ibid.

Both attractors and replicants keep safety distances among themselves and within the visitors. They automatically correct their flight patterns following these safety rules6. The behaviour of the flying devices is therefore based on algorithmic data input, drawing a parallel with the parametric design process.

1 “A Greenfield and a Constellation” landartgenerator.org, Last Modified 2013, http://landartgenerator.org/LAGI-2012/eql7fj66/#. 2 Ibid. 3 Ibid. 4 Jeffrey Goldstein. “Emergence as a Construct: History and Issues”, Emergence: Complexity and Organization 1, 1 (1999): 49–72. 5 “A Greenfield and a Constellation” landartgenerator.org, Last Modified 2013, http://landartgenerator.org/LAGI-2012/eql7fj66/#. 6 Ibid.

Ibid.

B.1 RESEARCH FIELD

Material Performance ICD/ITKE Research Pavilion 2010 Universitat Stuttgart

In looking at material performance, I chose to pursue the earlier mentioned 2010 research of the Institute of Computational Design at the Universitat Stuttgart.

Roland Halbe, ICD/ITKE Research Pavilion 2010, Photograph, http://icd.uni-stuttgart.de/?p=4458

“Material computes. Any material construct can be considered as resulting from a system of internal and external pressures and constraints. Its physical form is determined by these pressures”. The ICD/ITKE Research Pavilion project of 2010 employs material-oriented computational design. Material properties and responses to outside pressures can now be written as algorithms and therefore be considered in 3D modelling and simulation. The research pavilion project focuses on elastic bending behaviour of birch plywood strips, the main material employed in the construction of the pavilion, and has produced results that lead to design possibilities of bending-active systems which are structurally equipped to respond to linear forces1. Stored energy from elastic bending in conjunction with the morphological differentiation of joint locations enables construction using only 6.5mm birch plywood sheets; despite a diameter of over twelve meters2. Ibid.

“Whereas in the physical world material form is always inseparably connected to external forces, in the virtual processes of computational design form and force are usually treated as separate entities”.

The process involves FEM simulation, that is, Finite Element Modelling. The modelling process begins with the planar distribution of the 80 strips and proceeds to simulate the elastic bending process of the plywood in a mesh topology model3. The resulting model has been the basis of the form taken by the Pavilion itself, the finished structure visually communicating the internal stresses created by the visible bending of materials due to external forces.

1 “ICD/TKE Research Pavilion 2010” Prof. Achim Menges, Universitat Stuttgart Institute for Computational design, accessed 2 April 2014, http://icd.uni-stuttgart.de/?p=4458.

2 Ibid. 3 Ibid.

Ibid.

B1. RESEARCH FIELD Material Performance Voussoir Cloud IwamotoScott Architects

Through performance analysis of the employed thin wood laminate material, and thorough engagement with mathematical principles, the Voussoir Cloud stands in pure compression1. The structure is made up of a system of vaults, forming a series of five columns, which rely on each other and three walls to maintain the pure compressive form. The material density increases towards the vault edges2.

IwamotoScottArchitecture, Voissoir Cloud, Photograph, http://www.archivenue.com/voussoir-cloud-by-iwamotoscott-with-burohappold/

Each vault is comprised of a Delaunay tessellation. Greater cell density of smaller more connective modules, or petals, gang together at the column bases and at the vault edges to form strengthened ribs, while the upper vault shell loosens and gains porosity3. The weight of the structure, as a result, is concentrated close to the ground. This reduces the effects of gravitational forces on the vaulting, while holding the lightweight structure to the ground by the denser columns. In mathematics and computational geometry, a Delaunay triangulation for a set P of points in a plane is a triangulation DT(P) such that no point in P is inside the circumcircle of any triangle in DT(P). Delaunay triangulations maximize the minimum angle of all the angles of the triangles in the triangulation4. The triangular form is one of the strongest, hence employment of triangulation in the Voussoir Cloud. Design development strategies Physical testing: The work of Antonio Gaudi is referenced in the project with the testing of physical models in assessing material performance. Material folding was tested in the voussoir cloud initially by using handmade models. This allowed examination of geometric relationships resulting from bending the proscribed material along a curved seam5. Computation: The curvature of each petal is dependant on its adjacent voids. Each petal has a unique geometry, calculated and calibrated to fit into the overall form. In turn, each cell behaves differently based on size, edge conditions and position within the structure. This was achieved through the development of a computational script for the rhino model which managed the petal edge plan curvature as a function of a tangent offset6. 1 “Voussoir Cloud”, Iwamotoscottarchitecture, Accessed April 2 2014, http://www.iwamotoscott. com/VOUSSOIR-CLOUD. 2 Ibid. 3 Ibid.

4 “Voronoi Diagrams and Delaunay Tesselation”, Kristof Van Laerhoven, accessed 2 April 2014, http://www.comp.lancs.ac.uk/~kristof/research/notes/voronoi/

5 “Voussoir Cloud”, Iwamotoscottarchitecture, Accessed April 2 2014, http://www.iwamotoscott. com/VOUSSOIR-CLOUD. 6 Ibid.

Kristof Van Laerhoven, Delaunay triangulation, on top of the Voronoi diagram (in dotted lines), Digital Image, http://www.comp. lancs.ac.uk/~kristof/research/notes/voronoi/

IwamotoScottArchitects, VOUSSOIR CLOUD

B.2 Case study 1.0 Iterations Matrix Voussoir Cloud

Intent Illustrative Examples

Greater cell density of smaller more connective modules, or petals, gang together at the column bases and at the vault edges to form strengthened ribs, while the upper vault shell loosens and gains porosity. This results in increased gravitational force towards ground level where denser columns are formed.

1 Greater cell density of smaller more connective modules, or

petals, gang together at the column bases and at the vault edges to form strengthened ribs, while the upper vault shell loosens and gains porosity. This results in increased gravitational force towards ground level where denser columns are formed.

The intention of this iteration is to accentuate the top to bottom vertical progression from loose vaults to dense ribs. This was achieved by increasing collecting the points surrounding centroids, at the bottom of the structure, into single vertices. In conjuction, an increase in scale of the voronoi tessellation, shown above, accentuates the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;top-heavyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; look of the Voussoir Cloud. This iteration has an increased U count in the UV mesh component; a greater number of panels is more accommodating to shapes of increased geometric complexity.

The shape, size and curvature of each petal is dependant on its adjacent voids. Each petal has a unique geometry, calculated and calibrated to fit into the overall form.

3 The sharpness of this iteration was intended to convey the

dynamic nature of the petal form. Each petal is unique, responding to the input parameters of the grasshopper definition. This variation of the definition has accentuated this point by instructing some petals to take a sharp and elongated form that differs greatly from their original form.

4 This iteration represents the calibration of petal forms to fit

into, and to create, the overall form. The representative panels are visibly bulging and concaving to accommodate for the definition adjustments which have resulted in â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;foldingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; of the vaulted forms. This iteration is of visual interest as it documents a movement towards creating an inverse of the original Voissour Cloud form.

B.3 CASE STUDY 2.0 EXOTIQUE PROJECTiONE architects

EXOtique installation was constructed as part of a design and fabrication workshop at Ball State’s college of architecture. The installation is a hexagonally based component system, which serves as a lit drop-ceiling. The design was generated entirely through grasshopper1.

PROJECTiONE, EXOtique, Photograph, http://www.projectione.com/exotique/

Being a student workshop project, there were considerable constraints imposed. The time frame was a mere 5 days: one day for concept development, one day for modelling, and three combined days for fabrication, assembly and installation2. The budget, at $500, limited material and lighting possibilities. The structure was lit using upward facing globes connected to a collection of the panels by solid acrylic connectors. The styrene panels are also held together by solid acrylic connectors, bending within the component as opposed to at the edges3.

“Imagination can act as renderer” The intent of the project was to express computation as a means of reducing the tedium of the fabrication process, as opposed to a tool for graphic representation4. This is effective as a mode of education as the students carried out the process, from computerised design generation through to construction. The role of computation is clear from the finished product. The project has set out to experiment with non-planar geometry. This was successfully achieved through bending and folding of the styrene; each panel has its own curvature. The intent of the project was well expressed through its execution. The project inherently considers the fabrication process, being a design and fabrication workshop installation.

1 “EXOtique” Projectione, accessed 11 April 2014, http://www.projectione.com/exotique/ 2 Ibid. 3 Ibid. 4 Ibid.

Ibid.

B.3 CASE STUDY 2.0 EXOTIQUE Development Diagram

1 Hexagonal Grid

Using the hexgrid function and offsetting the hexagonal shape, we have created a hexagonal pattern which mimics the panel tessellation of the EXOtique installation. The integers used for the grid were odd numbers in order to satisfy the tessellation requirements of the hexagonal shape. We have used an x integer of 3 and y integer of 5.

2 Box

After establishing the hexagonal grid pattern, we established a panel space using this grid as a base. The box is created by the joining of points, whose locations are informed by the grid geometry through use of the subtract command. -The rectangular space serves as a panel, which allows the hexagonal pattern to be applied to our lofted surface.

3 Loft

Applying the loft command to a collection of curves creates a planar surface to which the hexagonal panel geometry can be applied. The lofted plane is representative of the lofted shape of the EXOtique installation.

Similarities The organic curvature of the loft is held within a primarily rigid geometric frame. The hexagonal panels follow the curvature of the loft, rather than being two-dimensional pieces placed together to create a lofted shape. Differences The configuration of the circular cut-outs is dissimilar to that of our definition in that our circular pattern expressed itself in singular lines, rather than a concentric configuration. EXOtique is lit with LED bulbs attached to some panels, the circles are only present on the panels which are not lit. We could not replicate the inconsistency of the circular patterning, as we could not find a way to instruct point charges to only effect certain portions of the grid surface. The outside edges of EXOtique are limited to the borders of the hexagonal shapes, rather than adhering to the shape of the lofted surface. Where would we take this definition next? We aim to improve on the differences in order to recreate EXOtique with our definition as successfully as possible, before experimenting beyond the constraints of the original form. From here, we would increase dimensionality by splitting the lofted plane to fold it into different directions. Additionally, we would extrude some panels to create a more 3 dimensional effect.We would increase the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;sharpnessâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; of the form by implementing panelised ribs which would protrude from the loft.

4 Morphing

The hexagonal grid was applied to our lofted surface by morphing the grid surface, the box panel and the loft surface box. The combination of shape and pattern creates the overall form which is identifiable as a variation of EXOtique.

5 Adjustments

Experimentation with the surface loft shape, and of the values of various commands such as the surface divider, facilitated minor adjustments to our form that resulted in a greater level of resemblance to EXOtique.

6 Point Charges

The EXOtique panels have circular cutouts. We recreated this circular pattern using point charges. We divided our hexagonal surfaces into points. We then created point charges, altered by an equation which controls the circle radius. This new surface was then mapped onto the loft.

B.4 TECHNIQUE: DEVELOPMENT Geometric panelling iterations inspired by EXOTIQUE

B.5 TECHNIQUE: PROTOTYPES

1. In this rendering we looked at removing the curve at one end of the structure and replacing it with a point, resulting in a pinched end. By removing the surface and considering piping in isolation, we can consider placement of piezoelectric ceramics within them that will react to external factors such as wind and human contact. To create maximum accessibility and efficiency, this structure would be placed with the pinched end facing south east to the site to maximize exposure to strong winds and direct the flow of people from the area adjoining to existing infrastructure to the waterfront.

2. In this prototype, the geometric piping was offset to create a double layered structure joined at itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s termination. The result is an arched structure which could be used as an underpass, or more sculpturally rotated on its side or cantilevered over the water. The piping could be fitted with piezoelectric ceramics to hardness energy from passing wind, or clad in photovoltaic panels to harness solar energy.

Experimentation with geometry: Panelling prototype

Both prototypes 1 and 2 would be effectively prototyped via experimentation with bending of wire.

B.5 TECHNIQUE: PROTOTYPES

3. Turning tower is a made up of stacked rectangular modules which move independently in response to wind movement. In itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s initial state, the modules take a full revolution, adopting a double helix type form. The movement of these modules will harness kinetic energy through piezoelectric generators. My observing the patterns of movement of the structure, users can engage with the site and be provided with a level of understanding of natural site conditions. The modules can also be cladded or constructed entirely of photovoltaic cells. The nature of the form enables collection of sunlight from the full 360 degree spectrum on the site. In terms of site placement, to tower would be place on the north west corner. This position is waterfront, exacerbating the effects of windflow, and is removed from the shadows of surrounding infrastructure allowing maximum solar gain.

B.5 TECHNIQUE: PROTOTYPES

This prototype is an enlarged matrix of pipes which will fuction as tunnels adjoining to the central space. The large openings could create wind tunnels through the structure, affecting piezoelectric panel surfaces in order to generate kinetic energy. These panels will be used in the construction of doors between the piped tunnels and interior space. They will move on latches and close off different areas in response to changes in wind velocity, creating a dynamic user experience. The doors closing further in response higher wind velocities optimizes energy gain from areas of high wind velocities by automatically placing the piezo panels perpendicular to the force. This also protects the interior space from strong wind tunnels, as doors will be further closed in those areas. We have considered using transparent, coloured peizo cells for these doorways which would use a small percentage of the energy generated to light up. The result would be a projection onto the floor of the interior space, which represents the wind-rose data on which the design in modeled, in a way that responds to the dynamic nature of wind patterns. Larger projections denote stronger winds. The walls of the structure could be lined with photovoltaic cells that would be able to harness the energy from the sun in the day. These would also be working at an efficient level, as the triangulated panel surface accommodates for the angling of individual panels in order to optimize solar gain. By using both photovoltaic cells and kinetic energy, year-round energy production can be ensured: reduction in solar gains in darker winter moths would be offset by increased kinetic energy output facilitated by an increase in average wind speeds.

B.6 PROPOSAL Energy Research Continued Piezo Actuators

A piezoelectric sensor converts a physical parameter, such as acceleration or pressure, into an electrical signal. In some sensors the physical parameter acts directly on the piezoelectric element; in other devices an acoustical signal establishes vibrations in the element and the vibrations are, in turn, converted into an electrical signal. Often, the system provides a visual, audible, or physical response to the input1. A piezo actuator converts an electrical signal into a precisely controlled physical displacement2. We plan to employ actuators to control the movement of elements within our structures, enabling the structure to respond to site conditions. A stack actuator is essentially a motor, or a generator of motion, usually linear and limited in range. The amount of force that can be applied depends on the cross sectional area of the actuator3. Stack actuators will the fitted to the doors on the Phat Pipes structure which will then respond to changes in wind velocity by closing off higher velocity areas. This protects the central space from large wind tunnels as doors are automatically further closed in these areas, Moreover, this maximizes kietic energy gain my automatically placing peizo panels perpendicular to the wind forces of highest energy gain potential. The other type of piezo actuator is a stripe actuator or bending actuator, in which thin layers of piezoelectric ceramics are bonded together; the thin layers allow the actuator to bend with a greater deflection but a lower blocking force than a stack actuator4. Stripe actuator panels will be fitted to the rectangular modules of tessellation tower. Increase in wind velocity, as well as physically displacing the panels, will trigger the actuator to further accentuate this movement. This movement will cause further increase in pressure on the actuators and the movement will self perpetuate. The kinetic energy from this movement will be harnessed and sent to the city grid.

1 â&#x20AC;&#x153;Piezo Stack Actuatorsâ&#x20AC;?, APC International LTD, accessed 26 April 2014, https://www.americanpiezo.com/knowledge-center/piezo-theory/applications.html 2 Ibid. 3 Ibid. 4 Ibid.

Refshaleoen Holding, Copenhagen

Sun Path Diagram

High Movement Medium Movement Low Movement Alternate Walkways

Circulation Plan

1. Previously a basin 2. Landfill 3. Ground contains foundations from previously existing buildings.

Site Plan

Wind rose diagrams

TESSELATION TOWER

Tessallation Tower is a rotating energy generating scuplture. Solar energy is generated through the monocrystalline photovoltaic cells that clad the skin of the structure. Further energy is harnessed from wind movement through placement of piezoelectric actuators.

1. Monocrystalline solar cells 2. Clear Film Piezoelectric cells 3. Monocrystalline solar cells

1 2

PROJECTION PIPES

Design 2 is an interactive constellation of piped walkways leading to a central space. It is cladded in monocrystalline photovoltaic panels. The doorways to the centre space will be constructed of coloured transparent piezoelectirc panels and fitted with actuators. These panelled doors project a wind rose to the floor of the central hub. 1. Larger projections denote higher wind velocities. 2. Users are protected from large wind tunnels. 3. Strong wind forces automatically place panels perpendicular to force, extracting maximum kinetic energy.

^ wind magnitude/velocity ^ openness of door

B.6 PROPOSAL Written Rationale

We have interpreted the brief as prompting a design which employs natural site conditions as a means of energy generation. Our intent is to create something that responds to the dynamism of on-site environmental factors in a way that is interactive with users. The challenge is to incorperate geometric complexity and expression of parametric design, while maintaining navigability in our structure. Energy research We chose to employ both solar and kinetic energy to ensure year-round energy production. When there is less sun in winder months, there is greater wind flow which is harnessed as kinetic energy. Photovoltaic cells convert the energy of light directly into electricity. We have chosen to use monocrystalline solar cells: the most efficient, durable and space efficient and crystalline cells, which also suffer less adverse effects from temperature increase than polycrystalline.These cells are generally used in the form of panels, and so are applicable to our strategy of geometric panelling. Piezoelectric ceramics when affected by pressure or vibration have the capacity to generate electric voltages. We will be employing the use of piezo actuators, which convert electrical signals into physical displacement, to control the movement of elements within our dynamic, responsive structures.

Precedents and algorithmic design strategy Our algorithmic design strategy, geometric panelling, has been influenced by our explorations of precedents Voussoir Cloud and EXOtique. Consideration of material function, as in Voussoir cloud, inspired integration between our generators and our structure, in turn informing our decision to employ photovoltaic and piezoelectric paneling. EXOtique emphasizes the relative simplicity of panel fabrication. As embodied energy is a concern for sustainable development, we chose to integrate paneling into our design. Moreover, we will employ recycled steel from the surrounding industrial area for the frame in order to minimize cost and energy of transport and production. The Voussoir cloud cells are based on the Delaunay tessellation, and EXOtique on an offset hexgrid. Having worked with these geometric grid forms and achieving interesting results, we chose to continue down this pathway.

Site Context

Design 1: Tessellation Tower

Our site is Refshaeleon in Copenhagen harbor, the site is situated in an industrial area but it is also adjacent to the water, which is situated to the west of the site. The site is primarily an open space as it was originally an island in its own right, but was annexed to the larger island of Amager.

Tessellation tower is a rotating solar and wind energy harnessing sculpture. Steel offcuts will make up the frame of the structure, which will be clad in mono crystalline photovoltaic cells and piezoactuators. The tower itself is divided up into rectanglular modules, which move independently as a result of wind velocities affecting the piezo actuators. Each module will be covered in mono crystalline photovoltaic cells on the top and the sides of the rectangular structure to harness solar energy. The tower visually demonstrates changes in wind patterns but is limited in user interaction.

Our observations found that the site is exposed to stronger and more frequent south-eastern winds during both summer and winter seasons. As the site is an open plane it is directly affected by wind, therefore positioning our proposed design to the west of the site along the waterfront, maximizes wind energy potential as well as displacement from existing building shadows to maximize solar efficiency. The site can be accessed through the west side via an existing dock and ferry service, as well as the eastern side adjoining to the mainland Amager. Our structure is accessible from all four directions ensuring accessibility and minimizing pedestrian traffic. The western region will be densely populated due to the proximity and flux generated by the position of our designs. The density will drop towards the east due to existing infrastructure, as people make their way away from the structure.

Design 2: Projection Pipes Projection Pipes is an interactive constellation of piped walkways cladded with photovoltaic cells and piezoelectric fitted doors. The pipe directions are based on overlayed summer and winter wind rose data for the site, maximizing kinetic energy potential. The central area will be a meeting point of all the pipes with sitting area for users. The door from each pipe to the central space is constructed of translucent, coloured piezoelectric panels. The doors are fitted with piezoelectric actuators which will detect changes in wind velocity and open or close the door in response. The greater the wind speed, the further the door closes. This places panels more perpendicular to stronger winds to optimize energy intake. The door colouring will be projected into the floor of the space; the door will be lit with a small percentage of the energy generated to emphasise the projection. Wider projections denote higher wind velocities (refer to diagrams). The interior space is protected from large wind tunnels as door are automatically further closed in these areas. The exterior of the structure is cladded mono crystalline photovoltaic panels which are triangulated to allow for individual angling for optimal light capture.

We have taken into consideration Tessellation Tower in terms of top-down design and algorithmic design methods. Projection pipes offers a higher level of engagement with users, and the strategies employed to achieve this will be considered as we continue to develop the peizoelectric rectangular panel idea.

B.7 LEARNING OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOMES

The design proposals produced for the interim submission were influenced by our engagement as a team with the theoretical research tasks. A1. Design futuring introduced the assignment by prompting research into examples of land art generators. When analysing my chosen examples of Fresh Hills and FRESH KILLS COASTER, I considered which aspects were successful and which needed further development. From this, I extracted two main objectives for our design to engage with: - Visual engagement with site conditions and energy production strategy. This provides a basis of interest and education for site users with respect to the interaction between renewable energy sources and the environment. This was a main driver for the decision to harness kinetic energy, the production of which is expressed through movement. - Consideration of users in navigability and comfort of use. This prompted investigation into silent forms of renewable energy. Design orientation and circulation paths must consider the main access points of the site as well as desired experience in terms of viewpoints. A2. Design Computation broadened my perspective on what computational design aims to achieve. It may be argued that parametric modelling provides creative possibilities that encourage prioritisation of form over function. Through exploration of material behaviours and computing self-organisation, I engaged with the idea that computational design responds to the dynamic nature of a built structure. The implementation of such technological capacities in built works is demonstrated in B.1 Research field with respect to material performance and biomimicry. Computational design does not intend to replace natural phenomena, but to understand and simulate it.

B.7 LEARNING OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOMES

Our interim submission presented two very different design proposals, tessellation tower and projection pipes. This demonstrates engagement with objective 2: ability to develop a variety of design possibilities. Our design responses were developed with careful consideration towards innovative energy generation strategies. The piezo actuated panel strategy as applied to Tesselation tower received positive feedback, we intend to carry this through to the final design. This demonstrates our engagement with the brief, as outlined in objective 1. Our case studies, being Voussoir Cloud and EXotique, informed our intentions for construction and fabrication of Photovoltaic and Piezoelectric panel cladded structures. This expresses engagement with objective 6, relating to design analyses. The focus in the Projection Pipes design proposal is on user interaction. The complexity of the form of this design was compromised as a result. We received critique on the simplicity of this form and lack of aesthetic development. This encourages development in the area of objective 3 to express the knowledge and skills we have gained in the area of 3D modeling and parametric design form the algorithmic sketchbook and case studies. Negative feedback in the area of layout and visual content prompts consolidation of objective 5: constructing persuasive arguments in the context of design proposals. From our current design developments, we intend to maintain the energy generation strategy of piezoelectric actuator panels acting upon independently rotating rectangular modules. We are likely to discontinue pursuit of solar energy production in favour of focusing on applying our generators to a form which expresses our parametric design skills in accordance with objective 3. Moreover, our resulting design must engage with its users as well as its site, and facilitate engagement between the users and the surrounding landscape. Considering objective 5, greater care must be taken in the final presentation to assess effectiveness of our visual design representations.

PART B REFERENCES

B.1 “Decoding paradise - the emergent form of Mediterranean towns”, Matheiu Helie, EmergentUrbanism, last modified 9 April 2012, http://emergenturbanism.com/2008/12/21/decoding-paradise-theemergent-form-of-mediterranean-towns. “The Meaning of Emergent Urbanism, after A New Kind of Science”, Matheiu Helie, EmergentUrbanism, last modified 21 May 2012, http://emergenturbanism.com. Goldstein, Jeffrey. “Emergence as a Construct: History and Issues”, Emergence: Complexity and Organization 1, 1 (1999): 49–72. “Voussoir Cloud”, Iwamotoscottarchitecture, Accessed April 2 2014, http://www.iwamotoscott.com/VOUSSOIR-CLOUD. “A Greenfield and a Constellation” landartgenerator.org, Last Modified 2013, http://landartgenerator.org/LAGI-2012/eql7fj66/#. “ICD/TKE Research Pavilion 2010” Prof. Achim Menges, Universitat Stuttgart Institute for Computational design, accessed 2 April 2014, http://icd.uni-stuttgart.de/?p=4458. “Voronoi Diagrams and Delaunay Tesselation”, Kristof Van Laerhoven, accessed 2 April 2014, http://www.comp.lancs. ac.uk/~kristof/research/notes/voronoi/ B.3 “EXOtique” Projectione, accessed 11 April 2014, http://www. projectione.com/exotique/.

List of image sources B.1 Roland Halbe, ICD/ITKE Research Pavilion 2010, Photograph, http://icd.uni-stuttgart.de/?p=4458 (accessed 1 April 2014). IwamotoScottArchitecture, Voissoir Cloud, Photograph, http:// www.archivenue.com/voussoir-cloud-by-iwamotoscott-with-burohappold/ (accessed 4 April 2014) Kristof Van Laerhoven, Delaunay triangulation, on top of the Voronoi diagram (in dotted lines), Digital Image, http://www.comp. lancs.ac.uk/~kristof/research/notes/voronoi/ (Accessed 4 April 2014) B.3 PROJECTiONE, EXOtique, Photograph, http://www.projectione. com/exotique/

PART C: DETAILED DESIGN

C.1 DESIGN CONCEPT Fluttering Canopy

Feedback from the interim presentation presented two main problems: - the structures were unresolved and simplistic - the energy harvesting mechanisms were too complex and so unconvincing From here, we have focused on building a form around our energy source and the way in which we intend users to interact with the site.

Space frame structure: cylindrical steel members attached to cables by suspension clamp

The basic structure of a piped, triangulated steel frame was maintained from the projection pipes concept. Our interest in employing local materials and referencing the industrial aesthetic was a main driver for this, and piping allows for concealed, protected wiring to transfer electricity from the embedded piezo panels through the structure and towards the grid. We have removed solar energy from our agenda as well as the piezo actuators. By simplifying the intended energy source, we have been able to focus on finding a piezoelectric device which best fits our design intent. After experimenting with several prototypes, we concluded with a flexible piezoelectric device (FPED) with fluttering zinc oxide wires.

Detail: Suspension clamp

This type of device does not face the problem of the moving element being restricted by the space frame, and it expresses energy production through movement that can be perceived and experienced by users of the site.

Detail: Connection of flexible piezoelectric device to space frame structure

C.1 DESIGN CONCEPT Fluttering Canopy

On-site circulation between the ferry dock and the developed area inspired the shape of the structure. The canopy emerges from entrance pathways facing these two directions and peaks at 14m facing towards the ocean, optimising the view from the little mermaid. Aesthetic possibilities were expanded by manipulation of the form via point charges. This form was closely recreated as a space frame for constructability and structural resolution.

Matrix of design-site relationship solutions, considering wind (blue) and circulation (orange).

Placement of panels is primarily based on interpretation of wind rose data, shown conceptually in blue, and augmented with consideration to aesthetics. This analysis was completed for two options; one structure vs. multiple smaller structures. These options were taken from a matrix of possibilities. We found that the energy production possibilities were greater for a single structure as it is open and can therefore receive wind movement from both inside and outside. In calculating output, average electric output (mW/m^2) at different wind velocities was considered1. Based on maximum wind velocities for Refshaleoen holding the potential energy production of the single structure is an approximate 7315mW/h2. Based on average wind velocities for the site, the expected energy production is an approximate 523.1 mW/h3. In comparison, the multi-structured configuration proposes to produce a potential 3880mW/h and an expected 256 mW/h4 an approximately halved output. Moreover, openness of a single structure is more suited to the desired experiential quality.

Multiple structure solution

Single structure solution 1 Source: Hidemi Matsuda et al., “Wind Energy Harvesting Using Flexible Piezoelectric Device “. Journal of Energy and Power Engineering 7, no. 1 (2013): 1051. 2 Danish meteorological, Institute ministry of transport, Observed Wind Speed and Direction in Denmark - with Climatological Standard Normals, 1975-2005, By John Cappelen and Bent Jørgensen, NCES 99-13, (Copenhagen.: DMI, 2011), 249. 3 Ibid. 4 Ibid.

Section A:A 1:200

Section B:B 1:200

Site Plan 1:1000

North Elevation 1:200

South Elevation 1:200

East Elevation 1:200 54

C.1 DESIGN CONCEPT Grasshopper Definition Diagram

1 Creation of curves using point charges

2 Lofting a surface from curves

3 Application of triangulated mesh to surface

A rough shape was put into place by several curves, manipulated using point charges, with an aim towards: - Creating a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;feature pointâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; or peak visible from the little mermaid. This feature point was to accentuate the central wind path from the south-east to the north-west points of the structure. - Offering a clear entrance point from the city, where the structure appears to emerge from ground level - Maintaining a level of abstraction for the sake of aesthetic interest These curves were then lofted to create a surface to which our structural frame could be applied. We began with a standard triangulated frame.

C.1 DESIGN CONCEPT Grasshopper Definition Diagram

4 Approximation of form to space frame structure

5 Manipulation of curves and UV values

6 Piping of steel members

Upon consideration of constructibility and structural efficiency, we implemented a space frame structure in place of our standard triangular frame. The space frame function applied to our original curves was insufficient, however, both aesthetically and as a basis for a functional space. To create the space frame, we subset our surface. Followeing this was the division of both surfaces, one of which was offset by increasing U and V Values. The joining of these two surfaces constitutes the fame connections. Manipulation of the curves resulted in a form which represented our design intent, providing the desired â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;feature pointâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; as well as access points from both the city and the dock under which a path can be placed. Increasing the U and V values of our triangulated frame, and consequently reducing triangle size, allowed the possibility of placing flexible piezoelectric devices into our structural frame, this being our energy generation strategy. Piping of steel members distinguishes between the steel frame structure and the tension cables.

C.1 DESIGN CONCEPT Grasshopper Definition Diagram Reworking: Structural resolution

7 ‘Steel structure’ space frame layer

8 ‘Tension cable’ space frame layer

The steel structure is expressed through a ‘base layer’ of space frame. A selection of curves representative of the main load bearing structure were selected and piped with a radius of 0.5mm. These curves were copied in place and piped again at a radius of 0.38mm. The result is a smaller pipe system offset from the original, representative of the hollow cross section. Consequently, the offset distance represents the steel volume. The curves created by joining these two frames profuced the desired tiangulated effect. This frame is representative of our tension cable system, piped at a radius of 0.25mm.

Double-layering of piping to represent hollow members, or tubes, through which wires may run. The steel volume is represented in red by the 0.5 thickness pipes, and the hollow space in yellow by the 0.38 thickness pipes. 58

C.1 DESIGN CONCEPT Grasshopper Definition Diagram Reworking: Structural resolution

9 Joining of layers to create one unified structure

10 Application of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;piezoelectricâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; paneled surfaces

The joining also represents structural cohesion or physical jointing between the steel frame and secondary tensile structure. In order to create surface panels representative of FPEDs, we were required to turn off the preview for piping, leaving only a network of intersecting curves. This allowed the creation of individual triangulr surfaces in rhino through selection of 3 intersecting curves. The piped frame was maintained as an overlay to the curve and panel surface. Baking these two layers over one another left the end result of a unified form incoperperating both the structural form and energy generation strategy.

Overlay of the tensile structure onto the steel frame. Tension cables represented in yellow by the 0.26 thickness pipes.

C.1 DESIGN CONCEPT Construction Diagram

Available space for storage and manufacture Transport/ accessibility routes

Transport and manufacturing site plan Manufacturing

Transport

Steel space frame members: Steel acquired in the form of off-cuts from surrounding industrial area e.g. ship yard Space frame members manufactured in abandoned factory spaces. Finished with a brush polish, however maintaining a low surface roughness to optimise corrosion resistance. Steel is one of the least corrosive metals, considered due to exposure to water and excessive wind.

Component parts are to enter the site from the city side. The tension cables and piezoelectric panels manufactured off-site are to be delivered to the factory spaces for storage in order to avoid exposure to elements. Transport from the warehouse space to the design boundary will be as needed. Delivery by sea is also possible, but unnecessary as all components are to be produced within Denmark to minimise transport costs and energy.

Tension cables: Fitted with suspension clamps as necessary Manufactured by NKT Cables, Stenlille, Denmark1 Piezoelectric panels: Fitted double-sided to encasing aluminium frame Manufactured by MicroFlex, Denmark2.

1 “Kontakt os Denmark”, NKT Cables, viewed 7 June 2014, http://www.nktcables.com/dk/ global/locationmap/europe/denmark/ ) Piezoelectric panels manufactured by MicroFlex, Denmark.

2 “Microflex Project Partners”, Microflex, accessed 7 June 2014, http://microflex.ecs.soton. ac.uk/partners.html

Image source: Google Maps, Refshaleoen, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2014, satellite image, https://maps.google.com/maps/ms? ie=UTF8&t=h&s=AARTsJpSo3vk36vRxt7x2fftetXi_aLyUg&oe=UTF8&msa=0&msid=115544209564558388899. 00045b81a1c813cab2bcc&dg=feature

C.1 DESIGN CONCEPT Construction Diagram

Assembly Assembly can be undertaken on site given approximately 500,000 m^2 surface area1. This presents a practical solution as the steel members are produced in close proximity to the site, however would require such weather protection as tarping, and construction must not be undertaken during the wet season. The order of assembly must consider accessibility. There is greater difficulty in placing the tension cables and piezoelectric panels at a maximum height of 14m than in assembling the structure in parts at ground level and fitting them together. Proposed method of construction: 1. Welding of steel members via welding of tennoned connection.

1. Connection between tenonned steel members

2. Fitting of tension cables connected by suspension clamp

2. Fitting of tension cables connected via suspension clamp. 3. Attachment of FPEDs (both sides) encased in pre-installed aluminium frame. Ensure that wires run through proscribed steel member as per the electrical plan. 4. Connect all parts, ensuring safe connections between wiring, and welding of all steel connections leaving no gaps for water penetration.

3. Attachment of FPEDs (both sides) encased in preinstalled aluminium frame. Ensure that wires run through proscribed steel member as per the electrical plan.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Refshaleoenâ&#x20AC;?, accessed 14 April 2014, http://refshaleoen.dk

C.2 TECTONIC ELEMENTS

The core construction element of Generation Canopy is the FPED fitted into the triangulated space frame, repeated with dimensional variation across the design.

Source: Hidemi Matsuda et al., “Wind Energy Harvesting Using Flexible Piezoelectric Device “. Journal of Energy and Power Engineering 7, no. 1 (2013): 1051.

FPED (flexible piezoelectric device) composed of alternating layers of PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) and functional resin has been developed to generate electric power from wind energy. The PVDF is expanded and compressed due to deformation of the functional resin in response to a force. These bending stresses cause polarization of electrodes at the surface and electricity is generated1. The movement of this transducer alone, however, is restricted by fixture to a main structure. The employed device was developed with a focus to “utilize fluid structure interaction, e.g., flattering, flapping and periodic bending, caused by wind energy”2. The piezoelectric nanowires are free to flutter as the FPED is fixed via aluminium frame to the space frame structure. This movement effects the piezoelectric properties of zinc oxide and further electricity is produced3. Fluttering Canopy works both directly and indirectly to bring renewable energy to Copenhagen. The transfer of energy generated by the FPEDs is shown in the section detail. The energy is produced as direct current, however the grid-tie inverter (2) is able to interface with a utility line or synchronize with the grid by converting the energy to alternating current4. From here, the energy is directed to its destination via distribution panel5 (3), in this case the city grid. Through education and discourse around new forms of renewable energy, Fluttering Canopy encourages the production of energy from such sources throughout new developments and retrofitting of existing development throughout Copenhagen.

Source: Zhong Lin Wang and Jinhui Song, “Piezoelectric Nanogenerators Based on Zinc Oxide Nanowire Arrays”. Science 312, 10: (2006) 242.

1. Wires from FPEDs run through frame piping 2. Grid- tie inverter 3.Distribution Panel 4. Galvanised cover on wires running through earth towards grid connection

1 2

1 Hidemi Matsuda et al., “Wind Energy Harvesting Using Flexible Piezoelectric Device “. Journal of Energy and Power Engineering 7, no. 1 (2013): 1048 2 Matsuda et al., “Wind Energy Harvesting Using Flexible Piezoelectric Device “, 1049 3 Zhong Lin Wang and Jinhui Song, “Piezoelectric Nanogenerators Based on Zinc Oxide Nanowire Arrays”. Science 312, 10: (2006) 242. 4 Grid-tied inverters, SMA Solar Technology, last modified 2014, http://www.sma-america.com/ en_US/products/grid-tied-inverters.html 5 Ibid.

Section detail Transfer of electricity from PFED generators to grid

C.2 TECTONIC ELEMENTS

Employed device: FPED fitted with piezoelectric nanowires. Free movement (fluttering) as device is fixed via aluminium frame to structural space frame.

FPED fitted with peisoelectric styrene spheres. No visible movement, unfit for desired aesthetic.

Wiring from FPED runs through hollow steel piping of structural space frame. FPED flapping on hinge. Rigid movement and lack of visibility.

Piezoelectric fabric offset from and tethered to structural space frame at each corner. Movement restricted by connections.

Piezoeletric devices appear on both sides of the structural frame, effectively doubling energy output.

STRUCTURAL RENDERS Fluttering Canopy

FLEXIBLE PIEZOELECTRIC DEVICE CONFIGURATIONS

FPEDS FINAL CONFIGURATION

C.3 FINAL RENDERS Fluttering Canopy

C.3 FINAL MODEL Fluttering Canopy

C.4 LAGI RESPONSE

Fluttering canopy is an undulating form which emerges from the ground in a triangulated space frame fitted with flexible piezo electric devices. The structure offers a circulation path between the main access points of the site: the dock and the developed industrial area of Refshaleoen. The peak of the structure is visible from the little mermaid, this enhancing the experience of the surrounding area.

FLEXIBLE PIEZO ELECTRIC DEVICES Piezoelectric transducers work to generate electric voltages when mechanically activated with pressure or vibration. Fluttering Canopy utilizes naturally existing wind movement to produce electricity from Flexible piezoelectric devices composed of layers of PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) and functional resin. These particular devices are fitted with strips of zinc oxide piezoelectric nanowires which produce electricity from their fluttering motion when effected by such kinetic forces as wind. Fluttering Canopy spans a width of 36m over a distance of 85m. The structure reaches a maximum height of 14m with south and east facing entrances at 5m and 4m in height respectively. The main concentration of FPEDs is through east-west axis with consideration of average wind velocities. Where the panels are fitted, there are placed both outside and inside, however some areas are uncovered and some only partially covered. In total, the structure proposes to hold approximately 3058m^2 worth of FPEDs. Based on maximum wind velocities for Refshaleoen holding the potential energy production is an approximate 7315mW/h .Based on average wind velocities for the site, the expected energy production is an approximate 523.1 mW/h. SPACE FRAME STRUCTURE A space frame is a lightweight structural solution. Interlocking struts in a triangular formation create a strong, rigid truss like form. The implementation of a space frame ensured structural possibility of a space free of interior supports. The space frame members are to be tennoned together and welded so as not to consume extra space with jointing. Suspension clamps are proposed as connections to and between tension cables. The space frame is organized as a single layer grid, however placement of tension cables may create the illusion of an offset second frame. Substituting steel members for tension cables in areas classified as secondary structure reduces complexity of construction. This also works to reduce the self-weight of the structure, which must be considered due to the site preperties. Refshaleoen holding covers space which was once a basin, and space from which buildings have been removed. As a result, the soil at this site is likely to have low bearing capacity.

PRODUCTION AND TRANSFER OF ELECTRICITY The electricity harvested from the movement of the piezoelectric nanowires is transferred through wiring from the devices themselves to the grid-tie inverter concealed in the piping of the main structural frame. The inverter is closely connected to the distribution panel, both at the lowest point of the east side entrance. From here, the wiring is galvanized as a protective coating for placement underground, directed towards the city grid connection. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT This project advocated for the implementation of renewable energies; inherently there is a focus towards sustainable design. Embodied energy of tranport and production is minimized by employment of steel off cuts from the surrounding industrial area to produce the steel members of the space frame. The total energy production is transferred to the grid rather than employing a portion of the energy to create a visual representation of the energy produced i.e. manifested as production of light or induced movement. The energy flow is instead represented in the initial movement of the piezoelectric nanowires. The integration of piezoelectric transducers into Fluttering Canopy is largely associated with the social agenda. Kinetic energy was chosen as an energy source as it can be expressed by the very force which produces it: movement. The grid-tie inverter and distribution panel have also been left exposed at a main entrance to reiterate that power is being produced as a result of natural forces and express the link between the structure and the city grid. Our design team has acknowledged that the structure does not generate a significant amount of energy in isolation, but advocates for discourse around and implementation of renewable energies on a larger scale.

C.5 LEARNING OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOMES

Our interpretation of the brief, as addressed in learning objective 1, denoted: 1. Generate a form that is structurally feasible using computational techniques, and making adjustments throughout resolution of the structural detailing. 2. Incorporate an energy generation strategy into the design. Consider aesthetics, user interaction, energy potential based on site conditions, and once again structural implementation. Feedback from the final presentation presented two main areas of potential improvement: 1. A more visibly resolved structural system This was addressed in C.1 Design Concept, in reworking the structural definition, and in creating a structural diagram. This represents exploration into the parts and makeup of our structural system: the steel frame, the tensile frame and the fitting of FPEDs. Further detail was investigated into with the joint detailing at the union of these 3 components. 2. Visual integration between our energy source and our structure. Baking surface panels into our definition allowed us to experiment with different FPED configurations and ultimately to approximate an arrangement based on our concept diagram. Both energy efficiency, based on wind rose data, and ambience were considered.

C.5 LEARNING OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOMES

The final presentation exhibiting Generation Canopy presented iterations considering form, site placement and configuration of FPEDs. C.2 Tectonic elements also presents exploration of multiple types of piezoelectric devices. This represents engagement with objectives 2 and 5 in developing a variety of design possibilities prior to justifying the chosen option. Development of skills in 3 dimensional media is demonstrated in the algorithmic sketchbook tasks as well as case studies and definition progression in the design journal, engaging with learning objectives 3 and 8. C.1 design concept, for example, represents engagement with rhino and grasshopper in collaboration to produce a desired result. The structural diagram was generated in autoCAD, demonstrating initiative to extend use of computation beyond the proscribed softwares. C.3 Final Model may also be attributed to these criteria: the digital model directly representative of parametric design, and the 3D printed model with engagement with the process fabricating digital prototypes. An understanding of the relationship between architecture and air was perpetuated in this subject through establishing a central focus on form. Considerations of construction and tectonics, as well as site and user interaction, were perpetuated as contributing factors to the development of the form itself. It is the conceptualisation of the form in space: itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s dimensions, proportions, interactions with gravity, that allow resolution of the construction aspects of a form. Here, objective 4 perpetuates a level of design resolution that transcends, without elimination of, the site considerate design.

PART C REFERENCES

C.1 Danish meteorological. Institute ministry of transport. Observed Wind Speed and Direction in Denmark - with Climatological Standard Normals, 1975-2005. By John Cappelen and Bent Jørgensen. NCES 99-13. Copenhagen.: DMI, 2011. C.2 Matsuda, Hidemi, Junpei Miyagi, Yasuaki Doi and Yoshikazu Tanaka. “Wind Energy Harvesting Using Flexible Piezoelectric Device “. Journal of Energy and Power Engineering 7, no. 1 (2013): 1047-1051. Lin Wang, Zhong and Jinhui Song, “Piezoelectric Nanogenerators Based on Zinc Oxide Nanowire Arrays”. Science 312, 10: (2006) 242246.

List of image sources C.1 Google Maps, Refshaleoen, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2014, satellite image, https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&t=h&s=A ARTsJpSo3vk36vRxt7x2fftetXi_aLyUg&oe=UTF8&msa=0&msid= 115544209564558388899.00045b81a1c813cab2bcc&dg=feature, (accessed 1 June 2014). C.2 Hidemi Matsuda et al., “Wind Energy Harvesting Using Flexible Piezoelectric Device “. Journal of Energy and Power Engineering 7, no. 1 (2013): 1051. Zhong Lin Wang and Jinhui Song, “Piezoelectric Nanogenerators Based on Zinc Oxide Nanowire Arrays”. Science 312, 10: (2006) 242.