Dissertation valentina arama

DISSERTATION

REUSING ARCHITECTURE VIA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE / HORSENS / DENMARK ARCHITECTURAL TECHNOLOGY LECTURER - ERIK TOFT

1 COPY - FONT - COPPERPLATE GHOTIC 14 GARAMOND 12 No of Copies - 2 No of Pages - 42

VALENTINA ARAMA Student No. 163621 24 October 2014

All rights reserved - no part of this publication may be reproduced without the prior permission of the author.

NOTE: This report was written as a compulsory student assignment in the 7TH Semester, Architectural Technology and Construction Management degree course no responsibility is taken for any advice, instruction or conclusion given within.

Dissertation | Reusing Architecture Author: Valentina Arama | 2014

I.

Preface & Acknowledgements

7th SEMESTER DISS DISSERTATION | REUSING ARCHITECTURE

The substantial research for writing this report was undertaken from adaptive reuse projects and the information was researched from various sources, involving a number of architectural problems encountered when reusing a building. The dissertation topic was inspired from my previous enrolment and contribution within projects involving reuse of architecture.

The preparation and presentation of this report was undertaken on an individual basis.

Drawings and images were taken from various relevant electronic sources and academic textbooks, as well as personal drawings and sketches.

In the preparation of my dissertation I have been very lucky to have the assistance of Erik Toft, lecturer at VIA University College, to whom I am most grateful for his help and suggestions.

Date handed in: 24th October 2014

“Waste not, want not� unknown author 1| Note1 - the number corresponds to the title mentioned on page List of References.

Dissertation | Reusing Architecture Author: Valentina Arama | 2014

II.

Abstract

This report has been written as a compulsory assignment in the 7th Semester of Constructing Architect Degree Course. The topic of the dissertation report is Reuse of Architecture inspired from various projects all around the world. The sources of inspiration behind choosing this topic are the last two main projects I was involved in: Rock-IT - a competition in Italy which I will talk about in more detail later in my work and the Lido project executed by the Marshall & Kendon Architects, an architectural firm in the UK. The aim of this report is to look at the aspects of reuse of architecture, define it and explore the advantages and disadvantages when reusing architecture. The report describes the general notion of “reuse” in construction and the meaning of “adaptive reuse”. Questions as “What type of buildings can be adapted?” will be explored.

In order to preserve a building, certain steps of strategies should be applied. Mobility strategies using “New Orleans pool” and “Old trains turned into churches” are both examined in the report.

Notable examples of reusing salvaged materials are: “Dovecote Studio by Haworth Tomkins” and “Studio Posehuset by Svendborg Architects”. Sometimes demolition is not considered the best but definitely a good one when achieving its goals as Oppenheim Architecture + Design and Huesler Architekten did with “Kirchplatz Residence”.

As a renovation project a swimming pool Lido in Clifton is presented. In addition, human intervention in the process of reusing is wonderfully pointed with “Selexyz Dominicanen Bookshop

by Merkx + Girod Architects”. The report would lack completion if Foster would not be mentioned with his independent contribution to the Hearst Tower in New York. Some major additions to adaptive reuse are presented with well-known projects CaixaForum, Madrid and Idroscalo in Italy. To create a comprehensive project in reusing architecture it is very important to understand the architecture of the building, the location, and the use of it in time, the structural design and its connection with both the city and society. All the listed projects are described in the dissertation.

Furthermore, once reused it is indicated to adapt the building to contemporary and environmentally friendly needs by using a sensitive approach. Consequently, the report aims to answer two main questions within the process of reusing which is what to save and what to overhaul. This is done by taking into consideration the crucial decisions made during the construction in structural terms and the original structure of the building.

Lastly, it will be looked at costing, whether to go for cheaper versions and how does inspiration and design integrity affect the building.

The preservation of a building needs not only one’s major mind but a great number of architects with their ideas and commitment working together for the sake of keeping that treasure the world still has.

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Dissertation | Reusing Architecture Author: Valentina Arama | 2014

A. Key Words

REUSE OF ARCHITECTURE SUISTAINABLE CITIES

PRESERVATION OF A BUILDING

ADAPTABLE DESIGN & TECHNOLOGY

CONTEMPORAY DESIGN WITHIN BUILDINGS

BUILDNG CONVERSION RENEWABLE MATERIALS

DESIGN INTEGRITY & REQUIREMENTS

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Dissertation | Reusing Architecture Author: Valentina Arama | 2014

III.

Contents

I.

Preface & Acknowlodgements ...................................................................................... 1

II.

Abstract .................................................................................................................................... 2 A.

Key Words ......................................................................................................................... 3 Problem Background...................................................................................................... 6

IV. A.

Research Questions .................................................................................................... 7

B.

Delimitation ...................................................................................................................... 7

A.

Choice of Theoretical Basis ................................................................................... 7

B.

Choice of Research Method ................................................................................... 8

C.

Overall Structure ....................................................................................................... 8

V. Reuse of Architecture ....................................................................................................... 9 A.

General definition ........................................................................................................ 9

B.

What can Be Adapted? .............................................................................................. 10

VI.

Advantages and Barriers ............................................................................................ 11

VII.

Design Strategies in Adaptive Reuse ..................................................................... 12

A.

Mobility............................................................................................................................. 12

a.

New Orleans Pool...................................................................................................... 13

b.

Old Trains into Churches ...................................................................................... 15

B.

Reusing Salvaged Materials.................................................................................. 16

a.

Dovecote Studio by Haworth Tomkins............................................................. 16

b.

Studio Posehuset by Svendborg Architects ................................................ 20

C.

Demolition....................................................................................................................... 21

a. Kirchplatz Residence by Oppenheim Architecture + Design and Huesler Architekten ......................................................................................................... 21 D. a.

E.

Renovation ..................................................................................................................... 22 Lido Clifton by Marshall & Kedon Architects ............................................ 22 Automation – Human Intervention ..................................................................... 23 Selexyz Dominicanen Bookshop by Merkx + Girod Architects ................ 24

a.

F. Inhabitant Focussed – Independence ................................................................... 25 Hearst Tower NY by Foster + Partners.............................................................. 26

a.

G.

Major Additions ........................................................................................................... 28

a.

CaixaForum Madrid ..................................................................................................... 28

b.

Idroscalo by Giuseppe Pagano ............................................................................. 30

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Dissertation | Reusing Architecture Author: Valentina Arama | 2014 H.

Sub Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 35

VIII.

Challenge of Creative Re-Use .................................................................................. 36

A.

Funding Priorities ....................................................................................................... 36

B.

Sources for Inspiration .......................................................................................... 36

C.

Low Carbon Cities ...................................................................................................... 37

IX. X. XI.

Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 38 List of References ............................................................................................................. 39 List of Illustrations ..................................................................................................... 41

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Dissertation | Reusing Architecture Author: Valentina Arama | 2014

IV. Problem Background This dissertation has been written as a compulsory assignment in 7th semester Architectural Technology and Construction Management Bachelor Degree. The research was based on “reusing architecture” topic, starting from general definition and case studies from around the world and developing ideas about key strategies and design integrity. The starting point for choosing the topic came from the great opportunity I had to participate in the competition of Reusing Architecture in February this year in Italy (Idroscalo by Giuseppe Pagano), and project from my work placement in UK (Lido, Clifton by Marshall & Kendon Architects). (These projects are shown in the following pages of the dissertation).

Also, I will go through the different existing ways of reusing a building, as well as its advantages and barriers of doing that. The dissertation purposes to describe what should be considered when reusing a building and what is the most efficient way of reusing it. Pointing to the different methods of reusing architecture, the report will point to the crucial method of demolishing and renovating, reusing salvaged materials and reusing what was left from a building. The sources of the information and photographs are academic textbooks, electronic sources and journal articles.

Consequently the projects of buildings adaption reflected with contemporary design will be examined. Some of the main decisions made when adding or removing some parts of a building will be listed with topical examples of great architectural monuments that evince excellent reuse of architecture.

All the research questions that I was interested in finding an answer for are described in detail within this report. The primary question is what “adaptive reuse” is and what are the designing methods and key solutions of reusing. Another main focus of the dissertation is on the examples of great architects that have reused buildings in an innovative way. A comprehensive list of other questions as what are the challenges of creative reuse would be: design solutions, funding and low carbon cities, these being explored in much more detail further in the report. All the other secondary questions are answered within the key points.

The conclusion will be based on all the research made during the dissertation period. By writing this report my skills of writing academic reports and using critical analysis has improved as well as the ability to undertake a research. Furthermore, it helped me link my experience with core architectural concepts this having a direct effect on my future career prospects. The insight gained from this dissertation creates a bigger picture of the adaptive reuse of the buildings.

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Dissertation | Reusing Architecture Author: Valentina Arama | 2014

A. Research Questions 1. What is reuse of architecture in its own terms throughout the history? What can be adapted?

2. What are the advantages and barriers in reusing architecture?

3. What are the design strategies in reusing architecture?

3.1.

How to adapt a building so that it will match with the contemporary design and at the same time make it fit the environment it is located in? Is it going to suit the social needs in the area? What to save or to preserve from an old building and what to overhaul?

3.2.

What architects and their projects say about reusing architecture?

4. What are the challenges of creative reuse?

5. What is the conclusion made upon the analysed subject?

B. Delimitation The report written about the reuse of architecture concentrates mainly to describe reusing architecture in general terms and specifications. In addition, the report includes the various reuse based projects that have been researched and referenced. Dissertation specifies the design strategies and challenges undertaken in the adaptive reuse process to buildings.

All the projects described in the dissertation are taken from all over the world, no country, region or style limits have been applied in relation to choosing a project. The report did not go through the deep calculations of the cost of the materials and work held during the reuse of the building type of construction, but the conclusion undertaken by architects are specified carefully.

The information is taken from various sources starting with my supervisor and the company I am working for at the moment followed by books, journal articles and electronic sources. I limited in showing and describing in detail about the personal project that have been participating, that being Idroscalo by Giuseppe Pagano due to the page set limits on the dissertation projects.

A. Choice of Theoretical Basis All the information found in this report is referenced in the final pages of the report. The reference starts with my own projects that I have been participating in, these being LIDO by Marshall & Kendon and Idroscalo by Giuseppe Pagano followed by information provided by my supervisor Erik Toft. Other sources constitute personal communications with students and my colleagues in the Marshall & Kendon Architects Bristol who helped me get a bigger picture about adaptive reuse. Additionally various types of textbooks, journal articles and web pages served as informative supply for the dissertation, which are referenced using Harvard Referencing 2010. According to this type of referencing, the referencing in this report can be

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Dissertation | Reusing Architecture Author: Valentina Arama | 2014

found in the end of the sentence or paragraph in Italics and as for example Superscript No 1 , and checked with the reference list found on pages 39-40 in the same report.

B. Choice of Research Method As I have already mentioned in the problem background, delimitation and choice of theoretical basis, the two main sources of inspiration were the two projects I had a great opportunity to participate in LIDO by Marshall & Kendon and Idroscalo by Giuseppe Pagano. In the beginning I was determined to write more about the two projects I have been working with, but the plan changed when I have started the meetings with my supervisor, where the report needed more indepth touch on various projects, so that the adaptive reuse concept will be fully understood.

After defining in the content page what I will be writing about, I looked for information from the sources I have mentioned in the Heading C i.e. Choice of Theoretical Basis and filled up the paragraphs as they were listed. The content page changed a bit every time when something more was coming in or out considering the page limitations. In the end, I acquired enough information from supervisors and mentors who offered to give me a hand with the project as well as by reading electronic information, books and articles were I found good and practical theory and examples shown in pictures (referenced in the end of the report).

C. Overall Structure The structure of the report is very simple and logical, easy to follow. The report is divided into 5 main sections which are the following: 1. General information and definition of Adaptive reuse (see section V in the report) 2. Advantages and Barriers of adaption (see section VI) 3. Design Strategies (where the notion of design strategies is explained and the benefits and barriers of adaptive reuse are discussed, followed by visual projects and case study report being Idroscalo by Giuseppe Pagano, in order to give a better picture of the types of strategies and methods used within the process) (see VII) 4. The challenges of the Adaptive Reuse (as mentioned in the Advantages and Barriers section, the benefits are basically the extraordinary design strategies and the barriers are described within Section VIII under Challenges chapter) 5. Conclusion ( conclusion I connected with the problem background, summary and main 1-4 Sections, being updated within the process of writing the dissertation, keeping a record of references and information) (See IX)

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Dissertation | Reusing Architecture Author: Valentina Arama | 2014

V.

Reuse of Architecture

A. General definition Adaptive reuse or reuse of architecture refers to a process where the building and its components are exposed to changes and alterations in order to be saved or preserved for a longer period of time, involving demolition and renovation and not excluding to be used with a different purpose that had in the beginning. As mentioned in Recycling and Reuse of Building Materials, architectural reuse should be considered as an evolutionary process occurring over time. (p.57 1) Adaptive reuse is seen as a key factor when speaking about preserving an old building, which can be seen as a compromise between historical buildings and demolition. Buildings destined to reuse are those that became unsuitable in time, being unable to satisfy the purpose they were built for. Thus, a remodelling is designed in order to fit the contemporary requirements.

Adapting a building and reusing are two interlinked concepts. In order to reuse a building one should consider a considerable number of factors. These being: environment, surroundings, history, original design and potential purpose the building might serve. To successfully reuse a building, the process of adapting the design and architecture needs to be presented on high levels of performance. As shown in the graph below taking a historical or simply an abandoned building through adaptation and reusing process, leads to the prosperity of the environment and society.

Historic buildings and places usually define our nation. Therefore, the most important aim of adapting or developing buildings is to secure their future use.

Historic Building

Adaption and Reusing Architecture

Non-used building, non fit design and aged construction method and structure

Exceptional Design and Use of the Building, Prosperity of the Environment and Society

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Dissertation | Reusing Architecture Author: Valentina Arama | 2014

B. What can Be Adapted?

In order to adapt a building to a new function and make it fit the needs of the future users the building should undergo a long and meticulous process of changes. As noted by Stewart Brand in How Buildings Learn: What happens after they are built, the function of the building should be revised while preserving the integrity of architectural space. 2 Before exposing a building to changes its functional and commodity values should be considered.

Buildings that offer open arrangements and flexible framework are the best ones to be adapted to a new environment and design integrity.

The common criteria of choosing what types of houses can be reused and some of the factors that decide whether the building can be reused or not are the following: o The social value of the given site which would be included with the importance of the users of that specific area, o The potential of reuse including the physical damage in the terms of the proposed reuse, o The historical importance of the building and the place surrounding it, o The environmentally conditions and whether they fit under the proposed reuse of the building.

As mentioned before, Stewart Brand writes about how buildings learn and brings various cases of reusing architecture. When adapting a building to suit something new, he suggests a couple of strategies needs: o o o o o o

Historical Use Architectural Compatibility Internal function and Organization Existing Materials and New Materials to be used in the process of preservation Environmental Issues and Plan Existing Framework and Structures 2

Baroness Andrews mentions in his foreword, that the approach of the adaption of a historic building should be positive and collaborative, “based upon a shared understanding of the qualities which make a place or building special”. Achieving a balance between which ensures that the quality of the new building are reinforced rather than diminished by changing it, “whilst achieving a solution which is architecturally and commercially deliverable”. 3 (Constructive Conservation: Sustainable Growth for historic Places, March 2013, p.1)

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Dissertation | Reusing Architecture Author: Valentina Arama | 2014

VI. Advantages and Barriers It always was a catch to see old buildings turned into magnificent projects where the architect have spent quite a long time realising how to preserve the house best. Certainly, in the process of reusing architecture the work does not always go smoothly. There are specific examples when the projects were successful and when others failed. This subsection will look at both.

Advantages ↑ Site location. As one said, the only way to keep the building is to use it. This is where adaptive design and reuse comes into action. There are many advantages in using certain buildings for redevelopment. One of them is site location: very often historical buildings are located in favourable locations such as city centre or gorgeous landscapes. This facilitating the issue of finding a new function for the building. ↑ Old buildings. They can be either heritage-listed or sold as an entity, where the new tenant bought the whole lot and renovated it instead of destroying and selling it apart. As mentioned before, reusing the building is like giving a second chance to survival, instead of destroying it and letting it to be abandoned. Old buildings are more attractive to the wouldbe client as well as for by-passing people, for the client from a financial point of view, for bypassers from a social one as they might become future users of the facilities instituted in the reused building. ↑ Positive environmental impact. By adapting the building, the production of new materials decreases, thus reducing the damages factories cause to the environment, and consequently to people. Sustainability takes a leading action in the process of building reuse. A common feature of nowadays concept of preserving the environment is creating sustainable ways of existing resources and recycling materials. Reuse considerably reduces waste of materials and leads to a highly sustainable environment and provides the future of the area the building is located from both architectural and environmental perspective.

Disadvantages ↓

Restrictions. Speaking about barriers in the process of reuse, a high percentage of buildings that are being reused are listed buildings. These are highly protected by the government and there are certain requirements and restrictions that should be considered when converting a listed building. The paper work behind converting a listed building might be so lengthy that the process of adaptation itself might be stagnated from months to years. ↓ Heritage people. Sometimes even if the process is finished and conversion is allowed, the architects are limited to the changes in design and restoration they can do because of the heritage people. Trying to mitigate with heritage people to loosen the restrictions might be a solution, thus allowing the adaptive architecture to flow perfection and sustainability into the building. The heritage people might prefer to study the new proposed design and architectural touch and would require taking architectural aesthetics into consideration.

As an example of highly restricted building where heritage people did not accept the proposal is Boller Castle in Horsens. The architect came up with an innovative idea of having a glass façade with the view to the surroundings. Offended by the decision taken with 11 | Note1 - the number corresponds to the title mentioned on page List of References.

Dissertation | Reusing Architecture Author: Valentina Arama | 2014

regards to the castle he decided not to reuse it anymore. As a result, the castle still remains untouched and non-adapted. ↓ Limitation by the original structure. Another barrier is the unsuitable and unsafe design of the building. Moreover, sites might contain hazardous, impossible to remove structures and materials, these making the whole process of adaption unviable. Some other factors might be contamination, mould and infected walls. The building itself can be valuable, whereas the structural reality is a damaged, difficult and unsafe to reuse object. ↓ Natural factors. Predisposed terrain, whether conditions: waves, strong wind, extreme temperatures, should be taken into consideration. Sometimes the desired design might not match the weather and landscape requirements.

To sum up, there are buildings ready for restoration, demolition or adaption. The first step is already made by the existing ruins and ready to collapse old buildings. Next step for all architects and designers is to consider advantages and barriers before getting to integrate a new design in an old building. The bright side is that the site location, the history of a building and environmental impact the reuse has might be an encouraging factor to start conversion. On the other hand limitations by the government, heritage people, structure and natural implications should be taken into account when reuse is considered. In other words it is a matter of having a great-thinking mind-set above it and the building can be reshaped into something new and with a fresh wink.

VII. Design Strategies in Adaptive Reuse “An environment that cannot be changed invites its own destruction. We prefer a world that can be modified progressively against a background of valued remains, a world in which one can leave a personal mark alongside the marks of history.”

—Kevin Lynch Commenting on Kevin Lynch’s quotation, humanity needs to strive to keep the valuable around them. Old, historical buildings are one of those assets. However, for ensuring life of a building some changes should be done to it.

There are great architects who invented and discovered many different ways of achieving this goal and some of them are listed in the examples below. Architecture is designed for people and its users and the following listed strategies are employed in the design of adaption.

A. Mobility Holger Schnädelbach in his article Adaptive Architecture (2010), pointed that architects have found mobility as a good strategy in order to allow the building to respond to the changes around it.

Usually most of architecture is “fixed to the place it is owning”. In this case most inspiration is coming from mobile use of space as caravans, boats and trailers design that way to respond to its users and needs. 17

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Dissertation | Reusing Architecture Author: Valentina Arama | 2014

a. New Orleans Pool An amazing example of using mobility as an aspect of reusing architecture is a retired Scottish bus group Bristol Lodekka which became a New Orleans Pool owned by Mirada Lake which is described by her as “one big shiny, giant happy pill you can actually get inside of.� 10

Fig. 1 Scottish Bus Group Bristol Lodekka Pool House

Vintage buses have been reused in multiple ways over many years. This bus serves as a great example of using the existing shed and space mobility, turning it into a summer pool vintage house. The bus itself benefits from many settled windows that gives lots of light in the house.

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Dissertation | Reusing Architecture Author: Valentina Arama | 2014

Fig.2 Scottish Bus Group Bristol Lodekka Pool House Interior and Surroundings

Fig.3 Scottish Bus Group Bristol Lodekka Pool House Outside Area

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Dissertation | Reusing Architecture Author: Valentina Arama | 2014

b. Old Trains into Churches On the other hand Russia found an innovative way to reuse old trains. These trains are highly used after restoration, a common feature in the area being to convert trains into holy places for worshiping by Orthodox Churches , were abandoned railway meets the perfect place for worshiping. The houses have a renovated faรงade; walls are perfectly designed to protect the building from wind and extreme temperatures and it is seen as a financially effective and socially beneficial way to reuse mobile transport. 11

Fig. 4 Old Trains turned into Churches

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Dissertation | Reusing Architecture Author: Valentina Arama | 2014

B. Reusing Salvaged Materials Salvaged objects and framework of the building could excite imagination and bring the memories back. As mentioned in Recycling and Reuse of Building Materials, the salvaged materials cannot make the building last longer and cannot assure the continuity of it. However, the actual contribution to the building is its character and that makes it powerful. Salvaged materials are generally durable and adaptable, „ symbols of the beauty and necessity of natural decay over premature destruction.” (p.69, Recycling and Reuse of Building Materials) 1 Abandoned buildings usually are usually predestined to total deconstruction. However, it should be considered that great environment, location and some of the existing framework or existing materials which can be salvaged come in the pack with that the “left over” buildings. As Alyn Griffiths confirms in his article „Help the Aged: innovative adaptive reuse in architecture”, these types of buildings should be seen as “opportunities rather than eyesores. There are few more wasteful processes than tearing down an existing building and replacing it with something entirely new.” Adaptive reuse has become more sensible about raw materials and existing structures of the building that might leave a historical shade over the new rebuilt building. 8

a. Dovecote Studio by Haworth Tomkins The great Haworth Tomkins London based Architects renovated a dilapidated old building situated on the Dovecote Studio Campus – an internationally music campus at Snape Maltings.

Haworth Tomkins Architects used the existing conditions of the building and accurately reused the salvaged materials.

Fig.5 The rusted hue of the Cor-Ten steel in Haworth Tompkins Architects's Dovecote Studio, © Philip Vile

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Dissertation | Reusing Architecture Author: Valentina Arama | 2014

As researched by Karen Cilento in the article Dovecote Studio, “the ruins once formed a two-storey brick dovecote”, and although decayed it became popular amongst visiting musicians. 19

Fig. 6 Existing Dovecote Studio, © Philip Vile

The studio was tactfully built in between the existing building, using almost same colour brick Clad in Corten weathering steel, the new structure being “understood as separate structure” but at the same time complimenting the old one. 19 “The result is a building that from a distance evokes the ghost of the original structure, but, seen from close to, reveals itself as entirely new.” 19

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Dissertation | Reusing Architecture Author: Valentina Arama | 2014

Fig. 7 Dovecote Studio, post-renovation, photo: Haworth Tompkins, Š Philip Vile

Prior to the construction the existing building had to be stabilized and then carefully inserted Suffolk Welding steel crafted into a single form. Each panel, starting from walls, roof sheets 1200 x 2400 mm, and openings were prefabricated and cut on the layout basis.

The studio is available to be used daily by any musicians when rehearsing, as well as using it as a great performing space.

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The resulting balance of the new and old yields make the space and the ruin living its age. The old fabric being balanced with the new simple steel house box, which would seem way too minimalistic, but actually that makes it look rich. Charles Bloszies writes in Old Buildings, New Designs, “For modern architects, the form is crisp and the techniques employed to build are clever.” (p.69) “The romance of the deteriorated dovecote remains,” enhanced by the great contemporary additions to it. 5, 25

Fig. 8 Dovecote Studio, post-renovation, photo: Haworth Tompkins, © Philip Vile

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b. Studio Posehuset by Svendborg Architects

Fig. 9 House transformation by Svendborg Architects

Johnny Svendborg, project leader at Svendengborg Architects quotes „We chose to preserve the old building with its fine plastered walls and contrasting by adding a single element,-an element which is covered with the same material - black anodized aluminium plates - on facades and roof. „ 20

Fig. 10 House Transformation Old Stable into a new Studio

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Dissertation | Reusing Architecture Author: Valentina Arama | 2014

Svendborg Architects based Copenhagen, have used the existing shell and materials removing the old roof and replacing a metal one instead. Using a different colour of the new part of the building, it shows the exact boundaries of the new and the old. Using skylights the light enters into the building and brings the white colour inside out the building, as an inside out of the old and the new. Even though there is only 25 m2 of the total existing untouched stable with old materials, the new adapted studio offers a new innovative construction to the area.

C. Demolition Human’s body serves as a perfect explanation of the demolition method of reusing the building works. When somebody is ill, one suffers pain. Usually it would be the doctor to check the patient. The process takes time as it involves detecting the problem, giving diagnose and solving it in the end. The result is a happy healthy restored body and a pleased doctor that found the cure, even when it involved removing a certain part of the body. The same is with demolition seen through architect’s eyes. Sometimes old buildings would suffer from the wrong originally chosen materials, or gradual deterioration due to weather conditions or site location, or even the unsuccessful design. In this case the best solution of the doctor i.e. the architect is to remove the areas that cause illness to the building, release its sufferings and make it alive by bringing new design into it.

a. Kirchplatz Residence by Oppenheim Architecture + Design and Huesler Architekten Florida based Oppenheim Architecture + Design and Huesler Architekten, Switzerland – based, adapted a farmhouse from 1743 into a modern and innovative private home in Muttenz – Basel, Switzerland. The new and the old were kept together within the look on the gable of the building.

The Kirch platz residence is integrated with several sustainable strategies.

As mentioned by Taz Loomans, “Oppenheim and Huesler successfully walked the fine line between restoring the historic feel of the original farm house and creating a contemporary, minimal aesthetic that is appropriate for today.” Additionally, more openings were made in order to facilitate more light to come into the house. 21, 12 One of the most exciting parts when converting a building is the process of establishing a connection between the old and the new building. The method that architects have used is demolishing from the house a ¼, having an open space and light, but keeping the frame of the old farmhouse, that shows the great intersection with new and old materials, building, design and architecture. The new adapted architecture does not take away the history of the farmhouse, but rather enhances the contrast between past and present, creating a unique adapted building.

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Dissertation | Reusing Architecture Author: Valentina Arama | 2014

Fig. 11 Kirchplatz Residence, Börje Müller

D. Renovation Renovation is like giving a second chance to the building to survive and shine in its all glory.

Renovation uses the method of focussing to keep the historical materials and structural parts but renovating it into a new design. A comprehensive renovation of the building occurs when all the aspects of the building are considered and the best sides of it are highlighted.

a. Lido Clifton by Marshall & Kedon Architects Looking back in 1849, Lido in Bristol was one of the oldest Lido’s in the entire UK. In 1990 the Lido was closed and left empty about 20 years, when Arne Ringner purchased the site following with a campaign “save the Lido”. The building offers many different opportunities for users as spa, restaurant, and treatment rooms. These being an efficient, social –focused spot which is granted considerable attention by tourists and professionals.

The project gained strength and success when Marshall and Kendon Architects renovated it in an innovative way by combining glass façade structure and the crystal water from the pool outside, turning it into a hidden heaven in a city of rush and noise. The main Lido structure was kept, in order to keep the old features the past being imprinted into the walls, doors and tea rooms. However, the reflection of the pool into the glass façade gives idea of something new.

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Dissertation | Reusing Architecture Author: Valentina Arama | 2014

Fig. 12 Lido /Clifton / Bristol Central Library/ 1970

Fig. 13 Lido /Clifton

E. Automation – Human Intervention The automation and human intervention is listed as another critical strategy in adapting a building. Buildings are reused after an automatic system that works perfectly with any type of buildings and constructions.

However, human intervention which aims to adapt and reshape the building for existing needs and purposes might cause considerable changes in time. Adapting a building by automation involves owners or residents, who can easily adapt and change the design over time. So, the building in this case is automatically adapted from main sources: from the main architect or the designer and its owners or residents. 15

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a. Selexyz Dominicanen Bookshop by Merkx + Girod Architects The stunning Boekhandel Selexyz Dominicanen Bookshop can be found in Maastricht, Netherlands. Seven hundred year old former church bookshop has won the name of one of the most beautiful bookshops in the world.

As stated by Urban Host Media article, “the original church was built in 1294, where its closure is credited to French leader Napoleon.” His army closed the ornate stone building in 1794 invasion. The church didn’t fall into ruin but wasn’t used for next two centuries. In many parts of the world the churches are shrinking, not being reused at all leaving behind architectural masterpieces. Most of the churches are in bad condition and need a good maintenance before making them fit to use which is rather sad for their future. Merkx Girod Architects were asked to convert the church into a large Dutch bookstore. Due to the fact that the churches footprint wasn’t aloud to change, the architects proposed to come with a vertical intervention adding a staircase within the shelves.

Bringing the bookshelves on a different level in the church resulted in a great visual benefit for the amazing existing ornaments on the walls.

The historic paintings are given their true immeasurable value when examined by customers and visitors. This opportunity would not have been possible were the levels not built. Stating from Old Buildings, New Designs, the new elements are very “simple, functional and clearly differentiated from aged construction. “ 5 By turning the church into a bookstore, the spirit of wisdom was saved and “the edifice has retained its historic identity. “ 27

Fig. 14 Slexyz Dominicanen cc Bert Kaufmann / Physical Model

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Fig. 15 Slexyz Dominicanen cc Bert Kaufmann

F. Inhabitant Focussed – Independence As the final point in his article Holger Schnädelbach mentions that design space incorporates a strategy that “addresses the level of independence of the building from its inhabitants”. Buildings can be designed and adapted to the environment in a certain obvious way, unless the inhabitant wants to design it in his own way involving ones desired design and shaping of the adapted building. So in the end a complete new building with personal patterns, design and stream is adapted. 17

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a. Hearst Tower NY by Foster + Partners Norman Foster is very familiar with old and new architectural issues, styles and designs. Hearst Tower is a project released in 2006 in New York and was made in a special mode which is considered nowadays the biggest vertical architectural addition in the world. The story behind the base of the skyscraper and development from it starts in the late 1920s, when William Randolph Hearst retained architect Joseph Urban, planned to design a 20 story building in the art deco style rising from a six story podium. Due to the Great depression, the building remains unbuilt until the end but only six story base. Fortunately Foster took this opportunity of design, and completed the project successfully.

The tower is now 42 story tall altogether, the old and the new building. Foster finished the building with a tower façade angular facets. Architectural Critic Nicolai Quroussoff commented about the proposed design “Past and present don’t fit seamlessly together here, they collide with ferocious energy”. Although Foster thought carefully about the connection of the old and new by adding obvious horizontal ring of glazing. Quroussoff continued in his comments “Lord Foster‘s approach to history is frank and direct. It’s as if the facades of the original building are really just there to keep out the rain.”

5

Fig. 16 Hearst Tower Interior / combining old and new structures and designs

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In other words, there were more contradictory ideas over the Foster’s outline especially when the approach of reusing is so different and independent from all the other preserved projects of that time. Nonetheless, finishing up the tower with theatrical angles all above, the great Foster Architect did a bold move within reusing architecture. As mentioned in Old Buildings, New Designs, the design and contrast between old and new, “make this high-impact architecture�. 5

Fig. 17 Hearst Tower

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G. Major Additions As stated in his book Charles Bloszies, Old Buildings, New Designs, sometimes the buildings need to suffer major addition and modifications in order to fit the new design and use of the building.

The following examples illustrate major changes that have been managed, “resulting in visual balance acts of new and old elements.” 5 a. CaixaForum Madrid Swiss firm Herzog & de Meuron have become well known with their project in re-used architecture, the museum CaixaForum in Madrid. The building was a former power station built in 1899. The building saved only the original brick shell as historically protected area. The architect’s strategy was to lift up the main building off the ground opening it to the apparent law of gravity, and to have a top addition as shown in the sketch and diagram below. The building has become an “urban magnet” as stated in Arcspace Article, not only for art lovers but for the great building as well. 24,25

Fig. 18, 19 CaixaForum Madrid, Old Power Brick Station, Sketch and Diagram by Herzog & de Meuron

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Charles Bloszies quotes “The gravity –defying structure is breath-taking, and in an odd way makes perfect sense.�

When looked from the plaza this building increases the new and old balanced very well with the materials, shape and design integrity. The old building lifted off the ground and fitted with a new building as a hat on top, serves as a major addition not only for the old building but for the architecture in re-use history too. 5

Fig. 20, 21 CaixaForum Madrid

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b. Idroscalo by Giuseppe Pagano | Case Study

Fig.22, 23 Idroscalo di Pavia

Giuseppe Pagano’s Idroscalo was opened in 1926 by Benoto Mussolini as a seaplane refuelling point on the river Turin - Venice – Trieste. Nowadays the building is not used, and Italian province of Pavia organized a workshop and competition between students from different countries as Italy, Denmark, Spain, Poland and England, to come up with their proposals during two weeks where I took part in. This example of major addition in reuse is worth mentioning as I have personally contributed with ideas and plans of renovation. The project was analyzed in several steps during the two weeks. The outline phase steps are described in the following pages approaching the methods and ways of reusing architecture described in the report.

Step 1 | Getting to know the Site, Project and Regulations The following points are described and analysed in Sep 1: o o o o o o o

Checking historical value of the building Regulations of the location Limitations of reusing the building Check on site construction and building Checking remaining materials Deciding what to save and what to overhaul Coming with an outline idea of how the building can be used best

The first step taken into the project of renovation of a historical building was discovery and analyse of the architectural history of Pavia. It was analysed its structures, shapes elements of architecture of the local region, architects that contributed to the change of architecture flow to the hydroplane Idroscalo of Giuseppe Pagano. As stated in Forgotten Air Fields article about Idroscalo di Pavia, it had a wonderful location and purpose used as a hydroplane .17 The seaplane was designed by Giuseppe with early rationalistic elements of architecture.

Flood Risk Assessment. Especially, Giuseppe Pagano thought and took into consideration the river flow and growth during the winter times. The water from the river could reach the building’s platform, covering the columns completely. After a research and statistic from Pavia’s locals, the river does not grow as it was before, but only once in a year and lasting for couple of weeks. Finding this useful information, was easy to start up and think on the future design – as having to exclude from the project to using the ground floor base under the building as a potential platform or building site. The rest of the ground above is good to be used for construction.

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Materials Check. Building components were photographed and a record was taken on them in the first days of the project. Starting from the basement taking the concrete columns – were preserved in a good condition. Only a structural engineer check would be suitable to have analysing them in case of finding cracks into the concrete or rotten steel structure. The platform itself has been built from steel platform with concrete blocks which remained in a good condition. The walls made from plasterboard were recorded as being in a bad condition and deteriorated from long years of rain and water from the river. Remaining good parts of the walls were rotten from the steel structure above the main platform. The building did not have much of the old windows, as they are long time demolished and cracked. Roof structure was considered in good condition, with old covering and ready to be demolished or renovated. The only salvaged materials components of the building were the concrete columns, steel platform with concrete blocks, and steel skeleton of the walls and steel truss of the roof, which had to be considered when coming up with new ideas of renovating the building.

Regulations. As being a far from the city and long-time not used building, the municipality of Pavia agreed with main architects of the region to ease the rules and regulation on the listed building, and actually try to save the building in the most beautiful way. That helped in getting the most out of the building, location and architects ideas on how to re-use Idroscalo best.

After several analysis and checks on site and plans, Idroscalo was ready to be reused and integrated into new design architecture.

Step 2 | Design Thinking After the first step of analysing the main structure, salvaged materials and regulations, it was decided to keep several components of the building but demolish others. The columns- the main beauty and best remaining part of the historical Idroscalo with its meaning and purpose were to be kept for future use.

The reinforced block had to be checked first and then kept as the platform or floor of the building. All the rest of the building above was decided to be removed. Although was long discussed to keep the existing steel skeleton and roof truss, the final decision was to finally demolish it. The roof truss was removed only because its traditional look wouldn’t integrate into future design of the new outline.

The group developed the idea to using the existing architecture and the base of the building and structure, and turn it into something fresher called “Platformusic”. By preserving the historical platform of the building - the old design is kept and the main beautiful structure can be seen.

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removed and relocated with box in a box concept. The inner box was added into a box slightly shifted, the shift being made to the direction of the river flow. The building would serve as a connecting point with the city, the river, and the old and the new building, as the place would be used to create and deliver music in various ways. The new addition made to Idroscalo is a major one. Certainly the major addition does not affect the historical view of the building because it keeps the best part of it which are the concrete columns and the base platform. Also, the existing platform has been duplicated with new platforms and placed next to it (see fig.25). Due to the new design ideas of reusing the old building, the seaplane opened not only to the city but to new opportunities and brought alive the use of the river, road, platform and cultural Italian beliefs in music.

Step 3 | Re-use o Society’s needs o Urban analysis o New purpose of Seaplane in Pavia Target. First, speaking about urban analysis of Pavia, it was considered who is going to be the target group of the new project. The conclusion made upon that was that the seaplane is surrounded by several universities containing a huge amount of students.

Fig. 24 Idroscalo di Pavia Analysis of the Urban Maps and Historical Use

Distances. Indroscalo can be reached by different ways from the city center or any other part of Pavia on a radius of 1, 5 km by walking, bus or cycling. The diagrams and urban plans and analysis of Pavia described in the poster above, show the easy way to get to the building from all over the city.

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New Re-Use. Also, taking into consideration musical places, both outdoor (orange dotted square) and indoor (orange centerline square) for young and aged people, it has been discovered a lack of places having live young and old music, outside and inside integrated performances.

Having all this urban analysis plus including the wonderful river flow and its view to the city, it was decided to have a flow of music with people to something more creative and artistic. So, this is the whole path of how Indroscalo turned into PLATforMusic.

Step 4 | Design Integrity PLATforMusic is supposed to be a music hall combining both indoor and outdoor activities, as well as old and young music, connecting it with the river flow and city. The building is connected due to the platforms, where the name of the building is coming from and focuses. Starting with the welcoming static platform which connects with the city and taking people to foyer of the music hall, continues with 3 other platforms inside the building and outside wooden platform on the other side of the building, serving for an outdoor landscape platform.

The interior 3 platforms are represented by more flexible ones. The first one is a sloped platform – the upper part of platform is static, the lower half being able to turn into two terraces for DJ performance. The 2nd interior platform is a Parterre Platform – works both as a parterre for philharmonic and dancing platform - due to the system of automatic movable seating that can be stored under the floor. And the final internal platform which is stage platform – the real core of PlatforMusic, a movable stage able to be used both inside and outside, having the musicians facilities above it. (see fig.25)

Fig.25 Idroscalo di Pavia Concept Development Scheme

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Step 5 |New Concept Development The concept of the PlatforMusic is building on the old platform of Indroscalo. In an instable building, have been searched for a new balance for music, building up 5 platforms in total. The hall can be very flexible and especially creating 4 scenarios that are following: (Scenario A) Traditional Concert inside the building, (Scenario B) using the removable seats in the second interior platform creating a pit for Rock Concert auditorium, (Scenario C) DJ Set where part of the interior platform becomes DJ’s stage and another half an auditorium for listeners and dancing pit, (Scenario D) Outdoor Concert where in summer the outdoor platform can be freely used.

The new concept and reuse of the building are described in the scheme below with 6 sketched construction steps. The drawings show the removal and the new components added in the outline. Even though the new proposed outline has nothing to do with the old use of the sea plane, the building still keeps its heritage value and inspiring views. New concept brought alive and listened what the society needed and created it where the old building was preserved. By renovating and reusing the old architecture and location, the city preserved one of the most valuable things they have which is music.

Fig. 26 Idroscalo di Pavia Outlie Phase with Sketches and Drawings, Concept Development from the first step, showing what was preserved and how was the new design developed

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Fig. 27 Idroscalo di Pavia Outlie Phase with Sketches and Drawings, Concept Development from the first step, showing what was preserved and how was the new design developed

Finally, the PlatformforMusic meant to be a place where music stays alive all over the year and keeps the soul filled with happiness and fullness of the beauty of the river view and flow, and life in general. Turning Indroscalo in PlatforMusic, the building turned the key to something better place and location for the sake of society, architecture, Pavia, and why not the whole world, preserving its historical roots and finally using it in a more original way.

H. Sub Conclusion Adaptive reuse needs great architects and amazing minds who will put it all together to save a building and give it life. The above ways of adapting the building are only the ones that have proven to be successful in time. Whether the building is adapted by great architect or reused by a private inhabitant, the building is saved from deconstruction and is kept alive for many years.

There are not wrong ways when talking about saving a building, although there are better and less inventive ways to do that. The buildings itself needs an owner who would use it on a full power and keep its heritage built. And as one said: “the only way to keep the building is to use it�, adaptive design and reuse are the key methods in reaching this goal. (unknown author)

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VIII. Challenge of Creative Re-Use Every architect will consider a creative re-use as a key factor of adapting; this includes working with shapes, design integrity and historical ornaments. Re-use plays a major role within the conservation debate which is reflected in the government policy. Various attitudes upon the building and design, numerous listed buildings, have challenged architects and designers over years.

A. Funding Priorities Funds available for heritage restoration are limited. As a result, the process of restoration is slowed down because the greater the intervention of creative design, the more money is needed.

Whether it is a church, cathedral, small dwellings or any other historical buildings, government funds cannot cover all expenses. Looking for potential investors and organising fund raising activities, are ways of raising capital to be invested in the design of the building.

As Derek Latham states in his book Creative Re-use of Buildings, “Old buildings are often cheaper to convert to new uses than new buildings cost to build, so the decision to re-use can be made on sound economic grounds.” Also, reusing buildings is much cheaper because investment is coming from various bodies, much quicker due to the existing frame and design which can be reshaped, and is always a very good investment because people will look at it as a piece of art.4 Also in their article Yung, Esther H.K.; Chan Edwin H.W. mentions that “A conservation architect estimated that the cost of dealing with regulatory agencies adds an additional 30% to the cost of construction and doubles the time needed for project completion (interview, 2011).” Sometimes old buildings do not have escape routes and cannot fulfil building regulations from our time with fire regulations, structural adequacy and barrier free access and facilities, which make the cost a little more higher than expected. Designers tend to make a lot of compromises in design to fit the budget and the desired regulations. In the end this could be the greatest challenge of an architect to satisfy all the parties involved in all aspects of the design. 26

B. Sources for Inspiration Methods of adaption can vary from one building to another which make them unique and worth building. Adapted buildings respond to multiple factors which would be historical purpose, environment, people, aesthetic and objects. Also there are several elements that are considered when the building is taken to the adaption level. These elements are the following: surfaces: inner and outer; and materials. Adaptive reuse can be designed to respond to both exterior and interior environment. Same as environment component buildings can be adapted to external and internal surfaces. All the changes made upon the surface of the building are usually mechanical and architectural changes that affects the appearance of the building. Surfaces can vary from inhabitant to inhabitant considering different materials and components used in adaption.

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C. Low Carbon Cities Cost is a major factor when upgrading the building and adapting it or demolishing it. When the cost of the building is really high, than there some eco-friendly solutions to solve that. In order to cut off the price of the building it can be used efficient materials as eco-friendly ones, that usually recover the cost of the building in couple of years.

Considering the fact that the earth has limited amounts of resources, reusing should be made a priority in terms of environmental issues. Looking upon the adapted buildings, is a lot of energy conservation as well as heritage conservation. Whether the building is reused with low consuming energy materials as stone, or high energy like steel and glass, the constructed building enclose that energy.

When considering demolition of the building, the energy used for the activity is low, but the next step building it over is taking much more, not considering cost. In their article about adaptive reuse Bullen Peter A. and Love Peter E.D find that” Hall, 1998, Douglas, 2006 and Kohler and Yang, 2007 have proffered that the costs of reusing buildings are lower than the costs of demolition.” Demolition is considered only when the life expectancy of the building should be no more valuable. There is one good solution when demolishing a building, not demolishing it thus– keeping salvaged materials for further use.

Addressing to the “green” word as Derek Latham mentions, reuse promotes embodied energy, retained skills and renewal of older areas of towns and cities. Pollution and industrial toxins have greater impact on the city than reused buildings and materials. 26

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IX.

Conclusion

The two inspirational and motivational projects in reuse of architecture that served as a starting point for writing this report are LIDO by Marshall & Kendon and Idroscalo by Giuseppe Pagano. While participating in this projects, my attention was attracted and I felt inspired by different aspects of reusing architecture. Mark Twain quotes “It is wiser to find out than to suppose”, where I have to totally agree with him. After all my questions and misunderstandings in adaptive reuse, the report served as a big challenge but at the same time a discovery made upon the topic.

In the beginning I was keen to know what adaptive reuse is in its general terms and definitions. I researched the topic and I found out more than I expected. The whole idea of reuse was sometimes limited to demolition and renovation of the building. A step cannot be done within construction when one does not have the whole information about the subject, considering all the implications this commitment involve. After defining adaption I looked for advantages and disadvantages. My research took a curve when I realised that there are no disadvantages in reusing a building but only barriers or limits created by certain opponents as heritage people and regulations of the government. There are certainly no limitations when creating the strategies and methods of the integrating design.

Integration as a full notion does not allow a negative attitude, so everything works. Counting mobility and flexibility, using surroundings and environment, history search and preserve, demolition and renovation, automation and human intervention are some of the important methods listed and developed when adaptive reuse decision – making time comes. Certainly defining methods and design integrity as well as advantages and barriers does not answer all the questions listed in the section IV.A. Research Question of the report. Bringing up all the projects of amazing architects from all over the world, visualizing methods and ways of adaption of the buildings, shapes a better idea on the subject, especially with the study case Idroscalo di Pavia.

By actually going through all the wonderful projects, I am answering two apparently secondary but very important questions. First, a way how to adapt a building to suit the local design, the environment and social needs is explored. Secondly, the question “What to save or preserve from an old building and what to overhaul?” is answered. As mentioned before the answer to these questions are developed by analysing the projects of various architects. The answer proved to be simple, everything can be done as long as the rules and agreements with heritage people are followed, because there are no limits in design and materials that can be used, or professionals available to undertake a reuse project. To understand how to preserve a building in an amazing way, the focus should be to carefully study its surroundings, history, users and materials. In the end in order to preserve, it takes more than one can think. Cost might exceed the limits and the project might not be finished as desired in the beginning. That is when starting it should take more than one’s great mind but actually finding the best inspirational sources. The challenge of reusing can get trickier if one wants to make a low carbon city, which is rather better for the future. Taking into consideration low carbon cities as a desire key of the adaptive reuse, one should find the best solutions and methods to it, as reusing salvaged materials or for example to demolish as less as possible, in order to cut off the price. When adapting the main three points as design integrity, costing and low carbon standard building, should be balanced. Only after undertaking a careful balanced research and taking decisions in design, obtaining agreements with heritage people and finding the right surrounding approach, reused architecture could not only survive but serve as the world’s best masterpieces.

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X.

List of References

Book Resources 1

Kurt Rathmann, Recycling and Reuse of Building Materials [Online], Volume C. Architectural Reuse, National Pollution Prevention Centre for Higher Education, 430 E. University Ave. Available from URL http://www.umich.edu/~nppcpub/resources/compendia/ARCHpdfs/ARCHr&rintro.pdf , [Accessed: 06.09.14] 2

Stewart Brand, How Buildings Learn: What happens after they are built [Online], Available from http://www.umich.edu/~nppcpub/resources/compendia/ARCHpdfs/ARCHr&rintro.pdf, [Accessed: 10.09.14] 3

Chritopher Catling, Constructive Conservation: Sustainable Growth for historic Places, English Heritage March 2013 [Accessed: 12.09.14]

4

Derek Latham, Creative Re-Use of Buildings, Volume I, Donhead Publishing Ltd, 2000 [Accessed 19.09.2014-28.09.2014]

5

Charles Bloszies, Old Buildings, New Designs: Architectural Transformations, Princeton Architectural Press, 2012 [Accessed 19.09.2014-28.09.2014]

6

Erik Corey Freed, Green Building and Remodelling for Dummies, December 10, 2007, [Accessed 28.09.2014]

Web References 7

Joachim.M. , Wikipedia, “Adaptive Reuse” [Online] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_reuse [Accessed: 08.09.14] 8

Alyn Griffiths, „Help the Aged: innovative adaptive reuse in architecture” [Online] http://www.architonic.com/ntsht/help-the-aged-innovative-adaptive-reuse-inarchitecture/7000565 [Accessed: 16.09.14] 9

Messy Nessy, “10 Inspiring projects of Adaptive Reuse”, [Online] http://www.urbanghostsmedia.com/2014/09/10-clever-examples-adaptive-reuse-design/ [Accessed: 17.09.14] 10

Messy Nessy, Just a Double Decker bus re-purposed as a backyard Pool House [Online] http://www.messynessychic.com/2014/06/30/13-things-i-found-on-the-internet-today-vollxxx/ [Accessed: 17.09.14] 11

Steph, House and Residential, 15 Creative House, Home Conversions, [Online] http://weburbanist.com/2009/10/12/adaptive-reuse-15-creative-house-home-conversions/ [Accessed: 17.09.14] 12

KirchPlatz Residence, [Online] http://www.oppenoffice.com/index.php?test=test&option=com_k2&view=item&id=561:kirch platz-residence&Itemid=53#.VBoR0PldWSo [Accessed: 17.09.14]

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Dissertation | Reusing Architecture Author: Valentina Arama | 2014 13

Fosters Partners, Hearst Tower/ [Online] http://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/hearsttower/ / [Accessed: 28.09.14] 14

Wikipedia, Idroscalo di Pavia, [Online], http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idroscalo_di_Pavia [Accessed: 28.09.14] 15

Lido Bristol, [Online] http://www.lidobristol.com/bar/ , [Accessed: 28.09.14]

16

Urban Hosts Media, 2 March 2013, [Online] http://www.urbanghostsmedia.com/2013/03/boekhandel-selexyz-dominicanen-800-year-oldchurch-most-beautiful-bookshop-in-world/ , [Accessed: 28.09.14] 17

Forgotten Air Fields, [Online] http://www.forgottenairfields.com/italy/lombardy/pavia/idroscalo-pavia-s535.html [Accessed: 21.10.14] 18 ROCK-IT , [Online] http://www-5.unipv.it/carlista/workshop/rock-it/lectures.htm [Accessed: 21.10.14]

Articles 17

Holger Schnädelbach, Adaptive Architecture – A Conceptual Framework, DipArch March PhD, University of Nottingham 2010 18

Bullen Peter A., Love Peter E.D., The rhetoric of adaptive reuse or reality of demolition Views from the field, (2010) [Accessed: 16.09.14, 26.09.14]

19

Karen Cilento, ArchDaily, Dovecote Studio / Haworth Tompkins , 17 Nov 2010, [Online] http://www.archdaily.com/89980/dovecote-studio-haworth-tompkins/ [Accessed: 17.09.14] 20

Johnny Svendborg, Studio Posehuset, Completed 2010 http://svendborgarchitects.dk/studio-posehuset [Accessed: 17.09.14]

Project,

[Online]

21

Taz Loomans, Kirchplatz Residence in Switzerland, 09.06.2012, [Online] http://inhabitat.com/kirchplatz-office-residence-in-switzerland-by-oppenheim-and-hueslerredefines-live-work/ [Accessed: 17.09.14] 23

De Zeen Magazine, The Devecote Studio by by Haworth Tomkins, 14 February 2010, [Online] http://www.dezeen.com/2010/02/14/the-dovecote-studio-by-haworth-tompkins/ [Accessed: 25.09.14] 24

ArcSpace, Caixa Forum Herzog & de Meuron, March 31. 2008, [Online] http://www.arcspace.com/features/herzog--de-meuron/caixa-forum/, [Accessed: 25.09.14]

25

Dezeen Magazine, Caixa Forum Herzog & de Meuron, 22 May 2008, [Online] http://www.dezeen.com/2008/05/22/caixaforum-madrid-by-herzog-de-meuron/ [Accessed: 25.09.14] 26

Yung, Esther H.K.; Chan Edwin H.W., Implementation challenges to the adaptive reuse of heritage buildings: Towards the goals of sustainable, low carbon cities, 2012, [Online], http://www.sciencedirect.com.ez aaa.statsbiblioteket.dk:2048/science/article/pii/S0197397511000877 [Accessed: 26.09.14] 27

Isabelle Lomholt updated on March 6, 2014 , Bookstore Selexyz Dominicanen Maastricht : Dutch Bookshop, [Online], http://www.e-architect.co.uk/holland/bookstore-selexyz-dominicanenmaastricht [Accessed: 25.09.14] 40 |

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XI.

List of Illustrations

Fig. 1, 2, 3 Scottish Bus Group Bristol Lodekka Pool House / http://www.urbanghostsmedia.com/2014/07/routemaster-bus-repurposed-new-orleans-pool-house/

Fig. 4 Old Trains turned into Churches / http://weburbanist.com/2009/10/12/adaptive-reuse-15-creativehouse-home-conversions/

Fig.5, 6, 7, 8 The rusted hue of the Cor-Ten steel in Haworth Tompkins Architects’ Dovecote Studio, © Philip Vile / http://www.archdaily.com/89980/dovecote-studio-haworth-tompkins/

Fig. 9, 10 House transformation by Svendborg Architects / http://svendborgarchitects.dk/studio-posehuset Fig. 11 Kirchplatz Residence, Börje Müller / http://inhabitat.com/kirchplatz-office-residence-in-switzerlandby-oppenheim-and-huesler-redefines-live-work/

Fig. 12 Lido /Clifton / Bristol Central Library/ 1970 http://www.lidobristol.com/news/page/4/ Fig.13 Lido /Clifton http://www.lidobristol.com/gallery/ Fig. 14 Slexyz Dominicanen cc Bert Kaufmann / http://www.urbanghostsmedia.com/2013/03/boekhandelselexyz-dominicanen-800-year-old-church-most-beautiful-bookshop-in-world/

Fig.15 Slexyz Dominicanen cc Bert Kaufmann / http://www.e-architect.co.uk/holland/bookstore-selexyzdominicanen-maastricht

Fig. 16, 17 Hearst Tower/ http://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/hearst-tower/ Fig. 18, 19 CaixaForum Madrid, Old Power Brick Station, Sketch and Diagram by Herzog & de Meuron / http://www.arcspace.com/features/herzog--de-meuron/caixa-forum/

Fig. 20, 21 CaixaForum Madrid / http://www.dezeen.com/2008/05/22/caixaforum-madrid-by-herzog-demeuron/

Fig. 22 Idroscalo di Pavia http://www.lombardiabeniculturali.it/architetture/schede/PV240-00948/ Fig. 23 Idroscalo di Pavia http://issuu.com/valentinaarama/docs/portfolio Fig.24 Idroscalo di Pavia Analysis of the Urban Maps and Historical Use of the Building http://www5.unipv.it/carlista/workshop/rock-it/lectures.htm

Fig.25 Idroscalo di Pavia Concept Development Scheme http://www-5.unipv.it/carlista/workshop/rockit/lectures.htm

Fig. 26,27 Idroscalo di Pavia Outlie Phase with Sketches and Drawings, Concept Development from the first step, showing what was preserved and how was the new design developed http://issuu.com/valentinaarama/docs/portfolio

41 | Note1 - the number corresponds to the title mentioned on page List of References.