Architecture Design Studio - Volume Two

 ADS | Volume Two

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN STUDIO VOLUME TWO

PROMPT

THE POSITIVE VOID: RESILIENT URBANISM - VALENCIA, SPAIN The contemporary city is a place of increasing complexity. Within the context of a globalized world we find burgeoning growth in many cities that is pushing developers and architects to consider and design for areas of untapped potential. Cities of historical significance face particular challenges of blending the old with the new. The city of Valencia, Spain is no exception; where we see a contrast of historic urban fabric with the busiest shipping container port in the Mediterranean Sea. This presents a creative opportunity to analyze the dialogue and constraints within the evolution of the city, and consider how resulting hybrid conditions can create program configurations that will add new value to the city and engender future potentials.

SITE The site for our studio will be a district on the eastern edge of Valencia, Spain, known as Poblats Maritims, anchored to the shipping port that has developed over hundreds of years in several mutations. In the context of Valencia, the district is situated between a dense urban neighborhood to the west and the contrasting open beach and Mediterranean Sea to the east, presenting an exciting opportunity to design a new urban threshold in the city.

PROJECT Influenced through research, students will design proposals for a new master plan for the Poblats Maritims district, followed by selection of individual sites within the district where each student will define building programs and design a work of architecture that responds to the following issues - What program(s) present the most potential to amplify the future urban possibilities of Valencia and the Poblats Maritims District?

- How do we as architects produce a meaningful work of architecture within a city of historical significance?

- How can architecture redefine our thinking towards the blending of resilient programs, structure and urbanism?

- What are the opportunities of redefining infrastructure and how can architecture engage and influence the neighborhood?

- How can program proposals excite and capitalize on the economic and social potential of the area?

Student proposals will challenge the notion of what it means to build in Valencia, and set forth forward-thinking agendas on the future of the city and aspirational architectural programs. We will avoid predictable programs, such as art museums, and focus toward urban social political situations that will guide us to meaningful architectural responses.

PROFESSORS AND STUDENTS

KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE PLANNING AND DESIGN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN STUDIO VIII + PROJECT PROGRAMMING INSTRUCTORS Jay Siebenmorgen, Visiting Professor, NBBJ + Fran Silvestre, Distinguished Visiting Professor, FSA

IN PHOTO FROM LEFT TO RIGHT David Sastre - FSA, Rosa Juanes - FSA, Weston Rothchild, Shanyuan Lui, Christian Berger, Zhang Bin, Alex Reyes, Tyler Andt, Jay Siebenmorgen - NBBJ, Fran Silvestre - FSA, Jake Brannon, Annie Reuther, Cameron Strickland, Jessica Jennings, Valerie Stetts, Paul Klippel, Sarah Kirchgessner

CONTENTS ADS | VOLUME TWO

PART I TIMELINE|11 -22 HISTORY |23 -42 CLIMATE + TERRAIN|43 -50 TRANSPORTATION|51 -60 NEIGHBORHOOD CHARACTER|61-67

PART II PHOTO JOURNAL|69 -95

PART III MASTERPLAN|97 -115

PART IV SYNERGY PLAZA|117-140 THESIS|141-179

PART V MODEL|181 -193

PART VI BIBLIOGRAPHY|195 -201

PART I |

| TIMELINE

12

MAPPING VALENCIA AND POBLATS MARITIMS

Taking the lessons learned from previous research exercises, we now look to the Poblats Maritims and Valencia. A unified studio with four teams all focusing on different Valencia subject matter are to be formed. As teams, the studio is to produce a collective body of research that will become a shared resource for all students.

TEAMS TEAM 1: REGIONAL TERRAIN, INFRASTRUCTURE, TRANSPORTATION + CLIMATE Christian Berger, Jessica Jennings, Shanyuan Lui, Weston Rothchild - Regional Valencia: Map the complete city and its boundaries.

- Urban Valencia: critical neighborhoods that define Valencia and neighborhoods surrounding the Poblats Maritims - Greater Valencia: terrain mappings that reveal the topography of the surrounding country terrain and city, and how it has influenced growth and neighborhood definitions.

- Valencia Climate Mapping: Document in full detail the climate and microclimates of Valencia and the Poblats Maritims.

TEAM 2: URBAN VALENCIA: NEIGHBORHOOD CHARACTER Jake Brannon, Sarah Kirchgessner, Zhang Bin - The Poblats Maritims is surrounded by several neighborhoods of different economic strata. The mix of building density and commerce, all of which have impact on the Poblats Maritim’s current and future growth, directly influences the character of each neighborhood.

TEAM 3: HISTORY: VALENCIA – URBAN CORE, THE POLBLATS MARITIMS + GREATER SHIPPING PORTS Annie Reuther, Cameron Strickland, Paul Klippel - Tracking the history of the Poblats Maritims and its surrounding neighborhoods to current day condition is crucial for anyone to make a proposal towards the future.

TEAM 4: ZONING, CONTOUR & CLIMATE CHANGE: POBLATS MARITIMS + ADJACENT NEIGHBORHOODS Alex Reyes, Tyler Arndt, Valerie Stetts - Zoning is the key to our studio understanding the constraints and possibilities of Poblats Maritims.

13

RESEARCH PROMPT

14

100B.C. By this time the main public buildings of the city have appeared in the present l’Almoina.

They include the Templo de Asklepion, the forum, Basilica, Circus, temple of the forum, and infrastructure.

B.C.

ARCHITECTURE FLOODING EVENTS Valentia is destroyed

by Pompei in a series of Civil Wars between Mario and Sila in which the city took a very active role. The city would remain uninhabited for 50 years until its refounding.

75B.C.

Valencia, then Valentia, is founded as a Roman colony by consul Junius Brutus Callaicus. The ďŹ rst settlers were approximately 2000 former soldiers of the wars of Viriato.

138B.C.

15

1021-’61 100 B.C. During the reign of Abd al Aziz ibn Amir a new wall was built for defensive purposes. According to recordings, the wall had seven gates, was built of cement, and had semicircular towers of construction.

A.D.

Three armies of Moors fan out across the Iberian peninsula following the defeat of the Goths at the battle of Guadalete.

Valencia, is taken by the Visigoths. Seven governing bishops would be recorded during this period.

413 On January 22nd, Saint Vincent dies in Valencia from the wounds of his torture and becomes a martyr for Christianity.

304

Valencia becomes the seat of a newly established independent Moorish kingdom called Valencia that extends from Almeria to the Ebro estuary.

1021

718 Lead by Tarik, the Moors conquered Valencia, Murviendro, Jativa, and Denia.

711

The Tribunal de las Aguas was founded under the Caliph of Cordova Abd al Rahman III. The Court continues today, operating for over 1000 years.

960

1288 100 B.C. 16

The Almoina building was constructed.

1307 100 B.C. The Almudin (public granary) was constructed

1238 100 B.C. The Monasterio de San Vicente de la Roqueta is occupied.

Casas de la Ciudad construction is started.

1313 100 B.C.

1342 100 B.C.

1381 100 B.C.

Casas de la Ciudad construction is completed.

(1307-1342)

1356 100 B.C.

Banos del Almirante is constructed.

Construction on the Medieval Walls begins.

James of Aragon I leads an army that pushes the Islamic Moors out of power in Valencia and adds the city to his dominion.

1238

A drought was followed by ooding from the river, killing 400 people and destroying all of the city’s bridges.

River Turia Flood

1352 River Turia Flood

1340 First Recorded River Turia Flood

1320

The Miguelete Tower construction is started.

1392 The Serranos gateway is erected.

1424 100 B.C. The Miguelete Tower is completed.

17

1482 100 B.C.

1533 100 B.C.

Construction begins on La Lonja Silk Exchange.

La Lonja Silk Exchange is completed.

1486

1479

The Corpus Christi College is established.

River Turia Flood

Violent ooding occurred which killed many and destroyed all of the city’s mills.

River Turia Flood

River Turia Flood

The Spanish Kingdom unites under Ferdinand and Isabella.

1586 100 B.C.

1589 River Turia Flood

1581

1486

River Turia Flood

The University of Valencia is established in the former Jewish quarter.

1577 River Turia Flood

1557

1498

River Turia Flood

River Turia Flood

1476

1555

River Turia Flood

River Turia Flood

1446

1540

18

1596 100 B.C.

1652 100 B.C.

The Serranos Bridge and Puente del Mar are constructed.

1599 100 B.C.

The Basilica Mare de Deu dels Desemparats begins construction.

The Ponte de Real is constructed.

1667 100 B.C. The Basilica Mare de Deu dels Desemparats construction is completed.

1685 100 B.C. Work to expand the Port of Valencia begins.

1688 100 B.C. Tower of Santa Catalina begins construction.

The Moors which made up 30% of the population are expelled from Spain leaving a devastating eect on the economy and culture.

1609

1705 100 B.C. Tower of Santa Catalina is completed.

Tomas Vicente Tosca makes the ďŹ rst cartographic representation of the city in the form of a perspective drawing.

1704

1768 100 B.C. The San Carlos Royal Academy of Fine Arts is established.

19

1839 100 B.C.

1860 100 B.C.

The Museu de Bellas Artes de Valencia is completed.

1840 100 B.C. Plaza Redona is constructed in the city center.

1810 100 B.C. Renovations to the municipal cemetery are made.

Napolean’s troops occupy Valencia and destroy the Royal Palace, the Soledad Church, the Zaldia Convent, and the San Juan Convent.

1808

The Plaza de Toros is constructed adjacent to Estacio del Nord.

1850 100 B.C. Estacio del Nord is completed.

1860 100 B.C. The Plaza de Toros is constructed adjacent to Estacio del Nord.

1864 100 B.C. Valencia’s medieval walls are destroyed.

Occupation of Napoleon’s troops ends.

1874

20

The “Urban Expansion Commission” is set up in the Municipality.

1876

The villages of El Cabanyal, Canyamelar, and Cap de Franca were merged into Valencia Valencia’s Ayuntamiento City to form the Poblats Hall is constructed.

Maritims district.

1897

1901-’04

World War I

Valencia briefly serves as seat of the Loyalist Government during the Spanish Civil War.

1914-’18

1936-’37

Spanish Civil War occurs, marking the end of the Spanish Republic.

The ‘Banos del Almirante’ are declared a Historical Artistic Monument

1944

World War II

1936-’39 1939-’45

21

1965 100 B.C. Construction to divert the river Turia begins.

The “Plan de Ordenacion de Valencia y su Cintura” (Plan for the Organization of Valencia and its Surrounding Belt) was adopted.

1946

The “Solucion Sur” (Southern Solution) is adopted to redirect the river Turia south of the city.

1957 King Juan Carlos I gifts the Turia riverbed to Valencia upon which he builds the 7 kilometer park.

1957

The worst floods in Valencia’s history destroy the city.

81 deaths were recorded as a result.

1957

Crisis in the shipping and fishing industries initiate the slow decline of the Poblats Maritims district, whose economy was largely dependent on these industries.

1970

Unemployment, social problems, and pollution, which was the result of over a century of shipping and industrial activity, and the city dumping sewage into the harbor had degraded the district.

1980

The local Valencian government declares El Cabanyal a ‘Heritage of Cultural Interest’.

1993

22

2005 100 B.C. The “City of Arts and Sciences”

by Calatrava is completed.

1998 100 B.C. Palau de Congresos is constructed.

2006 100 B.C. Veles i Vents is completed for the America’s Cup.

After the Valencia City Council announced plans to extend the Blasco Ibanez Avenue, destroying 1600 dwellings in the El Cabanyal neighborhood, Salvem El Cabanyal was created to challenge new development.

Valencia hosts its second edition of the America’s Cup.

2010 The Tribunal de las Aguas is declared by the UNESCO, Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, a ‘Tribunal of irrigators of the Spanish Mediterranean’.

1998

2009 Valencia hosts the European Formula One Grand Prix for five years at Marina Real Juan Carlos.

2008 The global Great Recession halts the development boom of the city.

2008-’12 Valencia hosts the America’s Cup.

2007

| HISTORY

24

HISTORY OF VALENCIA LIFE EXPECTANCY

The Poblats Maritims district has gone through years of beneficial development and expansion. In recent times however, the district has faced various issues that have had a negative impact on the population that resides there.

LEGEND

There have been attempts to redevelop the area though these plans are contested as they would call for the displacement of a large refugee and immigrant population and would destroy a historic district of Valencia.

The district started as a fisherman settlement that grew in size with the initial construction of the port in 1438. As the port expanded, so to did the district. The district eventually came to incorporate the El Cabanyal, Canyamelar, El Grau, and Natzaret.

The 1957 flood wrought devastation upon the population of the Poblats Maritims district in particular. As the city’s population exploded in the 1960’s and 1970’s the population of Poblats Maritims decreased by 8% while other areas saw a decrease of 33%.

77.35 74.59 LIFE EXPECTANCY (MALE) 83.79 82.71 LIFE EXPECTANCY (FEMALE) 1 3.11 % ILLITERACY RATE 9.31 13.22 % POPULATION WITH <9TH GRADE EDUCATION 47.29 44.23 % ECONOMIC ACTIVITY RATE 7.81 9.14 % UNEMPLOYMENT RATE

VALENCIA

POBLATS MARITIMS

25

MASS AND VOID GROWING COMMUNITY The city of Valencia is divided into a northern and southern area. The city center is located centrally along the river. Most urban development has extended along with the river. and reaches the harbor area.

The density of the community extended from the central of the city to the river and sea.

The density of population congregates in large blocks of apartment buildings spread throughout the city.

BALEARIC SEA

26

HISTORY OF VALENCIA 138 BC - 714 AD

This era of Valencia dates from the time of its founding as a Roman colony in the 600s BCE to its eventual transition into a Moorish Islamic City in the 8th century. Sitting approximately 2.7 m below the current streets of Valencia, the Roman city sat on the south bank of the river Turia. Situated where the river Turia intersected via Augusta, te city was centered around the present-day cathedral and Plaza de la Virgen. From the forum ran the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Cardo and Decunano roads that presently correspond with the Navellcs-Miguelete and Almudin-Caballeros streets. The city did not become important until the third century when the regional capital of Sagunto had been destroyed.

LEGEND CITY GROWTH

BALEARIC SEA

27

HISTORY OF VALENCIA NOTABLE BUILDINGS AND INSTITUTIONS

LEGEND ROMAN VALENCIA BUILDINGS

Roman Forum Cathedral Via Augusta Basilica Curia Sanctuary of Asklepios Hot Springs

THE FORUM IN 200 AD

1

CENTRE ARQUEOLOGIC DE L’AMONIA

2

AREA OF L’ALMONIA IN 100 BC

1 2 BALEARIC SEA

28

HISTORY OF VALENCIA 714 AD 0 1238 AD The era of the Islamic Moors in Valencia started in 718 after the Goths were overthrown. During this time Valencia’s economy would flourish due to the Moor’s agricultural technological contributions to the region. In the 11th century walls were built to enclose the city, an area of 47 hectares and a population of approximately 15,000. The urban fabric consisted of blind alleys and walled garden residences.

LEGEND CITY GROWTH

BALEARIC SEA

29

HISTORY OF VALENCIA NOTABLE BUILDINGS AND INSTITUTIONS

LEGEND ISLAMIC MOOR BUILDINGS

The Alcazar Fortress (The Archbishopâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Palace) Mosque (The Cathedral) The Almudin Central Market Banos del Almirante Tribunal de las Aguas Islamic City Walls THE ALMUDIN

1

CENTRAL MARKET

2

BANOS DEL ALMIRANTE

1 3 2

BALEARIC SEA

3 4

5

3

30

HISTORY OF VALENCIA 1238 AD - 1812 AD

James of Aragon I conquered Valencia in 1238 and would fundamentally lay the foundation for a change in the way the city developed that differed from the Moors. First Valencia was divided into four quarters corresponding to the citizen’s origins with over 1600 houses listed in “Libre del Repartiment” being given to newcomers from Barcelona. The remaining Moor population was moved to the outskirts of the city on the west side. Traditionally Islamic homes were converted to accommodate their new Christian inhabitants, in addition to new churches.

LEGEND CITY GROWTH

BALEARIC SEA

31

HISTORY OF VALENCIA NOTABLE BUILDINGS AND INSTITUTIONS

LEGEND The Puente del Mar The Real Bridge Basilica of the Mare de Deu dels Desemparats The San Carlos Royal Academy of Fine Arts The Civic Center Around the Plaza de la Catedral

El Almudin Casa de la Cuidad Medieval City Walls The Serranos Gateway The University of Valencia La Lonja The Miguelete Tower

SERRANOS TOWERS

1

MIGUELETE TOWER

2

POST CONQUEST BUILDINGS

THE UNIVERSITY OF VALENCIA

3 1 2

BALEARIC SEA

6 7 8

9

3

32

HISTORY OF VALENCIA 1812 - 1950

Spanning from 1800 to the mid 1900s, the modern era was the time of moderate expansion for Valencia. Briefly Napoleon’s troops occupied the city and destroyed the Royal Palace, the Soledad Church, the Zaldia convent and the San Juan convent. However the Plaza Redonda was added to the city in its geometric center. In 1865 after demolishing the old walls, Valencia began to expand to the south and east along the roads connecting it with its port and coastal districts also known as ‘Poblats Maritims’.

LEGEND CITY GROWTH

BALEARIC SEA

33

HISTORY OF VALENCIA NOTABLE BUILDINGS AND INSTITUTIONS

LEGEND

Estacion del Norte Plaza de Toros de Valencia City Hall at Plaza de San Francisco Mercat Central Mercat Colom Plaza de l’Ajuntament Telegraph Office

ESTACIO DEL NORD (ESTACION DEL NORTE)

MODERN VALENCIA BUILDINGS

1

CITY HALL AT PLAZA DE SAN FRANCISCO

2

PLAZA DE TOROS

3

BALEARIC SEA

2

1 3

11 1 10

12 2

34

HISTORY OF VALENCIA 1950 - PRESENT

The city’s contemporary era spans from the 1950s to the present day and has been a time of aggressive expansion. Following devastating flooding in 1957, the adoption of Solucion Sur in 1958 and the 1966 General Plan, Valencia diverted the river Turia and looked to expand toward the coast. Simultaneously immigrants from rural and southern Spain flocked to the city seeking employment. Development swelled and resulted in new infrastructure, urban expansion, and the areas of the City of Arts and Sciences, the Congress Center, the Bioparc and Cabecera Park, and the Royal Marina.

LEGEND CITY GROWTH

BALEARIC SEA

35

HISTORY OF VALENCIA NOTABLE BUILDINGS AND INSTITUTIONS Conference Palace Veles i Vents Formula One at Marina Real Juan Carlos City of Arts and Sciences Hemisferic IMAX Oceanografic Palau de les Arts Reina Sofia

CIUDAD DE LAS ARTES Y LAS CIENCIAS

LEGEND Agora Museu de les Ciencies Principe Felipe

1

CONTEMPORARY BUILDINGS

CIUDAD DE LAS ARTES Y LAS CIENCIAS

GRAND PRIX AT MARINA REAL JUAN CARLOS 2

BALEARIC SEA

2

1

36

HISTORY OF VALENCIA FLOODING

In 1957 Valencia faced its worst flood in recorded history. Just after midnight on October 4, 1957 debris and logs stated to flow into the city, blocking bridges that connected the two halves of Valencia. More than 1000 cubic meters of water per second flowed into the cities streets.

At 4 AM the flood reached its peak of approximately 2700 cubic metres of water per second, but quickly tapered off afterwards. A single telephone line remained to Castellon allowing for emergency services to be contacted. All roads out of the city towards Madrid, Barcelona, and Albacete were blocked or swept away.

LEGEND enough to limit sight. At 3:30 PM the second flood reached its apex with 6000 cubic meters of water per second, washing away buildings and expanding the rivers size to cover 2200 hectares.

The neighborhoods of Nazaret, El Cabanyal and Malvarrosa were the most impacted districts.

ORIGINAL RIO TURIA ROUTE

EXTENT OF 1957 FLOOD

NEW RIO TURIA ROUTE

Later that same day at 2 PM a second flood occurred with 3500 cubic meters of water per second rushing into the city with rain dense

BALEARIC SEA

NEW PORT DEVELOPMENTS

As the river was moved it created a new border along the southern edge of the city.

This allowed for a more connected city with a green belt now connecting the developed districts of the city. The movement of the river allowed for more expansions of the port since the Poblats Maritims district was more stable and free from the issues of ďŹ&#x201A;ooding.

SPLITTING THE POBLATS MARITIMS DISTRICT While the movement of the river was largely a boon for the city it did have repercussions on the coastal district of Poblats Maritims.

The re-routing of the Rio Turia lead to the development of Mega-Events such as the construction of the Formula 1 track. These events have divided neighborhoods of the Poblats Maritims district, separating these neighborhoods from the rest of the city.

37

HISTORY OF VALENCIA LEGEND NEW ROUTE OF RIO TURIA

DEVELOPED GREEN BELT

38

PORT DEVELOPMENT 1798 In 1798 the Mirallas project began. The project was grand in scope. All of the shelters in the port would be anchored to protect them from the wind. A series of dykes in the form a of a polygon would be designed with the last dyke running parallel to the beach to improve protection. Finally, dykes would be constructed to prevent the entrance of water from the River Turia entering into the port. These were monumental improvements but as the War for Independence grew, this project was stopped.

1867 Reform began again in 1867 by Llovera. He proposed designing a Pier in a new direction to improve its resistance against the sea.

He designed a dam with a tower for a lighthouseto improve conditions for ships. Finally, the tip of the dam would be designed to make

the entrance of ships into the port easier and safer. They would replace monoliths with piles of hollow blocks ďŹ lled with concrete. This increases the sections and introduces the use of pozzolans to avoid destruction of portland cement by sea water.

Authority. At this point in time the city had diverted the river to a new location to prevent it from ďŹ&#x201A;ooding again.

1921 In 1921 the Iberian Company of Constructions and Works Public was committed to execute the master project. Installations were made to by contractors for starting and transporting stone coming from the quarry of Saguto. This project was completed in 1931 but was completely destroyed by a cyclonic storm.

1980 In 1980, royal decree integrated the ports of Sagunto, Gandia and Valencia to form the Valencia port. It is managed by the Valencia Port

1798

1867

BALEARIC SEA

1921

BALEARIC SEA

1980

BALEARIC SEA

BALEARIC SEA

39

PORT DEVELOPMENT 1992 The Ports Act changed name from Autonomous Port of Valencia to Port Authority of Valencia in 1992. Little had changed from 1980 but development was being and terminals and docks started growing.

tem). At this time the port really began to take shape riding the original river all together, adding more terminal and docking space, and adding the marina. This helped the port to become Spain’s 2nd second busiest cargo port and largest container port.

2004 In 2004 Valencia developed a system of environmental indicators for ports and began work to join the Environmental Management System. More terminals were added as well.

2017

2007 The port received validation and verification of environmental declaration and received the Eco-Excellence Award in 2008.

Valencia became an official member of the EMAS (environmental management sys

The strategy since 2010 has been to create a mixed hub model to add value. A major investment to improve the port has been underway and the port authority states, “today’s demands have shifted from port infrastructure to reliability, economic self-sufficiency and environmental sustainability.”

1992

2004

BALEARIC SEA

2007

BALEARIC SEA

2017

BALEARIC SEA

BALEARIC SEA

40

HISTORY OF VALENCIA EXPANSION

The city of Valencia, Spain has grown tremendously since its initial inception in 138 BC. Since then the city has been conquered and controlled numerous times by diďŹ&#x20AC;erent groups, each leaving their culture and inďŹ&#x201A;uence markedly on the city.

The city began as a Roman colony and over the years has grown to one of the largest ports in the region. Valencia, being the third largest city in Spain behind Madrid and Barcelona, is home to a culturally diverse mixture of activities and peoples.

LEGEND 138 BC

714 AD

1812 AD

1950 AD

2017 AD

Presently, the city is poised to make major investments into the development of the port and surrounding areas as the city strives to make become more sustainable by adding numerous parks and open spaces.

BALEARIC SEA

BALEARIC BALEAR ARI A AR RIIC SEA A

HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT

Poblats Maritims was initially settled by fisherman who built barraques on the shore of the Balearic Sea. With the establishment of the port in 1438 the area began to grow due to trade. The area saw a steady increase in size over time until the 1957 flood of the Rio Turia severely impacted the area. The area would suffer more in the following years with a decrease in population and pollution issues.

SHIFTING THE RIVER The Rio Turia is one of the defining factors in the location of Valencia and in the past proved to be a major means of getting to the interior geography of Spain. Though, as the city grew, the flooding of the Turia posed challenging for further development. Therefore after a major flood in 1957 the decision was made to reroute the river south.

41

GROWTH OF POBLATS MARITIMS

LEGEND 1900 AD

2017 AD

2017 AD

NEW ROUTE OF RIO TURIA

OLD RIO TURIA ROUTE

POBLATS MARITIMS BOUNDARY

BALEARIC SEA

42

| CLIMATE + TERRAIN

44

SUN COVERAGE THROUGH THE YEAR Valencia provides good access to the Costa Blanca, a popular tourist area. The weather isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t as hot as on the Costa del Sol, but is still very pleasant throughout the summer.

The sun shines, on average 7 hours a day.

In winter, Valencia has about three times more sun duration than the northern half of Europe.

HOURS OF SUN COVERAGE 400 HRS

300 HRS

200 HRS

100 HRS

0 HRS JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

PERCENTAGE OF SUN COVERAGE 100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0% JAN

FEB

45

PRECIPITATION THROUGHOUT THE YEAR Valencia has dry periods in June, July and August.

On average, October is the wettest month.

On average, July is the driest month.

The average amount of annual precipitation is 18.31 inches (465.0 mm).

The average annual amount of rainy days: 64 days.

PRECIPITATION 5 INCHES

4 INCHES

3 INCHES

1 INCH

0 INCHES JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

RAINY DAYS 30 DAYS

23 DAYS

15 DAYS

8 DAYS

0 DAYS

46

CLIMATE CHANGE AND RISING WATERS THE POBLATS MARTIMS DISTRICT If global warming is left unchecked, the Poblats Maritims district and Valencia as a whole will suffer from widespread flooding, loss of land, and historical sites. Currently, an increase of 2 °C is expected in 200 years. At this rate, an increase of 1 °C could cover fifty percent of the Poblats Maritims district in the next century.

Rising water as a result of increased rain and Mediterranean hurricanes are also factors that Valencia is exposed to. In the even of heavy rains or a medicane hitting Valencia, waters could rise anywhere between zero to three meters.

RISING WATERS district will be reclaimed by the sea. At sixty meters the entire city of Valencia would be overrun by the rising waters.

60 METERS = +28 °C / 50.4 °F

13 METERS = +6 °C / 10.8 °F LEGEND CITY BOUNDARY

5 METERS = +2.5 °C / 4.5 °F

POBLATS MARITIMS DISTRICT

2 METERS = +1 °C / 1.8 °F

PROJECT SITE AREA

1 METER = +.5 °C / .9 °F

At one meter of sea level rise, about 25% of the Poblats Maritims district will be overrun by the Balearic Sea. At two meters of sea level rise, about 50% of the district will be gone, and at thirteen meters the entire Poblats Maritims

BALEARIC SEA

THE WHOLE OF VALENCIA Here we see that global warming, if left unchecked, will have a negative impact on the Poblats Maritims district and Valencia as a whole.

At one meter of sea level rise, about 25% of the Poblats Maritims district will be overrun by the Balearic Sea. At two meters of sea level rise, about 50% of the district will be gone, and at thirteen meters the entire Poblats Maritims district will be reclaimed by the sea. At sixty meters the entire city of Valencia would be overrun by the rising waters.

47

CLIMATE CHANGE AND RISING WATERS LEGEND POBLATS MARITIMS DISTRICT PROJECT SITE AREA

RISING WATERS 13 METERS = +6 °C / 10.8 °F

5 METERS = +2.5 °C / 4.5 °F

2 METERS = +1 °C / 1.8 °F

1 METER = +.5 °C / .9 °F

BALEARIC SEA

48

CLIMATE CHANGE AND RISING WATERS THE PROJECT SITE AND TOPOGRAPHY In terms of global warming and rising waters in relation to our building site, even the slightest increase of .5 °C could cause the Balearic Sea to rise one meter and overrun almost fifty percent of the proposed site. At a 1 °C increase, the sea could rise two whole meters and swallow the site almost entirely.

At one meter of sea level rise, about 25% of the Poblats Maritims district as a whole will be overrun by the Balearic Sea. At two meters of sea level rise, about 50% of the district will be gone, and at thirteen meters the entire Poblats Maritims district will be reclaimed by the sea. At sixty meters the entire city of Valencia would be overrun by the rising waters.

LEGEND PROJECT SITE AREA

RISING WATERS 13 METERS = +6 °C / 10.8 °F

5 METERS = +2.5 °C / 4.5 °F

2 METERS = +1 °C / 1.8 °F

1 METER = +.5 °C / .9 °F

BALEARIC SEA

SITE LOCATION Our site is located between the Balearic Sea and the historic city center of Valencia. To the east lies the Cabanyal Beach, a natural buffer to fluctuating sea levels and a popular destination for beach-goers. The northern half of the site ranges from 2-10 FT, while the bottom half rises up to 16 FT. Though there are mountain ranges surrounding the Poblats Maritims, our site location is relatively level.

| TRANSPORTATION LEGEND

INTERMEDIATE LEVEL

DATUM LEVEL

BELOW SEA LEVEL

SITE LOCATION

BALEARIC SEA

49

SITE TOPOGRAPHY

50

VALENCIA TOPOGRAPHY ALBUFERA NATURAL PARK The park is home to the largest lake in Spain and one of the most important wetland areas in the Iberian Peninsula. It is a place of great ecological interest with rare species of wading birds and a rich variety of wildlife. Its waters have been traditionally worked by ďŹ shermen and rice growers, supplying ingredients and inspiration for many of the regions most succulent dishes.

LEGEND INTERMEDIATE LEVEL

DATUM LEVEL

SEA LEVEL

BELOW SEA LEVEL

VALENCIA

SITE LOCATION

ALBUFERA NATURAL PARK

| TRANSPORTATION

52

REGIONAL TRANSPORTATION REGIONAL TRANSIT

REGIONAL RAIL

LEGEND MAIN TRAIN LINE

When compiled together Spain becomes a well connected country with many efficient means of transportation between both major and minor cities. Throughout the countries history the methods of traveling have evolved to allow convenient travel in ways unimaginable only a couple hundred of years before.

HIGH SPEED TRAIN LINE MAJOR ROADWAY INTERNATIONAL SEA ROUTE REGIONAL SEA ROUTE SEA PORT

BARCELONA

MADRID

Port d’Alcúdia Palma VALENCIA Sant Antoni de Portmany Ibiza Es Pujols

TORREVIEJA

CARTAGENA

BALEARIC SEA

METRO LINES The metro is a modern combination of suburban and regional railways. It crosses through the city of Valencia as well the distant suburbs. There are also destinations on the line that function as commuter trains. This system combines light railway, metro, and a tram line that operates to the north of the city center. The system has a total distance of 100 miles. There are 6 metro lines and 3 tram lines. These lines have a total of 137 stations, 102 surface, and 35 underground. The annual ridership is approximately 63 million.

Valencia was the first city in Spain to use this modern mode of transportation. Many of these original lines reused the cities older railway. In 2003 line 5 was opened. A year later line 6 had began and later opened in 2007. In 2010, much of line 4 was replaced with underground lines and stations. In 2015 further modifications

53

VALENCIA TRANSPORTATION LEGEND were made to the lines and the overall metro map was redrawn. Several of the branches split increasing the total number of lines 9.

ABOVE GROUND METRO 1 BELOW GROUND METRO ABOVE GROUND METRO 3&5 BELOW GROUND METRO ABOVE GROUND METRO 2&7 BELOW GROUND METRO METRO STOP TRANSIT TRANSFER

BALEARIC SEA

54

VALENCIA TRANSPORTATION RAILWAY LINES The railway of Valencia is predominately used as a regional transport to and from the city.

In the earlier history of the city, the rail ran through many areas of the city but was later reestablished into the metro. The AVE which are high-speed trains traveling from Madrid and other long-distance locations, all connect at the North Station, which is the main railway station in Valencia. It is located in the city center. Here this station has connections with Metrovalencia lines 3 and 5 as well as the city bus network.

NORTH STATION

LEGEND BELOW GROUND TRAIN LINE TRAIN LINE TRAIN LINE STOP NORTH STATION TRANSIT TRANSFER

BALEARIC SEA

TRAM LINES The Valencia tram is an overhead tram which is part of the metro system. The nearest stop in the city is at Pont de Fusta. This is opposite Torres de Serranos. The tram has been open since 1994 and has 10 miles of track. There are 33 stops in total. Line 6 and 8 of the tramway are currently underway to extending the tram route throughout the city center of Valencia.

VALENCIA TRAM

55

VALENCIA TRANSPORTATION LEGEND TRAM LINE 4 & 6 FUTURE TRAM LINE BELOW GROUND FUTURE TRAM TRANSIT TRANSFER TRAM LINE STOP

BALEARIC SEA

56

VALENCIA TRANSPORTATION REGIONAL VALENCIA The composition of rail, metro, tram, and bus makes Valencia a well connected city allowing for a suburban network connecting all parts of the city in an efficient and effective way. The public transportation produces a sustainable and walkable city that improves the overall efficiency of the city as well adding to the success of the city planning as a whole.

LEGEND ABOVE GROUND METRO 1

FUTURE TRAM LINE

BELOW GROUND METRO

BELOW GROUND FUTURE TRAM

ABOVE GROUND METRO 3&5

FERRY ROUTE

BELOW GROUND METRO

METRO STOP

ABOVE GROUND METRO 2&7

TRAIN LINE STOP

BELOW GROUND METRO

TRAM LINE STOP

TRAIN LINE

FERRY PORT

TRAM LINE

TRANSIT TRANSFER

BALEARIC SEA

VALENBISI BIKES Valencia has made an active effort to establish the city as a biking city. An extensive network of bike paths connects the majority of the city and allows for easy access from a variety of different regions of Valencia. A prominent feature of the bike path network is the Valenbisi program, which is a city-wide bike sharing program aimed at making moving through the city even easier. Valencia offers a total of 2,750 bicycles distributed at 275 stations throughout the city. Bike sharing stations are equipped with a terminal to log, select an available bicycle, and remove it from the stand. The stations are networked to allow the hiring of a bicycle in any station of the city and return it in another. The stations are located around 300 to 400 meters apart from one another with many placed next to public transport stops to allow for inter-modal use.

Each station has between 15 and 30 parking

57

VALENCIA BIKE TRANSIT LEGEND slots for bicycles. Use of the system is based on a yearly membership with users receiving a Valenbisi member card.

BIKE PATH BIKE SHARING POINT

BALEARIC SEA

58

VALENCIA TRAVEL TIMES FROM ESTACIO DEL NORD

LEGEND

ESTACIO DEL NORD

ESTACIO DEL NORD

Estacio Del Nord is the main railway station in Valencia which opened on March 21, 1852. It represents a major intersection point of the city’s primary public transit systems.

The station is located at the city center and offers connections with lines 3 and 5 of Metrovalencia as well as connections to the EMT city bus network. There are ten different tracks within the station and it serves as a primary transfer point for regional trains. Due to its incredibly high volume of passengers and its central location, Estacio Del Nord serves as the starting point for many visitor’s journey through the city. Because of the easy walkability of the city, much of the city centre can be reached within a thirty minute walk of the train station. The Central Market of Valencia at the heart of the city is only a 10 minute walk while the lorres de Serranos north of the city center is 20 minutes from Estacio Del Nord.

10 MINUTE WALKING DISTANCE 20 MINUTE WALKING DISTANCE 30 MINUTE WALKING DISTANCE

ESTACIO DEL NORD

10 MIN.

20 MIN.

30 MIN.

59

VALENCIA TRAVEL TIMES FROM EACH METRO STOP While the majority of the city centre is easily walkable within a half hour distance from Estacio Del Nord, Metrovalencia extends far beyond the city centre of Valencia into the suburbs that surround the city. Metro stops are densely packed within the city centre of Valencia and provide quick access to the majority of central Valencia. Beyond the extents of the thirty minute walking radius of the Estacio Del Nord, the metro system continues to serve the broader city with two lines extending north, one to the west, one to the east towards the Poblats Maritims and one to the south. The southeast corner of Valencia is the only region of the city under served by the metro system. While the extensive EMT bus network does provide access to this region, it is not as connected as the remainder of the city. Much of Valencia falls within the 10 minute walking radius of a metro stop and

LEGEND the area to the north of the city centre is also served by the tram to further connect the city and supplement the shortage of metro stops.

ABOVE GROUND METRO BELOW GROUND METRO LINE METRO STOP 10 MINUTE WALKING DISTANCE

10 MIN.

20 MIN.

30 MIN.

60

POBLATS MARITIMS TRANSPORTATION PUBLIC TRANSIT

LEGEND

There is an extensive network of public transit within the Poblats Maritims district and it is heavily trafficked by people making their way to the large public beach, Playa Del Cabanyal. Most prominently, the 5 and 7 metro terminate here at the Maritim - Serreria stop. The stop also then connects to the 6 and 8 trams which run throughout the district and provide some of the most extensive transit network connections within the district.

Along with metro and tram, the ETM bus system has a very strong presence in the region, which includes four extra bus routes during the summer to accomodate the influx of passengers making trips to the beach. The Valencia Cabanyal train station is also located within the district and serves as a major stop on some of the regional trains with passengers riding in from outside of the city to be in close proximity to the beach.

FERRY ROUTE

MARITIM SERRERIA METRO

WALKING RADIUS

TRAM STOP

TRAM LINE

BUS STOP

BUS LINE

CABANYAL TRAIN STATION

TRAIN LINE METRO LINE

CARRER DE

L MEDITERR

AV. DE

LP

UE

RTO

ANI

CARRER DE PAVIA

H

L DR. LLUC

IXO

UIS PE

CARRER DE

R DE L

CARRE

10 MIN.

20 MIN.

BALEARIC SEA

| NEIGHBORHOOD CHARACTER

62

VALENCIA GREEN SPACE MOVING THE TURIA After the Great Flood of Valencia in 1957, the city set out to split the Turia river that cuts through the heart of the city to prevent future flooding. To do this, a canal was dug to the south of the city to take the bulk of floodwaters to the Balearic Sea. Since the canals construction, the city has adverted many potentially disastrous floods.

A SPACE FOR THE CITY Once the Turia was diverted the city was left with a long band of empty space within the city.

Rather than selling the land to developers, Valencia chose to utilize the riverbed as a public space. Today the Parc de Cabecera hosts a variety activities including baseball, soccer, and cycling races.

LEGEND PARC DE CABECERA

SECONDARY GREEN SPACE

RIO GUADALAVIAR

PUBLIC BEACHES

POBLATS MARITIMS

BALEARIC SEA

PLAYA DEL CABANYAL The beaches to the north of Valencia’s harbor are one of the last surviving public beaches of the city. As the harbor has expanded, much of the original coastline has disappeared. This gives our site in Poblats Maritims a great deal of social value as it’s the established place to interact with the water.

A GREEN BUFFER Between the recreational marina and the industrial harbor, the city of Valencia has built a buffer of green spaces that help to soften the interaction between the two. This strategy allows for visitors of Poblats Maritims to see the industrial area without feeling as if they are occupying them.

63

POBLATS MARITIMS GREEN SPACE LEGEND GREEN SPACE

SECONDARY GREEN SPACE

BUILDING MASSES

POBLATS MARITIMS

BALEARIC SEA

64

POBLATS MARITIMS BUILDING HEIGHTS HISTORICAL OUTLIERS When comparing building heights within the area surrounding Poblats Maritims, one will find a lot of variation block to block. However, there are a few patterns that stick out. The buildings near the historical center of the Cabanyal are much lower than the majority of surrounding buildings, and coincidentally the area under threat of destruction from the city.

In an effort to protect the area, residents and advocates have enlisted the help of the World Monuments Fund who recognized the area as historically significant.

LEGEND 9 FLOORS

1 FLOOR POBLATS MARITIMS

BALEARIC SEA

65

NAUTICAL TRAFFIC OF THE BALEARIC SEA LEISURE PATTERNS The harbors of Valencia are a vital resource for the Balearic Sea as well the islands of Ibiza, Mallorca, and Menorca. These islands host over 12 million visitors each year; many of whom depart from the mainland of Spain from Valencia. This relationship between the city and the Balearic Islands makes leisure oriented docks and sailing clubs very important. The Poblats Maritims is well positioned to fulfill this role.

SHIPPING PATTERNS Valencia is home to the 5th most active industrial port in Europe, and processes over 4.4 million containers of goods each year.

Ships from as far as Italy, Turkey, and Russia find the city’s port to be their final stop as it is the westernmost point in the Mediterranean Sea.

BARCELONA BALEARIC SEA TARRAGONA

MALLORCA

MENORCA

IBIZA

VALENCIA

66

POPULATION DENSITY 790,201 (2016) In 2014, Valencia’s population was approximately 786,400, which is 1.7% of Spain’s total population.

Between 2011-2014 there was a decrease in population of -.24% per year. If this trend continues by 2017, Valencia’s population will be closer to 780,834.

PEOPLE PER SQUARE KILOMETER 0 - 500

500 - 2,000

2,000 - 10,000

10,000 - 30,000

30,000 - 330,500

BALEARIC SEA

BALEARIC SEA

COST OF LIVING

67

AVERAGE INCOME HOUSEHOLD INCOME PER YEAR (€)

To live in Valencia, a four-person family per month costs: 1,938.81 €, not including rent.

MAXIMUM PER MONTH: 12,000 €

0 - 6,900

For a single person, monthly costs: 546.64 €, not including rent.

AVERAGE PER MONTH: 2,990 €

6,900 - 11,400

MEDIAN PER MONTH: 2,330 €

11,400 - 20,500

MINIMUM PER MONTH: 810 €

20,500 - 29,500

29,500 - 57,000

BALEARIC SEA

PART II |

| PHOTO JOURNAL

70

PHOTO JOURNAL + SITE VERIFICATION

Site documentation is a key process in the development of a meaningful work of architecture. Site research supports and inspires the creative process, and works as evidence towards an intellectual proposal.

The goal is to document the chosen site and the city, and its general urban condition during the week-long trip to Spain. The ending goal is to create a kind of taxonomy of the selected site and the surrounding neighborhood.

71

PHOTO JOURNAL PROMPT

72

PHOTO JOURNAL SITE The appears to have once housed several residential structures, the remaining ones being located along Carrer del Mediterrani.

Behind the crumbling facades of the Carrer del Mediterrani, what once was an entire block of buildings has been torn down and left as an expanse of rocky and uneven ground.

MIDDLE: A west-looking panoramic view of the site. A complex of tennis courts is seen to the west.

BOTTOM: An eastern-looking view taken from the center of site one. Rubble dots the landscape.

HISTORIC FACADES ON THE SOUTH SIDE OF THE SITE

73 WELL-KEPT MAJOR STREETS ON EAST SIDE OF SITE

CORNER ALLEY LOOKING TO SITE

74

PHOTO JOURNAL SITE BOTTOM LEFT: Behind the historic facades, residents use landscaping to shield their views of the empty area.

BOTTOM RIGHT: A northern view looking towards ‘El Clot”.

BEHIND THE HISTORIC FACADES

75 THE CABENYAL HORTA PUBLIC GARDEN ON THE SITE

SITE CONDITIONS

76

PHOTO JOURNAL SITE BOTTOM LEFT: Empty space between the futbol fields and tennis courts that form the Dr. Lluch sports complexes.

BOTTOM RIGHT: A view of “El Clot” looking east.

CONTRAST OF WEALTH AND POVERTY ON THE EDGES OF THE SITE

77 TENNIS COURTS TO THE WEST OF THE SITE

AN ‘EL CLOT’ CHILD PLAYS WITH TRASH

78

PHOTO JOURNAL POBLATS MARITIMS DISTRICT BOTTOM LEFT: Views of the port from David Chipperfield’s America’s Cup Building ‘Veles e Vents’.

BOTTOM RIGHT: David Chipperfield’s America’s Cup Building in Valencia, Spain.

MOSAIC ON A BUILDING FACADE

79 BEACH VIEWS NEAR THE RESTAURANTE PANORAMA

SAILING VESSELS BY THE DISTRICT

80

PHOTO JOURNAL POBLATS MARITIMS DISTRICT BOTTOM LEFT: The boardwalk along the beach on Carrer d’otumba BOTTOM RIGHT: Palm trees and flowers in Parque Doctor Lluch.

STONE PAVING ON CARRER D’OTUMBA

81 SALMON AL ACEITE DE VAINILLA AT PANORAMA

DINNER AT LOTELITO

82

PHOTO JOURNAL VALENCIA BOTTOM LEFT: The central room of the Petra Stone Atelier oï¬&#x192;ces. Inside the rounded space is additional cabinets holding stone samples, sculptures and furniture demonstrating the various stones, and a large seating area.

BOTTOM RIGHT: The large seating area inside the rounded room.

STONE SAMPLES/WALL AT PETRA STONE ATELIER

83 CARVED MARBLE SCULPTURE AT PETRA

STONE SAMPLES AT PETRA

84

PHOTO JOURNAL VALENCIA BOTTOM LEFT: ARV oï¬&#x192;ce spaces in Valencia.

BOTTOM RIGHT: Vinoteca Vegamar Seleccion tasting counters.

Wine shop in Valencia.

CEILING LIGHTS CRISSCROSSING AT ARV

85 MARBLE SCULPTURE AT PETRA

LIGHT DETAIL OF WALL AT PETRA

86

PHOTO JOURNAL VALENCIA BOTTOM LEFT: The Hemisferic by Santiago Calatrava in the Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias.

BOTTOM RIGHT: One of the buildings on Universitat Politecnica de Valenciaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s campus, the Ciudad Politecnica de la Innovacion.

MARBLE DETAIL ON A BAUILDING IN VALENCIA

87 CIUDAD POLITECNICA DE LA INNOVACION

MODULAR MAN ON CAMPUS

88

PHOTO JOURNAL MADRID BOTTOM LEFT: A space inside Museo ABC. BOTTOM RIGHT: A moveable space containing a desk and chairs for children to color.

LIGHTING INSIDE A CILDRENâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S ACTIVITY SPACE

89 THE GATE TO MUSEO ABC

A DYNAMIC SPACE WITHIN MUSEO ABC

90

PHOTO JOURNAL MADRID BOTTOM LEFT: Green wall outside the Caixa Forum Madrid.

BOTTOM RIGHT: View of a wall of the Caixa Forum Madrid showing the original structure and updated addition.

DETAIL OF THE METAL SCREEN SYSTEM AROUND THE CAIXA FORUM MADRID

91 SPACE UNDER THE CAIXA FORUM MADRID

DETAIL OF A GREEN WALL

92

PHOTO JOURNAL MADRID BOTTOM LEFT: Facade system of the addition to the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia.

BOTTOM RIGHT: Interior courtyard area of the addition to the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia.

REFLECTION OF THE COURTYARD JUXTAPOSED ON AN INTERIOR SPACE

93 COURTYARD ROOF SYSTEM

SCULPTURE INSIDE COURTYARD

94

PHOTO JOURNAL MADRID BOTTOM LEFT: Courtyard space looking skyward.

BOTTOM RIGHT: View looking West down Calle de Alcala from the Azoteca del Circulo.

BARCELO MARKET, LIBRARY, AND SPORTS HALL BY NIETO SOBEJANO

95 HISTORIC PLAZA MAYOR

ARCHWAY LEADING OUT OF THE PLAZA

PART III |

| MASTERPLAN

98

SITE RULES + ZONING + PROGRAM POTENTIALS

The purpose of this studio is to study the potential beyond current zoning measures presented for the Poblats Maritims and to consider its future considering current city plans and climate change. City zoning measures are not necessarily visionary and often static in thought, especially in unique urban conditions such as the Poblats Maritims. The question is - can the current zoning work, or is it necessary to propose the next generation of new zoning that will shift Poblats Maritims towards a different future?

In the book Grand Urban Rules we witness the creation and organization of a rule based system that defines parameters for the formation of a new city. These rules do not necessarily define limitations, but can also be read to define opportunities. A collection of rules to is to be created to lay the groundwork for the Synergy Plaza project to exist within the Poblats Maritims, and to create guidelines (and opportunity) for the future growth of the neighborhood. These rules are to work at different scales, opening possibilities for program concept goals, while establishing a framework for a new Poblats Maritims masterplan.

99

MASTERPLAN PROMPT

100

MASTERPLAN ZONING RULES ZONING RULES

ENCOURAGE WALKABILITY The current grid system that exists shall be kept in place as itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s scale and current walkability is desirable. New construction blocks are to be short and keep 90 degree edges when possible. The rule is in place to encourage walkability within the district.

INCREMENTAL HEIGHT RESTRICTIONS No building is to be taller than ďŹ ve stories so as to not overpower neighboring structures or the historic integrity of the district. Land will be zoned in such a way so that buildings will incrementally decrease in height the closer they are to the water line.

DIVERSE USAGE Shopping streets/districts shall carry an array of diverse retail spaces, restaurants, and shops that will attract visitors to the area.

MINI DISTRICTS Divide Poblats Maritims district into quadrants/ economic districts as a form of zoning. The PM district shall encompass a shopping quadrant, a restaurant and mixed-use quadrant, a public park system, etc. As a result, this rule shall naturally create a scenic drive loop around the district with green space and open views bordering the loop.

101 HEIGHT DIVERSITY Height differences between neighboring buildings are not to differ in height by more than 50% of their total heights.

BUILDINGS PROPORTIONAL TO STREETS Larger buildings are preferred on major roadways and smaller buildings on smaller roads. When a grey situation occurs, small historic buildings are more important and shall take precedence. This is to encourage good aesthetics within the district.

SHOP FRONT DIVERSITY A street with retail businesses shall not have a larger shop whose frontage is longer than 1 ½ times the average length of neighboring shops.

HISTORIC INTEGRITY Respect the historic integrity of the district and encourage heritage growth. When rebuilding a historic building, the craftsmanship and materials are to be of the same caliber as to what they would have been at the original construction/time era of the building.

102

MASTERPLAN ZONING RULES ZONING RULES

QUALITY VIEWS All blocks shall have street wall continuity, meaning all building facades are to line up to the very front of their building plots. A continuous line of trees and benches will also add to this rule by serving as a buffer to the street as well as enhancing the street views and green space within the district.

FACADE TRANSPARENCY At least 60% of ground level facades are to be transparent – unless if the building style follows the historically accurate architecture style. This applies to retail and shops, not residential buildings.

ANCIENT LIGHTS Homeowners who have had access to a window that has had unimpeded light for the last 20 years shall assume that the light will continue to be unimpeded. This means that no new construction shall block ‘ancient lights’.

PRESERVE AND BEAUTIFY PARKS People will be more inclined take care of places that are already well-kept.

103 RIGHTS TO BEAUTY The city has the power to accept or reject a new project based on the grounds of aesthetics/beauty.

DIVERSE STREET TRANSPORTATION Pedestrian, motor cars, and bicycles shall all have their designated lanes in new construction streets. The implementation and expansion of bike lanes as buďŹ&#x20AC;ers between streets and sidewalks will protect cyclists and pedestrians alike.

FULL-TIME RESIDENTS ONLY Part-time housing (other than hotels) is forbidden, this includes Airbnb. Only full-time residents are to own/rent in the district. The city has the authority to employ countermeasures to keep rents low.

104

PHASE ONE In phase one of the master plan, select roads will be straightened and made more easily navigable. Carrer d’Eugénia Viñes, Carrer de les Drassanes, Carrer del Dr. Marcos Sopena, and Carrer de la Font Podrida are the selected major roadways to be enhanced.

In the special case of Carrer del Dr. Marcos Sopena and Carrer de la Font Podrida, the existing tram system is to be updated and straightened along with the roadways.

LEGEND STRAIGHTENED ROADWAYS

105

DISTRICT MASTERPLAN

106

PHASE TWO In phase two, the large and rarely used parking lots are to be replaced with new residential blocks and ample on-street parking.

To the north of the district, existing blocks shall be straightened and zoned into residential and commercial buildings.

On the southern end, new commercial spaces will also be constructed.

LEGEND RESIDENTIAL

BUSINESS AND MIXED-USE

107

DISTRICT MASTERPLAN

108

PHASE THREE In the third phase of the district masterplan, new and existing green space is to be added.

Major areas to be renovated and added to include the Parque Doctor Lluch on the northwestern edge, the boardwalks, and a new green belt that is intended to tie into the PEPRI plan and runs past the intended site.

LEGEND GREEN SPACE

109

DISTRICT MASTERPLAN

110

MASTERPLAN With the proposed zoning, the Poblats Maritims district and itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s layout would be considerably enhanced. New housing and commercial blocks would be added and existing green spaces would be strengthened and expanded.

At the same time, major roadways would be straightened and de-cluttered. With these changes, the Poblats Maritims district will be more easily navigable and attractive.

LEGEND STRAIGHTENED ROADWAYS

RESIDENTIAL

BUSINESS AND MIXED-USE GREEN SPACE

111

DISTRICT MASTERPLAN

112

DISTRICT MASTERPLAN MASTERPLAN Major/ popular points of interest observed in the Poblats Maritims district. The placement/ project location was chosen as a result of observation of gathering crowds or lack thereof.

The majority of visitors to the area mainly chose to stay in the southeast are of the district around popular retailers and vendors.

When visitors do choose to wander, they stuck to the boardwalk running along the beach on the east edge of the district.

Other popular areas in the district include the Parque Doctor Lluch and related sports complexes.

LEGEND POPULAR POINTS

MASTERPLAN In phase one of the master plan, select roads will be straightened and made more easily navigable. Carrer d’Eugénia Viñes, Carrer de les Drassanes, Carrer del Dr. Marcos Sopena, and Carrer de la Font Podrida are the selected major roadways to be enhanced.

In the special case of Carrer del Dr. Marcos Sopena and Carrer de la Font Podrida, the existing tram system is to be updated and straightened along with the roadways.

113

DISTRICT MASTERPLAN LEGEND STRAIGHTENED ROADWAYS

114

DISTRICT MASTERPLAN MASTERPLAN In the third phase of the district masterplan, new and existing green space is to be added.

Major areas to be renovated and added to include the Parque Doctor Lluch on the northwestern edge, the boardwalks, and a new green belt that is intended to tie into the PEPRI plan and runs past the intended site.

LEGEND NEW GREEN SPACE

115

PART IV |

| SYNERGY PLAZA

118

BACKGROUND

The Poblats Maritims district is a historic seaside area of Valencia which currently functions as a transitional buffer between the beachfront areas on the eastern side of the site, and dense urban neighborhoods to the west of the site.

In the larger scope of the district, the area is home to a bustling maritime port as well as a deeply ingrained tradition of fishing. Fishing is so ingrained in the Poblats Maritims because entire communities sprung up around the livelihood of fishing in the nearby waters when the area was first established.

In addition, the district features a marina which has hosted two America’s Cups, and functions as a sport and leisure attraction. Near the marina, the residual Valencia street circuit cuts through the Poblats Maritims district and once functioned as the circuit for the Formula One European Gran Prix for the years of 2008 to 2012.

CHALLENGES The Poblats Maritims is a district facing many challenges. Few people live in the area and those who do only do so because they have little choice in the matter. Many of these residents are squatters who have taken up residence in ‘El Clot” (translated as ‘The Hole’). It appears that the city has tried to remove these kinds of residents by crushing down abandoned buildings, but this has only left empty and rubble-filled expanses of land that continue to be underutilized.

It could be argued that the cause of the low density and low-income levels of the area are a result of the district’s poor connections to the city via infrastructure. The closest metro line stops outside the Poblats Maritims district entirely, leaving residents dependent on buses and trams for longer distance transportation. If a new metro line were to be introduced, this would solidify the connection between the Poblats Maritims and the city center and hopefully facilitate more residents and businesses to locate to the Poblats Maritims district.

SITE The chosen site for this project is located on the corner of Carrer del Mediterrani and Carrer d’Eugenia Vines. It is one of the most downtrodden sites in the Poblats Maritims, appearing to have once been a block of buildings that have since been torn down. El Clot stands in the center of the expansive site, surrounded by a field of residual rubble, litter and a very small garden. Surrounding the site is a complex of community futbol fields and tennis courts on the north and west sides of the site, as well as a row of historic abandoned residential houses to the south side of the site. The sports complex and the historic residential buildings are to be kept as an effort to preserve the community and heritage sites which are already successful and/or will be successful with the implementation of this new construction project.

If we want to evolve the neighborhood of Poblats Maritims, we must find a way to increase it’s population and bolster it’s economy. Research data shows us that the district is one of the poorest ares of Valencia, accompanied by low population and low income levels. From this data, as well as site visits to the area, we see that the area is in need of rejuvenation. What is needed is more full-time residents, retail restaurants, and businesses to populate the inland portion of the Poblats Maritims, not just the businesses on the beachfront.

Public interest in the Poblats Maritims can be increased through a stronger connection to public transportation. Depending on where one is located in the district, it could take anywhere from 10 to 30 minutes just to get to the closest metro stop. With these numbers, its not hard to understand why less people are living in the Poblats Maritims district; the distance is creating an invisible barrier that is effectively keeping people from traveling to and from the Poblats Maritims. A more centralized metro stop in the district will create easier access and a stronger connection back to the city. The result will be an influx of new residents, working professionals, and new businesses that will create a healthier local economy within the neighborhood.

There is ample space within the Poblats Maritims where we see a mixture of green spaces, small deserted parks, and private landscaping. Currently, green spaces in the district are used primarily as buffers. The main buffers are green parks along the south side of the district where the Poblats Maritims ends and the water’s edge, along the Carrer del Pavia which runs alongside the public beaches, and the Parque Doctor Lluch which runs alongside the western edge of the district where more dense residential neighborhoods begin.

A new community green space is needed to rejuvenate the district, as a well-designed space for the community as well as a to serve to beautify and enhance the environment of the Poblats Maritims. A new mixed-use construction focused on a 70 unit residential building will become the catalyst for a growing economy in the Poblats Maritims. It will include retail, commercial and green spaces to support the community on site. As is the norm in much of Europe, the residential spaces are to be built above the retail and commercial spaces.

At the ground level, retail and diverse commercial spaces will form a public gathering space and draw in locals and tourists alike. The large swath of land to the west of ‘El Clot” is to be repurposed as green space for the community and will function as a connection between the currently fragmented sports complex fields and the new mixed-use housing construction. In addition, ‘El Clot’ is to be removed since it is a failed and abandoned apartment complex currently filled with illegal squatters. The historic row of residential houses to the south of the site are to be kept since they are integral to the history, traditions, and art of the Poblats Maritims community.

The site and its new construction is to function as a new community hub for the Poblats Maritims district. A new metro stop will be integrated rear the site as part of the district masterplan and will reconnect the Poblats Maritims to the center city, effectively creating a new hub of activity. With this connection readily available, residents of the area and beyond will be able to connect and travel to the Poblats Maritims more easily. As a result, more people will hopefully come to populate the area, and bring with them the need for shops and restaurants to cater to the new locals and tourists, effectively breathing new life into the district and paving the way for more cleanup of the surrounding areas.

119

PROJECT STATEMENT

120

PRECEDENT CASE STUDIES ONE SANTA FE 2015 LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA, USA MICHAEL MALTZAN Michael Maltzan’s One Santa Fe mixed-use residential and retail building located in Los Angeles, California is a successful project.

It offers an interesting precedent for its large scale housing plans, mixed-use spaces, parking located in and around the structure, and its public spaces.

The idea of One Santa Fe’s elevated housing and structure works as it could be used as a response to the Poblats Maritims’ risk of rising waters due to natural disasters and global warming.

121

122

PRECEDENT CASE STUDIES OPTICAL GLASS HOUSE 2012 HIROSHIMA, JAPAN HIROSHI NAKAMURA & NAP Hiroshi Nakamura & NAPâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Optical Glass House in Hiroshima serves as the facade precedent for the Synergy Plaza Complex.

The screen provides privacy for the residents within while still allowing light to enter the space. On this project alone, the glass block facade weighs around 13 tons.

Additional precedent was gained from the historic buildings to the south side of the site; particularly their mosaic facades that are similar in size to the glass rick used here.

123

124

PROGRAM

COMMUNITY SPACES: 2,600 SQFT. TOTAL (1) AUDITORIUM SPACE: 2350 SQFT. (1) AUDITORIUM: 1,800 SQFT. (2) RESTROOMS: 120 SQFT. EACH (1) STORAGE: 150 SQFT. (2) MEDIUM COURTYARD: 2,280 SQFT. EACH (1) LARGE COURTYARD: 2,570 SQFT.

RETAIL SPACES: 12,620 SQFT. TOTAL (1) LARGE SHOP: 4,880 SQFT. (1) RETAIL FLOOR SPACE: 2610 SQFT. (7) DRESSING ROOMS: 370 SQFT. TOTAL (2) RESTROOMS: 120 SQFT. EACH (1) BREAK ROOM: 185 SQFT. (1) MANAGEMENT OFFICE: 130 SQFT. (1) STORAGE: 580 SQFT. (1) MECHANICAL/ ELECTRICAL ROOM: 190 SQFT. (1) MEDIUM SHOP: 2,590 SQFT. (1) RETAIL FLOOR SPACE: 1450 SQFT. (3) DRESSING ROOMS: 185 SQFT. TOTAL (1) RESTROOM: 62 SQFT. (1) BREAK ROOM: 220 SQFT. (1) MANAGEMENT OFFICE: 150 SQFT. (1) STORAGE: 250 SQFT. (1) MECHANICAL/ ELECTRICAL ROOM: 100 SQFT. (1) RESTAURANT: 2,590 SQFT. (1) DINNING AREA: 1465 SQFT. (2) RESTROOMS: 120 SQFT. EACH (1) KITCHEN: 285 SQFT. (1) MANAGEMENT OFFICE: 80 SQFT. (1) STORAGE: 250 SQFT. (1) MECHANICAL/ ELECTRICAL ROOM: 100 SQFT. (2) CAFE: 1,280 SQFT. EACH (1) DINING AREA: 595 SQFT. (1) RESTROOM: 60 SQFT. (1) KITCHEN: 200 SQFT. (1) MANAGEMENT OFFICE: 100 SQFT. (1) STORAGE: 90 SQFT. (1) JANITORIAL ROOM: 50 SQFT. (1) MECHANICAL/ ELECTRICAL ROOM:90 SQFT.

MANAGEMENT: 1,910 SQFT. TOTAL (1) MANAGEMENT SPACES: 1,863 SQFT. (1) RECEPTION/ WAITING ROOM: 330 SQFT. (1) MEETING ROOM: 150 SQFT. (1) BREAK ROOM: 240 SQFT. (1) EVENTS COORDINATOR OFFICE: 150 SQFT. (1) LEASING COORDINATOR OFFICE: 150 SQFT. (1) HOUSING COORDINATOR OFFICE: 120 SQFT. (1) BUILDING OWNER OFFICE: 120 SQFT. (1) MAINTENANCE ROOM: 90 SQFT. (1) MECHANICAL/ ELECTRICAL ROOM: 90 SQFT.

125

LIVING SPACES: 47,975 SQFT. TOTAL (1) FIRST FLOOR LOBBY/STAIRWELL: (1) ELEVATOR: 100 SQFT. (1) STAIRS: 210 SQFT. (1) MAIL ROOM: 60 SQFT. (1) SECOND FLOOR LOBBY/STAIRWELL: (1) ELEVATOR: 100 SQFT. (1) STAIRS: 210 SQFT. (1) MECHANICAL/ ELECTRICAL ROOM: 90 SQFT. (1) OUTDOOR RESIDENT COMMUNITY SPACE: 870 SQFT. (4) STUDIO/ ADA ACCESSIBLE APARTMENT: 660 SQFT. EACH (1) KITCHEN: 100 SQFT. (1) LIVING ROOM/ BEDROOM: 260 SQFT. (1) BATHROOM: 70 SQFT. (1) CLOSET: 15 SQFT. (1) PATIO: 100 SQFT. (8) ONE-BEDROOM APARTMENT: 875 SQFT. EACH (1) KITCHEN: 100 SQFT. (1) LIVING ROOM: 260 SQFT. (1) BATHROOM: 50 SQFT. (2) CLOSET: 14 SQFT. EACH (1) PATIO: 100 SQFT. (1) BEDROOM: 180 SQFT. (10) TWO-BEDROOM APARTMENT: 1,035 SQFT. EACH (1) KITCHEN: 100 SQFT. (1) LIVING ROOM: 260 SQFT. (1) BATHROOM: 50 SQFT. (3) CLOSET: 14 SQFT. EACH (1) PATIO: 100 SQFT. (2) BEDROOM: 145 SQFT. EACH (4) THREE-BEDROOM APARTMENT: (1) KITCHEN: 190 SQFT. (1) LIVING ROOM: 190 SQFT. (1) BATHROOM: 50 SQFT. (3) CLOSET: 22 SQFT. EACH (1) PATIO: 120 SQFT. (3) BEDROOM: 180 SQFT. EACH (2) EMERGENCY EGRESS FIRE STAIR: 340 SQFT. EACH (1) AREA OF REFUGE: 65 SQFT.

CIRCULATION: 8,500 SQFT. TOTAL GROSS: 73,600 SQFT.

126

USER DEFINITION COMMUNITY AND RETAIL SPACES

INDIVIDUALS

COUPLES

CHILDREN

Individuals will use the building and surrounding grounds for their shopping needs as well as relaxing or meeting friends in the green spaces.

Much like individuals who use the building and surrounding grounds, couples will travel to the site for shopping and relaxing.

Children will primarily use the community green spaces as play areas and meet up with their friends.

RETIREES

FAMILIES

SHOP OWNERS

Retirees will gravitate to the building and the surrounding grounds as a place to congregate with friends and experience the community.

They will also visit for performances and shows.

Families will use the grounds and the green spaces around the building for playing and visiting with other families. In the evenings, they will shop, eat, and possibly see a show.

Shop owners will set up shops and restaurants to attract customers to the building and surrounding area. At breaks, they will use the surrounding green spaces to relax.

127

STUDENTS

COLLEGE STUDENTS

PROFESSIONALS

Students will be attracted to the building for its diverse selection of shops and restaurants.

The building will also be used as a meeting point.

College students will use the building to shop and eat after classes. Some students will pick up part-time jobs to pay for tuition.

After returning from their jobs in the city, professionals will visit the building for dinner and some shopping. On weekends, they might pay another visit to see a lecture or performance.

EMPLOYEES

RESIDENTS

TOURISTS

Employees in the shops will enjoy their beautiful work location. On their breaks, the various shop employees like to relax in the green spaces and socialize amongst themselves.

Residents of the building will use the community and shopping spaces to tend to their shopping needs and socialize with the rest of the local community.

Tourists to Valencia and the nearby beach will arrive to the Poblats Maritims via the nearby metro line and ďŹ nd a vibrant and enticing shopping and community hub.

128

USER DEFINITION COMMUNITY AND RETAIL SPACES

BEACH VISITORS

Similarly to tourists, beach visitors will travel past the building and vibrant shopping opportunities and be drawn to the site.

LOCALS

Poblats Maritims locals and Valencia locals will come to view the building and its surrounding site as a hub for the Poblats Maritims district.

129

LIVING SPACES

COLLEGE STUDENTS

INDIVIDUALS

COUPLES

College students from the nearby college across the street may elect to live in the residential apartments.

Individuals who are looking for a vibrant and community-driven area live as residents in the building.

Couples can ďŹ nd large or small apartments available to suit their needs in the residential portion of the building.

PROFESSIONALS

RETIREES

FAMILIES

Professionals who desire a quality apartment, connected community, and easy transportation to the city, live here.

Retirees who want to remain connected to their community and have easy access to friends, family, and their shopping needs choose here.

Small families looking to be closer to work, school, and community green spaces enjoy living in the building complex.

130

USER DEFINITION MANAGEMENT

BUILDING OWNER

HOUSING COORDINATOR

LEASING SECRETARIES

The building owner oversees the big picture operations of the building complex.

The housing coordinator acts as second in command to the building owner and is a full-time presence on the site. The individual oversees and works with apartment renters as well as the housing secretaries, maintenance, and janitors.

The leasing secretaries are on hand as assistants to the leasing coordinator, and help shop owners/tenants with their needs.

This includes filing paperwork and contacting janitors and maintenance when necessary.

HOUSING SECRETARIES

LEASING COORDINATOR

MAINTENANCE

The housing secretaries’ primary jobs are to interact and deal with residents and their concerns. This includes equipping hopeful residents with necessary paperwork as well as getting them into contact with maintenance.

The leasing coordinator works on the same level as the housing coordinator and handles the leasing and business operations concerning the shops and restaurants leasing space in the complex.

Maintenance workers are on hand 24/7 for any emergency or regular repairs to the residents’ apartments as well as the greater building complex.

131

EVENTS COORDINATOR

The events coordinator is in charge of the auditorium space of the complex, and facilitates contracts/agreements between the venue and any performers, lecturers, or artists.

JANITORS

Janitorsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; daily duties are to keep the community spaces and residential spaces clean of debris.

Shop keepers and restaurants are expected to keep their own business areas clean via their own workers.

132

FORM BUILDING ANATOMY 1 Starting point of a single solid mass.

2 Dissolve/subtract to achieve courtyard spaces.

3 Dissolve/subtract datum through length of mass along first floor. Remaining masses on either side will be made up of retail, management, and community spaces.

4 Dissolve/subtract datum through length of second floor. Additional ‘datums’ subtract from the sides of the mass and create the patio spaces for residents.

LEGEND SUBTRACTIONS

BUILDING ANATOMY 1 First floor layout showing the basic massing and locations of interior spaces.

2 Second floor layout showing the basic massing and locations of interior spaces.

133

MASSING OF SPACE LEGEND SPACES

CIRCULATION CORE

134

PUBLIC VS. PRIVATE BUILDING ANATOMY 1 First floor layout showing the differentiation between public and private spaces. For the general public, the circulation core is a private space only accessible to building residents.

2 Second floor layout showing the differentiation between public and private spaces. On the second floor, the circulation core is a public space for residents of the building to meet and congregate.

LEGEND PUBLIC

PRIVATE

BUILDING ANATOMY A second floor layout showing the differentiation between residential units and circulation/egress cores.

135

EGRESS LEGEND RESIDENTIAL UNITS

EGRESS CORES

136

UNITS BUILDING ANATOMY A second floor plan depicting the differentiation between residential units.

LEGEND STUDIO/ ADA UNIT

ONE-BEDROOM UNIT

TWO-BEDROOM UNIT

THREE-BEDROOM UNIT

CIRCULATION CORE

SITE ACCESS Perceived points of access to the site. Points represent magnitude and location of visitors arriving to the site and building complex.

137

ARRIVAL TO SITE LEGEND ACCESS POINTS

138

ARRIVAL TO SITE MAJOR ROADWAYS Current major roadways running along the site edges. The site was selected as a result of being situated at a major crossroads.

LEGEND MAJOR ROADWAY

NEW MAJOR ROADWAY Both current major roadways as well as a new major roadway included in the revised masterplan. The new roadway would connect other major roads from the west to the beachfront to the east.

The inclusion of this new roadway would also be beneficial to theproposed building complex as it would facilitate the movement of visitors to the site. It also creates a definitive edge to the site.

139

ARRIVAL TO SITE LEGEND NEW MAJOR ROADWAY

NEW MAJOR ROADWAY

140

| THESIS

142

THESIS

MASTERPLAN, PROGRAM, AND CONCEPT With the possibility to choose any site within the entire Poblats Maritims district in Valencia, Spain, I chose to first focus on the current conditions of the district and what made each area successful or lacking. From there, I would determine what the Poblats Maritims was in need of and tailor my project proposal according to the district’s needs. With extensive group research into the history and character of the area, as well as a very informative site visit, I formed the basis of my concept, program, and masterplan.

The first, most important point to talk about is the southeastern corner of the Poblats Maritims district. I found that the area was popular and successful, not only with tourists, but with locals as well. This popularity would be due to the fact that several restaurants, hotels, beach clubs, and other public amenities around the beachfront are readily available and acting as the the biggest pull toward the area, outside of the actual beach. From this southeastern corner also emanates a popular and well-kept boardwalk which runs the length of the eastern edge of the Poblats Maritims district and then curves eastward into the Balearic Sea. In this same area, the remnants of a former street circuit for the Formula One European Grand Prix still run along the southern edge of the district and along the shipping port which can easily be seen from the beachfront.

This entire southeastern area seems to be the most successful aspect of the district, but elsewhere in Poblats Maritims, the infrastructure and liveliness is lacking. A large boulevard runs up the center of this L-shaped district, apparently prepared for high volumes of traffic which are markedly absent. On the east side of the boulevard is the dynamic beachfront and its related businesses, but on the west side is an expansive and empty parking lot which stretches for at least four blocks. As the boulevard progresses northward, it ends at a large traffic circle and then splits off into three odd angles to continue as smaller arterial roadways. At this point, pedestrians are noticeably absent and the area is quiet and devoid of activity. To the west of the traffic circle is a large rubble-filled field which used to house residential blocks that have since been torn down.

On this difficult site is the area I chose to build and reinvigorate the district as a whole. The site stands almost in the exact center of the Poblats Maritims and can act as the starting point from which economic prosperity can emanate. To achieve this, the project program is to include a new auditorium for community events and learning opportunities, as well as a retail center where locals and tourists will be drawn to shop, eat, and enjoy the adjacent gardens and green spaces. In addition, management offices are provided to take care of business operations pertaining to the leasing of retail spaces, residential units, and coordinate community events in the auditorium space. On the second floor above the retail spaces, management, and auditorium, are the residential units which all offer lofted bedrooms in either one, two, or three-bedroom options. A protective screen wraps around the units and their private patios as a way to both protect the building inhabitants’ privacy as well as the residents of the historic row houses on the south side of the site.

This program is to be paired with a new masterplan which will serve to rezone areas and blocks of the Poblats Maritims. In this new masterplan, the existing roadways and tram lines will be improved, expanded, and straightened when possible, while residential, mixed-use, and business areas will be denoted and rezoned in a manner that will be beneficial to all. The squatters that currently take up residence directly north of the chosen site, in El Clot, are to be relocated to new low-income housing complexes elsewhere within the Poblats Maritims district. This is in order to allow for the existing PEPRI plan green park system to expand and reach its intended completion. Existing green spaces will be also be improved for public use, the most notable additions will be the expansion of Parque Doctor Lluch, the expansion of green spaces along the boardwalk, the implementation of green spaces along the pier, and the completion of the PEPRI plan which implements a small green belt through the city starting at Park Jardins del Real outside the Poblats Maritims and continues in a one-block-thick band past the north edge of the chosen site and ends connecting to the boardwalk and its related green spaces.

Additionally, the integration of a new metro stop is to be completed, as the current closest metro stop lies outside the Poblats Maritims district, making travel to and from the district more difficult and time consuming. With the implementation of a new metro stop in the heart of the district, both residents and tourists will be able to travel more freely to and from the Poblats Maritims, which will fuel the district with more funding as a result of their travel and patronage to the area. With the influx of people in the district, more vendors will want to set up their shops, which will in turn drive the demand for more housing and soon turn the district into a more lively and prosperous version of itself.

SITE DESIGN AND URBAN CONTEXT Focusing more closely on the chosen site; the area is an expansive rubble-filled field with a few stray buildings doting the area. A row of historic houses in varying states of disrepair line the south side of the site but will be kept as some of them are historically protected and an example of incredible design and craftsmanship. Across the street is a public college as well as an observatory. On the western border of the site, a series of tennis courts take up residence as part of the ‘Campo Futbol Doctor Lluch’ complex that is headquartered two blocks north. To the northwest, a large city block stands empty except for a few trees, two old basketball courts, and a smattering of cars that use the courts as a parking lot. To the east of the courts, and to the direct north of the chosen site, stands the crumbling ‘El Clot’; a failed apartment complex that provides shelter for a good number of illegal squatters who now call it home. Additionally, a small green space, the ‘Plaza de los Hombres del Mar’ and ‘Les Arenes’, a light rail station, stand to the north of the chosen site. To the northeast and east stands a large traffic circle as well as residential buildings and a few retail shops and restaurants.

With careful consideration to the site, its surrounding conditions, and the proposal for a new district masterplan, the row of historic houses will be kept on the south side of the site. A few of the houses will be chosen to be kept and preserved, while the rest that are in decaying and condemned condition will be torn down and replaced by new structures keeping in kind with the history of the plots. The four other free-standing structures on the site will be razed in order to make way for the new residential and mixed-use project that will take up the site.

To the north and northwest of the site, and in relation to the new district plan, ‘El Clot’ will be torn down and its neighboring city block will be converted into a green space as part of the continuation of the PEPRI plan. The PEPRI plan is a city park/green belt that runs from the Park Jardins del Real outside the Poblats Maritims district and currently terminates outside the Poblats Maritims. With the finalization of the plan, the green belt will extend

143 to the edge of the beach where it will connect to the boardwalk and its relevant green spaces. The current light rail station and its relevant buildings will be kept as the light rail and other forms of transportation within the district are to be improved upon in the future.

The small block directly to the east of the chosen site currently houses residential buildings, but will be converted to a new metro stop complex so visitors and residents to and from the district may have greater accessibility to the district as a whole. This strategic metro stop is placed centrally in the district and will give commuters immediate views to the sea as well as to the proposed residential and mixed-use retail project to the west.

On the project site, existing roadways will be elongated and connected to give the north side of the site a definitive boundary. Along this northern boundary the new project will be anchored. The public spaces of the program are to be aligned to the north and east edges of the site where the highest volume of vehicular and foot traffic occurs. These primary public spaces will act as the magnet which will draw in visitors to the complex, drawing them deeper into the other shops and restaurants that stretch westward through the site. In the space between the new construction and the historic row houses, the existing Cabanyal Horta community garden will be expanded and expertly combined with new green space in a way to connect the old and new elements. Additionally, an access road running along the western edge of the site and running along the northern edge of the historic row houses will be included for the residents of the row houses to use.

BUILDING TECTONICS - STRUCTURE AND FORM Pertaining to the design of the building; the first level of shops, retail, and other public areas is constructed of glass window walls in a direct reaction to the site and its surrounding conditions. From the Carrer d’Eugènia Viñes, the bright and colorful spaces show through the glass enclosures. Within the various spaces, patrons have direct lines of sight out to the green spaces on the site as well as to the green park/PEPRI plan addition to the north.

A glass brick screen wraps around the exterior of the building on the second and third floors to give sun shading and privacy to the residential areas of the building complex as well as the neighboring historic row houses to the south. In addition, the screen acts as a minor barrier to sound emanating from the public spaces below.

Delving into the building tectonics of Synergy Plaza, the structure and form of the complex is constructed of poured reinforced concrete load bearing walls. The walls themselves are to rest on a poured concrete slab on-grade supported by a concrete stem foundation wall and footing system along the perimeter of the slab. These concrete components are also to be reinforced with continuous rebar, reinforcing rods, and wire mesh where applicable. Load-bearing walls and the majority of the walls within the complex are to be oriented in a north-south configuration to allow for sight lines through the building along the north-south axis as well as east-west through the main concourse of the building.

The structure system of the first level is to be comprised of poured concrete load bearing walls which will take the brunt of the weight of the second and third level structures that lie overhead. The walls of the first level are to be divided into two major groups; load-bearing walls and non-loadbearing walls. The load bearing walls are to be comprised of varying 10” and 12” thick poured concrete with vertical reinforcing rebar that shall also be anchored into the poured concrete slab and its foundation walls and footing system. Non-load-bearing walls are to measure 4” thick and are to be comprised of metal studs and gypsum board wall coverings. Where applicable, glass window walls with supporting mullion systems are to be installed between the supporting load-bearing walls and hung from the second level slab above. These glass walls, paired with the north-south-configured walls on the first level are to visually lend to the idea that the second and third levels of the complex are supported by the light and glassy first level and seem to float as a result.

Above these first level structures, the concrete slab that supports the second and third levels, resides. This 15” thick slab extends two feet past the outside perimeter of the on-grade concrete foundation slab. Above this slab structure is another system of load-bearing walls and non-load-bearing walls that come together to support the roof above. The major load-bearing walls are oriented north-south and act as the demising walls between residential units and their related spaces of the second level and give support to the raked roof structure above. The wall systems of this level follow the same structural logic as level one. In this case, the demising walls between each residential unit are a hybrid of interior and exterior load-bearing walls. They begin in the center of the plan as interior walls and then extend to the exterior of the building to continue the division between residential units and their respective patio spaces.

Inside the residential units, the first level walls are load-bearing to the third level slabs which comprise of 12” thick concrete as well as their related wall systems. Above the third level slabs, a series of load-bearing and non-load-bearing walls extend to the raked roof planes above. These roof planes are constructed of concrete and reinforcing rebar. Glass window wall and mullion systems are to be installed between the supporting load-bearing walls and hung from the roof planes above to provide sunlight to the residential units as well as the common areas of the second level of the complex.

The exterior wall and roof finishes of the second and third floors are to comprise of reinforced white pigmented mortar, while the interior wall finishes shall comprise of gypsum board overlays.

Finishing off the building complex is a glass brick screen which envelops the second and third levels. The glass brick screen is supported by a steel frame along the top and bottom edges to keep the system in place, while metal reinforcing rods pierce through the center of the bricks to give additional stability. The entire screen system is tied to and supported by the concrete load-bearing walls of the second and third levels via structural tabs, a tube steel frame, bolts, and slotted holes.

144

FACADE DESIGN - TECTONICS AND MATERIALS The primary outermost facade of the building complex is a 28’-0” high glass brick screen which entirely envelops the second and third levels and part of the first level. It begins at 12’-0” up from the first level concrete slab. The conception of this screen was realized through continued research into the history of the Poblats Maritims district. It was realized that mosaic brick tiles were a defining feature of the historic fishing houses to the south of the site as well as throughout the rest of the district. From this point, and with the modern influence of the Optical Glass House by Hiroshi Nakamura & NAP as an additional precedent, the glass brick screen in Synergy Plaza was realized. The screen is to be supported by a steel frame along the top and bottom edges of the system. Between these load-bearing and stabilizing pieces, the 2”x2”x9” cast glass blocks are to be implemented along with .15” steel flat ribbons which fit perfectly into built-in depressions in the glass blocks, 1/4” thick sealing joints between each glass block, as well as tensioned 5/16” stainless steel threaded rods that pierce through the center of the glass blocks and provide additional support and stability to keep the blocks in place. The entire screen system is tied to and supported by the concrete load bearing walls of the second and third levels via large steel tensioned 5/16” stainless steel threaded rods that pierce through the center of the glass blocks and provide additional support and stability to keep the blocks in place. The entire screen system is tied to and supported by the concrete load bearing walls of the second and third levels via large steel structural tabs, a tube steel frame, bolts, and slotted holes.

The materials of this screen are to create a special environment both inside and outside the building complex. Outside the complex, the screen will light up and refract light as the sun hits its surface while also shielding the residential units from unwanted heat gain as well as the public eye, allowing for a greater sense of privacy. With this sense of privacy also comes the ability to look out and observe the goings on around the building complex, its neighboring green spaces, and the neighborhood at large. At 6’-6” up from the bottom of the screen begins an 8’-0” high opening which allows residential inhabitants to look out and observe the surrounding area from their private patios while the light within the screened-in patios dances across the walls of the space. In the public courtyard areas of the building complex, the refraction of light from the glass block screen will also play across the spaces, providing a dynamic light show for the building complex visitors, depending on the time of day and angle of the sun.

Moving past the building’s exterior screen; on the first level, poured load-bearing walls and simple window wall systems are to be installed for the retail, auditorium, and management spaces. On the second level, window wall systems separate the interior spaces from the exterior patio spaces. 6’-0” back from the edge of the overhanging second level slab, the window wall systems begin along with their supporting demising walls between residential units. The demising walls between units are to be major load-bearing walls constructed out of poured 10” thick concrete with a reinforced white pigmented mortar finishing layer. Above these load-bearing walls is the saw-tooth roof which will comprise of 12” thick poured concrete, a 4” insulation layer, and a reinforced pigmented mortar finishing layer in the same white palette as the first, second, and third floor walls.

The building will include passive systems to take advantage of the agreeable weather in Valencia, Spain. On the first level of the building complex, all of the public areas such as the retail, auditorium, and management spaces will be recessed to provide shading from unwanted heat gain. In the public courtyard areas, the glass screen stretches across the north and south sides of the respective courtyards to provide relief from the sun for the inhabitants of these spaces while allowing for views of the sky directly above. On the second and third levels of the building complex, the window walls and north-facing skylights will allow the residential inhabitants to control the airflow moving through their respective apartments, moving any stagnant or hot air from the apartment and out through the skylight openings.

INTERIOR ARCHITECTURE - ORGANIZING CONCEPTS AND SPATIAL DRIVERS The spatial experience of the building complex is inspired by the surrounding lands and features in the immediate area. Additionally, the design is also driven by the thought given to the building occupants themselves as well as non-users who simply pass by the building complex. The building itself is meant to engage all of those who lay their eyes on the building, but not be overbearing in this fact.

Pertaining to the site conditions around the building complex; the revised masterplan of the Poblats Maritims area is to include a new green space/ park addition that will be located directly north of the building complex and its respective site. On the building complex site itself, the southern portion will be dedicated to green space and a renovated Cabanyal Horta garden area. The resulting separation of these two major green spaces create a condition in which the two spaces want to be connected, if not physically, then visually. With this driving need for connection, the building’s courtyards were added to allow the building users to enjoy the resulting views of the green spaces. Additionally, the walls of the first floor of the building itself were oriented and constructed to give way to the views of the northern and southern green spaces. Concrete loadbearing walls were constructed in a north-south fashion, allowing for a system of win dow walls to fill in the structure and give the occupants views into and out from the building as well as through the building itself. This design decision, and the idea to pull back the exterior walls from the overhead slab and glass brick screen of the second level, also lends to the idea that the second and third levels of the building are floating above the landscape, supported only by a delicate window wall on the ground level.

On the second and third levels of the building complex, the need for privacy in the residential units outweighed the need for sight lines and connection.

As a result, the enveloping glass block screen was added to give the residential occupants privacy from the prying eyes of the public in the spaces below. In an effort to give back to the driving concept of sight lines, openings respective to the layout of the residential units were added to allow the inhabitants to view the green spaces and surrounding environment on either side of the building complex.

In addition to ‘connection’ as a major design driver, a datum running the length of the building from the eastern edge to the western edge was included along the ground level as well as the second and third levels. The idea of this is to give access to the building occupants. With the northeastern and eastern edges of the building complex being projected as the major entry point for visitors to the building, the program functions on this eastern elevation act as a point of interest and liveliness to draw in new visitors and building occupants alike. From this point, the visitors find the datum that serves

145 to guide them down the length of the building as they explore the various shops and cafes that the building complex has to offer. Along this datum, the courtyard spaces of the building branch off in northern and southern directions, giving visitors unobstructed views to the parks and green spaces on either side of the building.

The hallway along the second level serves a similar function to the one directly below it, acting as a datum and providing access to the residential units. Residential occupants of the building are to access the complex via a major stairwell and accompanying elevator, delivering them to the second level datum along which the residential units are aligned to. Along this major datum/hallway, fire stairs are included to give residents emergency egress access. Within the units themselves, datums and regulating lines are included to create order. From the main door of each unit is a main datum allowing for movement to the adjacent spaces that branch off from it. This datum runs to the opposing door and related glass window wall that then gives access to the private patio space that is shaded by the glass brick screen. Along the left wall of each apartment is a regulating line that is composed of the kitchen area as well as the stairway that leads to the bedrooms on the third level. From this regulating element, the adjacent rooms and spaces also branch off. Flooring inside the apartment units is to comprise of hard wood while the patio spaces will feature concrete and the appropriate insulation detailing under said concrete surface. On the first level of the building complex, flooring is to comprise majorly of concrete in the auditorium, cafe , and retail spaces, while the management and restaurant spaces are to feature hard wood floors.

The construction and design of the Synergy Plaza complex is intended to reinvigorate the district as a whole. As the site stands in almost the exact cen-ter of the Poblats Maritims, it can act as the starting point from which economic prosperity and a new sense of life can emanate. With the inclusion of a new masterplan, expanded and reinvigorated green spaces, the integration of the existing Cabanyal Horta into the Synergy Plaza complex, an auditorium for community-centered events and learning opportunities, and retail points of interest for residents and visitors alike, Synergy Plaza aims to create a lasting attraction that will drive change. With the successful implementation of the Synergy Plaza complex, the Poblats Maritims district and its surrounding areas will effectively be reanimated.

146

ARRIVAL NORTHEAST VIEW

147

148

GROUND LEVEL PLAN BUILDING ANATOMY A first floor plan depicting the retail, management, cafes, and auditorium spaces.

BUILDING ANATOMY A first floor plan depicting the retail, management, cafes, auditorium, and residential spaces shown as zones.

LEGEND AUDITORIUM

MANAGEMENT

RESIDENTIAL

RETAIL

149

GROUND LEVEL PLAN

150

SECOND LEVEL PLAN BUILDING ANATOMY A second floor plan depicting the different residential units.

BUILDING ANATOMY A second ï¬&#x201A;oor plan depicting the residential units as zones/massing.

LEGEND RESIDENTIAL

151

SECOND LEVEL PLAN

152

THIRD LEVEL PLAN BUILDING ANATOMY A third floor plan depicting the different residential units.

BUILDING ANATOMY A third ï¬&#x201A;oor plan depicting the residential units as zones/massing.

LEGEND RESIDENTIAL

153

THIRD LEVEL PLAN

154

UNITS BUILDING ANATOMY A third floor plan depicting the differentiation between residential units.

LEGEND STUDIO/ADA ACCESSIBLE APARTMENT ONE-BEDROOM APARTMENT

TWO-BEDROOM APARTMENT

THREE-BEDROOM APARTMENT

BUILDING ANATOMY 1 Floor plan of studio/ADA accessible apartment.

2 Floor plan of one-bedroom apartment.

3 Floor plan of two-bedroom apartment.

4 Floor plan of three-bedroom apartment.

155

UNITS

156

EXPERIENCE TWO-BEROOM APARTMENT LIVING SPACE

157

158

EXPERIENCE THREE-BEROOM APARTMENT LIVING SPACE

159

160

ARRIVAL SOUTHEAST VIEW

161

162

SITE BUILDING ANATOMY A plan depicting the surrounding landscaping and spaces around the Synergy Plaza Complex.

A reinvigorated plan of Cabanyal Horta, an existing community garden on this site, is located centrally to the proposed building and the existing row of historic houses.

With the implementation of scattered planters for growing crops and other such organics, visitors to the complex will we encouraged to interact with and get involved with the community and its garden.

BUILDING ANATOMY A ground level plan shown as it interacts with the surrounding landscaping.

Landscaping of the site is intended to join with the courtyard spaces and connect the spaces to the landscape beyond.

163

SITE

164

EXPERIENCE SOUTHERN COURTYARD SPACES FLANKED BY RESTAURANT AND RETIAL SPACES

165

166

SECTION BUILDING ANATOMY A section depicting the auditorium and management spaces with residential units located above.

167

SECTION BUILDING ANATOMY A section depicting retail spaces residential units located above.

with

168

SECTION BUILDING ANATOMY A section looking west. The section shows the stacking of spaces with the retail and other public spaces located on the ground ï¬&#x201A;oor with residential apartments located above.

BUILDING ANATOMY First and second level structure is comprised of poured concrete load-bearing walls with enclosing window wall systems.

The roof is also comprised of poured concrete with white reinforced pigmented mortar.

Finishing oďŹ&#x20AC; the building complex, the glass brick screen system y wraps p around the entiretyy of the building. ng.

169

STRUCTURE

170

FACADE BUILDING ANATOMY Section elevations depicting the materiality of the building, including the poured concrete walls, window wall systems, and glass block screen system.

BUILDING ANATOMY An enlarged section depicting the wall and screen systems.

171

FACADE SECTION

172

FACADE SECTION BUILDING ANATOMY An enlarged section depicting the wall and screen systems.

BUILDING ANATOMY An enlarged section depicting the wall and screen systems.

173

FACADE SECTION

174

EXPERIENCE COURTYARD AND CAFE VIEWS

175

176

EXPERIENCE AUDITORIUM SPACE

177

178

EXPERIENCE NORTH VIEW

179

| MODEL

182

STUDY MODELS MODELING Study models from the start of the project.

Students were asked to have three diďŹ&#x20AC;ering concepts for a critique.

1 Model based on a unit-type system.

2 Model based on the varying dimensions of the historic row houses directly to the south.

MODELING The study model that was chosen for continued development.

The model was inï¬&#x201A;uenced by sculptural works and modeling ideas.

183

STUDY MODELS

184

PROGRESSION MODELING The progression of the project’s design over the course of five months and several critiques.

The newest design iteration appears on the left. Older iterations progress to the right.

MODELING A view of the building complex and surrounding site looking from the northwest direction.

185

CONCLUSION

186

CONCLUSION MODELING A view of the building complex looking from the northeast direction.

MODELING A view of the building complex and surrounding site looking from the southeast direction.

187

CONCLUSION

188

CONCLUSION MODELING A view of the building complex and surrounding site looking from the northeast direction.

MODELING A view of the building complex looking from the northeast direction.

189

CONCLUSION

190

CONCLUSION MODELING A view of the building complex looking from the northwest direction. The view details the raked roof and skylights of the building.

MODELING A view of the building complex and surrounding site looking from the southwest direction.

191

CONCLUSION

192

CONCLUSION MODELING A view of the building complex and surrounding site looking from the southeast direction.

MODELING The initial study model that was chosen for continued development and influenced the final design.

193

CONCLUSION

PART V|

| BIBLIOGRAPHY

196

BIBLIOGRAPHY SOURCES “Acequia de Rovella.” Tribunal de las Aguas de la Vega de Valencia - Rovella. Accessed September 2017. http://www.tribunaldelasaguas.org/es/rovella.

“Acequia de Rovella.” Los diccionarios y las enciclopedias sobre el Académico. Accessed September 2017. http://www.esacademic.com/dic.nsf/ eswiki/32688.

“Atarazanas.” Museos, monumentos y más cultura en Valencia. 2017. Accessed September 2017. http://www.museosymonumentosvalencia.com/ monumentos/atarazanas/.

“Ayuntamiento de Valencia.” Wikipedia. September 08, 2012. Accessed September 2017. https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayuntamiento_de_Valencia.

“Ayuntamiento de Valencia Plaza del Ayuntamiento.” AYUNTAMIENTO DE VALENCIA. Accessed September 2017. http://www.jdiezarnal.com/ valenciaayuntamiento.html.

Baker, Caroline Angus. “‘LA RIUÁ’ October 14, 1957: The Flood That Changed Valencia Forever.” Caroline Angus Baker. October 14, 2013. Accessed December 08, 2017. https://carolineangusbaker.com/2013/10/14/la-riua-october-14-1957-the-flood-that-changed-valencia-forever/.

Bakkensen, Laura A. “Estimating the Damages of Mediterranean Hurricanes.” Laura Bakkensen, University of Arizona, 2015, www.laurabakkensen.com/ wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Medicanes_11516.pdf.

Balensiya, Isabel. “La Almoina visigoda – los valencianos protocristianos.” CALLEJEANDO POR VALENCIA. January 01, 1970. Accessed December 08, 2017. http://callejeandoporvalencia.blogspot.com/2014/11/la-almoina-visigoda-los-valencianos.html.

“Barrios de Valencia Los poblados marítimos.” BARRIO LOS POBLADOS MARITIMOS. Accessed September 2017. http://www.jdiezarnal.com/ valenciabarrioslospobladosmaritimos.html.

“Baños del Almirante - Banys de L’Almirall.” LOS BAOS DEL ALMIRANTE. Accessed September 2017. http://www.jdiezarnal.com/valenciabanosalmirante. html.

Caceres, Maria del Mar Pino. “Trabajo Fin de Grado Grado en Ingenieria Civil. Estudio espacio-temporal del aforo del trafico motorizado y ciclista de la ciudad de Valencia.” 2017. https://idus.us.es/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11441/63712/TFG%20Mar%C3%ADa%20del%20Mar%20Pino%20C%C3%A1ceres. pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.

“CAMPANAR.NET.” Accessed December 8, 2017. http://www.bing.com/cr?IG=4E9D6D78D5A04A10AF3162DEA3085CF5&CID=1D861FAA1B5569AC2D FF14F81AFA6804&rd=1&h=FojcP1C9u7VTNzj8OHMlzrZDU69edzfB-GtAXawPNfg&v=1&r=http%3a%2f%2fcampanarlliure.blogspot.com%2ffeeds%2fpost s%2fdefault&p=DevEx,5035.1.

Carrasco, Óscar Navarro. “Hidrogeología urbana: Los ríos perdidos de de Valencia (II).” Aventuras geológicas en el Cuaternario | Blog de geología. March 29, 2016. Accessed September 2017. http://www.aventurasgeologicas.com/2016/03/hidrogeologia-urbana-los-rios-perdidos.html.

Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. “La Lonja de la Seda de Valencia.” UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 2017. Accessed September 2017. http://whc.unesco. org/en/list/782.

“City of Arts and Sciences Plan.” Google Search. Accessed December 08, 2017. https://www.google.com/search?q=valencia%2Bcity%2Bof%2Barts%2Ba nd%2Bsciences%2Bmap&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwil3JPD66zWAhXJsFQKHSS0CkUQ_AUICigB&biw=1366&bih=700#imgrc=J2vvDsc vBe4LpM:.

Collantine, Author Keith. “2011 European Grand Prix in pictures · F1 Fanatic.” F1 Fanatic. January 14, 2012. Accessed September 2017. https://www. f1fanatic.co.uk/2011/06/26/2011-european-grand-prix-pictures/.

Coronado, Rosario. “LA BICICLETA EN LA CIUDAD DE VALENCIA. .” June & july, 2016. http://roderic.uv.es/bitstream/handle/10550/59196/de%20 Madaria%2c%20B.%20%282016%29.%20La%20bicicleta%20en%20la%20ciudad%20de%20valencia.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.

Cortina, Rafa. “Valencia to host first global congress on image rights in the field of sport.” Sport IP Forum. June 15, 2017. Accessed September 2017. https:// www.sportipforum.com/valencia-host-first-global-congress-image-rights-field-sport/.

“Create a Pie Chart.” Create a Pie Chart, Free . Customize, download and easily share. Just enter the amounts, pick some colors/fonts, and we’ll take it from there! Accessed December 08, 2017. https://www.meta-chart.com/pie#/data.

Cullar, Jos. “Un mercado de historia - El edificio se ubica en el cor... | Comunidad Valenciana | EL MUNDO.” ELMUNDO. January 19, 2014. Accessed December 08, 2017. http://www.elmundo.es/album/comunidad-valenciana/2014/01/19/52daeb6ee2704e4f538b4579.html.

“Década 1910 — 125 Aniversario Grupo Aguas de Valencia.” 125 Aniversario Grupo Aguas de Valencia. Accessed December 08, 2017. http://125aniversario. aguasdevalencia.es/portfolio/noticias/decada-1910/.

197 “Década 1960 — 125 Aniversario Grupo Aguas de Valencia.” 125 Aniversario Grupo Aguas de Valencia. Accessed September 2017. http://125aniversario. aguasdevalencia.es/portfolio/noticias/decada-1960-2/.

“El Tribunal de las Aguas y las acequias valencianas.” El Tribunal de las Aguas y las acequias valencianas, October 2014, 1-24. Accessed September 2017. http://www.ceice.gva.es/documents/161634402/163458786/LlibretTRIBUNALcast.pdf/051d0668-526b-44ad-b2e4-60b9272988b4.

Enamora, Valencia. “Fotos Valencia Actual.” Valencia Enamora. Accessed September 2017. http://www.valenciaenamora.com/fotos-valencia-actual/.

Escudero, Borja de Madaria, “La Bicicleta en la Ciudad de Valencia. emergencias de una vieja cultura de movilidad”. 10 July, 2016.http://roderic.uv.es/ bitstream/handle/10550/59196/de%20Madaria%2c%20B.%20%282016%29.%20La%20bicicleta%20en%20la%20ciudad%20de%20valencia. pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.

“Espana Valencia.” Google Search. Accessed December 08, 2017. https://www.google.com/search?q=valencia%2Bspain%2Battractions%2Bmap&tbm =isch&tbs=rimg%3ACbM7mb-38E48IjieRNTioB1V5d1fXOK3yKe2rOLstdx5cZFYp_1-5zWHqtdQmktccVZGotHWd_1Q9yBglftPWXPLVbVSoSCZ5E1OKgHVX lETVJz07zStIjKhIJ3V9c4rfIp7YR6JpjKesvrRMqEgms4uy13HlxkREEqeNr2mW_1GioSCVin_17nNYeq1EVRh0Gr1C2AMKhIJ1CaS1xxVkagR2fwepOSOx-oqEgm0dZ39D3IGCREiIv15QEn68SoSCV-09Zc8tVtVEf3NaZYJfNjY&tbo=u&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwix1_Gg66zWAhWO-lQKHToPCJUQ9C8IHw&biw=1366&bih=65 1&dpr=1#imgrc=szuZv7fwTjzSSM:.

Ferrandiz, Gabriel. “SANITAT PUBLICA LA LISTA DEFINITIVA DE ADMITIDOS A LA OPE Y LOS EMPLAZAMIENTOS PARA EXAMINARSE.” Hoycomentamos.com.

May 20, 2013. Accessed September 2017. http://www.hoycomentamos.com/sanitat-publica-la-lista-definitiva-de-admitidos-a-la-oposicion-de-enfermeria-ylos-emplazamientos-para-examinarse/.

“Flickr Hive Mind.” The World’s Best Photos of americas and veles - Flickr Hive Mind. Accessed September 2017. https://hiveminer.com/Tags/ americas%2Cveles.

“Flickriver: Photos from Poblats Maritims, Valencia, Valencia, Spain.” Flickriver - A new way to view Flickr photos and more... 2007. Accessed September 2017. http://www.flickriver.com/places/Spain/Valencia/Valencia/Poblats Maritims/search/.

“Galería del Tossal.” Museos, monumentos y más cultura en Valencia. Accessed December 08, 2017. http://www.museosymonumentosvalencia.com/ monumentos/tossal/.

Geology.com. “Global Sea Level Rise Map.” Geology, Geology, 2017, geology.com/sea-level-rise/.

Harrison, Richard John, and Juan Vernet Ginés. “Castilian.” Encyclopædia Britannica. November 02, 2017. Accessed September 2017. https://www. britannica.com/place/Spain/Castilian#ref587903.

Hervas, Pep Crespo, Verdun, Ricardo Gade,. Bataller, Manuel Gomis, Pol, Gema Blasco, Pradas Juanjo Escuadero, Iglesias, Leo Mendez, Berenguer, Jose Sempere, Fabregat, Ana Alcon, “Estudio Preliminar de la Offerta y Demanda de Instalaciones y Programas Deportivos de la Cuidad de Valencia.” cienciadeporte.eweb.unex.es/congreso/04%20val/pdf/p24.pdf.

History of Valencia. Accessed September 2017. http://whc.unesco.org/archive/websites/valencia/us/city/pgs/cit.history.htm.

Houston, J.M. “Urban Geography of Valencia The Regional Development of a Huerta City.” Transactions and Papers (Institute of British Geographers). Pp 1935. JSTOR. 10.2307/621029. Accessed September 2017.

“Islamic Heritage Architecture 2016.” Wessex Institute. May 2016. Accessed September 2017. http://www.wessex.ac.uk/conferences/2016/islamicheritage-architecture-2016.

Jiménez, Pedro. “2016.” Infografia periodistica y diseño gráfico. January 01, 1970. Accessed December 08, 2017. http://infografia-pedrojimenez.blogspot. com/2016/.

“La València dels anys 30 obri nova etapa cultural als Banys de l’Almirall.” Diari la Veu. Accessed December 08, 2017. https://www.diarilaveu.com/ noticia/6828/la-valencia-dels-anys-30-obri-nova-etapa-cultural-als-banys-de-lalmirall.

“Lokoj: Ké bonika es València.” Pinterest. December 11, 2015. Accessed September 2017. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/384917099382270532/?lp= true.

Manu. “Exposición “Puntas de flecha” en las Atarazanas de Valencia.” Inicio. Accessed September 2017. http://www.therockpark.com/exposicion-puntasde-flecha-en-las-atarazanas-de-valencia/.

“Mercadona - Nuestra historia.” Mercadona.es. 2017. Accessed September 2017. https://www.mercadona.es/en/who-we-are/history.

198

BIBLIOGRAPHY SOURCES “Monasterio de San Vicente de LA Roqueta.” Valencia Historica. Accessed September 2017. http://www.valenciahistorica.es/monasterio-de-san-vicente-dela-roqueta/.

MURALLAS DE VALENCIA. Accessed September 2017. http://www.jdiezarnal.com/valenciamurallasvalencia.html.

“Muralla medieval de Valencia.” Wikiwand. Accessed December 08, 2017. http://www.wikiwand.com/es/Muralla_medieval_de_Valencia.

Murray, Steve. “F1 Canadian GP: Rubber, Rubber Everywhere.” The Lowdown. June 11, 2012. Accessed September 2017. https://lowdownblog. com/2012/06/11/f1-canadian-gp-rubber-rubber-everywhere/.

“MUSEO DE BELLAS ARTES DE VALENCIA.” Ayuntamiento de Valencia. Accessed September 2017. http://www.valencia.es/ayuntamiento/Infociudad_ accesible.nsf/vDocumentosWebListado/221AF5CE87436BECC12572C200240382?OpenDocument&bdOrigen=ayuntamiento%2Flaciudad.nsf.

“Museos, monumentos y más cultura en Valencia: REFUGIO ANTIAÉREO DE LA CALLE ALTA, ESQUINA CON LA CALLE RIPALDA.” Museos monumentos y ms cultura en Valencia RSS. Accessed December 08, 2017. http://www.museosymonumentosvalencia.com/en/refugioeng/.

“MUSLIM VALENCIA • 24/7 Valencia.” 24/7 Valencia. July 15, 2016. Accessed December 08, 2017. http://247valencia.com/muslim-valencia/.

Pascual. “Murallas de Valencia.” EsasCosas. November 13, 2015. Accessed September 2017. http://www.esascosas.com/murallas-de-valencia/.

Peri, El. “El parque comercial Estepark ya ha comercializado la mitad de sus espacios.” El Peri. July 09, 2017. Accessed December 08, 2017. http://www. elperiodicomediterraneo.com/noticias/castellon/parque-comercial-estepark-ya-ha-comercializado-mitad-sus-espacios_1091806.html.

“Plànols.” Maps. Accessed September 2017. https://www.uv.es/uvweb/college/en/directory/maps-1285973759558.html.

Planet, Lonely. “Baños del Almirante in Valencia, Spain.” Lonely Planet. Accessed September 2017. https://www.lonelyplanet.com/spain/valencia/ attractions/banos-del-almirante/a/poi-sig/424845/1004392.

Planet, Lonely. “Valencia travel.” Lonely Planet. Accessed September 2017. https://www.lonelyplanet.com/spain/valencia-and-murcia/valencia.

PLAZA, S.L. EDICIONES. “Los Baños del Almirante reabren con una exposición fotográfica sobre Valencia.” Valencia Plaza. Accessed December 08, 2017. http://epoca1.valenciaplaza.com/ver/112905/los-ba%C3%B1os-del-almirante-reabren-con-una-exposicion-fotografica-sobre-valencia.html.

Powell, Michael. “A City Under the City: L’Almoina.” Valencia For 91 Days. April 04, 2015. Accessed December 08, 2017. http://valencia.for91days.com/acity-under-the-city-lalmoina/.

“Proposed Valencia Street Circuit.” Google Search. Accessed December 08, 2017. https://www.google.com/search?biw=1366&bih=651&tbm=isch&sa= 1&q=formula%2B1%2Bmap%2Bvalencia&oq=formula%2B1%2Bmap%2Bvalencia&gs_l=psy-ab.3...106379.110589.0.111092.13.13.0.0.0.0.276.1344.8 j3j1.12.0....0...1.1.64.psy-ab..4.7.830...0j0i7i30k1j0i8i13i30k1j0i7i5i30k1j0i5i30k1j0i8i30k1j0i24k1.0.jQJZnuKzzis#imgrc=OxzAdSdSuE1ldM:.

Prytherch, David L. and Boira Maiques, Josep Vicent, “City Profile: Valencia” Cities, vol. 26, issue 2, April 2009, pp 103-115. ScienceDirect, doi; doi. org/10.1016/j.cities.2008.11.004.

PUERTO DE VALENCIA. Accessed September 2017. http://www.jdiezarnal.com/valenciapuertodevalencia.html.

Renau, Luis Del Romero, and Catherine Trudelle. “Mega Events and Urban Conflicts in Valencia, Spain: Contesting the New Urban Modernity.” Urban Studies Research. July 14, 2011. Accessed September 2017. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/usr/2011/587523/.

Rojas, Fernandez. “PHOTOS OF THE ANCIENT AND AMURALLED VALENCIA.” THE AIRPLANE. October 2012. Accessed September 2017. http://wwwcordobesa. blogspot.com/2012/10/fotos-de-la-valencia-antigua-y.html.

“Room 03The Wall Room DOUBLE.” Room 03 – The Wall Room | Caro Hotel 5* Valencia. Accessed December 08, 2017. https://www.carohotel.com/en/ habitacion/habitacion-03-la-habitacion-de-la-muralla/.

“Royal Marina (Sahil).” Google Search. Accessed December 08, 2017. https://www.google.com/search?q=valencia%2Broyal%2Bmarina%2Bmap&source= lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1-7_H66zWAhVqsFQKHY0hBoUQ_AUICygC&biw=1366&bih=700#imgrc=qVjop3q2ff9HtM:.

“SOTERRAMIENTOS FERROVIARIOS VALENCIA.” Multimedia. February 21, 2017. Accessed December 08, 2017. http://www.eib.org/projects/loan/ loan/20100328.

“SOTERRAMIENTOS FERROVIARIOS VALENCIA.” Multimedia. February 21, 2017. Accessed December 08, 2017. http://www.eib.org/projects/loan/ loan/20100328.

199 “Spain is culture.” Old Almudín Building: monuments in Valencia at Spain is culture. Accessed December 08, 2017. http://www.spainisculture.com/en/ monumentos/valencia/antiguo_edificio_almudin.html.

“St. Vincent of Saragossa, Deacon, first Martyr of Spain.” St. Vincent’s Cathedral. Accessed September 2017. http://www.stvincentscathedral.org/page/ st_vincent_of_saragossa_deacon_first_martyr_of_spain.

Surging Seas. “Surging Seas: Risk Zone Map.” Surging Seas, Climate Central, 2017, ss2.climatecentral.org/#13/39.4555/-0.3284?show=satellite&projec tions=0-RCP85-SLR&level=5&unit=feet&pois=hide.

The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. “Valencia.” Encyclopædia Britannica. May 10, 2017. Accessed September 2017. https://www.britannica.com/ place/Valencia-Spain.

“The Floods of Valencia.” Valencia International. October 01, 2014. Accessed September 2017. http://valencia-international.com/floods-valencia/.

“The Region of Valencia .” The region of Valencia - an independent visitor guide. Accessed December 08, 2017. https://about-spain.net/tourism/valenciancommunity.htm.

Tidmarsh, Marcus. “Saint Vincent.” Saint Vincent. Accessed September 2017. http://www.catholic-saints.info/patron-saints/saint-vincent.htm.

TURESPAÑA. “Tourism in Valencia, Spain | spain.info USA.” Spain Info. April 23, 2007. Accessed September 2017. http://www.spain.info/en_US/quequieres/ciudades-pueblos/grandes-ciudades/valencia.html.

“Un mercado de historia.” EL ALMUDIN. Accessed December 08, 2017. http://www.jdiezarnal.com/valenciaelalmudin.html.

Valencia, Ayuntamiento De. “Http://ljournal.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/d-2016-154.pdf.” Boletin Estadistico, 2016, 0-53. Accessed September 2017. doi:10.18411/d-2016-154.

“Valencia Congress Centre, Foster and Partners.” Google Search. Accessed December 08, 2017. https://www.google.com/search?q=valencia%2Bcongress %2Bcentre&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjlg7D0-6zWAhUL0GMKHWFqBpMQ_AUICygC&biw=1366&bih=651#imgrc=_.

“Valencia del mar.” Gmp Architekten von Gerkan, Marg und Partner. Accessed December 08, 2017. http://www.gmp-architekten.com/projects/valencia-delmar.html?tx_gmpprojects_pi1%5BuseFilter%5D=1&cHash=60ff846f8373509e664dc2a7cb0f2d7a.

“Valencia.” Valencia | FactMonster. 2012. Accessed September 2017. https://www.factmonster.com/encyclopedia/places/spain-portugal-italy-greece-andthe-balkans/spanish-and-portuguese-political-geography/valencia-city-spain.

“Valencia Metropolitan Project.” Fernando Salvador-Montoro. Accessed December 08, 2017. http://salvador-montoro.eu/valencia-metropolitan-project. html.

“Valencia Monuments Listing | Info about Valencia Monuments.” Information about LA LONJA (THE SILK EXCHANGE) in Valencia. 2017. Accessed September 2017. http://www.visitvalencia.com/en/what-to-visit-valencia/monuments/list-of-monuments/monument/7807.

“Valencia.” Valencia | FactMonster. 2012. Accessed September 2017. https://www.factmonster.com/encyclopedia/places/spain-portugal-italy-greece-andthe-balkans/spanish-and-portuguese-political-geography/valencia-region-spain.

“Valencia Tourism Official Site | Tourist Info in Valencia Spain.” Español. Accessed September 2017. http://www.visitvalencia.com/en/home.

“Visita por la Valencia Medieval.” PLUS ULTRA ILIÓN. November 20, 2016. Accessed December 08, 2017. https://plusultrailion.wordpress.com/2016/11/12/ valencia-medieval/.

1yachtua. “Local Mediterranean Winds.” Mediterranean Sailing, Cruising, Navigation. Mediterranean Winds., 1yachtua, 2000, www.1yachtua.com/Meditmarinas/Mediterranean_Sailing/mediterranean_winds.shtm.

“Spain Terrain.” Spain Terrain - Geography. Accessed December 08, 2017. https://www.indexmundi.com/spain/terrain.html.

“Europe/.” World Atlas - Maps, Geography, travel. April 07, 2017. Accessed December 08, 2017. http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/europe/ spain/esland.htm.

Orwell, Mark. “Information on the Terrain in Spain.” Information on the Terrain in Spain | Trails.com. Accessed December 08, 2017. https://www.trails.com/ facts_11966_information-terrain-spain.html.

“Geography of Spain.” Wikipedia. December 08, 2017. Accessed December 08, 2017. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Spain.

200

BIBLIOGRAPHY SOURCES Team, Maphill.com. “Physical 3D Map of Spain.” Maphill: Web’s Largest Map Gallery. Accessed December 08, 2017. http://www.maphill.com/spain/3dmaps/physical-map/.

“Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering.” Comparison of Standardized Reference Evapotranspiration Equations in Southern Spain | Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering | Vol 134, No 1. Accessed December 08, 2017. https:// ascelibrary.org/doi/full/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2008)134:1(1).

Zadinsky, Peter. “Mobility and Transport.” Mobility and Transport, European Commission, 19 Jan. 2016, ec.europa.eu/transport/modes/maritime/ports/ ports_en.

201