M.A.
MULTIFUNCTIONAL AGRICULTURE
PRODUCING GOODS ON THE PERI-URBAN TERRITORY
Master of Urban Planning | a.a.2012-2013 | Daniele Burrascano Valentina Cestari
The truth is that agriculture contrary to the values of the fi-
nancial markets, the defining force in our collective actions, is made for people by people; it tells the history of a place and its community, instead of imposing other, often biased, history. “JoĂ o Nunesâ€?
M.A.
MULTIFUNCTIONAL AGRICULTURE PRODUCING GOODS IN THE PERI-URBAN TERRITORY
M ASTER OF U RBAN P LANNING | A . A .2012-2013 | D ANIELE B URRASCANO V ALENTINA C ESTARI
MULTIFUNCTIONAL AGRICULTURE: PRODUCING GOODS ON THE PERI-URBAN TERRITORY The Municipality of Rome extends over 128.530,60 hectares (data provided by ISTAT, the national institute for Statistics), of which 37.034,87 hectares are attributable to Utilised Agricultural Area (UAA), according to the 6th General Census of Agriculture (2010). The Roman UAA composition is: • arable crops (24157.36 ha) • permanent grassland (80.77 ha) • agricultural woody crops (12716 ha) • family gardens (171.61 ha). The remaining agricultural area, that isn’t UAA, consists mainly of: • forests (70503.91 ha) • areas occupied by structures, roads, yards , etc. used for agricultural activities (5.629,77 ha) • abandoned plots or lands used for recreational purposes ( 3144.34 ha) • land used for the arboriculture Comparing the 6th General Census of Agriculture (2010) data with the 4th General Census of Agriculture (1990) ones, it is clear the agricultural land sharp decline. In fact, in 1990, the agricultural area was approximately 82.000 ha, of which 64.000 hectares of UAA , compared to the total 51.729 ha in 2000, of which about 37.000 ha oF UAA. Also all the data on main crops show a decidedly negative growth trend: arable figures decrease from 51.517 ha in 1990 to 2. 971 hectares in 2000, while the permanent grassland from 8.864 to 5.227 ha. Finally, It’s interesting to observe that even the agricultural lands not included in the UAA, such as forests, have been eroded, passing from 11.176 ha in 1990 to 9.726 ha in 2000 and to 5629.77 in 2010.
FARMING BUSINESS From 1990 to 2000, in addition to a strong reduction of agricultural land, a drastic reduction in the number of farms operating in the city of Rome has occurred. In fact, in 1990 these farms were 5.139 and then in 2010 they have been reduced to 1.903 (data from 4th and 6th ISTAT General Census of Agriculture). Despite of this decrease, the percentage of agricultural land occupied by direct conduit company (in most of the cases they were family business) has been unchanged: 24,4%. In the 6th ISTAT General Census of Agriculture, after the family business, in according to agricultural land size occupied, there are the companies with employees, those with other conduction types and just one colonia parziaria of complete holdings. AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT Agriculture is strictly connected to environment because of a deep and long evolution between man and nature, between natural resources and modern society. Agriculture during the years has improved not only the human conditions but has transformed the whole ecosystems.Before the industrial revolution, this transformation was very slow and on small scale leaving to nature its physical spaces , in order to be able to regenerate and to develop important functions such as the production of oxygen, food and other important resources.Modernization brought to a production on a large scale and this fact increased the employment of chemical substances, highly dangerous for the human health. FOOD FOR THE CITIES According to the last data of ISTAT, the population of Rome is about 2.761.477 ( official residents) but to this number we must add all the people (no residents) that come to work, to study and foreign people working for Religious congregations, international organization and multiethnic immigrants, and of course a lot of tourists. Agriculture plays an important role to satisfy the primary needs of this population having a multifunctional synergy, in order to manage this different ways of cultural alimentation. To give an example, the CAR (Centro Agroalimentare Romano) commercializes every year 7.5 million quintal of market gardening products to be distributed in the Roma area involving about 7.000 workers, a 25% of this products comes directly from Agro Romano and the Lazio Region, and it’s important to underline the will to maintain the agricultural economic of the Lazio area.
MULTIFUNCTIONAL AGRICULTURE Following the national policy, linked to the EU directives, that aims to the active protection of the open territory next to the periurban areas the sustainability of the urban development is a strategic factor to qualify the settlement according to environment, landscape, culture and also market gardening . The inhabitants having this awareness ask for a new development of culture and identity linked to the open territory, through new opportunities and services to recuperate not only new possibility of use ( pedestrian and cycle paths, sites for relax for didactis) but also alimentary goods typical, safe and with a clear traceability in their production and so to restore a new “short filiera” between production and use. A rural presidium has a fundamental role to maintain “in care” large parts of the territory in order to prevent environmental risks: hydrogeological, hydraulics, atmospheric, climatic owed to increasing pressure of urbanization so we can see how we can attribute a legitimate multifunctional role that goes over the mere alimentary production according to the “productivistic” models and points out the function of “public goods” extra-market. So it’s fundamental in this prospective, reinforced also from the recent agricultural comunitary reform, to orientate the tools and the governmental policies to a municipal scale and to recuperate and sustain an innovative and vital presence of the rural presidium in the open residual territory, trying to recuperate all that the inappropriate forms of urbanization and “rural industrialization” have compromised.
TODAY
FUTURE CASE
serve STIMULATE
KNOW the resources of the
the desire to re-appropriation of space
territory
SUSTAIN new action
REACTIVATE new action
DISCOVER spaces of opportunity
BUILD a creative and sustainable ecological community
THE IDEA OF AN ADVANCED AGRICULTURAL PARK Our master thesis considers an area of IX Municipality of about 60 ha in Rome, which includes now abandoned an rural area. This area is included between two new projects as expected from PRG, Colle delle Gensole down side, and Prato Smeraldo, that once realized will comprehend 4500 new inhabitants. We wondered about the future of this area, and after a deeply analysis we realized that this will be again productive and will become a real public space of the new districts. The green belt doesn't mean that the area will be only agricultural, but it will be reactivated and organised in an innovative way. The research emphasizes that in Italy there is a costant loss of soils guaranteing foods. Italy now produces foods for 3,5 person on 5. The food is, and will ever be one of the most important problems of the future and so we believe that is very important to move on a partial self-sufficiency way. Agriculture now is one of the most important source to have a glocal development bringing to a positive trend. To understand this trend we analyzed several concepts about annual food consumption and production.
ISTAT DATA
MILK PRODUCTS
EGGS
FATS
LEGUMES
FRUITS
VEGETABLES
CEREALS
MEAT
DAILY CONSUMPTION OF FOOD IN ITALY
ISTAT DATA
PASTA
FRUIT
RICE
POTATOS
EGG
VEGETABLES
BREAD
CEREALS
MILK
TEA AND COFFE
MILK PRODUCTS
MEAT
TON for HECTARE
RURAL SOIL NECESSARY FOR THE PRODUCTION OF FOOD
GRAMS
RURAL SOIL REQUIRED FOR ANNUAL DIET OF A PERSON WITH PREPONDERANCE OF MEAT AND ANIMAL FATS
HECTARE
DATA CORNELL UNIVERSITY, ITHACA, NY (USA)
GRAMS
RURAL SOIL REQUIRED FOR ANNUAL THE DIET OF PERSON WITH PREPONDERANCE OF VEGETABLES AND VEGETABLE FATS
HECTARE
AGRISTAT DATA
Meat, bread, pasta an milk, eggs and cheese, represent the greater share of alimentary expense of Italian families. The share of the most expensive and luxury goods has decreased.: fish, olive oil (evo) and drinks. On the contrary, the share of the less expensive goods such as pasta, bread and eggs has increased. The share of the vegetables has registered a general escalation. The share of fruits registered a general reduction with important effects of resetting. From the schedules we can note that the consumption of rural soil is tied to the diet. If we consider that the maximum daily consumption is 400gr, we have that: 400 gr of meat= 1 have a rural soil 400 gr of vegetables= 0.2 have a rural soil. Once visualized the numbers about the consumption and production we calculated the rural soil necessary to satisfy annual diet of a roman citizen. We consider the data of four categories of foods; cereals, fruits, vegetables, vegetable fats: (olive oil). CEREALS: 23400 Cultivated ha 578700 quintal (total production) 104,974 Kg (annual consumption) FRUIT: 5125 cultivated ha 524674 quintal (total production) 93,8 kg annual consumption VEGETABLE: 5588 cultivated ha 1975560 quintal (total production) 110,121 kg annual consumption VEGETABLE FAT: 24010 cultivated ha 90000 quintal (total production) 14,6 kg annual consumption
Through the equation: Apercap=S Qi x Li /Yi Where Apercap: soil pro.-capite Q: annual consumption I: type of vegetable/ fruits L: factor of conversion to calculate the quantities lost during the processing , Y :( quantity of annual harvesting) we established the quantity of rural soil necessary to satisfy the annual diet of Roman citizen, that is equal to 0,09 ha. The area destined to food are so divided: • CEREALS: 0,042 ha • ORTAGGI: 0,03 ha • FRUIT: 0,09 ha • VEGETABLE FAT: 0,038 ha
So a citizen needs 424 mq of soil per cereals, 390 mq olive trees, a vegetables garden of 30mq and 91mq of orchard. We can note from these results that cereals occupy more than half of the soil necessary to the survival of one person.
AGRISTAT DATA
FRUITS
VEGETABLES
VEGETABLE FATS
CEREALS
HECTARE FOR PERSON TO YEAR
RURAL SOIL REQUIRED FOR ANNUAL DIET MEAT OF ONE PERSON. THE CASE OF ROME
According to these results we calculated the quantity of rural soil necessary to the survival of the two new districts included in the PRG: Cecchignola Nord and Colle delle Gensole, basing on a mainly vegetarian diet with the use of vegetal fats. The result was that our area of intervention is great enough to be able to produce the diet of the new 4500 inhabitants. Quantity of rural soil necessary to the survival of 4500 people: VEGETABLE AREA: 14 ha FRUIT AREA: 41 ha VEGETABLE FATS AREA: 175,5 ha CEREALS AREA: 190,8 ha
CEREALS
VEGETABLES FATS
FRUITS
VEGETABLES
HECTARE FOR YEAR
RURAL SOIL REQUIRED TO MAINTENANCE OF THE TWO NEW DISTRICTS
NECESSARY PRODUCTIONOF OFCEREALS CEREALS AREAAREA NECESSARY FORFOR THETHE PRODUCTION
AREA NECESSARY FOR THE PRODUCTION OF FRUITS
AREA NECESSARY FOR THE PRODUCTION OF FRUITS
AREA NECESSARY FOR THE OF VEGETABLE FATS AREA NECESSARY FORPRODUCTION THE PRODUCTION OF VEGETABLE FATS
AREA NECESSARY FOR THE PRODUCTION OF VEGETABLES
AREA NECESSARY FOR THE PRODUCTION OF VEGETABLES
MULTIFUNCTIONAL AGRICULTURE
M.A.
MULTIFUNCTIONAL AGRICULTURE
COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE THE PARK IS COMPOSED BY SUPER IMPOSITION OF LAYER THAT JOINING CREATE A MULTIFUNCTIONAL SPACE THE PARK IS COMPESED BY SUPER IMPOSITION OF LAYER THAT JOINING CREATE A MULTIFUNCTIONAL SPACE
NOWADAYS AREA DESOLATE WITH DAIRY FARM
DIVIDE AREA FOLLOWING THE RURAL FABRIC
ALLOCATE SMALL BUILDINGS THAT INCLUDE A DIFFERENT FUNCTION
INTEGRATE SOME PATHS
DESIGN SOME PRINCIPAL BUILDINGS
COMPATIBLE SYSTEM WITH ITS FORM AND DIMENSION
DIAGRAM OF THE AGRICULTURAL LAND THE TARGET OF OUR PROJECT IS TO CREATE HARMONIC RELATIONSHIPS OF SCALE TO HAVE RECOGNIZABLE FIGURES AND FORMS, DURABLE MEANINGS AND BEATIFUL SPACES. THE LISTENING OF THE RITHMES AND FORMS OF NATURE : THE CITY COMES OUT IN THE COUNTRY, AND THE COUNTRY COMES IN THE URBAN FABRIC ( THE SIGNS ON THE SOIL, WATER, EARTH, VEGETABLE GARDENS, SPACES,CLODS) SO CONTAMINATING POSITIVELY THE BUILT FROM THE EDGE TO THE INTERNAL AND VICEVERSA. -WORK FOR THE MINIMUM GESTURES (PIXEL) THROUGH UNIT OF GENERATION OF THE ELEMENTARY SPACES: ARCHITECTURE AND NATURAL ELEMENT, INTEGRATED ARE THOUGHT AS MINIMAL ELEMENTS OF LANDSCAPE OCCUPATION
STRUCTURE MULTIFUNCTIONAL AGRICULTURAL LAND 20 ha ORCHARD 42 ha
FLOWER 5 ha FIELD 3 ha
PERIODICITY OF THE FARMING
AUTUMN
WINTER
KIWI
KUMQUAT TANGERINE
BLUEBERRIES PERSIMMON
PEAR
POMEGRANATE
LIMON GRAPEFRUIT
PEAR
SPRING SUMMER
PLUM TREE GRAPES STRAWBERRY CHERRIES
APPLE FIG GRAPES APRICOT WATERNELON PLUM
EVERY YEAR
PEACH
CEDAR APPLE
RIBES
PEAR
AUTUMN
WINTER
BROCCOLI CAULIFLOWER CABBAGE
CARROT CHICORY LEEK TURNIP
RADISH PUMPKIN SAVOY CABBAGE
SPRING ARTICHOKE
SUMMER
ASPARAGUS
PEPPER EGGPLANT TOMATO CUCUMBERS
EVERY YEAR CHARD CABBAGE SALAD POTATOES SPINACH CHICORY TOMATE
FENNEL ZUCCHINI GREEN BEANS BROAD BEAN ONION POTATOES
AUTUMN PARSLEY SAGE CARDAMOMO
SPRING
SUMMER
ANISE BASIL
OREGANO
MINT
MAJORAM CURCUMA LAVENDER
EVERY YEAR BAY TREE CAPERS FENNEL ROSEMARY PARSLEY
CUMIN CHAMOMILE SAGE CORIANDER THYME
BIBLIOGRAPHY - (a cura di) Christian J. Peters 1, *, Jennifer L. Wilkins 2 , and Gary W. Fick Bradfield Hall, -“Testing a complete-diet model for estimating the land resource requirements of food consumption and agricultural carrying capacity: The New York State example” Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. - (a cura di)Emily S Cassidy, Paul C West, James S Gerber and Jonathan A Foley “ Redefining agricultural yields: from tonnes to people nourished per hectare “ , Institute on the Environment (IonE), University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA. -(a cura di) Matteo Agnoletto e Marco Guerzoni, “La campagna necessaria. Un’agenda di intervento dopo l’esplosione urbana”, Quodlibet Studio Citta e Paesaggio, pp. 227, Bologna 2012 Sitography: -www.istat.it -www.agristat.it -www.faostat.com
Daniele Burrascano e-mail: danieleburrascano@gmail.com +31 (0)6 25 43 59 76 Valentina Cestari e-mail: valentinacestari@gmail.com +39 340 9042453 PORTFOLIO: http://issuu.com/valestari/docs/abstract_tesi_burrascano_cestari_in
MULTIFUNCTIONAL AGRICULTURE