Escritura
A Handwriting Typeface for Display and Text Use
DESIGNED BY RICARDO SANTOS
ESCRITURA A HANDWRITING TYPEFACE FOR DISPLAY AND TEXT USE
INTROD UCTIO N
The handwriting typeface Escritura was created for editorial purposes and the letter forms are influenced by chancery handwriting from the Italian Renaissance. The asymmetrical shapes of the undulating serifs cause the characters to have a large aperture. Originally designed for display sizes, the typeface also comes in a text variant for small sizes. PROPORT IO NS
With taller vertical proportions, the text version has slightly longer serifs and increased white space between the characters to optimize legibility in small sizes. Ascenders and descenders and serifs are shorter in the display version, which has more economical letter spacing resulting in a visually compact text image. The stress in the letter strokes create varying widths according to their direction, improving the calligraphic rhythm in the characters. The oblique crossbar as well as other typographic details lend the typeface that typical Renaissance atmosphere.
SERIF
WAVY
are
n
FORM
TERMINALS
CROSSBAR
STRESS
ROMAN STROKE
ITALIC STROKE
MODULATED
PEN FORM
OBLIQUE
OBLIQUE
INTERRUPTED
CONTINUOUS
ITA LIC
Even though they were designed to work harmoniously with each other, the italic is structurally different from the roman, especially in the lowercase. The letter forms are skewed at an angle of 10°, more condensed and narrower than their roman counterparts. Some of the capitals have distinctly different terminals such as the leg on the ‘K’ and ‘R’, to better match the lowercase characters. In contrast with the rounder, flowing shapes of the roman, the italic is energetic and vivacious, revealing the nature of the pen stroke in the in- and outgoing strokes. The old style figures are also different from the titling variants, with a crisp design that remains close to the lowercase forms, maintaining the same rhythm and formal connections. S WA SH LET T E R FO R M S
The italic has a second variant with swash capitals. The proportions of these capitals are more horizontal than the historical chancery models, due to the absence of descending strokes except in the capital ‘G’ and the stylistic alternate for the capital ‘Q’. FONT W EIGHTS
The five different weights (regular, medium, semi bold, bold and extra bold) of the Escritura family create a simple and dynamic visual typographic hierarchy. The heaviest and darkest style is the extra bold weight, with strokes that are twice the width of the regular. Going heavier than this value would distort the formal structure and general proportions of the typeface.
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ES C R I TU R A
CALLIGRAPHY TESTS AND LETTER CARVING EXPERIMENTS
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VANARCHI V
FORMAL MODULATION
Letterform modulation sketch drawing (2013).
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E SCRI TU RA
DESIGN DETAILS
GKRQTZ acgknrz 4.
1.
2.
2.
3.
9.
9.
7.
6.
5.
5.
← TYPEFACE PROPERTIES
5.
Style: Renaissance Intended Use: Editorial Optical Size: Text Stress: Oblique Serif: Wavy Width: Larger Contrast: Medium x-height: Modest Ascenders/Descenders: Long Terminals: Pen-formed Italic Angle: 10°
5.
10.
8.
1. Calligraphic spur on the capital [G]. 2. The capital [K] and [R] have a calligraphic leg. 3. The tail of the [Q] is pointed like in roman scripts. 4. Asymmetrical serifs on the arms of the [T]. 5. The serifs on the capital [Z] are stronger than the oblique stroke. 6. The finial of the lowercase [a] ends in a point, with no terminal form. 7. Calligraphic serif at the top of the [c].
8. Two-storey lowercase [g] (binocular form). 9. The shoulder on the lowercase [k] is rounder than on the [r]. 10. Asymmetrical serifs. 11. The serifs on the lowercase [z] are stronger than the oblique stroke.
CALLIGRAPHIC PROPORTIONS FINAL PROPORTIONS
�AHGághiþA� Original calligraphic proportions.
ROMAN AND ITALIC LETTERFORMS
HO njas 10˚
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ The capitals are more sloped than the lowercase forms, and the [K] and [R] have a different calligraphic leg in both versions.
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz The italic lowercase was designed independently from the roman.
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45˚
12˚
The different angles in the Italic letterforms.
VA N ARC H I V
TWO OPTICAL SIZES
AahpAahp
Ascender Cap Height x-Height
Baseline Descender
↑TEXT PROPORTIONS
↑DISPLAY PROPORTIONS
–Longer ascenders and descenders –Increased white space –More open serifs –Looser letterspacing and kerning optimized for small sizes
–Shorter ascenders and descenders –Less white space –Less open serifs –Tighter letterspacing and kerning optimized for display sizes
ESCRITURA-REGULAR (54 PT.)
Handgloves 1284 ESCRITURA DISPLAY-REGULAR (54 PT.)
Handgloves 1284 ESCRITURA-REGULAR (22 PT.)
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz ESCRITURA DISPLAY-REGULAR (22 PT.)
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
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E SCRI TURA
ESCRITURA DISPLAY-REGULAR 36 PT.
ABCDEFGHIJKLMN OPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmn opqrstuvwxyz abcdefghijklmn opqrstuvwxyz ??¿¿¿ !!¡¡¡”&&ªªºº’(())[][]|{}{}** ----.,:;‘‘’’‚““””„.…/\^_:;@@@ €€¢¢££¤¦§¬±¶««»» †‡©℗®™∆∏∑√µΩ№℃℉ 0123456789 0123456789 0123456789 0123456789 ¼½¾ fi fi fj ffj ffr fr fft ft ffy fy fk ffk fl ffl � fy ffyfr ffr fk ffk st tt Q Q & 1 1 ←↑→↓
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→ Escritura-Extra Bold
Escritura Display-Extra Bold →
→ Escritura-Extra Bold Italic
→ Escritura-Bold Italic
Escritura Display-Bold Italic →
→ Escritura-Bold
→ Escritura-Demi Bold Italic
→ Escritura-Medium Italic
Escritura Display-Medium Italic →
→ Escritura-Demi Bold
→ Escritura-Medium
Escritura Display Pro-Medium →
→ Escritura-Italic
Escritura Display-Italic →
Escritura Display-Extra Bold Italic →
Escritura Display-Bold →
Escritura Display-Demi Bold Italic →
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a Escritura Display-Demi Bold →
ESCRITURA DISPLAY →
→ Escritura-Regular
ESCRITURA TEXT →
Escritura Display-Regular →
WEIGHTS AND VERSIONS
VARIANTS
Roman → Italic → Swash Italic Aa
ROMAN
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
Aa
ITAL IC
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
LANGUAGES Afrikaans, Albanian, Asturian, Basque, Breton, Bosnian, Catalan, Cornish, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Esperanto, Estonian, Faroese, Finnish, French, Galician, German, Greenlandic, Guarani, Hawaiian, Hungarian, Ibo, Icelandic, Indonesian, Irish, Gaelic, Italian, Kurdish, Latin,
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Latvian, Lithuanian, Livonian, Malagasy, Maltese, Maori, Moldavian, Norwegian, Occitan, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Romansch, Saami, Samoan, Scots, Scottish Gaelic, Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish (Castillian), Swahili, Swedish, Tagalog, Turkish, Vietnamese, Walloon, Welsh and Wolo.
E SCRI TURA UPPERCASE
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ ÀÁÂÃÄÅĀĂĄǺȀȂẠẢẤẦẨẪẬẮẲẴẶḀÆǼḂḄḆĆĈĊČÇḈĎĐḊḌḎḐḒÈÉÊËĒĔĖĚĘẸẺẼẾỀỂỄỆĜĞĠĢḠĤ ĦḢḤḦḨḪÌÍÎÏĨĪĬİĮIJỊĴĶḰḲḴĹĻĽĿŁḶḸḺḼḾṀṂ�ŃŇÑŅṄṆṈṊṔṖÒÓÔÕÖŌŎŐØǾỌỎỒỔỖỘỚỜỞỠ ŒŔŘŖṘṚṜṞŚŜŠŞṠṢṤṦṨŤŢȚŦṪṬṮṰÙÙÚÚÛÛÜŨŬŮŰŲỤỦỨỪỬỮỰṲṴṶṸṺṼṾẀẂŴẄẆẈẊẌÝ ÝŸŶỶỸẎȲŹŻŽẐẒẔŊÞÐẞ LOWERCASE
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz àáâãäåąăāǻạảấầẩẫậắẳẵặȁȃḁæǽćĉčċçḉđđḋḍḏḑḓèéêëěēĕėęẹẻẽềểễệḕḗḙḛḝĝğġģǵḡĥħẖ�ìíîïĩīĭįıijỉịȉȋķĸĺļľłŀḷ ḹḻḽḿṁṃ�ńňñņʼnṅṇṉṋòóôõöŏōőøǿỏồổỗộởỡṍṏṑṓȍȏœṕṗŕŗřṙṛṝṟȑȓśŝšşṡṣṥṧṩßťţțŧẗṫṭṯṱùùúúûûüüŭůűųụủ ứừửṳṵṷȕȗṹṻṽṿẇẉẋẍýỳŷÿỷỹẏẙźžżẕẓẑþð SMALL CAPS
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz ÀÁÂÃÄĂĄÅ�������ÆǼ����ĆĈĊČÇ�ĎĐ�����ÈÉÊËĒĔĖĘĚ �������ĜĞĠĢ��ĤĦ������ÌÍĨĪĬĮİıIJ��ĴÎÏ�����ĹĻĽĿŁ�������ŃŇŅʼnŅ����ÒÓÔÕÖŌŎŐØǾ�������� ��������������ŔŖŘ������ŚŜŜŞŠ�����ŤŢțŦ�����ÙÚÛÜŨŪŬŮŰŲ���������ẀẂŴẄ���ỲÝŶŸ�����Ź���ŻŽÞŊÐ TERMINAL FORM
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??¿¿¿ !!¡¡¡”&&ªªºº’(())[][]|{{}**+,----.,:;‘‘’’‚““””„.…/\^_:;@@@€€¢¢££¤¦§©¬®±µ¶««»»†‡ℓ℗™Ω abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz ```´´´ˆˆˆˇˇˇˇ˜˜˜¨¨¨¯¯¯˘˘˘˚˚˚˝˝˝˙˙˙¸˛ FIGURES
0123456789 0123456789 $€£¢¥%‰#¬0123456789 0123456789 $€£¢¥%‰#¬0123456789 $€£¥%‰# ¼½¾ 0123456789 0123456789 0123456789123456789 LIGATURES
Th ct f� f fb ffb fh ffh fi ffi fj ffj fk ffk f l ff l � ft fft fr ffr fy ffy � st tt STYLISTIC ALTERNATES
Q Q & 11
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VA N ARC H I V UPPERCASE
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ ÀÁÂÃÄÅĀĂĄǺȀȂẠẢẤẦẨẪẬẮẲẴẶḀÆǼḂḄḆĆĈĊČÇḈĎĐḊḌḎḐḒÈÉÊËĒĔĖĚĘẸẺẼẾỀỂỄỆĜĞĠĢḠĤĦ ḢḤḦḨḪÌÍÎÏĨĪĬİĮIJỊĴĶḰḲḴĹĻĽĿŁḶḸḺḼḾṀṂ�ŃŇÑŅṄṆṈṊṔṖÒÓÔÕÖŌŎŐØǾỌỎỒỔỖỘỚỜỞỠŒŔŘŖ ṘṚṜṞŚŜŠŞṠṢṤṦṨŤŢȚŦṪṬṮṰÙÙÚÚÛÛÜŨŬŮŰŲỤỦỨỪỬỮỰṲṴṶṸṺṼṾẀẂŴẄẆẈẊẌÝÝŸŶỶỸẎ ȲŹŻŽẐẒẔŊÞÐẞ LOWERCASE
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz àáâãäåąăāǻạảấầẩẫậắẳẵặḁæǽćĉčċçḉđđḋḍḏḑḓèéêëěēĕėęẹẻẽềểễệḕḗḙḛḝĝğġģǵḡĥħẖ�ìíîïĩīĭįıijỉịķĸĺļľłŀḷḹḻḽḿṁṃ�ńňñņʼnṅṇṉṋ òóôõöŏōőøǿỏồổỗộởỡṍṏṑṓœṕṗŕŗřṙṛṝṟśŝšşṡṣṥṧṩßťţțŧẗṫṭṯṱùùúúûûüüŭůűųụủứừửṳṵṷṹṻṽṿẇẉẋẍýỳŷÿỷỹẏẙźžżẕẓẑþð SMALL CAPS
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz ÀÁÂÃÄĂĄÅ�������ÆǼ����ĆĈĊČÇ�ĎĐ�����ÈÉÊËĒĔĖĘĚ �������ĜĞĠĢ��ĤĦ������ÌÍĨĪĬĮİıIJ��ĴÎÏ�����ĹĻĽĿŁ�������ŃŇŅʼnŅ����ÒÓÔÕÖŌŎŐØǾ��������� �������������ŔŖŘ������ŚŜŜŞŠ�����ŤŢțŦ�����ÙÚÛÜŨŪŬŮŰŲ���������ẀẂŴẄ���ỲÝŶŸ�����Ź���ŻŽÞŊÐ SWASH CAPITALS
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ ÀÁÂÃÄÅǺ������������������ÆǼ����ĆĈĊČÇ�����ÐÈÉÊËĒĔĖĘĚ ����������������ĜĞĠĢ��ĤĦ������ÌÍÎÏĨĪĬĮIJ������ĴĶ���ĹĻĽŁĿ��� �ŃŅŇÑ��������ÒÓÔÕÖŌŎŐØǾ�����������������������Œ��ŔŖ Ř������ŚŜŞȘŠ�����ÙÚÛÜŨŪŬŮŰŲ����������������� �Ț��ẀẂŴẄ��ỲỲŶŸ��������ŻŽ���ŊŢhŤhŦh TERMINAL FORM
aàáâãäāăąåǻ��������������������dďđ�����eèéêëēĕėęě������������f�gĝğ ġģ���hĥħ������iìíîïĩīĭįı�������������lĺļł�����m���nń�ņňʼnñ�����p��qrŕŗř��� ���tţțťŧ�����uùúûüũūŭůűų���������������v�w�ẁẃŵẅ���x��yỳýŷÿ��� �zźżž��� BASIC CHARACTERS
??¿¿¿ !!¡¡¡”&&ªªºº’(())[][]|{{}**+,----.,:;‘‘’’‚““””„.…/\^_:;@@@€€¢¢££¤¦§©¬®±µ¶««»»†‡ℓ℗™Ω abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz ```´´´ˆˆˆˇˇˇˇ˜˜˜¨¨¨¯¯¯˘˘˘˚˚˚˝˝˝˙˙˙¸˛ FIGURES
0123456789 0123456789 $€£¢¥%‰#¬ 0123456789 0123456789 $€£¢¥%‰#¬ 0123456789 $€£¥%‰# ¼½¾ 0123456789 0123456789 0123456789123456789 LIGATURES
Th ct f� f fb ffb fh ffh fi fi fj ffjfk ffk f l ffl � ft fft fy ffy fr ffr fk ffk � st tt STYLISTIC ALTERNATES
Q Q & 11 12
E SCRI TURA
OPENTYPE FEATURES
Aa
AAa
CASE-SENSITIVE FORMS DISCRETIONARY LIGATURES DENOMINATORS TERMINAL FORMS HISTORICAL FORMS STANDARD LIGATURES LINING FIGURES NUMERATORS OLD STYLE FIGURES PROPORTIONAL FIGURES STYLISTIC ALTERNATES SMALL CAPS SUPERSCRIPT TABULAR FIGURES SLASHED ZERO
CASE-SENSITIVE FORMS DISCRETIONARY LIGATURES DENOMINATORS TERMINAL FORMS HISTORICAL FORMS STANDARD LIGATURES LINING FIGURES NUMERATORS OLD STYLE FIGURES PROPORTIONAL FIGURES STYLISTIC ALTERNATES SMALL CAPS SUPERSCRIPT TABULAR FIGURES SLASHED ZERO SWASH
↑ ROMAN VERSION
↑ ITALIC VERSION
STY L I S TI C ALTE R N AT ES
QUINTAL → QUINTAL QUINTAL → QUINTAL O L D S TY L E F I G U R E S
0123456789 → 0123456789 0123456789 → 0123456789 STAN DAR D L I GATUR ES
finalmente → finalmente finalmente → finalmente D I S C R E TI O N ARY L I GAT URES
Letterforms → Letterforms Letterforms → Letterforms T E R M I N AL FO R M S
Ocean → Ocean Ocean → Ocean SM AL L CAP S
Typography → Typography Typography → Typography SU P E R S C R I P T
1520 km2 → 1520 km2 SL AS H E D Z E RO
0878902300 → 0878902300 SWAS H
MAPS → MAPS Humanist → Humanist
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VA N ARC H I V
SWASH ITALIC
Archipelagos ***
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQ RSTUVWXYZ The Escritura family includes italic swash capitals with a few variations on descending strokes and terminals.
ÀÁÂÃÄÅǺ�������������� ��ÆǼ����ĆĈĊČÇ����ÐÈÉÊËĒĔĖĘ Ě����������������ĜĞĠ��ĤĦ����� �ÌÍÎÏĨĪĬĮIJ������ĴĶ���ĹĻĽŁ Ŀ����ŃŇÑ��������ÒÓÔ ÖŌŎØǾ���������������������� �Œ��ŔŖŘ������ŚŜŞȘŠ�����ÙÛ ÜŨŪŬŮŰŲ���������� ��������Ț��ẀẂŴẄ�Ỳ ỲŶŸ��������ŻŽ���Ŋ Amsterdam Barcelona Berlin Dublin Düsseldorf Frankfurt 14
Hamburg Istanbul Kiev Lisbon London Madrid
Milan Moscow Munich Napoli Oslo Paris
Porto Roma Sofia Warsaw Vienna Zurich
TEXT AND DISPLAY SWASH ITALIC
Scriptorium
Vattenvågor är ytvågor i det översta lagret
ZONA OESTE Spolu se Vzduchem, Resp. Zemskou Atmosférou Tvoří Základní
Coral Vermelho
Yanıcı Olmadığı Gibi Söndürücü Özelliği Vardır
Historia de la Escritura Este tipo de corrente costuma adentrar sob as águas mais aquecidas de procedência tropical
Temperaturenhederne Djúpsjávarstraumur er hafstraumur á dýpi neðar en 100 m
WASSERDAMPF Este tipo de corrente costuma adentrar sob as águas mais aquecidas de procedência tropical
Venti Oceanici Occidentali About 10% of the water in the world ocean is involved in surface currents
VA N ARC H I V
Aa Aa
ESC RI TURA-REGULA R/ITA LIC 12 PT.
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
Aa Aa
ESC RI TURA-ME DIUM/ME DIUM ITA LIC 12 PT.
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
Aa Aa
ESC RI TURA-D E MI BO LD/DE MI BO LD ITA LIC 12 PT.
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
Aa Aa
ESC RI TURA-B OLD/BO LD ITA LIC 12 PT.
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
Aa Aa
ESC RI TURA-EXTRA BO LD/E XTRA BO LD ITA LIC 12 PT.
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
WATERFALL
The ocean principally comprises Earth’s hydrosphere and therefore is integral to all known life, forms part of the carbon cycle, and influences climate and weather patterns.
ROTEIRO DA VIAGEM It is the habitat of 230,000 known species, although much of the oceans depths remain unexplored, and over two million marine species are estimated to exist.
Phần biển khơi Tổng khối lượng của thủy quyển khoảng 1,4 × 1021 kilôgam, chiếm khoảng 0,023% khối lượng Trái Đất. Dưới 2% là nước ngọt; phần còn lại là nước mặn, chủ yếu trong các đại
JARÐARKNØTTINUM Gli oceani rivestono una grande importanza per la vita dell’uomo. Dalle acque oceaniche si ricavano infatti grandi quantità di alimenti (pesci, molluschi, crostacei, alghe).
Kontinentalskrænten Eine alternative Betrachtungsweise unterteilt die zwei größten Ozeane der Erde entsprechend ihrer Zugehörigkeit zur Nord- bzw.
Một trong những dạng thời tiết Er zijn 5 verschillende oceanen op de wereld: de Stille of Grote oceaan, de Atlantische oceaan, de Indische oceaan, de Noordelijke IJszee en de Zuidelijke IJszee; al die oceanen zijn met elkaar verbonden en vormen samen één grote massa zout water.
CANTIGA DO AMANHECER Se cree que el agua, por ser sustancia universal, está desde que el planeta se estaba formando y luego llegó en más cantidad desde el Cinturón de asteroides, y no de la Nube de Oort como antes se creía, ya que en esta última zona hay agua pesada y su presencia en la tierra es poco significativa.
Bei auga de l mar para ua çcusson detalhada
Monstrengo Diversidade geográfika ilha nian, funu rai laran entre povus, integrasaun sub-grupus ba grupus étniko-linguístikus seluseluk, hamosu diversidade kulturál no linguístika iha territóriu, ne’ebé ohin loron, susar tebetebes bele identifika no haketak ba territóriu, grupus étnikus ketaketak.
Mediterraneus
Túdu alguêm tâ nacê lívri í iguál nâ dignidádi cú nâ dirêtus. Ês ê dotádu cú razõ í cú «consciência», í ês devê agí pâ cumpanhêru cú sprítu dí fraternidádi.
Oceanen anderzijds
Mặc dù nói chung được công nhận như là các đại dương ‘tách biệt’, nhưng các vùng nước mặn này tạo thành một khối nước nối liền với nhau trên toàn cầu, thường được gọi chung là Đại dương thế giới hay đại dương toàn cầu.
Oceanski tokovi Kouran sifas Kouran sifas se yon mouvman ewolyen dlo oseyan ki afekte espesyalman kèk santèn mèt ki anwo oseyan an.
CORRENTE OCEÂNICA Arus lautan ialah pergerakan berterusan berarah air laut dijana oleh daya yang bertindak terhadap aliran min ini, seperti ombak pecah, angin, kesan Coriolis, cabbeling, perbezaan suhu dan kemasinan dan pasang surut disebabkan oleh tarikan gravtiasi Bulan dan Matahari.
MEERESSTRÖMUNGEN Zeestromen zijn continue bewegingen van het oceaanwater, voor het grootste deel veroorzaakt door de energie van de zon. Deze stromen vormen een complex en veranderlijk verschijnsel. Ze worden onderscheiden van de getijdestromen die een cyclisch karakter hebben.
Colunas de Hércules 18
ES C R I TU R A
[ SA M P LE T E X T ] regular → [ 9/11 p.t] – [ portuguese ]
medium italic → [ galician ]
demi bold swash → [ deutsch ]
O estudo dos oceanos da Terra é chamado oceanografia. As viagens na superfície do oceano com o uso de botes datam de tempos pré-históricos, mas só nos últimos tempos as explorações submarinas se tornaram possíveis e comuns. O ponto mais profundo do oceano são as Fossas Marianas, localizadas no oceano Pacífico, próximos às Ilhas Marianas, com uma profundidade máxima de 11.037 metros.
Aproximadamente unha media do 3,5 % do volume da auga, corresponde a substancias en disolución. Se hai moita evaporación, desaparece unha maior cantidade de auga, ficando as sustancias disoltas, co que aumenta a salinidade.
Eine alternative Betrachtungsweise unterteilt die zwei größten Ozeane der Erde entsprechend ihrer Zugehörigkeit zur Nord- bzw. Südhemisphäre in Nord- und Südatlantik sowie Nord- und Südpazifik und zählt den Indik, das Nordpolarmeer und das Südpolarmeer dazu. Soms wordt er ook gesproken over zeven oceanen, in dit geval zijn de Grote of Stille Oceaan en de Atlantische Oceaan ten hoogte van de evenaar verder onderverdeeld in een Noordelijk en Zuidelijk deel.
medium italic swash → [ italian ]
Se denomina océano a los grandes volúmenes de agua de la Tierra, los cuales poseen la mayor parte líquida del planeta. Hasta hace poco se pensaba que se habían formado hace unos 4000 millones de años, tras un periodo de intensa actividad volcánica, cuando la temperatura de la superficie del planeta se enfrió hasta permitir que el agua se encontrase en estado líquido.
La Terra vista dallo spazio appare come un “pianeta blu”: questo colore è dovuto alla presenza degli oceani che coprono la maggior parte della sua superficie (circa il 71%) ed in parte allo scattering di Rayleigh della componente blu della luce solare da parte dell’atmosfera terrestre. Gli oceani rappresentano quindi il tipo di ambiente più diffuso sul pianeta. Nonostante ciò, si conosce ancora poco su di essi e molto c’è ancora da scoprire sulle profondità oceaniche poiché si tratta di ambienti che l’uomo non ha mai colonizzato, né totalmente esplorato.
italic swash [ catalonia ]
demi bold → [ french ]
Geològicament, un oceà és una àrea de l’escorça terrestre coberta d’aigua, coneguda com a escorça oceànica. Aquesta escorça és la capa superior de basalt volcànic que cobreix el mantell terrestre i sobre la qual no hi ha cap continent. Des d’aquest punt de vista, només existeixen tres oceans: l’oceà global, la mar Càspia i la mar Negra. La mar Mediterrània és gairebé un oceà discret, connectat amb l’oceà global per mitjà de l’estret de Gibraltar i, de fet, durant algunes èpoques geològiques antigues, el moviment del continent africà va tancar l’estret i això separà la Mediterrània de l’oceà global.
Un océan est souvent défini, en géographie, comme une vaste étendue d’eau salée. En fait, il s’agit plutôt d’un volume, dont l’eau est en permanence renouvelée par des courants marins. Approximativement 70,7 % de la surface de la Terre est recouverte par l’océan mondial, communément divisé en cinq océans et en plusieurs dizaines de mers.
italic → [ 9/11 p.t] – [ spanish ]
medium → [ basque ]
Ozeanoa (grezierako okeanos izenetik eratorria) Lurrean urak betetzen duen eremua da. Lurreko azaleraren % 71 eta hidrosfera azaleraren % 97,2 betetzen du, eta batez beste 3000 metro inguruko sakonera du. Lurraren parte isurkarian, parte gotorrean bezala, hainbat eskualde bereiz daitezke zenbait irizpideren arabera.
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demi bold italic → [ english ]
The ocean principally comprises Earth’s hydrosphere and therefore is integral to all known life, forms part of the carbon cycle, and influences climate and weather patterns. It is the habitat of 230,000 known species, although much of the oceans depths remain unexplored, and over two million marine species are estimated to exist.
bold → [ ducht ]
Im allgemeinen Sprachgebrauch spricht man auch von nur drei Ozeanen: Atlantischer Ozean, Indischer Ozean und Pazifischer Ozean. Bei dieser Sichtweise wird der Arktische Ozean als Teil des Atlantiks angesehen und der Südliche Ozean, als dessen Abgrenzungen der 60. Breitengrad Süd definiert wurde, zu den drei zuerst genannten Ozeanen gezählt. bold → [ polish ]
Według hipotezy ekspandującej Ziemi powstanie oceanów było aktem jednorazowym. Zgodnie z nią rozrost skorupy powoduje powiększanie się wszystkich oceanów i całej planety, był więc taki moment, kiedy nie było na Ziemi oceanów w dzisiejszym znaczeniu. W wodzie oceanicznej znajduje się od 33 do 38 promili (licząc wagowo) różnych soli nieorganicznych. bold italic → [ czech ]
Jednou ze základních otázek je, jestli na Marsu skutečně existoval komplexní oceán anebo jestli se jednalo jen o několik lokálních zaplavených oblastí. Existují předpoklady, že oceán nejspíše existoval. Mezi doklady jeho existence se většinou počítají geologické útvary, které zdánlivě připomínají mořské pobřeží tak, jak jsou známé ze Země. Celá severní oblast je vedle toho zcela
VA N ARC H I V
hladká, zdánlivě vyhlazená erozivní silou vody. bold italic swash → [ czech ]
Hav er sjógvur landa millum, sjógvurin uttansyndis. Hav fjalir 71 % av jarðarknøttinum, og alt tað, vit rokna sum hav, hongur meira ella minni saman. Í veruleikanum er alt eitt stórt hav; men vanliga býta vit tað sundur. Vit tosa um trý heimshøv: Atlantshavið, Indiahavið og Kyrrahavið. Øll onnur høv kunnu roknast sum partar av hesum trimum; men ofta verða smærri havøki býtt frá. extra bold → [ norweski ]
Også i dag synes det å være en tendens til å telle syv verdenshav. Selv om en vet at strekningen fra Antarktis via Stillehavet, Nordishavet og Atlanterhavet sydover til Antarktis er
en sammenhengende havstrekning, regner en dette som tre eller fire verdenshav, med det indiske hav som eget verdenshav. For å få syv, telles Sydishavet og Middelhavet gjerne med. extra bold italic → [ dansk ]
Havene består af omkring 1,35 milliarder kubikkilometer saltvand. Middeldybden i havet er omkring 3.800 meter, hvilket betyder at omkring 60 procent af havet udgøres af dybhav. Et verdenshav (ocean) er et større sammenhængende saltvandområde og er en del af hydrosfæren. Den fotiske zone omfatter verdenshavet fra vandoverfladen til 200 meter ned. Dette er regionen hvor fotosyntesen sædvanligvis forekommer og derfor indeholder den største biodiversitet i verdenshavet. Her kan planter og alger typisk leve.
extra bold italic swash → [ vietnamese ]
Về mặt địa chất, đại dương là nơi mà lớp vỏ đại dương được nước che phủ. Lớp vỏ đại dương dày trung bình khoảng 4,5 km, bao gồm một lớp trầm tích mỏng che phủ trên lớp bazan núi lửa mỏng đã đông cứng. Lớp bazan này che phủ lớp peridotit thuộc mặt ngoài của lớp phủ Trái Đất tại những nơi không có châu lục nào. Một sai lầm phổ biến cho rằng nước biển có màu xanh lam chủ yếu là do bầu trời có màu xanh lam. Phần lớn đáy các đại dương vẫn chưa được thám hiểm và lập bản đồ. dặm vào ban đêm. Nó nằm giữa độ sâu từ 6.000 m tới 10.000 m và là vùng sâu nhất của đại dương.
Sammanhängande Poetry is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language such as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metre to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, the prosaic ostensible meaning.
Asymmetrical Serifs Das Wort Poesie bezeichnet erstens einen Textbereich, dessen Produktion traditionell nach den poetischen Gattungen geteilt wird. Nach Aristotelischer Poetik (so das Wort für die Theorie der Poesie) sind dies Drama, Epos und kleinere lyrische Gattungen.
Maritime Welligkeit Because it is the principal component of Earth’s hydrosphere, the world ocean is integral to all known life, forms part of the carbon cycle, and influences climate and weather patterns.
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