HOGESCHOOL VOOR WETENSCHAP EN KUNST SINT LUCAS GENT
THE PAPER OF ATTRACTIVE SUSTAINABLE PRODUCT DESIGN
VAN DAMME HANNES FIRST MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE INTERNATIONAL 2011-2012
Introduction The first reason why I want to write this paper about ‘attractive sustainable product design’ is because this is a subject that fascinates me a lot. As a student of Master Architecture I am convinced that design is not only the environment of buildings, urban landscapes and design furniture but also much more! If a designer starts a design project he grabs first of all his key elements, those are most of the time aspects of a social, economic and environmental kind. A good designer combines that into an attractive design, which invites the people to look, use and enjoy it. As a student of architecture, I didn’t choose to write something about the building environment, because an architect can be convinced about sustainable architecture and try to bring his knowledge on to his clients. But the time and their education on sustainable aspects of architecture is in most of the times to small, that the client don’t see the effort to pay a bit more to build in a sustainable way… For example people are convinced to use sustainable wood (FSC labelled wood) to construct their new house, until they see the difference in price. In a way the architect has to convince his clients of this, what results most of the time into a one-way communication. Not only the education of the clients on sustainable aspects could better, also the architects who graduated their studies a few decades ago, they have to improve their knowledge! But as long as some policies of government and the education of consumers don’t change, we have to do it in a faster way! A way that change the patron of consuming tomorrow. Because the choices we make, especially now, can directly or indirectly influence an enormous chain of events which, in turn, could have a negative or positive impact on our planet and on our lives.
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Introduction That’s my second reason why I wanted to write this paper on sustainable product design. Because we are living in a capitalistic world where materialism and consumption are the topics! I am really convinced that if we change those consumption products that daily a million of time are used, we take bigger steps into a sustainable world. The reason why I added ‘attractive’ on the tittle comes straight out of the existing sustainable products. The products that already where made or designed are frequently sustainable because the designers used ‘green’ materials. But where do you find those ‘eco products’? Not in the real world of consumers but combined in a glossy and heavy-paper-weight book, with beautiful pictures. Then you can’t name this sustainable product design, because nobody uses it! Those critical aspects, has to become a main element into sustainable product design! The structure of the paper comes out of three key elements that are most needed to turn the product designing into a sustainable way. First we have ‘Economic aspects on sustainable product design’ where the article explains which instruments of government can be used to create a higher sustainable economic by policies and also on eco-efficiency and product life cycle themes with their specific impact on the current economic system. Second is ‘Social aspects on sustainable product design’. In this chapter you will read about education and responsibility of consumers. The ethic debate between what want people want and what is needed. Third and last key element ‘Environmental aspect on sustainable product design’, where the chapter will explain the principle of Sustainable Product Design, Life cycle and local design from theoretical from a practical point of view. 6 ATTRACTIVE SUSTAINABLE PRODUCT DESIGN
Introduction To feed this paper of good examples, strategies and theories I’ve read all journals of ‘The Surrey Institute of Art & Design University College, UK’. The university created every two months over several years a book where professors, doctors, directors and managers where invited to write an issue about sustainable product design (SPD). In addition to those journals I’ve also read some programs on ‘design for sustainability’ from the Delft University of Technology. For practical examples I used ‘ecological urbanism’ a manual of the Harvard University. I determined my selection of sources, because those universities are currently leading in the area of sustainable product design. For further information of used sources in this paper, I refer to the bibliography.
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Economic aspects on SPD In economics aspects on SPD we focus on two main solutions. First the relation with the government and second the economic profit we can reach out of sustainable design.
Government instruments The government has a big influence on the consuming products. Not only the rules of government but also the environmental policies are significance for the design community. It’s a budgetary policy, for example a government can influence economic activity and in particular, the amount of consumption, investment and taxation on individuals and company profits. Government has the power to change the price of factor inputs, for example labour, energy and raw materials which determinates the relative cost of different design options for products.1 In sustainability, labour is relatively expensive but it also points out that current automated production fail to include the so-called externalities in the economics (for example: pollution, social consequences of unemployment, etc.). The cost of current mass produces goods are kept artificially low because aspects. What is highly important to achieve sustainability.2 If the policy for example would increase the taxation on energy, then the demand of energy becomes higher, that leads to energy efficient product design. A second example could be to increase the landfill taxation, which will result in products that are designed to easily recycle. If the government would use key economic measures this could increase the demand of products that reduce the impact on the environment like: new indicators of progress, ecological tax reform, restructuring trade and improved environmental product information. ATTRACTIVE SUSTAINABLE PRODUCT DESIGN 9
Economic aspects on SPD To become a good sustainable design, there has to be a good relation between the product, suppliers, stakeholders, and external economic and social factors. 1 The key issue is that government’s should develop national product-orientated environment policies. Other instruments of government should be supporting different research of sustainable product aspects. One example of those supported research seems to be successful, an eco-design project in the Netherlands, which included over 600 companies. The results where completed, but there was no proactive government policy to maintain the focus of these projects. More specific government attention is needed to improve the energy-efficiency of products in line with the requirements of climate change agreements.3 Third instrument of government is the power of creating supply and demand ‘ceilings’. They can achieve a more sustainable consumption by creating demand ceilings for some products. Good example of this solution is the US experience in California of demand side management in electricity, especially in California has been interested in how this could work. Although the well-functioning system, was aborted due to liberalization.4 More important are the changes in the big field, for example the values that drive our consumption. The main target is there mobility, because as societies and individuals we have to put less emphasis on travel. Not only by those group, but also multinationals and airline industry think in the same way. Even here should the government create solutions in a quick time. The role of corporate governance is far from being out-dated; the discussion about the role of corporations in postmodernism societies is alive and demanding!
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Economic aspects on SPD If organisations are assumed by government, to have a purpose beyond making money through material transformations, using part of this to pay taxes and to recompense a shrinking workforce, then the firms have, at least some extent, justify their existence and their role in the societies they operate in. ‘This may turn out to become the most basic and most fundamental revolution.’5
Linear and circular economy The wisdom of the economist lies in promoting economic growth, their statement: ‘for a good economic system we need a short product life with a high difference of design. More production means more jobs, higher industry and a higher Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This is based on a throwaway consumption in which constant updating of products is necessary.6 A model of ‘linear economy’ shows that an input of sources leads from production to use and exposal and finally becomes waste and pollution. Which assumed there isn’t only an unlimited supply of natural resources, but also an unlimited capacity to absorb those waste and pollution. Instead a ‘circular economy’, the throughput of raw materials and energy is reduced. Here we have a shift between the activities from the manufacturing sector to service sector. Such as re-use and re-design, repair, upgrading and recycling. If we would use a circular economy then would ‘fast replacement’ of goods be transformed into an optimal utilisation off resources.7 Also the location of production and after-sales services closer to consumers would reduce the significant environmental damage caused by road freight.
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Economic aspects on SPD Several reasons made this linear economy possible. First reasons are whenever the production of products is increasing, the health of the economy is improving what results into more people are employed, incomes rise, and higher consumption follows. And if nation consumes more than it produces, the economy overheats and the result is a trade crisis, inflation or both. Second was the historic trend that people paying for the service supplied by products rather than buying products for replacement at the earliest opportunity.1
Comparing Product Life Spans with economy After the Second World War, manufacturers feared the impact upon sales volumes. So they response by reducing the product life of household goods and increasing the frequency with which they updated models.8 So the idea of increasing the product life cycle would benefit the economy changed the economy in a non-sustainable way. Later on the situation has been changed into a longer product life span, because this encourages the product process into sustainable development. There was feared that an economy in which product lasted longer would grow more slowly, with reduce manufacturing output and retailers suffering lower sales. However those negative impacts could be offset by an increase in labour intensive after-sales work such as repair, reconditioning and upgrading. The ‘throwaway economy’, would change into a ‘service economy’.9 This will have a positive impact on employment and supply higher quality products designed for longer life spans!
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Economic aspects on SPD Eco-efficiency The concept of eco-efficiency in sustainable development is widely known within the business community. ‘Eco-efficiency is the production of goods and services which meet human needs while reducing environmental impacts’.10 This could be achieved by reducing the mass of materials, energy, and a maximum use of renewable, recyclable or recycled materials in construction, or ‘design for durability’ and product life extension.11 Now the manufactures have focused their production to automation of the product process, because of the high labour cost. If the government would change the taxation from labour to energy and raw materials, then we switch the focus from automation into improving resource productivity. Taxation results into a reduction of inefficient use of energy and raw materials, and would be penalised. To achieve eco-efficient, people have to be critic and think a step further than it seems at first. An example off an interview of Peter James, Director at the Sustainable business centre in the United Kingdom, explains this phenomenon: ‘Some services can be ecoefficient but drive a higher consumption. If you take telecommunication-based services such as videoconferencing or e-mail, for example, they seem eco-efficient because their direct effect is to substitute information flows for physical resources. But their indirect effects can be problematic, because you need to see people less often you might relocate to a nice but remote area and make fewer but longer trips so that distances remains the same.
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Economic aspects on SPD And just as we now know that new road construction ultimately fuels demand for road transport, so the building of information ‘superhighways’ might generate more rather than less travel. It’s nice – and profitable – to meet the new contacts around the world made possible by e-mail and lower phone costs. The same trends can also make it as easy to trade with – and transport goods to and from another continent as the next country.’4
Eco-vision As example of Environmental Product Policy I chose Philips Ecovision. Philips is widely knows on their Eco-Vision programme that has been introduced from 1998 and improved until today. It focuses on green products development and manufacturing. The focused products are defined as products with a demonstrably superior environmental performance in five focal areas, which are:12 - Weight (reduce) - Hazardous substances (reduce) - Recycling (increase) - Energy consumption (reduce) - Packaging (reduction) Over the last years Philips added two focal areas; Energy-efficiency and Lifetime reliability.13 ‘Philips has also recognised that green products can bring financial benefits: - Bill of materials with 5% less. - Market share increased with 2% - Price Premium rose by 3%
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Economic aspects on SPD In addition, Philips understands that environmental product development (EPD) can improve the sustainable performance of its products and also generates new business opportunities that may emerge from eco-innovation.’14
Customers – the forgotten stakeholders Not a costumer in sight! The arguments for not including customers are usually – customers, don’t understand the issues, customers cannot be expected to know our business, its too technical, customers are only interested in the price. Such an attitude isn’t a good start to an environmental business. There are some reasons that causes those reactions, for example;15 - - - - -
Environmental pressure on the manufacturing organisa tions from non-governmental organisations and not directly from customers. Long distribution for goods and services place many organisations at a distance from their and user customers. Many direct customers contact on environmental issues are perceived as negative (complaints or queries). Environmental people tend to be technical, scientific by training rather than communicative, marketing focused. Failure of ‘green’ products in the market place.
However, customers hold the key to the environmental team’s strategic ‘added value’ as they drive the business, but many organisations do not include customers to their stakeholders.
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References 1. Cooper T., The journal of sustainable product design. ‘Creating an economic infrastructure for sustainable product design’. Surrey, UK. Centre of sustainable consumption, January 1999, page 7 till 15 2. Walker S., The journal of sustainable product design. ‘Experiments in sustainable product design’. Surrey, UK. Centre of sustainable consumption, October 1998, page 41 till 50 3. Professor Brezet H., Interview Sustainable Development, by Charter M., The Centre for Sustainable Design, UK, 1998 4. James P., Interview Sustainable Business centre, by Charter M., The Centre for Sustainable Design, UK, 1998 5. Elkington J., Cannibals with forks the triple bottom line of 21st century business, UK, Capstone Publication, 1997 6. McLaren, D., Bullock, S. and Yousuf, N., Tomorrow’s World, London: Earthscan, 1998, page 32 7. Jackson, T., Clean production strategies, Boca Raton: Lewis, 1993 8. OECD, Product Durability and product life extension, Paris: OECD, 1982 9. Falkman, E.G., Sustainable production and consumption, Geneva: World Business Council for sustainable development, 1996 10. Schmidheiny, S., Changing Course, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT press, 1992 11. Burall, P., Green design, London: Design Council, 1991 12. Charter M., Belmane I., The journal of sustainable product design. ‘Integrated Product Policy (IPP) and eco-product development (EPD)’. Surrey, UK. The Centre For Sustainable Design, July 1999, page 17 13. http://www.philips.com/sites/philipsglobal/about/sustainability/ourgreenproducts/index.page 14. Philips, Environmental Report, 1998; Philips presentation at OECD conference, Sydney, March 1999 15. Prentis E. and Bird H., The journal of sustainable product design. ‘Customers – the forgotten stakeholders’. Surrey, UK. Centre of sustainable consumption, January 1999, page 52 till 56
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Social aspects on SPD ‘There was a strange moment around the mid-1960s when people stopped needing and need change to want… Designers became more important in producing ‘want’ products rather than ‘need’ products, because you have to create desire.’ 1
Education on sustainability ‘The Eco-labelling schemes do not appear to have succeeded in countries such as UK, France and Belgium often due to lack of customer awareness and education.’2 (There was also a second reason, but this will be later explained in Responsibility of consumer). We see that consumers not really are aware of sustainable products. They are definitely interested (which is also been proved in the survey/poll that is situated back in the attachments), but are often not correct. This comes out of the lack on education through their basic school; the students never came in contact with this subject of sustainability. The commercials with green logos or trademarks often mislead those consumers. Students between 12 and 18 years aren’t aware of the subjects on the sustainability of the planet and their consequents. My proposal would be that sustainability becomes a part of their education. This may include that the course contains both geographical and biological material. Maybe even a replacement for religion classes? Ethically it isn’t acceptable that young people who don’t get the change to attempt higher education, the subjects on sustainability is deprived for them.
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Social aspects on SPD Not only students but also designers, producers, engineers, artists... should focus them more on this actual theme. Each step in the good direction today will have major implications for the future! Out of an analysis of the Micro-enterprises Support Programme in Kenya, there was an arising of four main points:3 - Sustainable Product Design (SPD) training is essential in the reduction of the environmental impact of small enterprises in developing countries. It contributes by considering the intensity and optimisation of resources-use for product design, while involving local culture and tastes, and increasing overall production efficiency with the aim of improving the product’s quality to create market opportunities - Artisans require training to be able to improve their current situation on the product design market - Designers should get more actively involved in SPD training for small enterprises in developing countries - Results of good previous SPD products should encourage the designers to do more in several other areas.
Responsibility of consumers ‘The assumption that consumers have the right to the maximum possible choice of products is often unquestioned. Classical economic theory suggests that increased choice is always beneficial as it leads to greater efficiency in the economy’.4 For example, every brand of car has several models, those models are available into more than 200 types. Are those unlimited choice necessary? The consumer choice also needs to be considered in
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Social aspects on SPD an ethical context. Increased attention has been given to the interests of consumer President Kennedy’s 1962 speech on consumer rights, while more recently a strong case has been made for greater recognition that responsibilities, or duties co-exist alongside the rights.5 The idea that consumers have responsibilities as well as rights is already accepted by the international organisation of consumer. But the question is still if this reached the consumer? To help the consumer in the product choice, the European union of eco labelling made an eco-labelling scheme that shows the consumer which products are (or are more) sustainable than the others. ‘The label has proven far from successful’.6 Because there was no policy that rules those eco-labels, manufactures started to make their own eco-label. Conclusion could be that if the environmental product information was regulated more strictly, the consumer could make a good decision!
Expectations of future consumer According to a survey by Time magazine, more than 6 out of 10 Americans have bought organic products since January 2009, and many have purchased energy-efficient light bulbs. The same survey of 1,003 adults reveals that 82 percent said they have supported local and neighbourhood businesses this year, and 49 percent said that this year they had bought a product because they liked the supplier’s social and political values. I also studied these phenomena within a survey/poll that is tested on 75 people of different ages (which you can find at the back in the attachments).
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Social aspects on SPD With this small research I also can confirm that consumers are concerned with the sustainability of their purchases. For basic purchases/products, sustainability comes on the first place. Some are even prepared to spend slightly more! This means we will have a new kind of consumer, one who is simply not interested in the performance or the aesthetics of a particular product. Even if it’s easier to clean, whether its multipurpose, if it is available in a choice of colours. This consumer also cares about detail in which until very recently, he or she was not even remotely interested. These details relate to factors arising from the products use; how much energy it will consumes? How much waste it generates? How long it will last? This in addition to other consumer who wants to know how the product is manufactured or the materials that are used. And when the product finally gets on his end of life, this same consumer will ask whether it is made from recyclable or recycled parts, organic or biodegradable material.7
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References 1. Whiteley, N., Design for Society, London: Reaction Books, 1993, page 18. 2. Charter M., Belmane I., The journal of sustainable product design. ‘Integrated Product Policy (IPP) and eco-product development (EPD)’. Surrey, UK. The Centre For Sustainable Product Design, July 1999, page 21 3. Dr Masera D., The journal of sustainable product design. ‘SPD: a key factor for small enterprises development – the case of furniture production in the Purépecha region, Mexico’. Surrey, UK. Centre of sustainable consumption, January 1999, page 38 4. Professor Brezet H., Interview sustainable development, by Charter M., The Centre for Sustainable Design, UK, 1998 5. Cooper T., The journal of sustainable product design. ‘Creating an economic infrastructure for sustainable product design’. Surrey, UK. Centre of sustainable consumption, January 1999, page 14 6. Selbourne, D., The principle of Duty, London: Sinclair- Stevenson, 1994 7. Dalcacio R., Product Design in the Sustainable Era, Germany, Taschen GmbH, 2010, pages 439.
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Environmental aspects on SPD Why did they start the design process with the object and not with looking at the system first?... The economic system where we live in has gradually changed the existing relationships between human resources and material energy. At the same period, the impact of industrial production on the planet’s ecosystem continues to increase exponentially. It has therefore been necessary to reassess the concepts of growth and development in the light of the environmental problems they cause.1 Experience has turned that considering the environmental impact of a product once it is placed on the market is absolutely unavoidable when it comes to sustainable ideation and design. This means incorporating production processes, the products themselves and the behaviour they trigger within the limits of ecological sustainability. The performance required of the products, in particular, cannot remain limited to functionality and aesthetics. Sustainable Product Design means thinking about objects in their functional entirety, the designer is able not only to develop the form but also to change production processes and behavioural habits in the name of greater environmental sustainability.2 Saving energy, materials, packaging and transport, in addition to problems tied to disposal, are all issues that make up the fundamental structure of sustainable design.
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Environmental aspects on SPD In fact, sustainable product design is characterized by a vibrant creative ability to search for alternative systems, technologies and production strategies. Compared to conventional industrial production, Attractive Sustainable Product Design, like design in general, goes to the source to assess the desired result in all its aspects and for the entire duration of the product. For example: how will it be used? The need it will serve? It’s intended market? It’s costs and its feasibility? The object’s form is therefore linked with such considerations and is optimized according to its functionality and sustainability. In this sense, SPD uses the principle of “form follows function”. Products designed this way are flexible and durable, modular or multifunctional and adaptable or recyclable.
Sustainable Product Design criteria There are many different approaches to define a product on the different themes in which sustainable product design must meet. Therefore I will use a kind of current legend, this makes it easier to define or criticize a design on his sustainable aspects. 1. Design for components _ The strength of parts_ The main goal of designing for components is to identify and optimize the external form of a product, starting with its size and the arrangement of its parts or components. Each of these are considered as a finished product with an autonomous life cycle, though still in relation to the other parts.
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Environmental aspects on SPD The design starts with the analysis of disassembled objects of the same type, taking into account the relationship between the several components, the physical or/and mechanical laws that distinguish them and the technologies of manufacturing. Out of those principle the designer uses the following guidelines: - Combining components of the same material and avoiding the use of different materials - Minimizing waste production - Pre-determining any breakage points to easy rapid assemblage of parts - Avoiding forms and systems that could complicate disassembly Designing for components means also taking into account the accessibility of the product in terms of making it easy to use and maintain. 2. Reduction of materials and design for disassembly _The sustainable Lightness of the materials_ In Ecodesign 2 from Silvia Barbero and Brunella Cozzo, they say that an analysis of the products in the market shows that there is a general tendency towards redundancy in the use of materials. My opinion on this is slightly different, especially if we are talking about product design and packaging of products. The last four to five years, products have more and more packaging at their bodies on the market. People want to see products in bigger packaging. This has already been proven by sales figures over several years.3 Designing according to logic of reduction of materials would mean optimizing the amount of both materials and energy in the development of a product. ATTRACTIVE SUSTAINABLE PRODUCT DESIGN 27
Environmental aspects on SPD Such reductions have double advantage, helping to protect both resources and decrease harmful emissions. In talking this approach, the designer should also avoid using different materials, since this complicates the recycling a disposal processes (refering to further theme about recycle and re-use). On sustainable lightness of materials this could be a good example: To minimize the emissions from cars contribute to, among other things, the ‘green house effect’ and should therefore be minimised. Consequently, reduction a car’s petrol consumption during use has become of great importance, and a key solution in reducing the car’s weight. Aluminium would be a better material in several ways to create the car body. It would increase the emission by the weight, through the low density of the material. The quality of the material needs to be continued in developing, but the potential seems to be substantial.4 Products created this way also satisfy the principle of design for disassembly, since an object needs to be taken apart before it can be recycled especially when it is made from different materials. For this reason, many countries have launched regulations that requires the marking of objects and components for fast indication.2 We could continue in Design for disassembly, by working with SMA (shape memory alloy) and SMP (shape memory plastic or polymer). Those are Smart Materials devices to the active disassembly of assembled consumer electronic products. They become weak at a temperature between 60 and 100 degrees, so that the disassembly of the product robotically can happen in a very fast way. More explanation about this subject you can easy find at point 5 within the references bellow. 28 ATTRACTIVE SUSTAINABLE PRODUCT DESIGN
Environmental aspects on SPD
3. The use of mono-materials and bio-based materials _Material Discretion_
Despite how easy it is to apply, the Ecodesign principle of using just one material is often neglected. Unfortunately, the request for product appeal often prevails over environmental issues, resulting in the increased spread of high-impact products. Designing in a sustainable way, however, means using the most suitable recourses for an object and its function, not just the laws of the market are satisfying. There are many advantages to use only one material, since designing this way means simplifying both the initial manufacturing and the final recycling processes. This approach generally applies to relatively simple products, disposable objects and the single components of more articulated products. A good example of this could be the products that are generated by Apple. The simplicity of their form and design is just the same as their components. Considering the environmental cost of extraction, transformation and disposal of recourses, ecodesign also generally involves the “use of bio-based� materials. Those include both organic materials and the derivatives of natural products, such as biodegradable non-oil plastics, produced for example with cornstarch or potato starch. With that starch it is possible to make a polymer (Polylactic Acid or PLA). Its characteristics fall somewhere between those of a PET and Polyester. This is really unique for its biodegradability.6
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Environmental aspects on SPD 4. Recycling and Re-use _Multi-use materials_ Though similar, the concepts of recycling and re-use differentiate themselves in the products they generate. Whilst recycling involves the transformation and re-use of the material or materials of the object being recycled, re-use puts the object itself back to work, involving purely formal and structural, rather than chemical or physical changes. When it comes to life span, whereas in the first case the materials outlast the product, whereas in the second case it is the object itself that endures. Recycling includes numerous subcategories, the best known of which are cascade, post-consumer and pre-consumer recycling. The first involves the recovery of materials for increasingly simplified uses with respect to their original one (this is due to the loss in structural and chemical quality involved in their transformation). Post-consumer recycling, the most well known, involved the transformation of materials or parts of a product at the end of its life, following separated waste collection. More theoretical and less well known is pre-consumer recycling. Here the actual need to put the product on the market is checked at the start. If the results are unsatisfactory, pre-recycling takes place, that is, production is suspended, thereby avoiding the waste of resources beforehand.2
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Environmental aspects on SPD 5. Size reduction _Decreasing Volume_ Compressing, reducing and limiting consumption during transport: these are requirements a designer must keep in mind when developing an idea for a new product. Saving materials is not only part of it! The intelligent design of a product’s dimensions also means preventing excessive consumption by vehicles used for its transportation. The more products carried on a single trip, the less aggravating are the CO2 emissions on the environment. Immediate benefits are also felt in terms of saving fuel.2 Size reduction follows two main guidelines: - Designing both product and packaging at the same time; - Providing for assembly following purchase In addition to the size and weight of the merchandise, the means of transport itself is also important. A more widespread use of alternative-energy vehicles, ones that use natural fuels or renewable sources instead of fossil fuels, would contribute to a drastic reduction of a product’s environmental footprint.2 6. Service Design _0% Products_ Can an object be replaced with a service? The sphere of ‘service design’ aims to provide an affirmative answer to this question by studying systems that offer alternatives to the individual use of an object.
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Environmental aspects on SPD The positive response on that kind of service is generally positive, since the use of a product is generally born out of a need to facilitate an action rather than the desire to possess the object in itself. In this approach, the offering becomes a mix of products and services, with a single owner who supplies a service to several users.2 The owner profits financially by minimizing resource consumption, emissions and waste, and therefore aims to look after the product for its duration. A good example if those service designs could be car sharing. So people would only use the car strict necessary, financial reducing and it foster new relationships between people, places and objects! 7. Technology for sustainability _Techno/ecologically_ While industrial production remains strongly tied the explanation of materials and resources, despite well-founded accusations of excessive use and consequent pollution, sustainable technological development operates increasingly towards saving materials, which also boosts the spread of the services. Moreover, technologies with a low environmental impact are becoming increasingly widespread.2 Unlike conventional design, sustainable design moves within a rich imagination of qualities and values, in which communication between products and system is open and reciprocal. Creative solutions thus take shape at the technological avant-garde, with ecological sustainability as their goal!
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Environmental aspects on SPD 8. Eco-advertising _Saying, doing, sustaining_ The usual means of communication is used to express and spread environmental sustainability; eco-advertising exists on several levels and takes various forms. In fact messages about environmental issues reach the public trough more than just the media and focused promotional campaigns, which use graphics and slogans as their immediate tool of expression. Philips tries at the moment to make this the strength of their product or company (As already noticed in chapter one; Economic Aspects).7 Sometimes these products convey the message directly by integrating it as part of their design. Others carry environmental certifications born of meticulous and complex procedures, though these are often difficult for the consumer to read. Other call for eco-friendly behaviour or propose educational games that spur kids to adopt a new point of view on the world in which we live! Sustainability can therefore be both the direct subject of the message and a tool for validating and publicizing a product on the market.2 9. Zero emissions _Systemic design_ The secret of good design is not just about showing off a good product and enhancing its aesthetics. Operating within a set of subjects as; Social, Cultural and ethical values. Sustainable design must also take into account the systems and relationships within which the products are generated.
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Environmental aspects on SPD It’s therefore important to sketch out and plan the flow of materials from the one to the other, to notice what is the ecological footprint of every part from sources till end. This is the purpose behind systemic design: to carefully study all secondary and waste products created by the use of resources, both to obtain information and to make a genuine assessment.2 Production waste, for example, remains unused and is therefore a cost. Systemic design tries to take unused parts/materials into the next industrial cycle of another product. This way, flows of materials recourses (secondary products) and energy resources could be generated that both ensure all waste products are used and stabilize single systems over long-term.
Life cycle _’End of Life’ ‘Companies increasingly have to consider the environmental aspects of their activities in order to improve their environmental performance. For a company with design products, design activity plays an important part in this task. Design defines the product’s environmental impact over its total life cycle and any improvement in the product design process will mean that environmental performance can be improved.’8 To evaluate the significant environmental aspect of a product, we should use the principles of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) it represents a cycle of six steps;8 - Definition of the function, as been seen from the customers point of view. - Modelling the product system, to each part of the product
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Environmental aspects on SPD - - - -
Material and energy flows, of the product system but also the inputs and outputs of the system have to be evaluated Environmental impact, Impact Assessment, environmental impacts must be assessed against its influence on environmental problems Causal analysis, the connection between environmental impact and the function or composition of a product must be investigated
‘It is often difficult to know what will happen to the product when it is disposed of in maybe ten years time.’9 Recycling of materials, for example metals requires a small amount of energy this in comparing with the production of virgin materials and the emissions to the atmosphere are mostly in small size. Recycling will be continue to increase which means that products should be designed for an more easy assemblage or recycling (as larger explained before within the principles of sustainable design criteria).9 The manufacturer of a product should be responsible for the whole life cycle of his of her product. Products need to be designed and manufactured for continuous reuse, recycling and eventual reintegration into the environment. For most existing products in the built environment, their entire lines need to be redesigned to make them easier to disassemble for recycling. For example, some products may contain composite materials (bits of metal or rubber) that make recycling difficult, nearly impossible or uneconomical.
ATTRACTIVE SUSTAINABLE PRODUCT DESIGN 35
Environmental aspects on SPD Local Cycles ‘Sustainable product development (SPD) has the potential to reduce the environmental impact of small enterprises and contribute to their development and sustainability. In the context of small enterprises in developing countries, SPD is defined as the process that creates product designs that are sustainable in terms of environment impact and resources-use whilst considering the need for the product. It examines the intensity and optimisation of resources-use in product design and the overall product efficiency, while taking account of local culture and tastes, with aim of improving the product’s quality to increase market opportunities.’ 10 Those small enterprises are fundamental as they provide one of the few employment opportunities for local people. There has to be a local culture and capacities including the understanding and application of local culture and indigenous knowledge, local people’s needs, traditions, capacities (technical and economic) and tastes throughout the whole process. This means maximising opportunities for the use of local products for local consumption. As the result of the local enterprises creation and expansion through SPD, more apprentices will be required in each workshop, and new jobs will be created.10 Not only employment of smaller enterprises, but also the needs from local inhabitants to a specific product development. Every single product reflects his lifestyle and the production environment of the culture in which it was designed. Economically it also creates more interest and tourism (Income) when a city/country own his specific products. 36 ATTRACTIVE SUSTAINABLE PRODUCT DESIGN
Environmental aspects on SPD Sustainable Production will reduce automatically the environmental impact of small enterprises by making product and production process more efficient and linked to the sustainable production of local forests, as well as reducing the use of toxic materials.11
ŠGraphic made by Van Damme H.
I constructed this product cycle to illustrate what was mentioned in previous paragraphs. This explains how a local product Life cycles could work, starting by local design with recycled or local materials. As mentioned earlier, local production will lead us straight to more local employment (increase the distance people have to take from their home to work). After the production of the specific product, it’s ready to use. ATTRACTIVE SUSTAINABLE PRODUCT DESIGN 37
Environmental aspects on SPD If it’s possible to increase the product life span on a sustainable method, it can in local workshops where they redesign or repair the product. After the usable product lifetime, it’s ready to dissemble and to recycle so that people get aware of the recycling problem (what stimulates the responsibility of the local consumer). The ‘end’ materials of recycling, can be used by the production of new products what continuous the local product cycle! Another illustration of this cycle is this example; The ‘Casas Blancas’ Chair. This is just an example of the potential benefits that the introduction and dissemination of SPD training can have in several countries. This chair was constructed from wood of a sustainability forest in the neighbourhood, the small enterprises worked therefore together with the furniture workshops at their country. As part of the SPD training several products were developed from artisans of Casas Blancas as a response to the critical economic and environmental situation. The chair achieved a series of improvements from a technical, environmental and design point of view (compared to other regional products). This has been reflected in its rapid success among customers.
38 ATTRACTIVE SUSTAINABLE PRODUCT DESIGN
Environmental aspects on SPD To determine the level of improvement and reduction of environmental impact of the new product, it was analysed in relation to other similar chairs. The material intensity reflects whether or not an optimal or economic use has been made of the material(s) involved. They used the ‘pesos by unit of material’ (limited rule they use over the country to limit the grub of the forest). This is an important indicator for the economic sustainability of small enterprises. The market success of the chair is also an indicator of the product quality and the accuracy of its market orientation. The profit margin indicates an important improvement in the production efficiency. End of Life considerations in the new chair included the ease of replacement of the seat and back, through the use of simple screws in the assembling process. They also compared different models of chairs to choose more lightness-designed model. Their main focus points where achieving economical en environmental benefits; 10 - Reduce the volume during transportation - Ease of repair and disassembly - Use of local materials - No chemical finishing - Regional distribution
ATTRACTIVE SUSTAINABLE PRODUCT DESIGN 39
References 1. Yeang K., Ecodesign A manual for ecological design, Great Britain Wiley Academy, 2006, pages 499. 2. Barbero, S. Cozzo, B., Ecodesign, H.F.Ullmann, Tandem Verlag GmbH, 2009, pages 361. 3. Charter M., Clark T., Sustainable Innovation. ‘Key conclusions for sustainable innovation Conferences 2003_2006’. Surrey, UK. The Centre For Sustainable Product Design, May 2007, page 32 4. Johansson G., Magnusson T., The journal of sustainable product design. ‘Ecoinnovations - a novel phenomenon?’. Surrey, UK. The Centre For Sustainable Product Design, October 1998, page 9 5. Chido J., Prof Billet E., Dr Harrison D., The journal of sustainable product design. ‘Active Disassembly’. Surrey, UK. The Centre For Sustainable Product Design, October 1998, page 26 6. Kozak G., Wiedemann J., Package Design Now!. Germany, Taschen, 2003, pages 414 7. Charter M., Belmane I., The journal of sustainable product design. ‘Integrated Product Policy (IPP) and eco-product development (EPD)’. Surrey, UK. The Centre For Sustainable Product Design, July 1999, page 17 8. Dr Frei M., The journal of sustainable product design. ‘Eco-effective product design: the contribution of environmental management in designing sustainable products’. Surrey, UK. The Centre For Sustainable Product Design, October 1998, page 16 9. Dahlström H., The journal of sustainable product design. ‘Company-Specific Guidelines’. Surrey, UK. Centre of sustainable consumption, January 1999, page 18 10. Dr Masera D., The journal of sustainable product design. ‘SPD: a key factor for small enterprises development – the case of furniture production in the Purépecha region, Mexico’. Surrey, UK. Centre of sustainable consumption, January 1999, page 28 11. Dr Crul M., Design for sustainability ‘A step-by-step Approach’, Delft: Delft University of Technology, 2009, pages 102.
40 ATTRACTIVE SUSTAINABLE PRODUCT DESIGN
Conclusion If you have a look to the survey at the back in attachment, you can find the fifth question ‘What is your point of view, at the prices of sustainable products?’ A third off the participants reacts with ‘Remarkable more expensive, so I don’t buy them!’. In chapter one we respond on this, by explaining new approaches on economically aspects. If manufactures would change their production, by implementing from the very first step the principles of sustainable product design as mentioned before with the example of Philips Eco-vision. Not only enterprises but also the policies of government could change, that involves sustainable industries. We could say that the most important level of sustainable product design, are the social aspects. Because they involve the system of question and demand! Economic and environmental you can change the price, design or environmental aspects, but the customer has to be interested in the product by looks or design. At the moment eco-designs can be improved by following the principles of sustainable product design, but they don’t have the x-factor to success (For example; Eco-cars, they are more sustainable but the design of the car is the worst you’ve ever seen). By producing, designing, re-using or redesign products, they have to make it attractive and even maybe sexy! When designers keep the three aspects/chapters in their mind, and it is simultaneously attractive, then the product will be a success at several points. From economically point of view it will boost the production of sustainable products. Environmentally seen it will deactivate the rising of pollution on earth. So the importance of making sustainable product design more attractive is highly crucial. Without this aspect all the good mentioned examples or products, would only appear in Eco-design books and not in every lifestyle-magazine or household. It’s the key to success! ATTRACTIVE SUSTAINABLE PRODUCT DESIGN 41
Bibliography • Dr Masera D., The journal of sustainable product design. ‘SPD: a key factor for small enterprises development – the case of furniture production in the Purépecha region, Mexico’. Surrey, UK. Centre of sustainable consumption, January 1999, page 28_38 • McLaren, D., Bullock, S. and Yousuf, N., Tomorrow’s World, London: Earthscan, 1998, page 32 • Selbourne, D., The principle of Duty, London: Sinclair- Stevenson, 1994 • Prentis E. and Bird H., The journal of sustainable product design. ‘Customers – the forgotten stakeholders’. Surrey, UK. Centre of sustainable consumption, January 1999, page 52 till 56 • Falkman, E.G., Sustainable production and consumption, Geneva: World Business Council for sustainable development, 1996 • Johansson G., Magnusson T., The journal of sustainable product design. ‘Ecoinnovations - a novel phenomenon?’. Surrey, UK. The Centre For Sustainable Product Design, October 1998, page 9 • Kozak G., Wiedemann J., Package Design Now!. Germany, Taschen, 2003, pages 414 • Dahlström H., The journal of sustainable product design. ‘Company-Specific Guidelines’. Surrey, UK. Centre of sustainable consumption, January 1999, page 18 • Professor Brezet H., Interview sustainable development, by Charter M., The Centre for Sustainable Design, UK, 1998 • Chido J., Prof Billet E., Dr Harrison D., The journal of sustainable product design. ‘Active Disassembly’. Surrey, UK. The Centre For Sustainable Product Design, October 1998, page 26 • Elkington J., Cannibals with forks the triple bottom line of 21st century business, UK, Capstone Publication, 1997 • Yeang K., Ecodesign A manual for ecological design, Great Britain Wiley Academy, 2006, pages 499. • Charter M., Clark T., Sustainable Innovation. ‘Key conclusions for sustainable innovation Conferences 2003_2006’. Surrey, UK. The Centre For Sustainable Product Design, May 2007, page 32 ATTRACTIVE SUSTAINABLE PRODUCT DESIGN 43
Bibliography • Charter M., Belmane I., The journal of sustainable product design. ‘Integrated Product Policy (IPP) and eco-product development (EPD)’. Surrey, UK. The Centre For Sustainable Product Design, July 1999, page 17_21 • Dr Frei M., The journal of sustainable product design. ‘Eco-effective product design: the contribution of environmental management in designing sustainable products’. Surrey, UK. The Centre For Sustainable Product Design, October 1998, page 16 • Dr Crul M., Design for sustainability ‘A step-by-step Approach’, Delft: Delft University of Technology, 2009, pages 102. • Whiteley, N., Design for Society, London: Reaction Books, 1993, page 18. • OECD, Product Durability and product life extension, Paris: OECD, 1982 • Philips, Environmental Report, 1998; Philips presentation at OECD conference, Sydney, March 1999 • Burall, P., Green design, London: Design Council, 1991 • James P., Interview Sustainable Business centre, by Charter M., The Centre for Sustainable Design, UK, 1998 • Dalcacio R., Product Design in the Sustainable Era, Germany, Taschen GmbH, 2010, pages 439. • Barbero, S. Cozzo, B., Ecodesign, H.F.Ullmann, Tandem Verlag GmbH, 2009, pages 361. • Schmidheiny, S., Changing Course, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT press, 1992 • Walker S., The journal of sustainable product design. ‘Experiments in sustainable product design’. Surrey, UK. Centre of sustainable consumption, October 1998, page 41 till 50 • Cooper T., The journal of sustainable product design. ‘Creating an economic infrastructure for sustainable product design’. Surrey, UK. Centre of sustainable consumption, January 1999, page 7 till 15 • Jackson, T., Clean production strategies, Boca Raton: Lewis, 1993 • http://www.philips.com/sites/philipsglobal/about/sustainability/ourgreenproducts/index.page
44 ATTRACTIVE SUSTAINABLE PRODUCT DESIGN
Attachments A total of 20 induviduals participated in this survey.
Statistieken voor vraag 1 : Question 1. How much importance do you attach to sustainable architecture? 1 High
45.00%
2 Average 55.00% 3 Moderate 0.00% 4 Not at all 0.00%
Statistieken voor vraag 2 : Question 2. What do you find a sustainable building? 1 When the building many years intact.
10.00%
2 A building that is well insulated, and thus saves fuel.
10.00%
3 When you have considered ventilation, insulation and heating. 25.00% 4 When it's passive.
5.00%
5 When thought is about the construction, use and recycling.
50.00%
Statistieken voor vraag 3 : Question 3: Look for a green label on the packaging to make a purchase? 1 Yes, this affects my purchasing behavior 10.00% 2 Sometimes, depending on the product.
60.00%
3 Almost never.
25.00%
4 Never, I do not believe.
5.00%
Statistieken voor vraag 4 : Question 4. What's your opinion about sustainable products? 1 Enthusiasm, well that they are there. 35.00% 2 Is always room for more sustainable. 60.00% 3 At the cost of the design or looks.
5.00%
ATTRACTIVE SUSTAINABLE PRODUCT DESIGN 45
Attachments Statistieken voor vraag 5 : Question 5: What is your point of view, at the prices of sustainable products? 1 Extra cost, with no more!
5.00%
2 Remarkably expensive, so I do not buy!
15.00%
3 Prices are less important than their impact on the environment. 55.00% 4 The price is certainly achievable!
25.00%
Statistieken voor vraag 6 : Question 6: Which mp3 player wears you prefer? 1 Costs 25 euro, 10 functions, Poor Design, Large storage, not sustainable
15.00%
2 Costs 50euro, 15 functions, design average, average capacity, Moderately durable 10.00% 3 Costs 80euro, 20 functions, average design, high capacity, sustainable Moderately 20.00% 4 Costs 120euro, 10 functions, attractive design, high capacity, sustainable Medium 50.00% 5 Costs 140euro, 15 functions, Poor Design, High storage capacity, biodegradable
5.00%
Statistieken voor vraag 7 : Question 7: What lighting should you choose? 1 Bulb lighting, this for me because a lot of atmosphere and light.
0.00%
2 Bulb lighting, because energy saving lamps are more expensive.
0.00%
3
Energy saving lamps, because they amounts many hours of light and low power consumption.
15.00%
4 Energy saving lamps because they are more environmentally justifiable.
15.00%
5 Halogen lights because LED lighting is more expensive.
0.00%
6 Halogen lights because LED lighting is too weak.
0.00%
7 LED lighting because they look good and more in the future will occur.
25.00%
8 LED lighting because they are more environmentally justifiable.
45.00%
Statistieken voor vraag 8 : Question 8: Which bottle do you choose? 1 Plastic bottles, because they have a nice shape, transparent and look nice. 10.00% 2 Plastic bottles, because glass bottles must go back to the store to.
5.00%
46 ATTRACTIVE SUSTAINABLE PRODUCT DESIGN
Attachments 3 Plastic bottles, because they are easier to take.
45.00%
4 Glass bottles, because they save garbage bags.
20.00%
5 Glass bottles, because they are better for the environment.
20.00%
Statistieken voor vraag 9 : Question 9: On what do you pay attention when you buy a car? Put them in order of most to least dominant role. Nr.1
Nr.2
Nr.3
Nr.4
Nr.5
Nr.6
Nr.7
Consumption
0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 5.00% 10.00% 0.00% 85.00%
Brand
0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 10.00% 90.00% 0.00% 0.00%
Purchase Price 0.00% 0.00% 5.00% 0.00% 0.00% 95.00% 0.00% Design
15.00% 0.00% 0.00% 85.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
CO2 emissions 0.00% 5.00% 85.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 10.00% Type of Fuel
85.00% 5.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 5.00% 5.00%
Age
0.00% 90.00% 10.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
Statistieken voor vraag 10 : Question 10: Compostingbarrel 1 Yes, because it saves a lot of volume in the garbagebag. 70.00% 2 Yes, because if you get free potting compost.
20.00%
3 No, because it does not look beautiful in the garden.
5.00%
4 No, because it requires too much work.
0.00%
5 No, because it costs too much too.
0.00%
6 No, because I do not have room for.
5.00%
Statistieken voor vraagconstructed 11 : Do you wish be informed? Please indicate below your email! This survey was onkept the website www.enquetemaken. be, whitin thewerden rules and copyrights of the programme. They Deze antwoorden gegeven: attachments, are the final output of the survey made by protdepreitere@hotmail.com info@fredericlouis.be gramme whitout changes from the author. vincentvanimpe@hotmail.com brambo_punk@hotmail.com joketje_161@hotmail.com calmeynke02@hotmail.com
ATTRACTIVE SUSTAINABLE PRODUCT DESIGN 47
Attachments A total of 55 individuals participated in this survey
Statistieken voor vraag 1 : Vraag 1. Hoeveel belang hecht u aan duurzame architectuur? 1 Hoog
43.64%
2 Gemiddeld
47.27%
3 Matig
9.09%
4 Helemaal niet 0.00%
Statistieken voor vraag 2 : Vraag 2. Wat is voor u een duurzaam gebouw? 1 Wanneer het gebouw vele jaren overeind blijft.
10.91%
2 Een gebouw dat goed ge_soleerd is, en zo brandstof bespaart.
10.91%
3 Wanneer er is nagedacht over de ventilatie, isolatie en verwarming.
34.55%
4 Wanneer het passief is.
1.82%
5 Wanneer nagedacht is over de bouwmaterialen, het gebruik en de recyclage ervan. 41.82%
Statistieken voor vraag 3 : Vraag 3: Let u op een Groen-label op de verpakkingen bij een aankoop? 1 Ja, dit be_nvloedt men aankoopgedrag. 3.64% 2 Soms, afhankelijk van het product.
56.36%
3 Bijna nooit.
34.55%
4 Nooit, daar geloof ik niet in.
5.45%
Statistieken voor vraag 4 : Vraag 4: Wat vind je van duurzame producten? 1 Enthousiast, goed dat ze er zijn.
54.55%
2 Het kan altijd nog steeds duurzamer.
34.55%
3 Gaat ten koste van het design of de looks. 10.91%
Statistieken voor vraag 5 : Vraag 5: Wat is je standpunt, bij de prijzen van duurzame producten?
48 ATTRACTIVE SUSTAINABLE PRODUCT DESIGN
Attachments Statistieken voor vraag 5 : Vraag 5: Wat is je standpunt, bij de prijzen van duurzame producten? 1 Meerprijs, waar we niets meer aan hebben.
5.45%
2 Opmerkelijk duurder, waardoor ik ze niet aankoop!
40.00%
3 Prijzen zijn minder belangrijk dan wat hun impact is op het milieu. 29.09% 4 De prijs is perfect haalbaar!
25.45%
Statistieken voor vraag 6 : Vraag 6: Welke mp3 speler draagt je voorkeur? 1 Kost 25euro, 10 functies, Matig design, Grote opslagcapaciteit, Niet duurzaam
20.00%
2 Kost 50euro, 15 functies, Gemiddeld design, Gemiddelde opslagcapaciteit, Matig duurzaam 10.91% 3 Kost 80euro, 20 functies, Gemiddeld design, Hoge opslagcapaciteit, Matig duurzaam
25.45%
4 Kost 120euro, 10 functies, Mooi design, Hoge opslagcapaciteit, Gemiddeld duurzaam
36.36%
5 Kost 140euro, 15 functies, Matig design, Hoge opslagcapaciteit, Biodegradeerbaar
7.27%
Statistieken voor vraag 7 : Vraag 7: Welke verlichting kiest u? 1 Gloeilampverlichting, omdat dit voor mij veel sfeer en licht brengt.
7.27%
2 Gloeilampverlichting, omdat spaarlampen duurder zijn.
0.00%
3 Spaarlampen, omdat die veel lichturen bedragen en weinig verbruiken.
40.00%
4 Spaarlampen, omdat ze ecologisch beter te verantwoorden zijn.
14.55%
5 Halogeenverlichting , omdat LED verlichting duurder is.
1.82%
6 Halogeenverlichting , omdat LED verlichting te zwak is.
1.82%
7 LED verlichting, omdat ze mooi ogen en in de toekomst meer gaan voorkomen. 16.36% 8 LED verlichting, omdat ze ecologisch beter te verantwoorden zijn.
18.18%
Statistieken voor vraag 8 : Vraag 8: Voor welke waterfles kies je? 1 Plasticflessen, omdat ze een mooie vorm, transparant zijn en er leuk uitzien. 3.64% 2 Plasticflessen, omdat glazenflessen terug naar de winkel moeten.
16.36%
ATTRACTIVE SUSTAINABLE PRODUCT DESIGN 49
Attachments 3 Plasticflessen, omdat ze eenvoudiger mee te nemen zijn.
36.36%
4 Glazenflessen, omdat ze vuilniszakken en (ook zo) geld besparen.
12.73%
5 Glazenflessen, omdat ze beter zijn voor het milieu.
30.91%
Statistieken voor vraag 9 : Vraag 9: Bij de aankoop van de wagen let ik op? Zet ze in volgorde van meest naar minst belangrijk. Nr.1
Nr.2
Nr.3
Nr.5
Nr.6
Nr.7
Verbruik
1.82%
1.82%
12.73% 5.45%
0.00%
3.64%
74.55%
Merk
7.27%
0.00%
0.00%
5.45%
78.18% 0.00%
Aankoopprijs
12.73% 9.09%
0.00%
0.00%
1.82%
74.55% 1.82%
Design
0.00%
1.82%
0.00%
80.00% 3.64%
10.91% 3.64%
CO2 uitstoot
1.82%
0.00%
74.55% 3.64%
7.27%
5.45%
7.27%
7.27%
3.64%
5.45%
3.64%
0.00%
81.82% 5.45%
1.82%
3.64%
1.82%
3.64%
Soort Brandstof 74.55% 5.45% Leeftijd
1.82%
Nr.4
9.09%
Statistieken voor vraag 10 : Vraag 10: Compostvat 1 Ja, want het bespaart h?_l wat volume in de afvalzak (en zo ook geld). 38.18% 2 Ja, want zo verkrijg je gratis potaarde.
32.73%
3 Neen, omdat het oogt niet mooi in de tuin.
7.27%
4 Neen, omdat het teveel werk vergt .
3.64%
5 Neen, omdat het teveel kost teveel.
0.00%
6 Neen, omdat ik er geen plaats voor heb.
18.18%
Statistieken voor vraag 11 : Wenst u op de blijven? Vermeld dan hieronder je email! This survey was constructed onhoogte the tewebsite (www.enquetemaken.be), whitinwerden the gegeven: rules and copyright of the programme. They Deze antwoorden attachments, are the final output of the survey made by proexodiathesecond@hotmail.com michael.vienne@hotmail.com gramme whitout changes from the author. needanku@gmail.com enid_meersschaert@hotmail.com hannevandaele@hotmail.com maxime_vdv@hotmail.com
50 ATTRACTIVE SUSTAINABLE PRODUCT DESIGN