Portfolio | Thesis Volume1 | MArch

PORTFOLIO volume 1

Intimate Cities 6th year | MArch 2014

Varvara Lazaridou

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Varvara Lazaridou MArch Master of Architecture 2014 Manchester School of Architecture University of Manchester MAnchester Metropolitan University Year 6

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Contents

Septembe r October Novemb er

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RSA tec h

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Portfolio

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Por tfo

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Intimate Cities Portfolio 2014 Volume 1 Studio 5.1

4

r be ry

Varvara Lazaridou Student no: 13154065

Contents 1.0 Site Analysis 1.1 Introduction

6

1.2 Historical Context

8

1.3 Methodologies

12

1.4 Macro Scale

14

1.5 Micro Scale

38

1.6 Precedent

54

Typologies Built Area Timetable Transport Movement Pattern Combined Map

Specific Site Stationary Activities Aims

Conclusion

2.0 RSA Competition

16 20 24 26 28 32

40 46 52

62

64

3.0 Integrated Technologies 72 4.0 Bibliography

94

5

Methodologies Way to Site

6

Introduction The aim of this investigation is to analyze the area between Albert Square, Spinningfields and Bridge Street in terms of their densities and find areas in which there is a lack of pleasures and therefore movements. It is often the case that people walk slower and stay longer in places relative to the qualities and pleasures offered. The areas with potential will identified and a series of pleasure can be incorporated in its programme.

7

Historical Context Chronology

St. Ann’s church was built

First Rail station opened

Industrial Revolution

1800

1700 Planned development occurred betweeen King Str., Marke Str., Cross Str., Mosley Str.

8

Cotton warehouses erected in city center

Manchester first Town Hall

Blitz Manchester Town Hall replaced

John Rylands Library opened

Rebuilding work ends Betham Tower built

2000

1900 IRA bombing First World War Manchester Ship Canal was built

Second World War

Spinningfields was developed

9

Historical Context

The analysis of historical maps played a crucial role in the investigation as it showed how the area was developed over the years. The most important change in this case is the addition of Spinningfields, which changed the face of the area.

1900

1930

1970

SL

10

2014

The Old

The New

The architecture of Manchester demonstrates a rich variety of architectural styles. The city is a product of the Industrial Revolution and is known as the first modern, industrial city.

Manchester has a lot of architectural styles such as Neo-Gothic, Venetian Gothic, Edwardian baroque, Art Nouveau, Art Deco and the Neo-Classical.

One of the areas regenerated is Spinningfields, developed in the 2000s as a business, retail and residential development of Manchester, and is located between Deansgate and the River Irwell. It consists of 20 new buildings, totalling approximately 430,000 sq metres of commercial, residential and retail space.

The 1996 IRA bombing sparked a large regeneration project with new buildings. Over the last few years there has been a renewed interest in building skyscrapers in Manchester with Manchester City Council signalling they would be sympathetic towards ‘iconic’ skyscrapers, which reflect the historic non-comformist attitude and uniqueness of the city. City centre regeneration work coincided with the property boom of the 2000s.

11

Methodologies Study Area

Themes

Hierarchy

Macro Scale

Density Analysis

Micro Scale

stationary activities How many Where When How long

Failures

Theoretical Influence

12

Proposal

Up to it potenti

ts ial

Unbuilt Area

A short summary of the methodologies will be provided in order to grasp a better understanding of how this analysis was undertaken.

The analysis on the area started by looking at densities both in macro and micro scale. The macro analysis included looking at areas in term of building density and usage as well as movement patterns. From that it was found that there are certain areas, which although they have high density in terms of shops the movement of the people around it, is at its minimum. Then the areas were investigated in a micro scale trying to find reasons why this happen and how this area can be helped by the introduction of my thesis’s program.

People’s Movement Transport

Built Area Typologies Timetable

Combined

Categories

High Shops-High People Low Shops-High People Low Shops-Low People Potentials

High Density of People

Interest

High Shops-Low People

Pleasurable Environment

13

Methodologies Way to Site

14

MACRO SCALE Density Analysis

15

Typologies

Buildings in the Study Area

The map below shows the analysis of the typologies of the buildings in the area, which most of them (76%) are commercial. The buildings were placed in a group according to their main function, as a building can have two or more. The commercial buildings can influence the density and flow as they can attract people by doing activities like shopping and eating. The commercial buildings will be the focus of the analysis as they are responsible for the fluctuation of movement in the area.

Built Area:

Commercial

80926m2

Government/Religious

61509m2

7556m2

9.4%

76% Other

Residential

4874m2

3771m2

6%

16

Educational

3216m2

4.6%

4%

ypologies

commercial

residential

government/religious

education

other

17

Typologies

Buildings in the Study Area

A further analysis shown in the map here shows the exact function of each commercial building, which will further help with the investigation.

The focus was mainly on the ground floor of the buildings in which people interact the most.

The majority of commercial buildings are offices and shops, mainly international brands.

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Office

Coffe Shop

Mini Market

Shop

Restaurant

Other

ologies 1st floor

Bar/Pub/Club

shops

offices

coffe shops

restaurant

bar/pub/club

super-mini market

other

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Unbuilt Area Study Area

A section in though the areas studied will aid to understand how people are moving and also the density of the area. The two extreme sites were selected, the Spinningfields and the area between Bridge street and Back Bridges treet alleyway. As it can be seen from the cross section in Spinningfields there is a big distance between buildings where people can move freely and hence the density of people is low. On the other hand in the area around Bridge street and Back Bridge street the distances between the buildings are shorter giving much less space for people to move around.

0.7 m

Space between buildings

3.2 m

2.5 m

6.4 m

Street Pedestrians Way Other Building Edge

Section A-A | Alleyway 12.2 m

Section B-B | Spinningfields

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Spinningfields

Built Area

Buildings in the Study Area

18243m2

26479m2

104757m2

10032m2

53650m2

55%

13851m2

51.2%

Site

52.3%

Spinningfields

Way to Site

1

2

A A

3

B B

1

Site

2

Spinningfields

3

Way to Site

Boundaries

21

Unbuilt Area

Space Between Buildings

The area such as the Back Bridge can easily look livelier as only a few people moving around can make it seem full. On the other hand the Spinningfields area will need many times that number in order for it to be considered “full�. The diagram below shows the same number of people (5) in the two areas and how they can occupy each space. In Spinningfields people must walk in both parts of the road in order to have a look into all shops, while in the alleyway people can walk in one direction and see both sides at the same time.

Alleyway

22

Spinningfields

Alleyway

Spinningfields

23

Timetable

Typologies of the Commercial

Buildings in the Study Area

The opening and closing hours can have an influence on the site. As it can be observed the majority close by 19.00 but there are other like pubs and bars that close much later. By analyzing the buildings’ function and timetable it helped to make more sense of the area in terms of its density.

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Timeschedule of the commercial buildings (during the winter)

1 2

3

by 17:00 18:00-19:00 20:00-21:00 22:00-23:00 00:00-01:00 02:00-late

24

1

Site

2

Spinningfields

3

Way to Site

Boundarie

unofficial break

other super-mini market bar/ pub/ club restaurant coffee shops offices shops

7

es

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

00

1

2

3

4

Time

5

Life during the week

Total Amount of Shops in: Site

Open Buildings

Spinningfields Way to the Site

3

2

1

45

43 shops

32 shops

30

15

15 shops

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

00

1

2

3

4

5

25

Transport

Bus Routes around Study Area

Another important feature in the site is the frequent movement of busses around the area.

This can play a crucial role in the movement of people, as well as traffic. It also helped to see which areas are busier in terms of bus movements and others, which are more isolated. It also shows the peek time where buses are more frequent in Bridge Street, and during the night where the movement of buses gradually decreased.

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Bus served road

Bridge Street

Non bus served road

Bridge Street Bus station

Isolated area

Physical Boundaries

Bus served road Non bus served road Bridge Street Bridge Street Bus stop

1646 busses per day

40

40

40

40

40

40

40

40

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

592 Bus Stops per Day 29

36

40

40

39

Busses

5:00am -2:00am

21

24

30

14

21

22

11

14

17

20

0

3

4

5

6

8

10

5

6

7

8

18

19

20

23

00

1

2

3

4

Time

Amount of Busses per hour in Bridge Street Stop

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Movement Pattern

People’s flow around the Study Area

The second part of the macro analysis is looking at the movement of people around the site. The map highlights the busiest areas in the site and how different conditions such as the boundaries, day and time can influence movement. It is also useful to create a list in which all the different factors that affect movement are included. This can be in terms of time in the day, the age of people or the weather. These factors can influence the time in which people need to get from one point to the other, as seen in the graph below.

by 17:00 18:00-19.00 20:00-21:00 22:00-23:00 00:00-01:00 02:00-late

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people’s flow

stu

Weather

Day

Temperature

Age

Time

C

o

13:55 mins

13:58

23

14 oC

Tuesday

Cloudy

16.15 mins

15:06

23

19 oC

Sunday

Sunny

12.15 mins

23:25

23

6 oC

Monday

Rainy

from (macdonalds) udy limit Oxford road to the site

00:47.76

00:07.66

total 01:16.60

00:21.18

9.17%

9.17% of total time

644 meters

1 2 total time (mins)

3

4

5

6

7

03:44.65

02:47.81

05:55.73

00:10.88

11:39.07

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

13:55.67 15

16

1064 meters

00:24.13

00:32.08

00:08.03

total 01:33.43

00:29.19

9.53% 9.53% of total time

1 2 total time (mins)

3

00:13.03

4

5

6

7

8

04:33.66

03:01.20

03:18.01

03:38.39

00:11.30

14:42.56

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16:15.99

16

total 00:28.89

00:15.86

3.95% 3.95% of total time

1 2 total time (mins)

3

09:33.03

00:14.48

01:58.69

11:46.20

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

12:15.09 13

14

15

16

walking time pause 29

Stages

Towards the Combined Map

The maps below show the different ways and the stages in which the area was analysed.

Firstly was the buildings’ timetable, the flow of people in the area and finally, the bus routes and frequency of movement. These maps when combined will lead to the map on the next page where all the data are translated into a map.

Timeschedule of the commercial buildings (during the winter)

1 2

3

by 17:00 18:00-19.00 20:00-21:00 22:00-23:00 00:00-01:00 02:00-late

30

31

Combined Map

Density of People and Shops

By combining the data found in the density and use of shops analysis together with the people’s movement around the site it helped create four categories. Areas with high density of shops and a lot of movement, areas with low density of shops and high movement, areas with low density of shops and low movement and finally areas with high density of shops and low movement. The last category (high density of shops and low movement) is the most interesting as it the only category that does not reach its potential and can be improved by changing its program.

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Density of shops

Density of shops

Density of shops

Density of people

Density of people

Density of people

Density of people

+ interest -

RO

MA

NR

OA

D

Density of shops

High Density of Shops - High Density of People Low Density of Shops - High Density of People Low Density of Shops - Low Density of People High Density of Shops - Low Density of People

33

Density Categories

From Macro to Micro Scale

34

Bridge Street

Alleyway

Wood Street

The only part of the site with this characteristic is the street called Back Bridge street, and by analyzing it in a micro scale will help to further understand the conditions that make the street not visited by people. On the other hand there is Bridge street which is parallel to the Back Bridge street, however looking it from a macro scale, it seems to have the ideal combination of density of people and density of shops.

High Density of Shops - High Density of People High Density of Shops - Low Density of People A

King Street

Back Bridge Street

A

35

Density Categories

From Macro to Micro Scale

Back Bridge Street

Bridge Street

36

Bridge Street

Back Bridge Street

37

Methodologies Way to Site

38

MICRO SCALE Density Analysis

39

Density Analysis Specific Site

The site where the micro analysis will take place is shown below. Other features of the site not visible during the macro analysis, such as benches, bus stops and entrances are included here. This will help to understand in a greater degree how the site operates.

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main street secondary road alleyway of interest street of interest

bench

bus station

The first part of the micro analysis is to concentrate on stationary activities around the site and places in which people stop and spend some time. This was recorded this by visiting the site during different parts of the day, during weekdays and weekends

entrance

time table

41

Density Analysis Specific Site

open

+

8:00-9:00 9:00-10:00

-

10:00-11:00 11:00-12:00

close

Weekdays 8:00-12:00

High Density of Shops Low Density of People

close

-

16:00-17:00 17:00-18:00 18:00-19:00 19:00-20:00

+

open

Weekdays 16:00-20:00 42

High Density of Shops High Density of People

Weekdays

mins 1-5

5-10

10-30

30-60

60-120

>120

static people

open

+

12:00-13:00 13:00-14:00

-

14:00-15:00 15:00-16:00

close

Weekdays 12:00-16:00

High Density of Shops High Density of People

close

-

20:00-21:00 21:00-22:00 22:00-23:00 23:00-00:00

+

open

Weekdays 20:00-24:00

Low Density of Shops Low Density of People 43

Density Analysis Specific Site

open

+

8:00-9:00 9:00-10:00

-

10:00-11:00 11:00-12:00

close Sunday 8:00-12:00

Low Density of Shops Low Density of People

close

-

16:00-17:00 17:00-18:00 18:00-19:00 19:00-20:00

+

open Sunday 16:00-20:00 44

Low Density of Shops Low Density of People

Weekends

mins 1-5

5-10

10-30

30-60

60-120

>120

static people

open

+

8:00-9:00 9:00-10:00

-

10:00-11:00 11:00-12:00

close Sunday 12:00-16:00

Low Density of Shops Low Density of People

close

-

20:00-21:00 21:00-22:00 22:00-23:00 23:00-00:00

+

open Sunday 20:00-24:00

Low Density of Shops Low Density of People 45

Stationary Activities Specific Site

1-5

By combing all this data in a single map one can easily identify the duration of stay, the location and the way that someone spends time around the site. There are areas such as the square, the bus stop and some shops that people spend time while the Back Bridge street is almost never used.

sitting 46

traffic light

eating/drinking

shopping

bus station

5-10

10-30

other activities

30-60

60-120

0

traffic light

>120

sitting

mins

shopping

bus station 591 stops per day

eating/drinking 1 restaurant 2 fast food restaurants 4 pubs

other activities Unique activity : parkour

47

Stationary Activities Specific Site

Each activity can be broken up to smaller activities, which then can take place in specific areas.

These activities can be further broken down into short activities like smoking and longer activities such as shopping and dining.

STATIONARY ACTIVITIES

Traffic Light

Sitting

Eating

Drinking

Shopping

Smoking Bus Station

Standing Eating/ Drinkig

Parkour Talking

Other Activities

48

LOCATION

DURATION

Bridge Street

Long Duration

Back Bridge Street

Short Duration

Square

49

Stationary Activities Specific Site

1-5

5-10

People Smoking around Back Bridge Street

50

10-30

People Sitting on the Square

30-60

60-120

>120

mins

People Eating In a fast food restaurant

51

Aims

Specific Site

The aim is to use current flow of people visiting and moving along Bridge street and redirect the to Back Bridge street, which currently nobody ever visits. The Bridge Street itself is used by thousand of people everyday since it has some of the most used bus stations in Manchester, as well as its location connects many other areas. The distance between the two areas is only a few meters away so it can be realistically possible. Currently there is a lot of potential in the area but it is not utilized correctly. The programme introduced will create stationary activities and therefore people will spend more time in the area.

Advantag

Busy Bus S

Busy Stree

High Mov

Disadvan

Lack of Sta

Short Dur

Lack of Ide

Descriptive

52

Suggestive

STATIONARY ACTIVITIES

Advantages of Bridge Street Busy Bus Stop Busy Street High Movement of People

Disadvantages of Bridge Street

Back Bridge Street

Lack of Stationary Activities Short Duration Activities Lack of Identity

Descriptive

Back Bridge Street

Suggestive

Back Bridge Street

53

Methodologies Way to Site

54

PRECEDENT Analysis

As suggested in the text “Stripped Bare” a way in which pleasure was created in the alleys of Chicago was to create a series of events. These events would change location and function every day. le modules.

As identified by the site analysis the area around Bridge street and Back bridge street would also need a programme which would result to increase in people’s movement and stationary activity in the area. An important part of the research is to be able to analyse and compare precedents which similar characteristics as the area chosen, and how each area managed to create a programme, which was beneficial for it.

55

Precedent

Markets in Manchester

Entrance Entrance fee The first step is to analyze the portable market events, which take place in Manchester throughout the year. It is obvious that Mancunians like such events, which are bigger and more frequent each year. The diagram below shows the different kind of events found inside and outside the city center and their duration.

Connection with the area Boundaries Timetable Security

City Center

Outside City Center

Christmas Market Beer Event

Jan

56

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

Christmas Market

Northenden Street Market

Duration: 7 November - 21 December Time: 10:00 - 20:00 Place: Albert Square Brazennose Street Cathedral Gardens Exchange Street Exchange Square King Street Market Street New Cathedral Street St. Ann’s Square

Duration: 1 day per month Time: 9:00 - 16:00 Place: Northenden Street

Beer Event

Chorlton Street Market Duration: 1 day per month Time: 9:00 - 16:00 Place: Chorlton Street Levenshulme Street Market Duration: Every Satuday (March - December) Time: 10:00 - 16:00 Place: Levenshulme Street

Duration: 18 September - 28 September Time: 10:00 - 23:00 Place: Albert Square Church Street Market Duration: Monday - Saturday Time: 9:00 - 17:00 Place: Church Street Piccadilly Street Food Market Duration: Thursday- Saturday Time: 11:00 - 17:30 Place: Piccadilly Street

57

Precedent

Beer Event in Manchester City Center

Step 1 Site Selection

Year by year the concept of the portable market event evolves as new legislations are added. It started as an open event but gradually security measures were introduced. Firstly by introducing fences and boundaries, security by the council and other rules such as opening and closing times.

These therefore do not offer anything to the site as it is isolated from it, and it isolates people the same time inside fences and boundaries. This result for the site not to gain anything but on the contrary be harmful to the site and it’s program as the attention is paid to the event itself.

Step 2 Boundaries

Step 3 Security

Step 4 Rules

58

(x1000 people)

30

20

day14

day13

day12

day11

day10

day9

day8

day7

day6

day5

day4

day3

day2

day1

10

Days of the evet

Before the Event

During the Event

Low Density of Shops -High Density of People

Low Density of Shops -Low Density of People

59

Precedent

Markets outside Manchester

Agora Athens Greece

60

Com m u

ty ni

The first area studied is the Greek Agora, which is considered as one of the first ways in which people came together, initially to talk and debate about everyday issues and later as a space in which goods were sold. The important characteristics of the Agora are that it was open to all, without distinct boundaries, security or timetable. Its aim was to connect people with the area around it.

AGORA

Monastiraki Athens Greece C

ty ni

The second precedent analysed is theommMonastiu raki alleyway in Athens. It shares similar characteristics as the Back Bridge Street as it is narrow and used to be forgotten by people.

However AGORA it has been evolved to one of the citizens and tourist most popular destinations as today there are shops going along the alleyway giving it life and movement. Although, the shops have opening and closing hours, it is open for everyone, without doors, boundaries or any other form of security.

Com m

ty ni

u Covent Garden London UK

Lastly there is the Covent Garden in London, AGORA which successfully managed to bring together existing small shops by connecting them through a roof. This increased the movement of people as it created an enclosed space, and thus offering a protection from London’s cold weather. The area has a fixed timetable and entrance however it is free for everyone to enter it.

61

Conclusion

Site Analysis

People’s Flow

Unused Paths

Shops Timetable

Time with Low Density of Shops

Shops Timetable

Time with Low Density of People

Stationary Activities

Activities that are missing

P

62

The analysis of the area and precedents lead to the creation of the programme. The macro and micro site analysis managed to reveal the areas problems, which cannot be seen at first glance. Although the macro analysis showed that there is a large flow of people in the area around Bridge Street, the micro analysis proved that the stationary activities in the area was minimum. This meant that people used the area as a transitional point and didn’t spend time in it. A more specific area, the Back Bridge Street was identified as the area in which wasn’t up to its potential.

The aim was then to find a programme in which it would increase the static activities in the area.

By selecting a number of precedents, specific features were identified such as how boundaries were used, their schedule, the security, the enterprise and its connectivity with the site. These features would be a part of the programme in Back Bridge Street, which would make sure that it will be successful.

PROGRAMME

Open Place

Agora

Alleyways

Monastiraki

Connection

Covent Garden

Beer Market

Precedent

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Bibliography

Books Bennett, Tony, (1983) Formations of pleasure, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul .

Doreen Massey (2005) For Space, California: SAGE Publications.

Gehl, Jan (2001) Life between buildings: using public space, 4th edn., Copenhagen: The Danish Architectural Press.

Institute for Architecture and Urban Studies; Anderson, Stanford (1978) On streets, Cambridge, Mass. ; London: M.I.T. Press.

Marcus, Clare Cooper; Francis, Carolyn (1997) People places: design guidelines for urban open space, 2nd edn., New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold .

Simpson, Barry J (1988) City centre planning and public transport: case studies from Britain, West Germany and France, Wokingham: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Womersley, Steve (2005) SITE: identity in density, Mulgrave: Images.

Journals Aguinaldo, Nathalie (2007) ‘Stripped Bare’, Dimensions, Vol. 20(), pp. 24.

Richard Sennett (2006) ‘The open city’, Urban Age, Nov. 06(), pp. 290-296.

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Chapter from Book Peg Elizabeth Birmingham (1993) ‘125th Street : refiguring the feminine in the city’, in Susan Yelavich (ed.)

The Edge of the millennium : an international critique of architecture, urban planning, product and communication design. New York, N.Y: Whitney Library of Design, pp. 256.

Websites Manchester City Council (2014) Local Markets, Available at: http://www.manchester.gov.uk/info/200066/ markets/5430/apply_to_be_a_market_trader/2 (Accessed: 15th November 2014).

Covent Garden (2014) Food and Drink, Available at: http://www.coventgardenlondonuk.com/food-drink (Accessed: 20 November 2014).

Ancient History Encyclopedia (2014) Agora, Available at: http://www.ancient.eu/agora/ (Accessed: 20 November 2014).

Athens Survival Guide (2014) Monastiraki Market, Available at: http://www.athensguide.com/monastiraki. html (Accessed: 20 Novemebr 2014).

Transport for Great Manchester (2014) Busses, Available at: http://www.tfgm.com/Pages/default.aspx (Accessed: 25 October 2014).

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