PORTFOLIO volume 1
Intimate Cities 6th year | MArch 2014
Varvara Lazaridou
1
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2
Varvara Lazaridou MArch Master of Architecture 2014 Manchester School of Architecture University of Manchester MAnchester Metropolitan University Year 6
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Contents
Septembe r October Novemb er
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RSA tec h
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Portfolio
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Intimate Cities Portfolio 2014 Volume 1 Studio 5.1
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Varvara Lazaridou Student no: 13154065
Contents 1.0 Site Analysis 1.1 Introduction
6
1.2 Historical Context
8
1.3 Methodologies
12
1.4 Macro Scale
14
1.5 Micro Scale
38
1.6 Precedent
54
Typologies Built Area Timetable Transport Movement Pattern Combined Map
Specific Site Stationary Activities Aims
Conclusion
2.0 RSA Competition
16 20 24 26 28 32
40 46 52
62
64
3.0 Integrated Technologies 72 4.0 Bibliography
94
5
Methodologies Way to Site
6
Introduction The aim of this investigation is to analyze the area between Albert Square, Spinningfields and Bridge Street in terms of their densities and find areas in which there is a lack of pleasures and therefore movements. It is often the case that people walk slower and stay longer in places relative to the qualities and pleasures offered. The areas with potential will identified and a series of pleasure can be incorporated in its programme.
7
Historical Context Chronology
St. Ann’s church was built
First Rail station opened
Industrial Revolution
1800
1700 Planned development occurred betweeen King Str., Marke Str., Cross Str., Mosley Str.
8
Cotton warehouses erected in city center
Manchester first Town Hall
Blitz Manchester Town Hall replaced
John Rylands Library opened
Rebuilding work ends Betham Tower built
2000
1900 IRA bombing First World War Manchester Ship Canal was built
Second World War
Spinningfields was developed
9
Historical Context
The analysis of historical maps played a crucial role in the investigation as it showed how the area was developed over the years. The most important change in this case is the addition of Spinningfields, which changed the face of the area.
1900
1930
1970
SL
10
2014
The Old
The New
The architecture of Manchester demonstrates a rich variety of architectural styles. The city is a product of the Industrial Revolution and is known as the first modern, industrial city. Manchester has a lot of architectural styles such as Neo-Gothic, Venetian Gothic, Edwardian baroque, Art Nouveau, Art Deco and the Neo-Classical.
One of the areas regenerated is Spinningfields, developed in the 2000s as a business, retail and residential development of Manchester, and is located between Deansgate and the River Irwell. It consists of 20 new buildings, totalling approximately 430,000 sq metres of commercial, residential and retail space.
The 1996 IRA bombing sparked a large regeneration project with new buildings. Over the last few years there has been a renewed interest in building skyscrapers in Manchester with Manchester City Council signalling they would be sympathetic towards ‘iconic’ skyscrapers, which reflect the historic non-comformist attitude and uniqueness of the city. City centre regeneration work coincided with the property boom of the 2000s. 11
Methodologies Study Area
Themes
Hierarchy
Macro Scale
Density Analysis
Micro Scale
stationary activities How many Where When How long
Failures
Theoretical Influence
12
Proposal
Up to it potenti
ts ial
Unbuilt Area
A short summary of the methodologies will be provided in order to grasp a better understanding of how this analysis was undertaken. The analysis on the area started by looking at densities both in macro and micro scale. The macro analysis included looking at areas in term of building density and usage as well as movement patterns. From that it was found that there are certain areas, which although they have high density in terms of shops the movement of the people around it, is at its minimum. Then the areas were investigated in a micro scale trying to find reasons why this happen and how this area can be helped by the introduction of my thesis’s program.
People’s Movement Transport
Built Area Typologies Timetable
Combined
Categories
High Shops-High People Low Shops-High People Low Shops-Low People Potentials
High Density of People
Interest
High Shops-Low People
Pleasurable Environment
13
Methodologies Way to Site
14
MACRO SCALE Density Analysis
15
Typologies
Buildings in the Study Area
The map below shows the analysis of the typologies of the buildings in the area, which most of them (76%) are commercial. The buildings were placed in a group according to their main function, as a building can have two or more. The commercial buildings can influence the density and flow as they can attract people by doing activities like shopping and eating. The commercial buildings will be the focus of the analysis as they are responsible for the fluctuation of movement in the area.
Built Area:
Commercial
80926m2
Government/Religious
61509m2
7556m2
9.4%
76% Other
Residential
4874m2
3771m2
6%
16
Educational
3216m2
4.6%
4%
ypologies
commercial
residential
government/religious
education
other
17
Typologies
Buildings in the Study Area
A further analysis shown in the map here shows the exact function of each commercial building, which will further help with the investigation. The focus was mainly on the ground floor of the buildings in which people interact the most. The majority of commercial buildings are offices and shops, mainly international brands.
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Office
Coffe Shop
Mini Market
Shop
Restaurant
Other
ologies 1st floor
Bar/Pub/Club
shops
offices
coffe shops
restaurant
bar/pub/club
super-mini market
other
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Unbuilt Area Study Area
A section in though the areas studied will aid to understand how people are moving and also the density of the area. The two extreme sites were selected, the Spinningfields and the area between Bridge street and Back Bridges treet alleyway. As it can be seen from the cross section in Spinningfields there is a big distance between buildings where people can move freely and hence the density of people is low. On the other hand in the area around Bridge street and Back Bridge street the distances between the buildings are shorter giving much less space for people to move around.
0.7 m
Space between buildings
3.2 m
2.5 m
6.4 m
Street Pedestrians Way Other Building Edge
Section A-A | Alleyway 12.2 m
Section B-B | Spinningfields
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Spinningfields
Built Area
Buildings in the Study Area
18243m2
26479m2
104757m2
10032m2
53650m2
55%
13851m2
51.2%
Site
52.3%
Spinningfields
Way to Site
1
2
A A
3
B B
1
Site
2
Spinningfields
3
Way to Site
Boundaries
21
Unbuilt Area
Space Between Buildings
The area such as the Back Bridge can easily look livelier as only a few people moving around can make it seem full. On the other hand the Spinningfields area will need many times that number in order for it to be considered “full�. The diagram below shows the same number of people (5) in the two areas and how they can occupy each space. In Spinningfields people must walk in both parts of the road in order to have a look into all shops, while in the alleyway people can walk in one direction and see both sides at the same time.
Alleyway
22
Spinningfields
Alleyway
Spinningfields
23
Timetable
Typologies of the Commercial
Buildings in the Study Area
The opening and closing hours can have an influence on the site. As it can be observed the majority close by 19.00 but there are other like pubs and bars that close much later. By analyzing the buildings’ function and timetable it helped to make more sense of the area in terms of its density.
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Timeschedule of the commercial buildings (during the winter)
1 2
3
by 17:00 18:00-19:00 20:00-21:00 22:00-23:00 00:00-01:00 02:00-late
24
1
Site
2
Spinningfields
3
Way to Site
Boundarie
unofficial break
other super-mini market bar/ pub/ club restaurant coffee shops offices shops
7
es
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
00
1
2
3
4
Time
5
Life during the week
Total Amount of Shops in: Site
Open Buildings
Spinningfields Way to the Site
3
2
1
45
43 shops
32 shops
30
15
15 shops
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
00
1
2
3
4
5
25
Transport
Bus Routes around Study Area
Another important feature in the site is the frequent movement of busses around the area. This can play a crucial role in the movement of people, as well as traffic. It also helped to see which areas are busier in terms of bus movements and others, which are more isolated. It also shows the peek time where buses are more frequent in Bridge Street, and during the night where the movement of buses gradually decreased.
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Bus served road
Bridge Street
Non bus served road
Bridge Street Bus station
Isolated area
Physical Boundaries
Bus served road Non bus served road Bridge Street Bridge Street Bus stop
1646 busses per day
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
592 Bus Stops per Day 29
36
40
40
39
Busses
5:00am -2:00am
21
24
30
14
21
22
11
14
17
20
0
3
4
5
6
8
10
5
6
7
8
18
19
20
23
00
1
2
3
4
Time
Amount of Busses per hour in Bridge Street Stop
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Movement Pattern
People’s flow around the Study Area
The second part of the macro analysis is looking at the movement of people around the site. The map highlights the busiest areas in the site and how different conditions such as the boundaries, day and time can influence movement. It is also useful to create a list in which all the different factors that affect movement are included. This can be in terms of time in the day, the age of people or the weather. These factors can influence the time in which people need to get from one point to the other, as seen in the graph below.
by 17:00 18:00-19.00 20:00-21:00 22:00-23:00 00:00-01:00 02:00-late
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people’s flow
stu
Weather
Day
Temperature
Age
Time
C
o
13:55 mins
13:58
23
14 oC
Tuesday
Cloudy
16.15 mins
15:06
23
19 oC
Sunday
Sunny
12.15 mins
23:25
23
6 oC
Monday
Rainy
from (macdonalds) udy limit Oxford road to the site
00:47.76
00:07.66
total 01:16.60
00:21.18
9.17%
9.17% of total time
644 meters
1 2 total time (mins)
3
4
5
6
7
03:44.65
02:47.81
05:55.73
00:10.88
11:39.07
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
13:55.67 15
16
1064 meters
00:24.13
00:32.08
00:08.03
total 01:33.43
00:29.19
9.53% 9.53% of total time
1 2 total time (mins)
3
00:13.03
4
5
6
7
8
04:33.66
03:01.20
03:18.01
03:38.39
00:11.30
14:42.56
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16:15.99
16
total 00:28.89
00:15.86
3.95% 3.95% of total time
1 2 total time (mins)
3
09:33.03
00:14.48
01:58.69
11:46.20
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
12:15.09 13
14
15
16
walking time pause 29
Stages
Towards the Combined Map
The maps below show the different ways and the stages in which the area was analysed. Firstly was the buildings’ timetable, the flow of people in the area and finally, the bus routes and frequency of movement. These maps when combined will lead to the map on the next page where all the data are translated into a map.
Timeschedule of the commercial buildings (during the winter)
1 2
3
by 17:00 18:00-19.00 20:00-21:00 22:00-23:00 00:00-01:00 02:00-late
30
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Combined Map
Density of People and Shops
By combining the data found in the density and use of shops analysis together with the people’s movement around the site it helped create four categories. Areas with high density of shops and a lot of movement, areas with low density of shops and high movement, areas with low density of shops and low movement and finally areas with high density of shops and low movement. The last category (high density of shops and low movement) is the most interesting as it the only category that does not reach its potential and can be improved by changing its program.
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Density of shops
Density of shops
Density of shops
Density of people
Density of people
Density of people
Density of people
+ interest -
RO
MA
NR
OA
D
Density of shops
High Density of Shops - High Density of People Low Density of Shops - High Density of People Low Density of Shops - Low Density of People High Density of Shops - Low Density of People
33
Density Categories
From Macro to Micro Scale
34
Bridge Street
Alleyway
Wood Street
The only part of the site with this characteristic is the street called Back Bridge street, and by analyzing it in a micro scale will help to further understand the conditions that make the street not visited by people. On the other hand there is Bridge street which is parallel to the Back Bridge street, however looking it from a macro scale, it seems to have the ideal combination of density of people and density of shops.
High Density of Shops - High Density of People High Density of Shops - Low Density of People A
King Street
Back Bridge Street
A
35
Density Categories
From Macro to Micro Scale
Back Bridge Street
Bridge Street
36
Bridge Street
Back Bridge Street
37
Methodologies Way to Site
38
MICRO SCALE Density Analysis
39
Density Analysis Specific Site
The site where the micro analysis will take place is shown below. Other features of the site not visible during the macro analysis, such as benches, bus stops and entrances are included here. This will help to understand in a greater degree how the site operates.
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main street secondary road alleyway of interest street of interest
bench
bus station
The first part of the micro analysis is to concentrate on stationary activities around the site and places in which people stop and spend some time. This was recorded this by visiting the site during different parts of the day, during weekdays and weekends
entrance
time table
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Density Analysis Specific Site
open
+
8:00-9:00 9:00-10:00
-
10:00-11:00 11:00-12:00
close
Weekdays 8:00-12:00
High Density of Shops Low Density of People
close
-
16:00-17:00 17:00-18:00 18:00-19:00 19:00-20:00
+
open
Weekdays 16:00-20:00 42
High Density of Shops High Density of People
Weekdays
mins 1-5
5-10
10-30
30-60
60-120
>120
static people
open
+
12:00-13:00 13:00-14:00
-
14:00-15:00 15:00-16:00
close
Weekdays 12:00-16:00
High Density of Shops High Density of People
close
-
20:00-21:00 21:00-22:00 22:00-23:00 23:00-00:00
+
open
Weekdays 20:00-24:00
Low Density of Shops Low Density of People 43
Density Analysis Specific Site
open
+
8:00-9:00 9:00-10:00
-
10:00-11:00 11:00-12:00
close Sunday 8:00-12:00
Low Density of Shops Low Density of People
close
-
16:00-17:00 17:00-18:00 18:00-19:00 19:00-20:00
+
open Sunday 16:00-20:00 44
Low Density of Shops Low Density of People
Weekends
mins 1-5
5-10
10-30
30-60
60-120
>120
static people
open
+
8:00-9:00 9:00-10:00
-
10:00-11:00 11:00-12:00
close Sunday 12:00-16:00
Low Density of Shops Low Density of People
close
-
20:00-21:00 21:00-22:00 22:00-23:00 23:00-00:00
+
open Sunday 20:00-24:00
Low Density of Shops Low Density of People 45
Stationary Activities Specific Site
1-5
By combing all this data in a single map one can easily identify the duration of stay, the location and the way that someone spends time around the site. There are areas such as the square, the bus stop and some shops that people spend time while the Back Bridge street is almost never used.
sitting 46
traffic light
eating/drinking
shopping
bus station
5-10
10-30
other activities
30-60
60-120
0
traffic light
>120
sitting
mins
shopping
bus station 591 stops per day
eating/drinking 1 restaurant 2 fast food restaurants 4 pubs
other activities Unique activity : parkour
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Stationary Activities Specific Site
Each activity can be broken up to smaller activities, which then can take place in specific areas. These activities can be further broken down into short activities like smoking and longer activities such as shopping and dining. STATIONARY ACTIVITIES
Traffic Light
Sitting
Eating
Drinking
Shopping
Smoking Bus Station
Standing Eating/ Drinkig
Parkour Talking
Other Activities
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LOCATION
DURATION
Bridge Street
Long Duration
Back Bridge Street
Short Duration
Square
49
Stationary Activities Specific Site
1-5
5-10
People Smoking around Back Bridge Street
50
10-30
People Sitting on the Square
30-60
60-120
>120
mins
People Eating In a fast food restaurant
51
Aims
Specific Site
The aim is to use current flow of people visiting and moving along Bridge street and redirect the to Back Bridge street, which currently nobody ever visits. The Bridge Street itself is used by thousand of people everyday since it has some of the most used bus stations in Manchester, as well as its location connects many other areas. The distance between the two areas is only a few meters away so it can be realistically possible. Currently there is a lot of potential in the area but it is not utilized correctly. The programme introduced will create stationary activities and therefore people will spend more time in the area.
Advantag
Busy Bus S
Busy Stree
High Mov
Disadvan
Lack of Sta
Short Dur
Lack of Ide
Descriptive
52
Suggestive
STATIONARY ACTIVITIES
Advantages of Bridge Street Busy Bus Stop Busy Street High Movement of People
Disadvantages of Bridge Street
Back Bridge Street
Lack of Stationary Activities Short Duration Activities Lack of Identity
Descriptive
Back Bridge Street
Suggestive
Back Bridge Street
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Methodologies Way to Site
54
PRECEDENT Analysis
As suggested in the text “Stripped Bare” a way in which pleasure was created in the alleys of Chicago was to create a series of events. These events would change location and function every day. le modules. As identified by the site analysis the area around Bridge street and Back bridge street would also need a programme which would result to increase in people’s movement and stationary activity in the area. An important part of the research is to be able to analyse and compare precedents which similar characteristics as the area chosen, and how each area managed to create a programme, which was beneficial for it.
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Precedent
Markets in Manchester
Entrance Entrance fee The first step is to analyze the portable market events, which take place in Manchester throughout the year. It is obvious that Mancunians like such events, which are bigger and more frequent each year. The diagram below shows the different kind of events found inside and outside the city center and their duration.
Connection with the area Boundaries Timetable Security
City Center
Outside City Center
Christmas Market Beer Event
Jan
56
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
June
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
Christmas Market
Northenden Street Market
Duration: 7 November - 21 December Time: 10:00 - 20:00 Place: Albert Square Brazennose Street Cathedral Gardens Exchange Street Exchange Square King Street Market Street New Cathedral Street St. Ann’s Square
Duration: 1 day per month Time: 9:00 - 16:00 Place: Northenden Street
Beer Event
Chorlton Street Market Duration: 1 day per month Time: 9:00 - 16:00 Place: Chorlton Street Levenshulme Street Market Duration: Every Satuday (March - December) Time: 10:00 - 16:00 Place: Levenshulme Street
Duration: 18 September - 28 September Time: 10:00 - 23:00 Place: Albert Square Church Street Market Duration: Monday - Saturday Time: 9:00 - 17:00 Place: Church Street Piccadilly Street Food Market Duration: Thursday- Saturday Time: 11:00 - 17:30 Place: Piccadilly Street
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Precedent
Beer Event in Manchester City Center
Step 1 Site Selection
Year by year the concept of the portable market event evolves as new legislations are added. It started as an open event but gradually security measures were introduced. Firstly by introducing fences and boundaries, security by the council and other rules such as opening and closing times. These therefore do not offer anything to the site as it is isolated from it, and it isolates people the same time inside fences and boundaries. This result for the site not to gain anything but on the contrary be harmful to the site and it’s program as the attention is paid to the event itself.
Step 2 Boundaries
Step 3 Security
Step 4 Rules
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(x1000 people)
30
20
day14
day13
day12
day11
day10
day9
day8
day7
day6
day5
day4
day3
day2
day1
10
Days of the evet
Before the Event
During the Event
Low Density of Shops -High Density of People
Low Density of Shops -Low Density of People
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Precedent
Markets outside Manchester
Agora Athens Greece
60
Com m u
ty ni
The first area studied is the Greek Agora, which is considered as one of the first ways in which people came together, initially to talk and debate about everyday issues and later as a space in which goods were sold. The important characteristics of the Agora are that it was open to all, without distinct boundaries, security or timetable. Its aim was to connect people with the area around it.
AGORA
Monastiraki Athens Greece C
ty ni
The second precedent analysed is theommMonastiu raki alleyway in Athens. It shares similar characteristics as the Back Bridge Street as it is narrow and used to be forgotten by people. However AGORA it has been evolved to one of the citizens and tourist most popular destinations as today there are shops going along the alleyway giving it life and movement. Although, the shops have opening and closing hours, it is open for everyone, without doors, boundaries or any other form of security.
Com m
ty ni
u Covent Garden London UK
Lastly there is the Covent Garden in London, AGORA which successfully managed to bring together existing small shops by connecting them through a roof. This increased the movement of people as it created an enclosed space, and thus offering a protection from London’s cold weather. The area has a fixed timetable and entrance however it is free for everyone to enter it.
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Conclusion
Site Analysis
People’s Flow
Unused Paths
Shops Timetable
Time with Low Density of Shops
Shops Timetable
Time with Low Density of People
Stationary Activities
Activities that are missing
P
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The analysis of the area and precedents lead to the creation of the programme. The macro and micro site analysis managed to reveal the areas problems, which cannot be seen at first glance. Although the macro analysis showed that there is a large flow of people in the area around Bridge Street, the micro analysis proved that the stationary activities in the area was minimum. This meant that people used the area as a transitional point and didn’t spend time in it. A more specific area, the Back Bridge Street was identified as the area in which wasn’t up to its potential. The aim was then to find a programme in which it would increase the static activities in the area. By selecting a number of precedents, specific features were identified such as how boundaries were used, their schedule, the security, the enterprise and its connectivity with the site. These features would be a part of the programme in Back Bridge Street, which would make sure that it will be successful.
PROGRAMME
Open Place
Agora
Alleyways
Monastiraki
Connection
Covent Garden
Beer Market
Precedent
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Bibliography
Books Bennett, Tony, (1983) Formations of pleasure, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul . Doreen Massey (2005) For Space, California: SAGE Publications. Gehl, Jan (2001) Life between buildings: using public space, 4th edn., Copenhagen: The Danish Architectural Press. Institute for Architecture and Urban Studies; Anderson, Stanford (1978) On streets, Cambridge, Mass. ; London: M.I.T. Press. Marcus, Clare Cooper; Francis, Carolyn (1997) People places: design guidelines for urban open space, 2nd edn., New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold . Simpson, Barry J (1988) City centre planning and public transport: case studies from Britain, West Germany and France, Wokingham: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Womersley, Steve (2005) SITE: identity in density, Mulgrave: Images.
Journals Aguinaldo, Nathalie (2007) ‘Stripped Bare’, Dimensions, Vol. 20(), pp. 24. Richard Sennett (2006) ‘The open city’, Urban Age, Nov. 06(), pp. 290-296.
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Chapter from Book Peg Elizabeth Birmingham (1993) ‘125th Street : refiguring the feminine in the city’, in Susan Yelavich (ed.) The Edge of the millennium : an international critique of architecture, urban planning, product and communication design. New York, N.Y: Whitney Library of Design, pp. 256.
Websites Manchester City Council (2014) Local Markets, Available at: http://www.manchester.gov.uk/info/200066/ markets/5430/apply_to_be_a_market_trader/2 (Accessed: 15th November 2014). Covent Garden (2014) Food and Drink, Available at: http://www.coventgardenlondonuk.com/food-drink (Accessed: 20 November 2014). Ancient History Encyclopedia (2014) Agora, Available at: http://www.ancient.eu/agora/ (Accessed: 20 November 2014). Athens Survival Guide (2014) Monastiraki Market, Available at: http://www.athensguide.com/monastiraki. html (Accessed: 20 Novemebr 2014). Transport for Great Manchester (2014) Busses, Available at: http://www.tfgm.com/Pages/default.aspx (Accessed: 25 October 2014).
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