The Vegan Autumn 1970 by The Vegan Society

T H E VEGAN SOCIETY Founded

November,

1944

Veganism is a way of living which excludes all forms of exploitation of, and cruelty to, the animal kingdom, and includes a reverence and compassion for all life. It applies to the practice of living on the products of the plant kingdom to the exclusion of Sesh, fish, fowl, eggs, honey, animal milk and its derivatives, and encourages the use of alternatives for all commodities derived wholly or in part f r o m animals. Veganism remembers m a n ' s responsibilities to the earth and its resources a n d seeks to bring about a healthy soil and plant kingdom and a proper use of t h e materials of the earth. President: Deputy

Dr. FREY E L L I S , 2 7 Links Road, Epsom, Surrey. President:

Mr. J. SANDERSON.

Vice-Presidents : M r s . E . BATT, M r s . S. COLES, M r s . M . HENDERSON, D r . C . N I M M O , M i s s W . SIMMONS, M i s s M . SIMMONS, M r s . E . SHRIGLEY, D r . F . WOKES

Secretary

: Mrs. LOUISE D A V I S ,

Treasu librarian

, London, S . E . 1 2 .

(to whom all subscriptions should be sent), , Palmers Green, London, N.13. : Mr. W. H . C. WRIGHT,

, Enfield, Middlesex.

Committee: Mrs. E . BATT, Mr. H . BONNIE, Mrs. S. COLES, Mr. P. D A W E S , D r . F . E L L I S , Mrs. J. FUGEMAN, Miss T. LARK IN, Mr. J. SANDERSON, M r s . E . SHRIGLEY, M r s . G . SMITH, D r . F . W O K E S , M r . W .

WRIGHT.

M i n i m u m subscription, which includes " T h e Vegan 15s. per annum (and 7s. 6d. for each additional member of one family at same residence); 7s. 6d. if age under 18: payable in January. Life Membership, £10 10s. Od.

THE JOURNAL

VEGAN

THE

VEGAN

SOCIETY

T h e Editorial Board does not necessarily agree with opinions expressed by contributors to this magazine, or endorse advertisements. Please send articles and letters for publication t o 58 Deyncourt Gardens, Upminster, Essex. Editor: Mr. JACK SANDERSON. Vegan Distribution Secretary: Mrs. D. HANSON, . Colchester, Essex. Advertisements. Mr. P H I L I P D A W E S , , Caversham, Reading, Berks. Rates: Whole page—£10 0s. 0d.; Half page— £6 0s. 0d.; Quarter page—£3 10s. Od. Advertisements must be in keeping with the principles of veganism, and t h e Publishers reserve t h e right t o refuse any advertisement, or cancel any order without explanation. Published quarterly: Annual Subscription, 10s.; single copies, 2s. 6d. plus postage. Obtainable f r o m the Hon. Secretary.

THE VEGAN Journal

of the Vegan

Vol. 17. No. 3.

Society AUTUMN, 1970

EDITORIAL Veganism remembers man's responsibilities to the earth and its resources and seeks to bring about... a proper use of the materials of the earth. The great problems of our time, the use and control of nuclear energy, the rise in population and the food supply, environmental problems of conservation and pollution are all related to the ' proper use of the materials of the earth '. When viewed from a historical perspective, the life on the earth is hurrying towards a precipice. Humanity is polluting and poisoning the resources of its life in hundreds of waysâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;the air it breathes, the water it drinks, the food it eats. It is using up the land at such a rate, that the food growing area and wild life are diminishing rapidly all over the world and in populated regions the country is being nibbled away at an alarming rateâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;in one of the most densely populated regions of the earth, England, an area the size of the smallest county is being ' developed' every year. Every 3 years the world population is increasing by the population of the U.S.A., a rate which the world's food supply cannot sustain for long if present food habits are maintained. The accelerating scramble for food which is not too far away into the future may contain the seeds of war. War or organised birth control appear to be the only solutions in sight to this problemâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;let us hope that mankind sensibly adopts the latter process. A former Prince, the husband of Queen Victoria used his position and influence to further the development of science and technology in the 19th Century. It is encouraging to note that our present Queen's husband is using his considerable influence to combat pollution and work for a better environment. It is wonderful to see how the public of this country and the west generally has suddenly been awakened in one year to the dangers of uncontrolled technology and commercial interests. But the awakening must lead to action, the impulse for change must be maintained and the movement for a better and a safer environ73

merit must not be diverted by political or economic considerations. If it costs a little more we must pay that price—it is cheaper in the long run. As we rapidly consume the world's stocks of fuels such as coal, gas and oil none of which can take us too far into the future, and as we gradually change over to the finer sources of energy (nuclear and others yet ten be discovered), let us think on the water cycle and on coal. Some of the earth's materials are like coal—there is a limited supply. Others are like water, they go or can go round in a cycle and be used again and again. One of the results of modern packaging and distribution is to produce ever larger dumps of waste materials some of which are not easy to ' digest' and tend to remain an undisposable ' b l o t ' on the landscape. The needs of our present time require that we shall sort out those materials that do permanent damage to our environment and discard them, whilst wherever possible we shall recover as many of the other materials as possible and process them and re-cycle them so that they shall not be lost to posterity but will be available for future repeated use. This kind of thinking will go far towards solving the world's waste and pollution problems. JACK SANDERSON. VEGAN

MEETINGS

The 26th Annual General Meeting of the Society will be held on Saturday, November 28th, 1970 at 2.30 p.m. in Alliance Hall, Palmer Street, Westminster. (Near St. James' Underground Station.) The business of the meeting will be to elect Officers and Committee and to appoint an Auditor. Postal nominations should be signed by at least two members and accompanied by a signed note from the nominee stating his or her willingness to serve if elected and must be received by the Secretary before November 7th. Resolution: That the Annual Subscription be raised to 25/-. Any Other Business. The meeting will be followed by refreshments and general discussion. Officers and committee will be available to answer questions and give advice. Stalls—where literature and badges will be available, also Beauty Without Cruelty toiletries and cosmetics. ANNUAL

GENERAL

MEETING.

T H E ADVERTISING ETHICS FOOD RESEARCH AND EDUCATIONAL TRUST. A meeting will be held in Caxton Hall, London, on

Monday, 7th December, 1970 at 7 p.m. The purpose of the meeting being to form the two committees. For further information, write to Mr. P. Dawes, Caversham, Reading, Berks. ANIMALS' FAIR.—Friday and Saturday, 4th and 5th December, 1970, from 12 noon to 8 p.m. at the Royal Horticultural (Old) 74

Hall, Vincent Square, Victoria, S.W.I. (5 minutes walk south of St. James' Park tube station.) Please send typi for sale on our stall to Mr. W. H. C. Wright, Enfield, Middlesex. If you can "give a the stall please give your name to Mrs. Batt at Enfield, Middlesex. Advance notice of talk on Saturday, 17th April, 1971 by Dr. Williamson on " The Use of the Vegan Diet in Medical Practice." BEAUTY WITHOUT CRUELTY MEETINGS 6th November.—Beauty Without Cruelty (Scottish Branch) Fashion Show at The Royal Stewart Hotel, Glasgow, at 7 p.m. 4th and 5th December.—Animals Fair. Royal Horticultural Hall (Old Hall), Vincent Square, S.W.I. Stall. 21st WORLD VEGETARIAN CONGRESS INTERNATIONAL VEGETARIAN UNION VENUE: Nederlands Congresgebouw, Den Haag (The Hague), Churcbillplein 10, Holland. DATES: Business Sessions—6th-llth September, 1971 followed by one week's sightseeing time. REGISTRATION: Fee equivalent to £7 (sterling) per delegate including hire of hall, simultaneous translation and film equipment and interpreters. LANGUAGES : Mainly English and German with sections for Dutch and French (only) speakers if necessary. HOTELS & TOURS : Information to follow later. NATIONAL SOCIETY: Mrs. W. M. Eikeboom-Broekman (Hon. Sec.) " De Nederlandse Vegetariersbond ", President Kennedylaan 146 11, Amsterdam-Zuid, Holland. LECTURES : To be announced later. (If there are any particular subjects that readers of The Vegan would like the congress to discuss, they are invited to send them to: I.V.U., Mr. B. J. Gunn-King, Hon. Gen. Sec. I.V.U., " Braidjule ", Quarrytown, Ballycloghan, Nr. Broughshane, Co. Antrim, N. Ireland (U.K.).) CORRECTION It was wrongly stated in the last issue that all Marigold products are vegan. The Marigold Company produce a non-animal rennet cheddar cheese which is not vegan but made from cow's milk. We regret any inconvenience that may have been caused by this error. P.D. 75

SEAL SLAUGHTER OR SEAL SANCTUARY by JEAN LE FEVRE (a Trustee of Beauty Without Cruelty and Hon. Warden of its Animal Sanctuary) ANOTHER YEAR IS IT TO BE SEAL SLAUGHTER AGAIN, OR COULD THERE BE A SEAL SANCTUARY FOR TOURISTS? The idea of Beauty Without Cruelty representatives attending t h e Canadian seal hunt in the Gulf of St. Lawrence was first raised in October last during discussions with their Ministry of Fisheries and Forestry. Various methods of killing seals were considered, including their proposals to use rifles. We thought the hunt should 'be stopped completely and that the use of rifles would increase, not decrease, the suffering. We expressed these views to the Hon. Mr. Jack Davis, Minister of Fisheries and Forestry, and he said that if we were available in Canada at the base of the hunt he would arrange for us to be put on the ice. Due to a series of incidents Mrs. Milroy was unable to accompany me. Miss Buchanan was then suggested and having accepted injured her leg and was forced to withdraw. Our third candidate, Mrs. P: McKay, was killed mountaineering while actually " i n training" to go on the seal hunt. Finally, at very short notice, I was accompanied by Miss Celia Hammond, a top international model and a member of our Council for five years. Thus, on March I9th, Celia and 1 flew to Halifax, en route to the Magdalen Islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. We were met in Halifax by Mr. Collie, a representative of the Fisheries Department, and Mr. Levelton from the Ministry of Fisheries and Forestry, Ottawa. The Ministry of Fisheries advised us not to go immediately to the site of the hunt as it was felt that the opening day might not give a true picture. The next morning (Friday) there was some doubt as to the exact location of the hunt, but we finally decided to go to the Magdalen Islands with Mr. Levelton and Mr. Gordon in the hope of contacting the hunt from that point. We continued our journey by car, and, in order to catch' a ferry, were slightly exceeding the speed limit when-a real Mountie flagged us into the side of the road. Our driver explained that he and his colleague were Fishery Officers taking two British observers to the seal hunt. The Mountie gave one look at Celia who was wearing a mini, her long hair flowing nearly to her waist, and said: " The seal huntl " in a way which implied that 76

this was the fishing story of the year, but anyone who was capable of thinking it up deserved to be let off! In the Magdalen Islands we stayed at The Bellevue, a modern and very comfortable motel. There we met Professor Ronald, Mr. Ronayne, Mr. Dudka and several other people who were able to give us useful background information about both the seals and the hunt. The following morning weather conditions prevented us leaving as early as had been arranged, nevertheless Celia and I, Mr. Levelton and Mr. Dudka were airborne by 8.50 a.m. The helicopter made its first landing near a group of Harp seals away from the main hunt. This was to let us see the seals in their natural state. We were able to approach them without difficulty. Only one adult was visible in a small ice hole. She kept putting her head out to see what we were doing but made no attempt to come up on the ice. The seals themselves were still White-coats and were virtually immobile, so we were able to go right up to them and stroke them. Mr. Dudka demonstrated Chat one of the ba'by White-coats had started to moult and by gently rubbing the hair it came away leaving the beautiful glossy coat of the young heater. We spent about half an hour observing and making contact with various Harp seals and then returned to the helicopter. After taking off we flew over the ice and joined the main area of the hunt. The first seal that we both saw clubbed raised its head and attempted to move after the first blow. The sealer did not commence skinning until he had hit it five or six times. He then turned it on its back, kicked it in the throat, (I understand that there is a belief that this straightens out the pelt) and commenced to skin the animal. There was considerable movement during the skinning but as apparently even veterinarians and medical practioners are no longer wholly agreed on precisely what constitutes death my views would be irrelevant. At this point Celia and I separated and went to different areas. I saw a dozen baby seals clubbed and skinned within a few feet and a number of others at a distance. I noticed several hearts still beating after skinning was completed. In each case more than one blow was rendered, but only with that first seal did this fail to produce apparent unconsciousness. There was considerable movement during the skinning but I had anticipated this. I was left free to approach any group and my movements were not hampered in any way. Mr. Dudka had explained what to look for in the way of hazards on the ice and thanks to his clear instructions I felt completely safe and free to move at will. The sealers were obviously aware that we were observers and the fact that we were women probably imade it clear that we were animal welfare representatives. I saw no signs of deliberate cruelty and the regulations were 77

being observed. I was particularly impressed with the efficiency of the Fishery Officers as we met them at almost every turn. However, nothing can alter the fact that the hunt is a'bloody and brutal ibusiness, more in keeping with a less civilised era. We spent several hours with the hunt. One sealer looked very youthful and at my request was questioned by Mr. Dudka. The young man said he was 21 years old and this was his sixth season. This suggests that there are no age limits on the hunt. I did not personally speak to the hunters. Most of the seals that I approached lifted their heads and showed some agitation but relaxed as soon as they were actually touched. I spent several minutes tickling one particular baby and as I moved my hand away he moved his flipper towards my hand and when I put my finger towards his flipper he curled it round in very much the same way that a small baby will do. Celia and I, Mr. Levelton and Mr. Dudka, then rejoined the helicopter. We flew to another area and were fortunate enough to see several hooded seals. These differ even more in temperament than they do in appearance. The ones we saw were in family units consisting of father, mother and single pups. The parents seals were fully prepared to protect their pup and Father Seal actively discouraged us from approaching too close! These magnificent creatures must remain one of the great living wonders of nature. The extraordinary balloon type project on its nose which it blows up and then deflates would in itself provide a tourist attraction. One of these great creatures even managed to produce a reddish tinge to his balloon. On the advice of Mr. Dudka, and our own common sense, we made no attempt to touch the baby. We returned to our hotel during the afternoon and were met by several representatives of press, television, radio, etc. A short television shot was made and Mr. Dudka, Celia and I answered questions. At 4.45 I saw three Fishery Enforcement Officers preparing to take off on a routine check of the hunt and asked ifâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;with Mr. Levelton's approvalâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;I might accompany them. My request was readily granted. I was again airborne. We made ten landings within the vicinity of the eleven vessels involved in the hunt and on each occasion other Fishery Officers were present making the tallies and generally seeing that the regulations were being observed. For about two hours we flew low over the ice and carried out what was obviously a normal routine to the officers. Most of t h e baby seals had been abandoned and I doubt if there were more than a dozen adults visible in the hunt area. Between 5 p.m. and 6 p.m. I saw only one seal killed' as most of the hunters were -by this time collecting and stacking the pelts. I saw none killed after 6 p.m. 78

I was impressed by the ability of the Fishery Officers and having seen the sealing vessels at close proximity I realise the tremendous hardship that these officers must accept in the performance of their duty. We then returned to the hotel and left for Ottawa the following day. During the entire time that I was on the ice I did not see a single seal shot nor did I hear the sound of a rifle. To this I would add the following observations: â&#x20AC;&#x201D; (1) Although the seals may have commenced moulting they still appeared to be White-coats. Therefore the Government press release stating that these animals would no longer be killed is certain to cause international criticism. (2) In addition to the animal problem there is a very real human one and it is obvious that one must consider the future of the men employed in the hunt as well as the animals that they kill. The problem seems to be more social than monetary and discussions with various officials suggest that it would not be too difficult to find a sum of money equal to the pittance these men earn during the annual hunt in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. I have personally travelled in many countries but have seen few sights to compare with the immense natural beauty of- the ice stretching away as far as the eye can see and yet differing at every step. The soft White-coats, merging with their natural background; the bright-eyed beaters with their rather puzzled expressions; the heads of the mother seals popping out of an ice hole to see what is happening. The great Hooded Seals in their family units. One feels an isolated speck in the universe and then suddenly there are seals everywhere and the ice pulsates with life. I 'believe that it is possible to attract tourists to the Gulf if it were to be declared a Seal Sanctuary. I also realise the enormous problems that the Government would face in attempting to organise such a thing. Prince Edward Island is already geared for summer tourists. The Magdalen Islands represent an attractive " away from it all " type of centre. Would it therefore be feasible to subsidise tourism in its initial stages and employ the men who have no alternative employment to the hunt as guides? It is probable that one guide would be needed for every two tourists, and I think these men would take a pride in showing the visitors a particular part of their great natural heritage, but one must face the fact that tourists will not be attracted to look at pretty little animals whose heads will be battered a few days later. Therefore tourism and a wild life sanctuary shoidd be integrated. (3) Despite the annual efforts of the Canadian Department of Fisheries to improve the regulations and the rigid enforcement of these regulations, the seal hunt remains an outstanding example of man's brutality to animals. The fact that these 79

animals are utterly helpless must touch the heart of even the most hardened observer. I am sure no woman could watch, their slaughter and still want a coat made from these little creatures. Simulation furs and vegetable oils can and should completely and adequately replace seal skin and blubber. (4) By postponing the opening date of the hunt the young sea'ls were difficult to kill quickly and humanely. By permitting it to open early there is the emotive question of the mother seals. With all humility, having now seen th.e hunt, 1 believe that it must be stopped. Many nations are at present in what can only be called a seal bonanza. Canada has the stature to set an international example and ban the commercial killing of seals in the Gulf. I pray that it will. Before leaving for home we went to Ottawa and gave a personal report to the Minister of Fisheries and Forestry, the Hon. Mr. Jack Davis. We stayed in Ottawa for two days giving press, radio and television interviews and reports. Celia's statements in The Daily Mirror (later quoted on radio In the Papers Today) were given as she came off the ice, and my voice in The World At One was recorded at 5 a.m. local time. We were asked about the economics of the Maritime Provinces, the development of Newfoundland, Canada's balance of repayments, and alternative occupations for the men employed on the hunt. And, of course, somebody had to say that if we ate meat we had no right to object to seals being killed. We explained that we were vegetarians and did not wear furs or leather, so that 'line was not pursued. We tried to emphasis the difference between necessity and indulgence by drawing comparisons. (If, for instance, an eskimo killed a seal for its fur because otherwise his family might freeze to death this could be regarded as necesssity, but if a women living in Ottawa, London or New York bought a sealskin coat this was surely an indulgence.) It was fortunate that we were staying with one of our Ottawa Branch members, Mrs. Hillary Mackey. Her natural warmth and support and friendly home made dt possible to survive the strain. A t Ottawa Airport, whilst waiting to board the plane home, we watched ourselves on two different T.V. channels. We left Ottawa at 7.30 p.m. At Montreal we were joined by Brian Davis of the Fund for Wild Life. He is an old friend of both Celia and myself, and we had met again during the hunt. Brian has probably done more than anyone else to publicise the killing of seals. We travelled all night to be met at Heathrow Airport by another barrage of cameras and press men. In less than six days Celia had 'been airborne sixteen times, and I had been airborne twenty-six times; we had appeared on T.V., spoken on radio and been reported in the press. We had 80

discussed the seal problem, and the human problem, with a Minister, a Senator, a Professor, and several hundred other people. We had watched the seals clubbed and skinned. Physically, mentally and emotionally we were worn out; we arrived at our respective homes . . . and collapsed. (With acknowledgements to Compassion the Journal of Beauty Without Cruely.) ON THE ICE fust back from observing the annual seal slaughter in the Gulf of'St. Lawrence, CELIA HAMMOND (international top model and council member of Beauty Without Cruelty) said: " I feel there is only one answer to it, and that is to stop the whole thing. I can't see how one can recommend humane conditions under the circumstances. There seems very little to choose between clubbing and shooting—clubbing is brutal, and yet with shooting so many mistakes could occur which would mean only seals escaping and dying a lingering death. There is only one answer—to stop it! It was the most dreadful experience. Any woman who went out there and saw the way they are killed just wouldn't wear a seal coat—unless she was a monster! " TARTEX—GOOD NEWS Further to our remarks on Tartex in the Spring 1970 number of The Vegan (p. 20) some welcome news from Messrs. Dyna Foods has just come in—unfortunately just too late for inclusion in the Vegan and Vegetarian Shoppers' Guide. They assure us that all six flavours of Tartex Pate are now made without the addition of milk products and are therefore vegan. Other vegan lines from the same manufacturer are Tartex Sugo and Tartex Goulash (TVP). Note: Tartex Goulash not marked TVP is not vegan as it contains a small quantity of milk powder, so read the label carefully. *

CONGRATULATIONS to: (1) Kathleen Keleny who spoke recently on the radio on Vegetarianism. (2) Ruth Harrison who also spoke on radio with Trevor Scott on ' Modern Methods of Food Production'. *

•

VEGFAM WALK, on 24th May.—On this walk organised by Christopher Phillips (a vegan), over a hundred people took part and the proportion of vegans was a high one. As far as is known all the vegan walkers (who included Mr. Bonnie of the Vegan Committee) finished the full 30 miles.

COMPASSION A N D NUTRITION BY D R . FRANK WOKES

Summary of an address at Hindu Centre, on April 19th, 1970

London

When our guru Minishri Chjtrabhanu asked me to talk to you about compassion I was at a loss what to say. My training and experience have been in scientific fields, particularly nutrition, leaving me little time for writing and talking about the philosophic^ aspects of life in which compassion finds an essential place. However, on reading J. P. Vaswami's " The Call of Compassion " given me by an Indian friend it became clear that some of the most important applications of nutrition involve compassion in the true sense of the term. We need only think of the mother suckling her baby, giving it loving attention and doing her best to provide it with adequate nutrition even when her own diet is so poor that it will not suffice to maintain both her and. her baby satisfactorily. In famines mothers sacrifice their own health, and sometimes their own lives, to ensure their babies' survival. Even in young childrenthe seeds of compassion may be seen developing. After the collapse of Biafra at the end of 1969 British television pictures showed starving children waiting patiently round the relief workers who were doling out the meagre supplies of food that were available. One tiny toddler was seen to clutch joyfully the crust of bread that he so desperately needed, and then spontaneously offer it to a weaker comrade before eating any of it himself. 'His loving smile as he did this will ever remain in my memory as a sign of true compassion. Many relief workers who devote their lives to combating starvation in different parts of the world have been sustained in their efforts by the love and compassion forming thei basis of their philosophy. Maurice Pate and his colleagues in UNICEF saved the lives of thousands of babies by organising the transport of dried milk from U.S.A. to famine areas where they were suffering from lack of protein and calories. Over the years the stocks of dried milk have been seriously depleted and they are now being replaced or extended by mixtures of plant protein developed and tested at different nutrition research centres, including especially the Central Food Technological Research Institute (CeFTRI) at Mysore in India. These plant proteins are being added in large quantities to dried milk prepared at the Co-operative Dairy and Factory at Anand. These mixtures of animal and vegetable milks enable 2 and 2 times as many babies to receive adequate nourishment, by adding to their diets baby foods as nourishing as cow's milk. 82

Prof. Jelliffe, one of the -world's leading authorities on the feeding of infants in the tropics and subtropics, explains in his recent book, published by the World Health Organisation, how the limited supplies of dried cow's milk available through UNICEF are being supplemented by vegetable proteins from Indian corn and soya, with some non-animal additions to make them equally nutritious as cow's milk. Before these relief foods are distributed to the public they are tested on volunteers, children and adults, who thus show in a practical manner their compassion for the starving babies, and for the cows which are released from the exploitation of factory farming. By replacing animal by plant foods we are helping to solve the world food problem. But we must find out whether the plant foods will ensure adequate mental development of children. It has been suggested that low intakes of animal foods especially amongst chillren in India and other less developed countries may retard their mental development. To test this possibility we need volunteers amongst people who have been living for years on diets very low in animal foods. During the last 25 years some hundreds of British people.called vegans have been trying to live on diets containing no animal foods. Clinical investigations on volunteers amongst these vegans have provided valuable information. This information needs to be supplemented by tests on people whose ancestors for generations back have been living on low intakes of animal food. During my recent visit to India I looked into the possibility of such investigations being carried out there. Encouraging responses were received from Jain leaders who can help in enrolling volunteers and from scientific colleagues who can help to organise tests on them. Munishri Chitrabhanu tells me that there are thousands of Jains in England, mainly in the London area. We hope they will volunteer to help us in the investigations in England, laying the foundations for the investigations being planned in India. Thus true compassion may be expressed. THE HINDRANCES THESE ARE THE HINDRANCES: THE DARKNESS OF UNWISDOM, SELF-ASSERTION, LUST, HATE, ATTACHMENT Let us try to translate this into terms of the psychical and spiritual man. The darkness of unwisdom is, primarily, the selfabsorption of the psychical man, his complete pre-occupation with his own hopes and fears, plans and purposes, sensations and desires; so that he fails to see, or refuses to see, that there is a spiritual man; and so doggedly resists all efforts of the spiritual man to cast off his psychic tyrant and set himself free. This is the real darkness; and all, those who deny the immortality of the soul, or deny the soul's existence, and so lay out their lives 83

wholly for the psychical, mortal man and his ambitions, are under this power of darkness. Born of this darkness, this psychic self-absorption, is the dogged conviction that the psychic, personal man has separate, exclusive interests, which he can follow for himself alone; and this conviction, when put into practice in our life, leads to contest with other personalities, and so to hate. This hate, again, makes against the spiritual man, since it hinders the revelation of the high harmony between the spiritual man and his other selves, and harmony to be revealed only through the practice of love, that perfect love which casts out fears. In like manner, lust is the psychic man's craving for the stimulus of sensation, the din of which smothers the voice of the spiritual man, as in Shakespeare's phrase, the cackling geese would drown the song of the nightingale. And this craving for stimulus is the fruit of weakness, coming from the failure to find strength in the primal life of the spiritual man. Attachment is but another name for psychic self-absorption; for we are absorbed, not in outward things, but rather in their images within our minds; our inner eyes are fixed on them; our inner desires brood over them; and so we blind ourselves to the presence of the prisoner, the enmeshed and fettered spiritual man. (From The Yoga Sutras of Pantanjali by Charles Johnston Published by Watkins, 1964.) TO MAKE A BEQUEST To those who wish to become Benefactors by Will to this Society, we respectfully suggest that as a Will is a legal document it should be drawn up under the guidance of your solicitor and the following wording is suggested: ' I bequeath unto the Society known as The Vegan Society at 27 Links Road, Epsom, Surrey the sum of free of Legacy Duty, and I declare that the receipt of the Treasurer or Secretary or any properly authorised officer of the said Society shall, be a sufficient discharge of the same.' The Will incorporating this request must be in writing and signed by the testator in the presence of two witnesses who will be required to certify that they signed in the presence of the testator and each other. This applies also in the case of a codicil to an already existing Will. BIRTHS

We were happy to hear of the births of Valerie Ruth on 25th March to Mr. and Mrs. H. Mather of Poole, and Adam on 20th July to Tony and Margaret Back of London. 84

ROLLING D O W N TO RIO {Being some first impressions made during a brief visit to the Granite City.) Approached by sea, the scenic grandeur of the largest natural bay in the world cannot fail to impress the most widely travelled visitor. From the mountains of granite which appear to be guarding the bay, to the many small, and mostly uninhabited islands with which it is dotted, the view is undoubtedly one of gigantic splendour. Rio is built on granite, and after a few days spent alternately in awestruck admiration, frustration and deep despair, I found it almost as hard and uncompromising as its foundations. As a fellow traveller put it: " What you don't find in Rio, either good or evil, you are unlikely to find anywhere else in the world." Absolutely! The Bay of Rio de Janeiro—the proper name is Guanabara— was discovered on the first day of January 1502, by a Portugese gentleman with an unpronouncable name and as he thought it was the mouth of a great river he called it ' Rio de Janeiro ' or ' River of January '. Four hundred and sixty-eight years later, I made the discovery that Rio should now be viewed only from the air, sea, or mountain top, where one could avoid being disillusioned by the man-made ' improvements '. (Perhaps though, this applies to most cities to some extent?) The city itself was founded in 1565 and has been in turn, the capital of the Vice-Regency of Brazil, capital of Portugal, capital of the Brazilian Empire, and capital of the Republic of Brazil, and is now capital of the newest Brazilian state, Guanabara. Dominating the entrance to the Bay is the Sugar Loaf Mountain and nearby is Corcovada, one of Rio's highest peaks, 2,464 ft. The top is crowned by the impressive and famous statue of Christ the Redeemer. This is similar to the one in Lisbon but much larger. Taller than the Statue of Liberty it is floodlit at night, when it floats in a sea of blackness while far below are the millions of lights which make Rio deservedly famous. The Christo is either magnificent or terrifying, depending on one's mood. But then so is Rio. This fabulous loud, brash, beautiful, flamboyant city has a view that from any of its many mountain tops is beyond mere imagination—but then so is the standard of driving down below! Feet of Clay The 133 ft. ' Christo' is the symbol of Rio for the Cariocans. A replica of it even appears on car registration plates. Visitors 85

can reach this ' Christ in Concrete ' by road or by cable car from the Sugar Loaf mountain. It looks grand enough silhouetted against the sky but the postcard, pop and gift shops in its feet of clay (or rather concrete) live up to the general grubby tawdriness which is part of Rio. I am not too sure about any of the facts and figures either, as the various guides issued to visitors are not in agreement. Even the ' official' guide gives no political or historical facts, it is little more than a publicity sheet o f ' attractions '. (Apparently Bull-fighting is finished here altogether as it was not included). All Cariocan figures and statements should be taken with a liberal amount of salt. It is a case of " give or take a thousand " whether it be the number of Cruzerios to the pound, the height of a mountain, the size of a crowd, or the speed of the car that ran you down. One difficulty the Cariocans should never have is a racerelations problem, for there are skins of every shade imaginable from creamy white to ebony black. Integration has taken place among the settlers from many lands in a big way. Here th,e shade of a person's skin is of no more importance than the colour of his eyes and a colour bar is unthinkable. It is a happy hunting ground for talent scouts seeking movie extras, for Rio has not only everything, but everybodyâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;or their double. Toy Money The currency, Cruzerios, should really have a chapter to itself. It is a long and rather sad story. To begin with we were surprised that neither Cooks nor the Purser had any on board, so it was necessary for us to visit a bank ashore immediately on arrival to change our travellers cheques. According to a self-appointed guide who attached himself to us on the dockside, the Banks all closed at 4.30, which meant a very brisk walk up the Estrado Banco on scorching pavements only to find, at 4.10 that most of the. Banks were already closed, fust before reaching melting point, we came upon one still prepared to do business but, contrary to what we had been led to expect, no-one spoke any English. Neither could they understand our attempts at Portuguese. However, they paid 7,500 Cruzerios to the pound sterling and as we were expecting about 6,000 we were quite happy (until we later discovered that they had given us out of date notes). With light hearts and bulging pocket books we began shopping for souveniers, only to 'be faced with the most glaring inconsistencies. However, hurried scribbling on the back of an envelope produced a workable explanation. We had been given old Cruzerios but everything was priced in new Cruzerios. It was merely a matter of finding out how many noughts to add to make the mark-up fit the scruffy moneyâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; 86

or alternatively how many to subtract to make the money fit the tatty price tag. Eventually we reached a system by which they ' more or less' agreed (we soon discovered the casual Brazilian ' more or less ' attitude) so that they could be mentally translated into sterling. The result of all this kerbside maths, was most disappointing as prices were high and the quality generally poor. For this reason, apart from taxis and stamps we spent very little in Rio, and returned home with a pile of filthy paper money which made us look like millionaires but ultimately proved worthless. Lesson learned: The bank robbers in Rio work in and for the banks. By the way, we still have the money,, but nobody will accept it. I have tried my bank, the Bank of Brazil and the Brazilian Chamber of Commerce. Apparently we were given notes which were on the point of being called in and are now valueless outside Brazilâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;and worth very little there either. Anybody like to buy 320,000 Cruzerios cheap? Football Copacobana beach is lined with huge, white, square, monstrous regimented boxes called hotels (except for one cottage which we heard about but did not see) and it says much for the power of song writers and film makers, plus that vivacious little piece of nonsense called Carmen Miranda that Copacobana could ever have .been given a romantic image. Only amateur football enthusiasts should go to the beach on Saturday when it becomes one mass of footballs (of various shapes and sizes and composed of a variety of materials) being kicked in all directions, often with more enthusiasm than accuracy, by hundreds of over-heated youths. By contrast with the tourist hotels the do-it-yourself slums are, of necessity, all individual, for the ' builder' hiust use whatever comes to hand in the way of materials. Fortunate ones will find, or more likely ' acquire', some rusty corrugated iron. Others must make do with cardboard, sacking, bits of linoleum, old tyres, etc. for building materials. These are the fervalas, a romantic-sounding name for these squalid slums. I do not know how to spell it, I doubt if it has ever been written down as officially they are not acknowledged and therefore do not exist! This does not stop them however, from creeping steadily up some of the mountains like muddy water being slowly absorbed by conical sponges. There are no roads of course, but with diligence and perseverance rough steps have been chipped out of the hard rock where the going is too steep for the dirt paths made by countless feet of the very- poor inhabitants of the fervalas. On some parts of the mountain the going is somewhat easier than 87

others and here a single row of these huts will run right up into the low clouds like a river of unkempt beach huts, each one seeming to rest precariously on the one beneath it. In other places the growth comes to a sudden stop as if the mountain itself had called halt, as well it might. On some mountains, even above these lines of demarcation where there is no level spot or decent foothold in the hard rockface, the more determined—or desperate—have managed to raise a shelter for the family. To do this, we were told, it is necessary first to drive poles into a crevice in the almost vertical stone, on which to build a platform. Of cour.se there is no drainage or plumbing of any kind. Yet children reared under such conditions live (although no one knows how many do not) and handsome youths and pretty young women can find work for a year or two in the city below. During this brief spell of breadwinning these strutting teenagers will enjoy life to the full and revel in fancy suits or the most colourful cotton frocks until they, in turn, must try to find a level spot even farther up the mountainside, in which to raise a family. I would have liked to stay on there for a while, to learn more about the people, their problems and how they are trying to solve them, for it is certain that little if any help will come from those in the city below, most of whom have their sights firmly set on the tourist trade and do not see the misery on the mountains. After all, living in home-made huts on the mountains is not allowed—and if it does exist it is not their department—and if it is their deparment ihey will probably go away—and if they don't go away—well, it can wait until tomorrow... Some opportunists make money out of the fervalas by including a view of the slums (from ground level of course) in their list of coach tour ' attractions '. Generally speaking we found those in official positions very officious, but taximen, shopkeepers and the like are friendly and cheerful if not always very helpful. All are equally unreliable. Health Arriving by sea, we missed the indignity of fumigation, which awaits all who travel by 'plane. Having been ' purified ' by thorough fumigation before leaving the 'plane, the visitor steps out into what must be one of the filthiest international airports in existence. It appears that the responsibility for every outbreak of any kind of disease—and there must be many—is laid at the feet of foreigners arriving by air, and the native Cariocans have a happy disregard of danger through the lack of even the most elementary forms of sanitation. 88

Beauty Yet here brilliant Brazilian jungle birds and butterflies vie with the bushes of flambuoyant blooms in which fhey dart about so swiftly they can only be seen when at rest. Cacti sprout great gaudy blooms, outsize (but unperfumed) -honeysuckle blossoms look as if they are fashioned from golden wax, while ripening limes hang coyly in the trees like so many Christmas decorations. As we have an economic system founded on commerce,

• • •

Personal Medical Card for Some think it necessary to have one/

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the Cariocans base their economy largely on bribery—and extremely efficient they are at it too. Rather like the pecking order adopted by domestic hens, the Cariocans acknowledge the ' despenchantis' as their agents. The latter can, 1 believe, weigh up a green tourist to the last Cruzerio and all know to what percentage of the spoils they are entitled! Sports Stadium The football stadium, again the largest in the world, will seat 200,000 (according to one brochure, but again one must " give or •take a thousand or two"). There is a 9 ft. moat between spectators and players—most necessary I understand. Designed on a lavish scale and carried out with great attention to detail it is a most imposing building and well worth a visit. Our guide was a jolly little fellow who enjoyed pantomiming the use of various gadgets in the gymnasium. His ' before and after' performance with an oxygen mask was worth the look-over charge (600 Cruzerios). Rio Traffic The main roads are double carriageway or one-way; and they take about 8 cars abreast. As in some other cities the traffic lights have no amber warning period, so if you find the lights with you (when walking) you dare not cross as they may change when you are halfway over, and then you just have-to dash for it as the traffic comes on with a lurch at the green—regardless of anyone halfway over! So you wait through the next red and leap off the kerb as soon as your green comes on. Also you try not to catch your toe in the raised tramlines in the middle—which I did. The trams have been discontinued for years, but the lines remain and in many places the roadway has sunk over the years so that the proud-standing lines form a trap for the unwary—in this case me. I cut and grazed my knee badly but would not go to the ship's doctor for bandages for 1 wouid have had difficulty in getting out without an anti-tetanus injection. With probably polio, yellow fever and smallpox jabs thrown in! (He would have welcomed any opportunity to bring me ' up to date' with his ' preventive medicine '—no wonder at 2 gns. a shot!) EVA BATT.

(To be

Continued.)

Have you ordered the new Health Food Guide? postage) from the Vegan Secretary. '

•

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Errata in Summer 1970. P. 68 line 6 (substitute " last" for " least"). 90

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F r a m e Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments (A Registered Charity) Public demand is increasing for a reduction'of animals in experiments. There are now many alternatives available andl F R A M E , which is professionally advised, is specialising in this workâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;collating and disseminating information to scientists, universities, societies, etc., throughout the world. The response is remarkable but w e need more funds to expand our activities. . Send for our pamphlet " Is the laboratory animal obsolete? " which describes the alternatives.

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LETTERS TO THE EDITOR When reading about the wonderful skills of Doctors and surgeons in transplanting organs and performing seemingly nearmiracles, I often wonder why the medical profession is unable to deal with such minor ills as headaches, constipation, acne, asthma, etc. How can a musician play a concerto and yet be unable to play the basic scales? I also wonder why these hearts and kidneys become diseased in the first place? Is disease an accident? Are we really " attacked " by germs? Are we " stricken " by certain diseases purely by chance, without our daily acts and living habits being a part of the cause? Don't we live in a world of cause-and-effect? Isn't dis-ease really a consequence of our transgressions of the laws of nature? Why are our citizens so sick? Why are degenerative diseases on the increase? Why are so many new hospitals being needed? Why are nursing homes becoming a number one business enterprise? Maybe we need more information on proper nutrition and rational habits, rather than drugs, prescriptions, operations, hospitals, medicare, etc. Any ideas? Let me hear from you. . DAVID STRY,

(Director of Education, Villa Vegetariana Natural Health Resort, P.O. Box 1228, Cuernavaca, Mexico). The Time will come Grateful thanks to all who make The Vegan magazine possible for those of us who do not yet find it possible to take a more active part in the movement. I look forward to it very eagerly every quarter and read and re-read it. Bristol E.S.I. An Excellent W a y ! Since it is today three years since I became a vegan, I can think of no better way to celebrate the event than to send you a gift cheque. Berkeley, Calif., U.S.A.

C.S.

Seasonal Topic 1 Some time ago an advertisement appeared in the Vegan magazine for Darmart Thermawear. I contacted the firm at Bingley in Yorkshire and made purchases of underwear and I have found this Thermawear to be excellent, both for extreme warmth and comfort and also because it complies with Vegan standards of no animal mixture. It may seem pricy but it is long-lasting and well worth the price for warmth and comfort; it is also a great boon to sufferers from rheumatic conditions. 92

P E R F O R M I N G A N I M A L S ' DEFENCE LEAGUE

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The Vegan Society will be having their usual stall and propaganda table at the Fair and shall be most grateful for gifts for our stall. No gift is too small and none too large. The following will be both saleable and useful:

HANDKERCHIEFS STATIONERY APRONS. O V E R A L L S J E W E L L E R Y and T R I N K E T S N Y L O N STOCK INCS DIARIES HOUSEHOLD L I N E N FANCY ARTICLES HOUSEHOLD GOODS TOYS Bring Vegan Food W i l l you very kindly M A R K T H E R R I C E on the arlicle(s) you send and please address them to:

MR. B I L L W R I G H T , 25 B U R N H A M CLOSE, ENFIELD, M I D D L E S E X Send as early as you can, but DO N O T S E N D GOODS T O T H E H A L L , P L E A S E Receipts

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The Company will be pleased to send their illustrated catalogue (free of charge) to anyone applying to: — Darmart Thermawear (Bradford) Limited, P.O. Box 23, Bingley, Yorkshire. There are Darmart Shops at 263 Regent Street (Oxford Circus), London, W . l , in Albert Square, Manchester (opposite the Town Hall) and in Scotland at 341A Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow. I can also highly recommend the Hunzana Wild Apricots. DOROTHY GILL (Miss).

Bradford. Photography With regard to photography and the prospect of pictures in The Vegan. Surely we can be allowed one magazine that contains no pictures. There is so much of vital importance needing to be said or written that pictures are a waste of space. What causes this craze for photography and picture making! Is it not pandering to the desire to hold on to something that we are afraid of losing? Also it most certainly in some cases is an indulgence of the desire to possess a perfect representation of that which delights us—and exclude from ourselves the sober realisation that things are by no means perfect. Salop. E . CRAWFORD. • HEALING. Mr. James S. Syme of Largo Place, Upper Largo, Fife is a nature cure vegetarian who does spiritual healing and gives advice on diet. He travels all over Scotland giving lectures and visiting th.e sick in their homes and in hospital. Those within reach are invited to a study group at his home every second Wednesday and anyone desiring his help is asked to write to him. (His work, which has received recognition in the Press, is supported entirely by voluntary contributions.)

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FROM THE PAPERS Contaminated Foods Denis Herbstein, in a frank article in the Sunday Times, made some extraordinary disclosures about meat markets in general and one in particular. Rats, he wrote, have contaminated hundreds of carcasses of sheep, cattle and turkeys in cold-storage rooms in Birmingham. A former employee is reported as saying: " T h e humpers cleaned the rat urine and excrement off the (35) carcasses with a brush and then they were thrown into the corridor to thaw. They looked quite normal. Then I cut them up." He added that: "When we came into a room with rats we used to sweep the carcass chains along the floor to stun the rats and then kill them with a shovel or an iron bar. If they were still alive we put them in boiling water." Mr. C. C. Mitchell, general manager of the city's markets department, told Mr. Herbstein that rat infestation in the cold storage rooms was the worst for 20 years. "All cold stores have this trouble," he said ; " it is a natural hazard." Mr. Herbstein concludes: "Every meat porter I spoke to said he had seen rats that morning, and every morning for months." Small wonder that a medical officer of health, writing on outbreaks of gastro-enteritis due to infection through contaminated meat, wrote in The Lancet last year: " Nothing can be done to prevent such infections other than education of housewives to treat meat as dirty material. Salmonella infection derived from meat could be prevented if every cook understood that the same precautions should be taken after handling meat as would be taken after soiling the hands with cowdung." (Quoted in The Sun.) Greater Food Poisoning Risks in Boneless Meat Food poisoning risks will increase enormously as more boneless meat is imported, is the opinion of Teesside's chief health inspector. He said, because salmonella bacteria was on the surface of all raw meat, cutting out bones spread the salmonella further. " The public should know that if a retailer keeps raw and cooked meat on the same slab it is time they patronised another shop," he commented. â&#x20AC;&#x201D;Daily Telegraph. Tinned Meat One chain of supermarkets has recalled 250,000 tins of Ethiopian-canned braised meat. Suspicion was aroused when 96

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the staff complained about the " bad smell," but the first reaction had been to issue fresh air sprays to kill the stench! —Sunday Telegraph. We import 57,000 tons of corned beef every year, mainly from Australia, Africa and South America. " During transit and storage damage does occur to canned meats, and whilst the meat is still sterile, it is unsuitable for the retail trade. It would be criminal to have it destroyed, so in these instances it is sold to manufacturers to be used as a base for another type of meat product." (Reply from the Minister of Agriculture, Fish and Food.) No Comment " Virtually no other European country allows meat to be doctored as much as it is in Britain. Sulphur dioxide is permitted in minute amounts as a meat preservative, a practice not allowed elsewhere." JAMES WILKINSON,

Daily Express Medical Reporter. Eggs " Eggs that go flop in the frying pan and burst open when they are boiled will soon be eliminated from Britain's kitchens. Out will go eggs with watery ' whites' and thin shells and IN will come more top-grade eggs—thanks to the development of two new vaccines for hens. After successful trials, the Ministry of Agriculture has agreed to the use of a new ' live ' vaccine against infectious bronchitis, a disease which has spread rapidly among birds kept in intensive conditions. It causes a reduction of up to 25 per cent, in egg output, and up to a third of the eggs laid by birds which have suffered from it can be down-graded. A vaccine has also been developed at the Houghton Research Station, Hunts., against Marek's disease, which has become one of the industry's biggest problems." —Daily Express. The eggs business in this country is worth £12 million a year. We sell £750,000 worth of surplus sub-standard eggs to Japan. —Daily Mail. Vaccinate More Children against Measles, Doctors told "A letter has been sent to all G.P.s by the Government's chief doctor, Sir George Godber, urging them to vaccinate more children. The vaccination campaign suffered a setback a year ago when 98

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THE NATURE CURE CLINIC for patients of limited means A humanitarian charity, limited by guarantee. Qualified staff carry out naturopathic treatments, including colonic irrigation. Patients pay what they can afford ; but some free treatments are given. All prescribed diets are vegetarian and no drug9 or preparations of animal origin are used.

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one of the brands of vaccine had to be withdrawn after several children developed brain disease. This caused a shortage of vaccine (not to mention the suffering of children—and the parents who had been talked into accepting it with its vain promise of " s a f e " immunity), but new supplies of a safe vaccine are now coming in from America." (What again?) —Daily Express, 27.4.70. Abnormal Babies Mr. Thomas Oppe, Director of the Paediatrics Unit at St. Mary's Hospital, London, said one in forty babies have a significant abnormality—a fact which astonished the annual meeting of the National Housewives Register attended by about 300 women. —Observer, 22.3.70. Added Risk for Bottle-Fed Babies More than a third of the feeding bottles and almost half of the teats used by British mothers to feed their babies at home failed to pass a bacteriological test of cleanliness in a spot check of over 750 households, The British Medical Journal reported yesterday. The doctors conclude that in order to cut down the risk of ga:itro-enteritis, there is an urgent need for more effective and straightforward " health education " on this basic aspect of home hygiene, which could well start in secondary schools with girls —.ind boys. — Sunday Times, 3.4.70. [Such education ought to include the importance of breastfeeding, although the likelihood is remote.] Baby Killer Mystifies, says " The Guardian " More than two thousand babies in England and Wales die each year of a condition which doctors cannot explain and for which there is no known cure. One theory, that cows' milk could contribute to the deaths, will soon be investigated again at Cambridge University after having been dropped two years ago. The need for more research into the use of cows' milk is cautiously supported by medical statisticians. Professor R. Coombs, who first raised the suspicion about cows' milk at Cambridge, explained that there was as yet no proof for his theory that infants could suffer a fatal reaction to foreign proteins in the milk. He is starting research again on the basis that, at least, the theory has not been disproved, and previous research showed that it was becoming more likely that the milk was a real danger. 100

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If this theory is proved, it will provide one of the best cases yet for encouraging mothers to breast-feed, especially in the first few weeks. It may also make the use of many baby foods containing cows' milk unwise. Whisky Flavour " could boost milk sales," says the " Daily Telegraph " Rum- or whisky-flavoured milk might help the dairy industry to boost sales in the seventies, says a Prices and Incomes Board report. The report suggests the milk industry should experiment with alcohol and other flavours such as pineapple, etc. [How desperate can one get when faced with overproduction?] E.B. • Kathleen Long, the mother of our member, Dr. Alan Long died on Sunday, July 5th. An appreciation of Mrs. Long and her great humanitarian work will appear in our next issue. THE VEGAN SOCIETY Membership of The Vegan Society—Annual Subscription 15/Associate Membership ••• 15/Life Membership £10 10s. Od. The Vegan quarterly journal is free with membership:— Single current copy 2/6d. plus 4d. postage Vegan Badge in chrome 10/- post free

LITERATURE Handbook of Practical Veganism 2/6d. plus 4d. postage Vegan Protein Nutrition 1/- plus 4d. postage ("ITiese two books plus The Vegan magazine together weigh under 4 ozs., so only one 4d. postage need be allowed.) Here's Harmlessness 7/6d. post free Quick and Easy Menus for a Fortnight, with recipes— by K. Keleny 3/Id. post free Vegan Recipes (100 on ten sheets) l/10d. post free Aids to a Vegan Diet for Children 1/- plus 4d. postage Vegan & Vegetarian Foods & Commodities Guide ... 2/- plus 4d. postage Festive Recipes lOd. post free Why Kill for Food? by Geoffrey L. Rudd 5/- plus lOd. postage Crimes Against Creation, compiled by Marie Dreyfus ... £1 plus postage The Vegan Kitchen by Freya Dinshah 5/6d. De Luxe edition 7/6d. post free Intensive Gardening by R. D. O'Brien 25/6d. post free Here's Harmlessness, an anthology of Ahimsa 7/6d. post free Free leaflet—Reasons for Veganism S.A.E. only Personal Cards 8d. post free Obtainable from the Secretary at 82 Brightfield Road, London. S.E.12. (Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable to " T h e Vegan Society ".)

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