The Vegan Spring 1959 by The Vegan Society

THE VEGAN SOCIETY Founded November,

1944

Veganism is the practice of living on the products of the plant kingdom— to the exclusion of all animal foods—proceeding from a wide consideration of man's true place in nature. The objects of the Vegan Society are to provide in thought and practice f o r the advance of veganism, and to relate veganism to every aspect of creative co-operation between man and nature. President: Mr. JOHN HERON, , Reigate, Surrey. Vice-President: Mrs. E . B. SHRIGLEY, , Purley, Surrey. Honorary Secretary: Mrs. M U R I E L DRAKE, , Bromley, Kent. (RAVensbourne 2809). Honorary Treasurer : Miss W I N I F R E D SIMMONS, , London, N . W . I 1.

Committee: Mrs. JEANNE ARNALDI, Mrs. E. Y. B A I T , Mrs. SERENA COLES, Miss CHRISTINA HARVBY, Mr. JOHN MOORE, Mr. JACK SANDERSON, Miss M A B E L SIMMONS, Miss A N N WICKER. Correspondence Bureau Coordinator: Miss Edna Towell, Park, West Moon, Wimborne, Dorset. Minimum subscription, which includes " The Vegan," 10s. Od. per annum, payable in January. Life Membership, £8 8s. Od.

THE VEGAN JOURNAL OF THE VEGAN SOCIETY Editor:

Mr.

, Reigate, Surrey.

JOHN HERON,

Assistant Editor: Mr. JACK SANDERSON. Advertisements: H. H. GREAVES LTD., 1 0 6 / 1 1 0 Lordship Lane, London, S.E.22. Published quarterly: Annual subscription, 5/- post free: single copies, Is. 3d. post free. Obtainable from the Hon. Secretary.

BRANCHES

THE

SOCIETY

MIDLANDS.—Mr. Don Burton, Warwicks. MANCHESTER.—Mrs. Ann E. Schofield, showe.

AND

SECRETARIES

, Stratford-on-Avon, , Wythen-

(Please communicate with your nearest Branch Secretary)

THE VEGAN Journal of the Vegan Society

Vol. XI

Spring, 1959

No. 4

EDITORIAL During the autumn and winter seasons our lives are largely lived indoors. We are made more aware of our families and friends ; we study individually or in classes or groups ; we pursue our hobbies, arts and crafts, and generally our lives tend to be concentrated in the nearer domestic and local circles. But when we turn the calendar over to March, something stirs within us. Our thoughts turn to out-of-doors, to gardens and allotments, to country walks and holidays, to mountains, lakes, rivers and valleys, to the sea and shore, and for some窶馬ew countries abroad by sea or air. We become aware of a sense of renewal, and of a desire to explore pastures new. We become more aware of Nature, and of a desire to work with her. At the same time our horizons and our circles tend to move outwards into a fuller and lighter world. More light means more beauty and we become more aware of colour and warmth. Sun, rain, soil and seeds combine with the life force to produce a symphony of colour and fragrance that delights us through the seasons, and is partially caught by photograph or memory to bring us inward joy whenever we wish. When we give thanks for the promise of spring, let us remember the gardeners and all who work in the fields of horticulture and agriculture. The "New Jerusalem" and the "Garden of E d e n " of the future, the Golden Age that may be nearer than we dare hope, and all the cherished dreams that contain the germinal idea of earth as a garden, are being nurtured now at Kew Gardens and Wisley (Royal Horticultural Society's Trial Gardens), and in lovely public and private gardens everywhere. National parks, Chelsea and other wonderful Flower Shows, Youth Hostels, houses with gardens, are all facets of the inward urge to make the earth a garden. What a great debt we owe to Walt Disney and his great team of patient photographers who are revealing to us so many secrets of Nature in such a delightful way. It becomes ever more untenable to regard Nature as the sum total of blind mechanical 1

responses to outer stimulii, but rather as a wonderful Intelligence experimenting with forms and forces, and manifesting principles, and ever seeking evolution and adaptation through the cycles of life at all levels. Although the word Nature is known to all of us, if we were to ask ourselves exactly what we mean by it, few of us would be able to define very clearly what we understand by it. Clearly Nature was at work during the millions of years before man lived as a physical being on the earth, and it appears to be something independent of him. Man can only look with astonishment at the little black speck that is the cabbage seedâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;the link between last year's crop and this year'sâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;and ponder the energies dormant there and the Intelligence that directs the growth. He can only dwell in wonder on the many and intricate chemical processes that go on inside his own body, for he knows that his conscious mind is not directing the processes, nor does he begin to understand many of them. Man has to admit that man's will has little or nothing to do with tremendous manipulations of energy both around him and inside his own body, and he blindly uses the comprehensive word " Nature " to designate them. May it not be that the one word " Nature " comprises a whole multitude of intelligent beings, each with their specialized tasks, which are performed with a remarkable harmony in conformity with a Higher Will. Nature may be a separate evolution, partly parallel with ours and partly interweaving with it, and many feel that we are destined to closer and more conscious co-operation in the near future, as dormant faculties begin to awaken and function in man. Just as men vary tremendously in degree of evolution or unfoldment, so the Nature beings may vary in grades or degrees of responsibility. They and we are evolving together, and it is of the greatest importance that we discover their ways of working, i.e., the laws of Nature or the laws of science, and learn to work in harmony with them. Apart from these laws, a study of evolution reveals that there would appear to be some intelligent force that uses these laws to introduce something new. A new form is introduced which allows of a new type of experience and something new is added to the whole. Evolution, whether of form or of life experience, seems to proceed in a series of steps or impulses. When one type of form has served its purpose or a type of experience been digested, there is a new impulse and a new type is introduced. It would seem that a superior intelligence is directing the whole process, the evolution of form being secondary to and dependent upon the evolution of that which is to inhabit the form. And whether we consider the life of collective man or an individual man, evolution seems to proceed in a series of impulses or springs, followed by a digesting or absorption period. When we decide to become a vegetarian or a vegan, we take one of these leaps forward. And now let us each use Nature's annual impulse 2

of spring to further the Divine purposes within us and around us, so that each of us may take the next leap ahead in full harmony with the evolving life of which we are part. JACK SANDERSON.

OPEN

LETTER

LIFE

MEMBERS

Dear Friends, The Vegan Society is now reviewing its membership records, and very specially to relation to those who, in the early years of the life of the Society, contributed in such a way that it was made possible for the Society to begin its work. This was as far back as 1944. Since that time there are those life members of whom we have heard very little, and in some cases we have not heard at all. We should now like to be assured that you are receiving your journal regularly, and wish to continue your link with the Society in this way, and I should be very grateful if you would send me a card confirming this. If, however, I do not hear from you by the end of the year, it will be assumedâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; (1) that you have not received your journal, or perhaps have moved ; or (2) that you no longer wish to belong to the Society. The journal will then be discontinued. We hope, however, to hear from you all that you wish to continue to receive the journal, and are receiving it regularly. Thanking you for your most noble support to the Vegan Society in the early days of its special need, and with every good wish from the Members of the Committee. Yours sincerely, WINIFRED SIMMONS,

Treasurer. , London, N.W.I 1. We regret the omission of the Subscription Form from the last issue of The Vegan, and hope that those who have not yet sent in their Annual Subscriptions will avail themselves without delay of the form enclosed in this issue.

ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING, 1 9 5 9

The A . G . M . of the Vegan Society will be held this year on Saturday, November 14th, from 2.30â&#x20AC;&#x201D;8.30 p.m., at the Friends International Centre, 32 Tavistock Square, London, W.C.I. 3

NUTRITION FORUM JACK SANDERSON

In our previous discussions we have referred to carbohydrates, fats and some of the vitamins. Now we continue our enquiry by considering the make-up of our food from another point of view. QUESTIONS

(1) What are the chief chemical elements of which the human body is composed, and what is the percentage of each by weight ? (2) What is meant by the term " trace element" ? Name some of these. (3) What are the chief chemical elements of which the earth's crust is composed, and what is the estimated percentage of each by weight ? (4) In what form are these chemical elements found in the human body ? (5) What is meant by the term " ash constituents " ? (6) Which elements constitute the main food principles ? (7) What are some of the main functions of the mineral elements ? (8) What is meant by the term " leguminous " ? (9) Distinguish between the terms: (a) Pulse ; (b) Grain. ANSWERS

(1) Chemical Element Percentage: Chemical

Element

Oxygen Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen ... Calcium Phosphorus Potassium Sulphur

Percentage

65 18 10 3.0 ... 1.5 to 2.2 ... 0.8 to 1.2 0.35 0.25

Chemical

Percentage

Element

Sodium Chlorine Magnesium Iron Manganese Copper Iodine

... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ...

0.15 0.15 0.05 0.004 0.0003 0.00015 0.00004

(2) These are elements only, traces of which are found in the human body; frequently these are in amounts too small to be measured. Nevertheless, they are vital to the life of the body and the supply must sometimes be between very fine limits. Examples are cobalt, zinc, silicon, fluorine, nickel, barium, lithium, etc. (3) An estimate made by F. W. Clarke in 1920, based on studies of the composition of the earth's solid crust within ten miles of sea level, together with the oceans and other waters of the earth's surface and the air of its weighable atmosphere, is as follows: â&#x20AC;&#x201D; 4

Chemical

Element

Percentage

Oxygen Silicon Aluminium Iron Calcium Sodium Potassium Magnesium Hydrogen

50.02 25.80 7.30 4.18 3.22 2.36 2.28 2.08 0.95

Chemical

Element

Titanium Chlorine Carbon Phosphorus Sulphur Fluorine Barium Manganese Nitrogen

Percentage

0.43 0.20 0.18 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.08 0.08 0.03

and others in smaller amounts. (4) Although a little free ozygen, hydrogen and nitrogen have been found in the blood and intestines, most of these elements and all the others normally exist in the form of complex compounds which are constituents of the body cells and fluids. There are two classes of these compounds: — (i) The organic compounds which contain carbon, and which are provided by carbohydrates, fats and proteins ; and (ii) the inorganic compounds which contain no carbon, and which exist in cells partly as dissolved salts and partly in combination with the organic compounds. (5) In making chemical analyses of cells when the latter are incinerated, the mineral elements remain either wholly or largely in the ash, and are grouped as the ash constituents. (6) The main food principles are constituted as follows: — Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Fats contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus. Mineral elements includes lists in (1) and (2) above, except for first four in list (1). (7) Among the main functions of the mineral elements are: — (i) They serve as constituents of bone and teeth, giving rigidity and relative permanence to the skeleton ; (ii) they are essential elements of the organic compounds which are the chief constituents of the soft tissues (i.e., muscles, blood cells, etc.); (iii) they form soluble salts (electrolytes) held in solution in the fluids of the body, giving these fluids their characteristic influence upon the elasticity and irritability of the muscles and nerves. They also supply material for the acidity or alkalinity of the digestive juices and other secretions, and help to maintain the approximate neutrality of the body's fluids as well as their osmotic pressure and solvent power. (8) Leguminous plants are those such as peas and beans which bear fruit in valved pods. (9) The pulses are the edible seeds of leguminous plants such as peas, pea-nuts, lentils, etc. These plants are not reaped, but are pulled or plucked. Grain refers to the small, hard, roundish seeds of corn. (Originally the small unit of weight—the grain— 5

was the weight of 1 grain of wheat taken out of the middle of the ear, in which case there should be 7,000 grains to the pound.) Whereas the first seven questions are concerned with the mineral elements, the last two are concerned with pulses. There are few foods more important for vegans. When meat-eaters cease to eat flesh foods they automatically cut themselves off from a source of protein, and when vegetarians take the plunge they further cut themselves off from cheese and eggs. Many food reformers believe that most people in the West eat too much protein, and that many ill effects follow when this is meat protein. On the other hand, the protein foods are the chief body builders and repairers of tissue and are a necessary part of our diet which we neglect at our peril. Peanuts are pleasant just shelled, or roasted and shelled, and older people with teeth troubles may prefer them milled or grated finely. Grated nuts are pleasant sprinkled over salads or mixed in soups, and are tasty as a base for many nutritious pastes. Peas, beans and lentils when soaked provide the basis of many nutritious soups. The latter are quickly cooked and soon lose their hardness, whilst the former require longer soaking and cooking and may be " whizzed " to a smooth paste by those fortunate enough to possess a suitable electrical machine. This paste is much improved if the vegetable water from the main course is added before whizzing, together with a teaspoon of Barmene, a pinch of herbs and a dash of curry. One further ingredient of especial value is agar-agar or carrageen moss. Instructions are usually supplied with the former, whilst the moss could be trimmed, soaked for 15 minutes in cold water, cut into small pieces and added to the hot soup about 10 minutes before whizzing. (There are about 6 to 8 helpings of moss in a 1J oz. packet.) Carrageen moss is one of the richest of all foods in valuable nutriments, especially the mineral elements. A further fact which particularly commends it during cold weather is its thickening or jelling property, which not only enhances the palatability and " feel " of the soup, but, from a nutritional point of view, is very helpful in assisting the body to cope with sprains and in strengthening the ligaments and cushions in our joints. A carrageen and pulse soup might well be a regular " m u s t " in our menus, especially during cold, damp weather. More will be written of these vital foods later in other connections. In succeeding articles it is proposed to feature various foods and to highlight their especial values, as well as to continue the Questionnaire. When nutrition developed as a study in the early part of this century, at first the flesh foods were referred to as first-class proteins and the pulses and nuts generally as second-class. But with 6

later analysis and study, this discrimination was gradually dropped, and in more recent times the nutritious value of nuts and pulses has become more appreciated, whilst some of the deleterious effects of the flesh foods as well as the uneconomic use of the land involved in their production have been studied in more detail. Although the science of nutrition is one of the most modern and recent of sciences, the value of pulses was appreciated over two and a half thousand years ago, as the following true story from the Middle East will testify. Then, as now, nation fought against nation, and the king of Babylon overcame the king of Judah and exacted full tribute from the defeated nation. Amongst the victor's orders was one requesting that some of the princes and more attractive and wellfavoured children of Judahâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;such as had ability to stand in the king's palaceâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;should be brought and taught the learning and the tongue of the Chaldeans. The king also appointed them a daily provision of his meat and wine, so as to nourish them for three years so that then they might stand before him. One of the young men from Judah purposed in his heart that he would not defile himself with the king's meat and wine, and spoke of his resolve to the king's chief officer in charge of the children from Judah. This officer had grown very fond of the young man, but hesitated, for he felt that he might lose his own head if any of his charges began to look ill-nourished. The young man then suggested that he and three others should be given pulses to eat and water to drink for a period of ten days. " Then let our countenances be looked . upon before thee, and the countenance of the children that eat of the portion of the king's meat: and as thou seest, deal with thy servants." The officer agreed. At the end of the ten days, their countenances appeared fairer and fatter in flesh than all the children which did eat the portion of the king's meat. The officer took away the portion of their meat and the wine, and gave them pulses. In the course of time, the four young men and the others were brought before the king and he communed with them ; and among them all was found none like the four: therefore stood they before the king. And in all matters of wisdom and understanding, that the king enquired of them, he found them ten times better than all the other advisers in the land. Those who would like to read the story in more detail, and also its interesting consequences, will find it in the first chapter of the book of Daniel. With Elijah he partook Or as a guest with Daniel at his pulse. MILTON.

Mortals, from your fellows' blood abstain ! While corn and pulse by nature are bestow'd. DRYDEN.

FOOD NEWS SURVEY Revolution in the Kitchen ? The following extract from Time, January 5th, 1959, shows the increasing extent to which animal fats are becoming suspect as a suitable food for man : " In the continuing controversy over the importance of fats as a cause of artery disease, heart attacks and strokes, no investigator has been more conservative than the Cleveland Clinic's Research Director, Irvine H. Page (Time cover, October 31st, 1955), one-time president of the American Heart Association. In 1957 he joined other A.H.A. bigwigs in insisting that the evidence to date does not justify a major change in national eating habits. But now in the A.M.A. Journal, Dr. Page describes a revision in eating habits that he suggests is worth a wide-scale trial. If it pans out, physicians might start a revolution in the U.S. kitchen. In a report written jointly with Dr. Helen B. Brown, Dr. Page notes that in the average U.S. diet today 42 per cent of calories are taken in form of fats, 14 per cent, as protein and 44 per cent, as carbohydrates. Of the fats, 85 per cent, are of animal origin or artificially hydrogenated, and therefore mainly saturated, while 15 per cent, are of vegetable origin and comparatively unsaturated. As Dr. Brown and Dr. Page saw it, the trick was to reverse the animal-vegetable fat ratio while disturbing the eating patterns as little as possible. They did this by : (1) eliminating most of the saturated fat from the diet by cutting out fatty meats, butter, whole milk, cream, most cheeses, egg yolks, oleomargarine, hydrogenated shortenings, coconut and cocoa products; (2) adding cottonseed oil (though soybean, corn or peanut oil would have done as well) to make up the fat deficit. In the clinic's rigidly controlled tests, the cottonseed oil was a special brand that could be used as a spread on bread and emulsified in a blender with non-fat milk solids to make ' milk,'' cream ' or ' ice cream,' thus permitting a normally varied menu. But this was a matter of taste and convenience, not medical necessity. The ordinary commercial oils, say Dr. Page and Dr. Brown, ' are excellent for cooking and baking ' ; also, ' two or three teaspoons added to each serving of a low-fat food, convert it to a satisfying, flavourful product.' Medical students with normal blood patterns were fed the cottonseed oil diet from the clinic's kitchens for three weeks, and showed consistent drops in their circulating cholesterolâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;a clue as to whether the system is bong overloaded with fat. Patients with atherosclerosisâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;some with diabetes or high blood pressure, and some who had already had heart attacksâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;were kept on the diet for as long as eight months, usually with home cooking. In every case their abnormally high cholesterol levels showed a gratifying drop." 8

A report on Dr. Page's tests was given in The New Scientist, December 25th, 1958. In a letter in the same journal of February 5th, 1959, Dr. H. M. Sinclair of Magdalen College, Oxford, comments on Dr. Page's work and points out that sufficient evidence has been accumulated by other workers in this field to justify a revision of eating habits by substituting vegetable for animal fats. The following is an extract from his letter : " The American Newsletter in your issue of December 25th alleges that Dr. Irvine H. Page and his colleague may ' have discovered a way of eating ourselves free of heart troubles.' The conversion of this distinguished cardiologist to a view which he has previously contested on various occasions is an important event, but your correspondent does scant justice to those who have for the past few years been both advocating and practising the dietary use of unsaturated vegetable fats (or oils). That persons on vegetable diets tended to have lower serum cholesterol levels than similar persons on diets rich in animal foodstuffs was observed by Schoenheimer in 1933, Groen and others in 1952, Hardinge and Stare in 1954, and others. In 1954 Dr. Page concluded that this difference between animal and vegetable fats had 'proved an illusion.' Starting with a publication in 1952, Kinsell and his associates in California have shown that, in general, vegetable seed fats lower serum cholesterol, whereas animal fats raise i t ; this work has been amply confirmed and extended by Ahrens (U.S.A.), Bronte-Stewart (S. Africa), Malmros (Sweden), and many others, and a full discussion will be found in the Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Biochemical Problems of Lipids, held in Oxford in 1957 on Essential Fatty Acids and recently published by Butterworths. Certainly we need a great deal more research in this important field and it is particularly desirable that a large-scale trial should be conducted. Many persons, however, have already modified their diets on these lines over the past few years with benefit, and the prudent act on common sense before scientific proof is fully established. As Sir Charles Sherrington once wrote : ' Science, nobly, declines as proof anything but complete proof; but common sense, pressed for time, accepts and acts on acceptance.'" This increasing condemnation of animal fats by physicians, nutritionists and scientists, is surely an important paving-stone on the scientific high-road to veganism. A widespread revision of national diets along the lines indicated above would be an initial but major turning point away from the supposed indispensability of animal foods. T H E F I R S T B R I T I S H PLANTMILK

For details of Wanderlac, the new vegan milk, please see p. 19, and on p. 21 you will find details of how Wanderlac can be obtained through the post. 9

FOOD FOR THOUGHT MARGARET

COOPER,

Secretary, Crusade Against All Cruelty to Animals. " Food is now one of the most potent causes of disease to which civilized man is exposed." " Hormones and antibiotics in meat, chemical sprays on wheat, fruit and vegetables. Artificial colourings and preservatives in frozen foods. Synthetic resin linings in tins." These are facts which diet reformers have stated foq years, but despite their far-reaching implications the orthodox medical profession has not seen fit to take action. It is encouraging, therefore, to see an article on this vital subject in the " News Chronicle" of February 10th, 1959, under the title of "Losing your gripâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;and can't see why ? " by the Medical Correspondent. The above quotations are from that article. The writer states: " I n the last 50 years the people of Europe and America have been developing more and more allergic illness. Hay fever, migraine, asthma, skin rashesâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;all have become increasingly common. At the same time, mental illness, rheumatism, heart disease and lung cancer have attacked us increasingly." He asks: " Is there a connection between these two groups of modern epidemics and the food we eat ? " He then reports on a recent visit to Dr. Theron G. Randolph, an allergist working in Chicago, and after watching his methods of working he says, " I am convinced that Randolph is a pioneer as great as Lister or Fleming." Dr. Randolph's practice covers the whole of the Mid-West and patients come to him from hundreds, sometimes thousands, of miles away. " Often they come as a last resort after other doctors have given them up and when life has nothing left to offer." The case is quoted of an editor who suffered from a sensitivity (or allergy) to wheat and corn and all foods made from these cereals. He was put on a diet excluding these foods and rapidly recovered his health. " Not convinced that wheat and corn alone were responsible for this man's illness, Randolph persuaded him to come back into hospital for an experiment. First he fed him bread made from ordinary commercial wheat, sprayed with chemicals before harvesting. Back came the depression, the fatigue, the nervous inability to concentrate. Next he fed him bread from a farmer who used no spray or chemicals on his land. The patient remained well ! " The article ends by saying: " By showing that many of the most baffling illnesses of civilized man can now be cured simply by removing food contaminants from the diet, he has opened up a new era of medicine in which the doctor, the farmer, and the 10

food manufacturer can combine to rid us of the menace of chronic ill-health which is now threatening us from the larder." Despite the fact that many doctors both here and in the United States have pointed out the dangers to health which must come from the daily consumption in food of drugs and chemicals, so far our Ministry of Health has failed to set up a committee of enquiry. Vegans and vegetarians are fortunate in being aware of these dangers. The general public is not aware and, unfortunately, articles like that quoted above appear too seldom in the national Press. We appeal to all humanitarians to write to the Ministry of Health pressing for a committee of enquiry to be set up. If this can be achieved it will do an inestimable service for both humans and animals. We know that good health for mankind will never be found through experiments on animals. An honest enquiry into the effects of chemical contaminants in food would reveal that the medical research scientists would do well to look elsewhere than in the vivisection laboratories for the cause and cure of the modern chronic diseases and allergic illnesses.

A RAY OF LIGHT EVA

BATT

We read that the medical profession is warning hospitals against the wide use of penicillin and similar drugs. (Staphylococcal Infections in Hospitals. H.M.S.O., 2/6.) The report of the Health Ministry investigations led by Lord Cohen states that: " The wide distribution of antibiotic-resistant staphylococci has introduced a new and disturbing element into the field of hospital infections." Another " wonder drug " found not to be so wonderful after all, but not, unfortunately, before a great deal of damage has been done. Let us hope that these warnings are heeded by the medical profession in general. What is not so encouraging is that we do not seem to learn anything from these mistakes, and while the Cohen report is exposing unpleasant facts about some of our widely acclaimed cure-alls, other and possibly more deadly drugs are continuing to flow from government sponsored laboratories with unfailing regularity, and always accompanied by similar optimism about their " curing " properties. The small but persistent voice of the nature curist, food reformer has still to be heard and heeded. Many lives will be 1L

lost, and millions of folk will have nauseous, vivisection-produced vaccines pumped into erstwhile healthy blood streams, and, more important, into those of their children, before the official view of finding a " c u r e " for disease is relinquished in favour of studying how best to live to keep naturally healthy. We know that the incidence of smallpox was lessening appreciably year by year before innoculation began, due to increased knowledge of hygiene and generally better living conditions. Yet how rarely we read about this aspect of common-sense living, while curers of symptoms are honoured as scientific practitioners. Replies from the Minister of Health reveal that in England and Wales in the 25 years ended December, 1956, only 2 children under five died of smallpox, but 106 died of vaccination (World Forum, July, 1958). No opportunity should be missed for speaking out about these things. Never mind if it has all been said before, it must be repeated until everyone has at least heard it. The impression given to parents by many doctors and most newspapers is that unless the child is innoculated, preferably several times, it is very likely to be crippled with poliomyelitis ! To the layman there appears to be no less disease now than before the advent of the costly miracle medicines of the last two or three decades, although the nature of man's complaints may have altered. Now probably we are beginning to suffer more from the after effects of the " cures " ? Without doubt we, and certainly our children, will suffer from the " little daily d o s e " of poison in the form of insecticides, even if we are able to stave off water pollution in the form of sodium fluoride in our drinking water. In a test in the U.S. it was found that years after treating soil with pesticides, approximately 50 per cent of the D.D.T. was found in the surface 6", as well as a smaller percentage of other pest killers. And D.D.T. is accumulative in the body ! The search for a glimmer of light in the economic field is even more fruitless. Quite apart from the waste of feeding 60 lbs. of food to cattle to produce one pound of flesh food, figures show that about half the barley grown in, and imported into, this country is used for brewing and distilling and most of the balance for feeding food animals. How to get such inconsistencies known to the mass of people and their implications understood ? How can we help our friends to realise that only a change in eating and living habits will help to relieve the worldwide suffering, disease and malnutrition they so much deplore ?

SIMPLE SALADS FOR EVERY DAY MABEL SIMMONS

SPRING SALAD Lettuce, watercress, tomatoes, beetroot, chives, finely chopped, fresh mint, parsley, thyme (mixed together).

Place lettuce leaves on dish. Place on tomatoes, cut in slices, sprigs of watercress, beetroot (diced). Pour over lemon and olive oil. Lastly, sprinkle on herbs. Serve with sweet corn, baked potatoes. SUMMER SALAD Lettuce, cucumber, small new carrots, mustard and cress, Spring anions, stuffed tomatoes with walnuts, 1-oz. rosins or dates.

RUSSIAN SALAD Potatoes, carrots, kohlrabi, peas, 1 small cauliflower.

Separate cauliflower into small pieces, dice all vegetables and cook with cauliflower in as little water as possible, slowly. When cooked, add celery salt; garnish with parsley and cooked butterbeans. DRESSINGS FOR SALADS MINT SAUCE 1 tablespoon of chopped mint, 1-oz. Barbados sugar, tbe juice of 1 lemon, including grated rind.

Allow to stand 15 minutes. NUT MAYONNAISE 1 dessertspoon cashew nut cream, juice ÂŁ lemon, 1 teaspoon Barbados sugar, 2 tablespoons olive oil or almond oil.

HORSERADISH SAUCE Make a thick brown sauce with wholemeal flour. Add 1 tablespoon of finely-grated horseradish. Add seasoning, also finelychopped chives.

Please send your queries on vegan recipes to Miss Mabel' Simmons, Teacher of Vegetarian Cookery, London, N.W.I 1. Miss Simmons is also available to give demonstrations at local groups and meetings. 13-

PATHS TOWARDS THE BETTER LIFE By NEIL

MCNEILL,

Organising Secretary, The Protection of Livestock for Slaughter Association. During my ceaseless struggles in various parts of the world to eliminate brutality and maintain the beauties of creation, it has been my sad duty to observe and make many protests against man's heartless domination of practically every species in the animal kingdom. All my life I have condemned senseless cruelty and extermination, in the sea, the sky and upon the earth. My travels have taken me close to the arctic circle, antarctica, the jungle and countless other places around the earth. Everywhere I saw animals, and the more I saw of them, the more I learnt to respect them for their fidelity, courage, morality, beauty and endurance. As a youth of nineteen, over thirty-five years ago, one of my first voyages took me to the upper reaches of the Amazon river. It was there that I first discovered a colour, beauty and friendship in the birds, the fish and the denizens of the forest which I could never hope fully to describe. I am proud to say that I have been fortunate in seeing and studying a greater species of creation in their natural environment and that I have learnt more from them, than has been the lot of most men. I can record that never once did I harm or kill an animal, nor have I ever been seriously attacked by one, which by the way is more than I can say of human beings. These experiences taught me to have a special regard and stewardship for all living things, and I am quite sure that my respect for them made me a far better man than if I had allowed myself to be calloused by disregarding the rights, values and sanctity of these creatures. They helped me towards a deeper appreciation and understanding of the decencies and fundamentals of life, both animal and human. It also taught me to assess better what constitutes the true humanitarian and his difficult task to make the world a better place for all things that exist upon it. One cardinal conclusion which stands clear in my mind is that those men who develop most consideration for the animal creation also reveal the greater understanding and tolerance for their fellow men. On the contrary, those who ignored their responsibility of a Christian and humane approach to animals in general, found it more difficult to adjust their lives into the accepted higher social pattern as laid down by the Supreme Architect. These views strengthened my belief that such conditions produce two distinct types of men. Through the passage of life, one section of the community permit themselves to become immune to the perpetual cruelty in their midst. This results in the development of aggressive pugnacity as a means for their 14

own protection, any vestige of over-gentleness is, they think, a weakness in masculinity. This of course is quite wrong, because was it not said that: " T h e meek shall inherit the earth." With these thoughts in mind I was one day moved to visit and make protest to the promoters of carnage in the Waterloo Cup hare coursing. Here they set two greyhounds at one hare, and repeat the process about one hundred times on three mornings each year. A few hares escape the jaws of the dogs, to die suffering from strained hearts and lungs. The remaining 50 or 60 are killed, or torn in half by the hounds for " sport" ! Held every February at Altcar, near my home, it can only be described as medieval spectacle of callousness and brutality. I saw several screaming hares being pulled apart by pairs of hounds in full view of the blood-crazed watchers. In my plea for compassion for the creatures, I searched upon the hard faces of the coursing fraternity for pity, but failed to find an iota of humanitarian conscience or sentiment. They appeared like demons possessed with a blood-lust for savage killing. This massacre takes place at an almost secret, inaccessible field far from view of an innocent public. Few people are aware that so bestial a sport exists. When informed of the facts, many say, " I thought such cruelties were abolished over a hundred years ago ! Why does the law allow it! " The trouble is that people do not see or know to what depths these social delinquents sink in order to be thrilled by such spectacles. Should enough people know of it, it would be sufficient to arouse them to do whatever is needed to end it. Doctor Karl Menninger, the world-famous psychiatrist, said: " The animals are smaller, but that's the only difference between hare coursing and the days when Romans threw lions and tigers into the arena in order to watch them tear each other to pieces." The most disturbing feature is that these coursing followers apparently actually enjoy witnessing violent death. Nero did the same thing in his endeavours to get an emotional sensation from the gore and death screams of his victims. In my attacks on bull-fighting, I recall a Spaniard saying, " England does not have the bull-fight. It has the dog and rabbit game in the Waterloo Cup." It made me think deeply. It is not good for the mental or spiritual health of the people, and they must not simply stand by watching humanity and sensitivity being prostituted in the process of being de-civilized, lest their own heads roll in the dust on the same level as their perverted adversaries. The great shame is that ordinary people are taught to look up to and respect such people for their lead and example in the decencies of life. What hope has man whilst he permits them to lead to his degradation. In the struggle to attain the higher life humanity needs all the help it can get: one most urgent requirement is to out-breed violence and sadism from man's make-up. To this end the 15

demand is for increased healthy sports, amusements and education. Football, cricket, athletics, the arts, literature, music and creative interest are all pursuits leading to a higher civilized community. Obviously such atrocities as enacted upon the bloodstained fields of Altcar can only retard man's higher development and his wish to achieve a better world. Throughout this perpetual struggle all must realise that in order to build that better world it is essential to have better men, and until such time as man has a full appreciation of the sanctity of all life, all humane progress must of course be delayed. Man still has a long, difficult road to travel from the Stone Age, but it is full time that he awoke to face this particular responsibility. H e must realise that the vast cruelty being perpetrated upon animals throughout the world is being reflected in his nature. In turn, it is being manifested in his attitude and devaluation of men's lives. Surely, if all life is sacred, as the true humanitarian believes, it will be a better world for all when he sees to it that all cruelty to animals is banished. When this comes, as it surely will, how then could man tolerate cruelty and suffering of his fellow beings. He would not, and all cruelty would be wiped from the face of the earth. What about it, my friends ?

N U T R I T I O N CONFERENCE

The theme of this Conference, announced on page 21, will be: " Some of the best foods and their values." The Conference is open to allâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;members and non-membersâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;to whom a warm welcome will be extended.

UNWANTED CALVES H.

S . KRAMER,

The Hague, Holland.

During my holiday this year, my wife and myself with two children were staying in the country on a farm near Groenlo. One evening my 9-year-old little daughter came, quite excited, running into the sitting-room and called: " Daddy, there is a little calf in a dark box; come and see it." We went at once to the barn. A hatch was opened and there we saw a very young little calf in a small dark box, which was heavily covered with a kind of felt. It was a very pitiful sight and for a moment I was quite stupefied and silent, reflecting how it was possible that people could cause such cruelty to an innocent fellow-creature. 16

My wife and myself are certainly not over-sentimental people, but we both were outraged at such treatment and argued with the farmer's son who was impressed by our objections. He said, "Such is life on a farm." And after some thinking he added, " But it brings in 300 guilders." This was, of course, the principal thing! The farmer himself discussed the matter very airily, saying, " Within two months there is an end of it and its head is off ! " The president of a farmers' association wrote: " It should be ascertained that the keeping of calves on one-sided feeding in dark surroundings is not tormenting! " How this man comes to such a foolish declaration is not quite clear to me. I have reason to assume that he is not feeble-minded, so he knows better: he simply wants the farmers to make money and the fate of animals is considered of no importance ! A professor said: "Calves are sometimes kept in dirty closed boxes in which they can hardly move. We have objection to such a method because it can be tormenting and is, further, meaningless. According to the modern method, by which calves are kept in small sheds which are open above and in which the animals can lie or stand and where there is twilight, we cannot speak of a tormenting closing up." Even to this second method I have strong objections. A prominent member of the Association for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals wrote as follows: " The closing up of calves in narrow and dark boxes, and their food consisting only of milk and not of any green food, signifies for those animals not only a continuous torment but also danger of health, and all this only for the sake of moneymaking . . . ! " Though, of course, I quite agree with this member, I should like to add this: We all know that such an animal stands very near to Nature. It is greatly in want of much movement, fresh air, sunlight and contact with fellow-creatures, and for these reasons we can imagine that such an animal suffers terribly being closed up all day and night in a dark box. Yes, it is very cruel, mean and cowardly, and man is certainly not justified to commit such inexorable exploitation. From the President of the Association for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals I learned that the farmers have their representatives in the Chambers who defend their " standpoints " as money-making is concerned. I greatly regret to say that it will be a very difficult task to do something for our fellow-creatures. But we shall not lose courage. " You will find that persons who display compassion towards animals are always kindly and gentle in their attitude towards their fellow-men. For it is a law of the universe that the greater shall sacrifice itself for the lesser." 17

CRUSADE AGAINST ALL CRUELTY TO ANIMALS A busy season of public meetings with films, at many of which Lord Dowding will take the chair, lies ahead of the Crusade. Some of these meetings will be held in conjunction with other animal welfare organisations and vegetarian societies. Invitations to show our films and lecture in several countries abroad are now being considered. The Junior Section with its own magazine, " The Young Crusader," launched on October 4th, 1958, is making good progress and already film shows and talks have been given in a number of schools with great success. Plans are afoot to extend the work in schools because it is in the formative years that humane principles can best be established. The Rev. Michael Fryer has recently been elected President of the Bath Branch of the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection. He is also President of the Hendon and Golders Green Branch of that Society. Further recognition of the Crusade's work has come in the form of a donation of £1,000 from a benefactor, who wishes to remain anonymous, for the specific purpose of providing a suitable vehicle for the general campaign and in particular to transport the heavy film projection apparatus which has hitherto been transported with difficulty by train. We now own a copy of a unique film—the only one in this country—made in Australia, depicting Gentile and Jewish methods of the slaughtering of food animals, and a private showing of this to the Chief Reporter of " Psychic News" resulted in a comprehensive article in the Christmas issue of that paper, followed in subsequent weeks by correspondence, thereby bringing the cruel practice of ritual slaughter before the eyes of the public once more. Even less than with vivisection do the national papers carry reports on any campaign against ritual slaughter, so this publicity was much appreciated. We are indebted to the Rev. W. J. Salter, Chairman of the Anti-Cruelty Campaign of Victoria, Australia, for the comparative slaughter film. Mr. Salter is an untiring and courageous fighter on behalf of suffering animals and is conducting a campaign in Australia to effect a change in the law regarding ritual slaughter. We are glad to link up with him. The Crusade is now affiliated with The Animals' Crusaders, Inc., of Washington, an affiliation which also includes the Association for the Protection of Furbearing Animals, Vancouver, and the League for the Protection of Caged and Performing Animals, Vancouver. MARGARET A . COOPER,

Secretary. Hendon, London, N.W.4. 18

PLANTMILK NEWS No. 8, February, 1959, reprinted by kind permission of the Plantmilk

Society

Plantmilk News takes pleasure in announcing that retail distribution of the first British plantmilk is planned to begin within a few weeks. Details of this product, which has been conceived and developed since the formation of the Plantmilk Society in June, 1956, are given below. SOYA-BASED

PLANTMILK

The successful results obtained on a number of babies who have been receiving this plantmilk during the last year have encouraged the manufacturers to make arrangements for largescale production. It is hoped that the product will be put on the market in a few weeks' time under the name WANDERLAC, although this is not yet finally decided. The cost will be 6s. 8d. for a tin containing one pound of the powder. When re-constituted with water, this will make about six pints of a liquid food closely resembling cows' milk in appearance, flavour, and nutritive value. The content of nutrients will in general closely resemble that of cows' milk, but in certain respects will be superior to cows' milk and more closely resemble that of human milk. Wanderlac can be used as a drink or as an ingredient in puddings and other dishes, replacing cows' milk for infants, children and adults. It should be available from health food stores in a few weeks' time. Further details can be obtained from A. Wander Limited, 42 Upper Grosvenor Street, Grosvenor Square, London W.l, who are already supplying Wanderlac to babies urgently needing i t ; or from Dr. Frank Wokes, King's Langley, Herts. The Plantmilk Society has taken a keen interest in the development of Wanderlac from its first conception. In the early days, the Society was able to give some practical assistance to meet an emergency, in a case of a baby who was unable to tolerate cows' milk. Supplies of American plantmilk were made available by the Society to supplement Wanderlac, then without any name, and in its first experimental form. Considerable credit is due to Dr. Frank Wokes for his skilful, persistent, and painstaking work on this piece of original research and development. In his turn, Dr. Wokes has acknowledged the value of the moral support and interest which the Society has been more than glad to afford him in this work. To date, Wanderlac has been available only in cases of special need, for the feeding of infants unable to tolerate animal milk. There is evidence that in one case at least its use resulted in the 19

saving of a baby's life. Once the product becomes available more generally, the reactions of consumers will be awaited with interest. Wanderlac is primarily intended to meet the nutritional needs of those who for various reasons would prefer not to include animal milk in their diet. The Plantmilk Society will retain considerable interest in the future development of Wanderlac. It is pointed out, however, that in future all enquiries concerning this product should be addressed as overleaf, and not to the Plantmilk Society. It merely remains to wish Wanderlac every success, and to express the pleasure which every member of the Society must feel in the fact that this product, so much in line with the Society's object, is about to become generally available. Leaf Protein Research This, as members know, has been undertaken by the Society in an effort to discover whether abundantly available leaf protein, which is of high nutritional value, can be used as the basis of a general-purpose plantmilk. The ultimate aim would be a product which can be sold in liquid form, and which will meet all those varied domestic requirements now met by animal milk. We have shown that leaf protein can be produced as a white curd, thus answering the problem of colour. Recent developments indicate that the rejected chlorophyll-protein portion of the leafâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; which portion is a by-product of the production of white protein â&#x20AC;&#x201D;has a good chance of being profitably used in products other than plantmilk. This is an important economic consideration. Scientifically, the experiments at present face two chief problemsâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; colloidal re-dispersion of the white protein, and heat-stability of the final product. Dr. Franklin, who is in charge of this work, considers that answers may be found. Since October, when he accepted a commission from the Society to carry out research, he has made two reports of a detailed technical and scientific nature which embrace all the ground so far covered. His conclusion is that the chances of a successful outcome of the work are reasonable. A copy of his reports is being circulated with this issue of Plantmilk News to members of the Society's Research Committee. The Human Side While the Society's work is unavoidably largely technical and scientific, it should not be assumed that the work lacks human interest. Correspondence which the Secretary receives from interested people presents a continuous picture of considerable interest in our work. Not only is this interest of a broad character, but it also emanates from a wide area. Apart from many areas of Great Britain, the Society now has members resident in France, Germany, Australia, New Zealand, and 20

Holland. In addition, inquiries have been received from Spain. Greece, Ghana, and the U.S.A. [The Plantmilk Society is a voluntary association for the promotion of a satisfactory alternative to animal milk for human consumption. Secretary: Mr. L. J. Cross, Uxbridge, Middlesex.] ANNOUNCEMENTS Nutrition Conference (see also page 16) The Third Vegan Nutrition Conference will be held on April 11th and 12th at the flat of Miss Ann Wicker, Terrace, London, W.8. April 11th: 11.30 a.m. to 8 p.m. ; April 12th: 2 p.m. to 8 p.m. Please bring contributions of food for lunch and tea on April 11th, and for tea only on April 12th. A New Health Food Store As you will see from an advertisement in this issue, the Secretary of the Vegan Society, Mrs. Muriel Drake, has recently opened a Health Food Store at 26 Anerley Station Road, S.E.20. It is with great pleasure that we make this announcement: those who know Mrs. Drake will appreciate how admirably suited she is to undertake this new ventureâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;which we hasten to wish every success. It is of particular importance and interest to vegans that Mrs. Drake will stock a range of vegan foods, some of which are not readily obtainable elsewhere. Goods will be sent by post, and our readers are invited to write to Mrs. Drake, listing their requirements. YVanderlac The new plantmilk referred to in Plantmilk News can now be obtained from Mrs. Drake's H.F.S., at 6/8d. per lb. tin plus postage as follows: l / 6 d . for 1 tin : l/9d. for 2 tins; 2/3d. for 3 tins. Annua] General Meeting The Fourteenth Annual General Meeting of the Vegan Society was held on November 29th, 1958, at Friends' International Centre, 32 Tavistock Square, London, W.C.I. The President, Mr. John Heron, was in the chair, and after his opening remarks and words of welcome to those present, the usual annual business meeting was conducted. The following Officers and Committee were elected: President, Mr. John Heron ; Vice-President, Mrs. Elsie B. Shrigley; Hon. Treasurer, Miss Winifred Simmons; Hon. Secretary, Mrs. Muriel Drake ; Committee: Mrs. Jeanne Arnaldi, Mrs. Serena Coles, Miss Christina Harvey, Mr. John Moore, Mr. Jack Sanderson, Miss Mabel Simmons, Miss Ann Wicker. Editorial Officers for " T h e Vegan": Editor, Mr. John Heron ; Assistant Editor, Mr. Jack Sanderson. Since the A.G.M. we have been pleased to welcome Mrs. Eva Batt to the Committee as a co-opted member. 21

VEGAN CORRESPONDENCE BUREAU Will all members wishing to register, write to the co-ordinator, Miss Edna Towell, , West Moors, Wimborne, Dorset. Important: Owing to loss and delay of Circular Letters, I regret that a rule must now be enforced. The last Circular, sent out in November, is now held up because a member has gone away and left the letter behind, so we have to wait until it can be found and sent on. This Circular was in the form of Vegan Notes, compiled by Eva Batt, with comments by myself. We had hoped that members would append their comments, and thus we should have something to work on for the next Notes. Owing to these delays, I wonder if members who wish to receive these letters would write to me after the issue of the Journal, every quarter. They could thus comment on the Notes and send criticism of the V.C.B. material. One member went to Australia in November, and I did not know about this till I read it in a magazine! Probably one of the letters lost is due to this. Apart from a few members who write me regularly, I have no way of knowing whether members have moved or whether they still want the letters. Also, it would help if each member tried to forward anything within a week, or less, if possible. Welcome to these new members: Miss Doris Loihle, New Jersey, U.S.A. Miss Dorothy Watson, , Mass., U.S.A. Mrs. J. H. Kittila, Michigan, U.S.A., who is a friend of Dr. Catherine Nimmo, and is new to veganism. I am sure she would welcome letters with helpful hints. H. Jay Dinshah, , U.S.A., a young man of 25, who is already doing wonderful work for veganism, and wishes, one day, to find a vegan wife! He has written a splendid article, extra copies of which are on the way, and will be obtainable from the Society or from me. A special welcome to our first vegan family to join the V.C.B.: Mr. and Mrs. Cluer, and Dilys, 11, and Edwin, 7, of , Raynes Park, London, S.W.20. I hope that more children will feel inspired to join, and who knows, we may have a Young Vegan organisation one day ! Mrs. Wainwright, Winton, Bournemouth, Hampshire, has recently called on meâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;she is a vegetarian and studying veganism. 22

Change of address: Mrs. Winifred Jones, Mrs. Sholto Douglas Johnston, Mrs. Ada Anderson, Mrs. Louise Blacklock, Dorset.

, Corsham, Wilts. , Norwich. , Colyford, Devon. , Parkstone, Poole,

Mrs. Cluer made some dishes from Leaf Protein, kindly supplied by Mr. Pirie, and exhibited these at the Morden and Merton Scientific Circle, at their annual exhibition in October. She tells me it was the " high s p o t " of the show. (Mr. Cluer runs the Wimbledon Health Centre.) Mrs. Anderson (address above) would be delighted to have other vegans in her locality call on her. William Corke, of the Food Reformers' Community, writes : " Those of you who are interested in a pure water supply, may like to know that I have bought a Berkefeld filter for rainwater, and now use this for everything. It is the small size, and costs £3, with sterilising candle, which does not need boiling. W.C.2." Chiltern Herbs are now doing some delicious herb teas, or tisanes. Please support The Vegan Society of India, which is having a hard struggle against the rising tide of materialism and flesheating in India, due to the spread of Western " culture." Also the Vegetarian India Society, founded by a young man, who is also Hon. Secretary of the Vegetarian Society of India, and the Vegetarian Club, and convener of the Ahimsak Party. This young man was also responsible for arranging the Delhi meeting of the 15th World Vegetarian Congress. His most urgent need is for literature for propaganda. His slogan is " For purity, peace, progress, and prosperity of the Nation." Address: New Delhi 1. (Add. of Vegan Society in previous issue.) Dr. Philip Chen, Ph.D., of Atlantic Union College, S. Lancaster, Mass., has kindly sent me a copy of his latest book—Heart Disease —and I shall be glad to lend it to members for cost of postage, if they will keep it only two weeks. It is beautifully printed, large attractive type on high-class paper. It is dedicated to President Eisenhower, and contains all the information possible about the rising number of deaths through coronary thrombosis. Dr. Chen reviews all the causes of the disease, and suggests treatment and cure. It is of great interest to us that Dr. Chen advises a diet without dairy produce. There are many illustrations and statistical tables, but the main part is written specially for laymen, and I found it most enthralling and learnt much which will be of use in helping to combat this terrible disease of modern life. An 23

especially interesting chapter is written about the Seventh Day Adventists, who try to lead a natural and healthy life with strict adherence to nature's laws. Dr. Chen also wrote an excellent book on Soya Beans. Both these books are obtainable from Basil Blackwell, Bookseller, Oxford. The American price is $3, which is approximately 21/-, but may be more due to import duty. I have several interesting food items, as I am always investigating new foods, etc., to give us interest in our diet. If we don't have good health we have not the energy to disseminate the reasons for veganism! Nor shall we set good examples of our way of life if we do not look fit. Do write me with any suggestions. Now that Eva Batt is a personal friend, and no longer a pen-friend, we are working together for veganism, and to try to lessen the cruelty in the world, which seems to increase instead of lessening. But we do not get disheartened as we all know our way is right, and will prevail. The following items of interest have been sent to me by Mrs. Batt: 1. True Form shoes, No. L8350, at 18/11 a pair, are apparently vegan, although not guaranteed. They are invariably made with black treated suedette uppers, composition soles and cotton lining. Last winter I found in Enfield a pair of bootees with crepe rubber soles and cotton fleece lining. Unfortunately I have not yet been able to get the name of the manufacturer. Can any other vegan help ? These types of shoe wear reasonably well considering the very low price, and are neat and tidy in appearance. 2. One hundred per cent. Orion topcoats for women are made by Lyndale, and priced at about 12 guineas. They are stocked by Dickens and Jones, London; Falconers, Aberdeen ; Pophams, Plymouth; Binns, Edinburgh ; Edward Gray, Birmingham ; Plummer Roddis, Bournemouth, Bath, Folkestone ; Saltmers, Middlesborough; Walker and Ling, Weston-super-Mare ; Grants, Croydon ; More Street Warehouse, Birmingham. 3. I can state from experience that the non-animal Wynelga Gloves are warm, smart, wash perfectly, and are wearing well. 4. To soften hard soybeans: after soaking for several hours in cool (room temperature) water, place in freezing compartment of the refrigerator overnight before cooking. They will then cook quickly, says D. R. Hiatt of Coalmont, Tennessee, U.S.A. 24

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26 ANERLEY STATION ROAD, S.E. 20 by Mrs. MURIEL DRAKE â&#x20AC;˘ A wide variety of vegan and vegetarian foods is now available, including the new plantmilk. Every effort will be made to acquire those vegan foods which are not easily obtainable, so if you have any difficulty in purchasing certain products, please write to Mrs. Drake with your requirements and suggestions. Goods willingly sent by post on request.

MISCELLANEOUS

( 2 / - per line: