The Vegan Summer 1953

T H E VEGAN SOCIETY Founded

November,

1944

A D V O C A T E S that man's food should be derived from fruits, nuts, vegetables and grains, and E N C O U R A G E S the use of alternatives to all products of animal origin.

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subscription, 7s. 6d. per annum, which includes "The Life Membership, t l 7s. Od.

Honorary

Secretary:

M r s . HILDA HONEYSETT,

Ewell,

Honorary

, Torquay, Devon.

THE Editor:

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Mr. JOHN HERON,

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THE Journal Vol. VIII.

VEGAN of The Vegan SUMMER, 1953

Society No. 6

Editorial " l ^ T H E N the Vegan Society was founded in November, 1944, it was * * not easy to foresee the many vicissitudes through which it would have to pass. The initial enthusiasm of its founders was itself subjected to severe testing ; and there were strange crises in the Society's relationship with the vegetarian movement as a whole.

But now, during the ninth year of its organised existence, it can truly be said that veganism has reached a point of consolidation at which its early phase can be considered in retrospect and the future faced with confidence. This was clearly epitomised at the first Vegan Dinner held on 1st May this year. Here, the prevailing spirit, which was so admirably expressed in the speeches of Mr. Hanworth Walker and Mr. Ronald Lightowler, was one of maturity and unity.

W e were moved by the realisation that the Society was both established and accepted as the pioneer advance guard of the vegetarian movement in this country. Yet, deeper still, the fundamental integration of vegetarianism and veganism—the spirit of unity among those devoted to the high ethic of humanitarianism—was made manifest in clear, forthright and amiable fashion. For all this we are deeply grateful.

There can be no question of referring to a "reconciliation" between branches of a movement dedicated to the intelligent application of ideals. It is simply that slight estrangements have dissolved in the face of deeper union and understanding.

On this new basis of solidarity, it is evident that veganism, which is a way of life, has an important part to play in the interpretation of ethical principles. But what about health? An ethic which reduced all its adherents to chronic invalidism would clearly be of little value. Not that this is the case with veganism ; but the Vegan Society has no wish to minimise such health problems as there are, and this we have demonstrated by presenting them for examination and discussion in the formation of our Health Council.

Here, however, there are two points which we would stress. Firstly, that not too much importance should be attached to conclusions which are drawn from the selection and examination of purely negative evidence. And this simply for the reason—our second point—that

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since veganism is virtually without precedence in the western world and thus provokes considerable opposition and criticism, its successful adoption, apart from the requisite dietetic knowledge, depends to a supreme degree upon a purely spiritual factor which may be variously termed faith, inner conviction, the call from within and so on. And this spiritual factor, we would assert, profoundly influences the whole of the body's metabolism and, consequently, its re-adaptation to the vegan diet.

But granted such a factor, it is obviously wisest to make the change to a vegan diet in a way which allows for physiological reaction. And it is an excellent precondition, as Dr. Frank Wokes pointed out at our Vegan Dinner, to have been a vegetarian for a considerable period before becoming a vegan. However, that this is by no means essential is evident from information supplied in response to our 1952 Questionnaire. Here again the deciding factor would seem to be one which escapes purely analytical detection.

T h e I.V.U. Congress, at which the Vegan Society will be officially represented, will be held this year at Sigtuna, in Sweden, and we hope that this occasion will provide a further opportunity for harmonious co-operation between the various branches of the vegetarian movement, with particular reference to the international aspect. W e are looking forward to meeting our vegetarian and vegan friends from all parts of the world.

T H E EDITORIAL BOARD.

THE BIRCHER-BENNER DIET B y CLAIRE LOEWENFELD

A V E been asked to talk to you to-day about the Bircher-Benner I Hdiet.

It will give me great pleasure if, in telling you of my experience with this diet, I may perhaps be able to assist you in devising a diet for yourself, which will give you health and happiness without interfering with your principles.

The B.-B. diet is not exactly a vegan diet; it was designed as a lactovegetarian diet by Dr. Bircher-Benner. It then seemed an enormous step away from the ruling habits of eating, and Dr. Bircher-Benner had to fight against intense opposition.

But though Dr. Bircher-Benner suggested a lacto-vegetarian diet containing 50 per cent uncooked and 50 per cent cooked foods for normal people, he used for therapeutic purposes with seriously ill patients a diet with reduced protein intake, consisting of 100 per cent raw food and containing practically no animal protein at all.

I hope that you may be interested in my clinical experience with this diet on a number of children who were so seriously and chronically ill that animal food had to be excluded from their diets for considerable

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periods up to two years, and also on children who—for allergic or other , reasons—had to be reared entirely without milk or other animal foods.

Max Bircher-Benner lived from 1867-1939; he died shortly before the beginning of the second World War, just when I was taking my diploma at Zurich. He took his medical degree at the University of Zurich after a successful student's career in botany, zoology, anatomy, physics, chemistry and mathematics. He went into general practice in Zurich and though a very busy doctor became dissatisfied with the methods of treatment at his disposal. He was immensely impressed by witnessing the cure of a seemingly hopeless stomach disease, when he had to consent reluctantly to a patient of his own trying a completely raw vegetable diet at the suggestion of a " quack."

He married in 1893 and soon his family grew considerably. During the late nineties he himself became very ill from infectious jaundice.

All food was nauseating to him, but one day while his wife was sitting at his bedside busily peeling apples for the family, he suddenly felt a desire for those peeled thin apple slices. Although against orthodox teaching, his wife gave him one after the other and, he felt soon afterwards a marked improvement in his condition. Following his instinct he kept on eating these slices of apple, excluding all other food, and was very soon well again. This personal experience led him to investigate how raw apples could help in treating certain diseases and thus eventually to the invention of his well-known Bircher-Benner muesli. This is a dish consisting of soaked uncooked oats, lemon, honey or sugar, milk or nutcream and, before all, grated apples. H e considered it to have a composition similar to that of mothers' milk— our only really natural food.

He began then a very thorough scientific investigation of the effects on the human body of uncooked fruit and vegetables and reached the conclusion that a healthy person should take 50 per cent, and an unhealthy one 100 per cent, of his food raw. He traced the beginnings of numerous diseases to contemporary diets—more burdened with large quantities of concentrated animal foods during this late Victorian period. Following an old medical tradition which goes back via Paracelsus to Hippocrates he took the radical step of prevention by a balanced diet or treatment by a restricted diet of a number of chronic conditions. You may remember here the saying of Hippocrates: " Let food be your medicine and medicine be your food."

In 1897 he started a small residential clinic to which he could admit eight patients at first, gradually widening the circle of diseases which he was able to treat by diet. He did include physical therapy, but the main emphasis of all the treatment he'employed was always on diet.

At first his ideas were ignored or met with ridicule and opposition in medical circles, but his clinic grew nevertheless into a large and busy " Sanatorium " visited by patients from all over the world. Of his seven children, three sons took medical degrees and furthered their father's principles by using his treatment, while his fourth son,

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Dr. Ralph Bircher who is probably known to many of you, furthered them by writing and editing the paper founded by his father and called Der WendepunJ^t—" The Turning Point." Many of Dr. BircherBenner's main ideas—the value of fresh foods, the harmfulness of fine milling, the wasteful effects of cooking upon many food substances, the sheer superstition of meat " giving strength," the importance of oompost'gnown food—have become commonplace among educated people. His methods are now part of the regular curricula of most medical schools on the Continent, and his books have been translated into eight European languages.

W h e n he started and gradually worked out his system, this appeared much more revolutionary than it sounds to-day. Uncooked food was considered to be dangerous and only allowed for the very young or very healthy. Fresh fruit may have been more popular and less feared on the Continent than here, but in the case of digestive or other difficulties, fresh fruit was almost immediately excluded from the diet. Salads were considered to be adornments and perhaps an occasional summer pleasure, but again were omitted at the slightest sign of digestive difficulties. Animal food was taken to a much larger extent than nowadays, partly because there was no world shortage, and partly because the discoveries about protein around about 1900 suggested as essential quantities of protein about double of those we consider essential nowadays. His two main problems—the reduction and, in cases of need, exclusion of cooked food and of animal foods— were, in fact, the pivot on which the B.-B. dietetic treatment turned.

Dr. Bircher-Benner was an excellent technician and once he considered these raw foods an essential part of the diet for therapeutic purposes, he set to work to find ways and means of administering them to patients whose state of health did not allow the roughage and bulk which were considered so difficult for invalids to digest. He developed a technique of producing grated or mashed fruit dishes and—in severe cases— fruit and vegetable juices which, with the addition of vegetable protein in the form of nutcream, could keep a patient well nourished who otherwise would have had to live on what is generally considered as " slops." In his treatment, deficiencies of vitamins and minerals were avoided. W i t h the help of his sister, who became manageress of his Clinic—he also tried to find ways and means to make his essential cooked dishes attractive. He worked out a regime which, by alternating a few entirely raw food days with days during which half of the intake consisted of uncooked food and half of cooked food, could be followed over long periods. Though he was in favour of a rather spartan life for patients in his clinic—for instance, he was very keen on hard beds, the use of cold water and very early morning walks to strengthen the stamina and resistance of people—he was nevertheless convinced that food should be palatable, as otherwise its constituents would not be assimilated and fully utilised.

I have found in my later work, which confronted me with a number of very difficult cases, that Dr. Bircher-Benner had deep

5 THE VEGAN'

psychological insight into human nature and a great knowledge of the natural laws under which all beings should live. Eventually he called his therapy " Ordnungstherapie " which may be roughly translated as the " therapy of obedience to natural laws." He thought it important that the human being should be taught to fit again into the general scheme of things and natural laws from which he had departed more and more during the millenia of civilisation, resulting in illness and disease. His therapy consisted in leading back the diseased individual to this order and making him whole again.

His striking results brought many people from all corners of the earth to Zurich. In the later part of his life Dr. Bircher-Benner tried very hard to find the reasons for his successful results. The discovery of vitamins and minerals naturally helped his case considerably. But though many of his other theories have been confirmed by later findings, we are still far from having a full explanation of the therapeutic effects which uncooked food can achieve.

Many Continental countries gradually accepted his clinical experience and made use of it for a number of conditions in spite of the lack of full explanation, without causing any opposition.

In Anglo-Saxon countries, however, there is a conviction in orthodox medicine, that everything which is sound should be theoretically explainable, and until such explanation is forthcoming very little use will be made of this most helpful therapy.

Apart from the introduction of 100 per cent uncooked food in cases of illness and the reduction or exclusion of animal foods, there were a number of other factors stressed by Dr. Bircher-Benner, for instance, the achievement of a balance between acid forming and alkaline forming foods, a problem which is being carefully studied nowadays in Continental countries, stimulated by teaching of the Norwegian Ragnar Berg. Also Dr. Bircher-Benner was very keen on shortening the time of preparation before serving ; of finding means and ways to prepare fruit and vegetables with the smallest loss of essential nutrients, and was probably one of the first to stress the importance of compost grown fruit and vegetables.

The point which will naturally interest vegans most is that this diet with very little or no animal food has been devised by a medical man of great experience for the purpose of curing diseases, for maintaining health and for building up the strength and resistance of children. Not only did Dr. Bircher-Benner find it helpful to reduce the intake of animal food and in particular of animal protein, he also found it helpful to reduce the total protein intake, the body in illhealth being given less protein than when in health and full activity.

Though there has been a general tendency since 1900 in all orthodox circles to decrease the protein intake considered essential for wear and tear of the body, the figures given by Dr. Bircher-Benner as a necessary protein intake, while the patient is on the B.-B. diet, are still about half of the generally accepted requirements. This has been a puzzle to many medical and research workers, but provided that the absorp-

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tion of a person is working satisfactorily, this small quantity of protein appears to be adequate for wear and tear as well as for the building up of a child's body. Occasionally a case has been made out against this low protein intake, particularly during the present time, when there is again a general trend towards high protein diets, perhaps as a natural swing of the pendulum after the reduced protein intake during the war. In my own work I had to defend myself a great deal against the medical criticism of too low a protein intake. It has been my experience, however, that only in cases of impaired absorption could deficiencies be observed, and these were children who showed definite symptoms of starvation on high intakes of all available foods. T o improve their absorption it was necessary to treat them with diets of low protein content. Once absorption was established, the children gained satisfactorily in weight and height.

Apparently the uncooked part of the food improves and facilitates the utilisation of available food. My worries have been different from those of the medical staff. As long as absorption was still impaired I was worried, even if tests were satisfactory owing to stored nutrients.

Once absorption improved all was well and I could rely on the amounts given, even if tests were temporarily unsatisfactory.

W h a t I have lived to see has confirmed an idea of mine over and over again; uncooked food seems to cause some microbiological changes in the intestines allowing better utilisation of foods than in people eating no raw food. To put it more simply: apparently the raw food we eat improves the value of all our food. One seems to be able to live on less protein, without the disadvantages which the same protein intake might have if no raw food were eaten. One seems able to digest a number of foods more successfully which would otherwise cause difficulties if eaten in large quantities ; also the benefits which one is able to draw from one's food in the way of resistance to disease seem greater.

It seems to me to follow that if the Vegan could take some lessons from the clinical experience of the Bircher-Benner diet and would combine for instance his vegetable protein and fats with a considerable daily quantity of uncooked foods, he would run less risk of giving too little protein either to himself or to his children.

But the eliminative character of all uncooked food should not be forgotten. I know vegans have found that long uninterrupted periods of too much uncooked food in their diet have made them tired and irritable. Dr. Bircher-Benner always suggested limited periods of exclusive raw food days, during which his patients were taught to live a quiet life and not to strain themselves in any way. These periods were interspersed with days on 50 per cent cooked and 50 per cent uncooked foods; this rested the nerves as well as the general system.

I have noticed in my adult and child patients, and in myself, that after a number of days on exclusively raw food, during which sleep is not as deep and restful, definite signs of strain and irritability can be observed. Days of mixed food restore the balance of the nervous

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system and afford a rest. Therefore it is not advisable to think that since raw food is good, exclusive raw food would be better.

Experience has taught me to repeat one sentence over and over again : " If something is good for you, more of it is not necessarily better."

A sound balance between the right things is a natural law which must be obeyed. Because our instincts over thousands of years of civilised food have lost some of their original acuteness, we have now gradually learnt to acquire this balance and sense of order again.

Dr. Bircher-Benner often suggested that the extraordinary effect of raw food on the human organism, particularly when the organism is so ill that no other food will be accepted or digested any more, is due to the fact that uncooked food was that originally used by mankind.- Because of its extraordinary adaptability, the human organism has managed to live on all kinds of cooked and processed— in fact—denaturalised foods, deprived of their essentials. But from time to time this trend in civilisation comes to a point where it has to be checked, and the present time seems to be one of those periods when—for various reasons—mankind in many countries shows signs of returning to more natural food.

Dr. Bircher-Benner and some of his sons also did a great deal of work on infant feeding and children's diet, and it is this part of their work which has been of great help in my difficult struggles with one of the worst diseases of childhood—coeliac disease. They believed that if a child could not be reared on its natural food—mother's milk— cow's milk was not the right substitute. The milk of the cow, meant for the quickly growing calf, has a composition as different from that of mother's milk as the difference in size and rate of growing of a calf and a baby would naturally require. In company with a number of Continental research workers on infant feeding such as Professor Caerny, Dr. Bircher-Benner suggested that, amongst other difficulties, cow's milk encouraged growth of tissue at places where this was not desirable, for instance too large an intake of milk was responsible for enlarged tissues in nose and throat, and so for enlarged tonsils. He therefore devised as the best nourishment for the baby which could not be fed by his mother, the combination of fruit juice and nut milk which he called fruit-milk, and this proved to be an excellent substitute for mother's milk, which it resembles in composition. The concentra- t tion of nutcream in fruit-milk is gradually increased as the child increases in weight, both fruit and vegetable juices being used. W h e n the child gets older, the juices are replaced by a special infant, muesli and small quantities of uncooked and cooked vegetable puree and stew are added. My experience was most gratifying with one child, a little girl, who was born at Dr. Pink's maternity home and who, as she happened to live in my village, was raised on the B.-B. fruit milk from her third week onwards. This child, like most children on the Bircher-Benner diet, not only gained satisfactorily in height and weight, but possessed the excellent texture of skin, hair and nails, characteristic of children on this diet. Apart from these physical

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achievements, she was of a non-irritabl^, placid, yet bright and happy disposition. The same results were achieved with the seriously ill children, of which 22 were treated at one of the war-time country bases of Great Ormond Street Hospital. With a few exceptions— mostly due to psychological difficulties in taking it—the children, after some anxious weeks or months when absorption was being improved and stabilized, became eventually most attractive persons.

I have got a number of pictures which illustrate this change from most unhappy children with enormous distended abdomen and wasted limbs to most attractive and happy children of normal height and figure. I remember also well those features which photos cannot illustrate: their good colours and the excellent texture of their hair, skin and nails. Most striking was the psychological change from the usual " terror of the ward," the coeliac child whom every .experienced children's ward sister fears as temperamental and unmanageable, to a happy little group who were presented to every visitor as the hospital attraction.

The actual technical description of the B.-B. diet must deal with the two separate entities : the raw days and the cooked day. A raw day, as explained before, is a day during which only uncooked food is eaten, with the exclusion even of bread, which many people for some reason don't seem to consider a cooked food. The day's menu consists of: Breakfast.—Muesli,

fresh fruit, some dried fruit, rose hip tea.

Mid-day meal.—Fresh fruit, mixed dressed salad, in some cases with the addition of a nut-cream mayonnaise, apple juice, some dried fruit and nuts.

Evening meal.—The same as breakfast.

Many variations are possible with the seasonal changes of fruit and vegetables. The surprising experience, however, is that children or adults do not get tired of these uncooked foods if they are prepared and dressed in the proper way.

If it is advisable to give two, three or four raw food days per week, these are followed by a transitional day, when one small slice of wholemeal bread and butter is added to the morning and evening meal and a thick vegetable soup and one or two potatoes to the midday meal. The cooked day's menu is basically the same : Breakfast.—Muesli, fruit, one or two slices of wholemeal bread and butter or some equivalent amount of nut cream or nut fat, rose hip tea.

Mid-day meal.—Fruit, mixed raw salad dressed with oil and lemon or nut cream mayonnaise. A cooked dish with potatoes and perhaps some nut-meat, fruit, perhaps again with a nut cream sauce.

Evening meal.—The same as breakfast.

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With either children or adults the nut cream is usually carefully measured to ensure that neither too much nor too little is given. It is a very concentrated food and has therefore to be used with the necessary care. During treatment, two to three raw food days are usually given each week, followed by one transitional day, and the remaining days of the week are " cooked d a y s " : that is 50/50 cooked and raw food. Even for healthy persons one raw day per week is a very good thing. It puts things right which may have gone wrong, and decreases exaggerated desires for one or other of the foods which seem to overcome many people. This is perhaps a consequence of the •interference with our daily food and its consequent lack of " wholeness." W h o can claim to have his basic foods such as bread, potatoes, vegetables, fruit, entirely compost-grown, without the use of chemicals either in the growing or in the processing ? Therefore there seems to be a certain lack of balance nowadays even in the best and healthiest diet. It is one of the surprising signs of our age that at the moment starch has become an enemy and is excluded by most doctors from most diets prescribed for people with whom something is wrong.

Starch is a part of the grain which after all has been the staple food of all European people for centuries. It should make us think to see this staple food on which most civilized diets have been based, now being considered as injurious. Something must be wrong with the consistency of our daily bread.

There is one more point about the B.-B. diet which needs stressing.

Eating much raw food and days of living on exclusely raw food makes one very sensitive. It has been my experience that if drugs, which have been used to treat people who are living on an ordinary diet of animal food and ar.e smoking and drinking alcohol, are given to people who are sensitized by living on a great deal of raw food, unexpected results may happen. Any orthodox medical person who may treat them in an emergency should be warned that much smaller doses should be given to anyone eating much raw vegetable food.

One last word on the value of two important foods. B.-B. always considered fruit the original, first and foremost food of man. He attached greater importance to fruit than to vegetables. Quantities of fruit are offered at each of the three meals suggested by him, and only once a day a salad or cooked vegetables. Fruit is to Dr. BircherBenner not a luxury, as it is so often considered in this country, but a food of the utmost therapeutic importance. The importance of fruit is stressed again and again in his writings. He thinks it absolutely necessary that many vegetables should be eaten combined every day, at least at one meal. But the taunt that vegetarians or vegans may become rabbits or goats does not worry him because he does not want a human being to eat raw or cooked vegetable more than once daily.

Fruit and nuts, which are considered to be the original diet of our forefathers, the apes, should be eaten three times a day and fruit is not restricted except by our instinct and appetite. But he considers the green leaf to be the most important part of the vegetable and offers in

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addition to the mixed salad an extra plate of greenleaf salad every day. His idea of the mixed salad is that it should consist of the three parts of the plant, that is, the leaf: lettuces, cabbage, water-cress, cress, herbs, etc.; the root: carrot, beetroot, etc., and the f r u i t : tomatoes, cucumber to provide vitamins, minerals and trace materials.

The leafy part, however, should be the largest one as it contains also a first-class protein which in combination with the protein of nuts and grains seems to give the best protein value. Therefore, he considered it important that fruit should be taken in large quantities and as many green leaves as we like to have and can accommodate. The salad should be dressed, preferably with lemon and oil to cover the tissue of the vegetables exposed by chopping or grating, and to aid assimilation of fat-soluble vitamins.

I hope that by now you will have a clear picture of the B.-B. diet in your mind. Perhaps it is possible to devise your own diet along those lines.

It has been said that animal foods are modified vegetarian foods, green foods and other vegetable matter having in passing through the animal body, been made by the animal into a concentrated "first-class" protein. This process supplies the human being with ready-made essential food stuffs and the opponents of vegetarian food consider that this process cannot always be carried out by the human being himself. This second-hand nature of the animal food stuff has its advantages and disadvantages. The advantages are that food such as milk, cheese, meat, eggs, are concentrated pre-fabricated foods which contain in a relatively easily available form, those essential nutrients, a shortage of which can endanger the workings of our body. I do not want to go into this matter, as we have here in Dr. Wokes a far more competent person to speak about this than I could ever be, and I hope he will go into this question later. I do, however, want to stress the point that we have to be quite sure of the apparent advantage of the easy ready-made supply of animal food stuff when we think whether and how it can be replaced by exclusively vegetable matter.

W e have to take very seriously this question of breaking away from this ready-made supply to which mankind has been accustomed for thousands of years. I do not want to enter here into the question whether it can be done wholly satisfactorily over a long period of years by food alone, as this again is a matter which I think Dr. Pink and Dr. Wokes are investigating at present. But the experience with most of my hospital children was so gratifying, and the results so good, beyond my own expectations, that I feel optimistic about the possibility of successful growth and development without animal food, if we study the facts which make a given diet successful. Prolonged clinical experience of the B.-B. diet may perhaps be used as a guide towards establishing some basic lines for a vegan diet.

Of course we all know that man does not live by food alone. The spiritual and psychological attitudes play a very great part. The best food cannot, by itself, make a human being sound and whole, and

11 T H E V E G A N '

therefore all our experiments may have very varying results, as human beings are not test tubes. The experiment with the B.-B. diet I have been telling you about had the enormous disadvantage that it was carried out on seriously ill children—most of them had the worst 6tart in life a child can have—and furthermore that it was carried out during war time, when there was an acute shortage of fruit and other essentials. On the other hand, the initial difficulties and opposition from the hospital staff were soon overcome, when the happy and attractive children resulting from this dietetic treatment showed all the effort was worth while. With the devoted help and labour of all concerned we were able to create a very happy, positive, and optimistic atmosphere which helped to carry these children, with few exceptions, through most of their difficulties and made them accept what was offered to them with readiness and pleasure. ( A lecture given to the London Branch, preceding the A.G.M. at Friends' House, on Saturday, 7th March, 1953.)

The Bircher-Benner Diet — from the point of view of the Biochemist

By FRANK W O K E S , P h . D . (Lond.), B.Sc., F . R . I . C . "jV/TY wife and I had the pleasure of visiting the Bircher-Benner -"-L Clinic at Zurich, in 1951, on the day that Sir Stafford Cripps returned to England after a prolonged stay there Dr. Ralph Bircher very kindly showed us over the whole of the clinic and gave us full details of its work. W e also greatly enjoyed a meal there.

From what Mrs. Loewenfeld has told us it seems that the main features of the B.-B. diet from the biochemical point of view are : — (a) Its high content of fruit and nuts. (b) Its use of uncooked food (fruit and vegetables) alternating on different days with cooked food. (c) Its rather low content of protein, most, if not all, of which is vegetable in origin and is derived largely from nuts. (d) Its attempt to balance acid and alkali producing factors. (e) Its advocacy of the green leaf as a source of protein.

Orthodox nutritionists usually attack the B.-B. diet because of its low content of protein, especially of animal protein. Actual figures for its protein content will, of course, vary widely according to the proportions eaten of the different foods. Nuts and pulses are the best source of protein in the diet. Nuts may contain anything from about 2 per cent of protein (in fresh chestnuts) to 20 per cent in almonds.

Pulses range from 5 per cent in fresh peas to over 40 per cent in soya.

Direct comparison of these figures is misleading, because of the varying amount of water present. A more accurate basis for comparison can be obtained by stating those protein contents as per cent of the total calorie value supplied by the protein, a procedure

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often adopted by nutritionists. On this basis the following protein values can be calculated : —; Almonds 16 Brazil nuts 8.8 Cashew nuts 9.3 Barcelonas 8.0 Walnuts 9.3 Chestnuts 5.1 Cobnuts 9.2 Coconuts 4.3 Dr. Bircher-Benner claimed that his muesli made from fruit, nuts and oatmeal, and containing 8—9 per cent of protein on the calorie basis, was similar in composition to human (breast) milk. The protein content of the latter has been studied by many workers. Results summarised in our laboratories (and including some of our own data) show that during the first few days of lactation the protein content of breast milk falls from an initial value of nearly 20 to a value of about 8 (on the calorie basis), where it settles down for the remainder of lactation. Taking 8 as a fair minimum, it will be seen from the figures I have quoted for the protein content of nuts that chestnuts and coconuts fall well below this minimum. For walnuts, cashew nuts, cobnuts, brazil nuts and barcelonas the values are above 8, but taking into consideration the dilution of these nuts with fruit juices containing very little protein, they would by themselves hardly be considered satisfactory as sources of protein. The best nuts to use for this purpose would be almonds. Dr. Bircher-Benner was therefore well advised in recommending almonds for his preparation. Unfortunately, almonds are at present both scarce and expensive in this country, and the question arises whether other vegetable sources of protein might not be utilised.

T h e second main class of high protein vegetable food consists of the pulses. Protein values of some of these, calculated on the same calorie basis as before, are as follows : — Soya 42.8 Lentils 30.9 Peas, young 35.5 Beans, butter ... ... 27.8 Beans, haricot ... 32.0 Peanuts 19 These contain on the whole much more protein than the nuts we have been considering. Soya, which heads the list, has, of course, been in use for many generations in N. China, where the average intake of animal protein is very low. It has formed the main source of protein in milk substitutes which are being studied by the Medical Research Council, and in experiments lasting only a few months has served to ensure satisfactory growth and development when given mixed with malted cereals and vegetables to babies and young children. In the most recent work on this subject vitamin Bu has also been given to the children. This vitamin, of which more will be said later, is also added to purely vegetable milk substitutes based on malted cereals and soya which we have been testing in collaboration with Dr. Cyril Pink, on a number of vegan babies. Although their growth has been rather below normal, development appears to have been satisfactory, but much more data will be needed over longer periods of time before firm conclusions can be reached.

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In the Bircher-Benner diet much stress is laid on the importance of green leaf protein, either in salads or in cooked vegetables such as cabbage and spinach. At first glance tables of food composition would appear to discredit this emphasis on green leaf protein. In correspondence with me Cyril Oliver, Chairman of the Vegetarian Cycling and Athletic Club, recently challenged Dr. Bircher-Benner's claims, and quoted food tables to show that lettuce contains only about 1 per cent of protein, which he considered to be an insignificant amount.

One can well understand Cyril's desire that the excellent records of vegetarian athletes should not be discredited by any ill effects which might be caused by inadequate intakes of protein. I therefore looked into the matter and found that the protein content of green leafy vegetables, calculated on the same calorie basis as before, waa: — Turnip tops .. 91.5 Spring greens ... ... 63.4 Broccoli tops ... .. 90.7 Brussels sprouts ... 56.5 Watercress .. 79.3 Spring cabbage ... 56.4 Spinach .. 77.5 Lettuce ... 37.6 Endive .. 67.1 Chicory ... 35.3 Mustard and cress . .. 65.6 ... 33.2 Red cabbage ...

The high protein values of these green leafy vegetables, as compared with the much lower values given in food tables, are due to elimination of water, fibre and ash by the method of calculation. Thus lettuce quoted as 1.1 per cent in McCance and Widdowson's tables of the chemical composition of foods becomes 37.6 per cent on the calorie basis. With such a sample of lettuce it would, in fact, be necessary to eat about 8 oz. to obtain g. of protein or about 4 per cent of the minimum adult daily requirements of about 60 g.

However, the protein content of other green leafy vegetables, as given in these tables, runs up to 5 per cent, and the low figure of 1.1 per cent given for lettuce rather puzzled us. W e therefore tested in the laboratory samples of lettuce taken from different parts of the vegetable and found that as younger leaves were chosen their protein content was found to be higher. It would be possible to obtain from 8 oz. of young lettuce leaves at least 10 per cent of the minimum daily protein requirement, putting lettuce on a level with other green leafy vegetables. 8 oz. of green leaves would, according to the Bircher, Benner regime, be a reasonable daily intake for an adult.

The suggested adult daily requirement of 60 g. of protein is higher than would be provided by the Bircher-Benner regime. Its recommendation that 7 per cent of the total calories should come from protein would give a daily intake of only 43 g. of protein on a daily intake of 2,500 calories or 50 g. of protein on a daily intake of 3,000 calories. In a recent experiment on 60 Dutch vegetarians who volunteered to live for 6—12 months on a vegan diet it was found that the average daily protein intake was 60 g. in men and 45 g. in women.

As the average daily calorie intakes were only 2,460 and 1,960 respectively, the percentages of total calories from protein were 10 in the men and 9.4 in the women. Blood tests showed no significant

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difference in the content of serum protein between these vegans and a similar group of persons on the usual mixed diet.

It is, of course, very important that the protein in the diet of vegans should be a satisfactory mixture obtained from cereals, nuts, pulses and other vegetables. There is evidence that the protein of green leaves is of first-class biological value, considerably enhancing the value of other proteins in the diet. N. W . Pirie, a Fellow of the Royal Society who has devoted his scientific career to investigating methods of extracting and utilising leaf protein for human consumption, provided evidence for the opinion expressed by the late Sir Jack Drummond, another leading nutritionist, that green leaves provide an important contribution to the protein of the diet. Mr. Pirie is speaking on this subject at a meeting of the Food Group of the Society of Chemical Industry at the Chemical Society's rooms at Burlington House, on 25th March, and you are cordially invited to attend this meeting and hear more about this work. There is, indeed, much evidence that the protein content of green leaves is far from negligible.

Green leaves are sources not only of protein but also of certain vitamins, particularly vitamin C and provitamin A. They do not, however, contain any vitamin D, which has not been found in any natural vegetable food, although it is sometimes added to vegetable margarines and nut butters. Is there a possibility of a deficiency of this vitamin in adherents to the Bircher-Benner regime, especially if they are vegans? As far as the Dutch vegans are concerned, blood tests did not show clear signs of such a deficiency, though there was 6ome indication of it in a slightly elevated content of alkaline phosphates and slightly lowered inorganic serum phosphate. Study of their diet showed their average daily intake of vitamin D to be about 70 International Units, all derived from vegetable margarine fortified with this vitamin. As the daily requirement of this vitamin is several times this amount, it seems probable that these Dutch vegans were obtaining a good deal of vitamin D from the action of sunlight on their skin. British vegans should note this, and if not consuming adequate amounts of vegetable margarine fortified with vitamin D should eat nut butters or other vegan foods to which this vitamin has been added.

T h e content of B vitamins is significant, but no vitamin Bu has been detected in green leaves, and their high biological value must be due to the special nature of their protein. In soya, on the other hand, the protein is of lower biological value, and like most other vegetable proteins, requires to be supplemented by vitamin Bu to ensure satisfactory growth and development and maintenance of health over prolonged periods.

W e may now consider the deficiency symptoms which have been observed in some vegans after several years' adherence to the regime.

Does this imply risks in the Bircher-Benner diet, especially if it is made vegan ?

T h e question whether we need any animal food in our diet, and if so how much, is one which I hope to discuss in some detail at the

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I.V.U. Cogress next August. Here I can only say briefly that recent work on vitamin Bis indicates that it may be the chief factor missing from some of the vegans, and thus leading to deficiency symptoms.

In the experiment on the Dutch vegetarians who volunteered to live for 6—12 months on a vegan diet it was found that roughly one in six developed deficiency symptoms. A similar proportion of the British vegans have been found to develop similar deficiency symptoms.

W h y do five out of six not develop the symptoms? It may be due to their being able to obtain their vitamin Bu requirement from bacteria in their intestines. These bacteria have been shown to produce vitamin Bu when grown in artificial media under suitable conditions outside the body, and there is good reason to suppose that they can also produce this vitamin when growing in the intestine of the human animal, just as they undoubtedly do in the intestinal tract of the cow. If this is so, then their growth and production of vitamin Bu will certainly be effected by changes in the diet, and the emphasis in the Bircher-Benner diet of alternating raw and cooked food, and of balancing acid and alkali producing factors, may well explain the success of certain vegans in maintaining their health during many years' adherence to the diet. Dr. Bircher-Benner may, indeed, have unconsciously have hit on a fundamental principle of importance not only to vegans but also to all interested in the science of nutrition.

A summary of a Lecture given to the London Branch, preceding the A.G.M. at Friends' House, on Saturday, 7th March, 1953.

What shall we do to be Free ?

VERA STANLEY ALDER

UR famous poet Milton said in his " Paradise Regained " : " The mind is its own place, and of itself can make a Hell of Heaven or a Heaven of Hell !"

I believe that the first step in attaining freedom is the determination to blame nobody and no circumstances for our lack of freedom, but to rest the responsibility squarely upon ourselves. This is because not only is the real essential freedom something entirely personal and apart from all outside influences, but, conversely, it is the very quality and degree of this freedom within us which shapes our outer lives and circumstances. Like attracts like. Once we have established the inner freedom it will inevitably draw unto itself all things to which it belongs.

What is this inner freedom? For it is not a negative thing—such as being without difficulties and restrictions. It is a positive quality which liquidates our difficulties. Surely in its essence that quality is courage ? So long as we are ruled by fear we cannot be free. The whole history of mankind has been built upon fear so far, fear of wild

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animals, of fellow tribes, of starvation, of death, of authorities, of disease, of economic safety and finally of world war. So whether we are aware of it or not we grow up with age-old fear complexes running in our blood, inherited from all the generations of the world.

The challenge which faces us, therefore, is to throw this fear out of our systems, giving place to the divine courage which is the real innate quality of the human being. When once this courage has been reinstated, what will be the result ? First of all we will discover that without fear we are intrinsically free ; and secondly, we will discover that in the strength of our courage we are at last able to do our own thinking.

Our past fears caused us to cling to anyone and everyone who would do our thinking for us, be it our Church, our Press, or our family.

Now, in the new-born freedom of courage we can begin, if we will, to find ourselves, to discover how much of our real selves as yet actually exists, and how much is merely second-hand " thinking " imposed upon us from outside. This is a very terrifying voyage of discovery and only our newly-found courage will enable us to do it at all.

In order to discover our real selves—because we have to know what it is that wants to be free—we must perform the simple but arduous process of casting out of our consciousness everything that is not our own, or ourself, everything in fact which we have been taught to accept and believe. (I am not, of course, talking about arithmetic or engineering, but about those things which influence our living qualities.)

W e must get rid of all automatically accepted and preconceived ideas. This is an adventure which will lead us along amazing and incredible routes. Yet after our first outraged incredulity we will realise that we are discovering nothing new, but things that have always existed although unseen by us in the blindness of our fears.

In fact, Christ pointed the way to it all, if we could only face what He has said : — " Take no thought for the morrow !" " The Kingdom of Heaven is within you !"

Does this mean that we should not worry so much about our job ?

—that job, often unhealthy, to which modern " civilisation " ties us down on pain of death ? Of course it does mean just that. For worry is fear—our old tyrant! Worry uses up much energy, so that we need too much unnatural food to replace it. Worry has been implanted in us by a commercial civilisation which has trained us to believe that we need a vast amount of possessions, instruments, entertainments and nourishment—because thus we are kept in slavery and submission so that commerce can batten upon us—or send us into war !

Whereas, actually, if we open our eyes of courage and study for ourselves the findings of impartial scientists we will discover that man, in order to be healthy and happy, needs none of all this. Biologically, man is a frugivorian outdoor creature, plus a divine will which enables him to live in health without food or drink for any length of time if

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he wishes to do so, and of which there have been many examples. Man is also built in such a marvellous way that there is no reason why he should grow old (diseased) and his normal life-span under proper conditions should be at least 200 years. These facts have been attested and discovered by modern science. Proper conditions, however, exclude living in cities and towns with their concentrated poisonous atmosphere, the true life of man being with, in, and in co-operation with Nature—the proverbial garden of Eden.

Let us prepare to consider in our next issue how much of the usual ingredients of our daily living are really necessary. W e may •come up against some queer surprises.

VEGAN COMMODITIES CHRISTINA HARVEY

Investigations into many food products and other goods have been •carried out recently and until a comprehensive Vegan Trade List can be drawn up, a few items likely to be of interest to vegans are listed below.

Frank Cooper Ltd. All preserves are now free from animal substances. Some of their •old stocks contain gelatine, but this is marked on the label.

Wilkin and Sons All preserves are vegan.

So is their tomato chutney.

St. Martin Preserving Co., William P. Hartley Ltd. All preserves are vegan.

Petty Wood and Co. Ltd. " Epicure Brand" preserves, tomato and asparagus soups are vegan.

Health Stores Ltd. " Spire Brand " preserves made with Barbados sugar are now available. Should any vegan have difficulty in obtaining these, I can supply a list of Health Stores selling them.

In September, " Spire Brand " Xmas puddings will be on sale and these are entirely vegan.

W. and R. Jacob and Co. Ltd. Nearly all their biscuits are free from substances of animal origin ;as they are one of the few firms who do not use the Ministry of Food •compound fat. The following biscuits are guaranteed vegan : Cream

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Cracker, Water, Water High-Baked, Cafe Noir, Cinderelle, Custard Cream, Coronation Cream, Fig Roll, Ginger Nut, Lincoln, Polo, Chocolate Vienna, Chocolate Wholemeal, Shortcake, Ice Wafers.

Surrey Biscuit Co. Ltd. They hope to manufacture biscuits especially for the Vegan Society. These will be made from compost flour (a) sweetened with Barbados sugar (b) unsweetened.

Carr's Flour Mills The only vegan product is C.V.B., the wheat germ health foodv Carr-Vita biscuits are therefore not vegan.

Express Dairy Co. Ltd. Malt bread and crumpets are guaranteed vegan.

C h a p m a n ' s Food Co. Ltd. Their " Entire Wheat Food " and " No. 2 D i e t " are suitable for vegans.

Suntona Ltd. All products are guaranteed vegan.

Nestle Co. Ltd. Nescafe, Ricory and Superfine Chocolate are vegan. There are also four varieties of homogenised foods suitable for vegan babies: (1) Carrots (2) Apples and Blackcurrant (3) Apples (4) Prunes and Cereal.

Carter Bros. Ltd. All products are vegan with the exception of a few ointments which have a lard base. " Glen-Elm " soap is possibly of the greatest interest to vegans.

Ponds Extract Co. Ltd. Their cold cream, liquefying cream, lipstick and talcum powder contain no substances of animal origin.

Crystal Products Ltd., Yardley and Co. Ltd. Neither of these firms will guarantee that their cosmetics are vegan..

Vegans are still making anxious enquiries about wool and leather substitutes. Does anyone know of any? Is there no-one in the Society willing to experiment? A t the moment these two products present our greatest problems. A n y information about vegan commodities will still be gladly received and all enquiries should be addressed to:.

Christina Harvey, , Hornsey Rise, N.19.

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FAITH WELL-FOUNDED JOHN HERON

most significant aspect of veganism is that it represents a THEdoctrine which is thoroughly consistent on every level of experience. Of the many varieties of approach to the central tenet of abstaining from all animal substance, each supplements and confirms every other, and each, one may fearlessly affirm, is irrefutable on its own ground. And the total and unified evidence suggests that the vegan mode of diet is one which allows man to find his true place in the phenomenal world.

It is notorious among the complex problems of theology that man alone of all creatures has strayed furthest from the way of life for which he was ideally conditioned. For all students of transcendental philosophy the concept of " the Fall " looms large in their profounder meditations. And the theme has been taken up again by competent critics of contemporary society: their analyses reveal unmistakably the basically unsound elements which are incorporated in the structure of our civilization.

The peculiar aberrations of humanity have led certain philosophers to somewhat sceptical and pessimistic conclusions. Yet it has ever been affirmed that it is possible to divine the true manner of life which will raise man to his highest estate. Religious thinkers see in the periodic appearance of world law-givers and teachers the manifestation of a supra-natural order of values which provides mankind with the key to effective management of the natural realm. Man's place, such thinkers affrm, is to give expression to values which do not inhere directly in the life of nature. Vegetarianism itself recalls an ancient commandment that man should not partake of anything that has " breathed the breath of life."

But to-day the ethics of the ancients are supplemented by—indeed one might almost say find their raison d'etre in—our wider range of knowledge. W e are committed to the path of elaborating our values in terms of an understanding of the structure and processes of man, nature and the universe. And it is here that we find how decisively the knowledge and experience which we have raised into full consciousness confirms the ancient teachings. Thus the mass of evidence which is steadily being accumulated by students of advanced dietetics and which shows the deleterious effects of flesh-eating on the physiology of the human organism represents a striking corroboration of the Buddha's injunction to his disciples to abstain from flesh food.

But we may go further than this. There are those who do not accept revelations which purport to give an account of man's early life upon the earth. However, it may be safely advanced that the pronouncements of naturalists, anatomists and zoologists such as Linnaeus, Huxley, Haeckel, Cuvier, Bell, Lankester, Lawrence and Lehne tend to confirm the information received through charismatic

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channels that man originally existed on a frugivorous dietary.

Similarly the brilliant theories of Bircher-Benner as outlined, for example, in his " Food Science For All," suggest an approach to a modern interpretation of the teaching that food derived solely from the plant kingdom meets human requirements in the highest degree.

W h y then, it may be asked, do some people have difficulties when adopting such a diet, if this does, in fact, constitute man's ideal diet and one for which his organism is supremely adapted ? Here we become concerned basically with the theme of regeneration. If man has strayed from the " Garden " his return is not likely to be a simple and straight-forward matter. But if he has faith, based on careful and thorough study and practice, that a diet which excludes all animal substance is from every standpoint the highest and best possible which he can adopt, there is evidence to show that any temporary physiological disturbances will soon be transformed into keener senses, clearer mind, deeper insight and abundant vitality.

Consequently such well-founded faith is a key. If we as vegans are, as a result of wise examination, firm in our inner conviction that we are reviving the archetypal dietary of the human species and that this is allied to that supra-natural range of values, which it is man's destiny to exhibit in all its fullness, then we may go forward positively as heralds of a new and better age.

A Personal Approach to Veganism T.B.S. (India) T T seems to me that some aspects of veganism have more to do with mental states than with physical.

For instance, how can one seek to influence people to adopt a particular mode of diet? Obviously it is wisest not to make the attempt. Everywhere people are trying to convert each other: a sure sign of weakness caused by fear, concern, anxiety or pessimism.

T o drug oneself with blind belief is merely to patch up this condition not conquer it. I am no believer in this blind acceptance which is born of a desire for comfort rather than for truth. It is always truth alone that lastingly converts. If what is known about veganism or vegetarianism is the truth, then one need not stand up for it, for the truth can stand up on its own legs, even in the face of the closest scrutiny and the minutest examination.

In order to know what is true, one has to examine—an activity which is not connected either with denial or blind belief. But either out of tranquil contemplation or a very necessary confusion created by deliberately exposing one's previous beliefs, thoughtlessness and theoretical convictions to the winds of doubt—which brings about independent thinking—there can arise a deep-seated inner certainty,

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a strength of interior conviction. Individuals who have reached this, stage, being strong in themselves, can be the true pioneers of progress and make the best propaganda.

There is at the heart of the universe and in the centre of man a Reality which can be seen all around us if one can but rightly " see," fulfilling itself through manifold expressions. Man is not the actor, not the doer: there is that which acts through him.

To touch the centre of eternal peace within is to be truly inwardly relaxed. It is only necessary to do one's best and leave results absolutely alone. A state of continuous tension will produce illhealth—vitamins or no vitamins. Yet I have often met people whoare concerned for the success or failure of these movements that stand for brotherhood. There can never be failure. The attitude of mind with respect to failure is merely the result of a narrow outlook on life. But life by its very nature is continuously pressing itself on through various forms ; and it does no harm to let a form die. The failure of the few to-day may mean the success of the pioneers of to-morrow. The world is bound to move—its speed depending entirely upon the efforts of individuals— towards the time when the unity of life will clearly be seen by all.

A further point: it is noticeable, especially in a country where there is a great scarcity of food, that people who habitually take rich or well-balanced meals in a discordant atmosphere or an irritable mood (which affect the gastric juices) are unhealthy ; while those whotake only a little rice, vegetables and pure water, in a happy spirit, with clear refined emotions, derive far more benefit from their small meal. Think you are unhealthy—and you will be, whether you take proteins or no proteins. (But this must not be misconstrued to mean that food has nothing to do with a pure healthy body.) " Whatever thou thinkest, man, That too become thou must: God, if thou thinkest God ; Dust, if thou thinkest dust."

It is necessary to be sure of one's principles whatever they are ;. but equally so there must be honesty and open-mindedness. It is not a matter of belief. One does not believe in an obvious fact: only when something is not obvious does it become a matter for belief or non-belief. So to find out what is true in the claims of the vegans, the facts need to be made obvious or not obvious. Then automatically principles are made and adhered to.

Most people are asleep. But tightly held principles can be thrown overboard very quickly once they are clearly seen to be wrong. If one has a longing for strawberries and cream, it is wisest not to resist the urge, otherwise a mental conflict will ensue which will affect everything else one eats. But if one partakes with a full realisation that the desires of the body are gaining sway over humanitarian considerations, then such cravings will automatically tend to disappear-

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—so long, that is, as one is honest and does not allow deceptive, arguments to obscure a simple truth. Thus veganism becomes a natural state.

It is extremely easy to stick to one's principles and put up a continuous resistance, as far as one can, no will power being needed, if one is crystal clear in this matter of right and wrong, and has an inner conviction based on right thinking. " Right is right, and to follow r i g h t " is, as Tennyson says, " Wisdom in the scorn of consequence."

T H E VEGAN DINNER The Vegan Society's first organised Dinner was held at the Stratton Court Hotel, 32-34 Cadogan Square, S.W.I, on Friday, 1st May. All present will have felt that this was a significant and memorable occasion. After excellent fare in the dining room we reapaired to the lounge, where in a cordial and informal atmosphere brief speeches were made by some of our principal guests. The themes of solidarity and unity, as our editorial mentions, were expressed both

by Mr. Hanworth Walker and Mr. Ronald Lightowler ; while Dr. Frank Wokes gave a brief resume of his specifically scientific approach to the problems of veganism. Mr. Saragoi, a Counsellor of Calcutta, India, gave us an interesting account of the progress of vegetarianism, veganism and naturopathy in his own country.

W e were particularly delighted by the skilled and sensitive musicianship of Mrs. Helen Whelan and Miss Adna Ryerson who, on piano and violin, played for us a varied selection of pieces. W e would like to take this opportunity of thanking them for adding so much to the pleasure of our evening.

O u r gratitude is due to the management and staff of the Stratton Court Hotel for the preparation and service of the Dinner, and for the facilities which they afforded us. It is hoped that the Vegan Dinner will become a regular event.

H E A L T H COUNCIL REPORT The Vegan Health Council held its second meeting at the Nature Cure Clinic, Oldbury Place, on the 17th April, when 13 members of the Council were present.

The greater part of the time was devoted to a statement by Dr. Frank Wokes on his latest findings in summarising various details from the Questionnaires, and to the discussion which followed as a result. He also referred to the tests which he has been carrying out recently on certain vegetarians and vegans connected with the cyanide and thiocyanate metabolism ; but these are by no means complete yet.

T h e next point mentioned was the investigation carried out last year on 60 Dutch vegetarians who volunteered to live for six months

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or more on a diet free'from all animal foods. This point raised the issue that these Dutch vegetarians were not resorting to a vegan diet from conviction, and that although certain data were obtained they could not be treated as conclusive.

Naturally this scientific investigation is emphasising the negative side—in other words the symptoms which are thought to be due to deficiencies, but have not yet been proved to be so. A great deal more information will be required from convinced vegans before any very definite conclusions can be reached. In this connection we would mention that a third Questionnaire which will contain suggested questions from various members of the Health Council is now in course of preparation. Although this will be considerably longer than previous Questionnaires, it will be much simpler to fill in, as the questions will be definitely more specific so as to avoid any possibility of ambiguity.

When this new Questionnaire is sent out, we would urge that it be given serious consideration and not treated as an attempt to probe into one's private life. A great deal of careful thought is being given to this matter by those who have the vegan cause very much at heart, and it is only by comparing the different physical, emotional, mental, psychological arid spiritual factors involved that we can hope to draw conclusions which are likely to benefit those who have so far been disappointed with their attempts to adopt the vegan way of life.

M.E.D. ANNOUNCEMENTS A New Editor Since Vera Stanley Alder took up residence abroad, the Editorial Board has undertaken the various editorial tasks which precede each issue of The Vegan. Owing, however, to the great pressure of their own already heavy commitments, the members of the Board have been obliged to request the Committee to appoint a new Editor resident in this country and in close contact with the officials of the Society. W e are very grateful to Vera Stanley Alder for her many services to The Vegan during the past year-and-a-half, and we hope to continue to publish her reports of pioneer vegan work in France. Mr. John Heron has kindly accepted an invitation to act as our future Editor.

A practising vegan, he has recently joined the Society, and has now settled in Reigate. Will correspondents in future please send all matters relating to The Vegan to Mr. Heron at Reigate, Surrey.

A Link With Central America Our Vice-President has recently been in touch with the pioneer naturopath, Teofilo de la Torre, N.D., O.D., of Santa Ana, Costa Rica, Central America, who is editor and publisher of a quarterly journal called Edenia. Teofilo de la Torre advocates a comprehensive

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system of natural treatment called Psycho-Physiopathy which represents a synthesis of the pirmary discoveries and teachings of naturopathy and his own practical experiences during a period of over 25 years of study and research. Psycho-Physiopathy is defined as " a study of the psychical, mental and physical aspects of man, teaching him how to prevent and relieve mental and physical suffering."

Although Mr. de la Torre is not himself a vegan, a sample copy of his magazine shows clearly that it contains dietetic (and other) information of great interest and value to vegans.

T h e Vice-President has written for permission to reprint in the A u t u m n issue of The Vegan an article on " Organic Palmivorism," by Dr. Uriel Adriana which originally appeared in the 1952 Jan.-Feb. March issue of Edenia, and which contains several pertinent observations on the significance of a low-protein diet.

T h e cost of one year's subscription to Edenia. is $1. Payment can be made through a bank, where the appropriate forms can be obtained.

Rates of exchange in the Costa Rican banks are as follows: 18 pesos per one English pound, 6.63 pesos per one American dollar. Address as above.

Deutsche Vegan-Gesellschaft T h e General Secretary of the I.V.U. has recently informed us that in the March copy of the Vegetarisches Universum, the formation of a Vegan Society in Germany is announced: Deutsche Vegan-GeSellschaft, Herr Karl Salat, Stuttgart-Botnang, Feuerbacher Strasse, 1.

T o the new Society our most sincere good wishes. W e have already sent copies of our literature ; and hope to maintain with the Deutsche Vegan-Gesellschaft a continual interchange of news, views and experiences.

W o r l d Association Reform Youth ( W . A . R . Y . ) T h e Fourth International Youth Camp of this Association will be held at Kiholm, on the Malar Lake, not f a r from Stockholm, Sweden, from 1st—10th August, 1953. Campers are requested to bring their own tents. A n interesting and instructive programme is promised, with excursions to the I.V.U. Congress. Cost will be minimal. All enquiries to Juergen Netzband, Kronberg (Taunus), Germany.

A Library of the Vegan Society It has recently been suggested that the members of the Vegan Society would greatly benefit by having at their disposal a wide range of books relating directly or indirectly to the practical idealism of the vegan way of life. Consequently, it was agreed at t h e last Committee Meeting that the work of building up a Library of the Vegan Society should begin. T h e new Editor, Mr. John

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Heron, has undertaken this task and the library will be formed under his supervision at , Reigate, Surrey, where it will share premises with the library of the Kosmon Community, Reigate, by kind permission of the Director.

A nucleus of about 40 books is already in existence; and provided that a sufficient number of works can be accumulated, further details will be published in " The Vegan " of rules and regulations, of opening hours when all members living within easy access will be able to draw books, and of a postal service for members living in other parts of the country.

Since the purchase of new works is necessarily a slow and costly business, our success in building up the library will depend largely upon donations, either in cash or kind, particularly of •second-hand books. Therefore, we should be most grateful to receive—from all those who feel able to assist us in this fine work— books dealing with the following (and related) themes: Humanitarianism; Animal Welfare; Anti-Vivisection; Wild Life; Nature Study; Ornithology; Botany; Zoology; Soil Science; Soil Fertility; Organic Farming and Gardening; Bio-Dynamic Agriculture; Food Supply; Anatomy; Physiology; Bio-Chemistry; Endocrinology; Nutrition; Dietetics; Food Preparation; Health; Healing; Naturopathy; Medicine; Herbalism; Homoeopathy; Sexology; Marriage; Motherhood; the Care of Children; Yoga; Breathing; Physical Culture; Psychology; Philosophy; Spiritualism; Esotericism; Mysticism. Also valuable would be copies of Reports, White Papers, etc., on research, statistics, international problems, and back numbers of magazines which deal with any of the subjects listed above.

If you are able to help us, please send your donation of books •or cash as soon as possible to Mr. John Heron (address as above).

A formal acknowledgement will be made for the receipt of all gifts, and the literature collected will all be stamped and become the property of the Vegan Society.

RECIPES

MABEL SUMMER

Cup of spinach.

Cup of carrots. \ cup parsley.

Cup of onions.

2$ pints stock.

SIMMONS.

SOUP 2 oz. fine sage.

Bay leaf.

Seasoning.

Celery salt.

Make stock of outer peelings, bay leaf. Cut vegetables into dice, put into saucepan with all other ingredients. Bring to the boil, simmer \ hour, strain, add sago, boil until clear. Garnish "with chopped parsley.

26

THE VEGAN'

N U T GALANTINE i lb. milled cashews.

J lb. wholemeal breadcrumbs.

1 onion.

1 oz. margarine. £ teaspoon sage.

Seasoning.

Mix breadcrumbs and nuts together also seasoning. Cut onion finely, fry golden brown, add powdered sage. Place onions on top of mixture. Put sufficient thick sauce to bind, form into roll. Place on greased paper, also cloth, steam £ hour. W h e n cold brush over with Agar-Agar jelly.

A G A R - A G A R JELLY 1 cup stock.

1 teaspoon Agar-Agar.

£ teaspoon Yeastrel or Marmite.

Heat stock, add Yeastrel, sprinkle in Agar-Agar, bring to the boil, simmer 5 minutes. W h e n cool dip pastry brush in and brush galantine until all is used up. Garnish with tomatoes.

S U M M E R SALAD Lettuce.

Tomatoes.

Cucumber.

Mustard and cress.

Spring onions.

Grated carrot.

Place lettuce leaves around dish, then a layer of tomatoes,, cucumber. Chop onions and sprinkle over grated carrot. Lastly,, add mustard and cress on top.

M I N T SAUCE 1 tablespoonful chopped mint.

Juice of lemon.

Tablespoonful warm water.

1 oz. Barbados sugar.

Mix well, cover over and allow to stand 15 minutes. may be poured on salad or used separately.

This;

STUFFED OLIVES i oz. breadcrumbs (brown).

•J oz. cashew nut butter. i oz. chopped chives.

A grated radish.

Seasoning.

Cream nut butter. Add all other ingredients, mix well. Remove stones from olives, add mixture.

AMBER T A R T J lb. a p p l e .

PASTRY :

1 oz. brown sugar.

^

1

j

lemon

2 oz. sultanas.

lb

lb

wholemeal

flour.

nutter

Cook apples except one, add sugar, sultanas, grated rind of \ lemon, also juice, mix well. Make pastry, line shallow tins, prick the bottom, cook. W h e n cold put in apple mixture also rings of the apple uncooked on top, sprinkle with coconut.

f THE VEGAN

2t

More and More "Test-Tube" Calves REVOLUTION IN BREEDING Sunday Express Agricultural Reporter v I ' H E bull population of Britain diminishes dramatically. Latest figures show that for every three bulls on the farms ten years ago there are now only two.

In 1943 the bulls numbered 169,000. To-day the count is no higher than 110,000— and the fall is still going on.

For the dairy farmer—and for the nation—the missing bulls on the pastures are unmixed gain.

A good bull costs a lot of money to buy and upwards of XI a week to maintain.

And each bull fewer makes room for a profitable cow which will produce an average of 640 gallons of milk. So dairying experts estimate that the loss of 59,000 in Britain's bulls means a gain of about 32,000,000 gallons of milk a year in our supplies.

Main reason for the sharp fall in the bull population is that more than one-third of our calf crop is now being bred by " test-tube " methods.

Nearly ten years ago the £5,300,000 Horlicks organisation pioneered the artificial insemination (A.I.) of cattle on a commercial 6cale in the South-West of England.

Adopted by other concerns and by the Milk Marketing Board, which now has 24 breeding centres throughout the country, A.I. methods are now being used in the herds of about 100,000 farmers.

From its cluster of white buildings at Ilminster and its specially built bull centre at Langford House, in North Somerset, Horlicks last year mated 71,000 cows on farms all over the country with the use of 56 bulls.

Among them these prize bulls " f a t h e r e d " a total of about 65,000 calves. The individual record is held by a Friesian, Terling Lloyd, who in one month was used for 900 cows.

Lower Cost This year there will be a still larger crop of " test-tube " calves.

For more and more farmers are availing themselves in their herds of the services given by the A.I. specialists.

And the result? Britain's dairy herds are steadily improving in quality. They are producing not only more milk b u t better milk—milk with a larger fat content.

—The Sunday Express, May 17th, 1953.

28

THE VEGAN'

MODERN METHODS In the News Chronicle of Tuesday, 5th May, 1953, Ritchie Calder gives an account of methods employed at the Electrical Research Association's field station at Reading. He writes : " Hens, working a double shift, are being startled into egg laying by flashes of light . . . The . . . hens never see daylight.

They are incubator-hatched, ' mothered' by electric brooders and drafted to the egg-factory.

A deep-litter pen, lit by artificial light, provides their run. Hens file dutifully to roost when lights go out. W h e n they go on again more hens replace them.

While hens sleep, a 1,500-watt light flashes on. Six times this happens—at 40-minute intervals, by which time startled hens are persuaded the only thing to do is to lay an egg.

The idea works. Each hen lays nine days in ten, and each egg represents one-and-a-half ounces less feed than is usual. A threeshift system is planned. The scheme replaces ' extended daylight,' the practice of increasing daylight hours to 14 by artificial light."

LONDON BRANCH N E W S Past Events Saturday, 7th March.—Preceding the A.G.M., Mrs. Claire Loewenfeld and Dr. Frank Wokes spoke on " The Bircher-Benner Diet in Theory and Practice." Mrs. Loewenfeld gave us her most interesting practical experiences at a well-known Children's Hospital during the war, when she put so many children on this type of diet, with truly amazing results. Dr. Wokes approached the subject from the theoretical point of view, and we listened with interest to a very comprehensive survey of the subject from this angle. Both these talks are reprinted on other pages of this issue, issue.

Saturday, 25th April.—A discussion on " The Social Aspect of Veganism." Those who had experienced difficulties of any kind put them to the meeting, and various suggestions were made as to h o w these difficulties might be met. The point was emphasised that we must learn to have the courage to be individualists and yet retain our social contacts as far as possible, by acting with the utmost tact at all times.

Future Events Sunday, 21st June.—Our kind friends, Marion and John Reid, have again invited the London Branch to visit them for tea in their delightful home at Margaret Cottage, Benenden, Cranbrook, Kent. T h e following routes are suggested:—

THE

VEGAN

2t

(1) Tenterden coach from Victoria Coach Station 8.20 a.m., 1.20 p.m. (summer only).

(2) Bus to Tunbridge Wells or train from Victoria via Clapham Junction, East Croydon, Upper Warlingham, Oxted, Edenbridge t o Tunbridge Wells West, then Ashford bus (No. 97) from opposite Tunbridge Wells Central Station every 2 hours, 10.28 a.m., etc.

(3) Rye coach to Goudhurst (9 a.m., 2 p.m.) where the Ashford bus can be picked up.

Sissinghurst Castle is suggested as a delightful spot to eat one's packed lunch. Both the 8.20 a.m. Tenterden Coach and the No. 97 Tunbridge Wells to Ashford bus pass the Golford Corner, 2 miles from Benenden, miles from Sissinghurst Castle. The No. 97 bus passes Golford Corner at 3.45 p.m., reaching Benenden Cross Roads at 3.50.

Thursday, 9th July.—Open Air Theatre, Regents Park, " Love's Labours Lost." 5/- seats for 3/6d. if there is a party of 20 or more. Those interested should write to Miss Mavis Lardge, Highgate, N.6, by 11th June, enclosing remittance and s.a.e.

Sunday, 6th September.—Preliminary notice of a visit to Wisley..

Further details later.

CORRESPONDENCE Douglas Ramsay's contention in the Autumn issue of " The Vegan that to adhere to Jesus Christ "we must be prepared to lose all that this, earthly life seems to offer" overlooks "I came that you might have life and have it more abundantly." 'Though "His Kingdom is not of this world," H e does not scorn it. "Seek ye first the Kingdom of God, and all these things shall be added unto you." There is no injunction of which I am aware whereby a man, by control of his ideation, may not gain such part of the world as in the nature of things appertains to him. But there is a warning, "What shall it profit a man, if he gain the whole world, and lose his own soul?" It is here, perhaps, Douglas Ramsay properly reminds us about the outstanding question of a spiritual foundation upon which to build a lasting vegan settlement. The essence of which is doubtless trust to principles and as goodly as any is exemplified in Magna Carta.

Its essential characteristic is courage, allied to "love." "Perfect love casteth out fear." Thus aiding the object of Christ to permit the emergence of self-governing, self-conscious individuals, exercising free will, and choosing good for its own reward because it is good. The object of Anti-Christ is to keep mankind in ever larger mobs via U.N.O's and other one worldite plans, thus defeating the object of Christ. The knight of chivalry watched his armour alone in the chapel through the night, and then went out to do battle alone for love against fear and oppression.

In this growing spirit for a vegan community settlement I am wondering if there are among our readers any interested in allying themselves to start a branch self-subsistent settlement in Vancouver, Canada? Size is of

30

THE VEGAN'

small importance.

"Where two or three are gathered together in my name, there am I." Yours truly, Muswell Hill, D. USHER. London, N.10.

May I, through your columns, mention a few of my experiences after taking to a vegan diet, and thus encourage others on the way?

I did not want to be a vegan ; I wanted to find out why people were vegans and went out of my way to contact one or two of them. After deliberately weighing up all the points for and against veganism, and after independent judgment for two to three months, I found that there was a definite justification for some of the vegan claims >* and that there definitely was exploitation and cruelty involved in the use of dairy produce.

A n d this I felt was just not right. In any case, nature always provides: there cannot be inadequacy where there is a law that always adjusts equilibrium.

I turned from vegetarianism to veganism suddenly, with only a day's fast in between ; but with inner certainty and open eyes.

It has benefited me in many ways, apart from giving me extra energy and an improvement of health in general. How? Try it and find out.

A n d life has become far more exciting and thrilling.

I do not think life would be worth living (in the true sense of the word) if we did not stick to our principles ; nor would it be worth living if we stuck to them so rigidly as to cause inconvenience and misery all round. That is why I feel that those who sympathise with the vegans but w h o are not vegans themselves, nor wish to be so, yet could give us much aid if they would go as far as is practicably possible for them. It can never be injurious to health as long as the motive behind it is unselfish, for the mind wields greater power over health than is realised. What is important, especially for those who travel a lot, is not, to my way of thinking, to be rigidly this or that, but to resist the use of anything involving cruelty as far as circumstances allow (which is quite a lot!). • T w o months after I became a vegan, I was in circumstances in which I took an ice-cream and a few chocolate biscuits. It was very Uttle, but not having had a drop of milk for two months, I found it created a great mental disorder and an entire upheaval in my thoughts, which blew about like dry leaves in a strong wind.

This was a great surprise for I had forgotten all about my "taking to drink." That was how I first realized how sensitive one can become.

India.

T.B.S.

THE VEGAN

MISCELLANEOUS {Two

2t

ADVERTISEMENTS

lines 5 / - : extra lines 2 / - each; 20% allowed on four consecutive

issues.)

N A T U R A L Grown Dried Bilberries.

Valuable nutritional source of potassium, iron, etc. A truly organically grown food. Delightful flavour.

Grows only wild. Packet sufficient for 20-24 servings, 6s. l i d . post free, or Trial Package 2s. 3d. post free. Quotations larger quantities. Easy to prepare. For enjoyment and for your good health.

Central Health Stores, 4, Clarence Street, Brighton.

"ORGANIC HUSBANDRY—A Symposium" Blackburn. 2 / 9 post free from the Secretary,

compiled

by John S. , Ewell, Surrey.

SPEAKING 6? W R I T I N G lessons (correspondence, visit) 5/-, classes 1 / 6 — Dorothy Matthews, B.A., , London, N . W . 3 .

PRImrose 5686.

E S T A B L I S H M E N T S C A T E R I N G FOR V E G A N S (First two lines free ; extra lines 2 / - each ; 20% discount on four consecutive issues.)

BIRMINGHAM— Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham 16.

BROMLEY, KENT.—Half-hour London. grown ^produce. Friendly atmosphere.

Road. R A V 2809.

Thackeray

House,

206,

Short or long visits.

Mrs. Muriel Drake,

Hagley Compost-

CORNWALL.—Vegans welcomed, lovely roseland garden to private beach.

Brochure from: Trewithian Cove House, Portscatho (75), nr. Truro.

DUBLIN New Health Group welcomes visitors. 3, Farney Park, Ballsbridge, Dublin. Tel. 63944.

EASTBOURNE.—Board Residence.

Bed and Breakfast. , Eastbourne. Tel. 7024.

Mrs. Clifford.

FRENCH V E G A N CLUB, ' MIEUX VIVRE.' Summer holidays on the French Riviera from 1st June to 7th October. 78$ a day all inclusive: in comfortable bungalows—'a new way of camping.' Enjoy seaside and country at the same time. For reservations and information please write as soon as possible—'Mieux Vivre' Robinson, La Napoule, Cannes, A.M., France.

KENT. WESTGATE-ON-SEA.—Entirely Vegan. New arrangements and reduced prices. Furnished and fully equipped one-room flatlets from 2 5 / per week. Lunch and dinner available in dining room. Mid-July to end of August—inclusive charge 4J gns. Excellent position, bathing from house, sandy beach. N o smoking.

S.A.E. for full details.

Mr. and Mrs. Arnaldi, " . Tel.: Thanet 31942.

KESWICK.—Highfield Vegetarian Guest House, The Heads, offers beautiful views; varied food and friendly atmosphere.—Anne Horner. T e l . : 508.

LAKE DISTRICT. Rothay Bank, Grasmere. Attractive guest house for invigorating, refreshing holidays.—Write Isabel James. Tel. 134.

(Continued on page 3

cover)

MIGHTY A T O M -

WHEAT GERM

. . . t h e life-centre of the w h e a t grain is a dynamic health force.

F R O M E N T is prepared entirely f r o m it ! This is the wheat e m b r y o which provides the protein for t h e repair and renewal of bodily reserves. It is t h e richest natural source of Vitamin Bi — vital t o t h e brain, nervous system, digestion, and bowel activity.

4 CARTONS I- (16 OK.) 1/7J (7 ozs.)

Obtainable from all Health Food Stores and Chemists

F R O M E N T ' S fascinating flavour makes It an agreeable addition to breakfast foods, etc. and if added t o a glass of hot milk before retiring makes a delightful nightcap.

FROMENT Sole

Manufacturers:

JOHN H. H E R O N LIMITED Hook Road Mills . Goole . Yorks

yConorary treasurer A s the position of a new Honorary Treasurer has not yet been filled, the Committee would welcome early offers from anyone willing and able to undertake the work. A knowledge of book-keeping and banking is desirable, and residence preferably, though not necessarily, should be in London. Reply please to Mrs. H. HONEYSETT, 38 Stane W a y , Ewell, Surrey.

f l a i ^

your meals with VESOP CONCENTRATED LIQUID EXTRACT OF PURE VEGETABLE ORIGIN. It intensifies the taste of cooked food. A most appetising addition to soups, stews, vegetables, gravies, etc. Season your salads with a f e w drops of VESOP. Vegetarians and Vegans everywhere, ask your Health Food Store for VESOP. 1 / 8 per bottle, net weight 8 ox.

(Recipe Book on request) VESOP

PRODUCTS

LTD.

4 9 8 Hornsey Road, London, N. 19 Telephone: ARChway 2457

(Continued from page

31)

L E A M I N G T O N S P A . — " Quisisana."

First class guest house with every modern comfort, vegetarian or vegan diet.

Mrs. H. Newman, Tel. 2148.

L O N D O N . — S m a l l vegetarian guest moderate.

Mrs. M. Noble, WIMbledon 7163.

house,

20

mins. ,

London.

Terms S . W . I 9.

Tel.

N O R T H W A L E S . — V e g a n and vegetarian guest house, nr. mountains and sea. Lovely woodland garden. Brochure from Jeannie and George Lake, , Penmaen Park, Llanfairfechan. T e l . : 161.

PENARTH—"Vegetarian Guest House," Rectory Rd. Rest, change,relaxation.

Ideal situation. Pleasant holiday resort. Overlooking sea.

Attractive, generous catering. Sun Lounge. H. C. Send for new Brochure.

S C A R B O R O U G H . — S e l e c t guest house overlooking both bays.

Highly recommended by vegetarians and vegans. Mulgrave House, 168 Castle Road. Tel. 3793.

S C A R B O R O U G H . — U p l a n d s Private Hotel.

Wales Terrace. Tel. 2631.

ST.

, Prince of

C A T H E R I N E ' S S C H O O L , Almondsbury, Nr. Bristol.—Progressive co-educational boarding school for children of all ages, specialising in music, dancing, crafts, etc., in addition to usual academic subject!.

400 ft. up, overlooking Channel and Welsh Hills. O w n produce.

Please support

our advertisers

and mention

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VEGAN

to

them.

On

igi6

Mr. Pierce A. Arnold proudly brought home from the laboratory the first garlic preparation which did not convey the odour of garlic to the partaker.

PIERCE A. A R N O L D , F.C.S. Pollard Road, Morden, Surrey

Tablets Liquid Ointment Suppositories Emollient Rheumatic Balm Veterinary Liquid for internal and external complaints are the heirs to this achievement.

Stocked by Health Food Stores.

Ordered by Chemists.

Send a postcard for literature.

THE

THE

N A T U R E CURE HOME I HEALTH HYDRO

NATURE CURE CLINIC

Treatments include: Fasting, Dietetics. Colonic Irrigation. Spinal Manipulation. Massage, Bergonie Therapy, Radiant Light and Heat, Baths, ctc.

For persons of limited means.

Diagnosis by fully qualified practitioners.

Treatments include all Natural Therapeutics and Food Reform, and exclude all based on vivisectionai research.

Dieting is on non-flesh food reform lines sympathetic towards Vegan principles A f u l l y qualified physician in r e s i d e n c e

is

Inveresk House, Inveresk, Midlothian (6 mites f r o m

Please support H.

H.

Edinburgh)

our advertisers GREAVES LTD.,

13, O l d b u r y Place, W . I (Off Marylebone High St.) WELbeck 2787

Arrangements have been made to receive a limited number of Inpatients a t a nursing home near _ London.

Appointments only: Mon. to Fri. (Self-addressed envelope for reply, please) VEGETARIAN RESTAURANT Vegans specially catered for (Open to the public) Lunches and teas—you will appreciate the very fine food.

Mon.—Fri., noon to 4.45 p.m.

and mention

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to

them.

Lane, London.

S.E.22.