The Vegan Winter 1958

T H E VEGAN SOCIETY Founded

November,

1944

Veganism is the practice of living on the products of the plant kingdom— to the exclusion of all animal foods—proceeding from a wide consideration of man's true place in nature.

The objects of the Vegan Society are t o provide in thought and practice f o r the advance of veganism, and to relate veganism to every aspect of creative co-operation between man and nature.

President: Mr. JOHN H E R O N , , Reigate, Surrey.

Vice-President: Mrs. E. B. SHRIGLEY, , Purley, Surrey.

Honorary Secretary: Mrs. M U R I E L DRAKE, , Bromley, Kent. (RAVensbourne 2 8 0 9 ) .

Honorary Treasurer: Miss W I N I F R E D SIMMONS, , London, N.W.LL.

Committee: Mrs. JEANNE ARNALDI, Mrs. E. Y . BATT, Mrs. SERENA COLES, Miss CHRISTINA HARVEY, Mr. JOHN MOORE, Mr. JACK SANDERSON. Miss M A B E L SIMMONS, Miss ANN WICKER. Correspondence Bureau Coordinator: Miss Edna Towell, Park, West Moors, Wimborne, Dorset.

Minimum subscription, which includes " T h e Vegan," 10s. Od. per annum, payable in January. Life Membership, £8 8s. Od.

THE VEGAN JOURNAL OF THE VEGAN SOCIETY Editor: Mr. JOHN HERON, , Reigate, Surrey.

Assistant Editor: Mr. JACK SANDERSON. Advertisements: H. H. GREAVES LTD., 1 0 6 / 1 1 0 Lordship Lane, London, S.E.22.

Published quarterly: Annual subscription, 5/- post free: single copies, Is. 3d. post free. Obtainable from the Hon. Secretary.

BRANCHES OF T H E SOCIETY A N D SECRETARIES MIDLANDS.—Mr. Don Burton. . Stratford on-Avon, Warwicks.

MANCHESTER.—Mrs. Ann E. Schofield, , Wythenshowe.

SCOTTISH SECTION—Miss Dina M. Sutherland, , Liberton, Edinburgh, 9.

(Please communicate with your nearest Branch Secretary)

THE V E G A N Journal Vol. XI

of the Vegan Society Winter, 1958

No. 3

THE ONE LIFE Two concepts are, perhaps, philosophically necessary to the idea that life is a oneness: that of the Unmanifest One, transcendent and beyond all; and that of the One Indwelling Essence, immanent and within all. Though they present a seeming paradox, it may be that we can see their relationship with each other through the agency of the hierarchical principle.

Thus we may consider the Unmanifest One at the infinite apex of life's hierarchical development—which reaches down through a high degree of inter-related wholeness in the super-natural levels to the maximum apparent degree of separateness in the lower natural realms. But as the hierarchical principle provides that the higher level comprehends within itself, or subsumes and interpenetrates, all levels beneath it, so we may consider that the Unmanifest One, though at an infinite and unconditioned apex, will nevertheless interpenetrate as Indwelling Essence all diversification on all levels within that hierarchical totality which It has originated and which It subsumes.

But the presence of the Indwelling Essence in each individual form will surely make for a dual urge within it. First, to reveal its unique experience of that Essence in ever fuller measure through an increasing order of unique, differentiated, individualised activity. And second, to express the unitive nature of that Essence by entering into an increasingly wide range of unitive relationships with other centres of unique differentiation.

To understand the outworking of each of these two urges, we may consult another principle, that of union and separation, or, to use other phrases, of integration and disintegration, of creation and destruction. Thus, on the human plane, progressive individuation takes place by the disintegration of one mode of selfrealisation and self-expression to be followed by the integration of a higher mode. While we separate off from relationships that eventually become limiting in order to establish ]new unifying relationships of a more inclusive and comprehensive type. In both cases, of course, a spiralic and cyclic process is involved.

And just as in philosophy we can allow no conflict, paradoxically, between the Principle of the Many and the Principle of the One, so in human experience the process of individuation can1

not take place properly at the expense of the process of relationship : we cannot become more truly ourselves if our relationship with our fellows is distorted. But this applies vertically as between different hierarchical levels as well as horizontally on any one level. Thus our own development as human beings is dependent upon the degree to which we institute proper unitive relationships with the natural realms beneath us, which are, as it were, subsumed within the arena of our responsibility. And this leads us to the problem of the precise nature of the responsibility of human kind for the kingdoms of nature.

At first sight there appear to be two contradictory factors involved in this problem. On the one hand, it follows from the earlier part of this exposition that all differentiated forms of life in the natural world have the right, so to speak, to express and reveal ever more fully the proper nature of their being, their unique mode of manifesting the One Indwelling Essence. On the other hand, man is obliged to win his subsistence from nature, must obtain food, clothing and shelter, and must thus to some extent interfere with the natural life cycle of organic forms—chopping down trees, driving wild animals from their natural habitat, and so on. How are we to reconcile these apparently conflicting claims?

The question may be answered from a negative and from a positive point of view.

On the negative side, we may seek some measure of understanding in finding a correct relationship between the principle of creation and destruction and the principle of hierarchy. With respect to the former principle we may note that disintegrating processes are subsumed within integrating ones as a necessary means to ultimately creative ends. An organic whole maintains its integrity through the subservience of katabolic processes within it. If we apply this to the concept of hierarchy, we may suggest that as man's relationships descend the hierarchy of life forms to the inanimate, so his application of the destructive may become increasingly a legitimate expression of creative ends. Thus only a limited amount of destruction* in man's relationship with animals can subserve constructive ends (control of pests, killing in certain emergency relationships, etc.) ; a greater amount in relationship to the vegetable kingdom (pruning, weeding, clearing, plucking, etc.) ; still more in relation to the mineral (blasting, chiselling, sawing, planing, combustion, electrolysis, etc.).

This legitimate use of destruction by man is necessary to maintain an overall balance and harmony in the hierarchy of man and nature, that is between the rights of man and the " rights " of animal, plant and mineral.

Thus while there may be some apparent detriment to some forms through this proper application of destruction, yet the individual manifestation and collective interrelationship of the totality of forms within the human and natural * Throughout this essay the word " destruction " should be considered devoid of any connotation of evil, but simply as the down-breaking aspect of force. (Cf. Geburah, the Fifth Sephirah of the Qabalistic Tree.)

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kingdoms will be enhanced. But this is only so when the destroying is appropriate to the level of the hierarchy at which it Is applied. Much of our present trouble in the world stems from the fact that man mistakenly conceives it is his right to destroy animals in their millions to subserve his own appetites. But destruction at the level of animal life is properly restricted, as we have suggested, to that which is necessary to maintain balance within nature or between man and nature.

Once having got our destructive obligations into proper perspective and proportion, then, on the positive side, we may see that it lies in the very nature of the hierarchical principle that the glory of man's civilisation shall be interdependent with the glorification of the natural kingdoms upon which it is built: this indeed is the overall constructive policy for man with which the Vegan Society seeks to align itself. However much we may use nature, in the ultimate the obligation will be amply repaid. While we may ceaselessly labour to extract provender from the soiJ, yet we will never fail to maintain the richness and fullness of its fertility, laying forever the ghost of erosion. While we may appropriate the products of the plant kingdom, we will take great pains to enhance the vigour and health of its species, to maintain its arboreal covering of the earth, to cultivate the profusion of its special beauties and to bring out all its latent capacity to help create a corporeal paradise. While we may regulate the animal population, yet we shall support, preserve and enhance the wonder and magic of its diverse species in areas that provide the optimum conditions within which to explore to the full the life-pattern endowed upon them.

Veganism, which implies a reform at the roots of man's subsistence, looks forward to a world in which the inter-action of love and practical wisdom within the human soul will work outwards to create such a unified, harmonious, hierarchical magistry of man, animal, plant and mineral.

JOHN HERON. A REQUEST Those who have followed the finances of the Society since our Treasurer took office will feel a deep sense of gratitude for her intensive and devoted work, and for its immense effectiveness evident in the Statement overleaf.

Financial soundness is the essential basis for a well-organised, active and expanding Society. The foundations have been laid, the superstructure has yet to be built. The practical tool of our practical task of erecting the edifice of veganism is money. Therefore, as we go forward into a new year, we look to our members, friends and supporters for generous donations according to their means. That these gifts will be regarded by the Society's Committee as a spur to ever greater efforts on behalf of veganism goes without saying.

The President.

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STATEMENT OF ACCOUNTS for Year ended 30th September, 1958 INCOME Balance at 30th Sept., 1957 Interest on P.O. Savings Bank a / c at 31st Dec., 1957 ...

Subscriptions 1958 ... £145 6 3 Donations 1958 ...

82 17 4 Literature General Journal Advertisements

12 16

EXPENDITURE

£ 261

0

9

5

4

4

228

3

7

3

9

The Vegan Journal...

Secretarial Annual General Meeting, 1957 Balance in hand— Reserve Fund £200 0 0 In hand 142 19 11

£ s.

243 6 20 10 3 7

342 19 11

28 87 £610

£610

3

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Audited and found correct: P . ROTHWELL, 1st N o v e m b e r , 1958.

Treasurer, 1st November, 1958.

D . W . SIMMONS,

December, 1958.

Dear Friends, Another financial year has now drawn to its close and a Statement of Income and Expenditure is submitted for the year ending September 30th, 1958.

Enclosed is a Subscription Form for the coming year, and it would greatly help if subscriptions could be sent as early as possible to the Treasurer at the address given on the form.

One of our younger members, John Moore, is talcing on the Office of Assistant Treasurer to the Vegan Society, and in order that he may gain experience in this work will be sending you your receipts. He will, it is hoped, in the not too far distant future, be taking my place, but meanwhile it is my sincere hope that you will give him all the support which every Treasurer and Assistant Treasurer needs in their stewardship of the finances of the Society.

Yours sincerely, D. W. SIMMONS, Treasurer.

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THE VEGAN SOCIETY COMMITTEE'S REPORT, 1957-58 Introduction The past year has been one of quiet but very definite progress, as evidenced by the interest and enthusiasm shown both at the various meetings which our President has addressed, and in the constant influx of letters received by the Secretary. Veganism, by the very nature of its high idealism, will not yet make its appeal to the masses, but an increasing number of individuals—mainly lacto-vegetarians, but not all—are beginning to realise that the way of life advocated by this Society is not only morally right, but scientifically sound when wisdom and understanding are exercised and discretion used in the initial change-over from a vegetarian to a vegan diet.

Publicity The most noticeable and hopeful sign of the progress of veganism is the fact that more and more of those who begin to think about the subject at all are sympathetic with our point of view, and realise that veganism is right. In his visits to various parts of the country to give talks on the subject, Mr. Heron has found in each instance that many in his audience had not previously given the matter much thought, and did not appreciate before the very logical and practical nature of veganism. There were always some who decided to link up with the Vegan Society as a result of our President's stimulating talks, the towns visited being Newcastle, Cardiff, Llandudno, Liverpool, Sheffield, Chester, Leeds, Brighton and Newport.

A.G.M. & Nutritional Conference Week-end, 1957 After our Annual General Meeting last November, we had a very interesting talk on Nutrition by Mr. Jack Sanderson—in fact, we incorporated the A.G.M. into a Nutrition Week-end, as we thought it might be particularly helpful for those with long journeys to have a definite object in the whole week-end. In addition to the meeting held on the Saturday, we had two meetings at The Vegetarian Restaurant in Earls Court Road—one on the Friday evening and one on the Sunday afternoon and evening. Dr. Franklin, Mr. Sanderson and Mr. Heron gave some very enlightening talks, and we finished with a Brains Trust session, at which many questions were answered by Dr. Franklin, and by the President, Assistant Editor and the Secretary. At each meeting a great deal of discussion took place and views were exchanged on the topic of vegan nutrition, and we were particularly pleased to have with us a number of young people—members of the British Vegetarian Youth Movement. One of these young people has been serving on our committee for the past year, and it would appear to be symbolic of the future of veganism that he has provided a valuable 5

link between these extremely keen and active young vegetarians on the threshold of life and our own Vegan Society, which is, every year, becoming more firmly established.

Second Nutrition Conference So successful was our first Nutrition Conference, and so many were the requests for more of them, that the committee decided to hold another during the first week-end in May. Although the numbers were fewer on this occasion, the meetings attracted some more newcomers, whom we are always pleased to see, of course, and again we listened to some inspiring talks on different aspects of nutrition given by Dr. Franklin and Mr. Sanderson. Dr. Franklin, incidentally, is constantly experimenting with new ideas connected with food and nutrition, and in a very practical way is gradually producing new products which will be of great value to vegetarians and vegans alike.

During the Second Nutrition Conference, in addition to the talks, and some demonstrations of vegan foods by members of the committee, we had the privilege of seeing some lovely films of India taken by Dr. Alan Stoddard and Miss Mildred Carpenter, who—in Dr. Stoddard's unavoidable absence—gave very able commentaries on both the films. We were very grateful to Dr. Stoddard and to Miss Carpenter, as well as to Mr. Stanley Brown for arranging the transport of the equipment and for the loan of his own projector.

Other Activities In March we held what proved to be a very successful Social with Dancing at the Alliance Hall, which attracted many young folk as well as the not so young. At the end of May a Buffet Conversazione was arranged in the same hall, and on this occasion some unpleasant secrets of the perfumery and cosmetic industry were divulged to us by Mr. Charles Perry, who is now concentrating his energies mainly on the making of non-animal cosmetics.

Following this we enjoyed a programme of poetry-reading and songs arranged by Miss Ann Wicker and Miss Alexandra Mills.

Membership Our membership remains steady, and during the year we have gained 35 new Members and Subscribers, including three Life Members.

Committee Meetings The committee has met regularly throughout the year under the able chairmanship of Miss Ann Wicker, and has discussed a great many aspects of veganism to see how we can best serve the cause of the Society. Our committee meetings during the year have all been held at Miss Ann Wicker's lovely home, and to her our grateful thanks are once more due. €

" The Vegan " This quarterly journal of the Society has continued to be well received, judging by the favourable comments on it constantly being sent to the Secretary. Letters of appreciation have come from all over the world regarding the quality of its presentation and contents, and those in isolated districts find it particularly helpful in enabling them to keep in touch with the various aspects of the Society's work. In this connection, a number have found our Vegan Correspondence Bureau, organised by Miss Edna Towell, very useful in linking them up with others who have similar interests. We may add that we exchange copies with journals of an increasing number of humanitarian organisations throughout the world.

Other Literature Our new leaflet, REASONS FOR VEGANISM, which was originally published in the Summer number of THE VEGAN, has been extremely well received, and many requests for copies for free distribution have come to hand. This elaboration of the Declaration which precedes our Rules has been a great help to numbers of newcomers to veganism, as it explains so thoroughly all that is involved in our movement.

The sale of our existing booklets has been very satisfactory, and many have been keen to complete as many volumes as possible of our journal, whilst we still have stocks of the earlier ones.

These are very useful, incidentally, for handing on to interested friends.

Nutrition Council This Council, under the chairmanship of Mr. Sanderson, has continued to meet throughout the year, and has discussed many aspects of nutrition from a vegan point of view. Between the meetings, Mr. Sanderson has kept in close touch with Dr. Franklin, who is hoping, by degrees, to bring out some new vegan products.

Other Organisations PLANTMILK

SOCIETY

Three members of our own committee were again invited to serve on the Plantmilk Society's committee during the past year, and at the recent A.G.M. they heard how the research into plantmilks from soya and from green leaf protein had continued to progress.

THEOSOPHICAL ORDER OF SERVICE (Animal Welfare Branch)

Contact has been maintained with this Group through meetings held at 50 Gloucester Place, at one of which Mr. Heron was invited to speak. Mr. Charles Wye, who was responsible for formulating, last year, the Manifesto of Animal Rights, also spoke to an informal group of vegans at Miss Ann Wicker's flat earlier in the year.

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T H E CRUSADE AGAINST ALL CRUELTY TO ANIMALS

At their meeting at the Kensington Town Hall at the end of September, the CRUSADE kindly offered us a table for the display and sale of vegan literature. A number of enquiries were made, a variety of booklets were sold and leaflets distributed.

Vegan Library Again we would draw attention to the existence of this library at Mr. Heron's home at Reigate, where a number of books on veganism and kindred subjects is always available. We are still as grateful as ever for gifts of books and donations for this purpose, as we like to extend the scope of this facility, to enable books on a wide range of subjects to be made available to our members. The services of the library are open to members only, who are asked to send 1/6 to the Editor with their request for the book to be borrowed, and to return the book within three weeks of receiving it. Further details may be obtained from Mr. Heron.

Conclusion From the foregoing, it will be agreed that the Vegan Society has certainly made progress during the past year, and with the new literature which we hope to produce it should be possible to extend our influence still further. That our ideals are high, we are fully aware, but the most worthwhile things in life do not usually come easily. In our 14 years of existence we have achieved much, but there is still a great deal more to do before our influence will be felt to any appreciable extent in this scientific age.

MANIFESTO OF ANIMAL RIGHTS The following is the complete text of a leaflet recently issued by the Theosophical Order of Service under the heading of " A New Humanitarian Ethic and Manifesto of Animal Rights." The President of the Vegan Society was invited to join, and participated in, the sub-committee which suggested various amendments to the original draft. The Vegan Society wholeheartedly endorses and supports the principles hereunder set forth, and urges its Members to do everything possible to publicise them.

The present enterprise has arisen from a series of meetings held by The Theosophical Order of Service and attended by representatives of many leading Animal Welfare Societies. Mr. Charles Wye drafted a scheme for a Manifesto of Animal Rights, based on concepts outlined in his booklet, " Towards a New Ethic."

Various amendments to the draft were suggested and accepted.

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The representatives are agreed that the new and original approach which the Order can make shall properly be in the first instance philosophical, and thereafter practical. They believe that until there is Unity within the Humanitarian Movement, based upon commonly acceptable ethical principles, the individual aims of each Society may not be fully realised. The manifesto, therefore, has the twin purpose of drawing public attention to the ethics of humanitarianism, as well as seeking the unity of common agreement within the Movement itself.

BASIC PRINCIPLES 1. Life is a oneness; and its manifestations demand respect.

2. For present purposes it suffices to state that this oneness has two aspects, essence and existence.

3. Existence manifests in manifold diversity but its essential drive is towards unification.

4. Unity is good. Persistent lack of unity, or working against integration, is bad.

5. Maltreatment of animals exhibits lack of unity with life.

6. Unity comprehends the right to live, and the right to express Dignity, which is the proper nature of their being.

7. Whatever contravenes these two Rights is contrary to the concept of Unity, Integration and Oneness.

8. Treatment of Animals should not distinguish between some types to the exclusion of others, nor between cruel acts, some of which are held to be permissive, and others not.

CRUELTY IS INDIVISIBLE. 9. We need to establish principles of right and wrong throughout the entire field of the human-animal relationship, as a further step towards the ultimate development of a Universal Ethic.

10. The Animal Welfare Movement should therefore work as a coherent unit for the welfare of all animals, everywhere, in every aspect of their treatment.

MANIFESTO OF ANIMAL RIGHTS 1. For the present purposes the term " animal " covers all forms of sentient life.

2. CRUELTY TO ANIMALS shall be defined as any act by a human being towards an animal, which shall cause that animal to endure physical or mental pain, which is not for the benefit of that particular animal.

3. All animals shall normally have the right to live out their lives according to their natural expectation of life; provided (a) they do not attack human life, when man shall have the right to self defence; (b) They are not pests, when man shall have the right to defend himself; (c) an animal in pain which cannot be quickly remedied, shall be put down, or (d) when man would otherwise die of starvation.

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PROVIDED also that in each of these cases the animal shall be killed as cleanly, quickly, and with as little suffering as possible.

4. Notwithstanding the cruelty which appears to exist in nature in the raw, man shall not argue therefrom his own right to be cruel.

5. The plea of self-preservation shall not be permissive except in accordance with 3a, b, and d, above.

6. Man shall have no right to cause suffering, to harry, maim, or expose to conditions of suffering or torture, animals, under any circumstances whatsoever.

7. The term " suffering " shall include contravention of animal dignity, i.e., perversion of the course of the natural virtue of the animal, as well as mental cruelty likely to be involved.

8. The main fields of human-animal relationship which exist at present are in connection with : food and agriculture ; clothing and fabrics ; research and the advancement of science; transportation ; domestic pets ; zoos ; circuses ; entertainment; cruel sports; racing, hunting, steeplechasing and shooting; furs and ritual sacrifice.

IF and WHEN the use of animals in connection therewith, or with any categories which may be added, is in contravention of the principles laid down, such use shall NOT BE PERMISSIVE 9. If man accepts the doctrine that he has dominion over animals it shall be in the sense of benevolent protection and assistance towards evolution, and NOT in the sense of tyrannical overlordship : i.e., DOMINION, but not domination.

10. The ends of human comfort, alleviation, or advancement— shall NOT be reckoned to justify the means employed, when such means involve cruelty to or suffering by animals.

11. Abuse of animals has a detrimental effect upon human character, hence respect for animal life is integral to the moral and social development of mankind.

12. Every effort shall be made to educate both adults and children in the above principles and in the humane treatment of animals.

It is recognised that these principles represent an ultimate of enlightened behaviour towards animals.

It has also to be remembered that the problem is not a National but an International one.

NEVERTHELESS, there is a greater likelihood that they will eventually be realised if they are supported by all sections of the Animal Welfare Movement.

Nothing is here envisaged which will in any way infringe upon the independence of individual Societies pursuing particular aspects of maltreatment of animals, nor is it intended to contravene any Charter which is already in existence. But as each Society aims to convert public opinion to its own view, the extent, scope, and power of public opinion would be enormously enhanced if all the 10

Societies would agree that the ultimate ideal is that EVERY form of cruelty to animals is to be opposed.

IMMEDIATE PRACTICAL APPLICATION It is hoped that every opportunity will be taken by individuals, groups and societies interested in Animal Welfare, to publicise these principles and help make them known and understood, in an effort to enlighten public opinion regarding the need for their recognition and acceptance. Further copies can be had on application to the Theosophical Order of Service, 50 Gloucester Place, London, W.l.

We warmly recommend for study with this Manifesto, The International Animals Charter, sponsored by The International Cultural Forum, India, copies of which may be obtained from Miss F. Barker, , Hove, 4, Sussex.

FOOD NEWS SURVEY " Processed Plant Protein Foodstuffs." Edited by Aaron M. Altschul. Academic Press, New York, 1958. 955 pages. 186/-.

This remarkable compilation comes at an opportune moment in the history of veganism and vegetarianism. It combines sagacity with science, disinterested and unprejudiced analysis with a sane and balanced estimate of future nutritional trends. It points unmistakably to the plant kingdom as one of the mainstays of nutrition, and while considerable attention is given in this volume to the suitability and use of plant proteins for feeding food animals, nevertheless the importance, relevance and value of plant proteins for direct human consumption is given more than adequate attention. Some attempt will be made in this article to pick out features of particular interest and to show how the university, government and commercial nutritionists and scientists who have contributed to this volume are discussing and working on matters of great relevance to the vegan-vegetarian movement.

The volume is in two parts. Part I deals with certain broad aspects of plant proteins, commencing with a general dissertation on proteins and plant proteins, leading on to such subjects as: the effect of heat on plant proteins ; evaluation of protein quality ; use of processed plant proteins as human food ; vegetable protein isolates; potential uses of isolated oilseed protein in foodstuffs, to name but a few. Part II deals with individual processed plant proteins : soybean oil meal ; edible isolated soybean protein ; groundnuts and groundnut meal; cottonseed meal; sesame meal; sunflower seed oil meal; rapeseed, mustard-seed and poppyseed ; minor oilseed and tree nut meals ; coconut oil meal; peas and beans; microbial proteins; the algae; and so on. In the discussion on the individual plant proteins in Part n , while there is considerable analysis as to their use for animal feeds, careful attention is also given, as we have mentioned, to their use for human nutrition.

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World Food Problems It is generally acknowledged throughout the volume that there is one compelling fact which has served to focus attention so sharply on plant proteins. That is the fact of the ever-growing world population and the resultant increasing demand for goodquality protein. The problem is succinctly stated by S. J. Circle and D. W. Johnson (p. 399) : " The population of the world in 1956 was increasing at the rate of 43 million persons per year. Despite an annual increase in gross total supplies of protein, the critical ratio of protein supplies to population was falling off. In view of the unfavourable ratio of conversion of vegetable proteins to animal proteins by feeding, this shortage in high-quality protein cannot be met entirely by an increase in animal production, and more reliance than ever will have to be placed on plant sources."

And R. F. A. Dean (pp. 206-7) prefaces his discussion of the uses of plant protein as human food by asking whether, in view of the fact that the world's production of protein is probably not keeping pace with its increase in population, we can afford the waste involved in procuring animal protein. Under the heading of the "Competition for Food between Man and His Domestic Animals," he refers to the problem of this waste in the following manner : " In the modern world it is common practice to use good land, on which food could be grown that is utilisable directly by man, for the growing of food for animals. Although the animals manure the ground they feed on and sometimes contribute to a more balanced agriculture, the process is wasteful in terms of the protein in their feed that they return for human consumption : the cow yields 23 per cent., the pig 12 per cent., and beef cattle only 10 per cent. The universal desire for animal protein is only satisfied at a price, and when it is realised that the high yield of the domestic animal—the yield that makes mixed farming ' pay'—depends in many instances on giving the animal food that is a normal part of the human diet, it becomes important to consider whether or not the price can be afforded. In poorly-developed countries, it cannot be assumed without proof that unlimited mixed farming is necessary or desirable. The question will undoubtedly be debated more and more as the world's population continues to rise."

He points out, further, that in countries like India, which have only small reserves of unused land and large populations already underfed, the possibility of producing animal protein is strictly limited by the shortage of land, and of human food, for the animals, and that the situation will rapidly become critical. Thus the need for good plant protein, readily available and widely distributed, 12

will become increasingly acute in the heavily-populated underdeveloped areas. As M. L. Anson and A. M. Altschul state in their Introduction (p. 10): " There are countries where an adequate expansion of the raising of animals is out of the question. In these countries, except where there is an adequate supply of cheap fish, good protein must largely be good vegetable protein."

Animal Protein is Expensive Another factor, to be considered together with the pressure of rising population and the growing protein needs of the world, is the cost of animal protein. M. L. Anson refers to this on p. 286 : " The cost of animal protein, in the forms actually used, is almost always relatively high. For instance, in the United States (1956) the 3.5 per cent, protein in milk at 23 cents a quart is $2.48 a pound of protein; the 16.2 per cent, protein in meat at 46 cents a pound is S2.58 a pound for protein; the 35.6 per cent, protein in non-fat, dry milk at 40 cents a pound is 97 cents a pound of protein ; and so on for fish and eggs. . . .

In contrast, basic isolated soy protein, at 25 to 40 cents a pound at the factory, is cheap."

Thus it is pointed out in the Introduction (p. 10) that the relatively low cost of foods based on the direct use of vegetable protein will be a great force stimulating the development of vegetable protein foods. And this will be so, not only in poorlydeveloped areas where there is no scope for animal husbandry, but even in those countries with an abundance of animal protein.

By-Passing the Animal It is interesting to reflect that just at the time when world food problems have brought home the expense and inefficiency involved in using animals as a source of protein, so food technology has advanced to the point at which the animal can be effectively by-passed. Pioneer work has been done in this country by Mr. N. W. Pirie in by-passing the animal by the direct extraction of leaf protein (see the Spring, 1958, issue of The Vegan). One of the most fascinating and encouraging prophecies in the volume under review is that made by M. L. Anson at the end of his discussion of the " Potential Uses of Isolated Oilseed Protein in Foodstuffs " (p. 289) : "Given Nature's supply of a cheap plant protein of high protein nutritional value, the technologist and the factory can do many of the manufacturing jobs that have been done, at high cost, only by animals. The technical possibilities of bypassing the animal have been realised so recently, however, that no one can tell to what extent and in what myriad forms they will be put into practice, or how long it will take for a vast new industry to be established. My own opinion is that, 13

just as the conversion of oilseeds to oilseed meals through processing created a revolution in animal feeding, so the further processing of oilseed meals into isolated protein and into complex foods containing isolated protein will create a second revolution."

He considers that where animal protein is not available, the simplest and cheapest uses of isolated oilseed protein will come into practice, as has already happened in parts of the Orient; and that where animal protein is readily available and people are accustomed to it, there will also be developed more sophisticated plant protein products which will have to match the animal protein products in textural and taste appeal, and yet have advantages in price, stability, or in some other important way, to be competitive.

This prophecy of the emergence on the market on a wide scale (not merely the minute Health Food Store outlet that at present obtains) of prepared vegan protein foods, is a highly encouraging sign of the times.

Vegetable Protein Isolates Much of the new industry is likely to centre round the isolation of protein from vegetable sources : thus zein, the protein isolated from maize; gluten from wheat; isolated peanut protein; and isolated oilseed proteins. In this volume, most attention is given to the isolated oilseed proteins, particularly isolated soybean protein. In relation to the latter, M. L. Anson gives the following advantages of protein isolation (p. 279) : " The isolation of the protein, in addition to concentrating the protein, has a number of other advantages. The elimination of the insoluble, indigestible carbohydrate, which has great swelling ability, removes a substance with undesirable physical properties. The isolation of the protein removes some substances harmful to non-ruminants, substances which can also be destroyed by heating of the meal. Finally, when carried out by the best techniques, it eliminates practically all the badtasting materials."

Isolated protein is recommended as being particularly valuable for infant nutrition, and also for the sick in certain cases. For general use, however, isolated soybean protein is recommended for the preparation of dairy-like products, products with meat-like textures and flavours, and for original plant protein products with a character all of their own. S. J. Circle and D. W. Johnson give the following recipes based on isolated soybean protein: allvegetable coffee cream ; all-vegetable cream cheese ; all-vegetable meat loaf ; all-vegetable frankfurters (pp. 409-411). Consideration is also given to the possibility of new and unique foods not extant to-day.

The edible isolated soybean protein industry in the United States is still in its infancy, but the relative cheapness of the isolate, 14

its high concentration and nutritional value, together with its applicability as a basis for a wide range of foodstuffs, suggest that it will come increasingly adopted as the new industry gets under way.

Plant vs. Animal Proteins There is much sensibly stated fact which helps to clear the fog surrounding this old controversy. Thus in the Introduction (p. 3) we read : " It is a great mistake, which is emphasised by much of the contents of this book, to believe that good protein must always be animal protein. Poultry and swine, whose amino acid requirements are similar to those of man, can be raised entirely on protein from plant sources. . . . It is an important generalisation that the proteins of actively metabolising tissues, whether of plant or animal origin, all have about the same over-all amino acid composition, and are all, therefore, so far as composition is concerned, good proteins for the nutrition of non-ruminants. Thus the proteins of seed germ (such as wheat germ), of grass, and of micro-organisms are about the same in over-all composition as the proteins of meat."

And the general trend away from the old dogma of the superiority of animal protein is indicated by A. Bondi (p. 61) : " It has been assumed that animal proteins are superior to plant proteins as food for non-ruminants and man. Although this may be true in many instances, the general statement is open to debate as has been pointed out in Chapter I. There are many plant proteins which are deficient in certain amino acids, notably lysine and methionine; they are inferior to animal proteins. But there are also plant proteins which are adequate in composition of essential amino acids. On account of amino acid composition alone, such proteins should not be inferior to animal proteins."

The Vegan Society, of course, has long since maintained that the wide range of plant proteins used in a sound vegan diet provides an excellent amino acid blend suited to the body's needs.

And this is one serious limitation of this book, that far too little attention is paid to the effective supplementary action of different plant proteins in human nutrition.

Biological Values Interesting observations are made by C. R. Grau and R. W. Carroll, in their chapter on " Evaluation of Protein Quality," on the limitations inherent in the methods of obtaining the so-called biological values of plant proteins. Hitherto, biological value has been determined by feeding a protein to experimental animals at a low total protein level. But it is pointed out that the amino acid requirements at adequate protein levels are probably not 15

directly proportional to those at inadequate protein levels. They write (p. 161): " The evidence is accumulating that as the protein is raised, the amino acid requirement also increases, but at a lower rate ; consequently a partial deficiency can be overcome by feeding a higher level of the protein."

There are two other limitations (p. 167): " Since no attempt is made to determine the values for amino acid components, a deficiency of one amino acid will cause an apparently low biological value. Thus the addition of a small amount of one amino acid may raise the apparent biological value from a low figure to a high one. " Since a single protein is almost never the sole amino acid source in diet formulation for human beings or for farm animals, the application of biological value data to applied nutrition is difficult. Two proteins, each with a low biological value, may together produce a mixture with a high value."

They claim that the bioassay techniques at present used in protein evaluation are not nearly good enough to meet the need, and they look, ideally, to chemical methods to yield measures of the amounts of each amino acid available.

With respect to protein evaluation, the Vegan Society would strongly endorse the view of R. F. A. Dean (p. 242): " There is no doubt that however perfect the chemical analysis and the animal work may be, the final answer giving the value of a food for a human being can be obtained only from a human being."

He also points out that the over-all amino acid composition of the human body is not yet certainly known, that very few human bodies have been analysed, and none of these in full; and that present estimates of the amino acid composition of the human body " are nearly all analogies from animal work raised to the power of faith." There is thus as yet no strictly scientific basis for the selection of protein foods suited for human use. He has further interesting remarks to make on protein quality (p. 239): " The question of quality of protein is secondary in importance to amount of total protein. So far, no disease of man is known that can be attributed to an amino acid deficiency, but there seems to be little doubt that in many parts of the world young children, and possibly some adults, suffer from protein deficiency. Quality of protein has been largely determined by experiments on small animals, and the extremely rapid rate of growth of those animals has the very useful function of exaggerating amino acid requirements. It seems probable that for man, and even for the child when he is growing fast, proteins of less than the highest theoretical biological value are adequate, provided that there are enough of them." (<Continued on p. 21) 16

Christmas

JBtmwr

MABEL S I M M O N S

Celery and Turnip Cream Soup Wholemeal Rolls Steamed Cashew Nut Pudding, Tomato Sauce or Brazil Nut Roast, Brown Gravy, Parsley Balls Brussels Sprouts, Braised Carrots, Roast Potatoes Christmas Pudding, Mince Pies Coffee, Home-Made Sweets CELERY AND TURNIP CREAM SOUP 1 large head of celery 1 onion 2 turnips Bay leaf

4 potatoes 2Âą pints stock 1-oz. margarine Seasoning

Make stock of outer parts of celery and turnip peelings. Melt marg. in saucepan, add sliced onion, turnip and celery cut small, braise. Add stock, potatoes, seasoning, bay loaf, simmer until cooked. Press through sieve, re-heat, serve with croutons of toast.

Garnish with chopped watercress.

WHOLEMEAL DINNER ROLLS 1-lb. wholemeal floor 6-oz. margarine or nutter

} teaspoon baking powder | pint water or stock

Add baking powder to flour, rub in fat. Mix into a soft dough and knead on board. Form into roll, cut into sections. Bake in hot oven for 20 minutes.

STEAMED CASHEW NUT PUDDING f i b . milled cashew nuts 5-lb. wholemeal bread crumbs 2-oz. margarine 1 large onion

Seasoning i teaspoon powdered sage Wholemeal sauce

Mix nuts, bread-crumbs and seasoning together. Cut onion finely, fry golden brown, sprinkle over sage. Place onion on top of mixture, pour over about 6 tablespoons wholemeal sauce and mix lightly. Grease a pudding basin, cover with greaseproof paper and cloth. Steam hours. Turn out and pour over thick tomato sauce.

TOMATO SAUCE OR GRAVY 1-lb. tomatoes 2-oz. margarine 1 grated carrot 1 onion

lÂŁ-oz. wholemeal flour I pint stock Seasoning Bay leaf

Cut onion finely, fry golden brown. Add tomatoes, cut small, also carrot and seasoning. Sift in flour, add stock gradually, stirring all the time. Bring to the boil, press through sieve, re-boil.

17

BRAZIL NUT ROAST Same mixture as cashew nut pudding only add brazil nuts instead of cashews. Mix with brown gravy, form into a stiff roll.

Place on greased tin. Bake in hot oven \ hour. Garnish with sliced tomatoes and parsley balls.

PARSLEY BALLS 1-lb. wholemeal bread-crumbs 2-oz. margarine 1 small cooked onion (chopped) 2 tablespoons chopped parsley

i teaspoon thyme 1 lemon rind (grated) Seasoning

Mix all diy ingredients together and bind with wholemeal sauce. Form into small balls. Bake in hot oven 15 minutes.

CHRISTMAS PUDDING i-lb. f-Ib. i-lb. |-lb. i-lb. |-lb. i-lb.

currants sultanas seedless raisins stoned raisins chopped peel grated suenut barbados sugar

6-oz. fresh wholemeal bread-crumbs 2-oz. flour 1 large cup of orange juice or fruit juice j grated nutmeg 2-oz. chopped cashews or almonds

Wash and dry all fruit, mix all dry ingredients together, grate in suenut and nutmeg. Lastly, stir in fruit juice. Let mixture stand overnight. Put into well-greased basin, cover with greaseproof paper and cloth, and steam 8 hours. Turn out of basin when cooked. Serve with nut cream or orange sauce.

CASHEW NUT CREAM 1-lb. cashewnutta 2-oz. soft brown sugar

Grated rind of 1 lemon 7 tablespoons hot water

Cream cashewnutta and sugar, add grated rind of lemon.

Gradually stir in hot water. When cold it is ready for use.

MINCE PIES i-lb.

J-lb. i-lb. i-lb. i-lb.

currants sultanas stoned mixed peel grated suennt

raisins

Rind and juice of { lemon i-lb. peeled and grated apples 1 grated nutmeg |-lb. brown sugar 2-oz. cherries

Wash and dry fruit, chop finely. Add grated apples, lemon rind and juice, suenut and nutmeg. Mix all well together with a fork.

MINCE PIE PASTRY i-lb. wholemeal i-lb. nutter

flour

2-oz. soft sugar Water

Rub nutter into flour, add sugar and mix with water into a soft dough. Roll out thinly. Line patty tins, place mincemeat in cover with pastry, prick top. Bake in hot oven 15 to 20 minutes. i8

MARZIPAN FRUITS 6-oz. milled cashew nuts 2-oz. soya flour f i b . brown sugar (soft)

Juice of orange Almond essence

Mix all dry ingredients together, add orange juice and essence to flavour. Divide mixture into four portions and colour with vegetable colouring. Potatoes to be rolled in cocoa. Apple dipped in icing sugar.

STUFFED DATES 4-lb. dates 2-oz. walnuts

2-oz. milled nuts

Stone dates, place walnut in each date, roll in milled nuts.

Place in paper cases.

STUFFED PRUNES Same as dates only use brazil nuts.

CHRISTMAS CAKE j-lb. wholemeal 6-oz. nutter 4-oz. yeast

flour

ÂŁ-lb. brown sugar J-lb. mixed fruit i grated rind of orange and lemon

Rub fat into flour, add dried fruits. Cream yeast in cup with warm water. Add to flour, cover with cloth. Leave for 20 minutes to i hour in warm place to rise. Put mixture into greased cake-tin, leave to rise \ hour. Bake in moderate oven, Regulo 5, for hours.

When cooked and cold, cover with marzipan and decorate with coloured fruit or chopped jelly.

A FEW WINTER RECIPES MABEL SIMMONS LENTIL

CREAM

ÂŁ-lb. lentils 1 med. onion, turnip, potato, carrot 1-oz. margarine

SOUP

2 pints stock Bay leaf Seasoning

Cut all vegetables into small pieces, braise in saucepan with margarine for 10 minutes. Add stock, bay leaf and lentils. Simmer until cooked, about \ hour. Press all through sieve, add seasoning, serve with wholemeal toast.

WATERCRESS STEW Bunch of watercress 2 medium potatoes, carrots, onions

2 pints stock 1-oz. margarine

Cut all vegetables into small pieces, braise 10 minutes. Add stock and cook slowly. When cooked, add watercress, chopped finely, and serve with wholemeal dumplings.

19

WHOLEMEAL DUMPLINGS 4-lb. wholemeal flour 3-oz. nutter or margarine

Cup of stock or water

Rub fat into flour, mix with liquid into a fairly stiff dough, form into balls. Steam 15 minutes.

WALNUT PASTE 2-oz. milled walnuts 2-oz. wholemeal bread-crumbs 1 small onion, chopped finely

i-Ib. tomatoes 1-oz. margarine Seasoning

Fry onion, add tomatoes, peeled and cut. Lastly add walnuts and bread-crumbs, seasoning. Mix well together, lightly. When cold it is ready for use.

LENTIL PASTE | - l b . lentils 2-oz. wholemeal bread-crumbs 1 finely chopped onion 1-oz. margarine

i teaspoon powdered sage i pint water or stock Seasoning Celery salt

Braise onion in saucepan, add powdered sage, also lentils and stock. Cook gently, stirring frequently. When cooked, pass through sieve, add bread-crumbs and seasoning, mix well. When cold it is ready for use.

TOMATO AND PARSLEY PASTE f i b . tomatoes 1 small onion 1-oz. margarine 2-oz. bread-crumbs

1 tablespoon chopped parsley 1 salt-spoon grated horse radish Seasoning

Cut onion finely, fry golden brown. Peel tomatoes, cut up, and add to onions. When cooked add all other ingredients, mix well.

When cold it is ready for use.

All pastes may be made into small balls and served on a plate, garnished with parsley.

BANANA AND APPLE JELLY i-lb. apples 2 or 3 bananas } pint water

1-oz. brown sugar 1 level teaspoon agar agar

Make stock of peelings of apples. Cut apples into small pieces.

Cook very gently in stockâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;do not let them boil or mash. Strain off juice which should be ÂŁ pint. Put juice into enamel saucepan, add sugar, and sprinkle over agar agar. Bring to the boil, simmer 1 minute. Put alternate layers of apple and bananas into glasses.

Pour over agar mixture, when nearly cold decorate with cherries and chopped nuts.

20

Recipes from Mrs. H. F. BING, of Loughborough, Leics.

For any cakes, instead of the full quantity of wholemeal flour, I use half flour and half wholemeal bread-crumbs, and omit baking powder Result—a much improved flavour and a more healthful cake.

•

*

*

*

For ordinary milk use with cereals in puddings, or for any other purpose, for which most people use cow's milk, use :— li-oz. cashew nut cream 4-oz. sago flour

1 pint boiling water

Make in a stone jar with Horlicks mixer. *

*

»

*

With this milk a delicious cream can be made for use with fruit, etc.

9-oz. milk (nut)

3-oz. margarine

Boil, then put through an emulsifier cream-maker.

SALAD CREAM i-oz. mustard |-oz. soya

flour

i-oz. cashew nut cream Pinch of celery salt

Make into a thick cream with hot water and bring to the boil.

Add lemon juice to taste. l Simmons, Teacher of Vegetarian Cookery, London, N.W.I 1, has won wide popularity with her vegan cookery demonstrations. Please send Miss Simmons your queries on recipes and she will be glad to deal with them personally. She is also available to give demonstrations at local groups and meetings.)

Plant Proteins for Human Use (Continued from p. 16) The following are among the various plant protein foods considered suitable for direct human use : Edible isolated soybean protein ; peanuts, peanut butter, peanut milk; cottonseed flour; sesame seed, sesame meal ; sunflower seed, sunflower flour ; linseed oil meal; almonds ; walnuts; pecans ; coconut oil meal; peas and beans; food yeasts ; moulds; bacteria ; unicellular algae; seaweeds ; leaf protein ; cereals.

A disappointing feature is the very small space given to very few of the many nuts; which, however, should surely occupy a prominent place in any discussion of the world's plant protein sources.

Details of some of the more unusual plant proteins—moulds, bacteria, unicellular algae, seaweeds—must be reserved for a later issue.

21

RAW F O O D NOTES R.

BRIERLEY

The following extracts are, by kind permission, taken from Mr. Brierley's Raw Food Research Bulletin No. 2, July, 1958. These Bulletins are issued periodically by Mr. Brierley, from "Southerly," , Letchworth, Herts.

PIONEERS The question of being " faddy " worries some correspondents.

It surely cannot be faddy to try to obtain the best nourishment possible in a world full of disease and decrepitude—but it will always suit some interests to call it so. If it is a fad, then it is a good one. All raw-fooders are (strangely enough, considering food was always so eaten prior to the invention of cooking) pioneers to-day when the shops are filled with long-dead cooked or processed foods. Do all you can to support those local growers whose fruits and vegetables are compost-grown without using chemical fertilisers and poison sprays. Spread their fame abroad, they deserve it for their courage. But be sure they are in fact organic growers in the true sense of the words—many who are not will so call themselves if they think there is money in it. The true organic gardener will be proud to show you round and you will be able to observe his compost heaps or bins (which will not be smelly heaps of manure). If you do not make compost yourself, take him all your fruit and vegetable wastes if you can—he will be glad of them, for such waste is not really waste, and you will have the nice feeling of having acted harmoniously with the cycle of life and seeming death and given back to the good earth your surplus material for re-use.

Nature endures by the power—the miracle—of renewal, and the valuable manures from the human body, so often loaded with surplus nutrients, should be composted and returned to the land instead of being swept through drains out to sea. It was a great pity when the earth closet gave way to the modern flush toilet— there is naught offensive about an earth closet properly used and cared for, with the contents regularly interred in the centre of the compost heap where they will serve as a powerful activator.

It has been asked why such emphasis is placed upon organic methods of growing in these bulletins—the answer is that one dare not do otherwise when advocating eating food raw. It must be free of the residues of poison sprays, it must not be blown up by chemicals in order to make weight (less tasty weight, too), it must not be coloured by dyes to deceive the eye. Why do we let them do all this to us ? Perhaps part of the fault is ours, as was suggested in an article in The Times (July 14th, 1958) entitled "High Quality Products may not pay best" which began thus—" when it comes to horticultural and agricultural produce the customer is 22

often a shockingly poor judge. He prefers a highly coloured apple —yet our best varieties are by no means highly coloured. He thinks that enormous asparagus stems are just wonderful though in fact they cannot compare in flavour or texture with the smaller stuff." If we really fall for highly coloured produce, we may be sure they will give it to us—with the deceitful aid of the chemists.

HOW MUCH RAW FOOD? Answers vary with the individual—as expected. However, some writers indicate proportions for us to experiment with. Dr. Szekely in "Medicine To-morrow " (The C. W. Daniel Co. Ltd.) recommends that fruit in its natural state should form 50 per cent, of the diet so that, he says, one can take advantage of the highest form of water which is contained in juicy fruits, of the most organic form of the various minerals which these fruits always contain, and of the valuable alkaline parts of the fruits and similarly of the capacity for dissolution possessed by the fruits, which does a very valuable service in the elimination of toxins, and also of the various radiations which the organism absorbs and of the various vitamins contained in them. Vegetables in the form of various salads he advises should form about 35 per cent, of the diet, and that cereals should form about 10 per cent, to 20 per cent, according to the amount of muscular work done. Doris Grant, in her book reviewed above, suggests that in a normal diet raw and cooked foods should balance each other. In the foreword to " Children's Diet," it is stated that Dr. Bircher-Benner thought a healthy person should take 50 per cent, of his food raw, and an unhealthy person 100 per cent. raw.

But who is healthy and who unhealthy ? Dr. Ralph Bircher has kindly sent a copy of his Wisconsin address on " A Turning Point in Nutritional Science," in which he refers to the Peckham Experiment where biologists took a health inventory of a representative group of population. He mentions that only nine per cent, were healthy in that they showed no signs of any serious clinical disorder, but from biological and functional viewpoints most of them were not in real health. Ninety-one per cent, were sick in that they had more or less serious signs of illness. Of these, only a tenth had come to the knowledge of the medical services ; two-thirds of the sick persons felt " perfectly healthy and fit" and were very much astonished when the clinical examination revealed one or several, often very dangerous and progressing disorders.

This group represented, he goes on, what McCoIlum called " the twilight zone of ill-health " and Dr. Bircher-Benner " the incubation period "—it is characterised by a condition in which the disorder is still compensated by some of the many wonderful regulatory systems the human organism is endowed with ; in this state of compensated disorder or hidden disease, man is able to live and work normally under the protection of civilised comfort, but when he is exposed to a more crude and less protected life, or when he 23

reaches a more advanced phase of the process, compensations become insufficient and obvious disease appears. Dr. Ralph Bircher comments later in his address that such a half-nourished condition is nevertheless compatible with over-feeding (on the wrong foods). In short, the body struggles as Jong as it can and after that the invasion succeeds and makes its conquest known. How long the struggle lasts depends on the individual. There are a few, undoubtedly, who seem to break most rules and yet survive to a great age, but they are rare, and most of us have not such fortune.

This brings us to the fact that some of the reports from those who have tried the raw food are not favourable. Only a few say this, but it is important that we should find out more about their experiences. This is being done, and it is hoped that other researchers may be able to help when the full story is discovered.

Dr. Szekely in " Medicine To-morrow " stresses that to try and live on an exclusive diet of juicy fruits would inevitably result in a deficiency of protein, in extreme thinness and exhaustion of the energies of the organism, and in a series of serious illnesses. He feels that it will take many generations for man to re-acquire the lost capacities of his fruit-eating ancestors.

Dr. Bircher-Benner: Every population to-day presents a mixture of individuals with varying germ-plasm values, which accounts for the fact that with a similar manner of living some remain apparently healthy while others sooner or later fall victims to disease.â&#x20AC;&#x201D;(" Children's Diet," p. 15.)

Dr. Szekely: Each soil differs from another according to its mineral content, and similarly every fruit varies from another according to the mineral content of the earth. I speak not of the difference between different fruits, but of the difference between two fruits of the same kind. If we examine tomatoes growing in 50 different places, we shall find the dietetic content of the tomato is different in every case. I have found in my practice a series of grave illnesses due to deficiency of these mineral elements among naturists and naturopaths who were vegetable and raw food eaters of 10, 20, and 30 years' standing. . . .

I have found that many naturopaths consequently lose faith in natural medicine, for they themselves become ill and they see their patients becoming ill. . . . Their diet they think is perfect; they eat fruits and vegetables; they sun-bathe and water-bathe ; they live in the fresh air, and yet from time to time they become ill themselves. . . . This brings us to another very important problem.

Not only do our fruits and vegetables not contain the necessary organic minerals owing to the deficiencies of the earth itself, but they contain various chemicals which are introduced into them in the form of various fertilisers introduced into the earth, or else of sprays turned directly on the plant or added afterwards to keep the fruit or vegetable in good condition.â&#x20AC;&#x201D;(" Medicine To-morrow," p. 157.)

24

DR. BESS. M. MENSENDIECK PEGGY GOODMAN

Just when world war the second was about to begin I got word that a very old lady (that was what I thought her then before I met her) was crossing the Atlantic from New York to visit her teachers and students in Scandinavia. I was immediately prepared to rush out there to have the honour of meeting her. It was too late, unfortunately, Dr. Bess. M. Mensendieck went back to New York on the same boat she had arrived on.

The war began, and I heard nothing of her till it was well over, and nothing of my own much loved and respected teacher of Mensendieck in Oslo, where I had previously spent two winters, studying. I was determined to find out if Dr. Mensendieck was still living, and through the kindness of a Dutch teacher then in New York, I managed to trace her and sent her some flowers. She responded immediately, and surprised and delighted me by kindly inviting me to visit her in Denmark. She was about to return to start what was to be the last of her training courses in Europe. She had established many in different countries during the last 50 years, but world wars, and other disturbances had dispersed all but the most firmly established of them. There was none in England at that time, and it is only now that there are hopes of a training school beginning in London.

I gladly accepted her invitation and did visit her over in Denmark. I found she was just producing a new book—the first in which she gives directions for simple exercises which can be practised at home without a teacher. The Mensendieck System is a very individual one, and calls for painstaking scientific work between teacher and student. It is exacting and disciplinary and not spectacular, which may account partly for the slow, though steady, growth it has made in all that time. It is most infinitely rewarding in its results if faithfully adhered to, as many well-known women in the medical profession and in the arts can testify. It is not confined to women, it has been practised at Yale University in America, but its benefits are so obvious for women, and it was them Dr. Mensendieck had in mind when she was creating the system, so it has remained very largely in their hands to this day, possibly too much so.

When her new book was published in New York, the Daily Mail reviewed it, and Miss Ann Temple took the trouble to go out to Denmark with me to meet Dr. Mensendieck and write up her story—the result being that the book was immediately published over here, to satisfy the enormous demand that had sprung up over-night.

Dr. Mensendieck was over 90 at the time—which is itself sufficient testimony to what the system can do in helping one to retain youthful vigour and health. It was in the days of whalebone 25

corsets and wasp waists that she felt the urge to do something for women; she had been a singer, she understood breath control, she had studied medicine and sculpture and strangest of all for a woman in those days, mechanics! She had the far-seeing genius to link up her knowledge of the human body, learn in France as a sculptor, with the mechanics of the engineer, and the anatomy of the medical student. She was a lover of beauty and of truth, she was a seeker of infinite patience. " The Universities were not open to me then, my dear," she said to me in Denmark,â&#x20AC;&#x201D;" I had to pay the best professors to come to my house and teach me alone."

The story of her life has yet to be written; it has been a long battle, against terrific odds. She sometimes made enemies because of her stern refusal to deviate from what was strictly scientific and truthful. The grounding she gave her students was severe, the work expected of them was great, and they respected her for it.

In her early days there was almost nothing for women in the way of physical education. The need for physically fit men to fight world wars was keenly appreciated, but the physical needs of the mothers of the future generations of men were not. I think it would be safe to say that in the countries which have given most attention to the physical education of women there have been some who have come under the influence of Dr. Mensendieck, and that this influence has had a profound effect, but one often not given the recognition it deserved.

One hesitates to try to express in a short article anything of the principles involved in so important a study as that of the Mensendieck System, but her books can be got in England, the newest being Look Better, Feel Better. There is also an older one, with excellent photographs, entitled It Is Up To You, which might perhaps be found at places like Lewis's Medical Bookshop in Gower Street, London.

Her exercises are based on the scientific study of the mechanical and physical laws of bodily movement. All our movements in everyday life should be constructive (as are those of animals) and so promote and preserve the health and form of the body. We pay the penalty for the rush and strain of our so called civilization to-day, in that its marks are stamped on our bodies, and have infected our daily movements. Neither the " Daily Dozen " nor the usual " Physical Exercises" can provide the necessary education and control of the body for all movement. It is upon habitual good and harmonious movement that beauty of form rests, and vigour and energy of mind and body are maintained by it. The Mensendieck System can impart this, and its benefit it felt throughout our being. The economy of movement it teaches is a delight to discover. There is no grace in wasted movement such as is often copied in childhood from faulty examples all around oneâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;it is merely exhaustive; but purposeful action based on correct muscle function, intelligently directed by the mind, as taught by Dr. Mensendieck, brings a wonderful sense of well-being to the whole man ; body, mind and spirit.

26

I have seen the System at work in a number of countries, and remarked that in each one it took on something of the natural characteristics of the people. It seemed to stress their better qualities and adapt itself to their specific needs. I was much impressed to find that everywhere I saw it, it was attracting as teachers, young people of outstanding qualities, and that they themselves invariably testified to a heightened zeal for living, a quickening of all their faculties. There was also a certain expansiveness and breadth of outlook which is what we need to guide our world into happier channels, and more peaceable ways of living.

PLANTMILK NEWS Reprinted, by kind permission, from Bulletin No. 7 (October, 1958) of the Plantmilk Society.

ANOTHER STEP FORWARD Following the Annual General Meeting in London on October 4th, the General Committee took the Society forward upon its biggest step so far.

This was the effect of a decision to place further research connected with leaf protein upon a fully professional basis.

The decision was taken after the Committee had heard and considered a detailed technical report from Dr. H. B. Franklin, Ph.D., A.R.I.C., upon the results of preliminary experimental work which he has so far carried out into the question of the possible use of leaf protein as a base for a general-purpose plantmilk.

In the Secretary's Report to the Annual General Meeting (a copy of the Report is enclosed), it was pointed out that experimental work had so far been carried out upon what amounted to a voluntary basis by Dr. Franklin. Should the Committee consider that the results so far obtained were at all significant and sufficiently valuable, it would be necessary to consider how this line of research could be continued.

The Committee gave full consideration to the matter under two headings : (1) did the experiments indicate that there might be useful possibilities for the future, to such an extent that it was desirable to take them further ? and (2) if so, how could further work be put in hand ?

The Committee decided that the experiments so far conducted did in fact justify further research. It was then considered how to put this decision into effect. It was agreed unanimously to ask Dr. Franklin to accept a commission from the Society to carry out such work upon a fully professional basis.

The Committee gave authority to the Treasurer to defray from the Society's funds the cost of such work up to a fixed amount.

Should the work reach a stage at which additional finance is required, the Committee will give the matter further consideration.

The Committee's action means that the Society's main effort 27

is now concentrated upon a definite line of research which is to be pursued, as vigorously as possible, to the point at which conclusive results one way or another are obtained.

Members will no doubt hope that such results will be positive, and there are some indications that such a hope is not unreasonable. However, for the moment, there must be some degree of caution while the results of work now to be undertaken are awaited.

One point for members to note is that the cost of the work will now rise from two to three figures. The continued financial support of members is therefore more than ever necessary. It is a matter for thankfulness that the Society is at present in the fortunate position of being able to finance the work now to be put in hand. Equally, it is a matter for thankfulness that there are available to the Society the services of qualified specialists who have the interests of the Society at heart.

Infant Plantmilk Members who have followed the news about the development of a plantmilk mainly for infant feeding will be interested in the report made to the Annual General Meeting by Dr. Frank Wokes.

This is a soya-based plantmilk developed under his direction by the Company with which he is employed. Dr. Wokes stated that the main reason for a delay in putting the product on the market was a delay in deciding upon the name under which it would be sold.

The product was, however, being made available in special cases for infant feeding, and it appeared to be meeting a definite need.

While it had been developed specially to meet such a need, it would also when generally available become a valuable addition to the diet of persons who for various reasons did not normally use animal milk. It was hoped to put it on the market in a few months' time. The meeting applauded the efforts which Dr. Wokes had put into this enterprise.

Secretary's Report to the Third Annual General Meeting, London, October 4th, 1958 In my report last year, I said that there was no real need for me to dwell in great detail on the work of the year, since much of it had been reported in Plantmilk News.

The same is true this year, and again it is not the past, but the immediate future which presents the greatest interest. However, a brief look over our shoulders at the path travelled during the year may help us to get our thoughts in order.

In October last year, your Committee decided to investigate the possibility of using leaf protein as a basis for a general-purpose British plantmilk. As you will know, a delegation representing the Society visited Mr. N. W. Pirie, F.R.S., head of the Biochemistry department at Rothamsted, and a useful discussion took place.

It was evident that the value of leaf protein is regarded by Mr. Pirie as being extremely high, and. that if it were possible to use it as a base for plantmilk, the protein content of the plantmilk 28

would be a strong point in its favour. The immediate difficulty was the green colour of the leaf protein ; we did not think we could successfully sell green milk as a satisfactory alternative to dairy milk 1 A further point was that only a small amount of green leaf protein can be absorbed without the green colour passing through the body. It was evident that the first step was to discover whether the chlorophyll, the source of the colour, could be removed from the chlorophyll-protein complex.

Mr. Pirie was of the opinion that there was little hope of doing this by treatment of the protein concentrate in the form in which it was produced at Rothamsted. He did, however, indicate a possible method of obtaining a leaf protein of a lighter colour, the disadvantage being that this protein would represent only a small percentage of the total available protein. It would, however, have the same nutritional value, and the same amino-acid make-up, as the main protein coagulum.

Following upon the visit to Rothamsted, Dr. Franklin, who was a member of our delegation, kindly offered to " have a go " at the problem. Owing to the fact that like most of us Dr. Franklin is a busy man, his experiments have had to be fitted in with his other work as a biochemist. However, he has been able to carry out quite a number of experiments ; and to cut a long story short, has found that it is possible to produce from leaf juices an almost white protein curd having a very bland taste.

Recently, Dr. Franklin has carried out a number of experiments with pea pods as the raw material and the results have been encouraging. He has also varied the method, one result being a liquid with the protein in suspension. Another experiment carried out with peas as raw material produced, a little unexpectedly, a creamy milk-like liquid of some stability.

Dr. Franklin will be reporting in detail to the Committee after this meeting, but I am certain that we would like here and now to thank him publicly for the work he has so far carried out. I should add that he has done this work on an expenses-only basis, and I am sure we would like to express our appreciation of the valuable service he has rendered.

Before leaving the question of these experiments, I would like to say that there does appear to be some ground for a little restrained optimism about the outcome. At this stage, of course, no one can be certain about what can be done, but it does seem perfectly clear that the experiments ought not to be left where they are, but should be pursued to the point at which we can say yea or nay with certainty.

If the Committee should support this view, then we are going to be faced with a decision on how best to put it into practice.

Putting this experimental work upon a fully professional basis may be the only answer, and this would of course involve the Society in much greater expense than has so far been incurred.

Putting it broadly, the cost of the work is bound to rise from two 29

figures, as at present, to three. This matter, however, is of course for the Committee to decide after having heard all the relevant details.

Now I should like to turn to another feature of the year: the successful production of a plantmilk based upon soya, and developed mainly for infant feeding purposes.

Unlike the leaf protein experiments, which are the Society's own direct activity, the soya-based plantmilk has been developed by the well-known limited company which produces, among other products, the beverage Ovaltine. A very good friend of the Society, Dr. Frank Wokes, has been the mind behind the development of this plantmilk.

You will of course all know that this product has had some striking success in difficult cases of infant feeding. In one case at least there appears to be no doubt that it was plantmilk which saved a baby from dying. The British product has also been used with success in at least one case not involving disease, but in which a baby suffered from allergy to animal milk.

I expect Dr. Wokes will be willing to answer the questions about this product which you are no doubt waiting to ask. However, before we reach that stage, I do not think we can let pass this opportunity of congratulating him upon the great skill and perseverance which have gone into this successful effort. It is also a pleasure to record that the Society was able to play some small part in the development of this plantmilk in its very early days. The Society was able to obtain from America 121b. of American plantmilk powder to meet an emergency at a time when the plantmilk being developed by Dr. Wokes was in its very early experimental stages. For a time it was necessary to use the American plantmilk for feeding to a sick baby.

At about the same time, Dr. Wokes received urgent requests for supplies of plantmilk powder for other sick babies. One of our members was able to arrange for a certain sum in dollars to be made available to the Society in New York, and some of these dollars were used to buy a further three dozen tins of American plantmilk powder. At the same time, the experimental British plantmilk was being modified and improved, and as events turned out it was possible to hold this American plantmilk in reserve. The British plantmilk, in its improved form, was successful, and a number of babies have now been successfully fed with it. The Society is therefore still the owner of three dozen tins of American plantmilk, and these are in the keeping of Dr. Wokes in case they might be needed. It is hoped that the British product, which is at present available only for special cases, will become generally available in a few months' time.

[The Plantmilk Society is a voluntary association for the promotion of a satisfactory alternative to animal milk for human consumption. Secretary: Mr. L. J. Cross, , Uxbridge, Middlesex. The minimum annual subscription, payable each September 1st, is 5/-.]

30

CRUSADE AGAINST ALL CRUELTY T O ANIMALS MARGARET A . COOPER

The question is sometimes put to us by humanitarians coming into contact with the Crusade for the first timeâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;" How does your work supplement that of the other animal welfare societies ? " The answer to this may be of interest to Vegan readers who as yet have had no personal experience of the Crusade. We do not seek to " supplement" but to re-orientate the whole trend of animal welfare.

There is an urgent need for a more consistent approach to the problem of animal exploitation, and consistency can only be attained after a complete re-assessment of what man's relationship with the animals should be. Great thinkers down the ages have expressed their abhorrence of man's rape of the creature kingdom and have pointed to the debasing and desensitizing consequences this has on man's own nature.

Total non-exploitation of the creatures is a high ideal and th& practical application of this in all its forms may be far distant, but it is the goal the Crusade has before it. Wanton and selfish exploitation must be replaced by guardianship, and until man accepts his responsibilities towards the animal creation his own progress will be retarded.

Cruelty in all its forms is immoral, and it is only man's blindness and selfishness which makes him condone one form of cruelty while condemning another. Unfortunately, modern methods of propaganda drug the public into believing that cruelty does not exist and it is this barrier of ignorance which must be removed before progress towards the ideal of non-exploitation can be made.

As humanitarians we must be vigorous and forthright in our endeavours to shed the light of truth and, as Vegan readers will know, the Crusade is doing this by means of its challenging film meetings.

More successful film meetings have been held in various parts of the county and in Geneva at the invitation of the World Coalition against Vivisection. We were particularly glad to have the support of the Vegan Society at our Kensington meeting on September 30th which was attended by 500 people. Lord Dowding was in the chair.

Margaret A. Cooper, Secretary.

London, N.W.4.

31

FLUORIDATION E. R.

MCNAUGHTON

Experiments in the fluoridation of drinking water for the supposed prevention of dental caries in children have been carried out in the U.S.A. for some years in the face of great opposition.

Long before these experiments could reach any final conclusion our own Ministry of Health decided to try out the experiment in selected areas. At Cardiff and Norwich, due chiefly to the vigilance of certain citizens and councillors, fluoridation was rejected. In Watford, the Medical Officer of Health, who is an ardent advocate of fluoridation, was able to influence the council without any opposition.

As soon as my wife and I heard about this we wrote to the local Press, councillors, doctors, dentists and various organisations in an attempt to whip up some opposition against the scheme.

This brought us into contact with Mrs. Doris Grant (author of Housewives, Beware, etc.) who put us in touch with the British Housewives' League, who sent us folders of literature which we distributed to every council member. But alas, this opposition was too little and too late and the measure was passed.

After this activity several other people joined us in an AntiFluoridation Committee, and what we lacked in numbers we made up for in determination. We kept up a constant lobbying of councillors, arranged a deputation to the Health Committee, wrote scores of letters to local and national newspapers, and organised a house-to-house petition. After a canvas of about half the town we obtained over 7,000 signaturesâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;but all to no avail. Although the fluorides have now been in our water for the past two years we are still fighting, but the apathy of the people is very disheartening.

The main objections against fluoridation are the interference with the liberty of the individual, and the danger of mottling of the teeth when more than the optimum dose is taken. As it is only for children up to the age of 10, why force everybody to have it, especially when it may be injurious to the older members of the community ? Why not give it to the children whose parents wish them to have it in the form of tablets ? This would ensure a proper dose each time, as some people drink more fluids than others.

Now that the Ministry of Health has lost the High Court action brought against it by the Andover Anti-Fluoridation Committee, it has been stated that the Government intend to introduce legislation to fluoridate the water supplies of the whole country, so I hope this will act as a warning to your readers to exercise the greatest vigilance against this threat.

Having lost a round or two after the Andover action, Watford's Medical Officer of Health has now armed himself with the World Health Organisation Report on Fluorides, which does not, as he remarks, contain anything new.

The Secretary of Watford's Anti-Fluoridation Committee, Mr. 32

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H. B. FoxwelJ, came back quickly at the Medical Officer with the assertion that members of the W.H.O. committee reporting on fluoridation " cannot be considered unbiassed " as two of its leading members are on the payroll of the U.S. Public Health Service which is promoting fluoridation. Not only has the safety of fluoridation been repeatedly challenged, but reports from fluoridated towns in the U.S.A., not forgetting South Shields, continue to talk of rampant tooth decay years after fluoridation was commenced.

Despite the evidence one way or the other, however, Mr. Foxwell concluded, it is most improper that citizens should be compulsorily dosed because of the failure of some parents to care for their children's teeth.

CORRESPONDENCE BUREAU Co-ordinator: Miss Edna Towell, , West Moors, Wimborne, Dorset.

Will all those who wish to register with the Bureau and thus contact other vegans through it, or who wish to be included on the list f o r receiving circular letters by Bureau Members, please send their names and addresses to the Co-ordinator.

Welcome to Maurice Frydman, Bombay 6, India.

He is interested in veganism on economic grounds and would like to contact people who are working on the economic aspects of veganism. Mr. Frydman is 57, has been an engineer for many years, and has studied Gandhian economics and the philosophy of J. Krishnamurti which he considers may appeal to fellow vegans.

Will members nos. 7, 15, 19, 23, 24, 25 write me, as I have not heard from them for some months ana would like to know whether to send the circular letters still. Also would two members in the United States, nos.

27 and 29, care to write something about their vegan way of life there, so that I can send it round to others.

The Vegan Society of India The address is Flat No. 6, Reviera, 217 Marine Drive, Bombay 1, India.

This society urgently requires support and donations to propagate veganism in India. I have a supply of their literature which I will send out on receipt of a stamped addressed foolscap envelope.

R. M. Scott (Ipswich) Ltd. All their biscuits contain pure vegetable fats only and no milk products are included.

FLUORIDATION I am very grateful to Mr. Eric R. McNaughton of , Watford, Herts, for writing specially for us this up to date account of a highly controversial subject.

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