388 X FACTS ABOUT BHUTAN
FACTS ABOUT
BHUTAN THE L AND OF THE THUNDER DRAGON
Lily Wangchhuk
Commemoration of Coronation and Centenary Celebrations of the Kingdom of Bhutan, 2008
Endorsed by Literary and Publication Sub-Committee of the National Steering Committee for Coronation and Centenary Celebrations of Bhutan, 2008
His Majesty Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, Druk Gyalpo signing the Constitution of The Kingdom of Bhutan, July 18, 2008
100 years of glorious monarchy in Bhutan
BHUTAN N CentenarY narY n na ar 2007 1907-2007
His Majesty the King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck with His Majesty the fourth Druk Gyalpo Jigme Singye Wangchuck at the National Day celebrations, 17th December 2007
DEDICATION To our Beloved Fourth Druk Gyalpo Miwang Jigme Singye Wangchuck Without whose Wisdom, Vision and Sacrifice This Great Nation of Ours Wouldn’t be Where it is Today
&
To the Repository of all our Hopes and Dreams As We Move into the Future Miwang Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck The Fifth Druk Gyalpo
Her Majesty the Queen Ashi Dorji Wangmo Wangchuck
FOREWORD
Facts about Bhutan is a meaningful tribute as Bhutan celebrates 100 years of Extraordinary Leadership by our Beloved Monarchs. We have been fortunate with the clear vision and personal sacrifices made by our Kings to bring this nation to where it is today. Bhutan is the world’s youngest democracy, initiated and brought into existence by the Throne. Bhutan’s environment is the envy of most nations, while our traditions and culture are vibrant and thriving, contributing to Gross National Happiness. This book will benefit the reader with a comprehensive overview of Bhutan, now that our country is on the travel wish list of many people around the world. Lily Wangchhuk introduces the fabric of Bhutan in all its beauty and uniqueness through her well-researched facts and compilation of beautiful pictures. This is the first book of its kind by a Bhutanese author and I am very delighted to be presenting it to the readers with the hope that it will serve as an introduction to a very special country blessed throughout history. Tashi Delek!
Dorji Wangmo Wangchuck Queen of His Majesty the Fourth King of Bhutan
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT For many years I dreamt of writing a book about Bhutan that would reveal all the amazing facets of the country. With the help of friends and support from my family, this dream was finally realized in the most historic year of Bhutan’s history while the Kingdom was revelling in the celebrations of 100 years of glorious reign under the monarchs and celeberating the Coronation of His Majesty, the Fifth Druk Gyalpo. I am deeply honoured by Her Majesty the Queen Ashi Dorji Wangmo Wangchuck’s kind gesture of writing a foreword for the book and for Her Majesty’s valuable advice and continued support. My nieces Deki Yangzom and Dorji Yangki helped me with the research and collation of facts. I would like to thank Shankar Sharma profusely for plotting the comprehensive maps exclusively for the book. I am indebted to The Friendly Planet (Michael Hawley, Christopher Newell), Robert Dompnier, Tourism Council of Bhutan, Bhutan Times Limited, Jigme Wangchuk, Leki Dorji, Ian Bell, Lydia and UNDP for providing astonishing photographs. I am thankful to Roopa Bakshi, Tashi Phuntsho, Louise Dorji, Kunga Tshering, Sonam Dorji, Damcho Rinzin, Sion Pek Dorji, John Chiramal, Francoise Pommaret, Chimi Wangmo, Sangay Wangchuk, Karma Galey, Pema Wangdi, Drangpon Tshering Wangchuk, Dr. Sangay Wangchuk, Dr. C.T. Dorji, Hon. Sangay Khandu, Yonten Dargye and Sonam Choden who helped with information and in reviewing the drafts. Tenzin Rigden and his design team assisted me in the design and composition of the book. Jayesh Bole of the design team deserves special thanks for his patience and dedication. I would also like to thank the members of the Literary and Publications Sub Committee of the National Steering Committee for Coronation and Centenary Celebrations and officials from various government agencies, international organizations and individuals in various capacities who helped me make the book a true factual compendium. My mother’s prayer has been my source of strength not only during the duration of writing the book but throughout my life which no words can measure.
PREFACE ‘Facts about Bhutan’ is a comprehensive book which unveils all there is know about Bhutan. A maiden venture by a Bhutanese, it reveals amazing facets about the country and provides a holistic picture of the many delightful and incredible aspects of this little known Kingdom. It will help both foreign visitors and Bhutanese discover the country’s history, society, tradition, culture, people, governance, judiciary, clergy, foreign relations, economy, environment, health, education, and tourism among many other topics. Readers will also gain a good understanding of the glorious journey the Kingdom has traversed under the monarchs over the last 100 years. Policies of the government, information about all 20 districts of Bhutan and other places of interest are vividly explained in the book and would serve as a ready reference. To help visitors, it contains exhaustive information about visiting Bhutan supported by charts, maps and illustrations on recreation activities, monthly temperature, driving time between places and contact details of travel companies. Common phrases for conversational Dzongkha supported by illustrations will help travellers strike a bond of friendship immediately with the locals. Encyclopedic in scope, the book’s 400 pages of texts are embellished with over 700 astonishing photographs, 40 maps, 9 graphs, 8 information tables, 23 mini statistics, 23 special spotlight pages all meticulously well-researched and compiled in one. Useful websites related to Bhutan are listed to help readers gather additional information. Dedicated to 100 years of Bhutan glorious journey under monarchy, the book has been published under the auspices of the National Steering Committee for Coronation and Centenary Celebrations.
4. GOVERNANCE................99-123
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION...........1-10 About Bhutan Bhutan at a glance
1 5
2. HISTORY.....................11-37 Pre-Historic and Ancient Bhutan 11 Time Line 12 Bhutan: Its name 14 Advent of Buddhism 15 Medieval Era 16 The Age of Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal 17 Conflict and Reconciliation 18 Invasions from Tibet 18 Period of Civil Wars 18 Clashes of Arms with the British in India 19 The Duar Issue 20 Pre-Modern History 22 Establishment of Hereditary Monarchy 22 Era of Unification (1907-1926) 25 Era of Consolidation (1926-1952) 27 Era of Modernization (1952-1972) 28 Modern History 30 Era of Democratization (1972-2006) 30 Dawn of a New Era (2006-present) 35
3. THE COUNTRY & IT’S PEOPLE........................41-95 Religion Culture and Society People Language Dress Food and Drink Textiles Architecture Arts and Crafts Music and Dance Festivals Traditional Sports Modern Sports
41 54 54 56 56 59 60 65 75 85 89 93 95
Political Transition: 100 Years of Monarchy to Democracy The Constitution of Bhutan State Structure Political Parties The Executive The Legislature The Bhutanese System of Governance Democratic Bhutan’s New Leaders Local Government Judiciary Constitutional Bodies
99 100 103 103 103 104 111 112 118 120 122
5. THE CLERGY..................................125-126 The Monastic Body
125
6. WOMEN, CHILDREN & GENDER..131-132 Status of Women and Children
131
7. THE ROYAL FAMILY: MAKING A DIFFERENCE..............137-144 Tarayana Foundation Bhutan Youth Development Fund Bjachung Karmo Society RENEW National Women Association of Bhutan
140 141 142 143 144
8. INFORMATION AND MEDIA..........149-153 9. GROSS NATIONAL HAPPINESS..157-161 10. BHUTAN AND THE WORLD........165-183 Foreign Policy Foreign Relations Bhutan and the United Nations Bhutan and SAARC Bhutan and BIMSTEC Bhutan and ACD Bhutan and Development Cooperation Partners based in the kingdom
165 166 167 172 173 174 175
11. ECONOMY..............................187-199 Renewable Natural Resources 188 Tourism 189 Geology and Mines 190 Energy 193 Manufacturing and Industrial Sector 194 Trade 196 Bhutan and WTO 198 Trade Liberalization and Foreign Direct Investment Policy 199
12. ENVIRONMENT......................203-213 Flora Fauna Nature Reserve and Biodiversity Overview of the Protected System National Environment Commission RSPN Bhutan Trust Fund Jangsa Animal Saving Trust
205 206 208 210 211 211 212 213
13. HEALTH.................................217-221 Modern Health Care Bhutan Health Trust Fund Traditional Medicine Services
217 219 220
14. EDUCATION...........................225-229 General Education Structure Schooling System Vocational and Higher Education Continuing Education Adult Education Vocational and Skills Training
227 227 228 228 228 229
15. GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS...........231-309 WESTERN BHUTAN Chukha Thimphu Paro Punakha Wangdue Phodrang Haa Gasa CENTRAL BHUTAN Trongsa Bumthang Lhuentse Zhemgang EASTERN BHUTAN Mongar Trashigang
233 234 238 246 252 256 260 264 268 270 275 278 280 283 284 286
Trashiyangtse Pemagatshel Samdrup Jongkhar SOUTHERN BHUTAN Dagana Samtse Sarpang Tsirang
290 294 298 301 302 304 306 308
16. TOURISM.....................313-359 Tourism Policy Filming in Bhutan General Information on visiting Bhutan Customs Restricted Goods Monthly Average Temperature Recreational Activities for Visitors Trekking Season Some Trekking Routes Travel Tips List of Bhutanese Tour Operators List of Premium Hotels
313 316 318 320 321 323 324 329 332 338 342 347
USEFUL INFORMATION Bhutanese Diplomatic Missions Abroad 348 Diplomatic Missions and International Organizations in Bhutan 350 UN Agencies in Bhutan 351 Useful Websites 352 Conversational Dzongkha 356 Glossary of Dzongkha Terms 358 Bibliography 360 Index 362
xvi X FACTS ABOUT BHUTAN
Cultural Symbols The National Flag The upper yellow half that touches the base symbolizes the secular tradition. It personifies His Majesty the King, whose noble actions enhance the kingdom. Hence, it symbolizes that His Majesty is the upholder of the spiritual and secular foundations of the kingdom. The lower orange half that extends to the top symbolizes the spiritual tradition. It aslo symbolizes the flourishing of the Buddhist teachings in general and that of the Kagyu and Nyingma traditions in particular. The dragon that fully presses down the fimbriation symbolizes the name of the kingdom, which is endowed with the spiritual and secular traditions. The white dragon symbolizes undifiled thoughts of the people that express the loyalty, patriotism and great sense of belonging to the kingdom although they have different ethnic and linguistic origins.
The National Emblem Within the circle of the national emblem, two crossed - vajras are placed over a lotus. They are flanked on either side by a male and female white dragon. A wish-fulfilling jewel is located above them. There are four other jewels inside the circle where the two vajras intersect.They symbolize the spiritual and secular traditions of the kingdom based on the four spiritual undertakings of Vajrayana Buddhism. The lotus symbolizes absence of the defilements, the wish-fulfilling jewel, the sovereign power of the people and the two dragons,the name of the kingdom.
FACTS ABOUT BHUTAN
X
xvii
National Flower: Blue Poppy (Meconopsis Grandis)
National Tree : Cypress (Cupressus Sempervirens)
National Bird: Raven (Corvus Corax Tibetanus)
National Animal: Takin (Budorcas Taxicolor)
The National Anthem In the Kingdom of Bhutan adorned with cypress trees, The Protector who reigns over the realm over spiritual and secular traditions, He is the King of Bhutan, the precious sovereign. May His being remain unchanging, and the Kingdom prosper. May the teachings of the Enlightened One flourish. May the sun of peace and happiness shine over all people.
xviii X FACTS ABOUT BHUTAN
Prayer flags adorn the Bhutanese landscapes
Tenzin Namgay, Bhutan Times
Tenzin Namgay, Bhutan Times
FACTS ABOUT BHUTAN X
xix
Rigma Phachu Cham or the Dance of the sixteen fairies at the Thimphu Tshechu
The Friendly Planet
xx X FACTS ABOUT BHUTAN
xxi
Guru Padmasambhava at Thimphu Tshechu
Tenzin Namgay, Bhutan Times
FACTS ABOUT BHUTAN X
xxii X FACTS ABOUT BHUTAN
Black hat dancers spectacularly clad in colourful brocades and large hats await their turn at Gangtey Goenpa, Tshechu
Ian Bell
FACTSABOUT BHUTAN X xxiii
xxiv X FACTS ABOUT BHUTAN
xxv
Punakha Dzong, The Palace of Happiness
Jigme Wangchuk
FACTS ABOUT BHUTAN X
xxvi X FACTS ABOUT BHUTAN
Ura Village, Bumthang
Tenzin Namgay, Bhutan Times Ltd
FACTS ABOUT BHUTAN X
xxvii
xxviii X FACTS ABOUT BHUTAN
FACTS ABOUT BHUTAN X
xxix
MAJOR RIVERS, GLACIER AND LAKES GASA Trashiyangtse
Lhuentse NG
PUNAKHA OD PH GD U
TRONGSA
W AN
THIMPHU
TRASHIGANG
HE GA TS
ZHEMGANG
SAMDRUPJONGKHAR
PE
SARPANG
MA
AN G TS
IR
DAGANA Chukha
L
MONGAR
Legend International boundary River Glacier and Lakes
Tsorin, one of the many brilliant coloured lakes in Lunana
Robert Dompnier
HAA
SAMTSE
BUMTHANG
RA
PARO
xxx X FACTS ABOUT BHUTAN
Jacaranda brightens Punakha Dzong
xxxi
Ian Bell
FACTS ABOUT BHUTAN X
xxxii X FACTS ABOUT BHUTAN
FACTS ABOUT BHUTAN X
xxxiii
ECB
Bhutan embraces democracy with the conduct of first nationwide parliamentary elections on 24 March, 2008
xxxiv X FACTS ABOUT BHUTAN TOURISM MAP Pg.
330
G A S A
L A Y A
L U N N A N A
K U R T O E
LINGZHI G O E N K H AT O E CHHOEKHOR
Lhuentse
S E P H U K A Z H I
TOEWANG
GOENKHAMEY
BUMDELING
Trashiyangtse
KHOMA GOENSHARI
NARO
Bumthang
CHHUBU
Punakha
NORTH THIMPHU THROM
GANGZUR TANG
NUBI
GUMA
MENBI
TALO DZOMI LINGMUKHA
MINJAY METSHO
NYISHO
YANGTSE
GYUL TOEBISA BARP
PHAN BJENA
CHUMEY
TSENKHAR
GANGTEY
URA
PHOBJIKHA
SHINGKHAR
CHAPCHA
DAGA
Chukha
PHU ENTS HOL ING
HIDIN ING
DORONA
PHUENTENCHU GOSALING SEMJONG
TSHANGKHA
RANGTHANGLING MENDEGANG
SALING
DREPUNG
SAMKHAR
KENGKHAR
SILAMBI
GONGDUE
G
SHONGPHU
M E R A K
LAURI
ZOBEL
CHHIMUNG YURUNG DUNGMIN
CHONGSHING
NGANGLHA
SERTHI
MARTSALA
GOMDAR
Pemagatshel BJOKA
PANGKHAR
SHERSHONG
WANGPHU
KHAR
SAMRANG
O R O N G
D E C H E N L I N G
UMLING
LANGCHHENPHU
PHUNTSHOTHANG
N O R B U G A N G NICHULA
N
Samdrup Jongkhar
LUMANG NANONG
JURMEY BARDO
GOSHING
BHUR
DEOTHANG
CHOKHORLING
TAKLAI
DEORALI
E
KHALING
SHUMAR
NANGKOR
GELEPHU DEKILING
DARLA
LHAM
T
Trashigang
KANGLUNG OZORONG
THANGRONG
K
KANGPARA
Zhemgang
JIGMECHHOELING
DOVAN
SHOMPANGKHA HILLEY
BETENI
TSENDAGANG
A
DUNGLEGANG
TSHOLING KIKHOR KHAR THANG
BARSHONG
TRAS
ARL
B O N G O
SAMPHELING PAGLI
TRONG
TSIRANGTOE
GOZHI G E TA N A
GES
TADING
Tsirang Sarpang
LAJAB
KHEBISA KANA
LOGCHINA
DOROKHA SAMTSE
G
DUNGNA
PATALEY
Dagana
BJACHHO
GELING
DENCHHUKHA
ANG JEYG DRU
YOESEL TSE UGYEN TSE
DUNGTOE
SAMTSE
THRIM
TSEZA METAKHA
CHENGMARI
S RADI
CHASKHAR
MONGAR
A T H A N G KORPHU
GAKILING
LAHIRENI
CHAR GHARAY
PHONGME BIDUNG
SHAM BART
YANGNYER
NGATSHANG DREMITSE
CHALI
DAGALA
DOGA
TENDU
BIRU
YALANG
JAR RAM
Mongar
NAJA
BARA
SIPSU
TOETSHO
TOMZHANG JAMKHAR TSAMANG TSAKALING
LANGTHEL
G NARAN
SAMA SOMBAYKHA
SHERMUNG
JAREY
DRAKTENG
Trongsa
TANGSIBJI
Wangdue
GASETSHOYOM
GYENYE
BA LAM
GASETSHOGOM RUBESA
MEWANG
UESU
SHING
HO
NAHI
CHANG
SOUTH THIMPHU THROM
SHABA
THETS
u Thimphu
HUNGREL WANGCHANG
LUNGNYI
NG MDA KHA
DOPSHARI LAMGONG
DANGCHU
SHENGANA
KABJISA KAWANG
DOTENG
TSENTO
KATSHO
PEMAT HANG
SOE
Paro B J I
HAA
SENGYE
OYZIN GKHA
FESTIVAL MAP OF BHUTAN Pg.
336
Gasa Lhuentse Bumthang
Punakha
20
16
Wangdue Phodrang
14
13
Thimphu
8
12 15
19
1
Paro Haa
Trashiyangtse
29
26
6 3
11
10
21
28
2
18
22
17
6
31
Trongsa
7
25
23
Mongar
30
Trashigang
Profile at a glance : Longitude : 88 45’-92 10’ East Latitude : 26 42’-28 15’ North Square Area : 38,394 sq. km Dzongkhags : 20 Gewogs : 205 Population(2007): 658,888 Male: 345, 298 Female: 313,590 Airports : 1
9
g
Dagana
Sarpang
Ts iran
Samtse Chukha
Zhemgang
24
Samdrup Jongkhar
Pemagatshel
ENTRY & EXIT BY DRUK Pg.
319 CHINA Kathmandu GASA
Mt. Jumolhari NG GD
U
PH
OD
RA
BUMTHANG
TRONGSA
W AN
THIMPHU
TRASHIGANG
MONGAR
INDIA IN
EL SARPANG
ZHEMGANG
SAMDRUPJONGKHAR
PE
TSI
Chukha
SH
RA
NG
DAGANA SAMTSE
AT
Kolkata
Trashiyangtse
Lhuentse
PUNAKHA PARO
HAA
MAG
Delhi Bodh Gaya INDIA
INDIA
GEOLOGICAL MAP OF BHUTAN
Bangkok
Dhaka
Pg.
DISTANCE MAP
191
Pg.
322 Gasa
Lhuentse Punakha
Trashiyangtse
Bumthang
Thimphu Paro
Wangdue Phodrang
Trongsa
Haa
Trashigang Mongar
ng
Zhemgang
ira
Dagana
Ts
Chukha
LAND COVER MAP OF BHUTAN
Pema Gatshel
Sarpang
Samtse
Samdrup Jongkhar
Pg.
7
Legend 1 Evergreen Needle-leaf forest 2 Evergreen Broad-leaf forest 3 Deciduouis Broad-leaf forest
9 Croplands 10 Croplans/Vegetation mosaic
11 Snow and Ice land 12 Barren or Sparsely Vegetated
4 Mixed forest 5 Closed Shrublands
13 Water Bodies
6 Open Shrublands
7 Woddy Savannas 8 Grasslands
ELEVATION RANGE OF BHUTAN Legend
Pg.
Elevation 100-900
6
901-1,500 1,501-2,200 2,201-2,900 2,901-3,600 3,601-4,200 4,201-4,800 4,801-5,500 5,501-7,200
LAND USE PATTERN OF BHUTAN Legend
Pg.
Forest
7
Mixture (Nv,A,G,Wland) Grassland Agriculture Barren Drainage/Water
MAJOR RIVERS, GLACIER AND LAKES Pg.
Legend International boundary River Glacier and Lakes
xxix GASA
Trashiyangtse
Lhuentse
NG
PUNAKHA
HAA
PH OD GD
U
TRASHIGANG
MONGAR
ZHEMGANG
GA TS
SARPANG
PE MA
TS
IR
AN
G
HE
L
DAGANA Chukha
VEGETATION MAP OF BHUTAN Pg. Legend
6
TRONGSA
W AN
THIMPHU
SAMTSE
BUMTHANG
RA
PARO
SAMDRUPJONGKHAR
Grassland in temperate Zone
Tropical Rainforest
Heavily dried area
Hydrotopic forest
ExtriemelyHeavily dried area North Coniferous forest Tundra
Ice and Snow Mixed forest Mixed land Cultivated/Urban Vegetation Undassified
Water Bodies
Map of
xxxv
FACTS ABOUT BHUTAN X
Schools & Institutes : 1666 Hospitals : 30 Basic Health Units : 188 Traditional Hospital: 1 Traditional Units : 26
f Bhutan
DRAINAGE PATTERN OF BHUTAN Pg.
8
TRANSPORTATION NETWORK OF BHUTAN
Legend Airport Primary Road
Pg.
Secondary Road Tertiary Road
8
TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK Pg.
151
PROTECTED AREAS & BIOLOGICAL CORRIDORS
Legend
Reserve Corridor Reserve Park
Dzongkhag boundary International boundary
Jigme Dorji National Park
Bumdeling Wildlife Sanctuary
GASA
Trashiyangtse
Lhuentse NG RA OD PH
ZHEMGANG
Royal Manas National Park
GAT
SARPANG
Phipsoo Wildlife Sanctuary
MA
SAMDRUPJONGKHAR
Khaling Wildlife Sanctuary
DZONGKHAGWISE NORMALIZED VERY HAPPY HOUSEHOLDS Pg.
161
GASA 407,310,10
Trashiyangtse
Lhuentse 1326,1494,181
NG
PUNAKHA OD
1306,1983,98
GD
Legend
W AN
7587,11476,626
HAA
TRONGSA
2682,3388,167
1328,1284,127
TRASHIGANG
MONGAR
978,1271,41
3960,6374,479
24
ZHEMGANG
4950,3078,183
1256,1992,131
PE
5875,8154,453
6
62
SARPANG
MA
TS
Chukha
5261,6007,366
GA TS
G IR
2176,1236,73
SAMTSE
HE L
2390,4700,258
DAGANA
SAMDRUPJONGKHAR
28 ,136 3,14
Meadowlands and Alpine <60% Canopy Forest >60%Canopy Forest Cleared Land
20
Pg.
U
THIMPHU
209
1388,1368,114
PH
4363,2562,193
1503,1999,262
BUMTHANG
RA
PARO
4759,3436,168
14
FOREST COVER
AN
TS
Chukha
SH
G AN IR
SAMTSE
Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary
TRASHIGANG
MONGAR
EL
Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park
DAGANA
PE
HAA
TRONGSA
Thrumshingla National Park
5,
GD
U
THIMPHU
W AN
Torsa Strict Nature Reserve
BUMTHANG
56
PUNAKHA PARO
,1
Pg.
209
Bumthang Thimphu
DZONGKHAGWISE NORMALIZED HAPPY HOUSEHOLDS Pg.
161
MINERAL DEPOSITS IN BHUTAN
GASA 407,310,10
Trashiyangtse
Lhuentse 1326,1494,181
PARO
1306,1983,98
GD U
THIMPHU
W AN
7587,11476,626
HAA
TRONGSA
2682,3388,167
1328,1284,127
TRASHIGANG
MONGAR
978,1271,41
3960,6374,479
6
SAMDRUPJONGKHAR
36 3,14
24
ZHEMGANG
4950,3078,183
20
1256,1992,131
PE
5875,8154,453
MA GA 28 TS ,1
G 62
AN
5,
SARPANG
,1
TS
Chukha
5261,6007,366
56
IR
2176,1236,73
SAMTSE
HE L
2390,4700,258
DAGANA
4759,3436,168
14
192
1388,1368,114
PH
4363,2562,193
1503,1999,262
BUMTHANG
OD RA
Pg.
NG
PUNAKHA
CONSTITUENCIES Pg. ANNUAL PRECIPITATION
109
GASA
L A Y A
L U N N A N A
K U R T O E
LINGZHI G O E N K H AT O E CHHOEKHOR
Lhuentse
S E P H U K A Z H I
TOEWANG
BUMDELING
Trashiyangtse
KHOMA GOENSHARI
ng Bumtha
CHHUBU
SHABA
PHA
NGY
UL
MEWANG
TSENKHAR URA
PHOBJIKHA
GASETSHOGOM RUBESA
SOUTH THIMPHU THROM
TANGSIBJI
Mongar CHALI
DREPUNG
Chhukha
KANA
ING SAMPHELING
PHUENTENCHU GOSALING SEMJONG
G E TA N A
DORONA
IDING
GOZHI
B O N G O
TSHOLING KIKHOR KHAR THANG
RANGTHANGLING MENDEGANG
Zhemgang
TRONG
CHHIMUNG
ZOBEL
GELEPHU DEKILING
BHUR
CHONGSHING
NGKH A
BJOKA NGANGLHA
TAKLAI NICHULA
SENGYE
K
T
E
N
G
LAURI
KHAR
WANGPHU SAMRANG
O R O N G
DECHENLING
PHUNTSHOTHANG CHOKHORLING
SERTHI
MARTSALA
GOMDAR
Pemagatshel
GOSHING PANGKHAR
SHERSHONG
N O R B U G A N G DEORALI
OYZI
A
Samdrup Jongkhar
YURUNG
UMLING
DARLA
LHAM
S
M E R A K
LUMANG NANONG
JURMEY GONGDUE
DUNGMIN
SHOMPANGKHA HILLEY
BETENI
TSENDAGANG
KENGKHAR
SILAMBI
BARDO
JIGMECHHOELING
DOVAN
DUNGLEGANG
BARSHONG
TRASH
LOGCHINA
ING ARL GES
TADING PAGLI
PHONGME
RADI
KHALING
SHUMAR
NANGKOR
TSIRANGTOE
TSHANGKHA
Trashigang
KANGLUNG OZORONG
KANGPARA
Tsirang Sarpang
LAJAB
KHEBISA
ANG
DOROKHA SAMTSE
Dagana
JEYG
SAMTSE
GELING DUNGNA
HOL
DENCHHUKHA
PHU ENTS
DUNGTOE
DRU
YOESEL TSE UGYEN TSE
BJACHHO
CHENGMARI
SHONGPHU
SAMKHAR
CHASKHAR THANGRONG
PATALEY
THRIM
LAHIRENI
CHAR GHARAY
BIDUNG M SHA BART
YANGNYER
NGATSHANG DREMITSE
MONGAR SALING
KORPHU
BIRU
YALANG
JAR RAM
TSAMANG TSAKALING
LANGTHEL
A T H A N G
TSEZA METAKHA
G
DAGA
GAKILING
TOETSHO
TOMZHANG JAMKHAR
Trongsa SHINGKHAR
CHAPCHA
TENDU SIPSU
NARAN
DAGALA
NAJA
BARA
SHERMUNG
JAREY
DRAKTENG
Wangduephodrang
GASETSHOYOM
GYENYE DOGA
YANGTSE
CHUMEY GANGTEY
UESU SAMA
METSHO
BJENA
HO THETS
NAHI
PEMAT HANG
LUNGNYI
TOEBISA BARP
CHANG
NYISHO
NG
Thimphu
HUNGREL WANGCHANG
KATSHO
HAA
MENBI MINJAY
DOTENG
SOMBAYKHA
GANGZUR
TALO DZOMI
LINGMUKHA
DOPSHARI LAMGONG
TANG
NUBI
GUMA
KAWANG
TSENTO
B J I
DANGCHU
SHENGANA
KABJISA
Paro
MDA KHA
232
Punakha
SHING
GOENKHAMEY
NARO NORTH THIMPHU THROM
LAM
SOE
BA
Pg.
DEOTHANG
LANGCHHENPHU
View of Mount Jichudrake from Chebisa, Lingzhi
Robert Dompnier
xxxvi X FACTS ABOUT BHUTAN