Building science 2 Project Integration

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BUILDING SCIENCE 2 [BLD61303] PROJECT 2: Integration Project

COMMUNITY LIBRARY

NAME : VICKY LEE WEI KEE STUDENT ID : 0313317 TUTOR : MR. EDWIN CHAN

TABLE OF CONTENT 1.0

INTRODUCTION ------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 1.1 1.2 1.3

2.0

LIGHTING STUDY ----------------------------------------------------------------- 7 2.1

2.2

3.0

Aim and Objective Project Introduction Floor Plans

Daylight factor analysis 2.1.1 Reception + Periodical Area 2.1.2 Children Reading Area Artificial Lighting analysis + PSALI 2.2.1 Quiet Reading/Study Area 2.2.2 Reception + Periodical Area

ACOUSTIC STUDY ------------------------------------------------------------------ 18 3.1

External Noise and its design strategy 3.1.1 Sound Pressure Level Calculation

3.2

Sound Transmission Loss // Sound Reduction Index Calculation 3.2.1 Reception + Periodical Area Reverberation Time Calculation 3.3.1 Library Catalogue + Printing Area

3.3

REFERENCES

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1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Objective This project is an integration project with Design Studio 5 – community library in Sentul. The aim of the project is to integrate the understanding of the principles of lighting and acoustic with relation to the context of our final community library design. The objective is to show understanding of lighting and acoustic principles in design.

1.2 Project Description Located along Jalan Haji Salleh, Sentul, Kuala Lumpur, the new community library is designed to serve the community in Sentul encouraging interaction among all ages and all backgrounds of community. With the design intention of reactivating the site and bringing together the community of Sentul, the community library is designed to create a place with much sense of belonging for the Sentul community. It all started by acknowledging the past and life of Sentul and the building along Jalan Haji Salleh, with the contrast with new development like the Fennel which can only retained as iconic value but typically disconnected from the public and the process by which places are made. Apart from that, the disconnection between people and people with the advance of technology nowadays, is gradually stunting the deeper connection that was once just so easily made with people in the present moment. “Reimagine the past”, bringing back the essence of the old-world charm of this street which is lost due to its current function & location and the threat of new development and additions. The community library is proposed to revitalize not only the site, but to entirely re-imagine its contents and programming while actively involving the public as both participant and collaborator in the on-going realization of the project.

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1.3 Floor Plans

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2.0 LIGHTING 2.1 Daylighting Factor Analysis DF =

đ?‘Źđ?’Š (đ?’Šđ?’?đ?’…đ?’?đ?’?đ?’“ đ?’Šđ?’?đ?’?đ?’–đ?’Žđ?’Šđ?’?đ?’‚đ?’?đ?’„đ?’†,đ?’‚đ?’• đ?’‚ đ?’ˆđ?’Šđ?’—đ?’†đ?’? đ?’‘đ?’?đ?’Šđ?’?đ?’•) đ?‘Źđ?’? (đ?’?đ?’–đ?’•đ?’…đ?’?đ?’?đ?’“ đ?’Šđ?’?đ?’?đ?’–đ?’Žđ?’Šđ?’?đ?’‚đ?’?đ?’„đ?’†)

x 100 %

Where, Ei = Illuminance due to daylight at a point on the indoor working plane Eo = The unobstructed horizontal exterior illuminance, average day light level in Malaysia (EH) is assumed to be 32000 lux A standard sky is assumed to give a minimum level of illuminance on the ground. According to MS1525, Day Light Factor distribution as below : Zone Very Bright Bright Average Dark

DF (%) >6 3-5 1-3 0-1

Distribution Very large thermal and glare problems Good Fair Poor

Natural Illumination Calculation Illuminance 120,000 lux 110,000 lux 20,000 lux 1000-2000 lux <200 lux 400 lux 40 lux <1 lux

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Example Brightest sunlight Bright sunlight Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky Typical overcast day, midday Extreme of darkest storm clouds, midday Sunrise or sunset on clear day Fully overcast, sunset/ sunrise Extreme of darkest storm clouds, sunset/ sunrise

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2.1.1 Reception + Periodical Area

GROUND FLOOR PLAN The periodical area is located at the ground floor near the glaze facade thus exposing the area to full coverage of sunlight during the daytime. Floor Area (đ?‘š2 ) Area of façade exposed to sunlight (đ?‘š2 )

Daylight Factor, DF

107.7 Perimeter: 11.3m + 9.3m = 20.6m Height: 4m Area: 82.4 m2

11.3 + 9.3 đ?‘Ľ 100% 107.7

= 19.12% x 0.1 =1.91 %

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E external DF

= 20000 lux Ei = đ?‘Ľ 100%

1.91

= 20000 đ?‘Ľ 100%

Eo

Ei

Ei The selected periodical area has a daylight factor of 1.91% and natural illumination of 382 lux. Based on the requirements of MS1525, the newspaper and magazine area has a fair factor which is lower than 3% of daylight factor and will generate lower illuminance during cloudy days. Based on the recommended illuminance categories, the standard illuminance level required for periodical area falls under high contrast visual task activities which is around 250-500 lux of illuminance and thus meets the requirement. Full height glass window is proposed at two sides of the space to allow maximum of natural lighting to penetrate through the space.

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2.1.2 Children Reading Area

FIRST FLOOR PLAN The selected children reading area is located at the first floor near the glaze facade thus exposing the area to full coverage of sunlight during the daytime. Floor Area (đ?‘š2 ) Area of façade exposed to sunlight (đ?‘š2 )

Daylight Factor

10

E external DF

= 20000 lux Ei = Eo đ?‘Ľ 100%

1.91

= 20000 đ?‘Ľ 100%

Ei

= 382 lux

94.23 Perimeter: 6.3m + 11.7m = 18 Height : 3.3m Area : 59.4 =

6.3+11.7 x 94.23

100 % = 19.102 x 0.1 = 1.91 %

Ei

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V In fact in order to further increase the penetration of natural light into the building, an atrium is implemented in the inside to capture natural light, lighting up the spaces facing inside. In this case, glass windows are proposed at the walls facing the void to allow natural illuminance to penetrate through the space which is functional and aesthetic, fitting well with the concept of the building.

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2.2 ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING Despite the good utilization of natural lighting, it could not cover all building areas because some spaces are meant to be enclosed thus natural light is not sufficient in some areas. This is why artificial lighting is essential in these areas. Spaces that natural light can’t enter require the use of artificial lighting to light up the space, normally the inner part of the building. In Lantern hotel, all the rooms, inner corridor, toilet, and stairs require the use of artificial lighting.

2.2.1 Quiet Reading/Study Area

SECOND FLOOR PLAN

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Fixtures Properties Type of fixture Type of light bulb

Surface Mounted LED Downlight

Material of fixture Product Brand & Code Nominal life (hours) Wattage Range (W) CRI Colour Temperature, K Colour Designation Lumens

Stainless Steel SY7791 30,000 hrs 1.8 80 3500 Warm White 6000

Lumens Method Calculation Location Dimension of Room, (m) Total Floor Area, A ( đ?‘š2 )

Quiet Study Area L = 9.0, W = 11.5 103.5

Height of ceiling, (m) Type of lighting fixtures Luminous flux of lighting, F/lm Height of luminaires, m Height of Working Plane, m Mounting Height,H/(Hm) Standard Illumination Required according to MS1525 Reflectance Factor

3.3 LED downlight 6000 lm 3.05 0.8 3.3 – 0.25 – 0.8 = 2.25 400 lux

Room Index, RI (K)

(đ??ż đ?‘Ľ đ?‘Š) (đ??ż + đ?‘Š) đ?‘Ľ â„Žđ?‘š

Ceiling Wall Floor

=

Utilization Factor Maintenance Factor/ MF Number of fittings required, N

White Plaster Ceiling White Painted wall Concrete

0.7 0.5 0.15

(9 đ?‘Ľ 11.5) (9 +11.5) đ?‘Ľ 2.251

= 2.243 0.6 (based on utilization factor table) 0.8 (standard) đ??¸đ?‘Ľđ??´

đ?‘ = đ??š đ?‘‹ đ?‘ˆđ??š đ?‘‹ đ?‘€đ??š

400 đ?‘‹ 103.5

= 6000 đ?‘‹ 0.6 đ?‘‹ 0.8 = 14.47 = 15 bulbs

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Spacing to Height Ratio (SHR)

1

=

Fitting Layout

đ??´

SHR = đ??ťđ?‘š Ă— √đ?‘ 1 2.25

Ă— √

103.5 14

= 1.208 đ?‘† SHR = 2.25 = 1.208 = 2.718 Fitting Required along 11.5m wall. 11.5 = 4.23 2.718 ≈ 4 - 5rows Therefore: 4 x 3 = 12-14 lamps Spacing required for 11.5m wall is 11.5/5 = 2.3m Spacing required for 9m wall is 9/3 = 3m

PSALI & Lighting Fitting Layout

There are 15 light fittings to illuminate the 103.5đ?‘š2 of quiet reading/study area to achieve 400 Lux that is required by MS1525 with the sufficient level of illumination to allow users to have good visual quality while reading or studying. As shown in the contour analysis, only the side which is nearer to the glass wall obtain sufficient illumination from natural lighting. Thus artificial lighting is introduced to aid in illuminating the space during the time of the day and on gloomy days when natural lighting could not achieve the requirement of MS1525. The 15 artificial lightings are controlled by 4 switches where to rows of light SW4 and SW3 can be switched off during the day time to save electricity when there is sufficient of light lighting up the space nearer to the glass wall.

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2.2.2 Reception + Periodical Area

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

Fixtures Properties Type of fixture Type of light bulb

LED Pendant Light Fixture

Material of fixture Product Brand & Code

Brushed Nickel SON-CORONA-43-IN-RECT-LED-PENDANTLIGHT 20,000 hrs 32 80

Nominal life (hours) Wattage Range (W) CRI 15

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Colour Temperature, K Colour Designation Lumens

3000 Warm White 2800

Lumens Method Calculation Location Dimension of Room, (m) Total Floor Area, A ( đ?‘š2 )

Quiet Study Area L = 11.3, W = 9.3 82.4

Height of ceiling, (m) Type of lighting fixtures Luminous flux of lighting, F/lm Height of luminaires, m Height of Working Plane, m Mounting Height,H/(Hm) Standard Illumination Required according to MS1525 Reflectance Factor

4 LED Pendant Light 2800 lm 2.8 0.8 4 – 1.2 – 0.8 = 2 200 lux

Room Index, RI (K)

(đ??ż đ?‘Ľ đ?‘Š) (đ??ż + đ?‘Š) đ?‘Ľ â„Žđ?‘š

Ceiling Wall Floor

=

Utilization Factor Maintenance Factor/ MF Number of fittings required, N

White Plaster Ceiling White Painted wall Concrete

0.7 0.5 0.15

(11.3 đ?‘Ľ 9.3) (11.3 +9.3) đ?‘Ľ 2

= 2.55 0.6 (based on utilization factor table) 0.8 (standard) đ??¸đ?‘Ľđ??´

đ?‘ = đ??š đ?‘‹ đ?‘ˆđ??š đ?‘‹ đ?‘€đ??š

200 đ?‘‹ 103.5

= 2800 đ?‘‹ 0.6 đ?‘‹ 0.8 = 15.4 = 15 bulbs Spacing to Height Ratio (SHR)

1

đ??´

SHR = đ??ťđ?‘š Ă— √đ?‘ 1

82.4

= 2 Ă— √ 15

Fitting Layout

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= 1.172 đ?‘† SHR = = 1.172 2 = 2.344 Fitting Required along 11.3m wall. 11.3 = 4.82 2.344 ≈ 5 rows Therefore: 5 x 3 = 15 lamps Spacing required for 11.3 wall is 11.3/5 = 2.26m

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Spacing required for 9.3 wall is 9.3/3 = 3.1m

PSALI & Lighting Fitting Layout

There are 15 light fittings to illuminate the 82.4đ?‘š2 of periodical area to achieve 200 lux that is required by MS1525 with the sufficient level of illumination to allow users to have good visual quality while reading newspaper and magazine. As shown in the contour analysis, only 2 the side which is nearer to the glass wall obtain sufficient illumination from natural lighting. Thus artificial lighting is introduced to aid in illuminating the space during the time of the day and on gloomy days when natural lighting could not achieve the requirement of MS1525. The 15 artificial lightings are controlled by 3 switches where SW1 can be switched off during the day time to save electricity when there is sufficient of light lighting up the space nearer to the glass wall.

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3.0 ACCOUSTIC 3.1 NOISE CRITERIA

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3.2 EXTERNAL NOISE AND ITS DESIGN STRATEGY Several noise source are found on site at Jalan Haji Salleh. The noise from vehicle on road due to traffic right in front of the library especially during peak hours as well as noise source from neighboring building which are mainly car workshops undeniably produce large amount of noise. Meanwhile the internal noise level is increased with the propose of programme like futsal and children play area. The design solution to overcome the noise level on site is by placing critical spaces or spaces which required quiet reading/lower DB is planned to locate at higher levels whereas the ground floor is designed as a communal square or public realm to act as a buffer, filtering noise from the road and car workshops. In terms of spatial planning The entrance to the library is also designed / placed as far as possible from car workshop located on the left hand side of the library. The kids play and reading area which has certain level of noise source is also segregated from the quiet reading zone using linking bridge, airwell and trees as buffer zone to filter out the noise. Vitality spaces like storage, lift core and M/E is used as a buffer separating the children reading area with the adult reading area.

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3.2.1 SOUND INTENSITY LEVEL CALCULATION

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Recorded Reading Sound Intensity

Traffic Noise at Jalan Hajia Salleh Peak Hour Highest Reading: 85 dB Lowest Reading: 70 dB Highest Reading = 85 dB SIL

= 10 log10

85 dB

= 10 log10 Iđ??ť

Iđ??ť đ??źđ?‘&#x;đ?‘’đ?‘“ Iđ??ť 1 đ?‘Ľ 10−12

log-1 8.5

=

Iđ??ť

= (1 x 108.5) x (1x 10-12) = 3.16 x 10-4

Lowest Reading

1 đ?‘Ľ 10−12

= 70 dB

SIL

= 10 log10

70 dB

= 10 log10 Iđ??ż

Iđ??ż đ??źđ?‘&#x;đ?‘’đ?‘“ Iđ??ż 1 đ?‘Ľ 10−12

log-1 7.0

=

Iđ??ť

= (1 x 107) x (1x 10-12) = 1 x 10-5

1 đ?‘Ľ 10−12

Total Intensity

Total Intensities, I TOTAL = (3.16 x 10-6) + (1x 10-5) = 1.316 x 10-5

Combined Sound Intensity Level

Combined SIL

= 10 log10

Iđ?‘‡đ?‘‚đ?‘‡đ??´đ??ż đ??źđ?‘&#x;đ?‘’đ?‘“ 1.316 đ?‘Ľ 10−5

= 10 log10 = 71.19 dB

Recorded Reading Sound Intensity

Traffic Noise at Jalan Hajia Salleh Non-Peak Hour Highest Reading: 65 dB Lowest Reading: 57 dB Highest Reading = 65 dB SIL

= 10 log10

65 dB

= 10 log10

đ??źđ?‘&#x;đ?‘’đ?‘“ Iđ??ť 1 đ?‘Ľ 10−12

=

Iđ??ť

= (1 x 106.5) x (1x 10-12) = 3.162 x 10-6

SIL

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Iđ??ť

Iđ??ť

log-1 6.5

Lowest Reading

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1 đ?‘Ľ 10−12

1 đ?‘Ľ 10−12

= 57 dB = 10 log10

Iđ??ż đ??źđ?‘&#x;đ?‘’đ?‘“

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57 dB

= 10 log10 Iđ??ż

Iđ??ż 1 đ?‘Ľ 10−12

log-1 5.7

=

Iđ??ť

= (1 x 105.7) x (1x 10-12) = 5.012 x 10-7

1 đ?‘Ľ 10−12

Total Intensity

Total Intensities, I TOTAL = (3.162 x 10-6) + (5.012 x 10-7) = 3.663 x 10-5

Combined Sound Intensity Level

Combined SIL

= 10 log10

Iđ?‘‡đ?‘‚đ?‘‡đ??´đ??ż

= 10 log10 = 65.64 dB

đ??źđ?‘&#x;đ?‘’đ?‘“ 3.663 đ?‘Ľ 10−5 1 đ?‘Ľ 10−12

According to Australian Acoustic Association, recommended internal noise levels for library general area is 40dB.

3.3 TRANSMISSION LOSS // SOUND REDUCTION INDEX Sound Transmission Loss (TL) analysis is conducted to analyze the reduction of sound from external space to the internal space. For this case study, the transmission loss or reduction in decibels (dB) is determined as sound waves passed through a particular material of different wall surfaces of the periodical area and reception and at ground floor. Calculation of transmission loss on materials is based on the formulae as stated below: SRI = TL = 10 log10

đ?&#x;? đ?‘ťđ?’‚đ?’—

,

Where, Tav = Average transmission coefficient of materials SRIn = 10 log10

đ?&#x;? ,

đ?‘ťđ?’? (đ?‘şđ?&#x;? đ?’™ đ?‘ťđ?’„đ?&#x;? ) + (đ?‘şđ?&#x;? đ?’™ đ?‘ťđ?’„đ?&#x;? ) + ‌.(đ?‘şđ?’? đ?’™ đ?‘ťđ?’„đ?’? )

Tav =

đ?‘ťđ?’?đ?’•đ?’‚đ?’? đ?‘şđ?’–đ?’“đ?’‡đ?’‚đ?’„đ?’† đ?‘¨đ?’“đ?’†đ?’‚

Where, Sn = Surface Area of Material Tcn = Transmission Coefficient of Material

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3.3.1 Periodical Area + Reception

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Wall 1 Overall Sound Energy Transmission Coefficient from outdoor to Periodical Area) Low-E Glass 1 SRI = 10 log10 T 42 = 42 dB 1 42 = 10 log10 T 1

log-1 1 =T Transmission Coefficient of Glass, Tglass = 6.310 x 10-5 Surface Area of glass = 4m x 11.3m = 45.2 10-2 Street Noise 85 dB 65 dB

Peak Hour Non-peak Hour

Overall TL of wall 1 42 dB 42dB

Noticeable Noise 43 dB 23 dB

As shown in the calculation above, wall 1 experienced 42 dB overall transmission loss where only 43 dB is the noticeable noise within the periodical area. In addition, the design strategy applied is to place this area as far as possible from the car workshop and to set the building back from the boundary line of 5m which can help to reduce 4 to 5 dB. Apart from that, landscape planning in front of this glass window also act as a buffer to reduce the incoming noise source. The full height-glass window is also using high SRI vale of insulating glass unit to provide good sound insulation quality as sound is transmitted from the street into the inside of the library. The total reduction of 85 dB – 42 dB – 5 dB (green buffer and setback 5m) = 38 dB which meet the required noise rating value for a reception / periodical area. Thus, the human comfort level for reading is maintained.

Wall 2 Overall Sound Energy Transmission Coefficient from Public Realm and Café to Periodical Area) Low-E Glass SRI SRI Glass 42

1

= 10 log10 T = 42 dB 1 = 10 log10 T 1

log-1 1 =T Transmission Coefficient of Glass, Tglass = 6.310 x 10-5 Surface Area of glass = 4m x 9.3m = 37.2 m2

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Unfinished Brick Wall 100mm 1 SRI = 10 log10 T SRI Brick = 39 1 39 = 10 log10 T 1

log-1 3.9

=T

Transmission Coefficient of Brick, TBrick = 1.259 x 10-4 Average Transmission Coefficient of Materials Tav

= =

=

(6.31x 10−5 x 37.2)+ (1.259 x 10−4 ) đ?‘Ľ 8 37.2+8 2.347 x 10−3 +(1.07 x 10−3 ) 0.003417

45.2

45.2

=7.56 x 10−5 Overall SRI of Wall 2 SRI

= 10 log10

SRI Wall 2

= 10 log10 = 41dB

Peak Hour Non-peak Hour

1 ���

1

7.56 x 10−5

Noise from adjacent space 46 dB 40 dB

Overall TL of wall 2

Noticeable Noise

41 dB 41 dB

5 dB 1 dB

As shown in the calculation above, wall 2 experienced 41 dB overall transmission loss where only 1-5dB is the noticeable noise within the periodical area. Thus the required sound comfort level is maintained. Not only using high SRI value of glass, the concrete masonry unit used has a good sound insulation quality as the partition between these 2 spaces to reduce the transmission of noise from the public realm and cafĂŠ.

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3.4 Reverberation time The reverberation time of a space refers to the time taken for sound energy to dissipate. Reverberation in an enclosed space is made up multiple ‘echoes’ or ‘reflections’. Reverberation time is calculated to determine how well a space can function for its intended use and to analyze if the absorption coefficient of the material is efficient enough within a space. In fact, different material has different acoustic absorption coefficient in different frequencies. Acoustical absorption of materials in 500 Hz frequency are taken as reference to calculate reverberation time. Table below shows the total sound absorption at 500 Hz during peak and non-peak hour. The reverberation time of a room is linked to the the surfaces that enclose it and the volume of the room by the Sabine equation: A = đ?‘şđ?&#x;? đ?’‚đ?&#x;? + đ?‘şđ?&#x;? đ?’‚đ?&#x;? + đ?‘şđ?&#x;‘ đ?’‚đ?&#x;‘ + đ?‘şđ?&#x;’ đ?’‚đ?&#x;’ + â‹Ż . đ?‘şđ?’? đ?’‚đ?’? S= Surface area of material, A = Absorption Coefficient of Material RT

=

��� �

T = Reverberation Time in seconds = 0.16 V = Volume of Space, A = Total Room Absorption

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3.4.1 Library Catalogue & Print Area

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Building Element Surface Material Ceiling Cement Board Ceiling Wall Concrete Block painted white Floor Bare concrete Door Solid Timber Door Window Glass window Furniture Timber Chairs & Tables Curtain Fabric Total Material Absorption Value

Area 29.4 45.17 29.4 1.8 11.59 11.2 11.59

Absorption Coefficient 0.04 0.06 0.02 0.06 0.18 0.07 0.6

Sa 1.176 2.7102 0.588 0.108 2.0862 0.784 6.954 14.4064

Human Air Total Absorption, A

8 29.4

0.42 per person 0.01

3.36 0.294 18.0604

RT

=

0.16 x V

=

0.16 x (3.05 x 29.4)

A 18.0604

= 0.79 s Before surface treatment like carpet and curtain is added; RT

=

0.16 x V

=

0.16 x (3.05 x 29.4)

A 11.1054

= 1.29 s The reverberation time for this space in 500 Hz of absorption is 0.79. According to the standard comfort of reverberation time for library is less than 0.8-1.0s. Before surface treatment is added the library catalogue and print area has exceeded the standard RT range but when it is added the build-up noise level within the room is reduced.

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4.0 REFERENCE Mardaljevic, J., Andersen, M., Roy, N., Christoffersen, J. (n.d.) Daylighting, Artificial Lighting and Non-Visual Effects Study, Retrieved 8 July 2016, from https://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/181055/files/JM-MA-VeluxReport-FINAL_1.pdf Ochoa, C. E., Aries, M. B. C., Henses, J. L. M., (2010). Current Persepctives on lighting simulation for building, Retreived 7 July, 2016, from https://pure.tue.nl/ws/files/3111207/617000044069924.pdf Paradis, R. (2014) Acoustic Comfort, Retreived 7 July 2016, from https://www.wbdg.org/resources/acoustic.php

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