The Imaginarium of the Bus Station

THE IMAGINARIUM OF T H E B U S S TAT I O N connecting Panamanian traditional identity and its future development

Victoria Adames

MA_ARCH STUDIO More than Meets the Eye 1st advisor: Prof. Ivan Kucina 2nd advisor: Prof. Roger Bundschuch

CONTENT 01 INTRODUCTION. Why? What? How? 02 CONVERGENCE. The history of Panama‘s multiculturality 03 ROSA MARÍA CASTILLO TAYLOR. A story about Panamanian collective mind 04 DIABLO ROJO. An analogy to Panamanian identity 05 HERRERA BUS STATION. The Site 06 PROGRAMMATIC DIAGRAM. The Imaginarium 07 PROPOSAL. The project Figures Bibliography

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01 INTRODUCTION Why? What? How?

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FAKE DEVELOPMENT 2

Panama City 3

also Panama City 6

The regular contact that Panama has with bigger and older countries has led towards trying to copy and apply models of modernization without translating them to our own reality, causing us to neglect and forget the core things that actually reflect the evolution of a country.

Minimum Wage Latin America (USD/month) (2018)

GDP growth (2015)

GDP expenditure on public education (%) (2011)

GDP expenditure on public health care (%) (2014)

Highest

744

5.8

12.84 (Cuba 2010)

10.6 (Cuba)

Average

354

0.3

5.17

3.7

Panama

744

5.8

3.29

5.9 4

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WHY does this happen?

Maybe it is better to ask ourselves

WHAT can we do in our everyday to change this?

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WAKE UP! ACT!

but

HOW?

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ESSENCE

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Is finding our essence the way?

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CHANGE “Dasein1“ (the permanent being) is invariable and intangible, thus imposible to try to find. “das Sein2“ (the variable, being) can change, is metaphysical and measurable, but always the reflection of “Dasein“ or the essence.

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1. Heidegger, M. 2. Heidegger, M.

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A place where the permanent being is reflected influencing the decission of the transformation of the variable being.

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AN IMAGINARIUM

A collection of symbolic and conceptual elements of an author, a school or a tradition.

A place devoted to imagination.

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Past and future in one place in the present.

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02 CONVERGENCE The history of Panama‘s multiculturality

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Africa (colonzation slavery): 1510-1579

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The geographical characteristics of Panama have favored the rapid exchange of the many cultures that have converged in the country throughout history.

Spanish colonization began in 1501 in Panama, which soon became the only route that Spaniards used for the traffic of gold from South America. The route started in the current Panama City in the Pacific and finished in Colรณn province in the Atlantic side. With the colonization came also slavery. Most of the African slaves were presumably brought from West Africa countries like Guinea, Cameroon, Congo and Angola.

With their rebellion, slavery ended in 1579, being the first slavery abolition in America.

By 1821 Panama reached its independence from Spain, and voluntarily joined La Gran Colombia (constituted by what now is Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador and Panama). As Panama suspected the interest for England to invade some region of the country with the purpose of connecting both coasts, in 1846 the free traffic in the country was allowed to the United States in exchange of protection of the neutrality.

The Gold Rush brought many travelers to the country as it was the shortest route between East and West America. This resulted on conceding the rights to the USA in 1850 for the construction and administration of a railroad that would make this connection easier.

This construction brought Chinese and Antillean workforce for the fist time. Then again, after 1880 with the banana plantations occured the second Caribbean immigration.

In 1881 started the construcion of the Canal led by France, which was declared as a failure in 1889 by multiple reasons as bad administration, a high mortality rate due to tropical diseases and their inaccurate technical approach. The company was then sold to the United States.

As the Colombian government did not want to grant a stripe of territory to the USA to build the Canal, Panama decided to negotiate with the United States to grant them the construction of the Canal. In 1903, backed up by the American military, occured the final separation from Colombia.

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The construction of the Canal offered again jobs to people from the Caribbean, especially Barbados, Jamaica, Trinidad and Martinique.

They came with contracts for one year but many decided to stay in the country, especially in cities from the Caribbean coast. Many people migrated from China, a community that soon played an important role in the economy of the country with the ownership of retail stores.

In 1914 finished the construction of the Canal, but the United States still had full ownership of a territory of 8 km to each side of the Canal, 18

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9. African rebels or “cimarrones�.

10. La Gran Colombia in 1821.

11. Panama route during the Gold Rush.

12. French Canal stamp.

13. The tropical diseases.

14. The Watermelon War. Uprising over American discrimination during the Railroad construction.

15. Banana plantations were located in West Caribbean and Pacific farms.

16. During the Canal construction, Americans diferentiated schools, buses, supermarkets, as golden for Americans and silver for black people.

17. Illustrative map of Panama during the Canal Zone period.

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called the Canal Zone, until it was abolished in 1979, sharing the administration of the Canal between the U.S. and Panama until 1999 when it was totally turned over to Panama.

The Chinese community in Panama is very strong, the largest in Central America. Today relations between both countries are stronger with the sign of new treaties that include, amogst other topics, the free commerce of China and the possibility of a new Railroad that connects the capital with the West area of the country.

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Throughout all the different occupations and cultural interchanges happening in the country, three indigenous regions (Ngäbe-BuglÊ, Guna and Emberå-Wounaan) have remained under the administration of the originary groups, preserving this way their traditions.

Even though in most of these stages of the Panamanian history, racial and social groups conflicted, these same conflicts quickly made the majorities transform these situations to their advantage.

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This metabolic process makes our identity an ever evolving one, but with the stable quality of adapting these influences into our own, with ingenuity and a touch of humor that respond to the everyday life.

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24 18. Congo dress and dance. The crown originated as a mock from the African slaves to the Spanish King and Queen.

19. Afro-Caribbean culture is very strong.

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20. Diablico sucio. Demons that hunt people in the streets in the Corpus Christi fest when the Devil and the Angel Saint Michael fight inside the church.

21. Mola. Traditional fabric piece made by Guna indigenous people.

22. Surf forms part of many people’s activities in some point in life.

23. Folk music base is Spanish guitars and African drums.

24. Food is where most of these influences are reflected together.

25. Independence festivities are celebrated with music bands parades.

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26. Pollera. Traditional female dress.

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03 ROSA MARĂ?A CASTILLO TAYLOR A story about Panamanian collective mind

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A CHARACTER; A COLLECTION OF MANY PANAMANIANS IN ONE

R

osa is a Panamanian woman who was quite confused until a few weeks ago. In order to understand her confusion, let’s know her story.

Her mother, Amanda Taylor, is from Bocas del Toro, from the Caribbean coast; the daughter of a man who is a Barbados immigrant son called Omar Taylor and a woman from the Ngäbe indigenous group named Delia Villagra. Omar’s parents were workers on the construction of the canal and he worked in the banana plantations in the 40s, moving between Chiriquí and Bocas, the same region of the coffee plantations, where Delia worked and where destiny united them.

Delia Villagra

Omar Taylor

Rosa’s father was born in the capital. His father was Thomas Johnson, a third generation “zonian”1, an American born in Panama who worked as a mechanical engineer in the Canal Zone. One day walking around in the town of Santa Ana, Thomas met a young girl: Marta Castillo, a daughter of Spanish immigrants who was in her last year of high school at that time.

It was love at first sight for both. In the passion of their young love, she became pregnant, and during the first 8 months Thomas took care of her until the tragic day when a work accident took his life and made it never to be able for him to meet his son. To honor whom she would eternally consider as the love of her life, and taking into account that their son would never take his last name, Marta named him Tomás.

During the 70s, while she was a student, Amanda was an activist who fought for the rights of farmers, impulsed by how sacrificed she knew was her parents job. At the same time, while Tomás Castillo was a journalism student, who coincidentally also liked surfing, he found out about a debate between politicians and students in Bocas. This was a perfect opportunity to go to there, where he could work on an article about the situation and catch some waves in his free time. This calm and relaxed man did not expect to fall in love so hard with a strong spirit like Amanda in this trip. After they met, she finished school and moved to the capital to study a career on agricultural engineering.

Amanda Taylor Villagra

Later on, they got married, and because of both their jobs and enthusiasm, they moved often inside the country. For a while they established in Panama City, where their two first sons were born. It was 1887 and the military dictatorship made life in the capital complicated and dangerous for this family, who decided to move to Azuero, the central region of the country.

Rosa María Ca

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Rosa was born here in 1989, a year that will always be marked in bold in the history of the country2. They lived in a small town called La Villa, and had a farm just 20 minutes from there. The beach was very near too, which made Rosa’s childhood develop between nature and peacefulness.

When she was growing up, she wanted to be a Carnival queen, as any other girl wanted, until she realized the stress was just not for her.

Marta Castillo

astillo Taylor

She was never the best in class but she did well in school; her favorite subjects were history and literature and she loved wearing her pollera3 for the parades in the national holidays. In her free time she loved playing the guitar, going out with her friends, play baseball, cook, and of course, dance. Sometimes she took care of kids near their house and helped them with their homework. Though she received a few dollars to do this, she genuinely enjoyed helping them. One time during her teen years, she went to Bocas to visit her grandparents, and she found out her cousins had not been having classes for more than a week because teachers were on strike for the low salary they were receiving. She felt sad for them and disappointed for her desire to be a teacher as she had been considering.

Thomas Johnson

Because she also liked languages, history, and knew a big part of the country as she traveled with her parents much, she decided to study a career in tourism. She moved to Panama City to study in the University and at the same time resume her French and Portuguese classes.

During her last year she got a job as a guide in an agency specialized in adventure tours. She decided to take a sabbatical year from her studies to gain experience and save some money. That year was revealing for her. The job consisted in accompanying the tourists and translating them to communicate with the locals. Visiting so many isolated places and looking at the situation with more mature eyes, her concern on helping these people that had fewer opportunities was awaken, and her interest on being a teacher reborn.

Tomás Castillo

Meanwhile, many movements looking to revive Panamanian traditions and roots gained the attention of the young people, including herself.

Her grandma Marta called her “mi negrita” and her grandpa Omar, “mi fulita”4, which she loved, but also made her reflect on it. Putting a name on which ethnical category she would fit in, honestly never bothered her until then. Seeking for a label, she tried to relate herself into each of the places of her memory that corresponded to her ancestry: 28

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Would it be the coast, the ocean, the heat, the colors and the people that seem to have no worries? Or the mountain, with the misty dawns with a smell of coffee, sleeping to the sound of the midnight rain in a hammock, and people who value family more than anything? Perhaps would it be the turbulent city, with all the interesting people, new music to discover and exciting night life? Or maybe the small towns, where everybody is friendly, joyful, kind, and everything is a reason to celebrate?

1. Name given to the Americans living in the Panama Canal Zone.

2. Year of the invasion of the USA in Panama and of the ending of the military dicatorship.

3. Traditional female dress.

4. Affectionate nicknames that refer to one´s skin and hair color as perceived by the

Soon she realized she was able to identify all of these scenarios as home; she could not dispense with any of them because all are part of her life, and even though they are different, they do not conflict, they enrich each other. Everyone is her people, as she is every one of them.

Scenarios: 29. Rosa’s places.

30. Canal Zone house.

31. The countryside.

32. Caribbean multifamiliar houses.

33. Colonial church.

34. Ngäbe houses.

35. Coastal landscape.

36. Traditional adobe house.

37. Typical town plaza.

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ma e na on Pa al Z n Ca

Bocas del Toro

other person.

Panama City

Ngäbe-Buglé comarca

Los Santos

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04 DIABLO ROJO An analogy to Panamanian identity

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BUSES CALLED “RED DEVILS�

These bombastic creatures were originally American school buses from around four decades ago. They were bought and shipped to Panama and by 1973 they were given to particular owners with the intention to help them be economically self-sufficient.

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Kourdney Marian.

Filipense 4:13.

Gracias a Dios y a mi gente.

Rider.

Natividad.

Don Bosco

Here is when creativity sparks. As a result of this autonomy, the owners started customizing them to catch attention and have more passengers.

Catchy phrases, cartoons of famous people, raligious images, loud engines and Latin music do the job; they definitely do not pass unnoticed.

Their reputation is perfectly described by how they have been named. A good amount of accidents have been caused by their crazy driving ways.

This was the main public transportation in Panama City until 2013 when a new, safer and more regulated system was introduced. Even though Diablo Rojos were banned from the city, the high demand and lack of coordination of the new ones have resulted on the appearances of these so called Red Devils from time to time.

The feeling towards them is love/hate case. They are highly critizised but they are part of the folklore of the city, attractive to locals and tourists, and influential to the everyday culture.

They are a great example of how Panamanian people adapt things at their availability to their necessity and their personality.

Panamanian general identity can be described as these buses: colorful, loud, filled with adrenaline, expressive, hot, striking, and sometimes even a little scary.

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As these buses are an imaginarium, this project aims to become one.

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05 HERRERA BUS STATION The Site

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PANAMA CITY

CHITRÉ, HERRERA 45

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CITY OF CHITRÉ, PROVINCE OF HERRERA It would be logical to think in an imaginarium as a museum; however, as the purpose of this project is to attract and try to influence as much people as possible, it would be best to choose a building which is a part from the everyday and does not intimidate the users.

Bus stations are most frequently used by the middle and lower classes which make up the majority of the people in the country. Nevertheless, using public transportation in Panama has some disadvantages that lead many people to prefer traveling by car. Beacuse of this, the project should offer more than the basic functions of a bus station in order to interest both types of travelers as well as the people that live in this city.

The site chosen is purposely not located in the capital city, but in a small growing city, in order to put more focus into decentralize the evolution of the country and be a call of attention regarding inequality of opportunities to the rest of the cities and towns.

This particular bus station is existing but in the need for growth, located in a main road that connects the Panamerican Highway (the only connection between East and West Panama) with the southern part of the country, a very turistic area generally visited by its beaches, and its natural and cultural richness.

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Project plot

Educational

Cathedral

Main plazas

Public market

City baseball stadium

Museum

City Hall

Intercity highway City main street

1/10000

0

100

200

500 m

35

48

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How can a functional building reflect the organic flow of Panamanian identity, a result of its multiculturality?

How deep can a bus station affect people‘s everyday culture and make them aware of its capacity and its potential?

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06 PROGRAMMATIC DIAGRAM The Imaginarium

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COMMUNITY Panama has a cheerful and effervescent society, in which family and friends are of high importance in every aspect of life.

Private celebrations frequently include extended family, neighbors and acquaintances; and our public celebrations feel completely welcoming and familiar.

This spirit of fraternity that exists in celebration is something that should be cultivated as standard in normal situations, and there must be more spaces that promote this.

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Some of the most typical spaces in Panama where this feeling of familiarity is easily found are: plazas and churches, shopping streets, the beach, the countryside, fruits and fish markets, bakeries, peddling areas, work, bakeries, lottery selling spots, parades, local festivities, and even institutional waiting areas.

The program works with the way these types of spaces could add more value to the community life in everyday activities.

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Mini markets.

Outdoor selling.

Fruit market.

Family gathering.

Traditional adobe house construction.

Fish market.

Lottery selling.

Informal barber shop.

Carnivals.

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ARTISAN MARKET In all parts of the country people have a great appreciation for local handmade traditional products, both food and crafts. They vary from homemade candy to high quality hats. Even though they are very well known as well as consumed, there are not many public places destined especially for their sale. This situation forces the producer to sell their work in the streets, outside establishments or on their own houses; making it less easy to the consumer to find them.

The countryside areas are the best place to find these products, because it is where most of the people know the techniques and where the familiarity between the community makes it easier to find them. But even in this scenario, it is much convenient for the consumer to buy just what the supermarket offers for a daily basis.

For this reason the program includes an artisan market as a second core alongside the bus station. It would be a physical platform to the producer and would also offer the consumer an alternative to store bought prepared food. This situation where producer and consumer would meet more frequently in an open public space as a market, could help improve the community value that my project aims to enhance.

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An artisan market would also be a great complement to a bus station because it gives direct availability to the traveler to directly inmerse into local culture and life, unlike what happens in a single person owned souvenir shop.

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Sweets and bread.

Cane juice.

Bollos.

Typical cooking scene.

Cane honey.

Preparation.

Selling in the bus station of David, ChiriquĂ­.

Traditional hats sale.

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PROGRAM The program consists of three parts: the core of the project, their complementary activities and a cultural offer.

All of the activities have their own particular performances and physical qualities described in the diagram, which in an overall sense describe an open, flexible project that connects both the city and the highway, the community and the travelers, where the user can feel familiar to it and invited to freely use it.

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BUS STATION & ARTISAN MARKET The two core functions of the project.

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COMPLEMENTARY SPACES

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Spaces that complement both the market and the station. The target users are both the travelers , the buyers, the sellers and the community.

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CULTURAL SPACES

Areas that are not directly related to the station or the market but provide a cultural addition to the project.

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They welcome people from the city and offer new flexible spaces as a platform for community life.

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07 PROPOSAL The Project

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MATERIALITY In order to achieve the purpose of this project being relatable to the community and also provide comfort to the user, the materials and constructive techniques that are included in this proposal are well known to panamanian architecture, both traditional and new. They are simple and frequently used in many situations all over the country, but in this case explored in a slightly different scale and disposition.

While they evoke familiarity, the composition suggests some activities at the same time that it allows and promotes flexibility of uses that can change in any moment. It also promotes natural crossed ventilation and takes advantage of the natural light.

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Ornamental blocks (breezeblocks): for walls that need light and natural ventilation without full exposure.

Adobe walls: a traditional wall constructive method composed by a cane structure and mud and straw mortar. Provides heat insulation. For exterior walls.

Concrete walls: for interior walls and some exterior special shaped arcades.

Glass storefronts: for exterior walls that need light and visibility but no physical communication.

Foldable doors: to give the flexibility of deciding to open or close partially or completely some areas.

Mesh walls: for areas that need a physical division but at the same time allows ventilation, light and visibility. In some cases could be used as a structure for vine-type plants to grow on.

Metallic roofs: light, strong and affordable. The proposed arrangement would promote natural ventilation flow. They would have a heat insulation layer.

Steel structure: strong, simple. It allows the columns to have a small diameter, which takes less waking area from the project.

Concrete floors: comfortable to walk in, easy mantaineance, durable, fast construction, efficient. For fast flow pedestrian connections. Could be colored to suggest directions.

Concrete tiles floors: durable, appealing. For walkable areas of slower traffic.

• • • • • • • • •

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66. Ornamental blocks and metallic panels.

67. Construction using “quincha” (adobe) technique.

68. Traditional adobe house.

69. Ornamental blocks in the former Gorgas Hospital (now Instituto Oncológico Nacional) in the former Canal Zone.

70. Bougainvilleas in mesh in Paseo Esteban Huertas, Panama Old Quarter.

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LAYERS

current station outline

+

proposed program

=

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+

pedestrian connectivity

These three layers have different natures, different functions and different physical characteristics, which at first sight could seem to have no connection, but they work together and create their own logic.

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PLAN

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1/2500

0

10

50

100

200 m

Study area

Bar and Gallery Administration and Workshop Rooms Multipurpose area Artisan market Lottery Flowers Commercial area

Convenience store, beauty salon / barber shop, bike rental, storage area for the market.

Restaurant and Bakery / CafĂŠ Bus station

Information point, ticket sales, wating area, administration, toilets & showers, lockers, security, quiet wating area.

Buses parking plazas 53 plazas for coachbuses + 49 underground parking plazas for coachbuses.

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PLAN DETAILS

Bus Station

1/350

58

0

5

10

25 m

Commercial offer

1/350

0

5

10

25 m

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Market

1/350

60

0

5

10

25 m

Plazas

1/350

0

5

10

25 m

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Cultural activities

1/350

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0

5

10

25 m

Study area

1/350

0

5

10

25 m

63

SECTIONS

Bus Station

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1/350

0

5

10

25 m

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Commercial offer

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1/350

0

5

10

25 m

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Market

1/350

68

0

5

10

25 m

“Proof of the human soul can be found every day in physical manifestations. Art is the perfect example, but urban design can also express the spirit and intentions of society at a given moment in time.

The fact that Panama contains so many different, even disparate, elements in the physical and social environment, illustrates the range of influences that have shaped its birth and development.”

- Rubén Blades, in Guía de Arquitectura y Paisaje de Panamá

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COLLAGES

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Study area

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Multipurpose area

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Bus station

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Made by author.

Edited by author. Taken from: https://upload.wikimedia.org/ 41. wikipedia/commons/1/10/Panama_08_2013_Ave_Balboa_7044.

JPG 42.

Edited by author. Taken from: http://www.bbc.com/travel/ story/20140523-living-in-the-worlds-most-affordable-cities 43.

Made by author.

Made by author.

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Made by author.

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The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus. Movie shot.

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Made by author.

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Taken from: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimarr%C3%B3n 48.

Taken from: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mapa_de_ Venezuela,_N._Granada_y_Quito,_1821.jpg 49.

Map of the Panama Route to California, 1849. Taken from: http:// www.panamarailroad.org/maps.html 50.

Taken from: http://mrdomingo.com/2016/09/04/el-desastroso51. proyecto-frances-del-primer-canal-de-panama/ 52.

Waiting. Cartoon By Joseph Keppler, Jr. 1904. Taken from: http:// 53. www.kumc.edu/school-of-medicine/history-and-philosophyof-medicine/clendening-history-of-medicine-library/special54. collections/panama-canal/panama-as-a-pesthole.html 55.

Watermelon War. Taken from http://www.panamaviejaescuela. com/incidente-de-la-tajada-de-sandia/ 56.

Taken from: http://thesilverpeoplechronicle.com/tag/chiriqui-landcompany-railroad Taken from: http://thesilverpeoplechronicle.com/tag/chiriqui-land- 57. company-railroad Taken from: http://www.mapsland.com/north-america/panama/ 58. large-detailed-illustrated-map-of-panama Photo by Victoria Murillo/Istmophoto. 2012. Taken from: https:// 59. istmophoto.photoshelter.com/image/I0000xDi5LuuduU4 Taken from: https://www.thevisitorpanama.com/New_Site/ 60.

Visitor12-5/events_visitor.html Taken from: http://www.abcviajes.com/fotos_de_viajes/ 61. foto_4_40_danza_de_diablicos_sucios.php 62.

Molas as souvenirs. Photo by Diana Mrks. Taken from: https:// sanblas-islands.com/kuna-indians/art/ 63.

Photo by author.

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Taken from: https://www.keteka.com/tours/panama-tours/ocupanama-folklore/ 65.

Taken from: http://www.panamatoday.com/life-style/panamaniancuisine-strives-be-global-influence-1700 66.

Taken from: https://twitter.com/are_232?lang=en Photo by author.

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Pachamama. Painting by Sharito Moreno. 2017.

Made by author.

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Made by author.

In the Mist of my Mind. Al Sprague. Taken from: http://www.

69. panamaart.com/product-page/in-the-mist-of-my-mind Calle con vista al Cerro Pastoreo. Jorge Bennet. Taken from: https:// 70. jorgebennett.com/2011/06/27/30/ Untitled. Jorge Dunn. Taken from: http://www.askart.com/artist/ Jorge_Dunn/11270316/Jorge_Dunn.aspx Photo by author.

Photo by Lon&Queta. Taken from: https://www.flickr.com/photos/ lonqueta/4394812605 Photo by author.

Taken from: http://www.critica.com.pa/la-voz-del-interior/casasde-quincha-arte-del-pueblo-interiorano-223650 Taken from: http://mapio.net/pic/p-72904943/ Photo by Aaron Sosa Photography. Taken from: https://www.flickr. com/photos/aaronsosaphotography/7164249741/ Taken from: https://www.mynameispanama.com/ Diablos Rojos 01. Photo by Dani Gago. 2005. Taken from: https://

www.flickr.com/photos/dani_gago/2239122095/ Gracias a Dios y a mi gente. Kathie M. Ceballos L. 2008. Taken from: https://www.flickr.com/photos/kathiemcl_pty/2591900522/ La luz del Diablo. Luis Huerta. 2017. Taken from: https://www.flickr. com/photos/huerta1962/24537286008/ Diablo Rojo bus. Thibault Houspic. 2012. Taken fro,: https://www. flickr.com/photos/thibaulthouspic/8348076832/ Photo by author.

Made by author.

Photo by Sofía Adames.

Made by author.

Taken from: https://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/provincias/ proyectan-ampliacion-de-la-terminal-de-buses-de-chitre-864345 Mini Super. Thomas Mitchell. 2010. Taken from: https://www.flickr. com/photos/64389482@N07/5864315604/ Photo by author.

Taken from: http://debarbastroalmundo.blogspot.de/2012/01/ Photo by author.

Junta de Embarre. Milton Villarreal. 2008. Taken from: http://www. panoramio.com/photo/7536005 Photo by author.

Taken from: http://www.critica.com.pa/nacional/loteria-logramediar-presencia-de-billeteros-en-el-dorado-389231 Photo by Rose Marie Cromwell for the New York Times. 2017. Taken from: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/26/style/panama-cityphotography-rose-marie-cromwell.html Taken from: http://www.panama-offshore-services.com/blog/ carnaval_in_panama.htm Photo by Mabelín Santos. 2013. Taken from: https://www.flickr. com/photos/mabelinsantos/10564418036 Photo by Zenaida Vásquez. 2015. Taken from: https://www.diaadia. com.pa/tierra-adentro/muelen-ca%C3%B1a-con-un-motor-274455 Photo by Mabelín Santos. 2013. Taken from: https://www.flickr. com/photos/mabelinsantos/11215685153/ Photo by author.

Photo by Mario Jaén Espinoza. 2011. Taken from: http://fiestas. panamatipico.com/english/articulo.php?articulo=20 Photo by author.

2014. Taken from: https://www.diaadia.com.pa/sites/default/files/ fileOzQefF Taken from: http://laestrella.com.pa/estilo/cultura/elaboracionsombrero-pintao-unesco/23927685/foto/221084#gallery Photo by Darién Montañez. 2009. Taken from: https://www.flickr. com/photos/contraquien/3316481815 Photo by Bracken. Taken from: https://killpackpanamania. wordpress.com/2011/06/01/this-mud-house/ Photo by Mario Jaén Espinoza. Taken from: http://turismo. panamatipico.com/articulo.php?articulo=384 Photo by Ayaita. 2012. Taken from: https://commons.wikimedia. org/wiki/File:Hospital_Gorgas_Panama.JPG Photo by Alex+Anneke. 2013. Taken from: https://www.flickr.com/ photos/majesticmoose/8513474906/

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I Dessau International Architecture School Anhalt University Department 3 Š 2018