CHAPTER 12 URBAN TREE SELECTION TREES 1) AFFECT WELL-BEING AND APPEARANCE 2) HAVE VISUAL AND ECONOMIC INFLUENCE 3) REMOVE AIR POLLUTANTS AND DUST PARTICLES 4) SOFTEN THE MICROCLIMATE BY BUFFERING CLIMATE EXTREMES 5) PROVIDE SHADE FOR PEOPLE AND BUILDINGS SAVING ENERGY 6) SERVE AS WINDBREAKS RESIDENTIAL AREAS 60-100 FEET PART ON BOTH SIDES REPLACEMENT TREES CONTINUALLY PLANTED BEFOR THE OLD TREE IS GONE AND IN THE SAME AREA SCHOOLS PROVIDE SHADE FOR CLASSROOMS AND PLAY AREAS DECIDIOUS TREES PROVIDE SHADE IN THE SUMMER AND THE SUN HEATS THE BUILDINGS IN THE WINTER TIME BUSINESS DISTRICT ATTRACTIVE CREAT A FEELING OF UNITY AND HARMONY PUBLIC BUILDINGS ENHANCE APPEARANCE PARKING LOT SCREEN PARKING LOT IRRIGATION SYSTEM IS NEEDED FOR SUPLIMENTAL WATER DOE TO HEAT IRRADI ATING FROM THE CONCRETE FAMILY HOMES SHADE AND HEAT HOME
SMALL FLORAL AND FOLIAGE TREES ARE BEST PLANTING GUIDELINES BUSINESS DISTRICT 1) 8 FEET WIDE SIDEWALKS NEEDED AT LEAST SO THAT THE TREE DOES NOT BE COME AN OBSTICAL 2) TREE SHOULD NOT REACH ANY OVERHEAD STRUCTURE 3) PLANT-4X8X3 FEET DEEP 4) DON’T PLANT ANYTHING AROUND THE TREE 5) COVER OPENINGS AROUND THE TREE WITH BRICK FILL JOINTS WITH SAND 6) CAN USE METAL GRATES AROUND TREES-ON GROUND 7) SIDEWALKS LARGER THAT 12 FEET –CAN BE PLANTED WITH LARGER TREES OR GROUPS OF TREEES SELECTING TREES 1) FOR THER ATTRACTION 2) THAT GROW WELL IN THE AREA 3) THAT FULFILL DESIRED LANDSCAPE FUNCTIONS 4) THAT ARE MAINTENANCE FREE PLANTING SITE: ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS 1) TEMPERATURES-ARE THERE EXTREMES 2) SOIL, PH,TEXTURE,SOLUBLE SALTS,NUTRIENTS, 3) WHAT IS THE LIGHT INTENSITY 4) THE AVAILABILITY OF WATER 5) SOIL DRAINAGE 6) SOIL FERTILITY 7) AMOUNT OF GROWING SPACE AVAILABLE-HEIGHT AND WIDTH FUNCTION AND MAINTENANCE FUNCTIONS:
1) PROVIDE SHADE TO REDUCE TEMPERATURE 2) DEVELOP WIND SCREENS TO DIVERT WINTER WINDS
3) EROSION CONTROL TO REDUCE SOIL MOVEMENT 4) PROVIDE A FEELING OF SHELTER AND PROTECTION 5) FRAMING VIEWS AND BUILDINGS 6) PROVIDE PRIVACY 7) SOME HAVE ATTRACTIVE FLOWERS AND FOLIAGE MAINTENANCE 1) RESISTANCE TO INSECTS AND DISEASES 2) PRUNING AND DRAINING SELECTION AT THE NURSERY 1) GOOD TWIG GROWTH AND DARK GREEN FOLIAGE 2) GOOD BRANCH SPACING AND TRUNCK TAPER 3) STRONG SINGLE TRUNCK 4) SPREADING BRANCHES 5) FOLIAGE EVENLY DISTRIBUTED OVER UPPER 2/3RDS 6) CHECK FOR DAMAGE, INSECTS OR DISEASE 7) SOLID MOIST AND PROTECTED ROOT BALL 8) NOT POT BOUND HOW TREES GROW 1) TREE SHOOTS GROW UPWARD 2) LEAVES COLLECT CO2 FROM AIR AND CAPTURE LIGHT 3) ROOTS GROW DOWNWARD AND OUTWARD INTO MOISTURE AND OXYGEN 4) ROOTS ABSORB WATER AND NUTRIENTS LEAVES AND BUDS
1) LEAVES PRODUCE CARBOHYDRATES THAT MOVE TO ROOTSFEEDING TREE PARTS ALONG THE WAY 2) LEAVES DEVELOP IN THE SHOOT GROWING TIP CALLED THE BUD 3) LATENT BUDS BUDS FAILING TO GROW INTO SHOOTS AND OVERGROWN BY THE BARKOCCUR AROUND EACH BRANCH BASE
CAMBRIUM LAYER OF CELLS LAYER OF CELLS THAT DIVIDES AND PRODUCES WOOD IN THE INSIDE OF THE TREE AND THE BARK ON THE OUTSIDE OF THE TREE TRUNK AND BRANCHES TREE BARK 1) INSULATES THE TREE 2) WATERPROOFS THE TREE AND KEEPS WATEER IN 3) RECIEVES OXYGEN 4) TRANSPORTS CARBOHYDRATES BRANCHES SUPPORT AND ELEVATE LEAVES STEM 1)TRANSPORT SYSTEM– MOVE WATER AND ELEMENTS UP FROM ROOTS AND DOWN FROM THE TOP
THE
2) CARBOHYDRATES MOVE IN THE INNER BARK FROM THE LEAVES TO THE ROOTS 3) LEAVES ON EVERY BRANCH MUST FEED THE LEAVES ON THAT BRANCH ROOTS 1) REQUIRE MOISTURE AND OXYGEN 2) GROW MOST OF THE YEAR EXCEPT IN COLD WEATHER
3) GROW NEAR SURFACE TO ABSORB OXYGEN WOODY ROOTS THICK WITH WOOD AND BARK GROW DOWN AND OUT AND ANCHOR THE TREE ANNUAL ROOTS SHALLOW AND HORIZONAL AND FANS OUT TAKE-UP H2O AND NUTRIENTS 4) ROOTS MAY GRAFT(GROW) TOGETHER FROM DIFFERENT TREES. THIS GRAFTING CAN TRANSPORT DISEASE 5) LEAVES CONTROL ROOT WATER ABSORPTION TREE DEFENCES DECAY,
DISEASES,
INSECTS AND
MECHANICAL DAMAGE
ARE WALLED OFF FROM THE REST OF THE TREE COMMUNICATION BRANCHES, ROOTS AND THE TRUNK COMMUNICATE CHEMICALLY BY AUXIN ( BUDS) AND CYTOKINEN ( ROOT TIPS) GROWTH DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE TREE GROW AT DIFFERENT TIMES GROWTH RATES VARY TREE GROWTH INFLUENCES 1) CLIMATE 1) LIGHT PHOTOPERIOD DAY LENGTH THAT REGULATES VEGETATIVE AND
REPRODUC
TIVE ACTIVITY PHOTOPERIOD INFLUENCES: 1) LEAF SHAPE 2) LEAF DROP 3) FALL COLOR 4) ONSET OF DORMANCY 5) INFLUENCES GROWTH( DAY LENGTH) 2) TEMERATURE
1) LOW TEMERATURE CAN INJURE PLANT AS WELL AS CAUSING RAPID CHANGES
5) INFLUENCES GROWTH( DAY LENGTH) 2) TEMERATURE 1) LOW TEMERATURE CAN INJURE PLANT AS WELL AS CAUSING RAPID CHANGES 2) TREES ARE DORMANT IN COLD WEATHER WINTERS 3) HIGH TEMPERATURE DRY OUT TREES 4) MOISTURE 1) LOW MOISTURE WILTS LEAVES 3) SOIL 1) DEPTH AND TEXTURE DETERMINT MOISTURE AND ELEMENT RESERVOIR 2) THE CONSISTANCY OF THE SOIL DETERMINE ROOT DEPTH 4) SOIL ELEMENTS ELEMENTS IN THE SOIL THAT ARE AVAILAVLE TO THE ROOTS 5) PH INFLUENCES GROWTH BY:
1) AFFECTING SOLUBILITY OF ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS 2) DETEERMINING THE ACTIVITY OF THE MICRORGANISMS 3) MOST TREES HAVE A 5.5.-6.5 PH
PRUNING: 1) DETERMINES FUTURE SHAPT 2) STRUCTUAL DESIGN 3) CONTINUED HEALTHY PLANT CORRECT PRUNING 1) PROLONGS THE HEALTH OF THE TREE 2) REDUCES FUTURE TREE MAINTENANCE IMPROPER PRUNING 1) THREATENS THE PLANT 2) FLUSH CUT PRUNING( CUTTING STRAIGHT DOWN THE TRUNK) CAUSES DAMAGE PROPER PRUNING HAS 3 STEPS 1) CUT ON THE UNDERSIDE OF THE PLANT 3-12 INCHES OUT FRM THE TRUNK. UNDERCUTTING PREVENTS BARK TEARING 2) MOVE OUT 2-3 INCHES BEYOND THE FIRST CUT AND CUT DOWN THE SECOND CUT SERVERS THE BRANCH WITHOUT CUTTING THE BARK 3) THE LAST CUT REMOVES THE STUB. MAKE THE CUT OUTSIDE OF THE BRANCH COL LAR TISSUE WHICH WILL CALUS OVER AND PROTECT AGAINST PESTS AND DECAY
PRUNE TWIGS, SMALL BRANCHES OR LARGE LIMBS TO THE OUTSIDE OF THE BRANCH COLLAR AND BARK RIDGE. FLUSH CUTTING A BRANCH EVEN WITH A STEM ABUSES THE TREE 1) DAMAGES THE TRUNK 2) INHIBITS NATURAL BARRIER FORMATION 3) PROVIDES ENTRY TO PESTS AND DECAY