UniMelb ENVS10003 Logbook Final Submission by SHUCHEN LU

ENVS10003 CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

LOGBOOK Victor Lu 613204 Group 21

CONTENTS WEEK 1..............................................................................................................1 WEEK 2..............................................................................................................4 WEEK 3..............................................................................................................8 WEEK 4............................................................................................................15 WEEK 5............................................................................................................20 WEEK 6............................................................................................................24 WEEK 7............................................................................................................28 WEEK 8............................................................................................................31 WEEK 9............................................................................................................37 WEEK 10..........................................................................................................44 WORKSHOP REPORT....................................................................................47 GLOSSARY.....................................................................................................50 ACKNOWLEDGMENT..................................................................................51 ENVS10003 CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS LOGBOOK 613204 SHUCHEN LU

WEEK 1

Knowledge map of weekly eLearning, reading and lecture

ENVS10003 CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS LOGBOOK 613204 SHUCHEN LU

Since this is the first week of new semester, this week’s lecture introduces this subject to us such as subject structure, assignments and so on.

The reading involves the basic concept of force and load and also eLearning mentions something about materials selection.

In the lecture, we made a trial to use one piece of paper to bear a brick. Some solutions failed and some of them succeed. It will be discussed in following pages.

In the studio, we made a towel with medium-density fibre block to investigate load and force of a structure. It also will be discussed in following pages.

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WEEK 1

ENVS10003 CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS LOGBOOK 613204 SHUCHEN LU

Activities Report Lecture Activity:

Using a piece of paper to make a structure to load a brick.

I saw an interesting one which I want to discuss it here. The student cut the A4 paper into two rectangle pieces and rolled them into two hollow columns separately, but it failed. The paper columns were huddled together by the load of brick (Image 1).

Without considering the material of the column, first thing should be considered in this case is how those two column support balancing the brick. As shown, the surfaces of columns which

Image 1

touch the brick are quite small. Therefore, to keep them balance, we have to set the column in the middle line of the rectangle’s shorter side (Image 2). Since the distances from column to both sides of brick are same, the forces from two sides to the column are same as well. Therefore, the brick keeps the balance. The columns transmit the load to the ground towards outside evenly. This system could stand steady in theory.

When paper is folded as a pentacle, this structure will extend towards outside due to the flexibility of paper. The brick presses the structure, then the load goes along with each side of pentacle and down towards ground. Extension of paper counterbalances the compression of pressure and the structure remains balance and succeeds to stand (Image 4).

However, the columns are made of thin paper.

This material is not full of the stability and toughness For my own project, I design the supporting structure as a pentacle (Image 3).

Image 2

Image 4

Image 3

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WEEK 1

Image 1

Studio Activity: Using the MDF blocks to build a tower as high as possible and shelters a toy animal.

We divided our structure into three parts: foundation, middle layer and upper layer. We used different strategies to build them. For the foundation (Image 1), we set two rows blocks and circle them into a rectangle. Compared with circle, rectangle can be control easier in the structure aspect when it grows high, because cylinder might deform inward. However, this problem in cube can be found clearly, because we can check whether each side is straight or not facilely. And two-row foundation can resolve upper load into much more small units (Image 5), so that the structure can be built higher.

In the middle layer, we use one-row structure

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ENVS10003 CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS LOGBOOK 613204 SHUCHEN LU

Image 2 (Image 2), and we laid them down to build.

The reason is when it lay down, it touch lower structure with largest surface. The load can be resolved into smaller units when contact surface becomes larger. In addition, it reduces the height of block’s centroid, it makes structure stable.

Furthermore, we use three blocks compose one structure unit (Image 4), it makes them compose a triangle structure, geometrically, triangle is the most stable shape.

Image 3

Image 4

In the upper structure, we led the block stand up horizontally. Firstly, it can get higher with same amount of material. Secondly, using less material can reduce the load to foundation.

Image 5

ENVS10003 CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS LOGBOOK 613204 SHUCHEN LU

Knowledge map of weekly eLearning, reading and lecture

WEEK 2 The reading of this week involves the basic concept of building system, which focuses on building form, building structure and environmental structure.

In the lecture, we made a trial to use some straws and a tank to build a structure to load as heavy as it possible. I will discuss it in following pages about load and joint.

In the studio, we made a frame with MDF sticks as high as possible. I will discuss it in following pages about structure style and something about structural connection.

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WEEK 2 Activities Report Lecture Activity:

Using some straws and a tank to build a structure to load as heavy as it possible.

One student joined three straws surrounding the round tank (Image 1) and they were perpendicular downward. That was a good idea. Since three joining points were located on vertexes of inscribed equilateral triangle of round, those straws can take the load evenly due to geometrical feature of equilateral triangle. However,

Image 1

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ENVS10003 CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS LOGBOOK 613204 SHUCHEN LU

this student made a fatal error which is using only one pin to join the straw with plastic tank.

Mathematically, there are numerous lines across a point (Image 2), which means the straw can rotate about the joint in this case. This makes structure unstable. Nevertheless, there is only one line existing across two pints. Therefore, one more pin should be joined in the straw to make it fixed.

Another project was similar to first one but the student did not make the straw straight downward (Image 3). The load goes along with straw to ground and the gravity goes down vertically.

These two forces forms an intersection angle to make the resultant force go down aslant, which cannot response supportive force from ground directly and evenly. That cannot compose balance structure according to Newton's laws of motion (Image 4).

Image 2

Image 3

Image 4

ENVS10003 CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS LOGBOOK 613204 SHUCHEN LU

Studio Activity: Making a frame with MDF sticks as high as possible.

Our group decided to use triangle as the basic frame factor to build the tower (Image 1 & 2).

Mathematically, triangle has stability because intersection angles between three sides are unchangeable if the length of three sides never changes.

The tower was design as a triangular pyramid.

We made different size triangle frames to fix three vertical columns (Image 3).

Meanwhile, we resolved the side face into small triangle by adding some beams (Image 4). This structure reduces the load on the main columns and leads them reach to the ground evenly.

WEEK 2

ture. That is fixed and stable because each stick in the structure can get at least other two sticks’ supporting. That resolves the tension and compression force.

As original designing, three main columns will increases until get together in one point. On that time, the whole frame becomes a closed struc-

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WEEK 2

For the joint of the each sticks, we had two methods: one is sticking them with superglue; another one is bind them with masking tape. These two methods can provide the pin joint for our structure, but in terms of material of this case, masking tape survived.

Since the stick is about 0.5cm width, the contact surface between two sticks is quite tiny and narrow. The superglue only sticks to MDF stick a little. The adhesive force is not enough against the gravity and the tension which caused by three vertical columns.

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Image 1

ENVS10003 CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS LOGBOOK 613204 SHUCHEN LU

Therefore, the stick might fall down in practice. In fact, it did happen (Image 1).

Instead of superglue, we used the making tape to blind the sticks together (Image 2 &3). The tape provides a compression to sticks from outside. It increases the static friction between two surfaces against gravity and makes the system stable.

Image 4 is the final project which is not complete due to time over.

Image 2

Image 3

Image 4

ENVS10003 CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS LOGBOOK 613204 SHUCHEN LU

Knowledge Map

WEEK 3

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WEEK3

ENVS10003 CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS LOGBOOK 613204 SHUCHEN LU

Studio Activity :Campus Tour Lot 6 Cafe Lot 6 Cafe building mainly uses pre-cast concrete columns and slabs.

Concrete elements are used for main structure while glasses are used for enclosed wall.

There is a fake lawn in front of the building. Under the fake grasses, there is a basement for fundamental equipment, such as sewage, water and electricity pipes.

Load path

Fake lawn

Undergound Basement

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ENVS10003 CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS LOGBOOK 613204 SHUCHEN LU

South Lawn Underground Carpark

WEEK 3

In fact, South Lawn is the roof of the carpark underground.

In the carpark, a series of conical columns are bearing the supersturcture's load (Image 1).

Since the main material of the superstructure is soil, in order to make much space for big trees' roots and lead the rainfall to earth. The conical columns are design as hollow inside like Image 1 shows. At the bottom of the column, it connects to earth, which makes a pathway for the water from the upper lawn to the earth. It builds a entire soil ecosystem for plants. In other word, columns in carpark are foundational footings for South lawn. They are isolated columns (Ching, 2008).

Image 2

In terms of material of columns, concrete is mainly used on it. Concrete has the low-medium permeability (eLearing.) Since the water goes through the whole concrete structure, some of them are permeating into the inner surface of the columns.

This side extends imperceptibly and results in the different rates of extension, which cases inner surface extends faster than outer surface. In order to reduce the negative impact of this process, a shallow gap is excavated in each of columns (Image 2) Image 1 Load path

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WEEK 3

ENVS10003 CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS LOGBOOK 613204 SHUCHEN LU

Union House Outdoor Stairs As Image 1 shown, the whole structure of the stairs is steel. They were not formed together on the one time. They were manufactured separately because we can see some welding points on the structure. Therefore, the structure is not strong enough to support itself leaning on the wall of building.

Therefore, there are two steel I beam holding up the bridge. And at the both end of I beam, there

are two steel cable connecting with the upper holder to pull the structure up to the required height.

Therefore, as red arrows in Image 1 shown, the main load from the bridge transits through the I beams to the cables and then load go through it to the holders. Lastly, the exterior walls carry the load and transit it down to ground.

Besides, the load also is transited by two gradient foot on the two sides of the bridge.

The cable connecting the I beam with a pin joint (Image 2). Pin joint provides a 180-degree rotation for the cable. The bridge can not shake much, but the roller joint provides flexibility to avoid damage from slight shaking.

Steel cable holder

Bearing steel beam

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Image 1

Image 2

WEEK 3

ENVS10003 CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS LOGBOOK 613204 SHUCHEN LU

North Court Membrane

A membrane structure is hired on the North Court semi-open space (Image 3). “Membranes are thin, flexible surfaces that carry loads primarily through the development of tensile stresses. They may be suspended or stretched between posts, or be supported by air pressure� (Ching, 2008 pp2.29). Most favorable advantage of the membrane structure is it can provide a large shaded space without interior columns. Therefore, interior space is able to keep entire and large. This is very use for big outdoor event but sometimes they have to have a shade because of bad weather.

North Court membranes is quite different from normal one. I found the cables pulling the central hole are not tensive. There are two reason .

Firstly, with observation, it can be seen that the whole membrane structure is not pulled by the surrounding anchors to the maximum. Therefore, the force upwards applying on the central hole is not significant. Thus, the reaction force which is pull down on the cable is not tensive.

Secondly, we can see the membrane surface is pieced together because there are many seamlines can be seen (Image 2). That means the shade is formed into funnel-shaped when it was manufacturing. Since it is manufactured into funnel. The shape is not supposed to change .

Therefore, the function of cable under the central hole is just securing.

Image 1 Force Analysis

Image 2

Image 3

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WEEK 3

ENVS10003 CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS LOGBOOK 613204 SHUCHEN LU

Sports Club Indoor Swimming Pool

A steel portal frame is haired in the indoor swimming pool as the main structure (Image 1).

Portal frame has many advantages: load path is simple, easy to construct, and duration of construction is short (Trebilcock et al., 2004). And portal frame provides a wide span for indoor space.

Image 1

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Glazing curtain encloses the structure on two opposing sides (Image 2). This provide to bright natural lighting to indoor space. It saves much power. However, Glazing curtain in this case has a big disadvantage if there is no special treatment on glass. Water in the swimming pool produce lots of vapor, when winter comes, indoor vapor will condense into fog on the surface of glazing curtain because of the temperature difference between indoor and outdoor environment.

WEEK 3

ENVS10003 CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS LOGBOOK 613204 SHUCHEN LU

Cantilever of New Architecture Building

structure (Image 1).

In the northern facade, there is a three-storey cantilever (Image 2). This cantilever consists of steel I beams.

Two vertical propings are hired to connect the top and bottom universal bearing pipes.

Four universal bearing pipes which comes out from the main structure of building create a cuboid space for cantilever. And they are main load bearing elements in this structure which transit the load on the cantilever to the main

As we know, triangle has stability. Therefore, it can reduce the possibility of downward deformation of cantilever.

Most significantly is there are two diagonal drag pipe hired in two sides of cantilever. It transits the load on the floor of cantilever to the main structure and reduces the load on the bottom universal bearing pipes. And also, it resolves the rectangle flanks of cantilever into two triangles.

Universal bearing pipe

Universal bearing pipe

Vertical proping Diagonal drag pipe

Universal bearing pipe Universal bearing pipe

Vertical proping Image 1 Load Path

Image 2

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WEEK 4

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ENVS10003 CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS LOGBOOK 613204 SHUCHEN LU

ENVS10003 CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS LOGBOOK 613204 SHUCHEN LU

Studio Activity: Scale, Annotation And Working Drawing Conventions

- Scale is used to zoom out the actual size of building into a paper.

WEEK 4

Questionnaire 1. Title Block

Name of Drawing

Scale

Drawing Number

- We have different scales to use. Usually, therer are 1:1, 1:10, 1:20, 1:50, 1:100, 1:200 etc. . The bigger denominator follows colon, the more information and actual size can be putted in a same paper. In other words, smaller scale makes larger actual size.

- Image 1 shows, different forms of scale. They are numeral scale, graphic scale bar and text scale which describs the scale in words.

Image 2 (Cox Architecture Pty Ltd) Name of Architect Why might title block be important?

Because title block provides information to navigate reader to understand drawing.

Project Number

Orientation

2. Drawing Content - Plan Floor plan shows: Room number, door number, room name, finished floor level, spot level, window name and number, type of wall, height of wall, area of room, The dimension shows on Image 2 is “7 degrees�.

It stands for the adjacent two walls rotates 7 degrees horizontally.

There is a grid to define where an exact part is.

It consist of numeral horizontal axis and alphabetic vertical axis.

Image 1

Image 2 Sample Dimension

Legend shows the meanings of the symbols and abbreviations used in plans. (to be continued next page)

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WEEK 4

2. Drawing Content - Plan (Continued) In Image 1 below shows the part of drawing is surrounded with breaking line and a annotation annotate it can be zoomed in “A66-01” drawing as a section.

Image 1

Image 2 shows the plan how references with to other drawings. It can be seen there are to indicators in Image 2, the cut down plan with a vertical line and form a section on Drawing A40-01. The section looks towards along the arrow indicating.

Image 2

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ENVS10003 CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS LOGBOOK 613204 SHUCHEN LU

3. Drawing Content - Elevations

Image 3 Image 4 Image 3 and 4 show thee symbols used for doors and windows respectively in plan drawing. They have a series continuing number to define the number of each doors and windows.

“D01” says this the No1 door in the Room 2.04, obviously, “2.04” stands for the number of room. Similarly, “W04” (Image 2) means Window 4 in Room 2.04. All explanation of these symbols can be found in legends block.

Image 5 Symbol of Image 5 shows how floor levels are noted on the plan. "FFL" is finished floor level which means the elevation of the floor. The unit of it is meter. Therefore, this symbol notes that floor level in that room is 47.10 meters.

What type of information is shown in this elevation? How does it differ from the information shown on the plan?

The elevation shows the out looking of the building. It reflects the appearance of surface.

It is different from plan in terms of the plan describes the details from looking down and the inner structure of building while elevation just shows the appearance of it.

As Image 6 shown, dimension are showing in the elevation whose unit is millimeter. It is similar to dimension shows on plan, but as mentioned in previous page, usually dimension on elevation can not shows the angle or rotating wall like plan because we can not see the rotation visually from building’s surface.

Some area of the drawing are clouded, that indicates the changes on this area. For example, on Drawing A21-02 (Cox Architecture Pty Ltd), there is a piece of text saying “remove exist parquetry. Repair and finish existing floor boards”, this indicates the changes here.

Image 6

WEEK 4

ENVS10003 CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS LOGBOOK 613204 SHUCHEN LU

3. Drawing Content - Elevations (Continued)

There are three types of level can be found in the elevation: FFL (finished floor level), RL (Spot level- Reduced level) and FCL (Spot level- finished ceiling level). Image 1 shows how levels show in elevation drawing.

There is a grid in elevation drawing. They are a series of continuing number indicating the drawing above and segments the drawing vertically.

There are some notes and comments expressing with words in elevation drawing to specify the additional information about structure and construction. For example, in Drawing A30-01 (Cox Architecture Pty Ltd), there is “New timber columns and structure to existing verandah�. This indicates what will be constructed with what material in this existing veranda.

Image 1

The symbols used to identify the doors and windows are the same the those in plan drawing, but in the elevation drawing, we can see what doors and windows look like exactly with the symbols identified (Image 2).

Image 2

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WEEK 4

ENVS10003 CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS LOGBOOK 613204 SHUCHEN LU

4. Drawing Content - Sections Section shows the internal details of structure which sometimes can not be seen normally.

Compared with plan, which is like a whole map of building, and elevation, which shows what you can see from outside exactly, section provide a small-scale drawing to describe much more details inside structure.

Image 1 shows a section of pop-up roof on function room (Cox Architecture Pty Ltd). Sections indicate the materials using with different width of line and filling different patterns. Meanwhile, it uses annotation to identity the exact material’s property, such as “INS-04” and “TIM-04”, they stands for a particular insulation and timber respectively.

Image 1

5. Drawing Content - Details Everything in the structure should be detailed because only depending on details, the constructing can be processed.

The details are compressed using break line to help people to find those details in the whole structure.

Like the section drawing, details uses different pattern to express the different materials (Image 2). Sometimes it will be indicated with an arrow line and words what the particular name is.

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Image 2

ENVS10003 CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS LOGBOOK 613204 SHUCHEN LU

WEEK 5

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WEEK 5

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ENVS10003 CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS LOGBOOK 613204 SHUCHEN LU

WEEK 5

ENVS10003 CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS LOGBOOK 613204 SHUCHEN LU

1. We used timber stick to make the roof structure of oval pavilion. We measured the length and width on the document and use 1:20 to cut timber sticks. Initially, we tried to use glue to stick them but it failed so stick tape was hired.

2. We divided our work into two groups. One did the main bearers and bottom prop, another group did the cantilevers and spans. We just made vertical prop between two beams firstly so that we can secure the distance between them.

3. We cut down all sticks and put them on the frame to ensure the location of them. Then, we beveled two ends of a stick in order to it can be embedded into the frame in the same surface.

4. What we make as model usually can be made in reality, but there is still a difference between them. Like our case, two cantilevers has a fixed angle, but since we use mask tape to secure them, it is hard to make them on a constant angle. Therefore, we decided add a stick between

them in the angle (red line circled on left photo).

Another difference between model and real construction is like the right photo shows, we made the cantilevers longer than designed to carry the edge of top roof (red line circled on right). The reason still relates to the strength of adhesion of

the mask tape is not good enough to prevent the edge from falling down. Due to this, we chose to extend the cantilever to carry it. In physics, this change altered the load path of the edge, that is now the edge has an extra bottom element to transit the weight, therefore, it is secured.

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WEEK 5

ENVS10003 CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS LOGBOOK 613204 SHUCHEN LU

Final roof structure

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Load path

Since this 1:20 model divided into two group to work. It is easily to see the difference between our partner’s work and ours. In terms of securing timber stick together, they chose mortise and tenon joint which connect two structure elements together with groove and tongue without the glue while we used mask tape to secure the joints. The advantage of mortise and tenon (Woodwork Details) is it can secure the joint much more safely than sticking and it is a constant structure. However, it takes a longer time to shape the end of the stick into the exact groove and tongue to make sure they can match each other.

ENVS10003 CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS LOGBOOK 613204 SHUCHEN LU

WEEK 6

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WEEK 6

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ENVS10003 CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS LOGBOOK 613204 SHUCHEN LU

WEEK 6

ENVS10003 CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS LOGBOOK 613204 SHUCHEN LU

Group A Presentation Group A's site is a rebuilding project. The main problem of it is the old building used the same wall with neighbor initially. Therefore, rebuilding will base on the wall, which can not be demolished.

Timber joist

Concrete footing

Footing system

Reinforce steel bar

Metal deck Fixed joint connecting timber joist and concrete footing

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WEEK 6 Group A's site is a house extension project. In fact, the new house is building near by the old one. Not extended directly on the old house.

Like the most of houses in Australia, it uses timber stud system as main structure.

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ENVS10003 CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS LOGBOOK 613204 SHUCHEN LU

ENVS10003 CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS LOGBOOK 613204 SHUCHEN LU

Group B Presentation

OPEN can be: Planned elements: windows, doors, skylights Unplanned elements: building fabric created by: -Poor construction workmanship -Deterioration of materials Common techniques used to remove openings to prevent water penetration include seal the open with: -Sealant (e.g. silicone)

Three conditions must occur while water penetrates into a building: 1. An opening 2. Water present at the opening 3. A force to move water through the opening Solution 1. Remove opening 2. Keep water away from opening 3. Neutralise the forces that move water through opening One is sufficient but if two or more strategies are pursued then there is added security in case one fails

-Gaskets (e.g. preformed shapes made from artificial rubbers etc.

WEEK 7 Neutralising the force: The force to be considered includes: -Gravity (use slopes and overlaps to carry water away from building using the force of gravity) -Surface tension and capillary action (Typically use a drip or a break between surfaces to prevent water clinging to the underside of surfaces (window sill or parapet capping) -Momentum (Windblown rain, moisture and snow can move through simple gaps) -Air pressure differential (The water is “pumped” from high pressure to the low pressure) (Rain screen assemblies: if an air barrier is introduced on the internal side of the labyrinth, a ventilated and drained pressure equalization chamber(PEC) is created and the water is no longer “pumped” to the inside of the assembly.

(Newton, 2014）

Keeping water from openings is directed away from any potential openings in the building by: -Grading (Sloping) roofs so that the water is collected in gutters which then discharge the water downpipes and storm-water systems.

-Overlapping cladding and roofing elements (weather boards and roof tiles) -Sloping window and door sills and roof/ wall flashings -Sloping the ground surface away from the walls at the base of buildings (to allow any water to run away from building

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WEEK 7

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ENVS10003 CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS LOGBOOK 613204 SHUCHEN LU

ENVS10003 CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS LOGBOOK 613204 SHUCHEN LU

WEEK 7

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WEEK 8

ENVS10003 CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS LOGBOOK 613204 SHUCHEN LU

Head

Rough

Leaf

Opening

Stop

Jamb Architrave Sill/Threshold

Lock/Handle

Door swing

Top Rail Stile Feature panel, glass or hollow/ solid core infill Mid Rail Bottom Rail

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ENVS10003 CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS LOGBOOK 613204 SHUCHEN LU

WEEK 8

What I sketch is the southern section of function room on the new oval pavilion (red circled).

The photo shows the out-looking of this structure , a roof parapet.

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WEEK 8

ENVS10003 CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS LOGBOOK 613204 SHUCHEN LU

AL-06 Flashing This is an aluminum flashing to move the rainfall on the roof away RFS-01 Galvanized roof sheet This sheet is the outermost layer of roof structure. The reason it is galvanized is roof is prone to corrode with rainfall, and zinc surface is beneficial to avoiding corroding of materials.

INS-03 Thermal insulation (roof) In order to prevent the roof from over sunburning to heat the interior space, thermal insulation is hired here to solve this issue.

INS-08 Acoustic insulation (roof) Similar purpose as INS-03, this structure functions as acoustic insulation to insulate the noise from outside.

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ENVS10003 CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS LOGBOOK 613204 SHUCHEN LU

WEEK 8 INS-04 Thermal insulation (External walls) Insulating heat from outside.

AL-01 Roof access hatch Aluminum roof access hatch to provide an access interior structure of roof for maintenance.

Structural supporting Timber beams to support upper roof structure.

PFC- Structural steel beam This is the main structural element to brace the roof so it is the heaviest part in this section with thickest line.

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WEEK 8

ENVS10003 CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS LOGBOOK 613204 SHUCHEN LU

Z Purling

INS-02 Acoustic insulation (ceilings) This is an acoustic insulation on ceilings to insulate some mechanical noise in the roof structure such as air condition.

CGL-03 Suspended impact plasterboard ceiling The finish of ceiling to provide a glossy surface of ceiling.

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WEEK 8

ENVS10003 CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS LOGBOOK 613204 SHUCHEN LU

Joint sealant with backing rod

Shadow-line Bead

AL-02: Aluminum Frame This is an aluminum frame. It can provide bracing for upper structure and also since it is hollow some cables even ventilation pipes can be located inside.

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WEEK 9

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ENVS10003 CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS LOGBOOK 613204 SHUCHEN LU

ENVS10003 CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS LOGBOOK 613204 SHUCHEN LU

WEEK 9

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WEEK 9

Off Campus Site Visiting

ENVS10003 CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS LOGBOOK 613204 SHUCHEN LU

The site we visit is located on Caulfield. It is a three-storey apartment with a underground basement of car parking area.

The totally cost of this construction is seven million dollars approximately and materials costs about 30% of it and the rest is expended by labor force.

And the project manager mentioned these two cost will be half and half in a smaller scale project. This reflects labor force is a main cost in a Australian construction industry than it in China or other labor-intensive countries in Asia. Therefore, to select materials wisely is the key to reduce the cost of project in Australia.

Basement - full steel-concrete structure

A tiny gap can be seen between two concrete wall slabs. It provides extension space for concrete when it gets heat or moisture to expand to avoid deformation caused by extrusion of concrete slabs

Basement in this building will be functioned as a car parking, so it needs a wide-span space with less columns. And also basement is under ground and as foundation of the whole building.

Therefore, it must be selected the strongest material to build it, thus, we can see the whole basement is made of concrete and reinforcement steel.

This photo shows the concrete wall is finishing and some temporary diagonal props are hired to make the wall stand perpendicularly.

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The main electricity cables goes through the ceiling to upper structure with a plastic pipe, which buried inside when concrete slab is casting.

WEEK 9

ENVS10003 CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS LOGBOOK 613204 SHUCHEN LU

The pre-cast concrete columns are hired in basement space to brace the superstructure. Therefore we can see some anchor holes on it for hoisting it up during installation as photo shows. The reason why pre-cast concrete columns are hired here instead of in-situ one is it has much more economic efficiency.

On the wall, there are 10 anchor holes. The were used to bracing the concrete wall up during installation.

And push the wall against the pressure of ground from outside.

There is a small slopping floor on the foot of the wall, which made the foot is lower than central area. And the drainpipes are installing here.

When basement get water like rainfall amassing accidentally, they can flow out along the sloping into the drainpipe and exist.

A simple section of basement car parking Digging an underground structure is an expensive project during construction so builder are seek an equilibrium between getting larger area of the basement and spending less. In this project, they dig a groove in the basement to create a deeper space vertically so that an automatic car parking equipment can set up there. With this construction, builder create more car space for residence and saving cost than digging two-storey basement, which costs much more.

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WEEK 9

The floor slab is in-situ element in this building.

Worker use temporary steel props and LVL beams to set up a bracing system for slab casting. The sheets of plywood with black rubber surface are hired to be temporary floor slab and concrete casting on it. The black rubber surface provide a smooth surface to plywood and concrete. Once concrete finished in the first 21 days, worker can move the plywood panel away and raise the steel props up to continue supporting the concrete slab until it completely finish.

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ENVS10003 CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS LOGBOOK 613204 SHUCHEN LU

Some mechanical and service channels are reserved into the concrete slab while casting. We can see some holes with plastic pipe in the slab (red line circled). They will be the channel between different levels in building for electricity cables, water supply and down water.

This area will be the bathroom in the apartment.

Worker dig a groove here for future interior construction such as paving tile on the floor and install a bath to connect the down water pipe. And we can see the pipe casted in the slab is covered with a lid, because sometimes the block of brick and construction rubbish or something like that will fall down into the pipe accidentally during constructing, and people use lid to prevent pipe from being jammed by rubbish.

WEEK 9

ENVS10003 CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS LOGBOOK 613204 SHUCHEN LU

The elevator space is a whole concrete structure from basement to the top level (Image 2), meanwhile, they forms the main bearers of each level’s floor slab. The load path diagram (Image 1) shows the weight which floor load transits to the wall of elevator space and then down to ground.

The floor slab is in-situ element. It is made of the concrete with reinforcement steel truss. The builder cast the concrete on the steel truss from rear to front in order to avoiding stepping on the unfinished concrete.

There are some build-in steel bars on the elevator space (Image 3, red line circled), and they are inserted into the slab truss. Therefore, once concrete casted, it can connect to the walls of elevator space. It makes the structure secured.

We can see the steel bar is ferrugineous and much thicker than it in other part, this is a kind of the steel bar and it is thicker because the steel bar here is the key of the structure and it related to the quality of construction and stability.

Image 1

Image 2

Image 3

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WEEK 9

ENVS10003 CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS LOGBOOK 613204 SHUCHEN LU

A steel deck (red line circled) is hired on the top of steel column on the 2rd floor. It will be built in the concrete floor slab and its bottom will be bolted or welded with top of columns under the slab.

The columns on the Level 1 is black and it is little thinner than that in ground floor because it carry less load than ground floor’s column and it is good to reduce t h e s u p e r s t r u c t u r e ’s weight.

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A simple load path of the steel columns The blue steel column is hired on the ground floor to supporting the superstructure. It is built-in the concrete slab and get across the upper level via a hole directly to make the columns in the building into continuous one. The blue is natural color of the steel and it is very strong to be a primary structural of a building.

ENVS10003 CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS LOGBOOK 613204 SHUCHEN LU

WEEK 10

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WEEK 10

Oblique (3D) drawing

Z purling

ENVS10003 CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS LOGBOOK 613204 SHUCHEN LU

Packing timber connection It connect the PFC on the top and aluminum window frame on the bottom.

Hollow glazing is hired in the room as the elements of window. The reason they are used here is hollow glazing have a good abilities sound and thermal insulations. Two ends of glazing are secured with sealant firmly in order to create a completely closed environment inside for insulation.

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WEEK 10

ENVS10003 CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS LOGBOOK 613204 SHUCHEN LU

As red line circled, they are waterproofing elements in structure because they are out-most parts of it which will encounter rainfall, so they have to be waterproof.

The timber elements are chosen here because they are secondary bracing elements for roof and there is no necessity to choose PFC, a manufacture steel elements, which is much more expensive than timber. And timber is light weight, it is able to reduce the load to bottom structure.

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WORKSHOP

At constructing workshop, we are distributed timber materials randomly and to build a structure to load weight as heavy as possible.

The materials of my group are two plywood sheets (L:1200 mm, W:90 mm, H: 3.2mm) and two pine bars (L:1200 mm, W: 24mm, H: 24mm) as Image 2 shows.

tically them from top (Image 4) on the bottom beam which made of another pine bar. Then, we covered a sheet of plywood on the top so that our structure had a required height (Image 3).

And we had one sheet of plywood left, so we nailed it on the back and made more connection between diagonal pine columns and bottom pine beam.

Firstly, we sawed one of pine bar into short segmentations with 45 degrees angle with level line on two ends (Image 1). And we nailed ver-

Pine wood bar has higher density and thickness than plywood, so that it is stronger than it. This is reason why we chose it as main load bearing

ENVS10003 CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS LOGBOOK 613204 SHUCHEN LU

element in this case. And also, we created the diagonal columns because the vertical diagonal columns can create a series of triangles which has stability. It reinforced the strength of structure. And 45-degree angles made the triangel as isosceles so that the load paths from each side which transited downward pressure were equal. This made every section be able to load force evenly.

Finally, our structure carried about 320 kg load on the trial. This was the top score on that workshop. The failure of the structure was unfixed nailing since we had no enough time to nail carefully. So some of them burst out from the joint resulted in the failure of the structure.

Image 1

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Image 2

Image 3

Image 4

ENVS10003 CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS LOGBOOK 613204 SHUCHEN LU

Other Groups' Structures

WORKSHOP

Final load: 165 kg Testing method: standing up as Image 1 shows

Image 1 Object 1

This was a good structure which looked stable and carefully nailed. The reason why it only loaded such small pressure was the short column between two pine bar did not segment the beam evenly. This caused the load path between each column unequal so that some sections became weaker than others. Stress discontinuity led to structural failure.

Final load: 64 kg Testing method: standing up with two plywood sheet aside.

Image 2 Object 2

During trial, this structure were tested vertically, that was it standing up instead of laying down as Image 2 shows. The most significant problem of that was there was not horizontal structure in it to transit load horizontally. And all short pine columns secured on the plywood which only can carry a little load and was pron to deformate.

Therefore, the structure failed soon.

Final load: 68 kg Testing method: laying down with the plywood sheet on the back facing upward.

Image 3 Object 3

Similar reason of failure to the Object 2. There was no horizontal elements on the bottom to transit load horizontally. Pine is a good material to carry load but they used it as the edge so it did not play a role to load much.

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WORKSHOP

Image 1 Image 1 shows the final failure of the Object 3 on last page. It can be seen that the pine wood cracked from nailing point because nail made a weakness on the entire of pine when nailing in.

And the pine crushed from the middle because the trail just gave one-point pressure on the structure but this structure did not transit outwards from the point evenly.

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ENVS10003 CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS LOGBOOK 613204 SHUCHEN LU

Image 2 Image 2 show the final failure of the Object 2.

The thin plywood sheet has middle density grain and fiber which is not strong to load weight. And while stand it up, it is pron to be deformation as Image 2 shows. It buckled because the force upwards which testing holder gave and the force downwards which testing presser gave extrude the plywood inwards and extrusion force led to deformation.

Image 3 The deformation result in breaking out. As Image shows, the plywood broke out along the grain of itself because there are many ting gap between grain and fibers inside. They became the weakness of it while a force applies on it.

ENVS10003 CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS LOGBOOK 613204 SHUCHEN LU

GLOSSARY

Bracing: a structure to support itself to stand stably.

Gutter: a structure to collect rain water on the roof.

Column: is rigid, relatively slender structural members designed primarily to support axial compressive loads applied to the ends of the members (Ching, 2008:2.13).

IEQ: Indoor environmental quality

Concrete plank: a pre-cast concrete product to provide a slab or panel for span as a floor or ceiling.

MDF: middle density fibre

Span: a section between two joists.

Mechanical system: essential services to building, which includes water supply, sewage disposal, ventilating, electricity, inner transportation, fire-fighting and recycling.

Stability: an ability to stay stably.

Cornice: a structure beyond a door or window.

Down pipe: the pipe channel to lead the raindrop in the roof runs down to ground.

Eave: the bottom edge of a roof Enclosure system: roof, exteriorwalls, windows, doors. It prevents people from inclement weather, unexpected moisture, heat, air flow and noise.

ESD: environmental sustainable design Flashing: the material used for prevent water from getting into structure from a joint or other structure in the building.

Frame: a system to support the whole structure.

Girder: a support beam. Main horizontal bearer in a building.

Joist: a horizontal supporting member to support the ceiling and floor.

Nogging: a horizontal bracing piece used to give rigidity Pad footing: a footing with a pad on the bottom.

Parapet: an extension of the wall at the edge of roof.

Purlin: is a horizontal beam for structural support in roof structure.

Retaining wall: a wall braces the soil to prevent it from falling.

Sandwich panel: three layers of materials and they combined together with glue.

Shear force: a force perpendicular to structure.

Shear wall: a wall loading the shear force.

Slab: a plate material, usually uses for flooring.

Soffit: an arch structure under the roof

Structural joint: a connection point where two separate structure come together.

Structural system: support and transmit applied gravity and lateral loads safely.

Substructure: the foundation of a building Substructure: foundation of a building Superstructure: vertical extension of a building above the foundation.

Tension: an inner outwards force of a structure and material.

Vapour barrier: the material used for moisture insulation

Sealant: a glue Seasoned timber: dried timber

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ACKNOLEDGEMENT Ching, F. (2008). Building Construction Illustrated (4th ed.). Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Cox Architecture Pty Ltd. (2014). The University of Melbourne Oval Pavilion Documentation.

Melbourne: Faulty of Environments, The University of Melbourne Euclid, A. (n.d.). Euclid's Elements. Retrieved from http://aleph0.clarku.edu/~djoyce/java/elements/ toc.html Halliday, D., Robert, R. (2005). Fundamental of Physics (7th ed.). USA: John Wiley and Sons, Inc..

Newton, C. (2014) Weekly Guides of ENVS 10003, Melbourne: University of Melbourne.

Trebilcock, P. and Lawson R. (2004). Architectural design in steel. London: Spon Press.

WoodworkDetails.com. (2014). "Mortise and Tenon Frame Joints", retrieved on 17/04/2014 http://www.woodworkdetails.com/knowledge/ joints/frame/mortise-and-tenon

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