Use of urban underground space in Amaravati Vinay Kumar B.Arch., Fifth year Department of architecture SPA Vijayawada Email Id: vinay.ganji444@gmail.com Abstract—The world-wide trend of enhanced urbanization creates issues for increasing of cities associated has run out of natural resource and an enhanced demand for reliable infrastructure and amenities. The capital city of Andhra Pradesh, Amaravati, a newly constructing urban city which expects 1 million to 1.2 million population increases by 2024-2025.And area of 8603sq.km covered under Amaravati capital region & 217sq.km covered under capital city. Cities should realize that an invaluable asset that lies beneath their surfaces. When underground solutions are considered and evaluated from the planning or initial project stages onwards, more optimal solutions will become possible and it is beneficial for urban future. This paper aims to the scope of urban undergrou nd construction and its contribution to the urban future. And it discuss about the importance of underground space and its benefits. It compares the usage of underground space in different cities and their advantages & disadvantages. In conclusions and recommendations, it states the utilization of space w.r.t. different levels and its space constraints. Index Terms—Amaravati, city model, urbanization, urban growth, urban underground space, urban cities.
I. INTRODUCTION
II. IMPORTANCE OF URBAN UNDERGROUND SPACE
Along with the broad development of quick urbanization, the dramatically increase of urban population, the contradictions between urban space and functions are increasing. Many cities have a “City Syndrome”, such as crowded urban space, traffic congestion, environmental pollution, ecological degradation, resource scarcity, etc. [1]. The capital city of Andhra Pradesh, Amaravati, a newly constructing urban city which expects 1 million to 1.2 million population increase by 2024-2025.Out of which 4.5 lac are expected to migrate from other states and even other countries, while another 2.5 lac from other parts of Andhra Pradesh like Vijayawada to make Amaravati their home [2]. Asking the huge need for space, construct the tall buildings and urban elevated road, requires ground for development. The two actions have become the crucial means of raising the urban space, simplifying traffic pressure and revitalize the urban environment. And Amaravati is proposing housing facilities for 35 million population and is likely to offer 3.31 million jobs by 2035, which needs more office space to accommodate employee [3]. The contemporary acknowledge of most people about the urban space is still in the notion of horizontal plane. People looks for two-dimensional space perspective of the ground and the aboveground to solve the difficult on urban development, while underground space acted only as an added space which achieves more benefits [1]. The lack of the understanding of above and below city space’s coordinate development, and the isolated treatment toward the planning and construction of above and below ground space, leads to the improper usage of space resources and the inflexibility of refining the land use.
Judging from the whole world, the reason of the crisis of field for the city`s development is the high strength of the city construction. We can clearly see that full surface utilization, high cubage, and excess high-rise buildings causes deforestation and environmental degradation [1]. For example, in Vijayawada, there is no ground space in the city for new construction and city has only 2-3% open green spaces, actually min. 10%, still need the ‘‘footprint” on ground and even elevated roads offers difficulty for traffic issues [4]. Urban Underground Space (UUS) use has been growing significantly in the world’s biggest and wealthiest cities. Arguably, the main driving factors of this growth were lack of surface space and a need for a better environment, including abatement of motor traffic and pollution problems [5]. Generalizing, we can recommend that with strengthening of UUS development, awareness of the urban sustainability outline and need to make cities more livable can be accomplished. Manmade UUS includes Urban Underground Infrastructure, which can be defined as a set of artificial structures, located entirely or partially below ground level, interconnected physically or functionally [5]. UUI is represented by a variety of utilities, rail and motor tunnels, buildings basements used as storages, garages, public pedestrian and shopping zones, etc. At present we can see a budding development towards making better use of the underground. Data centers, shopping centers, archives, libraries, art galleries, swimming pools, sports centers and warehouses have already been built beneath major cities. Bars, nightclubs, and even restaurants, are appearing in disused former bunkers, because there are no noise issues [6]. In the crowded city of Tokyo, Japan, engineers have created automated underground bike storage
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facilities, which transport bikes from the surface to racks below ground [7]. Locating data centers underground brings multiple benefits. Not only is the surface land conserved for other uses, but unused heat generated from the computer can be used efficiently to heat homes, as seen in for example Helsinki, Finland [8].
TABLE I. City on the ground and underground space, functional distinction [1]. LAND LEVEL Above the surface
UUS used to reconstruct most of the above ground traffic network, to move it into underground. Most of the motor vehicles should be operated and parked underground, while leaving the roads of above ground there, reserved for fire engines and ambulances [1]. To cover the city with nature, it is wise to use green-space to replace the former roads, in order to make no environmental interference with the underground space. Thus we can control the whole city by walking network. Moving all the infrastructure to the underground, this construction needs comprehensive organization by organizing them together and bringing them into an advanced run mode, so as to designing, realizing and operating a full automatic underground logistics system.
Just above the surface
Superficial layer(0.0m to -10m)
III. UTILIZATION OF URBAN UNDERGROUND SPACE
Sub-superficia l layer(-11m to -30m)
Early function of urban underground space is simple, mainly to meet the needs of preparing for war and underground transportation. With the development of the city and technology, underground space can accommodate more and functions can be summarized as storage (e.g. food, water, oil, industrial goods, waste); industry (e.g. manufacturing); energy production (e.g. geothermal energy sourcing); transport (e.g. railways, roads, pedestrian tunnels); utility supply (e.g. water, gas, electricity and communications) and waste disposal (e.g. waste water); and provision of public space (e.g. shopping centers, hospitals, parking, civil defense structures) and private space (e.g. cellars, household garages and dwellings) [5]. And these functions are more closely linked with the ground buildings and surrounding facilities. Consequently, the modern underground space development can no longer run into in an isolated development. The above and below ground space should be coordinately urbanized in three-dimensional category, in a way to work out a functional and pleasant urban space. According to the different stages of urban development, we can establish four levels of the coordinated development about the above and below part of the city space [1]. The superficial and sub-superficial of underground space are near to the surface, which makes it at ease for people to go up and down. For that reason, this measure of the underground space has the highest use value, easily to develop, and it is also the most comfortable part to people both in material and psychological. So the superficial, sub-superficial underground space should be treated as the regional that accommodating the vast majority of human activities, which is similar to the activities on the ground [1].
Civil land(with in building red line) Office building, commercial building, dwelling. Office building, commercial building, dwelling. Commercial facility, parking plot, foot path, construction equipment layer Refuge facilities
Public land(road)
Public land(park, square)
Elevated road
Green open space, nature, water, refuge facilities.
Road(roadway, foot path)
Road, subway station, commercial street, parking plot, public utility. Subway tunnel, common ditch, road, public utility.
Parking plot, refuge facilities, public utility, processing system. -
Deep underground space has the depth of underground about or more than 50 meters. It is a unique region, characterized by merely non-existent of human activity [1]. The development and utilization of this region to a large extent is of automated, programmed urban lifeline systems. This area can provide heavy infrastructure urban network, for example, it will be more secure to set the nuclear power plant in the deep underground space than on the ground. Moreover, the speedy goods transfer system setting up in this layer will reduces the tension of ground burden on road transport and cargo automobiles on urban environmental pollution. IV. CASE EXAMPLE: USE OF UUS IN SINGAPORE Ref. [9] Singapore consists of one larger and several smaller islands, and lies at the southern end of the Malay Peninsula. With a high population density and continually developing economy, Singapore faces a severe lack of land space for development. The increasing population, coupled with the government plan for more green space for the population, means more competition for land. 640
620 600
580 560
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985
Fig. 1. Graph showing increase in land area for development [10].
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Land has always been recognized as a constraint by the Singapore government. The land shortage is expected to get worse according to planning numbers published by the government. According to the land use plan of the government published in 2013, the expected population is in higher number than the estimated land use. Noticeably, the pressure on land will be more.
underground master plan was recognized early in defining the Terms of Reference for the Task Force. However, the difficulties and challenges, especially the type of technical and policy input required, were probably underestimated. One major challenge was the lack of 3D geological information [16]. Other challenges include identifying the types of underground space applications and developing a vertical zoning framework to address the 3D nature of underground space use, coordination and integration among various government agencies, different applications, and integrating aboveground and underground space development [17]. V. PROPOSING THE USE OF UUS IN AMARAVATI Amaravati is the capital city of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The planned city is located on the southern banks of the Krishna River in Guntur district, within the Andhra Pradesh Capital Region. The word "Amaravati" derives its name from the historical Amaravathi Temple town, the ancient capital of the Telugu Rulers of the Satavahana dynasty. The foundation stone was laid on 22 October 2015, at Uddandarayunipalem area by the Prime Minister, Narendra Modi. The metropolitan area of Guntur and Vijayawada are the major conurbations of Amaravati [18].
Fig. 2. Map showing the original land boundary in 1965 (white line) and land areas created by reclamation [14]. A. Overview of underground space use in Singapore Like many other cities in the world, Singapore’s initial and main use of underground space has been in the area of transport systems and some basement construction for shopping and parking purposes in the city areas. According to the LTA Land Transport Master Plan 2013, Singapore’s rail network is expected to double from the current 180 km to 360 km by 2030. B. Recent initiatives and major studies The use of underground space in Singapore has become part of the overall strategy for long-term economic strategy and is structured as part of the urban sustainability. The underground is now recognized as a strategic resource whose use must be planned and optimized. This shift in thinking however did not come easily. C. Underground master planning In 2007, the government set up an Underground Master Plan Task Force, with the following terms of references defined as its broad objectives: a. To develop an underground Master Plan for Singapore by identifying potential types of uses and their corresponding benefits to Government, and determining potential locations for such underground uses. A comprehensive underground Master Plan will form inputs to the next Concept Plan Review. b. To identify imminent potential projects for underground development, resolve technical issues and apply the revised funding mechanism and supporting policy recommendations from AGD’s (Attorney General’s Department) committee to facilitate their development. c. For areas studied by AGD’s committee on Integrated Underground Development, to surface policy changes necessary to facilitate underground development to AGD’s committee. Clearly, the importance and need to develop an
A. Geography The city is being built in Guntur district, on the banks of the Krishna River. The city will be 12 kilometers (7.5 mi) south-west of Vijayawada and 24 kilometers (15 mi) north of Guntur [18]. B. Statistical data of Amaravati Tab. V. Area considered for development [19]. Category Amaravati capital region Amaravati capital city Amaravati seed area
Area 8603 sq.km 217.23 sq.km 4283 sq.km
Tab. VI. Estimated population of city [20]. Category Residential Commercial Institutional Industrial
Population 3552950 545032 Total507051 1173568 121485
Tab. VII. Land use of city [20]. Land use
Area(sq.km)
Percentage%
Developable land Hills
163.02
75
4.26 17.50
2 8
Water bodies
14.49 12.77 4.97
7 6 2
Total
217.23
100
Islands Village settlements River
Total area of capital city is 217.23sq.km and open area of about 25% gives 54.21 sq.km, so area of 163.02sq.km is for construction. If underground volume of superficial (0 to -10m) resource is used, 1.6302 cubic kilometers will be for construction. Additional, the sub-superficial (-10 to -30m)
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resource is used; 3.2604 cubic kilometers will be for construction. Assume the floor height as 5m. So total of 4.8906 cubic km of land is available for construction and development. The following are the global development and urbanization concepts related to urban underground space which are proposing to Amaravati city. Tab. VIII. Urbanization concepts related to UUS [5].
Livable city (hunt et al. 2015)
A concept and reference to Summary of major the UUS research. UUS Sustainability (sterling et - Rational use of UUS resources al. 2012) - Rational land use - Combating urban sprawl and compact city - Geothermal energy (deep and shallow subsurface heat exchange) - Urban infrastructure efficiency (transport, water, etc.) Resilience (sterling and - Urban natural and nelson, 2013: Bobylev et al. artificial disasters preparedness 2013: Makana et al. 2015) - Emergency response and civil defense facilities - Mitigation of city scale adverse environmental impacts (e.g. Urban head island effect) - Critical infrastructure reliability Climate change adaptation - urban networks energy and mitigation (Bobylev, efficiency (mitigation) - stable temperature 2009b, 2013) mode benefits while locating urban functions (mitigation) - enabling urban compactness (mitigation) - underground infrastructure facilities for urban climate change adaptation - adaptation of urban underground infrastructure to climate change (reflecting changes in water balance, extreme temperature) - Greater use of Smart city(Bobylev, 2014)
Compact city (Bobylev,2009a:wende et al.2010) Zero land use (Vahaaho, 2013)
information and communication technologies to enable more efficient use of existing urban underground infrastructure facilities (e.g. Water sewers.) - Compact and high quality public spaces - enhancing urban green and recreational areas by putting infrastructure underground - densification - quality of life and environment - proximity - A concept of “zero land use� is an idealistic approach to urban growth and development just using underground space. The concept originates from the city Helsinki, Finland, where significant advancements in UUS planning has been made.
VI. CONCLUSIONS The present problem of city planning is at a certain period of time, city unable to sustain the problems which are generated by increase in population. To reduce these urban problems and redesigning the particular city according to issues mainly lack of surface area, its better consider the UUS in the initial stage of city design, so that it can survive efficiently for longer period of time. As Amaravati is a newly born city, there is a possible chance to incorporate UUS in master plan design. And city planners should rethink about this issue to have better urban future. VII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Asst. professor Ms. Sitha Mahalakshmi, department of architecture, SPA Vijayawada. I am extremely grateful for her valuable guidance and encouragement extended to me and makes me to finish my research paper. And I thank my friends for their comments and suggestions during my research. REFERENCES [1] Cheng Zhanga, Z. C. (2016). The study about the integrated planning theory of surface and underground urban space., (pp. 16-23).
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[2] The new indian express. (2017, October 24). Retrieved September 20, 2017, from Amaravati to be home to 1.2 million people in 10 years: http://www.newindianexpress.com. [3] The hindu. (2016, March 29). Retrieved Septemeber 22, 2017, from Amaravati: From mythology to reality: http://www.thehindu.com. [4] Department, M. A. (2017). Andhra Pradesh Building Rules, 2017. G.O.MS.No. 119. Andhrapradesh, India. [5] Bobylev, N. (2015). Underground space as an urban indicator: Measuring use of subsurface. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology. [6] Han Admiraal, A. C. (2015). Why underground space should be included in urban planning. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology. [7] Kohlstedt, K. (2015). Weburbanist. Retrieved July 11, 2015, from Invisible Bicycles: Tokyo’s High-Tech Underground Bike: http://weburbanist.com [8] Virki, T. (2009). Reuters. Retrieved July 11, 2015, from Cloud Computing Goes Green Underground in Finland: http://www.reuters.com [9] Yingxin Zhou, J. Z. (2016). Assessment and planning of underground space use in Singapore. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology. [10] Malone-Lee, L. (2011). Planning for the Future: Urban Solutions. Economic Development Board (EDB). [11] URA (Urban Redevelopment Authority, S. (2013). Benchmarking Study and Establishment of Guidelines for Underground Space Planning and Development in Singapore. Tender Document URA/T/13/047. [12] Wikipedia. (2015). Retrieved from List of cities proper by population density: http://en.wikipedia.org [13] National Population and Talent Division, Prime Minister’s Office, Government of Singapore. (2013). The Population White Paper – A Sustainable Population for a Dynamic Singapore. Singapore. [14] Lui, P. (2012). Solutions to water storage and flooding with tunnels and rock caverns. Singapore: Presentation at the World Water Day. [15] The Straits Times. (2015). PUB could unearth Singapore’s water problems. Singapore. [16] Tor, Y. Z. (2005). A study of a prototype 3D geological information system for rock engineering and underground infrastructure planning. Tunnelling and Underground Construction Society. [17] Zhao, J. K. (2016). An introduction to connectivity concept and an example of physical connectivity evaluation Technol. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org [18] Wikipedia. (n.d.). Retrieved October 18, 2017, from Amaravati: https://en.wikipedia.org [19] APCRDA. (2017, March). Project report. Edition-2. Andhrapradesh, India. [20] Kumar, D. A. (2015). EIA & EMP OF AMARAVATI CAPITAL CITY. Mumbai: TATA Consulting Engineers Limited.
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