CHITKARA SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE
Building Study Report
KHAMIR CRAFTS RESOURCE CENTRE Kutch, Gujrat
DATE OF SUBMISSION 22 NOV. 2016
SUBMITTED TO : AR. SACHIN HARRY
SUBMITTED BY : VINAY KAUSHAL CUN120301107
CONTENTS I.
Introduction
II.
Crafts of Kutch
III.
Khamir
IV.
Reasons for Selection
V.
Project Details
VI.
Site
VII.
Building Bye Laws
VIII.
Seismic Zones of India
IX.
Bhuj Earthquake
X.
Design Concept
XI.
Design Considerations
XII.
Area Statement
XIII.
Drawings
XIV.
Structure Systems
XV.
Doors and Windows
XVI.
POP Sculptured Wall
XVII.
Fire Extinguishers
XVIII. Rain Water Pipes XIX.
Site Features
XX.
Analysis
XXI.
Bibliography
INTRODUCTION - KUTCH
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The crafts of India are diverse, rich in history and religion. The craft of each state in India reflect the influence of different empires. Throughout centuries, crafts have been embedded as a culture and tradition within rural communities. The skilled Indian craftsmen who are the root of this creative process has always been the artisan tradition which present the wide canvas of creative activity. Most of these are found in rural areas of India. There are varieties of arts and crafts found according to the regional and cultural diversities. But many of these arts are still not promoted and instead they are restricted to a particular family practicing those in their daily lives. These are the daily wages only mean to earn their livelihood. This is prevalent in many parts of rural India almost all the states are rich in their own art and culture form. Among these one is KUTCH.
Kutch (કચ્છ), India’s Wild West, is a geographic phenomenon. The Great Rann of Kutch spans an area of 7505.22 sq km. It is home to a wide array of flora and fauna. During diverse weather conditions migratory birds find a home here The Rann is famous for its marshy salt flats which become snow white after the shallow water dries up each season before the monsoon rains. The district is also famous for ecologically important Banni grasslands with their seasonal marshy wetlands which form the outer belt of the Rann of Kutch.
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PORTRAIT OF WOMANOF RURAL KUTCH
WHITE DESERT OF KUTCH
PORTRAIT OF RABARI MAN OF KUTCH
Kutch is considered to be a heaven for numerous handicrafts, which are carried on from generation to generation. These art works are basically from the rural kutch villages.The traditional basis of its prosperity has been its foreign trade in various handicrafts. The artifacts of Kutch moved not only the length and breadth of the country but also in the overseas market. The rich and diverse creative traditions of kutch live at the intersection of culture and communities. Kutchi motifs can be traced to the ancient harappan civilization, yet craft is developing and growing with the innovations and ideas of local artists. The art traditions differ from community to community like the embroidery work. Kutch embroidery is dense with motifs and is one of the most beautiful forms of textile art. A variation with mirrors sewn into the embroidery is one of the signature arts of this region.
POTTERY ART FROM NIRONA VILLAGE OF KUTCH
BHUNGA HOUSES IN KUTCH
WOMAN FROM VILLAGE OF KUTCH
ROGAN ART FROM NIRONA VILLAGE
KUTCH EMBROIDERY
WOMAN WORKING ON EMBRIODERY
CRAFTS OF KUTCH
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These are only few works by the villagers still there are many such as wood carving, silver smithy, recycled plastic weaving , mashru weaving, knife work, kharad weaving, lacquered wood, kala cotton, Kutch weaving, embroidery, camel wool weaving, bella printing, batik print and many more. There are varied types of communities to be found in Kutch which could be categorized by their casts, places from where they migrated, their occupation, the work in which they are involved. Some of them are as above:
KHAMIR Khamir is a platform for the crafts, heritage and cultural ecology of the Kachchh region of Gujarat. Instituted after the earthquake of 2001, it is a space for engagement and development of Kachchh's rich creative industries. Khamir works to strengthen and promote the rich artisanal traditions of Kachchh district. Our name stands for Kachchh Heritage, Art, Music, Information and Resources. Khamir means ‘intrinsic pride’ in Kachchhi, the local language. In Hindi it means ‘to ferment,’ an equally apt name given the constant fermentation of ideas and activity on going both within the organization, and in Kachchh at large. Born in 2005 as a joint initiative of Kachchh Nav Nirman Abhiyan and the Nehru Foundation for Development, Khamir was formally registered under the Societies and Trust Acts in the same year. Today, it serves as a platform for the promotion of traditional handicrafts and allied cultural practices, the processes involved in their creation, and the preservation of culture, community and local environments. At Khamir, we strive to create a democratic and empowering space - a common roof under which a range of stakeholders can exchange ideas and collaborate. We work to shift consumer perspectives and raise the cultural value placed on crafts. Our vision is of a vibrant, sustainable Indian craft sector in which crafts and artisans alike are highly valued by people worldwide.
REASONS FOR SELECTION
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Khamir works to strengthen and promote the rich art and traditions of Kutch district. Moreover the campus design is responsive and sensitive towards the user groups. The campus is planned in a way which comes together through fragmented notions in coordination with the existing context and scale of the region. “ The buildings of Khamir thus emulate the structure of the Indian village: workshop units cluster together to form narrow streets and shaded spaces, and the streets divide and meet in courtyards and chowks� - Prof. Neelkanth Chhaya The complex has sense of openness. The circulation in the campus moves through a series of progressions and pauses.
Khamir Campus is a manifestation of the idea of local availability and sustainability . It is built by Hunnarshala foundation known for sustainable practices in construction . Khamir employs some unique strategies of making it earthquake resistant, earth architecture and vernacular architecture of Kutch region.
PROJECT DETAILS
SITE Location Khamir craft centre is located Behind BMCB Society At Lakhond Crossroad-Kukma Road, Bhuj Context Khamir is located on outskirts of the city 10 km from Bhuj. The immediate context is the open lands (Private Property) Topography Gentle contours Climate The average temperature during summer months can rise up to 31’C. In winters the temperature drops and average temperature in the months of winter is about 12’C. Landmarks Near B.M.C.B Campus, Kukma road Site Area 8093.71 sq.m
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BUILDING BYE LAWS
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Khamir is in Kukma Village, Bhuj(Kutch). The development authority is the Panchayat of Village Kukma. The rural areas bye laws apply for Khamir campus.
SEISMIC ZONES OF INDIA The Indian subcontinent has a history of devastating earthquakes. The major reason for the high frequency and intensity of the earthquakes is that the Indian plate is driving into Asia at a rate of approximately 47 mm/year. The latest version of seismic zoning map of India given in the earthquake resistant design code of India [IS 1893 (Part 1) 2002] assigns four levels of seismicity for India in terms of zone factors. In other words, the earthquake zoning map of India divides India into 4 seismic zones (Zone 2, 3, 4 and 5). According to the present zoning map, Zone 5 expects the highest level of seismicity whereas Zone 2 is associated with the lowest level of seismicity.
SEISMIC ZONE MAP OF INDIA
11 The Modified Mercalli (MM) intensity, which measures the impact of the earthquakes on the surface of the earth, broadly associated with various zones, is as follows: Seismic Zone Intensity on MM scale II (Low intensity zone)
VI (or less)
III (Moderate intensity zone)
VII
IV (Severe intensity zone)
VIII
V (Very severe intensity zone)
IX (and above)
Broadly, Zone-V comprises of entire northeastern India, parts of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Rann of Kutch in Gujarat, parts of North Bihar and Andaman & Nicobar Islands.
BHUJ EARTHQUAKE-2001 On the morning of January 26, 2001. A devastating earthquake occurred in the Kutch district of the state of Gujarat. Bhuj town and the village Bhachau, 60 km east of Bhuj, were the worst affected and many other areas of Gujarat including its state headquarters Ahmedabad, were badly affected. There was significant damage to infrastructure with facilities such as hospitals, schools, electric power and water systems, bridges and roads damaged or destroyed. BHUJ AS THE EPICENTER OF THE EARTHQUAKE
Date: Origin line:
26 January 2001 08 hrs.46 min. 42.9 sec. IST
Epicenter:
Latitude 23.40° N Longitude 70.28° E
Magnitude:
7.7
Focal Depth:
25 kms.
DESTRUCTION CASUED BY THE EARTHQUAKE
DESIGN CONCEPT
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Khamir was designed to create 2500 sq.m. Facility for the promotion of craft in kutch. Concept of planning this centre is derived from the local street scape and village pattern noted before earthquake. Some of the typical layouts of the streets are :
CHOWKS TYPICAL STREET PATTERN OF KUTCH
The planning of Khamir is done in the same manner as of the village street layouts forming chowks and courts. As an accelerator for community spaces throughout the complex, it establishes a kind of urban approach having integrity and involvement both. As said by Prof. Chayya “ The buildings of Khamir thus emulate the structure of the traditional villages in Kutch region: workshop units clustered together to form narrow ORGANIZATION OF SPACES streets and shaded spaces, and the streets IN KHAMIR divide and meet into courtyards and chowks. The planning of each module is also done in same manner as in the traditional houses in Kutch. The scale And proportions of Khamir and in response to the context of the region.
Semi-covered spaces
Semi-covered spaces
Internal courtyards
Internal courtyards
PLANNING OF WORKSHOPS IN KHAMIR PLANNING OF HOUSES IN KUTCH
13 THE HEIGHT WIDTH PROPORTIONS OF COURTYARDS AND STREETS PROVIDE SHADE FOR MOST PART OF THE DAY.
HEIGHT AND PROPORTIONS OF KUTCH VILLAGE
HEIGHT AND PROPORTIONS OF KHAMIR
Program : •Khamir’s administration office •Office space and studio labs for 7 craft focal points •Service centers for documentation design •Facilities for regional natural and chemical dyeing •Quality textile laboratory •Value added tailoring unit •Raw material depot •Collaborative spaces for demonstration and learning •Meeting and exhibition halls •Private residences and dormitories. •Dinning hall and canteen.
COURTYARDS AND CHOWKS
In the stratified ‘Cluster’, administrative offices and spaces for craft activities staggered along various levels compose the plan. Though internal, the complex resonates with a sense of openness. The path weaves through a series of progressions and pauses- narrow lane ways chase the light into the courtyards and chowks. The materiality is contextualized within the discourse of this thought. It is a manifestation of idea of local availability.
USE OF LOCALY AVAILABLE MATERIALS
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DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Khamir Crafts Resource Centre is located in an area which falls in Type –V seismic zone, and the climate of the region is Hot and Arid. So, the main considerations to be kept in mind would be : • Making the space user friendly and suitable for artists • The structure should be climate responsive • The structure should be earthquake resistant. Prof. Neelkanth Chayya designed it in a manner so that it portrays the environment that can be found in the villages of Kutch. The construction was carried out by Hunnarshala Foundation making is sustainable design along with earthquake resistant taking inferences from the vernacular architecture of Kutch region.
CLIMATIC CONSIDERATIONS Hot and Dry Climate • Building must remain cool in the extremely hot summers and warm in cold winters • Shade and insulate the house against the heat of the day and flush out any stored heat during the cooler nights. • Capture and store solar energy in a solid material such as a concrete floor or brick walls (thermal mass). • The roof and walls are insulated with reflective foil & bulk insulation, to reflect heat and retain warmth or coolness. • Windows are placed to take advantage of any cooling breezes in summer. • Use light colours for external and internal wall surfaces. • Different techniques of mud structure are used in different climatic conditions Puddled Wattle & Daub Rammed earth • The courtyard is provided with water and plants, it acts as a cooling source. • Internal courtyards provides cross ventilation & natural cooling. • Most openings are to the internal courtyard rather than exterior surface. • Outlets at higher levels serve to vent hot air. Ventilators are preferred at higher levels as they • help in throwing out the hot air. • Colours that absorb less heat should be used to paint the external surface. • Darker shades should be avoided for surfaces exposed to direct solar radiation. • Using materials that take a longer time to heat up. • Providing buffer spaces (lobbies, etc.) between the living areas and the outside.
USE OF LIGHT COLOURS AND COURTYARD EFFECT
AREA STATEMENT
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SITE PLAN
16
N
Circulation Landscaping Training And Exhibition Work Space Adjoining Foyer Services
Site area - 8 Acres( 32,374sq mts)
GROUND FLOOR PLAN 17
N
Functions•work space •Meeting room •Guest room
FIRST FLOOR PLAN 18
N
SECTIONAL ELEVATIONS
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ADMINISTRATION
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Semi open space Design cell
store
admin
The Administrative block is designed for 10 users.
WORKSHOPS
THE MODULE FOR WORKSHOPS
The workshop areas are made by making a module and repeating it six times creating lanes and chowks in between them. Module Level – The modules are created with covered interior spaces around a semi open space at the centre which acts as an informal active verandah.
21 Each Module is arranged in a way, where they get their own individual space for workshop. The training area is a club of 3 blocks, which are repeated and placed on the site contours forming an informal and interactive space. The training area is play of such modules, where blocks are mirrored and placed.
6 crafts pocket arrangement pattern
ACCOMODATION Accommodations are mirror of one block, connected with a staircase and courtyards. Room 4
Room 3
Room 1
Room 2
STRUCTURE SYSTEM
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Khamir’s structure system involves three main elements: • Foundations • Walls • Roofing It is built by Hunnarshala Foundation, an organization especially conceived to learn, use and promote sustainable practices in construction , Khamir employs unique strategies of making in this earthquake-prone area. FOUNDATIONS Deep rubble stone foundations hold up the ground floors up till the plinth level, of all the buildings using stone available nearby. 2 meter deep Strip Foundations are made with CC base.
Section through workshop unit showing 2m rubble stone foundations.
Stone rubble plinth projection
31 WALLS Walls at Khamir are combination of three types. • Rammed Earth Walls • Stabilized Concrete Blocks • Wattle and Daub The ground storeys of most of the buildings are constructed in rammed earth: a cast-earth technology in which mud from the site is packed into metal formwork. The walls continue upwards of the lintel using compressed and stabilized earth blocks: reinforced cement concrete makes the slab. Rammed Earth Walls
Process of making Rammed Earth Walls
This technique includes a slipping type formwork that has been designed and developed. The panels are lifted up and the walls are built like piers walls. The process is similar to the modern rammed earth system practiced in USA or Australia, but adapted to the local context of a developing country. The ram is done by hand with some peripheral equipment. Some sand is always added: 25 to 30 % according to the soil quality, so as to reduce shrinkage. Cement percentage will vary with the soil quality.
Framework for Rammed Earth Walls
Pouring of Sand in the Framework
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Poured Sand being rammed with Hand Rammers
Rammed Wall with CC Sill Band
Typical Detail of Rammed Wall at Plinth Level
Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks The soil, raw or stabilized, for a compressed earth block is slightly moistened, poured into a steel press (with or without stabilizer) and then compressed either with a manual or motorized press. CEB can be compressed in many different shapes and sizes. For example, the Auram press 3000 proposes 18 types of moulds for producing about 70 different blocks Compressed earth blocks can be stabilized or not. But most of the times, they are stabilized with cement or lime. Therefore, we prefer today to call them Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks (CSEB).
Various types of CSEB available
33 Walls are made of rammed earth till lintel level and then is constructed with Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks. Advantages of CSEB: • Earth construction is a labour intensive technology and it is an easily adaptable and transferable technology. • It is a cost and energy effective material. • It is much less energy consuming than country fired bricks (about 4 times less). • It is much less polluting than country fired bricks (about 4 times less).
Construction done using Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks
Wattle and Daub Wattle and daub is a composite building material used for making walls, in which a woven lattice of wooden strips called wattle is daubed with a sticky material usually made of some combination of wet soil, clay, sand, animal dung and straw. The wattle is made by weaving thin branches (either whole, or more usually split) or slats between upright stakes. The wattle may be made as loose panels, slotted between timber framing to make infill panels, or it may be made in place to form the whole of a wall. Daub is usually created from a mixture of certain ingredients from three categories: binders, aggregates and reinforcement. Binders hold the mix together and can include clay, lime, chalk dust and limestone dust. Aggregates give the mix its bulk and dimensional stability through materials such as earth, sand, crushed chalk and crushed stone. Reinforcement is provided by straw, hair, hay or other fibrous materials, and helps to hold the mix together as well as to control shrinkage and provide flexibility.
34 Walls on the first floors are made by Wattle and Daub. Advantages of Wattle and Daub: • Simple construction • Made of naturally occurring, abundant materials. • Highly durable if properly constructed concerning it's structure, but also considering climate and location. • Historically proven method. Failure possibilities and causes are well-known. • Highly sustainable • Proper design, planning and construction can make maintenance costs less.
Construction Stages of Wattle and Daub Wall
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ROOFING Above the ground floor Steel frames take over and support the roof. The roof are made with corrugated sheeting covered with country tiling, using a naturally available compound, purlite, as an insulating and binding agent.
Detail of Roofing with Steel Rafters
Steel Frames used for construction of upper floors
Detail of Roof Covering
Typical Section Showing the Roof Structure at Khamir
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DOORS AND WINDOWS Locally carved shutters make windows, and doors are made exactly in the vernacular manner .
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POP SCULPUTURED WALL The large gables underneath the roofs, bring in indirect light through a structured Plaster of Paris sculptural wall with small openings. Orientation and configuration take into account appropriate breeze flow, reduction of thermal radiation exposure and creation of effective daylight conditions.
Ventilation is worked out in a way that diffused light enters the room.
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ANALYSIS
SITE ANALYSIS The planning is simple and strong, which comes together through fragmented notions in concordance with the pre-existing scale of the region. The streetscape arrangement facilitates the architecture to participate with the users, it establishes a kind of urbanistic relationship. The building’s at Khamir thus emulate the pattern of an Indian Village. The centre is set in the extensive program where studies in Kutch culture are undertaken along with a multipurpose nucleus for interaction between craftsperson's and designers.
Circulation Pattern Semi open courts are used as Transition Spaces for craft related activities. -Circulation is majorly concentrated on the central spine connecting the clusters
Open/Built Built 30% Open 70%
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ANALYSIS
Over all plan form and building in such a way that it relates to the local street pattern. A look of local villages with the narrow streets makes the atmosphere of creativity with the artisans and help them to work better. SPACE ANALYSIS The planning is done by repetition of the workshop unit in an arrangement forming a space surrounded with courtyards and narrow lanes.
Workshop Unit repeated in a pattern to form this type of arrangement.
Area of Spaces Administration 18% Storage 2%
Parking 15% Exhibition 8%
Circulation 20%
Accommodati on 17%
Workshop 32% CafĂŠ 8%
Services 3% Library 3%
ANALYSIS
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The material used here is the locally available material as rammed earth, ruble stone, wattle and daub, light weight metal lath plaster and paneling. Due to the climatic condition the opening is made in such a way without letting sand and dust enter inside and filter the light coming The seemingly simple orthogonal plan of Khamir offers one of the most complex sequences of movement. The gaps between the buildings reveal only parts of the buildings and landscape behind, provoking movement along the diagonal. The movement through the verandas of the workshop buildings across a series of shaded courtyards recreates the winding patterns of the village, from courtyard to courtyard, from one house to another. The gradual progression from the harsh sunlit landscape to the shaded courtyard, then the sheltered veranda and finally into the dark and moist interiors is a reminiscence of the traditional spatial sequence in the villages of the region.. The residential buildings are more humble in comparison with the others. They are carefully positioned in the relatively private and calm diagonal extreme of the campus.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Site Visits Hunnarshala Foundation Prof. Neelkanth Chayya Architecture for Kutch – Sanjay Udamale http://www.khamir.org/ http://www.mandazhi.net/Neelkanthchhaya.html#tab5 https://www.google.co.in https://issuu.com/iab_archives/docs/iab_apr_2013 http://www.slideshare.net/sureshpathaksmailbox/architecture-of-kutch
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