Журнал для тих, хто захоплюється мовами
№ 6, 2013
L I N G U A
Над випуском працювали: головний редактор: Шуткевич Т. редактори: Беднарчик М. Гайдаржи О. Галайденко С. Данілевич О. Петляк. І. Сугак О. Харитонова О. Хитра Н.
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Зміст A healthy way of life ................................................... 2 Zivilisationskrankheiten ............................................ 4 Diabetes ....................................................................... 6 Asthma ......................................................................... 8 Stomatitis ................................................................... 12 Your Immune System ................................................. 14 Gutartige und bösartige Tumoren der Gebärmutter ......................................................... 18 Reflux gastro-oesophagien: comment lutter contre le goût acide? ....................................... 20 Obesity ......................................................................... 22
A healthy way of life The health is the man’s greatest wealth. Without good health nothing else is worth having. Only a healthy man can enjoy his life, work well and be happy. People nowadays are more health – conscious than they used to be. Today everybody wants to be fit, feel good, look slim and stay young. In order to be healthy we should avoid bad habits that can affect our health. Smoking and drinking alcohol are the worsts ones. They can shorten our lives dramatically. Smoking can cause heart attacks, high blood pressure and even lung cancer. Smoking is the largest cause of preventable death in the world. Recent studies have found that smokers can undermine the health of non-smokers in some environments. Scientists say there are over 4,000 compounds in cigarette smoke. A great number of them are toxic – they are bad for us and damage our cells. Some of them cause cancer – they are carcinogenic. Besides, smoking makes teeth yellow and skin unhealthy. Alcohol causes heart diseases and brain damage. A drinker becomes nervous and aggressive, loses friends, work, family. Skipping meals, eating unhealthy food, overeating is also bad for our health. If we eat too much we start to put on weight and obesity leads to serious health problems and brings about diseases. The first rule of the healthy way of life is to have normal weight, not to be overweight, and not to change your weight quickly. There are two ways of controlling your weight. You can regulate your diet and your exercise. Diet does not mean you eat only lettuce. You need to get all types of substances including fat, vitamins and fibre. You should eat fruit and vegetables. The English say ‘An apple a day keeps the doctor away”. You should take regular exercise. Many people jog, walk or cycle in their free time. Physical exercises help you keep fit, have a good figure. They also help you lose weight and work out energy. We should take good care of our health.
1. Read and memorize the new words:
health to affect environment toxic to damage
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здоров’я
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впливати
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середовище, оточення отруйний, токсичний ушкоджувати, псувати
2. Discuss the questions given below. 1. How much do you know about a healthy lifestyle? 2. Do you agree that smoking is an unhealthy habit? Why? 3. What can you advise a person who wants to have a healthy way of life? 4. What health problems does fast food lead to? What should you do to avoid them? 3. Work in pairs. Look at the map and add your ideas to the list:
Eat fruit Physical exercises
Eat vegetables
A healthy way of life
http://uplift.blog.tut.by/2013/05/19/let-s-talk-about-healthy-way-of-life-pervyiy-bolee-legkiy-variant/
Zivilisationskrankheiten Zahlreiche Krankheiten, die in vor-industrieller Zeit häufig waren, heute seltener auftreten und seltener zum Tode führen. Verbesserte Hygiene, medizinischer Fortschritt in Krankheitsprävention (z. B. Impfungen) und Therapie (z. B. Antibiotikatherapie) sowie eine gesicherte Nahrungsversorgung machen uns gesunder und unseres Leben länger. Gleichzeitig nahm die Häufigkeit von Krankheiten zu, die man in vor-industrieller Zeit kaum kannte. In der Literatur herrscht keine Einigkeit darüber, welche Krankheiten den Zivilisationskrankheiten zuzurechnen sind und welche nicht. Folgende Krankheiten werden jedoch häufig genannt: • Karies • Herz- und Gefäßkrankheiten • Diabetes mellitus Typ 2 • Bluthochdruck • Übergewicht und Adipositas • Gicht • manche Allergien • bestimmte Krebsarten (z. B. Lungenkrebs, Darmkrebs) • bestimmte Hauterkrankungen (z. B. Neurodermitis, Akne) • Essstörungen (Anorexia nervosa, Bulimia nervosa) • bestimmte psychiatrische Erkrankungen Statistische Untersuchungen haben ergeben, dass in bestimmten Gebieten der Erde die Menschen zu viel essen. Der natürliche Nahrungs¬bedarf wird dort um durchschnittlich 30% überschritten. Nahrungsstoffe, die der Organismus nicht zur Energieerzeugung verbraucht, werden meist in Fett umgewandelt und in den Fettdepots des Körpers gespeichert. Die Fettleibigkeit ist aber nicht nur unschön, sie trägt auch zur Entstehung zahlreicher Krankheiten bei.
Denn in den Ländern, wo sich die Menschen auch heute noch sehr einfach und natürlich ernähren, treten Krankheiten wie Zahnfäule, Fettsucht, Arteriosklerose, Herzinfarkt, Zuckerkrankheit, Schilddrüsenstörungen, Gallenblasenleiden, Stuhlverstopfung und Ulkusleiden nur selten auf. Außerdem konnten in vielen Fällen diese Leiden in den Kliniken schon nach wenigen Wochen oder Monaten gebessert oder geheilt werden, wenn die Patienten eine gesunde Diätkost erhielten. In den letzten 150 Jahren haben sich große Wandlungen in den Ernährungsgewohnheiten der Men¬schen vollzogen. So traten an die Stelle von Vollkornbrot mehr und mehr Weizenmehlerzeugnisse, in denen die wertvollen Stoffe des Getreidekorns meist fehlen. Der Verbrauch an pflanzlichen Produkten (Gemüse, Kartoffeln, Obst) ging stark zurück. Dagegen stieg der Fett- und Zuckerverbrauch sehr an. Die Ernährung ist wohl kalorienreicher geworden, dafür aber ärmer an sogenannten Vitalstoffen, wie Vitaminen, einigen ungesättigten Fettsäuren und Mineralstoffen. Die Menschen leben zu fett und zu süß. Die Bedeutung einer gesunden Ernährung soll am Beispiel einiger Zivilisationskrankheiten gezeigt werden. Sehr viele Menschen leiden an der Zahnfäule (Karies). Sie haben sich an den Gebissverfall so gewöhnt, dass er als eine natürliche Erscheinung gilt. Die härteste und anscheinend widerstandsfähigste Substanz unseres Körpers, der Zahnschmelz, wird in einer Weise zerstört, als ob er wehrlos wäre. Die Wissenschaft führt die starke Zunahme der Zahnfäule im letzten Jahrhundert vor allem auf die Veränderungen in der Ernährung zurück. Die menschliche Kost ist heute zu weich und enthält zu wenig Aufbaustoffe, aber zu viel Zucker. Bei hohem Fettverbrauch treten häufig Erkrankungen der Herzkranzgefäße auf, die gegenwärtig die verbreitesten aller Herz- und Kreislaufkrankheiten sind. Etwa 40 % aller Kreislauftodesfälle bei Menschen über 40 Jahre sind auf diese Erkrankungen zurückzuführen. Mit der zu fetthaltigen Kost sind meist noch andere für den Kreislauf schädliche Momente erbunden, wie starker Tabakverbrauch, Hast sowie Mangel an Schlaf und Bewegung. Die Fettsucht kann bei vielen Menschen Ursache für Arteriosklerose, hohen Blutdruck, Herzschwäche und Zuckerkrankheit sein. Wenn auch nicht jeder Fettleibige krank ist, so liegt doch ein erhöhtes Gefahrenmoment für den Organismus vor. Es gibt eine Reihe von Speisen und Getränken, die zur Fettleibigkeit Führen, z. B. Kuchen, Schokolade, Pralinen, Mayonnaise, Pudding, Bier und Süßweine. Die zurzeit übliche Kost mit ihrem Kalorienreichtum ist ungünstig zusammengesetzt. Sie muss durch eine gesunde Kost ersetzt werden, die sich durch Vollkornprodukte, begrenzte Fett- und Zuckermengen, pflanzliche Fette (Öl und Margarine), Milch und Milcherzeugnisse, tägliche Frischkost, Obst und ein vollwertiges Mittagessen auszeichnet. Durch vernünftige Ernährung und richtige Lebensweise kann jeder selbst zur Erhaltung seiner Gesundheit beitragen.
Diabetes is a condition where the body fails to utilize the ingested glucose properly. This could be due to lack of the hormone insulin or because the insulin that is available is not working effectively.
Diabetes mellitus The term diabetes is the shortened version of the full name diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus is derived from: • the Greek word diabetes meaning siphon - to pass through • the Latin word mellitus meaning honeyed or sweet This is because in diabetes excess sugar is found in blood as well as the urine. It was known in the 17th century as the “pissing evil”.
Diabetes epidemiology Diabetes is the fastest growing long term disease that affects millions of people worldwide. According to the charity Diabetes UK, more than two million people in the UK have the condition and up to 750,000 more are unaware of having the condition. In the United States 25.8 million people or 8.3% of the population have diabetes. Of these, 7.0 million have undiagnosed diabetes. In 2010, about 1.9 million new cases of diabetes were diagnosed in population over 20 years. It is said that if this trend continues, 1 in 3 Americans would be diabetic by 2050. Types of diabetes There are two types of diabetes – Type 1 and type 2. Type 1 diabetes is called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and occurs at a younger age or childhood. In these patients there is complete lack of the hormone insulin that mandates external administration of the hormone regularly as treatment. Around 75% of people with diabetes have type 2 diabetes mellitus. This was earlier termed non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or maturity-onset diabetes mellitus. The number of people with type 2 diabetes is rapidly increasing. In type 2 diabetes, not enough insulin is produced or the insulin that is made by the body is insufficient to meet the needs of the body. Obesity or being overweight predisposes to type 2 diabetes.
Gestational diabetes
How is blood sugar regulated normally?
Gestational diabetes occurs in pregnant women who have never had diabetes before but who have high blood sugar levels during pregnancy. Gestational diabetes affects about 4% of all pregnant women. After childbirth the mother may go on to develop type 2 diabetes. When food is taken, it is broken down to smaller components. Sugars and carbohydrates are thus broken down into glucose for the body to utilize them as energy source. The liver is also able to manufacture glucose. In normal persons the hormone insulin, which is made by the beta cells of the pancreas, regulates how much glucose is in the blood. When there is excess glucose in the blood, insulin stimulates cells to absorb enough glucose from the blood for the energy that they need. Insulin also stimulates the liver
to absorb and store any glucose that is excess in blood. Insulin release is triggered after a meal when there is rise in blood glucose. When blood glucose levels fall, during exercise for example, insulin levels fall too. A second hormone manufactured by the pancreas is called glucagon. It has the opposite function of stimulating the liver to release glucose when necessary.
Symptoms of diabetes The main symptoms of diabetes are three – polydipsia, polyphagia and polyuria. These mean increased thirst, increased hunger and increased frequency of urination. In addition patients complain of feeling very tired and weight loss and loss of muscle bulk. Type 1 diabetes can develop quickly, over weeks or even days whereas type 2 diabetes may develop gradually. What happens diabetes?
in
Due to lack or insufficiency of insulin there is high blood glucose in diabetes. Excess glucose in the blood can damage the blood vessels. This leads to several complications like heart disease, kidney damage, nerve damage, eye damage and blindness, impotence and stroke. Diabetes, when not controlled, may raise the propensity for infections. Infections and gangrene of the lower limbs is common in uncontrolled diabetes. This may necessitate an amputation if severe. People with diabetes are also 15 per cent more likely to have an amputation than people without the condition.
Prevention, treatment and care The risk of complications with diabetes can be reduced by adhering to medical advice and keeping diabetes under control. Blood sugar should be regularly monitored so that any problems can be detected and treated early. Treatment involves both healthy diet and exercise as well as oral medications to regulate blood sugar. In all type 1 diabetics and in severe uncontrolled type 2 diabetics one or more injections of insulin a day may be needed. Sources 1. http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/physical_health/conditions/in_depth/ diabetes/aboutdiabetes_what.shtml 2. http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Diabetes/Pages/Diabetes.aspx 3. http://www.patient.co.uk/doctor/diabetes-mellitus 4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002194/
Asthma Does your chest regularly feel tight? Do you find it difficult to breathe after light exercise? Do you sometimes make a wheezing sound when you breathe? If so, you might be asthmatic. If you have breathing problems please consult a doctor, but even if you do have asthma, don’t worry, you are not alone. What is asthma? Asthma is a condition that affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide and more than five million people in the UK are asthmatic, about one in 13 people. It is a lung disease that affects your airways — the tubes that carry air to and from your lungs. It causes the muscles in these tubes to contract, the tubes themselves to swell and sticky mucus to be produced. All of these factors can make it very difficult for a sufferer to breathe properly. Shortness of breath, especially after exercise, coughing, or difficulty in breathing while sleeping, are all common symptoms. These can be described as mild asthma attacks; however, they can usually be controlled by medication. A severe asthma attack, on the other hand, where a sufferer finds it very difficult to breathe, may require hospital treatment. How badly you are affected by these symptoms depends on what type of asthma you have — from mild to chronic — and how well you are able to control the disorder. What causes it? Asthma is not contagious, although it’s still not known precisely what causes it. People can be born with it or develop it in childhood, or at any age. If you have asthma, it’s likely that someone else in your family had it, as the illness is known to run in families. There is also some evidence that environmental factors, such as diet, housing conditions or smoking during pregnancy, can cause asthma. Having the condition doesn’t necessarily mean you will suffer badly from the symptoms. Mild or moderate asthma can be easily controlled through medication or lifestyle changes. Additionally, all attacks need a trigger, and if these triggers can be identified and avoided, the likelihood of an attack decreases. Triggers can include pollution, smoking, dust, animal hair, stress, pollen, exercise, and cold air. These triggers are personal to each individual sufferer, so if you have asthma, make sure you know what is causing your attacks; you can then better avoid these triggers. History Asthma is not a recent condition, in fact there is written evidence of the condition from ancient Egyptian times. The word asthma itself was first coined by the physician Hippocrates over 3,000 years ago, and is Greek for ‘difficult breathing’. Over the years, people have tried many remedies, both physical
and mental, to combat the illness. To alleviate the symptoms, people changed their diet, avoided polluted towns, or took herbal/folk cures such as tobacco smoke, owl’s blood, chicken soup, tar fumes or acupuncture. Blood-letting and opium were also popular treatments. Prayer and meditation were used to enable people to better control their own breathing. Some of these remedies or breathing techniques are still being used today. Medicine and preventive measures It wasn’t until the mid-20th Century that doctors realised asthma attacks were caused by the swelling and contraction of the airways. Consequently, in the last 40 years there have been many developments in the treatment of asthma. There are presently two main types of medicine: preventers and relievers. A preventer is used every day and reduces the swelling of the airways, cutting the risk of an attack. A reliever, such as Ventolin, is taken when breathing has become (or is going to become) difficult; this actually relaxes the muscles of the airways, reducing constriction and improving the airflow. The medicine is usually taken using an inhaler. Prevention is also good treatment, so if you have asthma, remember to keep generally healthy, take regular exercise and lots of vitamin C to avoid colds and flu — which can be dangerous for asthma sufferers. A healthy diet is also important, and do watch what you eat, as certain foods or food additives can be asthma triggers. By taking the right medication and making the right lifestyle choices, there is no reason why most asthma sufferers shouldn’t be able to lead perfectly healthy and active lives. Famous sufferers There have been many famous asthmatics past and present. These include Beethoven, Che Guevara, Benjamin Disraeli, Marcel Proust, Bob Hope and Martin Scorsese. There are even asthmatic sporting heroes such as Dennis Rodman (basketball), Paul Scholes (football) and Paula Radcliffe (long-distance runner). The future Unfortunately there is still no cure for asthma, although the development of new treatments has led to a much better quality of life for most sufferers. However, the number of people being diagnosed asthmatic has increased dramatically over the past 20 years. This increase could be due to environmental or dietary factors, but for the moment researchers are puzzled. It is not unusual for the symptoms of asthma to diminish as sufferers get older, although personally, after 27 years, I’m still waiting.
Vocabulary Five words/phrases from the text: * swell: become bigger and rounder than normal * coughing: forcing air out of the throat loudly and suddenly * contagious: describes a disease passed by touching someone or their clothes * remedies: things that cure you when you are ill * inhaler: a small device for breathing in medicine Exercise one Vocabulary gap fill. Now use the five words/phrases to fill the gaps in the sentences below: Don’t let anyone else use your towel. That eye problem is very ………[1] I always carry my ………[2] with me in case I start getting short of breath. The concert was spoiled because people kept………[3] and we couldn’t hear the music. Garlic and lemon juice are homemade ………[4] for skin diseases. His leg started to ………[5] when he was bitten by that insect. Exercise two Comprehension: true or false. Decide whether these sentences are TRUE or FALSE according to the text: 1. Which of these is not a symptom of asthma? a a strange noise when breathing b a tight chest after exercise c difficulty when swallowing food 2. a b c
Which of the following is a physical effect of an asthma attack? lungs expanding airways contracting pain in the throat
3. a b c
You are more likely to develop asthma if your parents have it you work with animals you do a lot of exercise
4. a b c
An asthma trigger is medicine you should take when you have an attack something which causes an asthma attack a breathing technique
5. a b c
Over the last two decades the number of asthmatics has gone up gone down stayed the same
Answers Vocabulary 1. contagious, 2. inhaler, 3. coughing, 4. remedies, 5. swell Comprehension 1.c 2.b 3.a 4.b 5.a See if you can find these words in the grid. They can be horizontal,vertical,diagonal and backwards. ASTHMATIC P_EVE_T_O_ A_TA_K SUF_ER_RS BRE_THI_G TRE_TM_NT C_RON_C TRI_G_RS IN_AL_R W_EE_ING
Word search B R V T E J R E L A H N I O M G Z S J R Q J K H E U K C A T T A Y W B M W J V B G G T W B J N T H X G G N F T N H R Q O T S V P C Q N N E EE C I R U G S I H A X M E A I T I F B Z T W X H T Z T N N G F A O A A W Q A I H O E G E A B M L H M E N I R V E R C P H Q E K R G N H E R E H J T Q O D T X G C R S R G S S U J E F A J V P R S U N A
Stomatitis Definition Stomatitis is an inflammation of the mucous lining of the mouth, which may involve the cheeks, gums, tongue, lips, and roof or floor of the mouth. The word «stomatitis» literally means inflammation of the mouth. Description Stomatitis is an inflammation of the lining of any of the soft-tissue structures of the mouth. It is usually a painful condition, associated with redness, swelling, and occasional bleeding from the affected area. The inflammation may be caused by conditions in the mouth itself, such as poor hygiene, from burns from hot food or drinks, or by conditions that affect the entire body, such as medications, allergic reactions, or infections. Children may develop stomatitis at any point in their development, from infancy to adolescence. Causes A number of factors can cause stomatitis. Cheek biting, braces, or jagged teeth may persistently irritate the oral structures. Chronic mouth breathing due to plugged nasal airways may cause dryness of the mouth tissues, which in turn leads to irritation. The cause of herpes stomatitis is the herpes virus type 1. The cause of aphthous stomatitis is unknown, although several factors are suspected. There may be an inherited tendency to develop canker sores and there may also be an immune system link. In addition, they may be triggered by emotional stress; nutritional deficiencies of iron, folic acid, or vitamin B12; menstrual periods; food allergies; or viral infections. They may occur with no identifiable cause. Treatment The treatment of stomatitis is based upon the problem causing it. For all types, local cleansing and good oral hygiene is fundamental. Sharp-edged foods such as peanuts, tacos, and potato chips should be avoided. A soft-bristled toothbrush should be used, and the teeth and gums should be brushed carefully. If toothbrushing is too painful, the child should rinse out his mouth with plain water after each meal. Local factors, such as sharp teeth or braces, can be addressed by a dentist or orthodontist. Vocabulary inflammation запалення mucous lining of the mouth слизова оболонка, що вистилає рот painful болючий redness почервоніння swelling набряк bleeding кровотеча burns опіки jagged teeth надщерблені зуби adolescence юність entire весь medications ліки braces скоби, браси
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irritate подразнювати aphthous афтозний inherited успадкований, набутий canker sore афтозний стоматит soft-bristled з м’якою щетиною Translate into English: запалення рота, уражена ділянка, незадовільна гігієна, вражати весь організм, алергічна реакція, раннє дитинство (ранній дитячий вік), покушування щоки, постійне дихання ротом, закладені носові шляхи, відчуття сухості у роті, спадкова схильність, дефіцит заліза, вірусна інфекція, невизначена причина, полоскати рот. Complete the sentences: The word “stomatitis” means … . The inflammation may involve … . The symptoms of stomatitis are … . … can cause stomatitis. The fundamental treatment of stomatitis include … . Make up and translate word-combinations: painful aphthous affected brush cancer mouth
carefully breathing sores condition stomatitis area
Translate the sentences: Стоматит — це запалення слизової оболонки рота. Основними ознаками стоматиту є почервоніння, набряк, кровоточивість та болісність ураженої ділянки. Є два види стоматиту: герпесний і афтозний. Причиною герпесного стоматиту є вірус герпесу першого типу. Причиною афтозного стоматиту вважають нестачу заліза, фолієвої кислоти, вітаміну В12, харчові алергії, вірусні інфекції. Лікування стоматиту залежить від проблем, що його викликали. Guess what is it: Aphthous stomatitis. Inflammation of a mouth. The cause of herpes stomatitis. A dentist whose job is to make teeth straight. The tooth with a lot of pointed parts that make it look broken.
Your Immune System To be immune means to be protected. So it makes sense that the body system that helps fight off sickness is called the immune system. The immune system is made up of a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body. White blood cells, also called leukocytes, are part of this defense system. There are two basic types of these germ-fighting cells: •phagocytes, which chew up invading germs •lymphocytes, which allow the body to remember and recognize previous invaders Leukocytes are found in lots of places, including your spleen, an organ in your belly that filters blood and helps fight infections. Leukocytes also can be found in bone marrow, which is a thick, spongy jelly inside your bones. Your lymphatic system is home to these germ-fighting cells, too. You’ve encountered your lymphatic system if you’ve ever had swollen «glands» on the sides of your neck, like when you have a sore throat. Although we call them «glands,» they are actually lymph nodes, and they contain clusters of immune system cells. Normally, lymph nodes are small and round and you don’t notice them. But when they’re swollen, it means your immune system is at work. Lymph nodes work like filters to remove germs that could make you sick. Lymph nodes, and the tiny channels that connect them to each other, contain lymph, a clear fluid with leukocytes (white blood cells) in it. Beside your neck, where else do you have lymph nodes? Behind your knees, in your armpits, and in your groin — just to name a few. So you have this great system in place. Is it enough to keep you from getting sick? Well, everyone gets sick sometimes. But your immune system helps you get well again. And if you’ve had your shots (also called vaccines), your body is extra-prepared to fight off serious illnesses that your immune system alone might not handle very well. If you get the shot that covers measles, for instance, it can protect you from getting measles, if you’re ever exposed to it. Immune System Problems Sometimes a person has a problem with his or her immune system. Allergies are one kind of problem — the immune system overreacts and treats something harmless, like peanuts, as something really dangerous to the body. With certain medical conditions, such as lupus or juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, instead of fighting germs, the immune system fights the good cells and this can cause problems. Other immune system problems may develop due to an illness like HIV/AIDS or cancer. You can’t prevent most immune system disorders. But if they happen, they can be treated with medicine and in other ways to help the person feel good and be healthy again. If you have an immune system problem, your doctor can help teach you ways to take care of yourself so you stay strong and are able to fight off illness. Immunologists are doctors who specialize in immune system problems. Healthy kids can help their immune systems by washing their hands regularly to prevent infections, eating nutritious foods, getting plenty of exercise, getting enough sleep, and getting regular medical checkups. And if you feel great today, thank your immune system! Our bodies are pretty amazing. Day after day, they work hard — digesting food, pumping blood and oxygen, sending signals from our brains and our nerves, and much more. But there is a group of tiny invaders that can make our bodies sick — they’re called germs.
Some kids may think that germs are bugs or cooties or other gross stuff. Actually, germs are tiny organisms, or living things, that can cause disease. Germs are so small and sneaky that they creep into our bodies without being noticed. In fact, germs are so tiny that you need to use a microscope to see them. When they get in our bodies, we don’t know what hit us until we have symptoms that say we’ve been attacked! What Types of Germs Are There? Germs are found all over the world, in all kinds of places. The four major types of germs are: bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. They can invade plants, animals, and people, and sometimes they make us sick. Bacteria are tiny, one-celled creatures that get nutrients from their environments in order to live. In some cases that environment is a human body. Bacteria can reproduce outside of the body or within the body as they cause infections. Some infections bacteria cause include sore throats (tonsillitis or strep throat), ear infections, cavities, and pneumonia. But not all bacteria are bad. Some bacteria are good for our bodies — they help keep things in balance. Good bacteria live in our intestines and help us use the nutrients in the food we eat and make waste from what’s left over. We couldn’t make the most of a healthy meal without these important helper germs! Some bacteria are also used by scientists in labs to produce medicines and vaccines. Viruses need to be inside living cells to grow and reproduce. Most viruses can’t survive very long if they’re not inside a living thing like a plant, animal, or person. Whatever a virus lives in is called its host. When viruses get inside people’s bodies, they can spread and make people sick. Viruses cause chickenpox, measles, flu, and many other diseases. Because some viruses can live for a while on something like a doorknob or countertop, be sure to wash your hands regularly! Fungi are multi-celled (made of many cells), plant-like organisms. Unlike other plants, fungi cannot make their own food from soil, water, and air. Instead, fungi get their nutrition from plants, people, and animals. They love to live in damp, warm places, and many fungi are not dangerous in healthy people. An example of something caused by fungi is athlete’s foot, that itchy rash that teens and adults sometimes get between their toes. Protozoa are one-cell organisms that love moisture and often spread diseases through water. Some protozoa cause intestinal infections that lead to diarrhea, nausea, and belly pain. What Do Germs Do? Once germs invade our bodies, they snuggle in for a long stay. They gobble up nutrients and energy, and can produce toxins, which are proteins that are actually like poisons. Those toxins can cause symptoms of common infections, like fevers, sniffles, rashes, coughing, vomiting, and diarrhea. How do doctors figure out what germs are doing? They take a closer look. By looking at samples of blood, urine, and other fluids under a microscope or sending these samples to a laboratory for more tests, doctors can tell which germs are living in your body and how they are making you sick.
Quiz
1.The purpose of the immune system is to: a) help germs invade your body; b) fight off sickness; c) make your nose run; d) give you diarrhea. 2.The immune system is made up of: a) tissues; b) organs; c) cells; d) all of the above. 3.As part of the immune system, white blood cells fight germs. Another name for white blood cells is: a) rhinovirus; b) leukocytes; c) glands; d) nodes. 4. Leukocytes are found in lots of places, including an organ in your belly that filters blood and keep fight infections known as the: a) heart; b) spleen; c) kidneys; d) brain. 5. The four main types of germs are: a) viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi; b) viruses, parasites, fungi, and phagocytes; c) small, medium, large, and extra large; d) parasites, bacteria, lymphocytes, and fungi; 6. Getting these when you’re young helps your immune system fight off diseses: a) stickers; b) bandages; c) shots(immunizations); d) cough drops. 7. To be “immune” means what?: a) that you are infected; b) that you are bald; c) that you are more likely to get sick; d) that you are protected. 8. Lymph nodes are found in the: a) neck; b) armpits; c) groin; d) all of the above. 9. When someone’s immune system overreacts to something harmless it’s called: a) overreactus maximus; b) an allergy; c) a sneeze; d) the measles. 10. Which of the following will not help your immune system? a) playing sports video games; b) exercising; c) eating healthy food; d) regularly washing your hands.
Gutartige und bösartige Tumoren der Gebärmutter Das häufigste gutartige Genitaltumor ist das Myom (Tumor aus glatten Muskelfasern) oder das Fibromyom (Tumor aus glatten Muskelfasern und Bindegewebe). Bei 15-20% aller Frauen zwischen 30 und 50 Jahren entwickeln sich die Myome. Das Myomwachstum ist abhängig von der Östrogenproduktion (oder Ösrtogenzufuhr medikamentös). Nach der Menopause bilden sich die Myome meist zurück. Die Symptome der Krankheit sind Vollgefühl im Unterbauch, Druck auf Blase mit Harndrang, verstärkte, verlängerte oder schmerzhafte Menstruation, Kreuzschmerzen. Bei kleinen Myomen ohne Symptome ist keine Behandlung, sondern nur eine jährliche Kontrolluntersuchung nötig. Klagen die Patientinnen über Schmerzen, so hilft entweder eine Hormontherapie oder die Operation (Entfernung des Uterus = Hysterektomie). Unter der bösartigen Tumoten der Gebärmutter underscheidet man den Gebärmutterhalskrebs (Zervixkarzinom) und den Krebs des Gebärmutterkörpers (Korpuskarzinom = Endometriumkarzinom = Uteruskarzinom). Häufiger kommt Genitalkrebs bei Frauen zwischen 40 - 50 Jahren vor. Es können aber auch jüngere Frauen erkranken. Klinische Symptome eines Zervixkarzinoms oder eines Endometrium- karzinoms sind blutiger Ausfluss oder Zwischenblutungen, Unterleibsschmerzen und Beschwerden bei der Blasenentleerung oder beim Stuhldang (bei Tumorausbreitung in Nieren, Blase oder Darm). Um eine richtige Diagnose festzustellen, muss man zytologische und histologische Untersuchengen durchführen. Die Behandlung besteht in der operativen Entfernung des Uterus oder in der Bestrahlung, wenn eine Operation nicht möglich ist. Als Prophylaxe der bösartigen Tumoren der Gebärmutter sind jährliche gynäkologische Untersuchungen sehr wichtig. Die Zervixkarzinome können durch Abstriche schon im Frühstadium erkannt und dann auch geheilt werden.
Fragen: 1. Wie heißt der häufigste gutartige Genitaltumor? 2. In welchem Alter entwickeln sich die Myome? 3. Wovon ist das Myomwachstum abhängig? 4. Wann bilden sich die Myome meist zurück? 5. Welche klinischen Symptome treten bei größeren Myomen auf? 6. Was ist das Zervixkarzinom? 7. Was ist das Endometriumkarzinom? 8. In welchem Alter erkranken die Frauen häufig an Genitalkrebs? 9. Welche Behandlungsmethode wählt man, wenn eine Operation nicht möglich ist? 10. In welchem Stadium können die Zervixkarzinome erkannt und erfolgreich geheilt werden?
Wortschtz: gutartig bösartig der Tumor die Gebärmutter häufig das Vollgefühl der Harndrang die Entfernung der Abstrich
доброякісний злоякісний пухлина матка часто відчуття переповнення позив до сечовипускання видалення мазок
Reflux gastro-oesophagien: comment lutter contre le goût acide?
Un goût acide dans la bouche est une sensation anormale et reste généralement liée à une maladie. Si certaines mesures simples peuvent être appliquées afin d’éviter ces sensations désagréables, la cause doit être cependant recherchée et traitée. Voici quelques astuces. Le reflux gastro-œsophagien est caractérisé par le retour du contenu gastrique vers l’œsophage ; alors que le contenu gastrique est très acide, cela entraîne une irritation de l’œsophage ressentie comme des sensations de brûlure et peut entraîner une régurgitation acide dans la bouche.L’un des signes les moins tolérés par les personnes souffrant d’un reflux gastro-œsophagien est la sensation de goût acide ou métallique ou amer dans la bouche. Ce goût est lié à une régurgitation acide dans la bouche provenant de l’œsophage. Ainsi, afin d’éviter ces sensations de goûts anormales, le mieux est donc de prévenir et de traiter le reflux gastro-œsophagien. Outre les traitements médicamenteux prescrits par le médecin, certaines mesures simples permettent de prévenir ces signes gênants : - Fractionner les prises alimentaires; manger en petite quantité mais plus fréquemment - Prendre le temps de manger: bien mastiquer afin de ne pas surmener l’estomac lors de la digestion - Éviter de boire de l’eau au cours du repas; mieux vaut en boire un peu avant ou après - Éviter les aliments qui pourraient aggraver le reflux: les jus de fruit, les épices, l’alcool, le coca, le thé, les tomates, les agrumes (orange, citron), le chocolat, les oignons, les alimentsriches en matières grasses, la menthe
- Privilégier les viandes et les poissons - Éviter les postures inadéquates après le repas: se pencher en avant, s’allonger (attendre au moins 2 heures avant de s’allonger ou de dormir) - Éviter l’obésité et maintenir un poids normal - Éviter les ceintures et les pantalons serrés - Éviter le tabac - Savoir gérer son stress; surveiller sa tension artérielle Néanmoins, ces mesures de prévention ne peuvent être appliquées seules, mais doivent être associées à un traitement approprié et adéquat du reflux gastro-œsophagien ainsi que de ses causes. En effet, dans certaines situations, le traitement médicamenteux n’est pas suffisant pour faire disparaître un reflux gastro-œsophagien; la hernie hiatale, par exemple, nécessite parfois une intervention chirurgicale. De nombreuses manifestations peuvent évoquer un reflux gastrooesophagien : Pyrosis: brûlure survenant en position allongée, se situant derrière le sternum et augmentant d’intensité après les repas.. Brûlures d’estomac: Des brûlures épigastriques sans trajet ascendant, survenant lorsque les sucs gastriques remontent de l’estomac vers l’oesophage. Enrouement de la voix. Difficultés à avaler. Toux sèche ou un essoufflement, souvent nocturnes, pouvant ressembler à une crise d’asthme. Douleurs pouvant évoquer une angine de poitrine.
Les mots et les expessions une sensation anormale – відчуття, що не відповідає нормі lié à une maladie – пов’язаний з хворобою éviter – уникати, запобігати la cause doit être recherchée et traitée – причина повинна бути знайдена і лікуватись le contenu gastrique – вміст шлунка une régurgitation – відрижка, переповнення des signes gênants – неприємні ознаки, відчуття la hernie hiatale – діафрагмальна грижа Repondez aux questions suivantes : 1. Qu’est-ce que c’est le reflux gastroœsophagien, par quoi est- il caractérisé? 2. Quelles mesures simples permettent - elles de prévenir des signes gênants du reflux gastro-œsophagien? 3. Pouvez-vous nommer des manifestations qui peuvent évoquer un reflux gastrooesophagien?
Read the article and get ready to speak on one of the main health problems all over the world. Make a plan to the text. Do you know the meaning of these words? Obesity, excess body fat, complications, high blood pressure, Body Mass Index, snoring, backache, skin rash, shortness of breath, exertion, nutritionist, dietitian, therapist, an obesity specialist.
Obesity
Obesity needs no introduction. It's a condition characterized by excess body fat, which if not controlled can be extremely detrimental. This problem of obesity has spread its venom across the globe, and families worldwide are trying to cope with its horrendous effects. Here you will find all the information you need about obesity. Obesity does make you look bizarre in front of others, and that is why it is taken to be a cosmetic concern by most people. However, what is ignored is the fact that, the condition is a potent source of other severe complications in the body, common being diabetes, and high blood pressure. There is a criterion for anyone to be diagnosed with obesity. It involves the measurement of what is known as the Body Mass Index (BMI). Those whose measure is 30 or higher, fall in the category of obese. Some people may have a BMI of 40 or higher. Such people suffer from an extreme condition of obesity, known as morbid obesity. These people stay more vulnerable to develop some serious health condition. Obesity Signs and Symptoms The common signs which may be indicative of obesity include:
Snoring Profuse perspiration Sleep apnea Backache and pain in joints Difficulty falling asleep Having a sensation of warmth all the time Skin rashes in skin folds Feeling sleepy during the day time Depression for no apparent reason Shortness of breath with mild exertion
Treatment Plan to Manage Obesity As obvious it is, the main aim behind treating obesity is to achieve a healthy weight and maintain it so that, the risks of severe complications could be avoided. For this, patients are generally recommended to work with different professionals, which may include nutritionist, dietitian, therapist or an obesity specialist. According to most experts, within the first 6 months of treatment, the goal should be a reduction
of the body weight by 5-10 percent. So the obesity treatment guidelines which are recommended for patients are based on certain factors, which I would be briefing you on as we continue to move further. Diet A gradual weight loss of 1 or 2 pounds a week is supposed to be the treatment goal when diet is considered. Patients need to be choosy about what they are eating. The main factor is reducing the calorie intake and eating a healthy diet. Patients must also go for foods which would help them feel full for long. A very low-calorie liquid diet may also be recommended. Exercise Exercise is perhaps, the most important treatment measure to deal with obesity. Needless to say, the main aim behind regular exercises is to burn more calories than what is consumed. Aerobic exercises, such as walking, cycling, stair climbing or swimming are especially recommended to deal with obesity. 150 minutes of moderate physical acidity is what is required for obese. But then, the more, the better. Patients must increase their physical activity with every opportunity they get. For instance, going for a half an hour walk to the local health store, would do good instead of going in a car or something. Mindset Not only physical attempts or measures count as the important guidelines for treating obesity, patients must also have a discipline mindset and attitude towards food. Who can resist a humble looking pastry, which is covered in dark chocolate and a little red cherry over it? But people who want to beat their obesity and improve their quality of life, have to condition their mind to all such situations which can push all their attempts into jeopardy. Medication Beating obesity through a healthy diet, exercise, and behavioral changes is considered to be the best method. However, there are times when the use of medications become necessary. These medications would be prescribed by the doctor. However, know that, drugs are unlikely to work to treat obesity if the other factors which have been mentioned above, are overlooked. Surgery Obesity can also be treated with the help of surgery. Although, this is known to be the most effective and promising treatment method, it also harbors the most risks. Common of these may include nausea, vomiting, hernia, pneumonia, diarrhea, infection, etc. So generally, this is considered as the last option of for treating obesity, if the other conventional procedures have not responded well. There are several obesity treatment centers that provide
a great deal of help to people. The condition is not an easy condition that can be dealt with, within a short period of time. It is something that a person has to put up a fight against, where in every step he has to stay strong and positive. And one easy way of doing it, is to follow all the recommendations as religiously as possible. Answer the questions after the text: a) b) c) d) e) f)
What is obesity? Why are families worldwide trying to cope with its horrendous effects? What is a potent source of other severe complications in the body? What is a criterion for anyone to be diagnosed with obesity? Can you name the common signs which may be indicative of obesity? What is the treatment plan to cope with the disease?
Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/obesity-treatment-guidelines.html