Special Operations Quarterly by Armada International

A Quarterly Armada International Supplement

Q4 2015/Q1 2016

armada international: The trusted source for defence technology analysis

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2015/16 Special Operations Quarterly

Honduran special forces conduct COIN training with NATO partners. Such operations in the current environment are seeing SOF units in internal security operations Š US DoD

Anytime, Anyplace, Anywhere The contemporary military environment continues to broaden with the proliferation in hybrid warfare encompassing a mix of conventional threats including regular forces using established tactics, to unconventional threats, such as insurgents employing asymmetric tactics, worldwide.

Andrew White

F

or international Special Operations Forces (SOF), typically called upon first to respond to such threats, this has resulted in the requirement for an ever-expanding inventory of skills capable of executing a wide range of missions in order to combat state and non-state actors.

Current operations in eastern Europe

(Ukraine), Africa (Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania and Niger), the AsiaPacific (the disputed territory of Jammu and Kashmir in northern South Asia, and ongoing operations in Afghanistan) and the Middle East (Libya, Syria and Iraq) clearly illustrate current demands being placed on SOF units, with an increasing number of nations now recognising

them as force multiplying assets capable of conducting tasks including CounterInsurgency (COIN), Direct Action (DA), Special Reconnaissance (SR) and Military Assistance (MA). However, these traditional SOF capabilities are now expanded with an increasing emphasis on Information Operations including psychological and cyber warfare.

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platforms. To this end, the JSOU is placing a particular emphasis on the application of Commercial-Off-TheShelf (COTS) technology to these topics. “Innovation is not constrained to the defence industry, and (governments) may have to look to the commercial market for breakthrough technologies (to assist the adoption GPS technology derived from precision aerial delivery systems have been utilised to provide the same capability for of this technology by SOF),” the spokesperson continued. special operations troops © Airborne Systems Beyond such technological challenges, fulfilling ongoing capability and skills gaps will be critically important for SOF organisations, with the future operating environment characterised by the increasing effects exacted on and off the battlefield by non-state actors.

“SOF preparing to operate within this environment are bound by fiscal constraint, decreasing resources and manpower limitations (contrasting with) an era of expanding SOF requirements. While the characteristics of warfare within this enviAirborne Systems’ RA-1 parachute provides ronment will continue to evolve, what are increased payload capacity, extended range, the skills not yet currently present within silent operation and anti-stalling technology the special operations community that to improve airborne insertion © Airborne are assessed as necessary for success?” the Systems JSOU spokesperson asked.

It is not just the type and frequency of According to a spokesperson from the SOF commitments which have increased United States Special Operations Com- in recent years. SOF units across the world mand’s Joint Special Operations Univer- are witnessing growing requirements to sity (JSOU) in Tampa, Florida, SOF have operate in multiple environments across become one of the “primary military capa- a very broad spectrum of enemy combatbilities” for governments around the world ants. For example, the past decade of USas nations employ them in an “uncertain and North Atlantic Treaty Organisation environment.” The spokesperson contin- (NATO)-led operations in Afghanistan ued that “this reflects a shift from the use of and Iraq have seen NATO and its nonconventional forces to a heavy reliance on NATO coalition partners heavily engaged SOF. How should SOF be best employed to in COIN against relatively ill-equipped yet achieve national security objectives? What highly motivated and improvising adveris the effectiveness of SOF: their role, their saries who were able to significantly harass use as a strategic tool of warfare and their much larger forces. ability to meet the security needs of the inThis trend continues today but has ternational community?” morphed into an even more potent threat Looking ahead to 2016, the JSOU has with the so-called Islamic State of Iraq and outlined a list of requirements which will Syria (ISIS) employing enhanced armour need continued investment and research and manoeuvre tactics, almost akin to an and development, in order for SOF to established army, across northern Iraq and maintain overmatch regarding their ad- eastern Syria, utilising some very mature versaries. These requirements include the equipment captured from opposing indigbreadth of technology and equipment re- enous forces, such as the Force Protection quired by SOF with JSOU study topics for Industries Cougar Mine Resistant/Amthe coming year including robotics, auton- bush Protected (MRAP) vehicles and Texomy, miniaturisation, three-dimensional tron M1117 Guardian four-wheel drive printing and the swarming of unmanned internal security vehicles, both of which

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have been captured by ISIS from Iraqi Army stocks. ISIS’ employment of conventional manoeuvre tactics on the battlefield has seen insurgent tactics writ large evolve significantly from those employed by Taliban insurgents in Afghanistan against NATO-led forces where vehicle-borne bombs would penetrate a target building before dismounted soldiers armed with explosive suicide vests and 7.62mm assault rifles would exploit the breech to dominate the building or target.

Geography also continues to play an integral role in the demands placed on SOF with forces being deployed to areas of operation with extreme weather ranging from the Arctic Circle to desert and bush Areas of Operation (AOs) in sub-Saharan Africa. Additionally, SOF involvement in the Asia-Pacific and the Middle East has seen a significant trend towards operations in maritime environments as well as Military Operations in Urban Terrain (MOUT), both of which continue to place very specialist demands on SOF. As a consequence of the challenges discussed above, governments around the world are now investing more than ever in their SOF capabilities with a view to deploying small teams globally focused on training and equipping indigenous forces while providing organic force-multiplying capabilities downrange.

Speaking to multiple SOF cadres Armada was told how the current operating environment was continuing to stretch units to their absolute limit, particularly with everincreasing and complex security threats required to be countered by COIN teams as

The Polaris Defence Dagor vehicle is in service with US and Australian special forces whom have sought a mobile and lightlyprotected platform for insertion, extraction, CSAR, reconnaissance and fire support © Polaris Defence

NATO SOF commandos are now utilising red dot sights onboard even the smallest weapons including handguns for the rapid acquisition of targets © US DoD

part of wider internal security and homeland security operations. An example of this phenomena was witnessed in France when commandos from the Armée de Terre (French Army) Brigade des Forces Spéciales Terre (Army Special Forces Brigade) were deployed to assist their counterparts in the French police and Gendarmerie during the siege and hostage crisis which developed in the town of Dammartin-enGoële, north of Paris following attacks by Islamist cadres on the offices of the satirical Paris-based magazine Charlie Hebdo on 7 Jaunary, which resulted in the death of the two perpetrators Chérif and Said Kouachi, when the industrial building in which they had taken refuge was stormed by French police two days’ later. In addition to such homeland security requirements, SOF are increasingly required to deploy so-called Short Term Training Teams (STTTs), advisors and mentors to partnering nations across the globe. Such initiatives are ongoing in northern Iraq where Kurdish Pesh-

merga guerrillas attempting to roll back ISIS’ territorial gains in the country are receiving training and assistance from SOF units deployed by the United States and allied nations. Thus it is clear to see just exactly how important the correct equipment and systems are in assisting these forces to successfully execute their tasks.

I Airborne

Speaking to active SOF members from around the world, it is apparent to Armada that the largest proportion of special operations troops fall under the ‘airborne’ banner with the remaining units generally focused on maritime operations. One of the most traditional and useful insertion techniques employed by such SOF is focused on parachute technology, and this is one particular area which is seeing significant improvements as teams seek to infiltrate AOs as quickly and as stealthily as possible.

High-Altitude/High-Opening (HALO) and High-Altitude/Low-Opening

(HALO) where troops jump from altitudes of between 15000 feet/ft to 25000ft (4600 metres/m to 7620m) and Medium-Altitude/High-Opening (MAHO) operations (performed between 12500ft/3810m and 15000ft) remain the sole preserve of SOF although Low-Level Parachute (LLP) technology (for jumps below 12500ft) continues to be used particularly in relation to maritime insertion operations.

Despite a relative dearth in the utilisation of parachute insertion during US-led operations in Afghanistan and Iraq over the past decade, the most successful SOF units across the globe insist on maintaining these skilful techniques which can provide longrange and stealthy insertion onto a target.

Industry is keeping apace with the demands of airborne troops with companies such as the Anglo-American outfit, Airborne Systems providing cutting-edge capabilities to assist in the execution of such operations.

According to Gary McHugh, customer business manager at Airborne

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Variants of Supacat’s High Mobility Transporter vehicle have been used by NATO special forces worldwide for a number of years in four-wheel and six-wheel drive configurations © Supacat

Systems North America, high-altitude airborne insertions provide the most efficient use of parachute systems as well as a safe “offset” for aircraft, to remain outof-reach of short-range air defence systems such as the KBM 9K32 Strela-2 Man-Portable Air Defence System, which typically have a maximum altitude of approximately 12000ft (3657.6m). “Parachute insertion continues to represent the most efficient way of sending a small team of special forces from friendly airspace into enemy airspace,” Mr. McHugh explained to Armada.

I Hitting The Silk

Airborne Systems is in the midst of delivering 7000 of its latest Ram-Air 1 (RA-1) parachutes to the US Army and US Air Force Special Operations Commands (USASOC and USAFSOC) with additional special operations customers in Europe and the Asia-Pacific. Further details remained undisclosed due to operational sensitivities, Mr. McHugh explained. The RA-1 is a ‘square’ parachute capable of inserting a soldier over the equivalent of approximately 32km (17.3 miles) across the ground if exiting an aircraft from the maximum ceiling altitude of 25000ft Above Ground Level (AGL). This would allow a small team of operators to covertly insert into an AO undetected.

However, additional capabilities of the RA-1 have seen improved steering capabilities, compared to preceding parachute

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designs, making it almost impossible for an operator to stall the parachute before landing (a mishap which has been responsible for countless casualties and fatalities during operations and training) onto landing zones especially during dark hours. Furthermore, significant efforts have been made to reduce the fabric vibration of the parachute so as to reduce noise levels to an absolute minimum.

According to undisclosed NATO SOF sources speaking to Armada who recently tested

the RA-1, this feature provides an almost silent capability which is particularly useful for inserting into hostile territory. The RA-1 also has the ability to carry an extra 90 pounds/lb (40.9 kilograms/kg) in payload, with a total of 450lb (204.5kg) compared to legacy parachutes including Airborne Systems’ MC-4 which the RA-1 will eventually replace in US service. Alternatively, the RA-1 can carry a cargo payload of 500lb (227.2kg) with SOF units often jumping into an AO while following a Global Positioning System (GPS)-guided cargo parachute carrying kit for the task in hand. Such kit can include equipment to mark Temporary Landing Zones or specialist cutting machines for Combat Search and Rescue (CSAR) missions, as conducted by the Para-Jumpers or ‘PJs’ of the USAFSOC. Describing the RA-1, Mr. McHugh also explained how the RA-1 harness is capable of accommodating all missionessential equipment such as weapon tie down points, radio pouches and oxygen systems. “The main canopy is of a ninecell hybrid construction capable of three deployment methods including double bag static line (when a static line attached to the aircraft pulls the parachute open as the paratrooper exits the aircraft), overthe-shoulder rip cord and bottom of container throw out pilot chute (when the parachute opens after being thrown out of the aircraft by the aircraft’s airstream) …

The main and reserve canopies both utilise

Supacat’s LRV 400 Mk.II is being offered to a number of potential international customers as an internally airtransportable SOF vehicle © Supacat

Typical maritime interdiction operations over the surface have centred on the use of MIBs and Special Warfare Combatant Craft. However, European and US special forces are currently considering alternative methods to conduct the same tasks © US DoD

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pressurised stabilisers which reduce drag during flight and provide greater canopy control during landing,” he added.

However, any ability to conduct longrange high-altitude insertions can be restricted by a requirement to wear an oxygen supply at any altitude over 12000ft AGL during the day and 10000ft (3048m) AGL at night. Airborne Systems’ Special Operations Long Range (SOLR) oxygen supply is available in 3000 or 4500 poundsper-square inch configurations. According to industry sources, one undisclosed AsiaPacific SOF has already bought a number of SOLR oxygen systems. This holistic system comprises a bailout bottle and mask with the former required for HAHO and HALO missions. However, the SOLR 4500 model now provides 50 percent more oxygen capacity (122 cubic inches) than previous SOLR 3000 systems, allowing for increased flight duration under canopy and therefore, extended range for airborne insertions. “The reduced manifold size has been engineered in order to ensure no measurable oxygen leaks, thus the bailout bottle can be pressurised for extended periods. For increased safety,

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Lighter weight plate carriers continue to be utilised for increased mobility during operations with SOF commandos willing to accept the risk of being covered in less ballistic protection systems so as not to sacrifice mobility © 3M Ceradyne

the double-action rotating oxygen toggle switch eliminates unintentional oxygen flow shut off,” Mr. McHugh explained to Armada. The SOLR 3000 and 4500 systems are compatible with legacy Airborne Systems’ PHAOS (Parachutists High-Altitude Oxygen Supply) and US Army POM (Parachutists’ Oxygen Mask) as well as the Airborne Systems’ SOLR mask which is designed around the Gentex MBU-20 Jet Fighter Pilot Oxygen Mask.

Elsewhere, GPS-tracking guidance and navigation systems now provide an almost fool-proof solution for high-altitude jumpers seeking to conduct accurate landings at pre-designated rally points on the ground. Airborne Systems’ jTrax Navaid (Navigation Aid) system relies

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on technology derived from ruggedised modules from the US Army/USAF Joint Precision Aerial Delivery System (JPADS) programme, which employs GPS navigation and steerable parachutes to accurately insert payloads up to an Infantry Fighting Vehicle (IFV) in size into a landing zone. The jTrax systems comprise a display screen, chest-borne support board or wrist mount and back-up compass.

“Navaids allow military jumpers to conduct missions with long offsets and guide them towards their intended landing area in a reliable and precise way,” Mr. McHugh explained while highlighting the availability of a Command and Control (C2) screen allowing a Jumpmaster to check the progress of a flight towards a designated

release point, as well as a parachutist to check their progress while flying under canopy towards a landing zone. A variety of modes can be illustrated on the screen, designating the positions of other parachutists as well as progress made towards a primary or up to two alternative landing zones. A push-button menu can also be activated by an operator wearing gloves to allow a parachutist to rotate through display screens. The jTrax has already been sold to SOF customers in the Middle East, Airborne Systems confirmed to Armada.

I Ground

Another critical insertion technique as well as fighting platform for Special Operations Forces is the ground vehicle, which contin-

SOF units continue to rely upon HALO and HAHO parachuting as a primary insertion mechanism.

Airborne Systems’ RA-1 is currently being delivered to US special operations units © US DoD

ues to evolve in line with Future Character Of Conflict (FCOC) concepts regarding rapid reaction and expeditionary warfare.

Applicable to almost any AO in the world is the utility of Internally Transportable Vehicles (ITVs) which have the benefit of being quickly loaded and unloaded from rotary- and fixed-wing aircraft. Indeed, multiple SOF organisations are continuing down various procurement paths to gain or improve on such a capability.

Traditionally, supporting airframes such as Boeing’s CH-47 Chinook family heavy-lift helicopters have been able to carry derivatives of Supacat’s Jackel/2 four-wheel drive protected patrol vehicles, although it can take minutes rather than seconds to deploy them from an aircraft

for a mission. However, the international SOF community now requires a more advanced capability.

The Concept of Operation (CONOP) for an ITV requires the vehicle to be capable of rolling off the ramp of the hosting airframe almost as soon as it has touched down. The ITV can then immediately deploy on the ground to conduct a wide variety of tasks ranging from force protection and airfield security missions through to reconnaissance and fire support.

One company heavily involved in this area is Polaris Defence which is already contracted to provide such a capability to the US Special Operations Command (USSOCOM). The firm has also supplied various platforms to NATO SOF partners for

evaluation. On 24 August, USSOCOM awarded Polaris Defence a $83 million five year indefinite delivery/indefinite quantity contract for the delivery of additional MRZR 2 and MRZR 4 ITVs, which have two-seat and four-seat accommodation respectively. “We’ve been providing the MRZR for three years to USSOCOM and this contract reiterates that ultralight mobility is still a critical component of SOF missions,” Polaris Defence general manager, Rich Haddad explained to Armada. “These are extremely configurable platforms, providing operators the ability to quickly prepare for missions even in the most extreme terrain. The MRZRs provide the extreme mobility SOF can count on, that deploys in tactical aircraft, providing maximum flexibility.”

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For Close Quarter Battle, SOF commandos rely upon red dot sight technology allowing the rapid engagement of adversaries in built-up areas © US DoD

Both the MRZR 2 and MRZR 4 can be internally transported in Bell/Boeing CV-22B Osprey tilt-rotors operated by the USAF and can be configured in a number of ways to help expeditionary forces meet mission requirements, while forward deployed. “Some common tactical features of these off-road platforms include increased payload, a standard

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winch, electronic power steering, aircraft tie-down points, fold-down rollover protective structures, large cargo boxes, infrared light capability and blackout mode,” Mr. Haddad stated while describing how operators could use the platforms in overt, discreet and covert roles. The two vehicles have a maximum payload capacity of 454kg (1000lb) and 681.8kg (1500lb)

for the MRZR 2 and MRZR 4 respectively and can be fitted with a variety of weapons ranging from 5.56mm and 7.62mm machine guns through to 40mm automatic grenade launchers.

Elsewhere, requirements for ITVs continue to appear worldwide with SOF units in Europe, the Asia-Pacific and the Middle East all releasing Requests For Proposals

(RFPs) for related capabilities. Armada understands that the Netherlands, Belgium, the United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom all have outstanding and ongoing requirements for ITVs. Unveiled for the first time to the market at the Defence and Security Exhibition International (DSEI) event in London on 15 September is Supacat’s Light Recon-

Other ITV solutions include Polaris naissance Vehicle (LRV) 400 Mk.II which Defence’s Dagor lightweight patrol vehicle is being put forward for a number of these which, earlier this year, was delivered to international requirements. However, due the UAE for evaluation. Australian Army to the operational sensitivities involved with SOF, the company was unable to con- SOF also received an undisclosed numfirm exactly which programmes it was bid- ber of platforms in January following the international launch of the vehicle to the ding for. market at the Association of the US Army The LRV 400 Mk.II special operations (AUSA) exhibition in Washington DC in vehicle comprises a lighter weight version of the company’s High Mobility Trans- October 2014. With a maximum payload porter (HMT) family of vehicles which in- of 1400kg (3080lb), the Dagor vehicle is capable of carrying up to nine personnel cludes the four-wheel drive HMT 400 and six-wheel drive HMT 600 platforms, vari- and can be internally transported inside ants of which continue to be used in ser- CH-47 family aircraft, measuring nearvice with NATO and coalition SOF world- ly 1.9m (6.2ft) in width and over 4.5m (14.7ft) in length. The platform has a gross wide. However, SOF sources informed vehicle weight of 3500 tonnes.

Armada that the HMT type vehicles could With an ability to be under-slung bebe loaded on and off platforms such as low CH-47, Sikorsky CH-53 and Sikorsky CH-47 family-sized helicopters although it would take “minutes as opposed to sec- UH-60 family heavy- and medium-lift helicopters, the Dagor boasts a low velocity onds” for this to occur. Current CONOPs air drop capability, similar to most other of SOF require a far more rapid reaction ITVs on the market, although a roll-on/ capability to allow a team of at least several roll-off solution is preferable for SOF alvehicles in size, to immediately roll off the lowing operators to secure themselves in ramp of a heavy-lift helicopter as soon as the vehicle before landing. the aircraft has touched down.

The LRV 400 Mk.II comprises the I MRAP Continues rolling chassis and various automotive None of these ITV solutions mentioned systems derived from the famous Land Rover four-wheel drive, providing a ca- comprise an integrated ballistic protection solution although Modular Armour Propability for high speed mobility through tection Installation Kits (MAPIKs) such harsh environments for “lightweight rapid intervention” missions, a company spokes- as that supplied by Jankel can be added for particular missions. These armoured sheets person informed Armada. Measuring provide protection against ammunition up 1.8m (5.9ft) at its widest point (compared to 7.62mm in calibre and the fragmentation to two metres/6.7ft for the HMT-series effects of high explosive grenades. vehicles), the LRV 400 Mk.II is capable Nevertheless, the age of the MRAP of fitting comfortably in the cargo hold has not yet come to an end with many of a CH-47 family helicopter, which still remains one of the primary helicopter in- SOF continuing to operate such vehicles including the Thales’ Bushmaster. Such a sertion platforms for SOF globally. “ITVs platform provides protection for a ground fill the capability gaps currently lacking for assault force during insertion into a target many NATO and coalition special forces area as well as a fire support capability via between protected tactical patrol vehicles the vehicle’s remote weapon station. This and smaller all-terrain vehicles including vehicle, popular with coalition special motorbikes and quad bikes,” a Supacat forces operating in the Middle East over spokesperson explained. the past decade, would prove useful in a With a maximum payload of 1700kg domestic COIN role should the situation (3740lb) the LRV 400 Mk.II has a top be significant enough to deploy military speed of 160 kilometres-per-hour/km/h platforms at home.

(100 miles-per-hour/mph) and ability to A further example of the MRAP trend travel up to 800km (497.2 miles) without is Poland’s Wojska Specjalne (Special Opbeing refuelled. Supacat also suggested a erations Command) which is set to receive six-wheel drive variant would be made a total of 45 protected patrol vehicles. The available in the future although there remains no tangible requirement as yet ‘Ranger’ type unit, Jednostka Wojskowa for such a solution. This larger platform ‘Agat’ (JW ‘Agat’/’Agat’ Military Unit) will operate Oshkosh Defence’s M1240A1 Mwould allow for increased carriage of personnel and equipment for longer ATV MRAPs which have been acquired under an agreement with the US Defence range missions.

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Maritime SOF operators are trained to insert onto beaches over or below the surface with NATO SOF now considering the utility of unmanned and motorised surf boards and jet skis for such missions © US Navy

Security Cooperation Agency in a contract worth nearly $8 million.

This particular platform was used to great effect in Afghanistan by US Special Forces over the past decade, in response to the growing threat of insurgent bombs.

The M1240A1 M-ATV comprises a gross vehicle weight of 14700kg (32340lb) including a payload of 2200kg (4840lb).

However, being so heavy and measuring nearly 2.5m (8.2ft) in width, such a vehicle is unable to be utilised in an ITV role.

The M-ATV will be configured to carry at least five Polish SOF troops and their kit with the vehicle itself capable of being armed with a variety of weapons ranging from 7.62mm and 12.7mm machine guns through to 40mm automatic grenade launchers and anti-tank guided missiles. It has a top speed of 105km/h (65.2mph) and maximum range of 510km (316.9 miles), Oshkosh Defence told Armada.

Similar to the US Army Rangers and the UK’s Special Forces Support Group, which comprises troops from the British Army’s Parachute Regiment, the Royal Air Force Regiment and the Royal Marines.

JW Agat is employed as a strike unit which is capable of providing protected cordons for other special operations units wanting to conduct COIN missions in a relatively secure environment. MRAP-type vehicles

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can be used to enhance such effects, SOF sources indicated to Armada. Meanwhile, the Polish Special Operations Command is drawing up plans for a competition which is expected to deliver up to 500 multipurpose special forces platforms next year under the Polish Ministry of Defence’s Pegaz programme. Industry sources suggested to Armada that interested companies included General Dynamics, Krauss-Maffei Wegmann and Thales. Should the programme go ahead, first deliveries of whichever vehicles are selected will be expected to take place in 2017. However, the exact concept of the vehicle to be procured has yet to be confirmed.

I Maritime

Other operational areas witnessing increased investment and attention from the international SOF community can be found in the maritime, littoral and riverine domains, each of which provide their own significant challenges to SOF units looking to exploit these arenas.

One major trend becoming more and more popular in this area is the role of jet skis and other single-person waterborne craft which are capable of providing a similar role to the motorbikes and quad bikes used by SOF in the ground environment namely for reconnaissance and force

protection missions. In a typical mobility operation, operators riding motorbikes or quad bikes, for example, are used as scouts to identify routes for larger columns of four-wheel and six-wheel drive vehicles and other weapons through sometimes difficult terrain. They are also used as an overthe-hill reconnaissance capability allowing a covert force to successfully avoid enemy forces and potential ambush situations.

In early September, the US Naval Special Warfare Command issued a Request for Information (RFI) for jet ski ‘Swimmer Rescue Craft’ to be used by Special Boat Teams operating under the command of Naval Special Warfare Groups Three and Four. Each of these groups includes a SEAL (Sea, Air, Land) Delivery Vehicle Team, used to infiltrate maritime SOF commandos into an AO. However, besides the obvious utility as a rescue craft during training, USSOCOM (US Special Operations Command, the umbrella command for all US SOF) sources suggested to Armada that the jet skis are set to be employed for over-the-beach and littoral operations, with particular emphasis on their ability to combat high surf conditions. The US Navy requirement comprises a total of ‘dozens’ of jet skis which will be the Yamaha FX-HO and FX-SVHO series platforms. The first of these FX-HO

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and FX-SVHO jet skis were understood to have been delivered to the USSOCOM on 15 September. Such vehicles will also be capable of supporting US Navy SEAL teams in AOs including Central and South America as well as in the Asia-Pacific where a maritime reconnaissance capability could be a feasible CONOP for the jet ski.

Another reinforced jet ski solution currently being utilised by NATO SOF in Europe especially is Swedish company Proteum’s GuardRunner platform, which the firm described as providing access to littoral and riverine areas where other boats were unable to go. Similar to the US Navy requirement, initial variants of the GuardRunner were designed to provide a Combat Search and Rescue (CSAR) capability for the armed forces. Nevertheless, SOF units have identified potential capabilities in applying the same jet ski technology for infiltration and exfiltration out of AOs as well as for the provision of fire support.

Speaking to Armada, Proteum’s Seb Freeman explained how the GuardRunner could be used in “white and brown water” zones as well as “shallow areas, among rocks, reefs and cliffs” where any other larger Military Inflatable Boats (MIBs) or vessels could be endangered and potentially capsized or damaged. Additionally, Mr. Freeman explained how the GuardRunner could be used to board small to large vessels during COIN or Counter-Narcotics (CN) missions as well as providing an ability to transfer personnel and launch from the shore.

The platform can accommodate one or two operators, equipped with assault rifles, sniper weapons, handguns and surveillance devices. Working in swarms, these craft would provide mutual support and an extremely swift and agile capability over the surface, SOF sources explained to Armada.

Measuring 3.6m (11.8ft) in length, the GuardRunner comprises a dry weight of 350kg (770lb) and boasts a payload capacity of 400kg (880lb). With an ability to travel up to 40 knots (74km/h), it has a maximum range of 70 nautical miles (129.6km). Mr. Freeman added, “GuardRunner provides an ability to beach for quick deployment and recovery,” while highlighting the system’s fourstroke engine which is currently available in petrol, and soon to be in diesel, configurations. “We are working on a diesel variant which will be longer and wider, and provide the potential for a weapons mount,” Mr. Freeman said while describing how the extended variant would be capable of housing 5.56mm and 7.62mm coaxial machine guns.

An undisclosed number of craft are currently being used

by Sweden’s Särskilda Operationsgruppen (Special Operations Group) and Norway’s Marinejegerkommandoen (Marine Commandos) with additional NATO SOF using the systems for CN missions in South and Central America for low profile littoral and riverine operations.

SOF sources indicated to Armada how such a platform could be utilised during covert special reconnaissance missions. As an example, one anonymous soldier explained how a patrol could insert undetected using jet skis into a normally inaccessible drop-off point, then camouflaging and hiding the vehicles before continuing the mission on foot. This could involve sinking the jet skis close to the beach, burying them in the sand, or turning them upside down and covering them with a thermal protection blanket.

Once a reconnaissance mission had been completed, operators would then be able to return to the vehicles, and once happy that the cache had not been compromised, tactically extract the vehicles before egressing from the AO and returning to base.

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Alternatively, sources informed Armada A further option which has just been that the UK’s Royal Air Force was also consid- made available to maritime SOF units ering using precision guided aerial systems is Proteum’s Unmanned Surface Board such as Airborne System’s family of JPAD (USB) which the company describes as a parachutes to insert jet skis into an AO with “tactically relevant, silent, lightweight and airborne troops. Other options could in- manoeuvrable solution with autonomous clude inserting the jet ski as an underslung options.” Steered by weight distribution, load beneath a helicopter, or even on the the USB comprises a surfboard-shaped back of an ITV carried inside a heavy-lift platform allowing a single operator to helicopter. These Tactics, Techniques and infiltrate almost silently and in swarms Procedures (TTPs) and CONOPS continue into an AO in low-profile. With an all-up to be developed by NATO SOF units. weight of 35kg (77lb), the USB was un-

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veiled to the SOF market at the DSEI event this September (see above).

According to Mr. Freeman, Sweden and the UK’s Ministries of Defence are considering options for the technology with a variety of TTPs and CONOPs available. The USB itself can operate at speeds between three and 25 knots (5.5km/h to 46.3km/h) with a maximum operational range comprising up to 150nm (277.8km) assuming a three knot speed.

The platform is powered by a Lithium

SOF force elements worldwide still rely heavily on tactical ground vehicles as a means of insertion as well as for fire support missions © US DoD

battery providing up to 60 minutes of endurance at mixed speeds.

Designed using carbon fibre and Kevlar composites, the USB is propelled by an electric motor and has been designed with a low magnetic signature as well as being salt water resistant. The USB also has multiple holding points for steering allowing a variety of options for an operator to position themselves with their weapon pointing downrange. The USB has a maximum payload of 180kg (396lb) with all up

weight of 35kg (77lb). Mr. Freeman adds that the USB could be used for a variety of operations including the disembarkation from mother ships. “A team can be transported individually to multiple destinations, increasing flexibility, speed and stealth. A real-life example of this application has included a special operations mission to a remote island at an undisclosed location.”

Other options include CSAR missions and reconnaissance missions in harbours where a USB insertion is almost virtually undetectable. Mr. Freeman claimed, “With a very low acoustic, radar and infrared signature, the USB is very hard to detect, even in full daylight. A real life example of this application has been witnessed with SOF units scanning an area that is reported to have contained floating mines.”

The board, its wireless Bluetooth remote control and its propulsion system is custom-made and designed to maximise efficiency, while simplifying maintenance and service. It also boasts an integration port for the Alleco Alltab underwater tablet which includes a touchscreen for use when wearing diving gloves. While not capable of steering the USB itself, this underwater tablet is used to power up the platform and could be networked with other soldier electronic devices in the future.

A company spokesperson for the Finland-based firm explained to Armada how the tablet could be used down to depths of 15m (49.2ft) with an upgraded Pro version capable of withstanding depths down to 150m (492.1ft). “Alltab allows combat divers to use tablet applications while diving in order to collect data, take pictures, and access maps and materials,” the spokesperson added.

Following several similar, but cancelled programmes, on 10 September the USSOCOM Acquisition, Technology and Logistics Programme Executive Office released an RFI for its Dry Combat Submersible (DCS) programme which aims to develop a “dry environment, diver lockin/lock-out, undersea mobility capability”.

The programme is expected to be based around a COTS submersible for use in SOF environments, USSOCOM sources explained. This latest effort follows the maturation of Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (UUV) technology which has traditionally seen small vehicles utilised for Mine Countermeasure (MCM) operations, and search and rescue missions. The US Navy has identified a requirement for such

a system to support special operations in underwater reconnaissance and MCM missions. It is envisaged that the DCS will be launched from US Navy ‘Virginia’ class nuclear-powered attack submarine torpedo tubes as well as from the force’s ‘Freedom’ and ‘Independence’ class Littoral Combat Ships.

I Wet Work

Elsewhere in the maritime environment, the USSOCOM is preparing a solicitation to further enhance equipment used

by SOF during interdiction, direct action and Visit, Board, Search and Seizure (VBSS) operations.

The Maritime Assault Suit System (MASS) and Lightweight MASS programme is designed to identify equipment and garments suitable for maritime, land, airborne, and shipborne environments.

One focus area is expected to consider a single over-garment with neck and wrist seals allowing maritime SOF to comfortably transition between the aforementioned conditions. Traditionally, maritime SOF personnel have had to tailor clothing and equipment to the specific tasks in hand with dry suits and wet suits for example, used for underwater insertions and more traditional combat clothing for land-based or shipborne operations. The concept behind the MASS programme could allow a single, lightweight garment for operators to wear in most operational circumstances as opposed to switching between garments as discussed above.

A spokesperson for USSOCOM described how the main effort of the MASS

Aimpoint’s Micro T2 red dot sight has been introduced in response to calls from maritime SOF units for a more ruggedised solution for close quarter battle and underwater insertions © Aimpoint

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Maritime SOF units are seeing increased emphasis on littoral and riverine operations with the US Navy Special Warfare Command considering alternative integrated garments to ease the transition between wet and dry environments © US DoD

and L-MASS was to “keep the user comfortable and provide the greatest degree of water vapour management” as well as being rugged enough for field use. The spokesperson continued that “the MASS and L-MASS shall keep the operator dry in maritime and terrestrial extremes and all-weather conditions without interfering with typical mission movements or compromising physical motion for activities including, but not limited to, swimming, running, assault movements, and weapons manipulation.” They added that “both versions must be lightweight, fit comfort-

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ably, and must be able to keep the operator as dry as possible while immersed in water without significant weight gain. The MASS/L-MASS and all components and design features shall be compatible with individual equipment (load-bearing equipment, body armour, headwear, handwear, and footwear/fins) used in combat operations and training. Additional requirements outlined include entry and relief zips, integrated socks, shoulder, thigh and calf pockets, with particular emphasis being made to reduce material-generated noise created during covert missions. There is no

word on when the USSOCOM will choose the MASS and LMASS suit designs that it wishes to procure.

I Ground Apparel

More traditional SOF equipment continue to witness trends towards ‘cutaway’ or high-side trim combat helmets for increased Situational Awareness (SA) and the integration of headsets. One of the most popular ballistic solutions currently being widely procured by SOF organisations worldwide is the Gentex Tactical Ballistic Helmet Mission Configurable

The L-3 Insight series of integrated laser designators continue to be utilised by SOF worldwide, allowing soldiers to select coloured and IR lasers for close quarter battle © L-3

(TBH-II MC) system. Based on its popular Advanced Combat Helmet (ACH), the TBH-II MC is capable of integrating a broad range of organic and third-party components, according to the company, in a bid to enhance survivability and increase the SA of an operator. The design incorporates a so-called ‘Skeleton Shroud’ for protection against blunt force trauma injuries and allows for the integration of Night Vision Goggles (NVGs). However, due to ever-evolving SOF requirements, the system is available in high-side, medium and full trim variants.

Picatinny rail systems integrated on the side of the TBH-II MC allow for the integration of multiple accessories including eye protection, NVGs, headsets such as the Silynx Boom microphone; Identification Friend/Foe (IFF) devices including the San Precision IFF Strobe; video cameras such as the VholdR Contour High Definition and VIO POV1 cameras; and tactical lights including the Insight M3, Surefire E1L, Surefire X300, Streamlight TLR-1 and Princeton illumination kit.

A further trend which was first identified by US Army Special Operations

Forces operating in Afghanistan from 2012 onwards, concerns the integration of a Survivability Kit to enhance protection especially in insurgent bomb threat areas. The Survivability Kit features a visor, providing protection against 9mm ammunition, with mandible options to protect the eyes and face from blunt force trauma, ballistic threats and blast shockwaves. On top of this, an additional helmet-mounted capability now being optimised by special forces units is the Mohoc ruggedized camera which is, according to defence sources, being utilised by SOF in the US and else-

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The Proteum GuardRunner ruggedised jet ski is already in operational use with undisclosed European Special Operations Force © Proteum

where. Effectively a military-grade variant of popular sports cameras such as the famous GoPro brand, the Mohoc has been pre-sold in “thousands” to NATO SOF force elements seeking to use footage for After Action Reviews as well as real-time information dissemination during missions, the company told Armada.

On 2 May 2011, US Navy SEALs conducted Operation NEPTUNE SPEAR which resulted in the death of Al Qaeda leader Osama Bin Laden at his safe house in Abbottabad, northern Pakistan. Following the publication of photographs showing President Barack Obama and advisors in the White House Situation Room, the international media automatically assumed that they had been watching a live feed of the mission including the shots fired which killed Mr. Bin Laden. This has since been discredited although the capability does exist allowing Full Motion Video (FMV) to be relayed from inside buildings, across conventional tactical radios, and thence to satellite communications to be transmitted across an intercontinental range.

However, footage of the raid was recorded by SEAL Team 6 operators for Site Sensitive Exploitation (SSE) reasons; a topic which will be covered below. Additionally, whether recording a live operation or a training scenario, the ability to record and playback FMV provides a critical tool in the evolution of TTPs for SOF as they continue their efforts to outwit adversaries and learn from mistakes made on the ground. According to Mohoc chief executive officer, Connor Duncan, sports cameras have been

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used by SOF operators in recent years for this same purpose although models such as the GoPro are not rugged enough for the tasks in hand and not optimised for some missions as they emit light and sounds which can put operators at risk of compromise during an operation.

The Mohoc camera has been designed in a small form factor with a low, contoured profile preventing any snag hazard and a simple industrial Velcro attachment allowing the camera to be easily attached to any part of the helmet. “The CurveLock base of the camera matches the shape of a tactical helmet and combines with the sleek exterior of the Mohoc to create the closest possible fit, eliminate snag hazards from foreign objects and significantly improves the security and simplicity of helmet attachment,” Mr. Duncan explained. A rotating lens also means the Mohoc can be mounted and adjusted on the side slope of a combat helmet should NVGs or any other accessories restrict the aperture of the camera when positioned on top of the helmet. The Velcro attachment also reduces the requirement for Picatinny rail attachments. The Mohoc includes a simple three-setting user interface with a vibrating function signalling when the camera is active. The device, Mr. Duncan explained, remained silent at all times and had zero light emissions. It is also certified to be waterproof down to ten metres’ (33ft) depth.

Providing high definition video, Mohoc benefits from a dual capture capability allowing an operator to take still photos while simultaneously recording FMV

including manual, photo burst and time lapse photography as and when required.

The camera also has a 140 degree field-ofview. Wireless connectivity is provided

by USB (Universal Serial Bus) and HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface) ports with supporting software applications available using the Android operating system as of September, with these available on the Apple iTunes website from December. The camera is capable of accommodating a 128 gigabyte memory card with a rechargeable battery pack pro-

The High Trim helmet is becoming widespread throughout SOF units worldwide, with benefits allowing greater user comfort and the easier integration of communications and ear protection headsets © US DoD

viding up to six hours of continuous use.

Mohoc is available in day camera and lowlight infrared (IR) variants with Mr. Duncan telling Armada that the company is considering a thermal imaging option in the future.

To date, operational evaluation with SOF units has seen the utility of the Mohoc camera extended to body-mounted systems.

Again, the company’s CurveLock Velcro attachment allows it to be easily attached to the shoulder harnesses of load-carrying systems and armour plate carriers. The

Mohoc has also been developed with a canine mount allowing military working dogs to carry the payload. Such a TTP arose out of COIN operations in Iraq and Afghanistan where dogs were employed to enter a building or compound ahead of a ground assault force. However, associated SOF sources informed Armada that special operations personnel were also keen to use the technology onboard Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), surveillance poles, and onboard weapon systems and platforms.

As previously mentioned, the operational environment continues to change with SOF being used less for kinetic strike operations to capture high-value targets amid a return to more traditional intelligence-gathering missions. Operation NEPTUNE SPEAR again provides a good example of this with the helicopter attack force conducting SSE of Mr. Bin Laden’s compound prior to its egress from the location. This allowed the force to collect computer hard drives, cell phones and paperwork for use in follow-on missions

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Heavy armoured tactical vehicles were used to great effect in Afghanistan and Iraq by US Special Forces. Despite a recent trend towards more lightweight and internally air-transportable vehicles, SOF units continue to employ them for COIN © US DoD

to assist in disrupting and destroying explaining to Armada how requirements insurgent networks; a CONOP which would also incorporate demands for proved extremely successful during coali- stand-off detection capabilities. Options tion SOF operations in Iraq to identify and being considered by a variety of SOF ordisrupt insurgent bomb-making and logis- ganisations include Field Forensics’ Ultra tics networks. series of Multi-Target Explosives and PreIllustrating the importance of this area, cursor Test Kits which are small enough to the US Special Operations Command re- be carried in secure pockets. leased a solicitation for SSE technologies Field Forensics’ chief executive offithis September. The RFP calls on a variety cer Craig Johnson informed Armada that, of technology to assist SOF in SSE mis- “Ultra-series kits generally react to chemisions including passive radiation detection cals immediately or within a few seconds. devices to react to the presence of radio- The operator does not have to worry logical materials/emissions so as to detect, about losing components or replacing or locate and identify radiological materials recharging batteries as the tests are selfat dose rates within tolerance levels, and contained in simple, rugged and reliable personal radiation detection devices capa- form factor housings.” The company’s ble of warning the wearer of the presence HandyRam handheld Raman Spectrosof potentially dangerous radiation while copy system also allows operators to collecting SSE information. identify explosives, precursor chemicals, Additionally, the SSE solicitation will narcotics and other compounds. The consider a minimal power Biological HandyRam is powered by AA batteries Agent Detection Kit capable of detecting providing up to eight hours of usage. Adbiological agents within minutes, and an ditionally, the micro Thin Layer ChromaExplosive Detection Kit capable of de- tography (TLC) payload can be used for tecting explosive substances less than five further analysis. “These products aim to milligrams in size. ”Detectors should be reduce the burden on the forensics chain mountable on ground mobility vehicles,” by supplying technologies that not only the USSOCOM RFI added with sources provide the analyses required but that

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are also easy to use and support,” he explained while acknowledging SOF operators have enough to worry them tactically on the ground when executing missions.

I Lethality

Whatever additional missions are being required of SOF cadres, the fundamental capability for lethality remains of prime importance to the soldier. There are exceptions but the minimum armament carried by a SOF commando will be a covertly carried handgun. The other end of the scale will see them equipped with an assault rifle as a primary weapon, a handgun as a secondary weapon, and flexibility to operate crew-served weapons and additional weapons suitable to their task, which can range from shotguns to assist entry into buildings and underslung 40mm grenade launchers through to ATGMs, fragmentation grenades and demolition equipment.

An ability to breach entry into a building or compound remains critical to modern day SOF, especially when combating experienced and motivated insurgents quite capable of booby-trapping obvious entry and exit points. Such an effect was routinely witnessed during NATO opera-

tions in Afghanistan over the past decade, including one undisclosed international unit which received nearly a dozen casualties during a single arrest operation in an undisclosed province. Method Of Entry (MOE) options range from manual means such as sledgehammers through to shotguns, ATGMs and shaped charges designed to gain entry through concrete walls which are usually prepped before a mission and thus dependent upon a successful prior reconnaissance of the target building and its construction.

Responding to such requirements is Israel Military Industries’ (IMI) recently-unveiled Explosive Breaching Frame (EBF). The charge is designed to create holes in compound and building walls of sufficient size to allow a ground assault force entry. This EBF technology is already in service with Israel Defence Force (IDF) SOF who are particularly used to MOUT to support wider internal security operations. According to IMI, the EBF relies upon a linear-shaped charge which can be supported and formed into a box shape to create an aperture entry point. The charge is capable of breaching walls of up to 0.2m (0.6ft) thickness with rods or special adhesives used to support the EBF against a compound or building wall.

I Urban Operations

Meanwhile, increasing requirements to operate in tight, congested and contested urban environments, has placed additional importance on small arms with SOF operators often reverting from high-tech optical gunsight solutions to more simplified ‘red dot’ sights. Swedish company Aimpoint has supplied SOF with this technology for years with sales director, Fredrik Ljungren explaining to Armada how recent operations and consideration of the future operating environment look set to continue this trend. “Red dot technology provides a better solution than laser devices because they minimise any transmission of light which can compromise an operation,” he explained while describing how ongoing improvements in size, weight and power had resulted in increasing requirements even for handgun-mounted red dot sights.

Aimpoint’s T1 and T2 sight families fit via Picatinny rail adaptors to assault rifles, submachine guns and handguns and provide a see-through holographic red dot sight designed for rapid engagement in close quarter battle up to approximately 100m (328ft) in range. The sights can also

SOF units continue to seek internally air-transportable vehicles for a variety of missions with the USSOCOM contracting Polaris Defence to deliver MRZR 2 and MRZR 4 vehicles © Polaris

be used in low light conditions although they fail to illuminate targets.

Red dot sights also allow a soldier to quickly acquire a target via a ‘slant fieldof-view’ while keeping both eyes open and looking down their barrel, providing a much more rapid capability than if the user was looking down an enclosed optical gunsight such as the Trijicon Advanced Combat Optical Gunsight (ACOG).

However, Trijicon continues to develop ACOGs with ‘floating’ holographic red dot or reticle pattern designator which are illuminated when looking over the weapon sight and down the barrel, as opposed to through the magnified sight itself. This provides a dual solution for SOF units seeking a to engage enemy targets at short range in a timely manner as well as the more accurate engagement of targets out to the maximum effective range of the users’ particular weapon.

For more surgical operations with increased associated risk of collateral damage to friendly forces or civilian populations (such as Hostage Rescue and CSAR), SOF commandos tend to select a laser designating device such as L-3 Insight’s AN/PEQ-15 Advanced Target Pointer Illuminator Aiming Laser (ATPIAL) which is available in standard, high and ultra high power configurations. The device can be mounted to a rifle for easy-to-use aiming with IR and visible aim lasers as well as an IR illuminator.

Meanwhile, Aimpoint is currently marketing its Micro T2 red dot sight to

undisclosed European SOF, after operational experience highlighted a series of lessons learned regarding its legacy Micro T1 weapon sight which remains in service with certain nations today. A socalled ‘evolution’ of the Micro T1 has seen a raft of improvements to the gunsight including the addition of protective flip covers to the front and rear of the sight, particularly designed for combat diving operations. Maritime SOF units requested the capability after dirt had partially blocked the see-through display following the transition from water to land environments.

Similarly, ground units have found this upgrade useful in the arid conditions of the Middle East and South Central Asia. During operations in Iraq, coalition forces often complained of a very fine sand or dust which penetrated, blocked and sometimes hindered the operation of weapons and gunsights. The Micro T2 also comprises increased impact protection as well as 90 percent light transmission for increased optimal performance. Mr. Ljungren explained, “The Micro T1 and T2 family of red dot sights have been designed for Hostage Rescue and COIN operations for use with assault rifles and submachine guns, providing users with the optical performance of a larger sight but in a smaller form factor.” Mr. Ljungren added that the company “has also designed the sight for use with a handgun and are currently speaking to handgun and holster manufacturers to best integrate our sight

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ON THE COVER: Special Operations Forces are carrying an increasing quantity of equipment to perform their missions. Ensuring that this equipment is easy to carry, and easy to use, is paramount © US DoD

Special Operations Quarterly Supplement to Issue 6/2015 Volume 39, Issue No. 6, December 2015/January 2016 is published bi-monthly by Media Transasia Ltd. Copyright 2012 by Media Transasia Ltd. Publishing Office: Media Transasia Ltd., 1603, 16/F, Island Place Tower, 510 King’s Road, Hong Kong Editor: Thomas Withington

CV-22Bs are being called upon to insert underslung SOF vehicles. Such a concept of operation allows for rapid re-rolling of the vehicle as soon as it has touched down © US DoD

technology with these weapon and carriage systems.” Looking to future developments, he outlined ongoing requirements for yet further improvements to sight size, weight and power as well as demands continuing for increased optical performance. Finally, Mr. Ljungren described how Aimpoint red dot sights provided a continuous use of approximately five years.

I Conclusion

SOF provide a nation’s most elite combat capability but contemporary and future operating environments are now calling on these soldiers to operate in a far smarter way. Equipment and technology goes some way in addressing these issues but fundamentally, selection of the right individuals for service within these units will continue to provide the greatest capability over emerging adversaries.

It is important to remember that standards cannot and will not drop so enhancing the capability of soldiers appears the only way ahead. Certainly, this is how the USSOCOM is approaching the challenge of MOUT with the development of its Tactical Assault Light Operator Suit; a robotic exoskeleton which could become ready for deployment within the next five-to-ten years.

However, such a programme comes with a warning. Governments can equip a soldier with the latest in wearable computers, lethality and protection, but if that operator lacks the guile, innovation and self-discipline to use them appropriately, they run the risk of becoming ineffective.

There is a fine line to be drawn and defence organisations should remain wary as to any potential information overload as the future capabilities of Special Operations Forces increase in years to come.

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