DSI - April 2013

DSI Cover_final 3rd time.qxp:cover-feb3.qxd 30/04/13 2:57 PM Page 1

EAST-EAST RELATION

INDIA AND EAST ASIA East and South-East Asia becoming a strategic lode stone of the world I GVC NAIDU UAV ACTION

UAV OPS IN INDIA Unmanned Air Vehicles are the latest addition in all major armies of the world I G. NATARAJAN APRIL 2013

DEFENCE and SECURITY of INDIA

DSI

www.defencesecurityindia.com

VOLUME 5

ISSUE 4

C4I2SR-VIRTUAL BATTLEFIELD COMMANDER THE C4I2SR ARCHITECTURE OF ANY NATION HAS BECOME ESSENTIAL TO THE ART OF WAR-FIGHTING. THE ABILITY TO SEE AND LOCATE THREATS, IN TURN, TARGET THEM FROM BEYOND VISUAL RANGE IS KEY I PRAHLADA

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26/04/13 1:45 PM

Letter from the Editor.qxd:contents-aug.qxd 26/04/13 4:40 PM Page 2

APRIL 2013

LETTER FROM THE

DSI

editor

I

n a classic illustration of what can be called a knee-jerk reaction, Defence Minister, Arackaparambil Kurien Antony has told all and sundry, that he would prefer to source arms and equipments for the Indian armed forces from indigenous sources. This rather disingenuous notion is his reaction to the Rs 300-odd crore bribery scandal that has been discovered by Italian prosecutors involving AgustaWestland, an Anglo-Italian subsidiary of the Italian major, Finmeccanica.

The bribery investigation in Milan, Italy, has charged the former CEO of AgustaWestland and later a chief executive of the Italian parent, Giuseppe Orsi and a few other officials. The Indian deal, for 12 luxury helicopters meant for the transport squadron of the IAF to ferry VVIPs domestically, was struck in 2010.

But the point of discussion here is not about the Finmeccanica. This column is looking at the decision by Antony after filtering it through the possibility of Indian armed forces being equipped by ‘Indian’ arms in the foreseeable future.

Let us see what has happened in the past. In the past 60 years, the DRDO has supplied the Indian armed forces materiel worth Rs 1.4 lakh crores. These equipments have been developed and then, manufactured in numbers by the giant defence public sector units (DPSUs) like the Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd, Mazagon Docks Ltd and a huge network of Ordnance factories, administered by the defence ministry-controlled Ordnance Factory Board, besides a few others.

So let us take stock of the inventories of the armed forces from the viewpoint of Antony’s decision.

Even the mandarins of the defence ministry agree if there has to be such a high level of indigenisation, the private sector has to play a major role. All this while, the Indian armaments market have seen marginal presence of companies like the Tatas, Mahindras, Larsen and Toubro, Bharat Forge and few other handful.

If the DPSUs had taken giant leaps, the private arms makers have only begun to take baby-steps, hobbled as they say by the step-fatherly approach of the government. Now, Antony wants them to run before they could even begin to walk properly.

There is however no gain-saying that the DPSUs themselves need major makeovers. The HAL, which has the IAF as its captive client has at least five production lines – for Su-30 MKI, Mirage 2000 refurbishing, Hawk Advanced Jet Trainer assembly, Jaguar refit with change of engine and of course, last but not the least, the Light Combat Aircraft. Considering this to be the level of diversification the HAL has, one can safely speculate that their’s possibly the most diversified production lines of any aeronautics major, and can be of envy for a Boeing or a Lockheed.

What this does to efficiencies and to scarce resources like time and money is at issue. Antony now wants all of these negative factors to be overcome and industrial complex to take a quantum jump. All because he can’t catch the people with their hands in the till.

Pinaki Bhattacharya

1

Even the mandarins of the defence ministry agree if there has to be such a high level of indigenisation, the private sector has to play a major role. All this while, the Indian armaments market have seen marginal presence of companies

Contents 2nd time:contents-feb-R.qxd 30/04/13 1:59 PM Page 2

CONTENTS

APRIL 2013

COMMAND AND CONTROL

DSI

6

C4I2SR - VIRTUAL BATTLEFIELD COMMANDER The C4I2SR architecture of any nation has become essential to the art of war-fighting. The ability to see and locate threats, in turn, target them from beyond visual range is key

DEFENCE BUDGET

30

MILITARY MODERNISATION IN DIRE STRAITS UAV

12

After delivering two budgets with double-digit growth in defence expenditure, this year P Chidambaram had trouble to find the resources for satiating all needs

UAV OPS IN INDIA: NEWER CAPACITIES AND NEW ROLES Unmanned Aerial Vehicles are the latest military innovations that have been added to the arsenal of major armies of the world. It is deployed mostly for ISR (Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance) functions

NAVAL SYSTEMS

18

NAVAL RADARS AND COMBAT SYSTEMS The key to a blue water navy is its ability to see beyond its horizon; and acquire and destroy targets before they are able to pose a threat

EAST–EAST RELATIONS FORENSICS

24

ANTIINSURGENCY TOOL In this fictionalised tale of an insurgency-prone region, where the mob turns against the security forces, forensic examinations create the breakthrough to win back people to the fold 2

3

38

INDIA-EAST ASIA DEFENCE COOPERATION East and South-East Asia is becoming a strategic lode stone of the world where all the major powers of the world wish to be present. This is a result of the sheer economic dynamism and also because of the Rise of China

Contents 2nd time:contents-feb-R.qxd 30/04/13 1:59 PM Page 2

CONTENTS

APRIL 2013

COMMAND AND CONTROL

DSI

6

C4I2SR - VIRTUAL BATTLEFIELD COMMANDER The C4I2SR architecture of any nation has become essential to the art of war-fighting. The ability to see and locate threats, in turn, target them from beyond visual range is key

DEFENCE BUDGET

30

MILITARY MODERNISATION IN DIRE STRAITS UAV

12

After delivering two budgets with double-digit growth in defence expenditure, this year P Chidambaram had trouble to find the resources for satiating all needs

UAV OPS IN INDIA: NEWER CAPACITIES AND NEW ROLES Unmanned Aerial Vehicles are the latest military innovations that have been added to the arsenal of major armies of the world. It is deployed mostly for ISR (Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance) functions

NAVAL SYSTEMS

18

NAVAL RADARS AND COMBAT SYSTEMS The key to a blue water navy is its ability to see beyond its horizon; and acquire and destroy targets before they are able to pose a threat

EAST–EAST RELATIONS FORENSICS

24

ANTIINSURGENCY TOOL In this fictionalised tale of an insurgency-prone region, where the mob turns against the security forces, forensic examinations create the breakthrough to win back people to the fold 2

3

38

INDIA-EAST ASIA DEFENCE COOPERATION East and South-East Asia is becoming a strategic lode stone of the world where all the major powers of the world wish to be present. This is a result of the sheer economic dynamism and also because of the Rise of China

Contributors-Oct 20112nd time.qxd:contributors-aug.qxd 30/04/13 2:23 PM Page 4

CONTRIBUTORS

APRIL 2013

DSI

DEFENCE and SECURITY of INDIA APRIL 2013 VOLUME 5, NUMBER 4 G. NATARAJAN

HARPREET SINGH JAISWAL

GV C NAIDU

PROF (DR.) PRAHLADA

DR. LAXMAN KUMAR BEHERA

RADM. S. KULSHRESTHA

G.Natarajan, a former senior scientist of Aeronautical Development Establishment, DRDO as Programme Director (UAV) was in charge UAV development activities including Lakshya , Nishant, Rustom , Micro UAV and UAV test Range projects. He was the team leader for the successful overseas flight demonstration of Lakshya-1.

As Group Director of UAV technology divisions he led design teams in the development of UAV data links. He is a fellow of IETE and Member CSI and AeSI.

Harpreet Singh Jaiswal is a government servant who specialises in evolving applications of technology to solve everyday problems by breaking down the complex to its elementary entities.

He has also acquired special knowledge of negotiation and conflict resolution in consonance with the UN model of training peace keepers in international conflict scenarios. Of late, he has developed a keen interest inprofessional forensics .

G V C Naidu, a Doctorate from the School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, is currently Professor and Chairperson of the Centre for South, Central and Southeast Asian & Southwest Pacific Studies, JNU. He specializes in IndoPacific issues, including India’s Look East policy. He has to his credit three books, five monographs on various issues and number of articles, and research papers published in India and abroad.

P ROF (DR ) P R AH LADA has been one of the leading aerospace scientist in the country and is known as the creator of Akash Surface to air missile system for the country.

After serving DRDO for 4 decades he superannuated as a distinguished scientist and is currently the VC of Defence Institute of Advance Technologies at Pune.

Dr Lax man Kumar Behera is Research Fellow at New Delhi-based Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA). Behera has vertical specialisation on issues related to Arms Procurement, Offsets, Defence Industry and Defence Cooperation. He was closely associated with two high-level Committees set up by Indian MoD on Defence Acquisition and Defence Expenditure.

Recently, he was the Consultant to the Task Force on Self-Reliance and Defence Modernisation constituted by the NSCS, Government of India.

RAdm. S. Kulshrestha , Indian Navy in the year 1975 and served as Director General of Naval Armament Ministry of Defence (Navy) where he was directly responsible for availability of reliable and safe naval armament. He has superannuated from Indian Navy in 2011 and is currently unaffiliated. He has been writing in defence journals on issues related to matters Navy, Armament technology and indigenisation.

EDITOR Pinaki Bhattacharya CREATIVE DIRECTOR Bipin Kumar DESIGNER Sachin Jain (Dep. Art Director), Mukesh Kumar, Ajay Kumar (Asst. Art Director), Sujit Singh (Visualiser) JR. FEATURESWRITER Anandita Bhardwaj SENIOR MANAGER INTERNATIONAL MARKETING Vishal Mehta (E-Mail: vishalmehta@mtil.biz) DEPUTY MANAGER MARKETING Tarun Malviya (E-Mail: tarunmalviya@mtil.biz) SALES & MARKETING COORDINATOR Atul Bali (E-Mail: atul@mtil.biz) CIRCULATION & DISTRIBUTION Vipul Jain PRODUCTION & PRE-PRESS Sunil Dubey, Ritesh Roy, Devender Pandey MTC PUBLISHING LIMITED 323, Udyog Vihar, Ph-IV, Gurgaon 122016 Ph: +91 0124-4759500 Fax: +91 0124-4759550 CHAIRMAN J. S. Uberoi PRESIDENT Xavier Collaco FINANCIAL CONTROLLER Puneet Nanda GLOBAL SALES REPRESENTATIVES France/Spain Stephane de Remusat, REM International Tel: (33) 5 3427 0130 Email: sremusat@aol.com Germany/Austria/Switzerland/Italy/UK Sam Baird, Whitehill Media Tel: (44-1883) 715 697 Mobile: (44-7770) 237 646 E-Mail: sam@whitehillmedia.com Israel Liat Heiblum, Oreet - International Media Tel: (97 2) 3 570 6527 Email: liat@oreet-marcom.com Russia Alla Butova, NOVO-Media Latd, Tel/Fax : (7 3832) 180 885 Mobile : (7 960) 783 6653 Email :alla@mediatransasia.com Scandinavia/Benelux/South Africa Tony Kingham, KNM Media Tel: (44) 20 8144 5934 Mobile: (44) 7827 297 465 E-Mail: tony.kingham@worldsecurity-index.com South Korea Young Seoh Chinn, Jes Media Inc. Tel: (82-2) 481 3411/13 E-Mail: jesmedia@unitel.co.kr East-Central Europe/Greece/Turkey Zena Coupé Tel: (44) 1923 852537 Email: zena@expomedia.biz USA (East/South East)/Canada Margie Brown, BLESSALL Media LLC. Tel : +1 ( 540) 341 7581 Email :margiespub@rcn.com USA (West/SouthWest)/Brazil Diane Obright, Blackrock Media Inc. Tel: +1 (858) 759 3557 Email: blackrockmedia@cox.net Defence and Security of India is published and printed by Xavier Collaco on behalf of MTC Publishing Limited.

Published at 323, Udyog Vihar, Ph- IV, Gurgaon 122016 and printed at Paras Offset Pvt Ltd, C176, Naraina Industrial Area, Phase I, New Delhi. Entire contents Copyright © 2008. All rights reserved. Reproduction and translation in any language in whole or in part without permission is prohibited.

Requests for permission should be directed to MTC Publishing Limited. Opinions carried in the magazine are those of the writers’ and do not necessarily reflect those of the editors or publishers. While the editors do their utmost to verify information published they do not accept responsibility for its absolute accuracy.

The publisher assumes no responsibility for the return of unsolicited material or for material lost or damaged in transit.

All correspondence should be addressed to MTC Publishing Limited.

SUBSCRIPTION INFORMATION Defence and Security of India is obtained by subscription.

For subscription enquiries, please contact: dsisubscriptions@mtil.biz

www.mediatransasia.in/defence.html http://www.defencesecurityindia.com

Contributors-Oct 20112nd time.qxd:contributors-aug.qxd 30/04/13 2:23 PM Page 4

CONTRIBUTORS

APRIL 2013

DSI

DEFENCE and SECURITY of INDIA APRIL 2013 VOLUME 5, NUMBER 4 G. NATARAJAN

HARPREET SINGH JAISWAL

GV C NAIDU

PROF (DR.) PRAHLADA

DR. LAXMAN KUMAR BEHERA

RADM. S. KULSHRESTHA

G.Natarajan, a former senior scientist of Aeronautical Development Establishment, DRDO as Programme Director (UAV) was in charge UAV development activities including Lakshya , Nishant, Rustom , Micro UAV and UAV test Range projects. He was the team leader for the successful overseas flight demonstration of Lakshya-1.

As Group Director of UAV technology divisions he led design teams in the development of UAV data links. He is a fellow of IETE and Member CSI and AeSI.

Harpreet Singh Jaiswal is a government servant who specialises in evolving applications of technology to solve everyday problems by breaking down the complex to its elementary entities.

He has also acquired special knowledge of negotiation and conflict resolution in consonance with the UN model of training peace keepers in international conflict scenarios. Of late, he has developed a keen interest inprofessional forensics .

G V C Naidu, a Doctorate from the School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, is currently Professor and Chairperson of the Centre for South, Central and Southeast Asian & Southwest Pacific Studies, JNU. He specializes in IndoPacific issues, including India’s Look East policy. He has to his credit three books, five monographs on various issues and number of articles, and research papers published in India and abroad.

P ROF (DR ) P R AH LADA has been one of the leading aerospace scientist in the country and is known as the creator of Akash Surface to air missile system for the country.

After serving DRDO for 4 decades he superannuated as a distinguished scientist and is currently the VC of Defence Institute of Advance Technologies at Pune.

Dr Lax man Kumar Behera is Research Fellow at New Delhi-based Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA). Behera has vertical specialisation on issues related to Arms Procurement, Offsets, Defence Industry and Defence Cooperation. He was closely associated with two high-level Committees set up by Indian MoD on Defence Acquisition and Defence Expenditure.

Recently, he was the Consultant to the Task Force on Self-Reliance and Defence Modernisation constituted by the NSCS, Government of India.

RAdm. S. Kulshrestha , Indian Navy in the year 1975 and served as Director General of Naval Armament Ministry of Defence (Navy) where he was directly responsible for availability of reliable and safe naval armament. He has superannuated from Indian Navy in 2011 and is currently unaffiliated. He has been writing in defence journals on issues related to matters Navy, Armament technology and indigenisation.

EDITOR Pinaki Bhattacharya CREATIVE DIRECTOR Bipin Kumar DESIGNER Sachin Jain (Dep. Art Director), Mukesh Kumar, Ajay Kumar (Asst. Art Director), Sujit Singh (Visualiser) JR. FEATURESWRITER Anandita Bhardwaj SENIOR MANAGER INTERNATIONAL MARKETING Vishal Mehta (E-Mail: vishalmehta@mtil.biz) DEPUTY MANAGER MARKETING Tarun Malviya (E-Mail: tarunmalviya@mtil.biz) SALES & MARKETING COORDINATOR Atul Bali (E-Mail: atul@mtil.biz) CIRCULATION & DISTRIBUTION Vipul Jain PRODUCTION & PRE-PRESS Sunil Dubey, Ritesh Roy, Devender Pandey MTC PUBLISHING LIMITED 323, Udyog Vihar, Ph-IV, Gurgaon 122016 Ph: +91 0124-4759500 Fax: +91 0124-4759550 CHAIRMAN J. S. Uberoi PRESIDENT Xavier Collaco FINANCIAL CONTROLLER Puneet Nanda GLOBAL SALES REPRESENTATIVES France/Spain Stephane de Remusat, REM International Tel: (33) 5 3427 0130 Email: sremusat@aol.com Germany/Austria/Switzerland/Italy/UK Sam Baird, Whitehill Media Tel: (44-1883) 715 697 Mobile: (44-7770) 237 646 E-Mail: sam@whitehillmedia.com Israel Liat Heiblum, Oreet - International Media Tel: (97 2) 3 570 6527 Email: liat@oreet-marcom.com Russia Alla Butova, NOVO-Media Latd, Tel/Fax : (7 3832) 180 885 Mobile : (7 960) 783 6653 Email :alla@mediatransasia.com Scandinavia/Benelux/South Africa Tony Kingham, KNM Media Tel: (44) 20 8144 5934 Mobile: (44) 7827 297 465 E-Mail: tony.kingham@worldsecurity-index.com South Korea Young Seoh Chinn, Jes Media Inc. Tel: (82-2) 481 3411/13 E-Mail: jesmedia@unitel.co.kr East-Central Europe/Greece/Turkey Zena Coupé Tel: (44) 1923 852537 Email: zena@expomedia.biz USA (East/South East)/Canada Margie Brown, BLESSALL Media LLC. Tel : +1 ( 540) 341 7581 Email :margiespub@rcn.com USA (West/SouthWest)/Brazil Diane Obright, Blackrock Media Inc. Tel: +1 (858) 759 3557 Email: blackrockmedia@cox.net Defence and Security of India is published and printed by Xavier Collaco on behalf of MTC Publishing Limited.

Published at 323, Udyog Vihar, Ph- IV, Gurgaon 122016 and printed at Paras Offset Pvt Ltd, C176, Naraina Industrial Area, Phase I, New Delhi. Entire contents Copyright © 2008. All rights reserved. Reproduction and translation in any language in whole or in part without permission is prohibited.

Requests for permission should be directed to MTC Publishing Limited. Opinions carried in the magazine are those of the writers’ and do not necessarily reflect those of the editors or publishers. While the editors do their utmost to verify information published they do not accept responsibility for its absolute accuracy.

The publisher assumes no responsibility for the return of unsolicited material or for material lost or damaged in transit.

All correspondence should be addressed to MTC Publishing Limited.

SUBSCRIPTION INFORMATION Defence and Security of India is obtained by subscription.

For subscription enquiries, please contact: dsisubscriptions@mtil.biz

www.mediatransasia.in/defence.html http://www.defencesecurityindia.com

C4I2SR2 - Virtual Battlefield Commander 2nd time.qxd:INDO-PAK.qxd 30/04/13 2:26 PM Page 1

COMMAND AND CONTROL

APRIL 2013

DSI

PROF (DR.) PRAHLADA

The C4I2SR architecture of any nation has become essential to the art of war-fighting. The ability to see and locate threats, in turn, target them from beyond visual range is key.

KEY POINTS n In the old system of battlefield management, Command and Control would be in one isolated box . n Today’s battlefield is based on realtime data collection and transmission that creates an informatised loop. n In India, the business of equipping the forces with C4I2SR capabilities will be of the order Rs 100,000 crores.

rmy Commanders (like Air Force and Navy Commanders) have to prepare themselves and their army for defending the Nation against any attempt by adversaries to carry out attacks.

This preparation is a very long drawn and complex exercise. This is done through a very sophisticated mathematical and simulation technique called scenario simulation. In this mode, Army, in consultation with the other services, National Security Agency, bureaucracy from Ministry of Defence, Ministry of External Affairs and representatives from Think Tanks will evolve a large number of possible threat scenarios. Such scenarios are based on known tactics, weapon capability, strategy, intentions, military and

A

political leadership of the attacking country.

The defending country would then evolve defence against these attacks and sometimes also work out counter attacks. A high fidelity simulation model is generated for carrying out simulation of various threat scenarios and also defence scenarios. This will result in war game modeling and simulation results of such large scale simulations will lead to arriving at operation doctrine for the Army commander.

When an adversary plans to attack a country, the attack can be over land or sea or by air or through underwater depending on various factors including strategies and operational tactics.

It becomes the responsibility of the defender to take care of all possibilities and counter the attacks effectively. The attacks can be from any direction, from any altitude, at any speed and in large numbers. Sometimes, the attacking systems come along with electronic counter measures to jam the radars and communication network. It is a very difficult situation for any defender to be alert on 24 X 7 basis to protect country’s assets, Vulnerable Areas (Vas) and Vulnerable Points (VPs) in such a complicated scenario.

A few decades ago, radars used to be deployed along the border and radar data used to be analyzed and interpreted at each radar station. These radars are kept on

Thales provided Combat Management Systems for a variety of surface vessels, including its TACTICOS product

C4I2SR-VIRTUAL BAT TLEFIELD COMMANDER 06

07

C4I2SR2 - Virtual Battlefield Commander 2nd time.qxd:INDO-PAK.qxd 30/04/13 2:26 PM Page 1

COMMAND AND CONTROL

APRIL 2013

DSI

PROF (DR.) PRAHLADA

The C4I2SR architecture of any nation has become essential to the art of war-fighting. The ability to see and locate threats, in turn, target them from beyond visual range is key.

KEY POINTS n In the old system of battlefield management, Command and Control would be in one isolated box . n Today’s battlefield is based on realtime data collection and transmission that creates an informatised loop. n In India, the business of equipping the forces with C4I2SR capabilities will be of the order Rs 100,000 crores.

rmy Commanders (like Air Force and Navy Commanders) have to prepare themselves and their army for defending the Nation against any attempt by adversaries to carry out attacks.

This preparation is a very long drawn and complex exercise. This is done through a very sophisticated mathematical and simulation technique called scenario simulation. In this mode, Army, in consultation with the other services, National Security Agency, bureaucracy from Ministry of Defence, Ministry of External Affairs and representatives from Think Tanks will evolve a large number of possible threat scenarios. Such scenarios are based on known tactics, weapon capability, strategy, intentions, military and

A

political leadership of the attacking country.

The defending country would then evolve defence against these attacks and sometimes also work out counter attacks. A high fidelity simulation model is generated for carrying out simulation of various threat scenarios and also defence scenarios. This will result in war game modeling and simulation results of such large scale simulations will lead to arriving at operation doctrine for the Army commander.

When an adversary plans to attack a country, the attack can be over land or sea or by air or through underwater depending on various factors including strategies and operational tactics.

It becomes the responsibility of the defender to take care of all possibilities and counter the attacks effectively. The attacks can be from any direction, from any altitude, at any speed and in large numbers. Sometimes, the attacking systems come along with electronic counter measures to jam the radars and communication network. It is a very difficult situation for any defender to be alert on 24 X 7 basis to protect country’s assets, Vulnerable Areas (Vas) and Vulnerable Points (VPs) in such a complicated scenario.

A few decades ago, radars used to be deployed along the border and radar data used to be analyzed and interpreted at each radar station. These radars are kept on

Thales provided Combat Management Systems for a variety of surface vessels, including its TACTICOS product

C4I2SR-VIRTUAL BAT TLEFIELD COMMANDER 06

07

C4I2SR2 - Virtual Battlefield Commander 2nd time.qxd:INDO-PAK.qxd 30/04/13 2:26 PM Page 3

COMMAND AND CONTROL round the clock and manned to watch any instructions. Subsequently the data used to be sent to an “operation center” either through voice or through low speed data links. This data would then be processed, mostly manually, by a team of experts and defensive actions evolved considering the availability of various types of weapon systems and their geographical locations.

Subsequently, weapon system commanders who have with them rockets and missiles would take action for defending against enemy attacks. Before launching weapons they will use their own surveillance, detection and tracking systems to ensure high probability of kill of selected targets and nothing escapes the barriers.

This picture has changed and will be changing more drastically. The technologies will play a major role in carrying out such defences through using real time sensors and action systems. In fact, it would be impossible to carry out any effective defence without such technological aids in present and future war scenarios.

System Architecture : Architecture for Network Centric Operations (NCO) is shown in figure 1. The defended area would be covered by a number of Surveillance systems strategically positioned on ground, over the sea and in air. These sensors will have adequate ranges for target detection, accuracies, resolution and data rates, so that all types of targets coming over any media, from any direction and at any speed could be detected, acquired and analyzed. The sensors could be based on radars or thermal devices. There would be C4I centres (Ground Control Stations) where the data would be processed for classification of targets, their prioritization and subsequent assigning to various weapons such as rockets or surface to air missiles ( short, medium and long range) or air to air missiles (short range, medium range or beyond visual range) or air to ground weapons.

The necessary mathematical algorithms and software for these tasks have to be evolved and coded.

Though majority of surveillance systems are ground based, they can also be airborne or placed in satellites. Even the C4I centres can be airborne. Similarly the defensive weapons systems can be static on land or mobile on ground or mobile on sea or carried in aircraft. All the elements of this C4I2SR systems are networked through

APRIL 2013

semi active arrays or fully active apertures.

These arrays can be stationary or rotating and entire radar can be mounted on high mobility vehicles. With such sophisticated and modern radars, 100’s of targets can be simultaneously detected, database created almost instantaneously and tracked electronically /digitally. While some of the data can be processed at radar centres itself, for target prioritization and assignment at local level, they can also be transmitted to the centralized command and control centres online. These radars would have also been designed to be adequately robust against all types of jammers including decoys.

The Surveillance and Tracking radars in the possession of the Indian armed forces are manufactured by Bharat Electronics, in conjunction with DRDO. The forces also have radars from such global suppliers like Thales, France; Raytheon, the USA; and Israeli Aerospace Industries (IAI).

This newly tested WIN-T Increment 2 company-level point of presence will provide onthe-move connectivity

These surveillance radars are normally in L,S or C bands of operations and they could be 2D or 3D systems. While the 2D radars provide information of range and azimuth of targets, 3D radars would additionally provide data on the target altitude at which it is flying. Most of the radars also provide the speed of the targets whether they are on surface or in air.The radars used to be mechanically scanning.

08

”

high speed, secure, high bandwidth digital data links. This communication network will use terrestrial (Fiber Optic Lines), microwave, satellites and also UHF/VHF communication links. Irrespective of media, they need to be made robust against possible ECM (Electronic Counter Measures) attacks. The task of Reconnaissance can be also assigned to unmanned air vehicles or satellite based sensors, so that they can provide 24 X 7 surveillance and reconnaissance data without having limitations due to terrain conditions. These unmanned systems also are less risky as no human operators are involved on these platforms. The accuracy of data and their availability will thus be guaranteed round the clock.

Control Centres: Control centres or C4I centres are in constant digital data link with surveillance radars

stations at higher echelons and weapon control stations at the other end. They have Omni directional receiving systems and high performance computing platforms for data processing and display to the commander.

The displays are also highly sophisticated with user friendly icons, graphics and animations. These centres would be collocated with tracking radars and weapon systems. The tracking systems can also be infrared systems to supplement radar trackers or dispersed strategically. Based on the surveillance data received by the control centres, the tracking radars are commanded to acquire the allotted targets within the expected range, azimuth and elevation baskets. Once acquired, the radars would be continuously tracking the targets irrespective of how they keep moving or flying. The tracking radars are also now becoming either semi active or fully active phased array radars and these are mostly in C and X bands. Again because of their electronic beam steering capability, each radar can track dozens of targets simultaneously and help in providing guidance to missiles.

DSI

Centralised Vs decentralized Operations (Group Vs Autonomous ) There are two modes of operations for a defence system. The first and the preferred one is centralised mode where a national level command and control centre would take decisions. This centre will receive real time data from a number of regional or sector based C4I centres who have with them their own dedicated surveillance and reconnaissance systems. The National level centre will also have a high-end surveillance, generally airborne or satellite borne platforms with independent sensors. The target data from various regional centres will be correlated with similar data directly generated at the centre to ensure unambiguous detection, confirmation and classification of targets.

Once targets get classified and prioritized, the central C4I centre will assign specific targets to regional centres which will take on target engagement. The central command thus coordinates and ensures that the most appropriate sector takes on targets in the most effective way. The centre will have access to

The AN/A AN/APS-153(V) APS-153(V) and and MH-60R The Navy’s’s’ Most Valuable Valuable Player

Elements of C4I2SR Surveillance Radars : These surveillance radars are normally in L,S or C bands of operations and they could be 2D or 3D systems. While the 2D radars provide information of range and azimuth of targets, 3D radars would additionally provide data on the target altitude at which it is flying.

Most of the radars also provide the speed of the targets whether they are on surface or in air. The radars used to be mechanically scanning and tracking through servo mechanisms slaved to the single assigned target. Of late, almost all the radars have become electronically scanning with staring

The AN/APS-153(V) is Telephonics’ premier Anti-Submarine Warfare radar, with long range small-target detection and the sharpest Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar imaging.

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C4I2SR2 - Virtual Battlefield Commander 2nd time.qxd:INDO-PAK.qxd 30/04/13 2:26 PM Page 3

COMMAND AND CONTROL round the clock and manned to watch any instructions. Subsequently the data used to be sent to an “operation center” either through voice or through low speed data links. This data would then be processed, mostly manually, by a team of experts and defensive actions evolved considering the availability of various types of weapon systems and their geographical locations.

Subsequently, weapon system commanders who have with them rockets and missiles would take action for defending against enemy attacks. Before launching weapons they will use their own surveillance, detection and tracking systems to ensure high probability of kill of selected targets and nothing escapes the barriers.

This picture has changed and will be changing more drastically. The technologies will play a major role in carrying out such defences through using real time sensors and action systems. In fact, it would be impossible to carry out any effective defence without such technological aids in present and future war scenarios.

System Architecture : Architecture for Network Centric Operations (NCO) is shown in figure 1. The defended area would be covered by a number of Surveillance systems strategically positioned on ground, over the sea and in air. These sensors will have adequate ranges for target detection, accuracies, resolution and data rates, so that all types of targets coming over any media, from any direction and at any speed could be detected, acquired and analyzed. The sensors could be based on radars or thermal devices. There would be C4I centres (Ground Control Stations) where the data would be processed for classification of targets, their prioritization and subsequent assigning to various weapons such as rockets or surface to air missiles ( short, medium and long range) or air to air missiles (short range, medium range or beyond visual range) or air to ground weapons.

The necessary mathematical algorithms and software for these tasks have to be evolved and coded.

Though majority of surveillance systems are ground based, they can also be airborne or placed in satellites. Even the C4I centres can be airborne. Similarly the defensive weapons systems can be static on land or mobile on ground or mobile on sea or carried in aircraft. All the elements of this C4I2SR systems are networked through

APRIL 2013

semi active arrays or fully active apertures.

These arrays can be stationary or rotating and entire radar can be mounted on high mobility vehicles. With such sophisticated and modern radars, 100’s of targets can be simultaneously detected, database created almost instantaneously and tracked electronically /digitally. While some of the data can be processed at radar centres itself, for target prioritization and assignment at local level, they can also be transmitted to the centralized command and control centres online. These radars would have also been designed to be adequately robust against all types of jammers including decoys.

The Surveillance and Tracking radars in the possession of the Indian armed forces are manufactured by Bharat Electronics, in conjunction with DRDO. The forces also have radars from such global suppliers like Thales, France; Raytheon, the USA; and Israeli Aerospace Industries (IAI).

This newly tested WIN-T Increment 2 company-level point of presence will provide onthe-move connectivity

These surveillance radars are normally in L,S or C bands of operations and they could be 2D or 3D systems. While the 2D radars provide information of range and azimuth of targets, 3D radars would additionally provide data on the target altitude at which it is flying. Most of the radars also provide the speed of the targets whether they are on surface or in air.The radars used to be mechanically scanning.

08

”

high speed, secure, high bandwidth digital data links. This communication network will use terrestrial (Fiber Optic Lines), microwave, satellites and also UHF/VHF communication links. Irrespective of media, they need to be made robust against possible ECM (Electronic Counter Measures) attacks. The task of Reconnaissance can be also assigned to unmanned air vehicles or satellite based sensors, so that they can provide 24 X 7 surveillance and reconnaissance data without having limitations due to terrain conditions. These unmanned systems also are less risky as no human operators are involved on these platforms. The accuracy of data and their availability will thus be guaranteed round the clock.

Control Centres: Control centres or C4I centres are in constant digital data link with surveillance radars

stations at higher echelons and weapon control stations at the other end. They have Omni directional receiving systems and high performance computing platforms for data processing and display to the commander.

The displays are also highly sophisticated with user friendly icons, graphics and animations. These centres would be collocated with tracking radars and weapon systems. The tracking systems can also be infrared systems to supplement radar trackers or dispersed strategically. Based on the surveillance data received by the control centres, the tracking radars are commanded to acquire the allotted targets within the expected range, azimuth and elevation baskets. Once acquired, the radars would be continuously tracking the targets irrespective of how they keep moving or flying. The tracking radars are also now becoming either semi active or fully active phased array radars and these are mostly in C and X bands. Again because of their electronic beam steering capability, each radar can track dozens of targets simultaneously and help in providing guidance to missiles.

DSI

Centralised Vs decentralized Operations (Group Vs Autonomous ) There are two modes of operations for a defence system. The first and the preferred one is centralised mode where a national level command and control centre would take decisions. This centre will receive real time data from a number of regional or sector based C4I centres who have with them their own dedicated surveillance and reconnaissance systems. The National level centre will also have a high-end surveillance, generally airborne or satellite borne platforms with independent sensors. The target data from various regional centres will be correlated with similar data directly generated at the centre to ensure unambiguous detection, confirmation and classification of targets.

Once targets get classified and prioritized, the central C4I centre will assign specific targets to regional centres which will take on target engagement. The central command thus coordinates and ensures that the most appropriate sector takes on targets in the most effective way. The centre will have access to

The AN/A AN/APS-153(V) APS-153(V) and and MH-60R The Navy’s’s’ Most Valuable Valuable Player

Elements of C4I2SR Surveillance Radars : These surveillance radars are normally in L,S or C bands of operations and they could be 2D or 3D systems. While the 2D radars provide information of range and azimuth of targets, 3D radars would additionally provide data on the target altitude at which it is flying.

Most of the radars also provide the speed of the targets whether they are on surface or in air. The radars used to be mechanically scanning and tracking through servo mechanisms slaved to the single assigned target. Of late, almost all the radars have become electronically scanning with staring

The AN/APS-153(V) is Telephonics’ premier Anti-Submarine Warfare radar, with long range small-target detection and the sharpest Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar imaging.

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C4I2SR2 - Virtual Battlefield Commander 2nd time.qxd:INDO-PAK.qxd 30/04/13 2:06 PM Page 5

COMMAND AND CONTROL

APRIL 2013

the real time status of launchers, tracking radars and fire control centres and inventory of weapons available for engagement. There will be no duplication or massing of targets between the 2 neighboring sectors.

However, under certain circumstances, such a centralised operation may not be acceptable considering its inherent latency, delays in data communication, their transfer and processing. Local mode of operation would then be invoked and sectors could be given autonomy to take on targets within specified engagement conditions without referring to central authority before engagement.

The autonomous C4I centres will be like quick reaction defence centres and can take on targets within their sector instantaneously.

Weapons on Launchers: The adversaries tend to attack using multiple weapons, either by launching from a mother aircraft or from an unmanned combat aircraft or from ground based launchers. The weapons would be missiles or guided rockets or guided bombs. The aircraft carrying weapons will be arriving in formations and again from different directions, speeds and altitudes. Therefore in order to protect against such intense attacks, the defending nation needs to have multiple counter weapons ready to fire from multiple launchers strategically located or placed.

These weapons also need to be launched simultaneously to directly intercept attacking targets simultaneously or the missiles launched by them. The targets can be aircraft / UAVs. Though most of the old generation launchers were static carrying heavy rockets and missiles, present generation launchers are light and mobile carrying much lighter rockets and missiles.

Both missiles and launchers are becoming more compact and lighter in weight because of continuous improvement in materials and processes. These launchers are so designed that the missiles can be launched to take on targets coming from any direction.

AWACS: Airborne Warning And Control Systems are mostly transport or passenger aircraft converted to carry elements of both surveillance systems and C4I centres. These are becoming big force multipliers as these can keep flying at altitudes of around 15 KM and therefore have a very vast ground coverage including enemy areas. The line of

Similarly, if the defending nation is having the surveillance and C4I centre onboard aircraft, it will be supported with ESM (Electric Support Measures), which will receive the adversary attempts to jam the airborne electronic system and again intelligently avoid or withstand deterioration of its performance. The same logic holds good for the communication systems. Thus it is seen that there is a lot of intelligent games that takes place in the C4I2SR networks between the attacker and defender. The smarter one eventually wins.

sight limitations of ground A WIN-T Increment 2 tactical much of intelligence as communications node for onpossible in every element of based surveillance system are thus overcome and the-halt networking is entering C4I2SR. The radars are service with the US Army; becoming intelligent, these AWACS become eyes communication systems in the sky. These aircraft are literally flying C4I system of systems and are becoming smart and software driven. are of latest in technology. The radars fitted Similarly the fire control systems are in such aircraft are also becoming highly becoming intelligent and can take real time sophisticated and currently they are also decisions. Missiles themselves have enough based on active array systems. They can intelligence to reconfigure the mission and therefore withstand ECM threats and re-target. The entire system has redundancy, provide both surveillance and tracking fault tolerance, self adapting and self healing information simultaneously to C4I system futures. The C4I2SR system, also called as in real time for dozens of targets. Most of the Network Centric Operation (NCO) system, is radars can also catch and track targets almost organic and alive!

The instant radar is switched for moving on ground or over the sea. These airborne surveillance / tracking systems can surveillance, enemy jamming system comes also take care of terrain hugging cruise on and captures the radars signature, missiles which is a great input to the frequency, modulation, wave-form, power defender. India has not only acquired such levels and the radar finger print specific to it. airborne surveillance, command and control The jammer is designed to immediately platforms but also developed its own attack the radar and make it ineffective to carry out its surveillance and tracking indigenous systems. operations. The radar therefore, has to be built in with adequate intelligence to perform Intelligence: The latest development for the C4I2SR is the its functions even under such jamming entity “Intelligence”. Conscious efforts are conditions either with its full capability or being made to build in or incorporate as with marginally decreased capability.

10

Robust and Secure : As one can visualize, even though the communication networks are not jammed, there are always methods of intercepting communication network of defender and taking suitable cyber attack actions after decoding the communication. Encryption and cyber security is attracting a lot of innovation and research and large number of teams have been deployed to ensure robust and secure communication within C4I2SR networks. The defenders’ networks have to be designed and made to withstand cyber attacks either completely without any harm or accept minimum degradation and even if degradation takes place, this system should have the capability of quick recovery and full-fledged operations.

Immunity through indegenious development: It is easy to understand that, all adversaries would make their best efforts to penetrate into C4I2SR elements of the defender. The best way would though be a cyber attack before actual weapons are used without firing any missile, the cyber attack would incapacitate radars and communication by entering into the network. In order to thwart such attempts, one needs to have indigenous OS (Operating System), indigenous networking components, indigenous microelectronic devices and indigenous trusted computing platforms. This is the only way the NCO can be made immune for cyber attacks. Fortunately India has taken up necessary actions in this direction.

Opportunity for industry: India is a huge country and a very important nation in the world. It requires a very strong and robust defence against all possible adversaries. It is therefore, obvious that a very powerful C4I2SR system needs to be

DSI

indigenously developed, produced, integrated and deployed for the defence of the nation. One can imagine and even compute the number of radars, their types, their platforms and of course the number of missiles also. Similarly the number of launchers and weapons, static and mobile command control centers, airborne surveillance / tracking platforms, airborne command control centers, airborne electronic support measures, airborne and ground based ECCM systems, rockets and missiles, advanced communication systems like SDR (Software Define Radios) and cognitive radios and embedded software will bring out the volume and value of business opportunities for various public and private industries. In addition, the technology content being of the highest level, the industries need to update their skills, their knowledge, their processes, their equipment and their management.

Currently, the two Indian companies that have participated in the communication equipments, alongwith DRDO and BEL, are Tata Power and Larsen and Toubro Electronics. The value of C4I2SR for India would cross Rs.100,000 crores over less than a decade.

The Thales “Theatre Box” cloud-ready deployable C4I packs in a single Dell server

Two of the best examples of indigenously developed, produced and deployed weapon systems with sophisticated C4I2SR integrated into are the Akash medium range, mobile, surface to air, multi target handling, air defence missile system and Brahmos supersonic anti ship and anti ground target missile system.

Akash and Brahmos : Two of the best examples of indigenously developed, produced and deployed weapon systems with sophisticated C4I2SR integrated into are the Akash medium range, mobile, surface to air, multi target handling, air defence missile system and Brahmos supersonic anti ship and anti ground target missile system. Both have C4I2SR systems developed and realised indigenously. More than 300 Indian companies are employed in producing and assembling and delivering the sub-systems and 5 companies are integrating and delivering systems to Army, Air Force and Navy. They will also have continued business for spares, consumables, upgradation and product support for the next 25 years. The employment generation and industry involvement are obvious benefits to the country.

Looking ahead: Our Defence Minister, AK Antony, has taken up new initiatives to provide thrust to indigenous development and production.

11

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COMMAND AND CONTROL

APRIL 2013

the real time status of launchers, tracking radars and fire control centres and inventory of weapons available for engagement. There will be no duplication or massing of targets between the 2 neighboring sectors.

However, under certain circumstances, such a centralised operation may not be acceptable considering its inherent latency, delays in data communication, their transfer and processing. Local mode of operation would then be invoked and sectors could be given autonomy to take on targets within specified engagement conditions without referring to central authority before engagement.

The autonomous C4I centres will be like quick reaction defence centres and can take on targets within their sector instantaneously.

Weapons on Launchers: The adversaries tend to attack using multiple weapons, either by launching from a mother aircraft or from an unmanned combat aircraft or from ground based launchers. The weapons would be missiles or guided rockets or guided bombs. The aircraft carrying weapons will be arriving in formations and again from different directions, speeds and altitudes. Therefore in order to protect against such intense attacks, the defending nation needs to have multiple counter weapons ready to fire from multiple launchers strategically located or placed.

These weapons also need to be launched simultaneously to directly intercept attacking targets simultaneously or the missiles launched by them. The targets can be aircraft / UAVs. Though most of the old generation launchers were static carrying heavy rockets and missiles, present generation launchers are light and mobile carrying much lighter rockets and missiles.

Both missiles and launchers are becoming more compact and lighter in weight because of continuous improvement in materials and processes. These launchers are so designed that the missiles can be launched to take on targets coming from any direction.

AWACS: Airborne Warning And Control Systems are mostly transport or passenger aircraft converted to carry elements of both surveillance systems and C4I centres. These are becoming big force multipliers as these can keep flying at altitudes of around 15 KM and therefore have a very vast ground coverage including enemy areas. The line of

Similarly, if the defending nation is having the surveillance and C4I centre onboard aircraft, it will be supported with ESM (Electric Support Measures), which will receive the adversary attempts to jam the airborne electronic system and again intelligently avoid or withstand deterioration of its performance. The same logic holds good for the communication systems. Thus it is seen that there is a lot of intelligent games that takes place in the C4I2SR networks between the attacker and defender. The smarter one eventually wins.

sight limitations of ground A WIN-T Increment 2 tactical much of intelligence as communications node for onpossible in every element of based surveillance system are thus overcome and the-halt networking is entering C4I2SR. The radars are service with the US Army; becoming intelligent, these AWACS become eyes communication systems in the sky. These aircraft are literally flying C4I system of systems and are becoming smart and software driven. are of latest in technology. The radars fitted Similarly the fire control systems are in such aircraft are also becoming highly becoming intelligent and can take real time sophisticated and currently they are also decisions. Missiles themselves have enough based on active array systems. They can intelligence to reconfigure the mission and therefore withstand ECM threats and re-target. The entire system has redundancy, provide both surveillance and tracking fault tolerance, self adapting and self healing information simultaneously to C4I system futures. The C4I2SR system, also called as in real time for dozens of targets. Most of the Network Centric Operation (NCO) system, is radars can also catch and track targets almost organic and alive!

The instant radar is switched for moving on ground or over the sea. These airborne surveillance / tracking systems can surveillance, enemy jamming system comes also take care of terrain hugging cruise on and captures the radars signature, missiles which is a great input to the frequency, modulation, wave-form, power defender. India has not only acquired such levels and the radar finger print specific to it. airborne surveillance, command and control The jammer is designed to immediately platforms but also developed its own attack the radar and make it ineffective to carry out its surveillance and tracking indigenous systems. operations. The radar therefore, has to be built in with adequate intelligence to perform Intelligence: The latest development for the C4I2SR is the its functions even under such jamming entity “Intelligence”. Conscious efforts are conditions either with its full capability or being made to build in or incorporate as with marginally decreased capability.

10

Robust and Secure : As one can visualize, even though the communication networks are not jammed, there are always methods of intercepting communication network of defender and taking suitable cyber attack actions after decoding the communication. Encryption and cyber security is attracting a lot of innovation and research and large number of teams have been deployed to ensure robust and secure communication within C4I2SR networks. The defenders’ networks have to be designed and made to withstand cyber attacks either completely without any harm or accept minimum degradation and even if degradation takes place, this system should have the capability of quick recovery and full-fledged operations.

Immunity through indegenious development: It is easy to understand that, all adversaries would make their best efforts to penetrate into C4I2SR elements of the defender. The best way would though be a cyber attack before actual weapons are used without firing any missile, the cyber attack would incapacitate radars and communication by entering into the network. In order to thwart such attempts, one needs to have indigenous OS (Operating System), indigenous networking components, indigenous microelectronic devices and indigenous trusted computing platforms. This is the only way the NCO can be made immune for cyber attacks. Fortunately India has taken up necessary actions in this direction.

Opportunity for industry: India is a huge country and a very important nation in the world. It requires a very strong and robust defence against all possible adversaries. It is therefore, obvious that a very powerful C4I2SR system needs to be

DSI

indigenously developed, produced, integrated and deployed for the defence of the nation. One can imagine and even compute the number of radars, their types, their platforms and of course the number of missiles also. Similarly the number of launchers and weapons, static and mobile command control centers, airborne surveillance / tracking platforms, airborne command control centers, airborne electronic support measures, airborne and ground based ECCM systems, rockets and missiles, advanced communication systems like SDR (Software Define Radios) and cognitive radios and embedded software will bring out the volume and value of business opportunities for various public and private industries. In addition, the technology content being of the highest level, the industries need to update their skills, their knowledge, their processes, their equipment and their management.

Currently, the two Indian companies that have participated in the communication equipments, alongwith DRDO and BEL, are Tata Power and Larsen and Toubro Electronics. The value of C4I2SR for India would cross Rs.100,000 crores over less than a decade.

The Thales “Theatre Box” cloud-ready deployable C4I packs in a single Dell server

Two of the best examples of indigenously developed, produced and deployed weapon systems with sophisticated C4I2SR integrated into are the Akash medium range, mobile, surface to air, multi target handling, air defence missile system and Brahmos supersonic anti ship and anti ground target missile system.

Akash and Brahmos : Two of the best examples of indigenously developed, produced and deployed weapon systems with sophisticated C4I2SR integrated into are the Akash medium range, mobile, surface to air, multi target handling, air defence missile system and Brahmos supersonic anti ship and anti ground target missile system. Both have C4I2SR systems developed and realised indigenously. More than 300 Indian companies are employed in producing and assembling and delivering the sub-systems and 5 companies are integrating and delivering systems to Army, Air Force and Navy. They will also have continued business for spares, consumables, upgradation and product support for the next 25 years. The employment generation and industry involvement are obvious benefits to the country.

Looking ahead: Our Defence Minister, AK Antony, has taken up new initiatives to provide thrust to indigenous development and production.

11

UAVoperations in India - article-2nd time.qxd:INDO-PAK.qxd 30/04/13 2:13 PM Page 1

APRIL 2013

DSI

An Indian Navy "Heron", an Israeli-made unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) flies over the Porbandar airfield in Porbandar

G. NATARAJAN

UAV OPS IN INDIA: NEWER CAPACITIES AND NEW ROLES Unmanned Aerial Vehicles are the latest military innovations that have been added to the arsenal of major armies of the world. It is deployed mostly for ISR (Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance) functions.

KEY POINTS n The US built Predator drones keep killing terrorists over the Durand Line, along with common people. n Indian Army has been using early models of UAVs as target acquisition objects since 1970s. n Since then, the DRDO has come a long way, by which it will field next year Rustam I, a world class India-built UAV.

rom its humble origin as an eye in the sky that watches the adversary while remaining within one’s one boundary, the ubiquitous UAV has developed into a potent weapon that can significantly affect the outcome of a conflict. While UAVs are mainly identified with the military applications they are also used in nonmilitary applications such as law

F

enforcement. Many military leaders believe that the UAVs will be the key players in future wars due to their vast potential, Of late, use of UAVs has become common especially in anti-terrorist operations. This article attempts to capture the growth of the operational capabilities of the UAVs from the passive observer to its current “avatar” of potent Hunter-killer and discuss the Indian scenario both in the context of indigenous and imported UAVs

view of PIONEER UAV operation through the televised war the “Desert Storm” in 199091. Subsequent conflicts over the years saw increasing use of the UAVs. The world has seen exponential rise in military spending related to UAV acquisition and technology development resulting in a host of UAVs which come in various sizes and shapes ranging from mini UAVs of 2Kg or less with a range of 10km to the mammoth 15 ton Global Hawk which can straddle continents.

Genesis of UAVs Subsequent to their use in surveillance role during the Israeli operations in Lebanon in 1982, the UAVs received the much deserved attention of the militaries of the world as a potential force multiplier. The sustained and frenzied efforts of various countries towards mastering the new UAV technology have resulted in vast improvement in UAV’s capabilities and hence its applications. The world for the first time had the grandstand

PIONEER UAV UAV-Operations: World experience True to the maxim that “Seeing is believing” gathering of image intelligence has always been the primary function of the UAV. The Synthetic Aperture Radar and the electrooptic payload with CCD camera and thermal imager are the main sensors used to gather Image intelligence. The high accuracy stabilization systems, airborne video tracker, laser Designator/pointer are the other

12

technologies critical to EO payloads. The accurate computation of the target location became feasible with the satellite based GPS technology and with the integration of satellite imagery. SAR can see through dust haze and fog and is considered an all weather sensor. Compact SAR systems suitable for MALE UAV platforms with ranges up to 40 Km and Moving target detection capability are available from number of sources such as USA and Israel.

Signal intelligence ranks next only to Image intelligence role, in importance.

ELINT system’s ability to detect, identify and classify the RF (Radio Frequency) signal and to locate the emitters is crucial to the UAV in

this role. In addition, the ability to finger print the emitters provide the capability to understand enemy deployment. Similarly, the COMINT systems carried by the UAVs enable the users to decode the various speech communications thereby obtaining the information as well as their locations leading to the overall deployment of the enemy formations.

Navies use UAVs for coastal and sea surveillance operations including Search & Rescue. Larger UAVs are well suited for this application as they can carry multiple payloads such as Electro optic, Maritime Patrol Radar and/ or SIGINT payloads.

Ground control stations equipped with advanced image processing capabilities can identify and extract the objects of interest from a seemingly endless imagery data. The ability to control the UAVs/ monitor their output in real-time from ships gives the UAVs an edge over the manned aircrafts.

Deployment of Global Hawk UAVs to

13

monitor the nuclear contamination levels in the Pacific region adjoining Japan following the Fukushima Nuclear disaster is possibly one of the most notable uses of UAVs in a “Dirty & Dangerous” mission. Armed (hunter-Killer) UAVs that can detect potential targets and engage them immediately makes them the most talked about UAVs . The extensive use of Predator armed UAVs in Afghanistan-Pakistan border region to detect and engage militants has underlined the potential of UAV as a possible weapon system .

Predator –B UAV Few prototypes of Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicles (UCAVs) capable of delivering weapons are flying. These UCAVs are being configured with stealth features to make them more survivable in an actual mission. The USA has developed FIRESCOUT a rotary UAV to fulfill the role of transporter of supplies to the war-zone.

UAVoperations in India - article-2nd time.qxd:INDO-PAK.qxd 30/04/13 2:13 PM Page 1

APRIL 2013

DSI

An Indian Navy "Heron", an Israeli-made unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) flies over the Porbandar airfield in Porbandar

G. NATARAJAN

UAV OPS IN INDIA: NEWER CAPACITIES AND NEW ROLES Unmanned Aerial Vehicles are the latest military innovations that have been added to the arsenal of major armies of the world. It is deployed mostly for ISR (Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance) functions.

KEY POINTS n The US built Predator drones keep killing terrorists over the Durand Line, along with common people. n Indian Army has been using early models of UAVs as target acquisition objects since 1970s. n Since then, the DRDO has come a long way, by which it will field next year Rustam I, a world class India-built UAV.

rom its humble origin as an eye in the sky that watches the adversary while remaining within one’s one boundary, the ubiquitous UAV has developed into a potent weapon that can significantly affect the outcome of a conflict. While UAVs are mainly identified with the military applications they are also used in nonmilitary applications such as law

F

enforcement. Many military leaders believe that the UAVs will be the key players in future wars due to their vast potential, Of late, use of UAVs has become common especially in anti-terrorist operations. This article attempts to capture the growth of the operational capabilities of the UAVs from the passive observer to its current “avatar” of potent Hunter-killer and discuss the Indian scenario both in the context of indigenous and imported UAVs

view of PIONEER UAV operation through the televised war the “Desert Storm” in 199091. Subsequent conflicts over the years saw increasing use of the UAVs. The world has seen exponential rise in military spending related to UAV acquisition and technology development resulting in a host of UAVs which come in various sizes and shapes ranging from mini UAVs of 2Kg or less with a range of 10km to the mammoth 15 ton Global Hawk which can straddle continents.

Genesis of UAVs Subsequent to their use in surveillance role during the Israeli operations in Lebanon in 1982, the UAVs received the much deserved attention of the militaries of the world as a potential force multiplier. The sustained and frenzied efforts of various countries towards mastering the new UAV technology have resulted in vast improvement in UAV’s capabilities and hence its applications. The world for the first time had the grandstand

PIONEER UAV UAV-Operations: World experience True to the maxim that “Seeing is believing” gathering of image intelligence has always been the primary function of the UAV. The Synthetic Aperture Radar and the electrooptic payload with CCD camera and thermal imager are the main sensors used to gather Image intelligence. The high accuracy stabilization systems, airborne video tracker, laser Designator/pointer are the other

12

technologies critical to EO payloads. The accurate computation of the target location became feasible with the satellite based GPS technology and with the integration of satellite imagery. SAR can see through dust haze and fog and is considered an all weather sensor. Compact SAR systems suitable for MALE UAV platforms with ranges up to 40 Km and Moving target detection capability are available from number of sources such as USA and Israel.

Signal intelligence ranks next only to Image intelligence role, in importance.

ELINT system’s ability to detect, identify and classify the RF (Radio Frequency) signal and to locate the emitters is crucial to the UAV in

this role. In addition, the ability to finger print the emitters provide the capability to understand enemy deployment. Similarly, the COMINT systems carried by the UAVs enable the users to decode the various speech communications thereby obtaining the information as well as their locations leading to the overall deployment of the enemy formations.

Navies use UAVs for coastal and sea surveillance operations including Search & Rescue. Larger UAVs are well suited for this application as they can carry multiple payloads such as Electro optic, Maritime Patrol Radar and/ or SIGINT payloads.

Ground control stations equipped with advanced image processing capabilities can identify and extract the objects of interest from a seemingly endless imagery data. The ability to control the UAVs/ monitor their output in real-time from ships gives the UAVs an edge over the manned aircrafts.

Deployment of Global Hawk UAVs to

13

monitor the nuclear contamination levels in the Pacific region adjoining Japan following the Fukushima Nuclear disaster is possibly one of the most notable uses of UAVs in a “Dirty & Dangerous” mission. Armed (hunter-Killer) UAVs that can detect potential targets and engage them immediately makes them the most talked about UAVs . The extensive use of Predator armed UAVs in Afghanistan-Pakistan border region to detect and engage militants has underlined the potential of UAV as a possible weapon system .

Predator –B UAV Few prototypes of Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicles (UCAVs) capable of delivering weapons are flying. These UCAVs are being configured with stealth features to make them more survivable in an actual mission. The USA has developed FIRESCOUT a rotary UAV to fulfill the role of transporter of supplies to the war-zone.

UAVoperations in India - article-2nd time.qxd:INDO-PAK.qxd 30/04/13 2:14 PM Page 3

UAV ACTION Attack UAVs (developed by Israel) laden with explosives that perform “kamikaze” operations by diving into targets to destroy them, is one of the lesser known UAVs. These UAVs known as” loitering weapons” are equipped with necessary homing devices that help them carry out precision attack on the intended target.

The operations of UAVs in various theatres of war during last 30 years have given enormous operational experience with resultant improvement in system reliability.

The joint operations of forces of various countries with different types of UAVs have prompted the development of Common/ Universal Ground control station with international standards for interfaces and communication systems. The need to integrate UAVs with other weapon platforms for dissemination of information has resulted in UAVs becoming a part of Network Centric Warfare (NCW) infrastructure that includes global communication network. The result is the capability to operate and exploit UAVs from control centers located across the world, as witnessed in vital operations such as the killing of Osama Bin-Laden The experience of various militaries in the operation of UAVs has been typical of any nascent technology induction characterised by high failure rates. The failure rate of Hunter UAV system when newly inducted

by USA in mid-‘90s was very high and necessitated a separate product improvement exercise. Even now, the reported failure rate of Predator UAVs is a concern in view of their high cost. However, the improvements in the technology are making the UAVs more and more robust.

Amidst singing paeans, extolling the virtues of the UAVs, their short comings get blurred. Compared to manned aircrafts, the UAVs are notoriously less reliable and are prone to accidents. While they are successful in situations where the side deploying the UAV has overwhelming air superiority, they are yet to be tested in conflicts involving two equally capable adversaries. The UAVs as a rule do not have any threat detection capability as well as quick “get away” capability. Generally they don’t have self protection capability and are vulnerable to effective enemy air defense retaliation. The absence of ‘sense and avoid’ capability is a serious limitation restricting UAVs operations in the civilian airspace environment. Even with all these limitations,

APRIL 2013

Lakshya, is an Indian remotely piloted high speed target drone system

UAVs are still considered a force multiplier as they can make a significant impact on the outcome of conflicts.

UAV operations in India Aerial Targets The UAV operations in India began in late ‘70s with the induction of aerial target systems for training their air defense system crew. The Army inducted KD2R5 a low speed aerial target while Air force and Navy inducted Chukar II and Chukar III aerial target systems respectively. While KD2R5 and Chukar II were vintage systems with limited capability to fly beyond visual range, Chukar III was a system that could be flown for a longer range and more demanding flight profiles. The use of the imported systems gave the services experience in operating the aerial targets from land /ship.

The main lessons learnt from the operation of the aerial target systems are the

14

importance of training simulators/other aids for training the operators and that of a sustainable product support mechanism.

The services faced considerable difficulties in getting product support due to the closure of the firms supplying spares or due to government restrictions.

DRDO’s Lakshya-1 aerial target system has been in operation with all the three services for well over a decade. The services have been using Lakshya-1 system regularly to train their crew and to evaluate new weapon systems inducted by them. The DRDO has been using the Lakshya-1 system to evaluate the capabilities of indigenously developed AKASH missile system. The services are experiencing the obvious benefits of an indigenous system relating to product support, through product updates, maintenance, spares supply and technical support during the flight and as well as after the flights. DRDO’s Lakshya-2 is a much

The UAV operations in India began in late ‘70s with the induction of aerial target systems for training their air defense system crew.The Army inducted KD2R5 a low speed aerial target while Air force and Navy inducted Chukar II and Chukar III aerial target systems

”

improved version of Lakshya-1 aerial target system and has advanced features such as fully autonomous flight, sea skimming capability (15 meters above sea level), mobile configuration for army operations, ability to fly two targets at a time, automated test equipment for testing aircraft, and a sophisticated ground control station incorporating redundancy features to enhance system availability. DRDO is now in the process of developing a low cost expendable aerial target system known as ABHYAS to meet the requirement of all the three services.

Lakshya-1 Ship launch UAV operations India, like many other countries, operates imported UAVs while trying to develop UAVs indigenously. Indian Army introduced Searcher MK I UAVs from Israel in mid-‘90s for Reconnaissance, Surveillance and Target acquisition roles. The aftermath of Kargil conflict saw the introduction of Searcher MKII UAVs and a more capable Heron UAVs by the Army, Navy and the Air Force.

Searcher Mk II and Heron UAVs boast of higher altitude ceiling, endurance as well as larger payload capability. Their payload suite includes Electro–optic sensors, Synthetic Aperture Radar, Maritime Patrol Radar, ELINT and COMINT Payloads. The Heron UAV which belongs to the MALE (Minimum Altitude, Long Endurance) UAV category can carry multiple payloads at the same time and has much longer endurance and altitude ceiling than Searcher MK II UAV. In the absence of SATCOM link, airborne/ ground based relay systems are used to extend the operational range of these UAVs. However SATCOM facility is now available for HERON UAVs. The Army and Air Force use their UAVs in Reconnaissance, Surveillance & Target acquisition roles while Navy uses the UAVs for Naval Surveillance roles.

Searcher MKII UAV As the UAVs of Israeli origin use conventional take–off and landing approach, they operate from prepared runways and are flown by the classical External and Internal Pilot combination.

While these UAVs have the advantages of quick turnaround time between flights, they are constrained in their operations due to cross-wind limitations during take-off and landing which at times can be severe. The availability of scaled models for training the

15

DSI

external and Internal Pilots has been a major advantage. The Services have addressed their requirement of continuous training by the establishment of a UAV training establishment. Conventionally, the payload operators are trained while on the job. The use of a variety of payloads in UAVs has emphasised the need for targeted training of payload operators. These days, full mission UAV simulators which include simulators for payloads are available to train payload operators.

The issue of product support for imported UAVs appears to have been addressed by associating public sector industries such as Hindustan Aeronautics and Bharat Electronics who have created necessary infrastructure for testing and calibration of equipments. For obvious commercial and Intellectual Property Rights considerations, the ability of these organisations to fully meet the maintenance support requirements locally is rather limited. The services apparently are supported by the OEM through on-site and factory support arrangements.

Indigenous UAVs India was one of the countries that realised the potential of the UAV technology and started its development activities early. The development of “NISHANT” UAV against an Army Qualitative Requirement was initiated in early ‘90s which specified full mobility as one of the main requirements. As is the wont in any indigenous development, the entire gamut of technologies such as air frame made of Composites, hydro-pneumatic launcher, parachute system with suitable impact attenuation system, digital flight control system, autonomous navigation system, spread spectrum communication system, stabilised Electro-optic payload system, ground control station and image processing system were developed indigenously to meet the user requirement.

The culmination of this effort is the set of technologies which form the foundation for further development projects. NISHANT by virtue of its launch and recovery mechanism can operate in harsher wind conditions.

Nishant UAV in operation In order to develop technologies for the Medium Altitude long endurance UAV , DRDO took up the development of RUSTOM-1 UAV. This UAV derived out of a well proven manned aircraft, has features

UAVoperations in India - article-2nd time.qxd:INDO-PAK.qxd 30/04/13 2:14 PM Page 3

UAV ACTION Attack UAVs (developed by Israel) laden with explosives that perform “kamikaze” operations by diving into targets to destroy them, is one of the lesser known UAVs. These UAVs known as” loitering weapons” are equipped with necessary homing devices that help them carry out precision attack on the intended target.

The operations of UAVs in various theatres of war during last 30 years have given enormous operational experience with resultant improvement in system reliability.

The joint operations of forces of various countries with different types of UAVs have prompted the development of Common/ Universal Ground control station with international standards for interfaces and communication systems. The need to integrate UAVs with other weapon platforms for dissemination of information has resulted in UAVs becoming a part of Network Centric Warfare (NCW) infrastructure that includes global communication network. The result is the capability to operate and exploit UAVs from control centers located across the world, as witnessed in vital operations such as the killing of Osama Bin-Laden The experience of various militaries in the operation of UAVs has been typical of any nascent technology induction characterised by high failure rates. The failure rate of Hunter UAV system when newly inducted

by USA in mid-‘90s was very high and necessitated a separate product improvement exercise. Even now, the reported failure rate of Predator UAVs is a concern in view of their high cost. However, the improvements in the technology are making the UAVs more and more robust.

Amidst singing paeans, extolling the virtues of the UAVs, their short comings get blurred. Compared to manned aircrafts, the UAVs are notoriously less reliable and are prone to accidents. While they are successful in situations where the side deploying the UAV has overwhelming air superiority, they are yet to be tested in conflicts involving two equally capable adversaries. The UAVs as a rule do not have any threat detection capability as well as quick “get away” capability. Generally they don’t have self protection capability and are vulnerable to effective enemy air defense retaliation. The absence of ‘sense and avoid’ capability is a serious limitation restricting UAVs operations in the civilian airspace environment. Even with all these limitations,

APRIL 2013

Lakshya, is an Indian remotely piloted high speed target drone system

UAVs are still considered a force multiplier as they can make a significant impact on the outcome of conflicts.

UAV operations in India Aerial Targets The UAV operations in India began in late ‘70s with the induction of aerial target systems for training their air defense system crew. The Army inducted KD2R5 a low speed aerial target while Air force and Navy inducted Chukar II and Chukar III aerial target systems respectively. While KD2R5 and Chukar II were vintage systems with limited capability to fly beyond visual range, Chukar III was a system that could be flown for a longer range and more demanding flight profiles. The use of the imported systems gave the services experience in operating the aerial targets from land /ship.

The main lessons learnt from the operation of the aerial target systems are the

14

importance of training simulators/other aids for training the operators and that of a sustainable product support mechanism.

The services faced considerable difficulties in getting product support due to the closure of the firms supplying spares or due to government restrictions.

DRDO’s Lakshya-1 aerial target system has been in operation with all the three services for well over a decade. The services have been using Lakshya-1 system regularly to train their crew and to evaluate new weapon systems inducted by them. The DRDO has been using the Lakshya-1 system to evaluate the capabilities of indigenously developed AKASH missile system. The services are experiencing the obvious benefits of an indigenous system relating to product support, through product updates, maintenance, spares supply and technical support during the flight and as well as after the flights. DRDO’s Lakshya-2 is a much

The UAV operations in India began in late ‘70s with the induction of aerial target systems for training their air defense system crew.The Army inducted KD2R5 a low speed aerial target while Air force and Navy inducted Chukar II and Chukar III aerial target systems

”

improved version of Lakshya-1 aerial target system and has advanced features such as fully autonomous flight, sea skimming capability (15 meters above sea level), mobile configuration for army operations, ability to fly two targets at a time, automated test equipment for testing aircraft, and a sophisticated ground control station incorporating redundancy features to enhance system availability. DRDO is now in the process of developing a low cost expendable aerial target system known as ABHYAS to meet the requirement of all the three services.

Lakshya-1 Ship launch UAV operations India, like many other countries, operates imported UAVs while trying to develop UAVs indigenously. Indian Army introduced Searcher MK I UAVs from Israel in mid-‘90s for Reconnaissance, Surveillance and Target acquisition roles. The aftermath of Kargil conflict saw the introduction of Searcher MKII UAVs and a more capable Heron UAVs by the Army, Navy and the Air Force.

Searcher Mk II and Heron UAVs boast of higher altitude ceiling, endurance as well as larger payload capability. Their payload suite includes Electro–optic sensors, Synthetic Aperture Radar, Maritime Patrol Radar, ELINT and COMINT Payloads. The Heron UAV which belongs to the MALE (Minimum Altitude, Long Endurance) UAV category can carry multiple payloads at the same time and has much longer endurance and altitude ceiling than Searcher MK II UAV. In the absence of SATCOM link, airborne/ ground based relay systems are used to extend the operational range of these UAVs. However SATCOM facility is now available for HERON UAVs. The Army and Air Force use their UAVs in Reconnaissance, Surveillance & Target acquisition roles while Navy uses the UAVs for Naval Surveillance roles.

Searcher MKII UAV As the UAVs of Israeli origin use conventional take–off and landing approach, they operate from prepared runways and are flown by the classical External and Internal Pilot combination.

While these UAVs have the advantages of quick turnaround time between flights, they are constrained in their operations due to cross-wind limitations during take-off and landing which at times can be severe. The availability of scaled models for training the

15

DSI

external and Internal Pilots has been a major advantage. The Services have addressed their requirement of continuous training by the establishment of a UAV training establishment. Conventionally, the payload operators are trained while on the job. The use of a variety of payloads in UAVs has emphasised the need for targeted training of payload operators. These days, full mission UAV simulators which include simulators for payloads are available to train payload operators.

The issue of product support for imported UAVs appears to have been addressed by associating public sector industries such as Hindustan Aeronautics and Bharat Electronics who have created necessary infrastructure for testing and calibration of equipments. For obvious commercial and Intellectual Property Rights considerations, the ability of these organisations to fully meet the maintenance support requirements locally is rather limited. The services apparently are supported by the OEM through on-site and factory support arrangements.

Indigenous UAVs India was one of the countries that realised the potential of the UAV technology and started its development activities early. The development of “NISHANT” UAV against an Army Qualitative Requirement was initiated in early ‘90s which specified full mobility as one of the main requirements. As is the wont in any indigenous development, the entire gamut of technologies such as air frame made of Composites, hydro-pneumatic launcher, parachute system with suitable impact attenuation system, digital flight control system, autonomous navigation system, spread spectrum communication system, stabilised Electro-optic payload system, ground control station and image processing system were developed indigenously to meet the user requirement.

The culmination of this effort is the set of technologies which form the foundation for further development projects. NISHANT by virtue of its launch and recovery mechanism can operate in harsher wind conditions.

Nishant UAV in operation In order to develop technologies for the Medium Altitude long endurance UAV , DRDO took up the development of RUSTOM-1 UAV. This UAV derived out of a well proven manned aircraft, has features

UAVoperations in India - article-2nd time.qxd:INDO-PAK.qxd 30/04/13 2:15 PM Page 5

UAV ACTION In order to provide the Infantry soldier "over the hill view," DRDO has developed a 2kg mini UAV ‘SLY BIRD’ which has the range of 10 km and endurance of 90 minutes and is equipped with a colour camera or a uncooled thermal imager.The total system includes a man portable ground control station with a robust data link and advanced image processing capabilities.

An Indian armed forces’ “Nishant”, an Indian- made UAV by DRDO

matching that of SEARCHER Mk II. Runway-takeoff and landing, Incorporation of Redundancy in Avionics system, Engineering / training simulator, sophisticated UAV integration methodology are some of the “take-aways” from the programme. This UAV currently under flight test, is a candidate for meeting the users need for a MALE UAV. RUSTOM-1 UAV Rustom-1 Ground Control Station The development of RUSTOM-I UAV has been a stepping stone for the more ambitious RUSTOM-II UAV meant to meet the MALE UAV requirement of the Indian Armed forces. An important aspect of RUSTOM –II programme is that it will be the first indigenous UAV to undergo formal airworthiness certification. This UAV slated to make its maiden flight in 2014 is keenly awaited by all concerned and is very significant as India is one of the few countries trying to develop this technology on its own.

Slybird Mini UAV In order to provide the Infantry soldier” over the hill view “, DRDO has developed a 2kg

MINI UAV “ SLY BIRD” which has the range of 10Km and endurance of 90 minutes and is equipped with a color camera or a uncooled thermal imager . The total system includes a man portable ground control station with a robust data link and advanced image processing capabilities. This UAV has been demonstrated at Leh in the upper reaches of Himalayas. Para military forces have been using UAVs (available with the Services) in their counter insurgency operations. Micro Air vehicles developed by Madras Institute of Technology, Chennai have been used for detecting unlawful mining activities and for inspection of very high structures such as Light house towers. A number of research initiatives under National Programme on Micro Air vehicles have been taken up to develop various technologies including Co-operative flying /swarm operations, micro UAVs for indoor surveillance.

No discussion of UAV is complete without the ‘headlines hogging’ armed UAVs or the futuristic Unmanned Combat UAVs (UCAV). While DRDO is currently putting in place the necessary critical technologies that will make the country self reliant on the UAVs for ISR & TA roles, there is a need to

16

”

think of the long term strategy to achieve this capability which has to be achieved through one’s own intrinsic strength.

Tail Piece The evolution of UAVs has been meteoric over the last couple of decades and presently they are an integral part of military operations and planning. Technology wise, the UAVs are being made more and more capable as well as reliable underlining the fact that they are no longer considered as expendables. While the UAVs in general have reached a certain level of standardization in the size ,range endurance etc, what will separate the leaders from the rest of the pack are the sophistication achieved in payloads, autonomy of operation and their integration in the military communication network infrastructure. This trend is likely to continue to make the UAVs more and more potent. While it is expected the use of imported UAVs in Indian context is likely to continue as in the case of manned aircrafts, It is hoped that the ongoing UAV development initiatives will lead to the indigenously developed UAVs taking their rightful place in the Indian Sky.

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NAVAL RADAR & MULTI MISSION COMBAT SYSTEMS.qxd:INDO-PAK.qxd 26/04/13 3:51 PM Page 1

NAVAL SYSTEMS

APRIL 2013

NAVAL RADARS AND MULTI MISSION COMBAT SYSTEMS

SANATAN KULSHRESTHA

KEY POINTS n Low frequency, high powered radars give the ships an edge in terms of a better differentiated picture. n But the better radars are those which take less power and avoid environmental clutter.

The key to a blue water navy is its ability to see beyond its horizon; and acquire and destroy targets before they are able to pose a threat

n Multi-mission combat systems are those stand-alone items that detect, track and finally destroy the targets.

T

Indian Naval Ship "INS Delhi" moors at the dock

18

DSI

19

he discovery of reflection of radio waves from solid objects was studied by Heinrich Hertz in 1886; subsequently Huelsmeyer in 1904 was the first to patent a detector (“Telemobiloscope�) which could detect metallic objects at a distance using radio waves. In 1922, Taylor and Young showed that range and bearing of ships can be determined using radio waves even in low visibility and darkness, but the US Navy did not accept their novel idea. Many patents were granted and work carried out in secrecy in a number of countries during the ensuing period till in 1934 the British decided to use it very effectively to detect and thereafter shoot down hostile German aircraft by using prototype radar made by Watson Watts.

Automatic tracking of aircraft in azimuth and bearing and subsequently in range was also accomplished during the WWII itself.

Though it took over 45 years since the initial discovery of a Radar to prove its tremendous utility in military and civil applications, it has continued its dominance as a formidable sensor for the past eight decades. Post WWII, a major improvement was to introduce moving target indicator (MTI) function by using Doppler Effect, by which it was possible to discriminate between a stationary and a moving target. This was followed by the phased array antenna technology, which involved dynamic beam forming by combined operation of a number of individual transmitting elements. Strides in digital signal processing led to development of the synthetic aperture radar and consequently to high resolution imagery.

NAVAL RADAR & MULTI MISSION COMBAT SYSTEMS.qxd:INDO-PAK.qxd 26/04/13 3:51 PM Page 1

NAVAL SYSTEMS

APRIL 2013

NAVAL RADARS AND MULTI MISSION COMBAT SYSTEMS

SANATAN KULSHRESTHA

KEY POINTS n Low frequency, high powered radars give the ships an edge in terms of a better differentiated picture. n But the better radars are those which take less power and avoid environmental clutter.

The key to a blue water navy is its ability to see beyond its horizon; and acquire and destroy targets before they are able to pose a threat

n Multi-mission combat systems are those stand-alone items that detect, track and finally destroy the targets.

T

Indian Naval Ship "INS Delhi" moors at the dock

18

DSI

19

he discovery of reflection of radio waves from solid objects was studied by Heinrich Hertz in 1886; subsequently Huelsmeyer in 1904 was the first to patent a detector (“Telemobiloscope�) which could detect metallic objects at a distance using radio waves. In 1922, Taylor and Young showed that range and bearing of ships can be determined using radio waves even in low visibility and darkness, but the US Navy did not accept their novel idea. Many patents were granted and work carried out in secrecy in a number of countries during the ensuing period till in 1934 the British decided to use it very effectively to detect and thereafter shoot down hostile German aircraft by using prototype radar made by Watson Watts.

Automatic tracking of aircraft in azimuth and bearing and subsequently in range was also accomplished during the WWII itself.

Though it took over 45 years since the initial discovery of a Radar to prove its tremendous utility in military and civil applications, it has continued its dominance as a formidable sensor for the past eight decades. Post WWII, a major improvement was to introduce moving target indicator (MTI) function by using Doppler Effect, by which it was possible to discriminate between a stationary and a moving target. This was followed by the phased array antenna technology, which involved dynamic beam forming by combined operation of a number of individual transmitting elements. Strides in digital signal processing led to development of the synthetic aperture radar and consequently to high resolution imagery.

NAVAL RADAR & MULTI MISSION COMBAT SYSTEMS.qxd:INDO-PAK.qxd 30/04/13 2:17 PM Page 3

NAVAL SYSTEMS In the following are the descriptions of radars that are available with the Indian Navy: Classification of Radars A radar system comprises of a transmitter, a receiver, a signal processor and an antenna. Radar is used in a range of diverse applications in the civil and military field.

The applications include, weather sensing, air traffic control, navigation, target detection, acquisition and tracking, missile and gun direction, air borne systems, research and so on. Military radars can be classified in many ways; for example based upon the type of platform, i.e. land based, ship borne or air/space borne; or mission based for example, early warning, tracking, fire control, weather etc; or they may be classified upon its characteristics like wave form, frequency used, type of antenna etc.

Most prevalent classification is according to frequency or wave form utilised.

Frequency Based Classification. The frequencies that have been longest in use are in the band 3MHz to 300MHz. Over the horizon radar (OTH), i.e. radars which can detect targets beyond the radar horizon and the early warning radars use the high frequency (HF) band 3MHz to 30MHz (eg.

Russian Woodpecker and US Navy’s AN/TPS-71 Relocatable OTH radar). The accuracy in this type of radars, however gets compromised while gaining the range advantage. Very long range early warning radars use the very high frequency (VHF) band in the range of 30MHz to 300MHz, or the ultra high frequency (UHF) band 300MHz to 1GHz, this band is very useful in detection and tracking of ballistic missiles.

Frequency band 1GHz to 2GHz (L band) is used in naval applications of long range air surveillance. The SMART-L naval radar has a phased array with 24 elements; it has a maximum range of 400km against patrolling aircraft and 65km against an incoming missile. The band 2GHz to 4GHz (S band) is used for Air Borne Warning and Control Systems (AWACS), Boeing E-767 AWAC aircraft uses the AN/APY-2 Pulse Doppler radar, it can determine the velocity of the target as well as distinguish between airborne and maritime targets from ground interference and sea clutter. The band 4GHz to 8GHz (C band) is used for weapon guidance; these are small but highly precise radars. An example is the TRS -3D naval radar for weapon guidance and surveillance, it uses a phased array in 3D for simultaneous

APRIL 2013

Flares are seen past the corvette INS Vibhuti in the waters off the Bay of Bengal

detecting and tracking of multiple targets up to a range of 200km.

It is designed for detecting sea skimming missiles and attack helicopters also. The band 8GHz to 12.5GHz (X band) is used for maritime navigation and airborne radars.

The naval Active Phased Array Multifunction Radar (APAR) works in this frequency band, it is capable of automatic detection and tracking of low level sea skimmers up to 75km and is designed for carrying out terminal guidance requirements of ESSM and SM-2 missiles. The higher frequency bands from 12.5 GHz to 40 GHz are subject to very high attenuation and therefore are limited to very short ranges in civil/police/research requirements.

Wave Form Based Classification: The radars can also be classified as continuous wave (CW) or pulsed radars. As the name depicts, CW radars emit continuous waves and therefore have distinct transmitting and receiving antennas. CW radars can determine the radial velocity and bearing of the target

20

accurately and are used for missile guidance. The pulsed radars use a sequence of modulated wave pulses and can be further classified into high & medium pulse repetition frequency (PRF) radars used for velocity determination, and low PRF radars used for range finding purposes.

At this juncture it would be appropriate to briefly discuss some features, which affect the detection, range, bearing and display of targets in naval radars.

Features Affecting Detection, Range, Bearing and Display: The maximum detection range of the target is affected by the frequency of operation, since lower frequencies attenuate less, therefore lower the frequency higher the range of the radar. It depends also upon the peak power output, i.e. more the power higher the range.

Further longer the pulse length, more the power radiated on to the target hence longer the range. Since the difference between two transmitted pulses should be more than the maximum designed range of the radar to avoid echoes from different targets from

overlapping, the maximum measurable range of the radar is also a factor of the pulse repetition rate (PRR).

In addition the range is affected by target characteristics & aspect presented (large or small, material, RCS etc), and the antenna rotation rate (lower rotation rate increases chances of smaller targets to be detected at maximum range). Radars with longer wavelengths suffer lesser attenuation at sea and therefore can detect targets at a range longer than radars with a shorter wave length.

The minimum detection range of radar is dependent mainly upon its pulse length and is ideally given by half of the pulse length of the radar (150 meters per microsecond of pulse length). It is however affected by inherent electronic circuit delays, side lobe echoes, sea clutter and the design of the vertical beam width. The range accuracy is dependent upon the precision in measuring the interval between the transmitted pulse and the received echo. Further it is dependent upon the fixed inherent errors, constancy of voltage, variations in transmitted frequency, incorrect calibration and interpretation of the target.

The maximum detection range of the target is affected by the frequency of operation, since lower frequencies attenuate less, therefore lower the frequency higher the range of the radar. It depends also upon the peak power output, i.e. more power higher the range. Further longer the pulse length, more the power radiated on the target hence longer the range. Difference between two transmitted pulses should be more than the maximum designed range.

�

Range resolution or the clarity, in lay terms, of separation between two targets on same bearing but nearby in range mainly depends upon the length of the transmitted pulse. The targets cannot be distinguished if they are on the same bearing unless they are separated by a distance more than half the pulse length. For example, radar with pulse length of 0.05 microseconds would be able to distinguish targets which are more than 7.3 meters apart only. The target separation on the display also depends upon the proper adjustment of the gain of the receiver unit, size of the CRT spot, and range scale selected.

The bearing accuracy is dependent mainly upon how narrow the horizontal beam width is, which in turn provides clearer definition of the target. It also depends upon the size of the target, its rate of movement, parallax errors etc. Bearing resolution is the ability of the radar to separately present two targets at the same range but on different but close bearings. The bearing resolution is dependent upon the width of the horizontal beam, as the target blip on the display suffers an angular aberration up to the size of the

21

DSI

horizontal beam width. Further two targets at the same range must be angularly separated by more than the horizontal beam width to be clearly discernible on the display. Thus for a 2 degree beam width, targets at a range of 8 km should be separated by at least 320 metres. Hence a narrower horizontal beam provides a better bearing resolution.

Some Specific Types of Radars Stealth Radars - Low Probability of Intercept Radars (LPI). LPI radars transmit weak signals which are difficult to detect by an enemy intercept receiver. This capability is attained by the use of specific transmitter radiated waveform, antenna & scan patterns and power management features.

The LPI radars are continuous wave, wide bandwidth radars emitting low power signals. This makes LPI radars difficult to detect by passive radar detection systems.

Such radar is used in Super Hornet aircraft of the US Navy.

2D, 3D and 4D Radars - A 2D radar provides range and azimuth information about the target. 3D radar, in addition provides the elevation information. These are of two types namely; Steered beam radars, which steer a narrow beam through a scan pattern to generate a 3D picture, for eg.

AN/SPY-1 phased array radar on Ticonderoga class of guided missile cruisers; and the Stacked beam radars which transmit and receive at two different angles and deduce the elevation by comparing the received echoes, for eg. The ARSR-4 radar with a range of over 250 miles.

4D radar is Pulse-Doppler radar capable of 3D functions and determines a target’s radial velocity as well. This type of radar has great applicability in defence, since it can detect targets by removing hostile environmental influences such as electronic interference, birds, reflections due to weather phenomenon etc. In addition a 4D radar uses much less power and thus helps in stealth function. TRS-4D surveillance radar with Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) technology is in use by the German Navy.

Multi Mission Combat Systems.

Multi mission combat systems have been designed for operation from naval ships as a total weapon system from detection to final destruction of the threats emanating at sea from air, surface and subsurface. Such a system is expected to search and track multiple targets and also carry out weapon

NAVAL RADAR & MULTI MISSION COMBAT SYSTEMS.qxd:INDO-PAK.qxd 30/04/13 2:17 PM Page 3

NAVAL SYSTEMS In the following are the descriptions of radars that are available with the Indian Navy: Classification of Radars A radar system comprises of a transmitter, a receiver, a signal processor and an antenna. Radar is used in a range of diverse applications in the civil and military field.

The applications include, weather sensing, air traffic control, navigation, target detection, acquisition and tracking, missile and gun direction, air borne systems, research and so on. Military radars can be classified in many ways; for example based upon the type of platform, i.e. land based, ship borne or air/space borne; or mission based for example, early warning, tracking, fire control, weather etc; or they may be classified upon its characteristics like wave form, frequency used, type of antenna etc.

Most prevalent classification is according to frequency or wave form utilised.

Frequency Based Classification. The frequencies that have been longest in use are in the band 3MHz to 300MHz. Over the horizon radar (OTH), i.e. radars which can detect targets beyond the radar horizon and the early warning radars use the high frequency (HF) band 3MHz to 30MHz (eg.

Russian Woodpecker and US Navy’s AN/TPS-71 Relocatable OTH radar). The accuracy in this type of radars, however gets compromised while gaining the range advantage. Very long range early warning radars use the very high frequency (VHF) band in the range of 30MHz to 300MHz, or the ultra high frequency (UHF) band 300MHz to 1GHz, this band is very useful in detection and tracking of ballistic missiles.

Frequency band 1GHz to 2GHz (L band) is used in naval applications of long range air surveillance. The SMART-L naval radar has a phased array with 24 elements; it has a maximum range of 400km against patrolling aircraft and 65km against an incoming missile. The band 2GHz to 4GHz (S band) is used for Air Borne Warning and Control Systems (AWACS), Boeing E-767 AWAC aircraft uses the AN/APY-2 Pulse Doppler radar, it can determine the velocity of the target as well as distinguish between airborne and maritime targets from ground interference and sea clutter. The band 4GHz to 8GHz (C band) is used for weapon guidance; these are small but highly precise radars. An example is the TRS -3D naval radar for weapon guidance and surveillance, it uses a phased array in 3D for simultaneous

APRIL 2013

Flares are seen past the corvette INS Vibhuti in the waters off the Bay of Bengal

detecting and tracking of multiple targets up to a range of 200km.

It is designed for detecting sea skimming missiles and attack helicopters also. The band 8GHz to 12.5GHz (X band) is used for maritime navigation and airborne radars.

The naval Active Phased Array Multifunction Radar (APAR) works in this frequency band, it is capable of automatic detection and tracking of low level sea skimmers up to 75km and is designed for carrying out terminal guidance requirements of ESSM and SM-2 missiles. The higher frequency bands from 12.5 GHz to 40 GHz are subject to very high attenuation and therefore are limited to very short ranges in civil/police/research requirements.

Wave Form Based Classification: The radars can also be classified as continuous wave (CW) or pulsed radars. As the name depicts, CW radars emit continuous waves and therefore have distinct transmitting and receiving antennas. CW radars can determine the radial velocity and bearing of the target

20

accurately and are used for missile guidance. The pulsed radars use a sequence of modulated wave pulses and can be further classified into high & medium pulse repetition frequency (PRF) radars used for velocity determination, and low PRF radars used for range finding purposes.

At this juncture it would be appropriate to briefly discuss some features, which affect the detection, range, bearing and display of targets in naval radars.

Features Affecting Detection, Range, Bearing and Display: The maximum detection range of the target is affected by the frequency of operation, since lower frequencies attenuate less, therefore lower the frequency higher the range of the radar. It depends also upon the peak power output, i.e. more the power higher the range.

Further longer the pulse length, more the power radiated on to the target hence longer the range. Since the difference between two transmitted pulses should be more than the maximum designed range of the radar to avoid echoes from different targets from

overlapping, the maximum measurable range of the radar is also a factor of the pulse repetition rate (PRR).

In addition the range is affected by target characteristics & aspect presented (large or small, material, RCS etc), and the antenna rotation rate (lower rotation rate increases chances of smaller targets to be detected at maximum range). Radars with longer wavelengths suffer lesser attenuation at sea and therefore can detect targets at a range longer than radars with a shorter wave length.

The minimum detection range of radar is dependent mainly upon its pulse length and is ideally given by half of the pulse length of the radar (150 meters per microsecond of pulse length). It is however affected by inherent electronic circuit delays, side lobe echoes, sea clutter and the design of the vertical beam width. The range accuracy is dependent upon the precision in measuring the interval between the transmitted pulse and the received echo. Further it is dependent upon the fixed inherent errors, constancy of voltage, variations in transmitted frequency, incorrect calibration and interpretation of the target.

The maximum detection range of the target is affected by the frequency of operation, since lower frequencies attenuate less, therefore lower the frequency higher the range of the radar. It depends also upon the peak power output, i.e. more power higher the range. Further longer the pulse length, more the power radiated on the target hence longer the range. Difference between two transmitted pulses should be more than the maximum designed range.

�

Range resolution or the clarity, in lay terms, of separation between two targets on same bearing but nearby in range mainly depends upon the length of the transmitted pulse. The targets cannot be distinguished if they are on the same bearing unless they are separated by a distance more than half the pulse length. For example, radar with pulse length of 0.05 microseconds would be able to distinguish targets which are more than 7.3 meters apart only. The target separation on the display also depends upon the proper adjustment of the gain of the receiver unit, size of the CRT spot, and range scale selected.

The bearing accuracy is dependent mainly upon how narrow the horizontal beam width is, which in turn provides clearer definition of the target. It also depends upon the size of the target, its rate of movement, parallax errors etc. Bearing resolution is the ability of the radar to separately present two targets at the same range but on different but close bearings. The bearing resolution is dependent upon the width of the horizontal beam, as the target blip on the display suffers an angular aberration up to the size of the

21

DSI

horizontal beam width. Further two targets at the same range must be angularly separated by more than the horizontal beam width to be clearly discernible on the display. Thus for a 2 degree beam width, targets at a range of 8 km should be separated by at least 320 metres. Hence a narrower horizontal beam provides a better bearing resolution.

Some Specific Types of Radars Stealth Radars - Low Probability of Intercept Radars (LPI). LPI radars transmit weak signals which are difficult to detect by an enemy intercept receiver. This capability is attained by the use of specific transmitter radiated waveform, antenna & scan patterns and power management features.

The LPI radars are continuous wave, wide bandwidth radars emitting low power signals. This makes LPI radars difficult to detect by passive radar detection systems.

Such radar is used in Super Hornet aircraft of the US Navy.

2D, 3D and 4D Radars - A 2D radar provides range and azimuth information about the target. 3D radar, in addition provides the elevation information. These are of two types namely; Steered beam radars, which steer a narrow beam through a scan pattern to generate a 3D picture, for eg.

AN/SPY-1 phased array radar on Ticonderoga class of guided missile cruisers; and the Stacked beam radars which transmit and receive at two different angles and deduce the elevation by comparing the received echoes, for eg. The ARSR-4 radar with a range of over 250 miles.

4D radar is Pulse-Doppler radar capable of 3D functions and determines a target’s radial velocity as well. This type of radar has great applicability in defence, since it can detect targets by removing hostile environmental influences such as electronic interference, birds, reflections due to weather phenomenon etc. In addition a 4D radar uses much less power and thus helps in stealth function. TRS-4D surveillance radar with Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) technology is in use by the German Navy.

Multi Mission Combat Systems.

Multi mission combat systems have been designed for operation from naval ships as a total weapon system from detection to final destruction of the threats emanating at sea from air, surface and subsurface. Such a system is expected to search and track multiple targets and also carry out weapon

NAVAL RADAR & MULTI MISSION COMBAT SYSTEMS.qxd:INDO-PAK.qxd 26/04/13 3:51 PM Page 5

NAVAL SYSTEMS direction by use of a sophisticated radar/ sonar and competent decision-making component. By use of this design a naval ship can effectively carry out anti-air, anti-surface and anti-submarine operations concurrently.

The most effective and proven multi mission combat system which deserves mention here, with reference to the usage of sophisticated radar, is the Aegis weapon system. "... and among them went bright-eyed Athene, holding the precious aegis which is ageless and immortal: a hundred tassels of pure gold hang fluttering from it, tightwoven each of them, and each the worth of a hundred oxen."

Iliad, Homer, Martin Hammond’s Translation Aegis weapon system comprises of the AN/SPY-1 type radar, the Command and decision suite, Mk 99 Fire control system and Standard Missile family of weapons. The AN/SPY-1 type radar, is an advanced multi function phased array, auto track and detect radar which can track more than 100 targets at over 190km and also carry out missile guidance functions. It communicates with the Standard Missile for mid course correction using an RF link, terminal guidance is carried out by the AN/SPG 62 radar. The target is handed over by the AN/SPY-1 type radar to the AN/SPG 62 radar, which is a continuous wave, illuminating I/J Band fire control radar. The Aegis is fitted on many of US Naval cruisers, destroyers and frigates. The current modifications include Commercial Off the Shelf networking system infrastructure and Multi mission signal processor.

This would also simultaneously address ballistic missile defence (BMD) along with anti-air warfare against multi mission threats. The Aegis BMD is capable of neutralising short to intermediate range ballistic missiles with Standard Missile-3 (SM-3), further it can destroy short range ballistic missiles in terminal phase with Standard Missile-2. Equivalent antisubmarine capabilities are also part of the Aegis weapon system.

Radars with Indian Navy: Indian Navy has various types of indigenous and imported radars. Among the indigenous radars, it has L Band surveillance radar RAWL MK II &III, F Band combined warning and target indication radar RAWS

03 Upgrade, 3D surveillance radar Revathi and navigation radar APARNA etc. Among the imported radars, it has a mix of radars from both the east and the west. Some of the imported radars are; MF-Star 3D phased array radar,MR-760 Fregat M2EM 3-D,MR90 Orekh fire control radar, Signaal D Band radar,MR-310U Angara air surveillance radar, MR-775 Fregat MAE air surveillance radar, Garpun-Bal fire control radar, MR352 search radar etc. The P8i Maritime patrol aircraft recently delivered to India will be operating AN/APY-10 multi function, long range surveillance radar, capable of operating day and night under all weather conditions. It provides mission support for ISR, anti-surface and anti-submarine

This would also simultaneously address ballistic missile defence (BMD) along with anti-air warfare against multi mission threats.The Aegis BMD is capable of neutralising short to intermediate range ballistic missiles with Standard Missile-3 (SM-3)

�

warfare. It has both Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and Inverse SAR capability, the Inverse SAR can detect, image and also classify surface targets at long ranges.

Future Trends: New technologies are being developed rapidly in the commercial sector for low cost manufacturing processes of RF and microwave devices due to very heavy penetration and demand of smart mobiles and broad band in the public arena. These are likely to impact the defence sector and soon such mass produced devices (albeit manufactured to stricter specifications) would be available for defence use. Thus the

22

trend is a reversal of defence requirement based technology development to mass commercialisation driven innovation. A wide range of Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits (MMICs), RF power amplifiers and other RF (Radio Frequency) devices already developed in the commercial sector have direct applications in Radars and other RF devices in defence.

Cognitive Radar: The term cognitive radar implies a radar that has tremendous transmit/receive adaptivity and diversity along with high performance in-built intelligent computing.

With the inclusion of environmental dynamic database and knowledge aided coprocessor it is feasible to add new sources of information, which facilitate additional adaptivity. Currently new generation cognitive radars are at the design stage.

Quantum Radar: Quantum illumination has been tested up to a distance of 90 miles and it is believed that soon it will be possible to establish much longer ranges utilising this principle of bouncing photons off a target and comparing them with their unaltered twin. It has been observed that the amount of information so gathered is much more than that available through conventional RF beam reflection from objects. Since energy quanta behave both as a wave and as a particle it would be possible to design quantum radar. It is expected that such quantum radar would provide a many fold increase in information parameters and data about the target than has been feasible till now. Quantum radar is currently at the concept stage.

Conclusion Radar technology has by and large kept pace with the miniaturisation as well as digitisation of electronic components. It has also been possible for the radar designers to meet the changing multi mission requirements of modern naval warfare post the cold war. Today, using single multi function radar, a ship can track and attack emerging fast cruise missile and aircraft threats, ballistic missile attacks, swamp attacks by fast small craft in littorals and also carry out various missile & gunfire surface warfare functions. The versatility and adaptability of the radar technology has thus ensured its continued relevance to the naval designers and war fighters.

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FORENSICS 5 page.qxd:INDO-PAK.qxd 30/04/13 2:20 PM Page 1

FORENSICS

APRIL 2013

FORENSICS:

ANTI-INSURGENCY TOOL

In this fictionalised tale of an insurgency-prone region, where the mob turns against the security forces, forensic examinations create the breakthrough to win back people to the fold

HARPREET SINGH JAISWAL

KEY POINTS n In the milieu of great tensions of an insurgency prone area, it takes little to transform people into raging mobs. n The security forces are considered occupiers, thus always an enemy for the people. n This is where Forensics come in to cut to the quick and make propaganda ineffective

oday, India has reached a stage where many criminals go scot free due to the lack of evidence. The most important reasons for the same include the intimidation of witnesses and the unethical use of money power to blatantly buy out the integrity of witnesses. The latter is referred to by the police as, “a witness turning hostile.” As Indians are becoming technology savvy, the criminals too resort to using modern resources to meticulously plan crime at one geographical location and execute the same at another. This reduces the evidence trail. The degree of violence used and the damage at the scene of crime is orchestrated to such high levels by the criminals that; considerable evidence and people in proximity get destroyed or killed.

Thus, it deprives the investigators of valuable accounts from crime scene eye witnesses. Does it mean that we have reached the end of justice in India? No. Today forensic science has shot into prominence. It has the ability to link crime to the criminal by a careful examination of minute pieces of evidences left at the scene of crime. Forensic science if logically and diligently used, can point conclusive fingers at the criminals. This aspect has been vividly elucidated in the subsequent paragraphs in the form of a plausible case scenario which can be effectively applied in future in a counter insurgency situation.

In one of the remote and underdeveloped, insurgency prone areas, the local Counter

T

24

Terrorism Police Force (CTPF) had done exceedingly well by controlling the terrorists and had in the bargain won the support of the locals against the insurgents. Now, the local people voluntarily passed information of terrorist to the police to usher peace in the area. This was not appreciated by the terrorists. Thus, they secretly planned to defame the police to turn the tide in their favour. The terrorists met at a remote place in the jungle and hatched a plan to revive their support base. Iqbal the terrorist leader said, “The success of the Counter Terrorism Police Force (CTPF) in the area has reduced our terror amongst the local people. They listen to them more than to us. If this situation persists, then; we will lose out on our existence.”

Iqbal further rued, “We have to do something to put the CTPF company on the back foot by nefarious means if need be; to alienate the public from them.” After planning awhile, Iqbal articulated, “During the next religious procession, Rahim and Majaz would mingle with the crowd and raise anti government slogans as they reach the CTPF

In one of the remote and underdeveloped, insurgency prone areas, the local Counter Terrorism Police Force had done exceedingly well by controlling the terrorists and had in the bargain won the support of the locals against the insurgents. Now, the local people voluntarily passed information of terrorist to the police to usher peace in the area.

25

”

DSI

camp. While crossing the camp; Rahim and Majaz will orchestrate chaos and cause situational volatility. I will shoot at some processionists to aggravate the situation. This will cause a stampede and chaos which will help us to escape.

Since innocent processionists would be killed, our overground supporters will protest and blame the CTPF for killing innocent processionists. This will put the CTPF on a defensive position and we will regain our dominant posture in the village society.” The terrorists smiled happily at the fool proof plan and dispersed to prepare for its execution.

There was an air of general happiness in the town on the day of the religious festival as people readied themselves to take out a procession. The CTPF camp readied itself for any untoward incident when the procession would pass its location, and to have the least interaction with the processionists. The local people on the other hand put on their festival best. They prepared to join the procession with full earnest and a vibrant religious gusto.

They were however blissfully unaware of the tragedy that was about to befall some of their brethren.

Sometime later, the terrorists with a malicious intent mingled in the crowd with the support of the over-ground workers just as the procession started moving. They were determined to shatter the peace of the village and the sanity of an innocent victim’s family that had no political or social aims but just wanted to lead a happy life.

Slowly, as the slogan shouting procession moved through the lanes of the town, the terrorists started executing their plans.

Rahim and Majaz started giving a communal and political tinge to the sloganeering. The crescendo of the sloganeers gradually increased to a stage where the processionsts lost their individuality and became a collective psyche of the mob. Their slogans changed from religious incantations to political and anti-government blood curdling cries as Rahim and Majaz became active cheer leaders.

They deliberately incited people to stop around the camp and tried to direct the sloganeering towards the policemen. The policemen deployed themselves and urged the processionists to move ahead. However, Rahim exhorted and pushed some processionists to try and rush towards the camp gate. In the loud melee, all requests by

FORENSICS 5 page.qxd:INDO-PAK.qxd 30/04/13 2:20 PM Page 1

FORENSICS

APRIL 2013

FORENSICS:

ANTI-INSURGENCY TOOL

In this fictionalised tale of an insurgency-prone region, where the mob turns against the security forces, forensic examinations create the breakthrough to win back people to the fold

HARPREET SINGH JAISWAL

KEY POINTS n In the milieu of great tensions of an insurgency prone area, it takes little to transform people into raging mobs. n The security forces are considered occupiers, thus always an enemy for the people. n This is where Forensics come in to cut to the quick and make propaganda ineffective

oday, India has reached a stage where many criminals go scot free due to the lack of evidence. The most important reasons for the same include the intimidation of witnesses and the unethical use of money power to blatantly buy out the integrity of witnesses. The latter is referred to by the police as, “a witness turning hostile.” As Indians are becoming technology savvy, the criminals too resort to using modern resources to meticulously plan crime at one geographical location and execute the same at another. This reduces the evidence trail. The degree of violence used and the damage at the scene of crime is orchestrated to such high levels by the criminals that; considerable evidence and people in proximity get destroyed or killed.

Thus, it deprives the investigators of valuable accounts from crime scene eye witnesses. Does it mean that we have reached the end of justice in India? No. Today forensic science has shot into prominence. It has the ability to link crime to the criminal by a careful examination of minute pieces of evidences left at the scene of crime. Forensic science if logically and diligently used, can point conclusive fingers at the criminals. This aspect has been vividly elucidated in the subsequent paragraphs in the form of a plausible case scenario which can be effectively applied in future in a counter insurgency situation.

In one of the remote and underdeveloped, insurgency prone areas, the local Counter

T

24

Terrorism Police Force (CTPF) had done exceedingly well by controlling the terrorists and had in the bargain won the support of the locals against the insurgents. Now, the local people voluntarily passed information of terrorist to the police to usher peace in the area. This was not appreciated by the terrorists. Thus, they secretly planned to defame the police to turn the tide in their favour. The terrorists met at a remote place in the jungle and hatched a plan to revive their support base. Iqbal the terrorist leader said, “The success of the Counter Terrorism Police Force (CTPF) in the area has reduced our terror amongst the local people. They listen to them more than to us. If this situation persists, then; we will lose out on our existence.”

Iqbal further rued, “We have to do something to put the CTPF company on the back foot by nefarious means if need be; to alienate the public from them.” After planning awhile, Iqbal articulated, “During the next religious procession, Rahim and Majaz would mingle with the crowd and raise anti government slogans as they reach the CTPF

In one of the remote and underdeveloped, insurgency prone areas, the local Counter Terrorism Police Force had done exceedingly well by controlling the terrorists and had in the bargain won the support of the locals against the insurgents. Now, the local people voluntarily passed information of terrorist to the police to usher peace in the area.

25

”

DSI

camp. While crossing the camp; Rahim and Majaz will orchestrate chaos and cause situational volatility. I will shoot at some processionists to aggravate the situation. This will cause a stampede and chaos which will help us to escape.

Since innocent processionists would be killed, our overground supporters will protest and blame the CTPF for killing innocent processionists. This will put the CTPF on a defensive position and we will regain our dominant posture in the village society.” The terrorists smiled happily at the fool proof plan and dispersed to prepare for its execution.

There was an air of general happiness in the town on the day of the religious festival as people readied themselves to take out a procession. The CTPF camp readied itself for any untoward incident when the procession would pass its location, and to have the least interaction with the processionists. The local people on the other hand put on their festival best. They prepared to join the procession with full earnest and a vibrant religious gusto.

They were however blissfully unaware of the tragedy that was about to befall some of their brethren.

Sometime later, the terrorists with a malicious intent mingled in the crowd with the support of the over-ground workers just as the procession started moving. They were determined to shatter the peace of the village and the sanity of an innocent victim’s family that had no political or social aims but just wanted to lead a happy life.

Slowly, as the slogan shouting procession moved through the lanes of the town, the terrorists started executing their plans.

Rahim and Majaz started giving a communal and political tinge to the sloganeering. The crescendo of the sloganeers gradually increased to a stage where the processionsts lost their individuality and became a collective psyche of the mob. Their slogans changed from religious incantations to political and anti-government blood curdling cries as Rahim and Majaz became active cheer leaders.

They deliberately incited people to stop around the camp and tried to direct the sloganeering towards the policemen. The policemen deployed themselves and urged the processionists to move ahead. However, Rahim exhorted and pushed some processionists to try and rush towards the camp gate. In the loud melee, all requests by

FORENSICS 5 page copy.qxd:INDO-PAK.qxd 26/04/13 3:47 PM Page 3

FORENSICS the policemen got drowned by the numerically superior vocal procession. Soon, the agitating processionists were barely a few meters away from the policemen. Suddenly, Majaz saw an opportunity and aggressively pushed some processionists who were ahead of him towards the security forces.

This push magnified into a surge of villagers who physically contacted with the policemen. Initially, the contact was merely to regain balance but it soon turned into a scuffle.

Iqbal saw a safe window of opportunity and fired a burst from his AK-47 rifle at the processionists next to him. The crack of the rifle created utter chaos and the crowd ran helter skelter leaving behind stray shoes, slippers and garments. Many people tumbled over one another in order to return to the safety of their homes. As calm reclaimed the area, the policemen saw a blood soaked body of one of the processionists. The policemen went to the aid of the fallen man but saw that he was dead.

Immediately after the incident, the local police started making a report and called the town elders to identify and collect the dead body. The over ground workers amongst this party identified the man and blamed the policemen for having killed an innocent villager. As days passed, the tirade of false accusations by the over ground workers increased and the government authorities ordered an enquiry to ascertain the truth.

This helped in calming a volatile situation.

Meanwhile, right after the incident the CTPF company commander foresaw trouble.

He promptly anticipated the likely game plan for; he had already ascertained the fact that, none of the policemen under him had fired his weapon. Since, the CTPF company commander was aware of the potential of forensic investigation he promptly insisted that the local police should carry out a thorough search of the area with them and organise the postmortem of the body. The area search revealed some fired cartridges which he picked up without interfering with the existing finger prints on the cartridge case and sealed it in a thick plastic bag. He accompanied the police and the body to the mortuary and witnessed the postmortem as the doctor recovered the bullet from the body of the deceased. The bullet and the piece of cloth adjacent to the bullet entry wound were also preserved separately by the police in the presence of the company commander. This evidence was to be presented for forensic

APRIL 2013

Immediately after the incident, the local police started making a report and called the town elders to identify and collect the dead body. The over ground workers amongst this party identified the man and blamed the policemen for having killed an innocent villager.

As days passed, the tirade of false accusations by the over ground workers took effect.

�

investigation at the state forensic laboratory.

The CTPF company commander showed all the AK-47 rifles present at the site of the incident to the ballistic expert of the forensic laboratory. The expert fired the weapons into the bullet capturing equipment and recovered three bullets and three cartridges from each of the weapons that were held at the post on the day of procession.

In the meanwhile, the over-ground workers had lost no time in launching a tirade of accusations against the CTPF for having killed an innocent villager. The situation was perplexing as the superior CTPF officers deliberated on whether to offer a rebuttal against the accusations or not. This decision depended upon ascertaining with proof the

26

identity of the weapon from which the fatal bullet was fired.

Forensic Analysis On receipt of the evidence, the forensic expert lost no time and carefully identified the striation marks and indentation signs on the recovered cartridges and bullet that were found at the site. First of all, he confirmed if the bullet had been fired from any of the recovered cartridge on the basis of the caliber, crimping adhesives and obturant traces between the bullet base and the cartridge’s open mouth. He further matched the propellant residue found on the base of the bullet and with that found within the cartridge case.

Thus, he confirmed using chromatography tests that the bullet had indeed been fired from one of the recovered cartridges.

Chromatography is a colour differentiation technique that separates different components of a mixture when dissolved in a fluid. It is based upon the principle that different constituents of mixtures travel at different speeds when dissolved. Thus, the substances get separated into unique bands which help the analysts to identify and classify similar substances by a comparative analysis.

With the linkage between the cartridge and bullet having been established; the forensic investigator now needed to link this bullet with the weapon and its owner to arrive at a logical conviction as to the identity of the

firer. He also examined the diameter of the circle formed by the gunshot residue (GSR) on the deceased’s garment from the centre of the bullet hole and concluded the probable range from which the weapon was fired.

These details were matched with the relative location of the troops and the body of the deceased at the time of the incident from sketches and site photographs. An obvious discrepancy in the allegations became apparent and was recorded.

To further articulate the chain of evidence, the case was referred to the forensic expert of the chemical division. He lifted the minute rifle oil lubricant traces from the bullet and the recovered cartridge to determine the chemical composition of the lubricants used.

He further obtained the standard issue samples of the lubricants used by the CTPF for rifles and analysed the same through chromatograph tests.

The results conclusively proved that the lubricant on the questioned bullet and cartridge were distinctly different from the one used by the CTPF. Hence, it opened the possibility of a non-military weapon having been used.

To augment the infallibility of the evidence; the ballistic expert meticulously identified the questioned bullet under a comparison microscope and individualised

27

DSI

the groove and land markings on the same.

A comparison microscope is an assembly of two separate microscopes that are integrated together in such a way that the magnified view of the sample mounted on each of the microscopes, can be seen simultaneously on an associated computer monitor. Thus, when an analyst views two images adjacent to each other, he can identify similarities and differentiations in similar objects that are under scrutiny.

The ballistic expert thereafter carefully mounted the questioned cartridge case and individualised the striation marks found on it.

Next the ballistic expert identified the questioned cartridge case and noted; the pattern of the magazine loading marks; breech face marking; the firing pin indentation; the expansion indentation/deformation of the cartridge case as it pressed against the chamber due to expanding gases on firing; and the extractor marks.

Once the ballistic expert had identified each of the above weapon firing evidence traces on the questioned projectile and the cartridge case, he carried out a similar examination of all the sample bullets and cartridges recovered from the suspected weapons of the army through a bullet capturing apparatus. The expert thereafter diligently compared the striation markings of the questioned bullet and cartridge with the samples recovered from the army. He conclusively proved that the striation markings on the questioned bullet and cartridge case did not match with the suspect samples provided by the CTPF troops. Thus, it eliminated any scope of substantiating false allegations against the CTPF company.

In order to provide evidence from an entirely different perspective or conclusive dimension to substantiate the earlier findings; the cartridge case was further analysed by the finger print expert. It is a well established fact in the courts of law that finger prints are unique for each person i.e. no two human beings have the same finger prints.

However, one needs a full finger print for unique identification. In case a partial print is acquired then, there is some possibility of an uncertainty creeping in regarding the identity of the person.

Since finger prints are made of a mixture of amino acids, fat and water; it was inevitable that some traces of amino acids would still be found on the cartridge case in spite of the high temperature that a cartridge achieves

FORENSICS 5 page copy.qxd:INDO-PAK.qxd 26/04/13 3:47 PM Page 3

FORENSICS the policemen got drowned by the numerically superior vocal procession. Soon, the agitating processionists were barely a few meters away from the policemen. Suddenly, Majaz saw an opportunity and aggressively pushed some processionists who were ahead of him towards the security forces.

This push magnified into a surge of villagers who physically contacted with the policemen. Initially, the contact was merely to regain balance but it soon turned into a scuffle.

Iqbal saw a safe window of opportunity and fired a burst from his AK-47 rifle at the processionists next to him. The crack of the rifle created utter chaos and the crowd ran helter skelter leaving behind stray shoes, slippers and garments. Many people tumbled over one another in order to return to the safety of their homes. As calm reclaimed the area, the policemen saw a blood soaked body of one of the processionists. The policemen went to the aid of the fallen man but saw that he was dead.

Immediately after the incident, the local police started making a report and called the town elders to identify and collect the dead body. The over ground workers amongst this party identified the man and blamed the policemen for having killed an innocent villager. As days passed, the tirade of false accusations by the over ground workers increased and the government authorities ordered an enquiry to ascertain the truth.

This helped in calming a volatile situation.

Meanwhile, right after the incident the CTPF company commander foresaw trouble.

He promptly anticipated the likely game plan for; he had already ascertained the fact that, none of the policemen under him had fired his weapon. Since, the CTPF company commander was aware of the potential of forensic investigation he promptly insisted that the local police should carry out a thorough search of the area with them and organise the postmortem of the body. The area search revealed some fired cartridges which he picked up without interfering with the existing finger prints on the cartridge case and sealed it in a thick plastic bag. He accompanied the police and the body to the mortuary and witnessed the postmortem as the doctor recovered the bullet from the body of the deceased. The bullet and the piece of cloth adjacent to the bullet entry wound were also preserved separately by the police in the presence of the company commander. This evidence was to be presented for forensic

APRIL 2013

Immediately after the incident, the local police started making a report and called the town elders to identify and collect the dead body. The over ground workers amongst this party identified the man and blamed the policemen for having killed an innocent villager.

As days passed, the tirade of false accusations by the over ground workers took effect.

�

investigation at the state forensic laboratory.

The CTPF company commander showed all the AK-47 rifles present at the site of the incident to the ballistic expert of the forensic laboratory. The expert fired the weapons into the bullet capturing equipment and recovered three bullets and three cartridges from each of the weapons that were held at the post on the day of procession.

In the meanwhile, the over-ground workers had lost no time in launching a tirade of accusations against the CTPF for having killed an innocent villager. The situation was perplexing as the superior CTPF officers deliberated on whether to offer a rebuttal against the accusations or not. This decision depended upon ascertaining with proof the

26

identity of the weapon from which the fatal bullet was fired.

Forensic Analysis On receipt of the evidence, the forensic expert lost no time and carefully identified the striation marks and indentation signs on the recovered cartridges and bullet that were found at the site. First of all, he confirmed if the bullet had been fired from any of the recovered cartridge on the basis of the caliber, crimping adhesives and obturant traces between the bullet base and the cartridge’s open mouth. He further matched the propellant residue found on the base of the bullet and with that found within the cartridge case.

Thus, he confirmed using chromatography tests that the bullet had indeed been fired from one of the recovered cartridges.

Chromatography is a colour differentiation technique that separates different components of a mixture when dissolved in a fluid. It is based upon the principle that different constituents of mixtures travel at different speeds when dissolved. Thus, the substances get separated into unique bands which help the analysts to identify and classify similar substances by a comparative analysis.

With the linkage between the cartridge and bullet having been established; the forensic investigator now needed to link this bullet with the weapon and its owner to arrive at a logical conviction as to the identity of the

firer. He also examined the diameter of the circle formed by the gunshot residue (GSR) on the deceased’s garment from the centre of the bullet hole and concluded the probable range from which the weapon was fired.

These details were matched with the relative location of the troops and the body of the deceased at the time of the incident from sketches and site photographs. An obvious discrepancy in the allegations became apparent and was recorded.

To further articulate the chain of evidence, the case was referred to the forensic expert of the chemical division. He lifted the minute rifle oil lubricant traces from the bullet and the recovered cartridge to determine the chemical composition of the lubricants used.

He further obtained the standard issue samples of the lubricants used by the CTPF for rifles and analysed the same through chromatograph tests.

The results conclusively proved that the lubricant on the questioned bullet and cartridge were distinctly different from the one used by the CTPF. Hence, it opened the possibility of a non-military weapon having been used.

To augment the infallibility of the evidence; the ballistic expert meticulously identified the questioned bullet under a comparison microscope and individualised

27

DSI

the groove and land markings on the same.

A comparison microscope is an assembly of two separate microscopes that are integrated together in such a way that the magnified view of the sample mounted on each of the microscopes, can be seen simultaneously on an associated computer monitor. Thus, when an analyst views two images adjacent to each other, he can identify similarities and differentiations in similar objects that are under scrutiny.

The ballistic expert thereafter carefully mounted the questioned cartridge case and individualised the striation marks found on it.

Next the ballistic expert identified the questioned cartridge case and noted; the pattern of the magazine loading marks; breech face marking; the firing pin indentation; the expansion indentation/deformation of the cartridge case as it pressed against the chamber due to expanding gases on firing; and the extractor marks.

Once the ballistic expert had identified each of the above weapon firing evidence traces on the questioned projectile and the cartridge case, he carried out a similar examination of all the sample bullets and cartridges recovered from the suspected weapons of the army through a bullet capturing apparatus. The expert thereafter diligently compared the striation markings of the questioned bullet and cartridge with the samples recovered from the army. He conclusively proved that the striation markings on the questioned bullet and cartridge case did not match with the suspect samples provided by the CTPF troops. Thus, it eliminated any scope of substantiating false allegations against the CTPF company.

In order to provide evidence from an entirely different perspective or conclusive dimension to substantiate the earlier findings; the cartridge case was further analysed by the finger print expert. It is a well established fact in the courts of law that finger prints are unique for each person i.e. no two human beings have the same finger prints.

However, one needs a full finger print for unique identification. In case a partial print is acquired then, there is some possibility of an uncertainty creeping in regarding the identity of the person.

Since finger prints are made of a mixture of amino acids, fat and water; it was inevitable that some traces of amino acids would still be found on the cartridge case in spite of the high temperature that a cartridge achieves

FORENSICS 5 page copy.qxd:INDO-PAK.qxd 26/04/13 3:47 PM Page 5

FORENSICS

on firing. The water would have off course evaporated. The fat too may have decomposed and some vaporization may have taken place. However, traces of amino acid would still remain there. Based upon the aforesaid fact; the expert diligently developed finger prints on the cartridge case and preserved them.

The prominent upper layered fingerprints invariably belonged to the person who last handled or loaded the cartridge. They were the most clearly visible finger prints. Since the cartridge was curved, the finger and thumb left only partial prints on the cartridge case. Thus, it was not possible to recover a full finger print but only a part of the finger print could be lifted. The finger print expert thereafter compared the questioned finger prints recovered from the cartridge and matched them against the controlled/sample finger prints of the policemen present at the post at the time of the incident. He further concluded that the questioned cartridge was not handled by the policemen present at the post as, the finger prints did not match. Once the forensic report was complete it was submitted to the enquiry members.

The enquiry team examined the evidence produced by the forensic analysts and once convinced; finalised its report after due cross examination of the witnesses and the forensic experts. A few days later the local administration and the CTPF public relations officer together organised a joint press conference inviting the media and the prominent local villagers of the affected area to disseminate the findings of the enquiry.

The enquiry team examined the evidence produced by the forensic analysts and once convinced; finalised its report after due cross examination of the witnesses and the forensic experts. A few days later the local administration and the CTPF public relations officer together organised a joint press conference inviting the media and the prominent local villagers.

�

They laid particular stress on explaining in simple language the chain of forensic evidence and how they found the CTPF innocent.

The findings of each forensic expert were manifest with visual images of the forensic findings to lay all misconceptions at rest. The interaction stressed on the aspect of concrete

28

evidences vis a vis verbal opinions and unfounded suspicions by people in courts of law to provide justice. The media and the local people were encouraged to ask questions which were factually answered.

The press conference was followed by the dissemination of summarised versions of the enquiry’s findings in the vernacular press which usually has a considerable readership in the area. Once the factual findings of the enquiry were accepted by the villagers; the unfounded acrimony against the CTPF faded away in the society.

The case was not yet finished, in fact; it had just begun. The next step was to identify the culprits who had killed the innocent man.

The police investigation officer further submitted the partial finger prints recovered from the questioned cartridge case to the Unique Identification Authority of India and got the addresses of people having similar finger prints. Since complete finger prints could not be recovered due to the limited contact of the cartridge handler with the case because of the curvature of the cartridge; a multiple number of individuals having similar/matching finger prints were provided by the Authority.

The investigating officer simply narrowed down on to the address of the man who belonged to the affected area. He followed the address given by the authorities and reached the house of Iqbal the terrorist who; of course was not at home. Now the police had a lead about the terrorist who was involved in the crime and went in search of Iqbal with the help of the CTPF company.

Laxman DSI Part-II 2nd time.qxd:INDO-PAK.qxd 30/04/13 3:22 PM Page 1

DEFENCE BUDGET

APRIL 2013

DSI

MILITARY MODERNI SATION IN DIRE STRAITS After delivering two budgets with double-digit growth in defence expenditure, this year P Chidambaram had trouble to find the resources for satiating all needs

LAXMAN KUMAR BEHERA

KEY POINTS With all their capital expenditure plans in jeopardy, all the three services will have to witness serious pruning.

n

Indian Air Force is worst affected as it is the most capital intensive service.

n

An urgent re-prioritisation of the modernisation plans of all the three services is needed.

n

inance Minister (FM) P Chidambaram increased the defence allocation by 5.3 per cent to Rs 2,03,672.1 crores ($ 37.4 billion), contrary to the prebudget speculation of a cut in defence allocation,. The increase in the latest defence budget, which he announced during his presentation of Union Budget 2013-14 to Parliament on 28 February, is however modest especially in comparison to the growth rates of 17.6 per cent and 11.6 per cent in previous two budgets and seems to be driven by a combination of economic and political factors, notably the harsh economic environment and the imminent general election in 2014.

However, the defence ministry which is already battling a high inflationary regime and an adverse rupee-dollar exchange rate may find the new allocation inadequate to sustain both the running and modernisation requirements of the armed forces. This is more so given a large number of new schemes (including the multi-billion dollar MMRCA contract) that are pending for contract signing in 2013-14.

F

An India Air Force II-76 AWACS aircraft lands at Jamnagar airbase

30

31

Impact on Modernisation The Indian armed forces are on a massive modernisation process, although the intensity varies from one service to other.

Besides the existing ones, contracts worth several billions dollars are expected to be signed in 2013-14 (See Table 1). Among the services, the Air Force, the most capital intensive service, is expected to sign the $1520 billion contract for 126 French Rafale fighters in early next financial year. Besides it has already selected the prospective supplies for at least three more big contracts –attack, and heavy lift helicopters; and six Airbus A330 Multi Role Tanker Transport – which are expected to be signed in the near future.

The Navy is also expected to sign a $1.0 billion contract for 16 multi role helicopters which is at advance stage of vendor selection.

The Army on its part is hoping that its much delayed artillery modernisation programme finally gets going in 2013.

Given that the long-list of new acquisition proposals, the question is how much the new defence budget supports it.

It is noteworthy most the modernisation budget is earmarked for committed liabilities with little money available for the new schemes. For instance, for the years 2011-12 and 2012-13, the overall ratio between these stands at roughly 85:15, although there exists a significant variation among the services and between the years.

Nonetheless, assuming the same ratio for the new allocation, total available funds for the new schemes would be a little over Rs 11,000 crores, which is probably enough for the first stage payment towards the Rafale deal. This means there is a very little money available for other new schemes including of the Air Force, which despite having a 30 per cent hike in its

Laxman DSI Part-II 2nd time.qxd:INDO-PAK.qxd 30/04/13 3:22 PM Page 1

DEFENCE BUDGET

APRIL 2013

DSI

MILITARY MODERNI SATION IN DIRE STRAITS After delivering two budgets with double-digit growth in defence expenditure, this year P Chidambaram had trouble to find the resources for satiating all needs

LAXMAN KUMAR BEHERA

KEY POINTS With all their capital expenditure plans in jeopardy, all the three services will have to witness serious pruning.

n

Indian Air Force is worst affected as it is the most capital intensive service.

n

An urgent re-prioritisation of the modernisation plans of all the three services is needed.

n

inance Minister (FM) P Chidambaram increased the defence allocation by 5.3 per cent to Rs 2,03,672.1 crores ($ 37.4 billion), contrary to the prebudget speculation of a cut in defence allocation,. The increase in the latest defence budget, which he announced during his presentation of Union Budget 2013-14 to Parliament on 28 February, is however modest especially in comparison to the growth rates of 17.6 per cent and 11.6 per cent in previous two budgets and seems to be driven by a combination of economic and political factors, notably the harsh economic environment and the imminent general election in 2014.

However, the defence ministry which is already battling a high inflationary regime and an adverse rupee-dollar exchange rate may find the new allocation inadequate to sustain both the running and modernisation requirements of the armed forces. This is more so given a large number of new schemes (including the multi-billion dollar MMRCA contract) that are pending for contract signing in 2013-14.

F

An India Air Force II-76 AWACS aircraft lands at Jamnagar airbase

30

31

Impact on Modernisation The Indian armed forces are on a massive modernisation process, although the intensity varies from one service to other.

Besides the existing ones, contracts worth several billions dollars are expected to be signed in 2013-14 (See Table 1). Among the services, the Air Force, the most capital intensive service, is expected to sign the $1520 billion contract for 126 French Rafale fighters in early next financial year. Besides it has already selected the prospective supplies for at least three more big contracts –attack, and heavy lift helicopters; and six Airbus A330 Multi Role Tanker Transport – which are expected to be signed in the near future.

The Navy is also expected to sign a $1.0 billion contract for 16 multi role helicopters which is at advance stage of vendor selection.

The Army on its part is hoping that its much delayed artillery modernisation programme finally gets going in 2013.

Given that the long-list of new acquisition proposals, the question is how much the new defence budget supports it.

It is noteworthy most the modernisation budget is earmarked for committed liabilities with little money available for the new schemes. For instance, for the years 2011-12 and 2012-13, the overall ratio between these stands at roughly 85:15, although there exists a significant variation among the services and between the years.

Nonetheless, assuming the same ratio for the new allocation, total available funds for the new schemes would be a little over Rs 11,000 crores, which is probably enough for the first stage payment towards the Rafale deal. This means there is a very little money available for other new schemes including of the Air Force, which despite having a 30 per cent hike in its

Laxman DSI Part-II 2nd time.qxd:INDO-PAK.qxd 30/04/13 3:23 PM Page 3

DEFENCE BUDGET

Political and Economic Imperatives of Defence Budget 2013-14 The prime reason for a modest increase in the defence budget is economic slowdown and the government determination to contain fiscal deficit. As the Economic Survey 201213, presented to Parliament a day before the Union Budget’s presentation, shows, the Indian economy is expected to grow at a decadal low of five per cent in the current fiscal year, before increasing to 6.1-6.7 per cent in the coming fiscal. At this growth rate, which is significantly lower than the peak of rate of 9.3 per cent in 2010-11, the government’s revenue receipt has come under sharp pressure, forcing the government to tighten its belt.

The austerity drive has further been necessitated by a widening fiscal deficit which has fuelled concerns among the investors, with the rating agencies having threatened to reduce India to a ‘junk status’. The fear of the downgrade has been so large that the FM has not only downwardly revised current years’ expenditure to contain the fiscal deficit at 5.2 per cent of GDP but has gone a step further to reduce the deficit level to 4.8 per cent in the coming fiscal year. Moreover, he has also laid down a fiscal consolidation path whereby the fiscal deficit is to be reduced by 0.6 percentage point every year till it becomes 3.0 per cent of GDP in 2016-17.

However the greater question is how much burden the defence budget has taken to accommodate the government’s austerity drive. From a macro point of view, one assumes that the fiscal burden, in terms of controlled growth of total government expenditure, is shared more or less equally by each and every sector. But as the statistics would show, the defence budget has taken a larger burden than would probably be reasonable. This is evident from the growth rate of both union budget and the defence budget.

While the former has increased by 12 per cent, the increase in latter is less than half of that. In other words, the defence budget has been harshly controlled not only in the interest of the larger fiscal deficit, but to accommodate relatively larger share for other government expenditure heads. This is not

TABLE 1: MAJOR CONTRACTS UP FOR SIGN IN 2013-14 Army

Navy

• 145 BAE Systems M777 155 mm/39 caliber lightweight howitzers ($647 million)

• 16 Multi-Role Helicopters • 126 French Rafale ($15-20 billion) ($1.0 billion) • 22 Boeing AH-64D Apache Longbow made Attack ($1.2 billion) • 15 Boeing CH-47F Chinook Heavy Lift Helicopter ($ 1.4 billion) • 06 Airbus Military A330 Multi Role Tanker Transport ($1.0 billion)

BAE Systems M777 155mm/39 calibre light weight howitzer being fired

Air Force

TABLE 2: ALLOCATION FOR MODERNISATION OF ARMED FORCES

Army Navy Air Force Total

BE 2012-13 (Rs in Cr)

RE 2012-13 (Rs in Cr)

Under/over Spending (Rs in Cr)

13,804.02 24,151.51 28,503.9 66,459.43

11,568.76 17,651.51 28,575.99 57,796.26

2,235.26 6,500 -72.09 8,663.17

Under/over Spending (%) 16.19 26.91 -0.25 13.04

BE 2013-14 (Rs in Cr)

13,327.04 23,478.78 37,048.06 73,853.88

% Growth of BE 201314 over BE 2012-13 -3.46 -2.79 29.98 11.13

Note: In columns 4 and 5, plus figures denote under-utilization and minus figures over-utilization

TABLE 3: ALLOCATION FOR ARMY CAPITAL ACQUISITION

Aircraft & Aero-Engine H&MV Other Equipment Rolling Stock Rashtriya Rifles Total Acq Exp

2012-13 (BE) (Rs in Cr)

2012-13 (RE) (Rs in Cr)

2013-14 (BE) (Rs in Cr)

3,052.52 2,249.29 8,250.04 0 252.17 13,804.02

2,367.86 1,959.21 7,116.69 0 125 11,568.76

1,527.79 2,024.37 9,758.86 0 16.02 13,327.04

AFP

modernisation budget would still need more money to sustain its current drive. For the Army and the Navy, the resource constraint is more severe, with the negative growth in their respective modernisation budgets (Tables 1 to 5).

APRIL 2013

Growth of BE % Growth of BE 2013-14 over BE 2013-14 over BE 2012-13 (Rs in Cr) 2012-13

2012-13 -1,524.73 -224.92 1,508.82 0 -236.15 -476.98

-49.9 -9.9 18.3 0 -93.6 -3.4

TABLE 4: ALLOCATION FOR NAVY CAPITAL ACQUISITION

Aircraft & Aero-Engine H&MV Other Equipment Joint Staff Naval Fleet Naval Dockyard Total Acq Exp

2012-13 (BE) ( Rs in Cr)

2012-13 (RE) ( Rs in Cr)

2013-14 (BE) ( Rs in Cr)

5,303.29 20 3,272.53 898.8 13,617.39 1,039.5 24,151.51

2,122.69 6,708.71 5 53.74 2,840.44 2,192.82 898.8 740.08 11,012.9 11,772.26 771.68 2,011.17 17,651.51 23,478.78

Growth of BE % Growth of BE 2013-14 over BE 2013-14 over BE 2012-13 (Rs in Cr) 2012-13 1,405.42 33.74 -1,079.71 -158.72 -1,845.13 971.67 -672.73

26.5 168.7 -32.9 -17.6 -13.5 93.4 -2.8

TABLE 5: ALLOCATION FOR AIR FORCE CAPITAL ACQUISITION 2012-13 (BE) ( Rs in Cr) Aircraft & Aero-Engine H&MV Other Equipment Total Acq Exp

TABLE 6: KEY STATISTICS OF DEFENCE BUDGET, 2011-12 & 2012-13

23,701.44 0 4,802.46 28,503.9

32

2012-13 (RE) ( Rs in Cr)

2013-14 (BE) ( Rs in Cr)

22,555.44 25,539.59 75.02 2.82 5,945.53 11,505.65 28,575.99 37,048.06

Growth of BE % Growth of BE 2013-14 over BE 2013-14 over BE 2012-13 (Rs in Cr) 2012-13 1,838.15 2.82 6,703.19 8,544.16

7.7 139.6 29.9

Defence Budget (Rs in Crores) Growth of Defence Budget (%) Revenue Expenditure (Rs in Crores) Growth of Revenue Expenditure (%) Share of Revenue Expenditure in Defence Budget (%) Capital Expenditure (Rs in Crores) Growth of Capital Expenditure (%) Share of Capital Expenditure in Defence Budget (%) Share of Defence Budget in GDP (%) Share of Defence Budget in Union Budget (%)

surprising given that the latest Union Budget is the last full fledged budget before the country goes to a general election in 2014 for electing the next government.

A degree of ‘populism’ within the limited fiscal space was expected and the FM has not lost sight of that. However, he has tried to take the Defence Minister, AK Antony, a key member of the Union Cabinet, into full confidence which is evident from his showering praise on him for being ‘most understanding’. The defence minister on his part also has also shown a degree of flexibility by complementing the FM for a ‘fair’ job, given the ‘difficult economic situation both at home and abroad.’ It is to be noted that Antony had voiced a degree of concern last year even after getting a 12 per cent hike in his ministry’s budget.

2013-14

1,93,407.29 17.63 1,13,828.66 19.55 58.85 79,578.63 15.00 41.15 1.90 12.97

2,03,672.12 5.31 1,16,931.41 2.73 57.41 86,740.71 9.00 42.59 1.79 12.23

In other words, the defence budget has been harshly controlled not only in the interest of the larger fiscal deficit, but to accommodate relatively larger share for other government expenditure heads.

33

DSI

Downward Revision of Budget 2012-13 Although the defence budget 2013-14 has been increased by a modest 5.3 per cent, the growth rate is a hefty 14.1 per cent over the revised estimate of 2012-13. The difference in these growth rates is due to cut of Rs. 14,903.8 croress (or 7.7 per cent) from the budget of 2012-13. Of the total reduction, 67 per cent is accounted for by capital expenditure which has been reduced by Rs 10,000 crores (12.6 per cent) from the original allocation. Of the total cut in capital expenditure, around 87 per cent is due to what is generally known as ‘under-spending’ of modernisation budget and has been reduced by Rs 8,663.2 crores (13 per cent) to Rs. 57,796.3 crores.

Around 75 per cent of this is accounted for by the Navy, whose modernisation budget has been reduced by Rs 6,500 crores (26.9 per cent) to Rs 17,651.5 crores, partly due to slippage of delivery of aircraft carrier INS Vikramaditya by almost one year to late 2013.

The revenue expenditure on the other hand is revised downward by Rs. 4903.8 crores (4.3 per cent). Around 53 per cent of reduction is due to cut in pay and allowances of the armed forces. The cut in the pay and allowances budget however seems to be unrealistic given the mandatory nature of increase in salary.

Defence Budget 2013-14: Negative Real Growth The modest increase in the defence budget comes in the wake of high inflationary and unfavourable exchange rate regimes. As the Economic Survey brings out, the average inflation rate during the first nine months of 2012-13 was high at 7.6 per cent and 10.0 per cent, measured in terms of Whole Sale Price Index (WPI) and Consumer Price Index-New Series (CPI-NS), respectively. Even assuming a one percentage reduction in annual inflation in 2013-14, which is quite optimistic, the real growth of new defence budget is still negative by 1.3 per cent and 3.7 per cent in terms of WPI and CPI-NS, respectively. The negative real growth in the defence budget is further worsened by a high exchange rate, particularly with respect to US dollar which at Rs 54.5 per unit is still 14 per cent higher than in 2012-13.

The negative growth in new defence budget would not necessarily affect all its elements the same way. The salary portion of the budget, a significant portion of revenue expenditure is more or less insulated with suitable periodic increase in dearness allowance. The most affected elements of the budget would be revenue works,

Laxman DSI Part-II 2nd time.qxd:INDO-PAK.qxd 30/04/13 3:23 PM Page 3

DEFENCE BUDGET

Political and Economic Imperatives of Defence Budget 2013-14 The prime reason for a modest increase in the defence budget is economic slowdown and the government determination to contain fiscal deficit. As the Economic Survey 201213, presented to Parliament a day before the Union Budget’s presentation, shows, the Indian economy is expected to grow at a decadal low of five per cent in the current fiscal year, before increasing to 6.1-6.7 per cent in the coming fiscal. At this growth rate, which is significantly lower than the peak of rate of 9.3 per cent in 2010-11, the government’s revenue receipt has come under sharp pressure, forcing the government to tighten its belt.

The austerity drive has further been necessitated by a widening fiscal deficit which has fuelled concerns among the investors, with the rating agencies having threatened to reduce India to a ‘junk status’. The fear of the downgrade has been so large that the FM has not only downwardly revised current years’ expenditure to contain the fiscal deficit at 5.2 per cent of GDP but has gone a step further to reduce the deficit level to 4.8 per cent in the coming fiscal year. Moreover, he has also laid down a fiscal consolidation path whereby the fiscal deficit is to be reduced by 0.6 percentage point every year till it becomes 3.0 per cent of GDP in 2016-17.

However the greater question is how much burden the defence budget has taken to accommodate the government’s austerity drive. From a macro point of view, one assumes that the fiscal burden, in terms of controlled growth of total government expenditure, is shared more or less equally by each and every sector. But as the statistics would show, the defence budget has taken a larger burden than would probably be reasonable. This is evident from the growth rate of both union budget and the defence budget.

While the former has increased by 12 per cent, the increase in latter is less than half of that. In other words, the defence budget has been harshly controlled not only in the interest of the larger fiscal deficit, but to accommodate relatively larger share for other government expenditure heads. This is not

TABLE 1: MAJOR CONTRACTS UP FOR SIGN IN 2013-14 Army

Navy

• 145 BAE Systems M777 155 mm/39 caliber lightweight howitzers ($647 million)

• 16 Multi-Role Helicopters • 126 French Rafale ($15-20 billion) ($1.0 billion) • 22 Boeing AH-64D Apache Longbow made Attack ($1.2 billion) • 15 Boeing CH-47F Chinook Heavy Lift Helicopter ($ 1.4 billion) • 06 Airbus Military A330 Multi Role Tanker Transport ($1.0 billion)

BAE Systems M777 155mm/39 calibre light weight howitzer being fired

Air Force

TABLE 2: ALLOCATION FOR MODERNISATION OF ARMED FORCES

Army Navy Air Force Total

BE 2012-13 (Rs in Cr)

RE 2012-13 (Rs in Cr)

Under/over Spending (Rs in Cr)

13,804.02 24,151.51 28,503.9 66,459.43

11,568.76 17,651.51 28,575.99 57,796.26

2,235.26 6,500 -72.09 8,663.17

Under/over Spending (%) 16.19 26.91 -0.25 13.04

BE 2013-14 (Rs in Cr)

13,327.04 23,478.78 37,048.06 73,853.88

% Growth of BE 201314 over BE 2012-13 -3.46 -2.79 29.98 11.13

Note: In columns 4 and 5, plus figures denote under-utilization and minus figures over-utilization

TABLE 3: ALLOCATION FOR ARMY CAPITAL ACQUISITION

Aircraft & Aero-Engine H&MV Other Equipment Rolling Stock Rashtriya Rifles Total Acq Exp

2012-13 (BE) (Rs in Cr)

2012-13 (RE) (Rs in Cr)

2013-14 (BE) (Rs in Cr)

3,052.52 2,249.29 8,250.04 0 252.17 13,804.02

2,367.86 1,959.21 7,116.69 0 125 11,568.76

1,527.79 2,024.37 9,758.86 0 16.02 13,327.04

AFP

modernisation budget would still need more money to sustain its current drive. For the Army and the Navy, the resource constraint is more severe, with the negative growth in their respective modernisation budgets (Tables 1 to 5).

APRIL 2013

Growth of BE % Growth of BE 2013-14 over BE 2013-14 over BE 2012-13 (Rs in Cr) 2012-13

2012-13 -1,524.73 -224.92 1,508.82 0 -236.15 -476.98

-49.9 -9.9 18.3 0 -93.6 -3.4

TABLE 4: ALLOCATION FOR NAVY CAPITAL ACQUISITION

Aircraft & Aero-Engine H&MV Other Equipment Joint Staff Naval Fleet Naval Dockyard Total Acq Exp

2012-13 (BE) ( Rs in Cr)

2012-13 (RE) ( Rs in Cr)

2013-14 (BE) ( Rs in Cr)

5,303.29 20 3,272.53 898.8 13,617.39 1,039.5 24,151.51

2,122.69 6,708.71 5 53.74 2,840.44 2,192.82 898.8 740.08 11,012.9 11,772.26 771.68 2,011.17 17,651.51 23,478.78

Growth of BE % Growth of BE 2013-14 over BE 2013-14 over BE 2012-13 (Rs in Cr) 2012-13 1,405.42 33.74 -1,079.71 -158.72 -1,845.13 971.67 -672.73

26.5 168.7 -32.9 -17.6 -13.5 93.4 -2.8

TABLE 5: ALLOCATION FOR AIR FORCE CAPITAL ACQUISITION 2012-13 (BE) ( Rs in Cr) Aircraft & Aero-Engine H&MV Other Equipment Total Acq Exp

TABLE 6: KEY STATISTICS OF DEFENCE BUDGET, 2011-12 & 2012-13

23,701.44 0 4,802.46 28,503.9

32

2012-13 (RE) ( Rs in Cr)

2013-14 (BE) ( Rs in Cr)

22,555.44 25,539.59 75.02 2.82 5,945.53 11,505.65 28,575.99 37,048.06

Growth of BE % Growth of BE 2013-14 over BE 2013-14 over BE 2012-13 (Rs in Cr) 2012-13 1,838.15 2.82 6,703.19 8,544.16

7.7 139.6 29.9

Defence Budget (Rs in Crores) Growth of Defence Budget (%) Revenue Expenditure (Rs in Crores) Growth of Revenue Expenditure (%) Share of Revenue Expenditure in Defence Budget (%) Capital Expenditure (Rs in Crores) Growth of Capital Expenditure (%) Share of Capital Expenditure in Defence Budget (%) Share of Defence Budget in GDP (%) Share of Defence Budget in Union Budget (%)

surprising given that the latest Union Budget is the last full fledged budget before the country goes to a general election in 2014 for electing the next government.

A degree of ‘populism’ within the limited fiscal space was expected and the FM has not lost sight of that. However, he has tried to take the Defence Minister, AK Antony, a key member of the Union Cabinet, into full confidence which is evident from his showering praise on him for being ‘most understanding’. The defence minister on his part also has also shown a degree of flexibility by complementing the FM for a ‘fair’ job, given the ‘difficult economic situation both at home and abroad.’ It is to be noted that Antony had voiced a degree of concern last year even after getting a 12 per cent hike in his ministry’s budget.

2013-14

1,93,407.29 17.63 1,13,828.66 19.55 58.85 79,578.63 15.00 41.15 1.90 12.97

2,03,672.12 5.31 1,16,931.41 2.73 57.41 86,740.71 9.00 42.59 1.79 12.23

In other words, the defence budget has been harshly controlled not only in the interest of the larger fiscal deficit, but to accommodate relatively larger share for other government expenditure heads.

33

DSI

Downward Revision of Budget 2012-13 Although the defence budget 2013-14 has been increased by a modest 5.3 per cent, the growth rate is a hefty 14.1 per cent over the revised estimate of 2012-13. The difference in these growth rates is due to cut of Rs. 14,903.8 croress (or 7.7 per cent) from the budget of 2012-13. Of the total reduction, 67 per cent is accounted for by capital expenditure which has been reduced by Rs 10,000 crores (12.6 per cent) from the original allocation. Of the total cut in capital expenditure, around 87 per cent is due to what is generally known as ‘under-spending’ of modernisation budget and has been reduced by Rs 8,663.2 crores (13 per cent) to Rs. 57,796.3 crores.

Around 75 per cent of this is accounted for by the Navy, whose modernisation budget has been reduced by Rs 6,500 crores (26.9 per cent) to Rs 17,651.5 crores, partly due to slippage of delivery of aircraft carrier INS Vikramaditya by almost one year to late 2013.

The revenue expenditure on the other hand is revised downward by Rs. 4903.8 crores (4.3 per cent). Around 53 per cent of reduction is due to cut in pay and allowances of the armed forces. The cut in the pay and allowances budget however seems to be unrealistic given the mandatory nature of increase in salary.

Defence Budget 2013-14: Negative Real Growth The modest increase in the defence budget comes in the wake of high inflationary and unfavourable exchange rate regimes. As the Economic Survey brings out, the average inflation rate during the first nine months of 2012-13 was high at 7.6 per cent and 10.0 per cent, measured in terms of Whole Sale Price Index (WPI) and Consumer Price Index-New Series (CPI-NS), respectively. Even assuming a one percentage reduction in annual inflation in 2013-14, which is quite optimistic, the real growth of new defence budget is still negative by 1.3 per cent and 3.7 per cent in terms of WPI and CPI-NS, respectively. The negative real growth in the defence budget is further worsened by a high exchange rate, particularly with respect to US dollar which at Rs 54.5 per unit is still 14 per cent higher than in 2012-13.

The negative growth in new defence budget would not necessarily affect all its elements the same way. The salary portion of the budget, a significant portion of revenue expenditure is more or less insulated with suitable periodic increase in dearness allowance. The most affected elements of the budget would be revenue works,

Laxman DSI Part-II 2nd time.qxd:INDO-PAK.qxd 30/04/13 3:23 PM Page 5

DEFENCE BUDGET

APRIL 2013

transportation, and most importantly revenue stores and capital acquisition, which are critical for modernisation and preparedness.

Indian Air Force personnel march past four Pechora Missiles in New Delhi These are scheduled to be replaced soon

Defence Budget 2013-14: Key Statistics With the modest growth in the new defence budget, its key indicators show a downward revision, except for the percentage share of the capital expenditure in total defence budget (see Table 6). Of note is the further decline of share of defence budget in GDP which is now the lowest over the past five decades since 1961-62 when it was only 1.66. This may sound alarming, but it is a fact that unlike in sixties when the defence pension was an integral part of defence budget, it is now accounted for under separate head outside the regular budget. If one includes Rs. 44,500 crores, which has been provided for as pension, in the defence budget, the total share goes upto 2.18 per cent. The share goes up further to 2.22 per cent if one also includes the MoD’s civil estimate for which Rs. 5,798 crores has been provided in 2013-14.

Share of Defence Services The Army with an approximate budget of Rs 99,707.8 crores accounts for 49 per cent of the latest defence budget, followed by the Air Force (Rs. 57,502.9 crores; 28 per cent), Navy (Rs. 36,343.5 crores; 18 per cent), Defence Research and Development Organisation (Rs. 10,610.2 crores; five per cent) and Ordnance Factories (Rs. 508.7 crores). It is noteworthy that compared to the previous budget, the Air Force is the only service which has increased its share in total defence allocation (from 24.9 per cent to 28.2 per cent). It is also noteworthy that except for the Air Force, which has got an increase in both revenue expenditure and capital expenditure, the others have a decline in one of these heads.

Indigenisation: The Lip Service In the wake of the current debate surrounding the €556.3 million deal for procurement of 12 VVIP helicopters, one argument that has been reiterated again is that indigenisation is a viable alternative to avoid controversy.

However the focus on indigenisation is somehow missing in the MoD’s budget document. This is evident from the utilisation and allocation of resources for the ‘Make’ projects under which the domestic industry, particularly the private sector, is required to design and produce advanced platforms for the armed forces. Of the total allocation of Rs 89.2 crores made in 2012-13, not a single

DSI

A Sea Harrier takes off from the flight deck of the aircraft carrier INS Viraat after re-fit

rupee has been utilised so far. Moreover, the allocation has been further reduced to a mere Rs 1.0 core in the new budget, implying that no major work can be undertaken for the two army projects – Tactical Communication System (TCS) and Future Infantry Combat System (FICV) - which have been indentified for development by the domestic players.

Widening Gap with China Shortly after India announced its $37.4 billion defence budget, China announced an 11 per cent hike in its 2013 defence budget which now stands a staggering total of $115.7 billion.

From the Indian perspective what is worrisome is not only the magnitude of difference between two countries’ defence budget, but also the pace at which China has sustained its military budget in the past two decades or so.

34

One of the paths that the MoD is now expected to do is to rework its future expenditure based on the current reality.This would mean a bit of reprioritisation of its main items of expenditure

”

As per the estimates of the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), Beijing’s military expenditure in real terms has grown by 620 per cent between 1990 and 2011. In comparison, India’s military spending has grown by 152 per cent.

Consequently, the gap between the two countries’ military spending which was almost negligible in 1990 has been widened by a factor of over three in favour of Beijing.

Consequently also, while China is boasting of a military capability, which is increasingly becoming state-of- the-art across the spectrum, India is still struggling to replace a vast majority of weapon systems procured in the 1970s-80s.

Conclusion: Bumpy Road Ahead This is not the first time that the defence budget has been subject to a modest

growth. In 2010-11 also the budget was hiked by a mere four per cent. However in that year, the actual expenditure surpassed the budgetary allocation by five per cent, and the next year saw a hefty 12 per cent increase in allocation. Going by this, the defence ministry would not only eye for additional resources over the budgetary allocation of 2013-14 but also expect a double-digit hike in 2014-15.

However the expectation may bump into one crucial hurdle. Unlike the previous years in which the Indian economy was on a high growth trajectory, reaching a GDP growth of 9.3 per cent in 2010-11, the growth outlook in the coming years is not that encouraging although some improvement is expected. As the International Monetary Fund in its October 2012 report predicts, the best that the

35

Indian economy can achieve in the years upto 2017 is 6.9 per cent. A GDP growth of less than seven per cent combined with fiscal consolidation path that the Finance Minister has articulated in his budget speech means a lot of pressure for the defence ministry whose plan for current and future expenditure up to 2017 is based on past GDP growth of 8-9 per cent. Given this, a mismatch of huge proportion is expected in the coming years between the allocation to and expectation of the defence ministry.

One of the paths that the MoD is now expected to do is to rework its future expenditure based on the current reality. This would mean a bit of re-prioritisation of its main items of expenditure, which is easier said than done given the absence of an institutional mechanism to do the exercise in a holistic manner.

Laxman DSI Part-II 2nd time.qxd:INDO-PAK.qxd 30/04/13 3:23 PM Page 5

DEFENCE BUDGET

APRIL 2013

transportation, and most importantly revenue stores and capital acquisition, which are critical for modernisation and preparedness.

Indian Air Force personnel march past four Pechora Missiles in New Delhi These are scheduled to be replaced soon

Defence Budget 2013-14: Key Statistics With the modest growth in the new defence budget, its key indicators show a downward revision, except for the percentage share of the capital expenditure in total defence budget (see Table 6). Of note is the further decline of share of defence budget in GDP which is now the lowest over the past five decades since 1961-62 when it was only 1.66. This may sound alarming, but it is a fact that unlike in sixties when the defence pension was an integral part of defence budget, it is now accounted for under separate head outside the regular budget. If one includes Rs. 44,500 crores, which has been provided for as pension, in the defence budget, the total share goes upto 2.18 per cent. The share goes up further to 2.22 per cent if one also includes the MoD’s civil estimate for which Rs. 5,798 crores has been provided in 2013-14.

Share of Defence Services The Army with an approximate budget of Rs 99,707.8 crores accounts for 49 per cent of the latest defence budget, followed by the Air Force (Rs. 57,502.9 crores; 28 per cent), Navy (Rs. 36,343.5 crores; 18 per cent), Defence Research and Development Organisation (Rs. 10,610.2 crores; five per cent) and Ordnance Factories (Rs. 508.7 crores). It is noteworthy that compared to the previous budget, the Air Force is the only service which has increased its share in total defence allocation (from 24.9 per cent to 28.2 per cent). It is also noteworthy that except for the Air Force, which has got an increase in both revenue expenditure and capital expenditure, the others have a decline in one of these heads.

Indigenisation: The Lip Service In the wake of the current debate surrounding the €556.3 million deal for procurement of 12 VVIP helicopters, one argument that has been reiterated again is that indigenisation is a viable alternative to avoid controversy.

However the focus on indigenisation is somehow missing in the MoD’s budget document. This is evident from the utilisation and allocation of resources for the ‘Make’ projects under which the domestic industry, particularly the private sector, is required to design and produce advanced platforms for the armed forces. Of the total allocation of Rs 89.2 crores made in 2012-13, not a single

DSI

A Sea Harrier takes off from the flight deck of the aircraft carrier INS Viraat after re-fit

rupee has been utilised so far. Moreover, the allocation has been further reduced to a mere Rs 1.0 core in the new budget, implying that no major work can be undertaken for the two army projects – Tactical Communication System (TCS) and Future Infantry Combat System (FICV) - which have been indentified for development by the domestic players.

Widening Gap with China Shortly after India announced its $37.4 billion defence budget, China announced an 11 per cent hike in its 2013 defence budget which now stands a staggering total of $115.7 billion.

From the Indian perspective what is worrisome is not only the magnitude of difference between two countries’ defence budget, but also the pace at which China has sustained its military budget in the past two decades or so.

34

One of the paths that the MoD is now expected to do is to rework its future expenditure based on the current reality.This would mean a bit of reprioritisation of its main items of expenditure

”

As per the estimates of the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), Beijing’s military expenditure in real terms has grown by 620 per cent between 1990 and 2011. In comparison, India’s military spending has grown by 152 per cent.

Consequently, the gap between the two countries’ military spending which was almost negligible in 1990 has been widened by a factor of over three in favour of Beijing.

Consequently also, while China is boasting of a military capability, which is increasingly becoming state-of- the-art across the spectrum, India is still struggling to replace a vast majority of weapon systems procured in the 1970s-80s.

Conclusion: Bumpy Road Ahead This is not the first time that the defence budget has been subject to a modest

growth. In 2010-11 also the budget was hiked by a mere four per cent. However in that year, the actual expenditure surpassed the budgetary allocation by five per cent, and the next year saw a hefty 12 per cent increase in allocation. Going by this, the defence ministry would not only eye for additional resources over the budgetary allocation of 2013-14 but also expect a double-digit hike in 2014-15.

However the expectation may bump into one crucial hurdle. Unlike the previous years in which the Indian economy was on a high growth trajectory, reaching a GDP growth of 9.3 per cent in 2010-11, the growth outlook in the coming years is not that encouraging although some improvement is expected. As the International Monetary Fund in its October 2012 report predicts, the best that the

35

Indian economy can achieve in the years upto 2017 is 6.9 per cent. A GDP growth of less than seven per cent combined with fiscal consolidation path that the Finance Minister has articulated in his budget speech means a lot of pressure for the defence ministry whose plan for current and future expenditure up to 2017 is based on past GDP growth of 8-9 per cent. Given this, a mismatch of huge proportion is expected in the coming years between the allocation to and expectation of the defence ministry.

One of the paths that the MoD is now expected to do is to rework its future expenditure based on the current reality. This would mean a bit of re-prioritisation of its main items of expenditure, which is easier said than done given the absence of an institutional mechanism to do the exercise in a holistic manner.

ROT-DSI 2013 new:Layout 1 29/04/13 1:25 PM Page 2

THE DRAGON GETS A BEAR HUG Su-35 Pak FA Pak FA

ussia is resuming the supply of advanced weapon platforms to China in a move that may have implications for India. At the end of last year, Russia concluded a framework agreement with China for the sale of four Amur-1650 diesel submarines. In January it signed another intergovernmental agreement for the supply of Russia’s latest Su35 long-range fighter planes.

If the deals go through, it will be for the first time in a decade that Russia has delivered offensive weapons to China.

It will also mark the first time that Russia has supplied China with more powerful weapon platforms compared with Russian-built systems India has in its arsenal. In the past, the opposite was the rule. For example, the Su30MKK jet fighters Russia sold to China were no match for the Su-30MKIs supplied to India at about the same time. The Chinese planes had an inferior radar and without the thrust vectoring engines the Indian version had.

This time the situation looks reversed. The Amur-1650 submarine is far more silent and powerful than the Kilo-class submarines the Indian Navy has in its inventory. India’s Su30MKI will be no match for China’s Su-35 which is powered by a higher thrust engine and boasts a more sophisticated radar, avionics and weapons, according to a leading Russian military expert, Konstantin Makienko.

China’s acquisition of the Su-35 will also question the wisdom of India’s plan to buy the

R

French Rafale, the expert said. “The sale of Su-35s to China will shoot down the value of the Rafale for India,” Makienko, who is deputy head of Russia’s top defence think tank, Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies, told The Hindu.

“The Rafale will stand no chance against China’s Su-35,” the expert explained. “The Su-35’s Irbis radar has more than twice the detection range of the Rafale’s Thales RBE2, and will lock onto its target well before the Russian plane becomes visible for a retaliatory strike. The 117S engines of the Su35 are also far more powerful than the Rafale’s Snecma M88.”

The Russian Air Force is just beginning to take delivery of the new aircraft and China may become the first country to import it. The relatively small number of Su-35s China plans to buy, 24, should not deceive anyone, Makienko said. China followed the same buying pattern for the Su-27, initially ordering 24 planes and ending up with more than 200 Su-27s and its licence-built version, the J-11.

The supply to China of more advanced weapon platforms than those available to India appears to contradict some basic geopolitical realities. India remains Russia’s most trusted partner whose defence requirements have never been refused. By contrast, Russia has always been apprehensive of the Chinese dragon and

suspicious of its intentions towards resourcerich and population-poor Siberia.

There is consensus in the Russian strategic community that Moscow should exercise maximum restraint in providing China with advanced military technologies.

Experts were shocked to find out that Chinese engineers had mastered the production of clones of most weapon systems cashstrapped Russia supplied to China in the 1990s and early 2000s.

Russian arms sales to China plummeted in recent years as China switched to domestic production, while Moscow became more cautious in offering Beijing cutting-edge technologies. Not only did China illegally copy Russian weapon systems, but it also began to export those undercutting Russian sales of higher-priced original platforms.

Some experts even called for a complete halt to arms sales to China, arguing that demographic

pressures and a growing need of resources may one day push China to turn Russian weapons against Russia.

“We should stop selling them the rope to hang us with,” warned Alexander Khramchikhin of the Institute for Political and Military Analysis.

However, the risks of selling advanced weapons to China took a back seat in Moscow’s calculations after Vladimir Putin returned to the Kremlin for a third term a year ago. Last year, Russia’s state arms exporter, Rosoboronexport, signed contracts with China worth $2.1-billion, the company’s head Anatoly Isaikin said recently. The renewal of sophisticated weapon supplies to China should be seen in the context of geopolitical games in the China-US-Russia triangle.

“The balance of power between America and China will to a large extend depend on whether and on which side Russia will play,” said Fyodor Lukyanov, foreign policy analyst.

Russia and China are revitalising defence ties at a time when their relations with the US have run into rough waters. Moscow is deeply disappointed with Obama’s policy of “reset,” which is seen in Moscow as a US instrument of winning unilateral concessions from Russia, while Beijing views Obama’s strategic redeployment in the Asia-Pacific region as aimed at containing China.

Russian defence sales to China are also driven by profit motives as arms manufacturers seek to compensate for the recent loss of several lucrative contracts in India, where they face growing competition from the US, Europe and Israel. Also, Moscow seems to be less concerned today about the so-called “reverse engineering” of

Russian weapons in China as the ability of the Chinese industry to copy critical technologies appears to have been overrated.

“China’s programme of developing the J11B family of aircraft based on the Su-27 platform has run into problems,” said Vasily Kashin, expert on China. “China’s aircraft engines, which are essentially modified version of Russian engines, are way too inferior to the originals and China continues to

Amur-1650

depend on the supply of Russian engines.”

In the past three-four years, China has bought over 1,000 aircraft engines from Russia and is expected to place more orders in the coming years. “When and if China succeeds in copying Russia’s new weapon platforms the Russian industry will hopefully move ahead with new technologies,” Kashin said.

India can also easily offset the advantage that new Russian arms supplies may give China, experts said.

“To retain its edge in military aviation, India needs to speed up the development of a 5thgeneration fighter plane with Russia and go for in-depth upgrade of its fleet of Su-30MKI fighters,” Makienko said.

However, the resumption of massive Russian arms supplies to China could still be a cause for concern in India. Closer defence ties between Moscow and Beijing are an offshoot of strong dynamics of their overall relations.

China is Russia’s top commercial partner, with bilateral trade expected to touch $90 billion this year and soar to $200 billion by 2020. Putin has described China’s rise as “a chance to catch the Chinese wind in the sails of our economy.”

This contrasts with sluggish trade between India and Russia, which stood at $11 billion last year; even the target of $20 billion the two governments set for 2015 falls short on ambition. India risks being eclipsed by China on the Russian radar screens. As Russia’s top business daily Kommersant noted recently, even today, Russian officials from top to bottom tend to look at India with “drowsy apathy,” while Putin’s visit to India last year was long on “meaningless protocol” and short on time and substance.

Courtesy: The Hindu

Expert’s Opinion

ROT-DSI 2013 new:Layout 1 29/04/13 1:25 PM Page 2

THE DRAGON GETS A BEAR HUG Su-35 Pak FA Pak FA

ussia is resuming the supply of advanced weapon platforms to China in a move that may have implications for India. At the end of last year, Russia concluded a framework agreement with China for the sale of four Amur-1650 diesel submarines. In January it signed another intergovernmental agreement for the supply of Russia’s latest Su35 long-range fighter planes.

If the deals go through, it will be for the first time in a decade that Russia has delivered offensive weapons to China.

It will also mark the first time that Russia has supplied China with more powerful weapon platforms compared with Russian-built systems India has in its arsenal. In the past, the opposite was the rule. For example, the Su30MKK jet fighters Russia sold to China were no match for the Su-30MKIs supplied to India at about the same time. The Chinese planes had an inferior radar and without the thrust vectoring engines the Indian version had.

This time the situation looks reversed. The Amur-1650 submarine is far more silent and powerful than the Kilo-class submarines the Indian Navy has in its inventory. India’s Su30MKI will be no match for China’s Su-35 which is powered by a higher thrust engine and boasts a more sophisticated radar, avionics and weapons, according to a leading Russian military expert, Konstantin Makienko.

China’s acquisition of the Su-35 will also question the wisdom of India’s plan to buy the

R

French Rafale, the expert said. “The sale of Su-35s to China will shoot down the value of the Rafale for India,” Makienko, who is deputy head of Russia’s top defence think tank, Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies, told The Hindu.

“The Rafale will stand no chance against China’s Su-35,” the expert explained. “The Su-35’s Irbis radar has more than twice the detection range of the Rafale’s Thales RBE2, and will lock onto its target well before the Russian plane becomes visible for a retaliatory strike. The 117S engines of the Su35 are also far more powerful than the Rafale’s Snecma M88.”

The Russian Air Force is just beginning to take delivery of the new aircraft and China may become the first country to import it. The relatively small number of Su-35s China plans to buy, 24, should not deceive anyone, Makienko said. China followed the same buying pattern for the Su-27, initially ordering 24 planes and ending up with more than 200 Su-27s and its licence-built version, the J-11.

The supply to China of more advanced weapon platforms than those available to India appears to contradict some basic geopolitical realities. India remains Russia’s most trusted partner whose defence requirements have never been refused. By contrast, Russia has always been apprehensive of the Chinese dragon and

suspicious of its intentions towards resourcerich and population-poor Siberia.

There is consensus in the Russian strategic community that Moscow should exercise maximum restraint in providing China with advanced military technologies.

Experts were shocked to find out that Chinese engineers had mastered the production of clones of most weapon systems cashstrapped Russia supplied to China in the 1990s and early 2000s.

Russian arms sales to China plummeted in recent years as China switched to domestic production, while Moscow became more cautious in offering Beijing cutting-edge technologies. Not only did China illegally copy Russian weapon systems, but it also began to export those undercutting Russian sales of higher-priced original platforms.

Some experts even called for a complete halt to arms sales to China, arguing that demographic

pressures and a growing need of resources may one day push China to turn Russian weapons against Russia.

“We should stop selling them the rope to hang us with,” warned Alexander Khramchikhin of the Institute for Political and Military Analysis.

However, the risks of selling advanced weapons to China took a back seat in Moscow’s calculations after Vladimir Putin returned to the Kremlin for a third term a year ago. Last year, Russia’s state arms exporter, Rosoboronexport, signed contracts with China worth $2.1-billion, the company’s head Anatoly Isaikin said recently. The renewal of sophisticated weapon supplies to China should be seen in the context of geopolitical games in the China-US-Russia triangle.

“The balance of power between America and China will to a large extend depend on whether and on which side Russia will play,” said Fyodor Lukyanov, foreign policy analyst.

Russia and China are revitalising defence ties at a time when their relations with the US have run into rough waters. Moscow is deeply disappointed with Obama’s policy of “reset,” which is seen in Moscow as a US instrument of winning unilateral concessions from Russia, while Beijing views Obama’s strategic redeployment in the Asia-Pacific region as aimed at containing China.

Russian defence sales to China are also driven by profit motives as arms manufacturers seek to compensate for the recent loss of several lucrative contracts in India, where they face growing competition from the US, Europe and Israel. Also, Moscow seems to be less concerned today about the so-called “reverse engineering” of

Russian weapons in China as the ability of the Chinese industry to copy critical technologies appears to have been overrated.

“China’s programme of developing the J11B family of aircraft based on the Su-27 platform has run into problems,” said Vasily Kashin, expert on China. “China’s aircraft engines, which are essentially modified version of Russian engines, are way too inferior to the originals and China continues to

Amur-1650

depend on the supply of Russian engines.”

In the past three-four years, China has bought over 1,000 aircraft engines from Russia and is expected to place more orders in the coming years. “When and if China succeeds in copying Russia’s new weapon platforms the Russian industry will hopefully move ahead with new technologies,” Kashin said.

India can also easily offset the advantage that new Russian arms supplies may give China, experts said.

“To retain its edge in military aviation, India needs to speed up the development of a 5thgeneration fighter plane with Russia and go for in-depth upgrade of its fleet of Su-30MKI fighters,” Makienko said.

However, the resumption of massive Russian arms supplies to China could still be a cause for concern in India. Closer defence ties between Moscow and Beijing are an offshoot of strong dynamics of their overall relations.

China is Russia’s top commercial partner, with bilateral trade expected to touch $90 billion this year and soar to $200 billion by 2020. Putin has described China’s rise as “a chance to catch the Chinese wind in the sails of our economy.”

This contrasts with sluggish trade between India and Russia, which stood at $11 billion last year; even the target of $20 billion the two governments set for 2015 falls short on ambition. India risks being eclipsed by China on the Russian radar screens. As Russia’s top business daily Kommersant noted recently, even today, Russian officials from top to bottom tend to look at India with “drowsy apathy,” while Putin’s visit to India last year was long on “meaningless protocol” and short on time and substance.

Courtesy: The Hindu

Expert’s Opinion

India and South east aisa2nd time.qxd:INDO-PAK.qxd 30/04/13 2:28 PM Page 1

EAST–EAST RELATIONS

APRIL 2013

DSI

GV C NAIDU

INDIA-EAST ASIA DEFENCE COOPERATION East and South-East Asia is becoming a strategic lode stone of the world where all the major powers of the world wish to be present. This is a result of the sheer economic dynamism and also because of the Rise of China

KEY POINTS A sense of possible instability in the security of the region is arising due to China’s rise to Big Power status. n

Indian Navy is playing a major role in extending Indian strategic and military goals in the region. n

n New Delhi has the largest number of bilateral, strategic agreements with the key countries of the region.

t is obvious that India’s destiny lies in East Asia, a region to which the global centre of gravity is shifting. It is economically the world’s most dynamic region with a combined GDP of around $28 trillion in PPP terms, which is already nearly as large as the United States and the European Union combined (and is set to overtake them by 2013). Besides being home to nearly half of the global population, the world’s fastest and largest growing markets are located in this region. If the proposed Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) materialises, it will

I

38

become the single Prime Minister largest free trade Manmohan Singh with area in the world. his counterparts at The focus tends to the10th ASEANbe on China and INDIA summit India but the fact of the matter is that the entire region is on the rise, which is unprecedented.

Yet, the regional security, which is undergoing tectonic changes, is becoming a cause for concern. Aside from the fact that regional great powers, China, India and Japan, are redefining their roles and are increasingly becoming more assertive—this is

likely to become a major enduring feature of East Asia in the coming years—the post-Cold War unipolarity is transiting towards a more complex order particularly because the interests of all great powers intersect most markedly in East Asia than anywhere.

East Asia’s emergence as the main area of focus for India is not surprising when seen against the backdrop of exponential increase in its economic and strategic stakes. With nearly a third of trade and substantial investments flowing both ways, for India East Asia is the most important economic partner. If the large number of economic cooperation agreements

India has either signed or is negotiating with most countries of this region is any indication, it is bound to increase in a big way in the coming years.

‘Look East’ policy What is remarkable is that, as recently as a decade ago, most assessments of East Asia tended to ignore India as a factor in regional economic or security calculus, but today no discourse is complete without a reference to India. This fundamental shift has come about in part due to the ‘Look East’ policy which New Delhi has been pursuing

39

vigorously since the early 1990s, driven by economic imperatives and political expediency. Equally, precisely because of the political flux the region witnessing, many countries especially the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and Japan, have found it useful to involve India in regional affairs, not only to take advantage of its economic opportunities, but also for its potential to contribute to regional security. Indeed, India’s overall salience has increased considerably with the Indo-Pacific becoming as the new geostrategic template.

India and South east aisa2nd time.qxd:INDO-PAK.qxd 30/04/13 2:28 PM Page 1

EAST–EAST RELATIONS

APRIL 2013

DSI

GV C NAIDU

INDIA-EAST ASIA DEFENCE COOPERATION East and South-East Asia is becoming a strategic lode stone of the world where all the major powers of the world wish to be present. This is a result of the sheer economic dynamism and also because of the Rise of China

KEY POINTS A sense of possible instability in the security of the region is arising due to China’s rise to Big Power status. n

Indian Navy is playing a major role in extending Indian strategic and military goals in the region. n

n New Delhi has the largest number of bilateral, strategic agreements with the key countries of the region.

t is obvious that India’s destiny lies in East Asia, a region to which the global centre of gravity is shifting. It is economically the world’s most dynamic region with a combined GDP of around $28 trillion in PPP terms, which is already nearly as large as the United States and the European Union combined (and is set to overtake them by 2013). Besides being home to nearly half of the global population, the world’s fastest and largest growing markets are located in this region. If the proposed Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) materialises, it will

I

38

become the single Prime Minister largest free trade Manmohan Singh with area in the world. his counterparts at The focus tends to the10th ASEANbe on China and INDIA summit India but the fact of the matter is that the entire region is on the rise, which is unprecedented.

Yet, the regional security, which is undergoing tectonic changes, is becoming a cause for concern. Aside from the fact that regional great powers, China, India and Japan, are redefining their roles and are increasingly becoming more assertive—this is

likely to become a major enduring feature of East Asia in the coming years—the post-Cold War unipolarity is transiting towards a more complex order particularly because the interests of all great powers intersect most markedly in East Asia than anywhere.

East Asia’s emergence as the main area of focus for India is not surprising when seen against the backdrop of exponential increase in its economic and strategic stakes. With nearly a third of trade and substantial investments flowing both ways, for India East Asia is the most important economic partner. If the large number of economic cooperation agreements

India has either signed or is negotiating with most countries of this region is any indication, it is bound to increase in a big way in the coming years.

‘Look East’ policy What is remarkable is that, as recently as a decade ago, most assessments of East Asia tended to ignore India as a factor in regional economic or security calculus, but today no discourse is complete without a reference to India. This fundamental shift has come about in part due to the ‘Look East’ policy which New Delhi has been pursuing

39

vigorously since the early 1990s, driven by economic imperatives and political expediency. Equally, precisely because of the political flux the region witnessing, many countries especially the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and Japan, have found it useful to involve India in regional affairs, not only to take advantage of its economic opportunities, but also for its potential to contribute to regional security. Indeed, India’s overall salience has increased considerably with the Indo-Pacific becoming as the new geostrategic template.

India and South east aisa2nd time.qxd:INDO-PAK.qxd 30/04/13 2:28 PM Page 3

EAST–EAST RELATIONS Along with the expansion of economic and strategic interests, New Delhi is also enlarging the security perimeter from the earlier limited South Asian neighbourhood to ‘extended neighbourhood’ encompassing a vast region from Central Asia to the Middle East and from East and Southern Africa to Northeast Asia.

Consequently, the expectations from India as a net security provider have also gone up considerably in the entire Indo-Pacific region in general and East Asia in particular. Commensurate with its emergence as a major power, India, even while fundamentally re-orienting its military, wants to play a key role in fashioning an East Asian security architecture that is not inimical to its interests. As part of this endeavour, India has initiated a mammoth defence diplomacy venture.

India’s role in East Asian Security The intra-regional economic bonds are getting stronger, however intensification of claims, especially by China, over the Senkaku/Diaoyu islets in East China Sea and the islands in the South China Sea is causing considerable consternation. After the third nuclear test and long range missile testing, North Korean sabre rattling has increased considerably. The region is replete with not simply big ticket issues but several minor squabbles such as a major standoff over Sabah recently and over Preah Vihear temple some time back between Thailand and Cambodia, but a myriad nontraditional threats that can pose serious challenges. Even though there are regional multilateral frameworks galore in East Asia, their performance is far from satisfactory.

Consequently, managing the current transition and creating a new East Asian security order is critical and that is where India’s role is pivotal. Most countries expect major Indian contribution in meeting the security challenges, especially maritime related, and in building a stable balance of power. India’s security role in regional affairs acquires significance at a time when all the great powers are rebalancing their strategies toward East Asia. Of course, the high-profile U.S. pivot is well known but equally notable are Japan’s new rebalancing strategy under Shinzo Abe and China’s ambitions of becoming the pre-eminent power in the region. On the other hand, having remained on the margins, India’s too has its own pivot strongly anchored to East Asia. It has now becoming a key player in

APRIL 2013

regional affairs. This is evident in the vast security cooperation arrangements it has crafted with most countries in the region.

To be sure, for India the use of defence as a diplomatic tool is a relatively recent phenomenon. Although it began tentatively in the early 1990s more to assuage the concerns in Southeast Asia about the expansion of the Indian Navy, this facet of India’s ‘Look East’ policy has grown both in scale and complexity, which is particularly pronounced in East Asia since the early 2000s. It is a sign of India’s growing confidence and also its rapidly growing interests in the region.

India’s bilateral and multilateral engagement India’s strategic engagement with East Asia is both multilateral and bilateral. At the multilateral level, besides being an active participant in East Asian mechanisms such the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), the Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery (ReCAAP), and the recently launched ASEAN Defence Ministers Meeting Plus Eight, the Indian Navy in 1995 took an unique initiative to host a biennial event called the Milan in Port Blair, the Andaman and Nicobar islands. It is a biennial gathering of friendly naval forces from East Asia and the Indian Ocean. While five countries participated in the inaugural meet, by 2012 it had grown to 15. The Milan is moving far beyond from being a confidencebuilding measure initiative to emerge as a major forum for professional discussions and exchanges, to hold multilateral exercises and for the promotion of interoperability.

It may soon emerge as an important mechanism to deal with a variety of nontraditional security challenges in the region such as maritime terrorism, piracy, humanitarian assistance, search and rescue operations, and protection of the sea lines near the Malacca Strait, through which over 30% of global trade passes.

The other significant initiative by the Indian Navy is the Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS) whose inaugural was hosted by India in 2008. Consisting of 32 littoral nations and held biennially, it is by far the largest gathering of naval chiefs of member states. As the current chair, India is also making earnest efforts to reinvigorate the Indian Ocean Rim-Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC), whose

40

The intra-regional economic bonds are getting stronger, however intensification of claims, especially

by China, over the Senkaku/Diaoyu islets in East China Sea and the islands in the South China Sea is causing considerable consternation. After the third nuclear test and long range missile testing, North Korean sabre-rattling has increased considerably.

The region is replete with not simply big ticket issues but several minor squabbles

”

membership includes several key members from the region such as Indonesia, Australia, Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore, to deal with several issues in the region. India is an active participant in the Cooperative Mechanism on the Straits of Malacca and Singapore (SOMS) and contributed to two of the six IMO Projects for enhancement of navigational safety and environmental protection in the Straits.

After participating for the first time in trilateral maritime exercises off the Japanese coast in the Pacific with the U.S. and Japan in April 2007, India hosted a mammoth fivenation joint exercises in September 2007-Malabar-07 -- involving the U.S., Japan, Australia and Singapore, purported to be militarily very significant. The number of port visits by the Indian ships has also gone up manifold in the last decade or so. These

DSI

The Prime Minister, Manmohan Singh addressing at the plenary session of the ASEANIndia Commemorative Summit, 2012, in New Delhi on December 20

visits now include countries that were considered not long ago as too remote to matter to Indian security, such as the Philippines and South Korea.

Perhaps politically the most significant are the variety of ties that India has forged with East Asian countries bilaterally to cement ties and increasingly keeping in view the unfolding security environment in East Asia. Compared to 1990, when Vietnam was the only country with which India had some strategic understanding (sans a formal agreement), a decade and half later it had forged defence and strategic links of one kind or another with countries of the entire East Asian region, except North Korea. New Delhi has been striving hard to broaden and strengthen these ties. A measure of its success can be gauged from the fact that a section on “Defence Relations with Foreign

Countries” has started appearing in the Annual Reports of the Ministry of Defence since 2003-04. Since the Indian Navy was the trailblazer in this endeavour, it created a separate Directorate of Foreign Cooperation at its headquarters in 2004.

These can be broadly divided into four categories: joint exercises, training, defence, security dialogues and forging of strategic partnerships, and arms transfers and technology cooperation.

The origins of India’s military engagement with East Asia can be traced back to the early 1990s when senior naval officers were invited to the Andaman facilities, which was followed by simple passage exercises with some select countries of Southeast Asia and Australia. In fact, this route of engagement through exercises was so successful that India now regularly

41

undertakes joint exercises with many East Asian countries. In the process, some of these have evolved to a more complex and advanced level.

In terms of scale and intensity, IndiaSingapore exercises are the most comprehensive. Beginning in 1993, the annual exercises have expanded from simple naval manoeuvres to advanced air, surface and subsurface exercises, which since 2005 have been upgraded to SIMBEX (Singapore Indian Maritime Bilateral Exercise). These two hold them not only in the Bay of Bengal but even in the South China Sea using some of the frontline aircraft and major surface combatants.

The other major naval exercises India holds are the annual India-Indonesia Coordinated Patrols (INDINDOCORPAT) in the Six Degree Channel in the Andaman

India and South east aisa2nd time.qxd:INDO-PAK.qxd 30/04/13 2:28 PM Page 3

EAST–EAST RELATIONS Along with the expansion of economic and strategic interests, New Delhi is also enlarging the security perimeter from the earlier limited South Asian neighbourhood to ‘extended neighbourhood’ encompassing a vast region from Central Asia to the Middle East and from East and Southern Africa to Northeast Asia.

Consequently, the expectations from India as a net security provider have also gone up considerably in the entire Indo-Pacific region in general and East Asia in particular. Commensurate with its emergence as a major power, India, even while fundamentally re-orienting its military, wants to play a key role in fashioning an East Asian security architecture that is not inimical to its interests. As part of this endeavour, India has initiated a mammoth defence diplomacy venture.

India’s role in East Asian Security The intra-regional economic bonds are getting stronger, however intensification of claims, especially by China, over the Senkaku/Diaoyu islets in East China Sea and the islands in the South China Sea is causing considerable consternation. After the third nuclear test and long range missile testing, North Korean sabre rattling has increased considerably. The region is replete with not simply big ticket issues but several minor squabbles such as a major standoff over Sabah recently and over Preah Vihear temple some time back between Thailand and Cambodia, but a myriad nontraditional threats that can pose serious challenges. Even though there are regional multilateral frameworks galore in East Asia, their performance is far from satisfactory.

Consequently, managing the current transition and creating a new East Asian security order is critical and that is where India’s role is pivotal. Most countries expect major Indian contribution in meeting the security challenges, especially maritime related, and in building a stable balance of power. India’s security role in regional affairs acquires significance at a time when all the great powers are rebalancing their strategies toward East Asia. Of course, the high-profile U.S. pivot is well known but equally notable are Japan’s new rebalancing strategy under Shinzo Abe and China’s ambitions of becoming the pre-eminent power in the region. On the other hand, having remained on the margins, India’s too has its own pivot strongly anchored to East Asia. It has now becoming a key player in

APRIL 2013

regional affairs. This is evident in the vast security cooperation arrangements it has crafted with most countries in the region.

To be sure, for India the use of defence as a diplomatic tool is a relatively recent phenomenon. Although it began tentatively in the early 1990s more to assuage the concerns in Southeast Asia about the expansion of the Indian Navy, this facet of India’s ‘Look East’ policy has grown both in scale and complexity, which is particularly pronounced in East Asia since the early 2000s. It is a sign of India’s growing confidence and also its rapidly growing interests in the region.

India’s bilateral and multilateral engagement India’s strategic engagement with East Asia is both multilateral and bilateral. At the multilateral level, besides being an active participant in East Asian mechanisms such the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), the Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery (ReCAAP), and the recently launched ASEAN Defence Ministers Meeting Plus Eight, the Indian Navy in 1995 took an unique initiative to host a biennial event called the Milan in Port Blair, the Andaman and Nicobar islands. It is a biennial gathering of friendly naval forces from East Asia and the Indian Ocean. While five countries participated in the inaugural meet, by 2012 it had grown to 15. The Milan is moving far beyond from being a confidencebuilding measure initiative to emerge as a major forum for professional discussions and exchanges, to hold multilateral exercises and for the promotion of interoperability.

It may soon emerge as an important mechanism to deal with a variety of nontraditional security challenges in the region such as maritime terrorism, piracy, humanitarian assistance, search and rescue operations, and protection of the sea lines near the Malacca Strait, through which over 30% of global trade passes.

The other significant initiative by the Indian Navy is the Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS) whose inaugural was hosted by India in 2008. Consisting of 32 littoral nations and held biennially, it is by far the largest gathering of naval chiefs of member states. As the current chair, India is also making earnest efforts to reinvigorate the Indian Ocean Rim-Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC), whose

40

The intra-regional economic bonds are getting stronger, however intensification of claims, especially

by China, over the Senkaku/Diaoyu islets in East China Sea and the islands in the South China Sea is causing considerable consternation. After the third nuclear test and long range missile testing, North Korean sabre-rattling has increased considerably.

The region is replete with not simply big ticket issues but several minor squabbles

”

membership includes several key members from the region such as Indonesia, Australia, Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore, to deal with several issues in the region. India is an active participant in the Cooperative Mechanism on the Straits of Malacca and Singapore (SOMS) and contributed to two of the six IMO Projects for enhancement of navigational safety and environmental protection in the Straits.

After participating for the first time in trilateral maritime exercises off the Japanese coast in the Pacific with the U.S. and Japan in April 2007, India hosted a mammoth fivenation joint exercises in September 2007-Malabar-07 -- involving the U.S., Japan, Australia and Singapore, purported to be militarily very significant. The number of port visits by the Indian ships has also gone up manifold in the last decade or so. These

DSI

The Prime Minister, Manmohan Singh addressing at the plenary session of the ASEANIndia Commemorative Summit, 2012, in New Delhi on December 20

visits now include countries that were considered not long ago as too remote to matter to Indian security, such as the Philippines and South Korea.

Perhaps politically the most significant are the variety of ties that India has forged with East Asian countries bilaterally to cement ties and increasingly keeping in view the unfolding security environment in East Asia. Compared to 1990, when Vietnam was the only country with which India had some strategic understanding (sans a formal agreement), a decade and half later it had forged defence and strategic links of one kind or another with countries of the entire East Asian region, except North Korea. New Delhi has been striving hard to broaden and strengthen these ties. A measure of its success can be gauged from the fact that a section on “Defence Relations with Foreign

Countries” has started appearing in the Annual Reports of the Ministry of Defence since 2003-04. Since the Indian Navy was the trailblazer in this endeavour, it created a separate Directorate of Foreign Cooperation at its headquarters in 2004.

These can be broadly divided into four categories: joint exercises, training, defence, security dialogues and forging of strategic partnerships, and arms transfers and technology cooperation.

The origins of India’s military engagement with East Asia can be traced back to the early 1990s when senior naval officers were invited to the Andaman facilities, which was followed by simple passage exercises with some select countries of Southeast Asia and Australia. In fact, this route of engagement through exercises was so successful that India now regularly

41

undertakes joint exercises with many East Asian countries. In the process, some of these have evolved to a more complex and advanced level.

In terms of scale and intensity, IndiaSingapore exercises are the most comprehensive. Beginning in 1993, the annual exercises have expanded from simple naval manoeuvres to advanced air, surface and subsurface exercises, which since 2005 have been upgraded to SIMBEX (Singapore Indian Maritime Bilateral Exercise). These two hold them not only in the Bay of Bengal but even in the South China Sea using some of the frontline aircraft and major surface combatants.

The other major naval exercises India holds are the annual India-Indonesia Coordinated Patrols (INDINDOCORPAT) in the Six Degree Channel in the Andaman

India and South east aisa2nd time.qxd:INDO-PAK.qxd 30/04/13 2:29 PM Page 5

EAST–EAST RELATIONS Sea as part of a 2002 agreement. These are significant because this channel is the main conduit for international shipping that passes through the Malacca Strait. Following its neighbours, Thailand too has evinced interest in establishing security links with India resulting in the 2005 MoU. These two regularly conduct coordinated exercises in the areas adjacent to their international maritime boundary (again close to the Malacca Strait) and biennial exercises near Phuket. The 2000 15-Point Defence Cooperation Agreement with Vietnam is aimed at greater military-to-military interactions and a variety of other activities.

The dramatic improvement in defence cooperation between India and Myanmar in the last few years is equally noteworthy.

APRIL 2013

armed forces. Moreover, India offers virtually every possible terrain and climatic conditions needed for training: the coldest places, very high altitudes, thick tropical jungles, an extremely hot desert and a long coastline of warm waters. Malaysia was one of the first countries to train its pilots and other staff after acquiring MiG-29 aircraft in the early 1990s and more recently the Su-30 aircraft.

Singapore makes use of Indian facilities to trains all three wings of its military in India.

In a first of its kind, Singapore’s naval personnel were trained on Indian

insurgency operations in India, and in hydrographic surveys with the Indian Navy.

After the transfer of British Islander aircraft, India has also started training the Myanmar air force at the Kochi naval base. Many other East Asian countries have arrangements for training in India.

Initiative for defence cooperation The third dimension of India’s defence cooperation is to initiate diverse defence/ security dialogues and enter into strategic partnership agreements. Indonesia was one of the first countries to initiate defence

Hillary Clinton addressing in ASEAN headquarters, Jakarta

India and Japan Among all the security relationships that India has entered into, perhaps the one with Japan has grown the fastest and is also the most comprehensive. Otherwise known for its reticence in military matters, Japan now is a major security partner of India. The low-profile coastguard exercises are supplemented by navy-to-navy exercises since 2012.

India is the only country with which the Japanese Navy exercises outside the American alliance. Now these have been extended to air force too. Under the 2008 security cooperation agreement, a variety of institutional mechanisms have been created to strengthen and deepen security cooperation.

India and China The first-ever MoU signed by Indian and Chinese defence ministers in 2006 was meant to promote step-by-step enhancement of military exchanges. In addition to visits by the chiefs of armed forces, the navies of the two countries have been holding joint operations for search and rescue missions, counterterrorism, and anti-piracy. During the visit of the Indian army chief in May 2007, it was also agreed to involve the two armies in joint exercises.

Training in India Training has emerged as a distinctive feature of India’s strategic interaction with East Asian countries. For many India is an attractive option because of the facilities it possesses and the vast experience of its

The Defence Policy Dialogue (defence secretary-level) and Joint Working Group on Intelligence are the principal forums for talks with Singapore. The 1993 MoU also provided for a Malaysia-India Defence Cooperation Meeting (MIDCOM) to be cochaired by the defence secretaries. After some intermittent meetings, in the last few years Service Talks involving all three services have dramatically increased. With Myanmar the annual foreign secretary-level talks also have security cooperation on their agenda. The Joint Working Group (JWG) on security with Thailand was constituted in

submarines in the late 1990s. It has also used India’s Chandipur facility to test out its guns and missiles, apart from entering into a long-term agreement in 2007 to use the Kalaikunda air base for training purposes (it also places personnel and equipment in the country over a long term), and under another agreement in 2008 its army has been given greater access to Indian facilities.

After acquiring its aircraft carrier, Thailand turned to the Indian Navy for flying the Sea Harriers. Since the mid-2000s, the Myanmarese troops have also been receiving training in jungle warfare and counter-

42

secretary-level consultations under the Joint Defence Cooperation Committee (JDCC) signed in 2001. India and Indonesia established the strategic partnership during President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s 2005 visit and the first defence minister-level Defence Dialogue was held in 2012. India and Vietnam have also been holding a Defence Dialogue since 2007. The July 2007 IndiaVietnam joint declaration launched the ‘strategic partnership’ between the two.

Apart from India-Vietnam Joint Commission, Strategic Dialogue at the level of foreign secretaries also takes place.

February 2002 and the first Defence Dialogue between the two began in 2011.

Defence Cooperation between India and Australia has expanded significantly in recent years. Aside from an MoU on Defence Cooperation and a Joint Declaration on Security Co-operation, which include a host of activities, these two also hold Defence Ministers Dialogue.

The India-Japan 2008 Joint Declaration on Security Cooperation spells out details of the mechanics of defence and strategic cooperation involving both foreign and defence establishments. There are strategic

dialogues at foreign minister, foreign secretary-levels (and a Track 1.5 strategic dialogue). Additionally meetings have been held between the Defence Ministers, between the defence secretaries, Defence Policy Dialogue, Military-to-Military Talks at Joint Secretary-level, exchange of service chiefs, Navy-to-Navy Staff Talks, Service-toService exchanges.

The fact that New Delhi so far has signed largest number of strategic partnership agreements with the countries of East Asia than any other region— Australia, China, Indonesia, Japan, South

India is looking towards East Asia for arms, technologies, and joint development of certain systems although it is yet to pick up momentum.

To guide bilateral defence technology cooperation between India and Singapore, a DefenceTechnology Steering Committee, was established and its first meeting was held in Singapore.

”

Korea, Vietnam and Myanmar-clearly underscores the region’s strategic significance for India.

Finally, India is looking towards East Asia for arms, technologies, and joint development of certain systems although it is yet to pick up momentum. To guide bilateral defence technology cooperation between India and Singapore, a Defence Technology Steering Committee, was established and its first meeting was held in Singapore in October 2006. The burgeoning security cooperation with Japan and its relaxation of export of dual-use technologies and arms

43

DSI

exports may lead to transfer of certain advanced technologies and possibly even joint development of certain systems and software. The two countries have already reached “a common understanding on the modalities for the bilateral consultation mechanism for high technology trade.”

South Korea is another country that India is courting for advanced technologies. In March 2007 the Korean defence minister suggested joint projects to trade and manufacture a range of arms and equipment, including 5,000-ton frigates and mine warfare ships, armoured vehicles and K-9 self-propelled guns.

After reversing its early ‘no-armsexports’ policy in the mid-1990s, India has been scouting to market its military wares.

Indonesia, Vietnam, and Malaysia are some of the countries that have evinced interest in specific systems and spare parts, but something concrete is yet to fructify.

Nonetheless, India has supplied some spare for Vietnamese Petya class ships and reportedly Hanoi is keen on getting technical assistance for production of certain missiles. The Indian defence minister on a visit to Myanmar in early 2007 announced that New Delhi would supply certain military equipment such as 105 mm artillery guns, T-55 tanks and Islander aircraft. It appears several countries are keen on the BrahMos cruise missile but once again no progress has been reported.

Conclusion The above clearly demonstrates that India has belatedly realised its formidable military power and infrastructure could be leveraged for diplomatic gains. Further, since India’s economic and strategic stakes with East Asia are rapidly rising, the future of regional security is of immense concern to New Delhi.

Through its ‘Look East’ policy, India expended enormous diplomatic efforts to project itself as a power germane to East Asia and to create a distinct political niche in the region. Indeed, in the reconfigured geostrategic concept of ‘extended neighbourhood’, East Asia has emerged the primary focus.

In the pursuit of its objectives, the Indian navy, has become the principal player. India’s experience in the use of a wide variety of weapon systems, its war fighting capabilities, vast training facilities, and more than a million and half manpower are an attractive proposition.

India and South east aisa2nd time.qxd:INDO-PAK.qxd 30/04/13 2:29 PM Page 5

EAST–EAST RELATIONS Sea as part of a 2002 agreement. These are significant because this channel is the main conduit for international shipping that passes through the Malacca Strait. Following its neighbours, Thailand too has evinced interest in establishing security links with India resulting in the 2005 MoU. These two regularly conduct coordinated exercises in the areas adjacent to their international maritime boundary (again close to the Malacca Strait) and biennial exercises near Phuket. The 2000 15-Point Defence Cooperation Agreement with Vietnam is aimed at greater military-to-military interactions and a variety of other activities.

The dramatic improvement in defence cooperation between India and Myanmar in the last few years is equally noteworthy.

APRIL 2013

armed forces. Moreover, India offers virtually every possible terrain and climatic conditions needed for training: the coldest places, very high altitudes, thick tropical jungles, an extremely hot desert and a long coastline of warm waters. Malaysia was one of the first countries to train its pilots and other staff after acquiring MiG-29 aircraft in the early 1990s and more recently the Su-30 aircraft.

Singapore makes use of Indian facilities to trains all three wings of its military in India.

In a first of its kind, Singapore’s naval personnel were trained on Indian

insurgency operations in India, and in hydrographic surveys with the Indian Navy.

After the transfer of British Islander aircraft, India has also started training the Myanmar air force at the Kochi naval base. Many other East Asian countries have arrangements for training in India.

Initiative for defence cooperation The third dimension of India’s defence cooperation is to initiate diverse defence/ security dialogues and enter into strategic partnership agreements. Indonesia was one of the first countries to initiate defence

Hillary Clinton addressing in ASEAN headquarters, Jakarta

India and Japan Among all the security relationships that India has entered into, perhaps the one with Japan has grown the fastest and is also the most comprehensive. Otherwise known for its reticence in military matters, Japan now is a major security partner of India. The low-profile coastguard exercises are supplemented by navy-to-navy exercises since 2012.

India is the only country with which the Japanese Navy exercises outside the American alliance. Now these have been extended to air force too. Under the 2008 security cooperation agreement, a variety of institutional mechanisms have been created to strengthen and deepen security cooperation.

India and China The first-ever MoU signed by Indian and Chinese defence ministers in 2006 was meant to promote step-by-step enhancement of military exchanges. In addition to visits by the chiefs of armed forces, the navies of the two countries have been holding joint operations for search and rescue missions, counterterrorism, and anti-piracy. During the visit of the Indian army chief in May 2007, it was also agreed to involve the two armies in joint exercises.

Training in India Training has emerged as a distinctive feature of India’s strategic interaction with East Asian countries. For many India is an attractive option because of the facilities it possesses and the vast experience of its

The Defence Policy Dialogue (defence secretary-level) and Joint Working Group on Intelligence are the principal forums for talks with Singapore. The 1993 MoU also provided for a Malaysia-India Defence Cooperation Meeting (MIDCOM) to be cochaired by the defence secretaries. After some intermittent meetings, in the last few years Service Talks involving all three services have dramatically increased. With Myanmar the annual foreign secretary-level talks also have security cooperation on their agenda. The Joint Working Group (JWG) on security with Thailand was constituted in

submarines in the late 1990s. It has also used India’s Chandipur facility to test out its guns and missiles, apart from entering into a long-term agreement in 2007 to use the Kalaikunda air base for training purposes (it also places personnel and equipment in the country over a long term), and under another agreement in 2008 its army has been given greater access to Indian facilities.

After acquiring its aircraft carrier, Thailand turned to the Indian Navy for flying the Sea Harriers. Since the mid-2000s, the Myanmarese troops have also been receiving training in jungle warfare and counter-

42

secretary-level consultations under the Joint Defence Cooperation Committee (JDCC) signed in 2001. India and Indonesia established the strategic partnership during President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s 2005 visit and the first defence minister-level Defence Dialogue was held in 2012. India and Vietnam have also been holding a Defence Dialogue since 2007. The July 2007 IndiaVietnam joint declaration launched the ‘strategic partnership’ between the two.

Apart from India-Vietnam Joint Commission, Strategic Dialogue at the level of foreign secretaries also takes place.

February 2002 and the first Defence Dialogue between the two began in 2011.

Defence Cooperation between India and Australia has expanded significantly in recent years. Aside from an MoU on Defence Cooperation and a Joint Declaration on Security Co-operation, which include a host of activities, these two also hold Defence Ministers Dialogue.

The India-Japan 2008 Joint Declaration on Security Cooperation spells out details of the mechanics of defence and strategic cooperation involving both foreign and defence establishments. There are strategic

dialogues at foreign minister, foreign secretary-levels (and a Track 1.5 strategic dialogue). Additionally meetings have been held between the Defence Ministers, between the defence secretaries, Defence Policy Dialogue, Military-to-Military Talks at Joint Secretary-level, exchange of service chiefs, Navy-to-Navy Staff Talks, Service-toService exchanges.

The fact that New Delhi so far has signed largest number of strategic partnership agreements with the countries of East Asia than any other region— Australia, China, Indonesia, Japan, South

India is looking towards East Asia for arms, technologies, and joint development of certain systems although it is yet to pick up momentum.

To guide bilateral defence technology cooperation between India and Singapore, a DefenceTechnology Steering Committee, was established and its first meeting was held in Singapore.

”

Korea, Vietnam and Myanmar-clearly underscores the region’s strategic significance for India.

Finally, India is looking towards East Asia for arms, technologies, and joint development of certain systems although it is yet to pick up momentum. To guide bilateral defence technology cooperation between India and Singapore, a Defence Technology Steering Committee, was established and its first meeting was held in Singapore in October 2006. The burgeoning security cooperation with Japan and its relaxation of export of dual-use technologies and arms

43

DSI

exports may lead to transfer of certain advanced technologies and possibly even joint development of certain systems and software. The two countries have already reached “a common understanding on the modalities for the bilateral consultation mechanism for high technology trade.”

South Korea is another country that India is courting for advanced technologies. In March 2007 the Korean defence minister suggested joint projects to trade and manufacture a range of arms and equipment, including 5,000-ton frigates and mine warfare ships, armoured vehicles and K-9 self-propelled guns.

After reversing its early ‘no-armsexports’ policy in the mid-1990s, India has been scouting to market its military wares.

Indonesia, Vietnam, and Malaysia are some of the countries that have evinced interest in specific systems and spare parts, but something concrete is yet to fructify.

Nonetheless, India has supplied some spare for Vietnamese Petya class ships and reportedly Hanoi is keen on getting technical assistance for production of certain missiles. The Indian defence minister on a visit to Myanmar in early 2007 announced that New Delhi would supply certain military equipment such as 105 mm artillery guns, T-55 tanks and Islander aircraft. It appears several countries are keen on the BrahMos cruise missile but once again no progress has been reported.

Conclusion The above clearly demonstrates that India has belatedly realised its formidable military power and infrastructure could be leveraged for diplomatic gains. Further, since India’s economic and strategic stakes with East Asia are rapidly rising, the future of regional security is of immense concern to New Delhi.

Through its ‘Look East’ policy, India expended enormous diplomatic efforts to project itself as a power germane to East Asia and to create a distinct political niche in the region. Indeed, in the reconfigured geostrategic concept of ‘extended neighbourhood’, East Asia has emerged the primary focus.

In the pursuit of its objectives, the Indian navy, has become the principal player. India’s experience in the use of a wide variety of weapon systems, its war fighting capabilities, vast training facilities, and more than a million and half manpower are an attractive proposition.

Defence 2nd time.qxd:DSI Defence Talk-May09.qxd 30/04/13 2:31 PM Page 2

DEFENCE BUZZ

APRIL 2013

DSI

DEFENCE BUZZ An Update on Defence News

Courtesy: M. Ahmedullah

ADTI foresees the Indian marketplace for drones and UAVs, used for recon and mapping to surveillance, border or maritime patrol, a multi-million-dollar business that will grow steadily, it said in a statement. Current global sales are about $ 6.6 billion a year. This is expected to almost double to $ 11.4 billion annually over the next decade.

Over the ten-year period $ 89 billion worth of drones are expected to be sold.

India A Booming Market For Mini, Macro UAVs Advanced Defense Technologies, Inc. has announced that ADTI and its international alliance partners see a booming market in India

for mini and micro drone models that carry out more and more missions which were previously performed by manned aircraft.

Aero India 2013: Eurocopter books a new EC135 helicopter order

India To Develop Future Infantry Soldier System

A record nine units of Eurocopter’s EC135 was sold in 2012, making it the most sought-after light twin-engine helicopter in India. The growing popularity of the EC135 in India was further demonstrated by a new order from one Indian customer and the delivery of an EC135 to another, at the Aero India 2013 exhibition.

Eurocopter signed a contract for the sale of one EC135 to Ghodawat Industries for this Indian company’s

India’s Ordnance Factory Board (OFB) revealed plans to develop a future infantry soldier system - an allweather suit with tactical gear for equipping the armed forces to counter rising challenges on the borders and terrorist activities.

"The system will be integrated and designed in such a way that a soldier is able to engage enemies day and night, summer or winter with an upper hand.

It will take three years’ time to develop," member of the OFB Board Sartaj Singh said.

business aviation requirements. Configured with seating for four passengers, the helicopter will be delivered in May this year and is to replace the company’s smaller Eurocopter EC120.

Separately, Eurocopter provided a new EC135 to Mahindra & Mahindra, for corporate transportation use.

Mahindra’s aerospace manufacturing arm, Mahindra Aerospace, is a valued partner of Eurocopter.

44

Israel steps up bid to get onboard India's RTA dream The Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) continued with their strong pitch to get on-board India's Regional Transport Aircraft (RTA) project, now taking a new turn with the Aeronautical Society of India promising a vision document for the project.

At the just-concluded twoday International Conference & Exhibition on RTA, in Hyderabad, Moshe Zilberman, director, marketing, IAI, said that India should aim for getting the RTA certified within the next five years.

“The rules are different in a civil market. The assembly lines will have to be independent for such a big programme. The Indian government can guarantee orders from operators, Services and private companies. I feel an integrated programme team has to be in place, including those from design, manufacturing, maintenance, civil aviation and operators,” Moshe Zilberman, said.

India had roped in Russia as its partner in the RTA project but years of discussion has not led the project to take off.

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Defence 2nd time.qxd:DSI Defence Talk-May09.qxd 30/04/13 2:32 PM Page 4

DEFENCE BUZZ

APRIL 2013

Indian Defense Budget Gets 14% Hike The Indian Ministry of Defence on Thursday got a 14 per cent budget hike (about $37.45 billion approximately) for 2013-14. The allocation is up by $46.76 billion from 2012's revisited estimate of $33.16 billion.

The defense ministry in 2012-13 received a 17 per cent increase in budget and an additional 12 per cent later to fund the modernization program that awarded India the title of the world’s largest arms importer.

The Indian Armed Forces are currently undergoing a major modernisation process with several acquisitions in the pipeline, including acquisitions of 126 MMRCA.

No Wrongdoing In Torpedo Procurement From Finmeccanica Group company For IN

Aero India 2013: Selex ES brings state-of-art defence products

Plans To Develop New Hypersonic BrahMos Missile Revealed

Selex ES is attended Aero India from 6th-10th February 2013. With a fully owned in country subsidiary, Selex ES brought to the Indian market its state-of-the art portfolio of products and solutions for a wide range of requirements.

Active in India since 1972, Selex ES has collaborated first with HAL (Hindustan

BrahMos Aerospace has announced plans to develop technology for hypersonic version of the BrahMos missile which can travel at five to seven times the speed of sound.

"The company is roping in academics to develop the requisite technology before going in for designing and

BEL, TCOM USA, Sign MoU To Co-Operate On Aerostat Surveillance and Communication Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) has signed an MoU with TCOM, USA, for cooperation in developing advanced aerostat surveillance and communication systems to address the Intelligence Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) requirements of the Indian armed forces.

TCOM designs and manufactures a full line of aerostat systems. TCOM has manufactured the largest

Aerostat ever in operation with laminated fabric material for long endurance and surveillance operations.

S K Acharya, General Manager of the Electronic Warfare & Avionics Strategic Business Unit of BELBangalore, said that as per the MoU, "BEL will be the prime bidder to address the aerostat-based ISR requirements of the Indian defence and security agencies.” It is believed that BEL will also be the L-1 bidder.

The Indian parliament has been informed that the Special Technical Oversight Committee (STOC) (part of the Defense Acquisition Council) found no

irregularities in selecting the Black Shark torpedoes for the Indian Navy.

"The DAC has considered the STOC Report and accepted the same in September, 2012. Government has not taken a final decision on the procurement," Defence Minister A K Antony told Lok Sabha in reply to a written query. Produced by WASS, a Finmeccanica company, Black Shark torpedoes are multi-purpose weapons designed to be launched from submarines or surface vessels. The versatile torpedo can be launched from a tube or fired like a missile, sub-surface or even above surface combatants.

46

developing missiles which can travel at Mach 5 to 7 (five to seven times the speed of sound). It will be BrahMos II version next to the present variants of Mach 2.8 to 3.5," A Sivathanu Pillai MD & CEO of BrahMos said.

Pillai said the Indian Institute of Science would be part of the 20-member team developing technologies for high temperature material required to build the missile, scram-jet propulsions and energy modules.

India To Indigenously Develop AWACS Aircraft

Aeronautics Limited) and currently with BEL to supply the country with radar systems and control centres for military Air Traffic Control including the 2080C Precision Approach Radar system for the Indian Navy and Air Force. The company has also provided a complete Communications, Navigation, Surveillance / Air Traffic Management turn-key system for the two new airports at Bengaluru and Hyderabad.

In the naval domain the company’s presence in India dates back to 1984, when it supplied the Combat Management Systems for the three ‘Godavari’ class frigates.

More recently Selex ES has been awarded a contract to supply the Indian Navy with its 3D L Band Air Surveillance Radar which will be installed on-board the new aircraft carrier at Cochin Shipyard.

Through partnerships with HAL and BEL Selex ES has also supplied the HF radios (400W, 1 KW and 5 KW) for most of the platforms and coastal stations.

Javelin demonstrates extended range capability The Raytheon and Lockheed Martin Javelin Joint Venture demonstrated the ability of the Javelin missile to engage targets beyond its current maximum range requirements during a series of tests at Eglin Air Force Base.

During the U.S. Army tests, the Javelin system acquired and engaged targets up to 4,750 meters. “These tests prove that, under favorable conditions, Javelin can have reliable, solid performance as a closecombat weapon system,” said Duane Gooden, Javelin Joint Venture president and Raytheon Javelin program director. “There were two direct hits on thethreat representativetarget at the extended range.”

Demonstrating Javelin’s extended range performance will further enhance survivability of the dismounted Javelin gunner in combat.

DSI

India plans to indigenously develop its own Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) aircraft.

India currently has three AWACS using the Russian IL76 platform and the Israeli Phalcon Radar. The Indian Air Force is hoping to induct about 15 AWACS, including the newly-announced indigenous program.

“A proposal for the indigenous development of AWACS by the Defense Research and Development Organization has been approved by the Cabinet Committee on Security on Feb. 12, 2013. The AWACS project is envisaged to be completed in 84 months from the date of formal sanction of the programme.”

Local Arms Manufacturers Could Benefit From a Possible Change in India’s Procurement The Indian Defence ministry will take a long, hard look at its production and procurement policy, following the AgustaWestland scandal, to reduce arms import and maximise domestic production. “Zero import is not possible, but maximum

47

MMRCA On Track, IAF Hopes To Sign Contract By Year End The Chief of the Indian Air Force, Air Chief Marshal NAK Browne today addressed the issues surrounding the MMRCA deal.

"The MMRCA is very much on track. The Contract Negotiation Committee process is currently on. I expect contract negotiations to be complete by May this year. We should be in a position to sign the contract by the end of the year," Indian Air Force chief Air Chief Marshal Norman Browne had said this in his press conference at the Aero India show, in Bengaluru. Currently, the arduous process of thrust and parry normally viewed in a bargaining process is continuing.

equipment should be indigenous. We will have a second look about our defence production as well as procurement policy so that we can speed up indigenisation on time,” Defence Minister A K Antony was quoted as saying.

Subsequent reports mentioned a proposed change in the procurement policy under which Indians will benefit.

Defence 2nd time.qxd:DSI Defence Talk-May09.qxd 30/04/13 2:32 PM Page 4

DEFENCE BUZZ

APRIL 2013

Indian Defense Budget Gets 14% Hike The Indian Ministry of Defence on Thursday got a 14 per cent budget hike (about $37.45 billion approximately) for 2013-14. The allocation is up by $46.76 billion from 2012's revisited estimate of $33.16 billion.

The defense ministry in 2012-13 received a 17 per cent increase in budget and an additional 12 per cent later to fund the modernization program that awarded India the title of the world’s largest arms importer.

The Indian Armed Forces are currently undergoing a major modernisation process with several acquisitions in the pipeline, including acquisitions of 126 MMRCA.

No Wrongdoing In Torpedo Procurement From Finmeccanica Group company For IN

Aero India 2013: Selex ES brings state-of-art defence products

Plans To Develop New Hypersonic BrahMos Missile Revealed

Selex ES is attended Aero India from 6th-10th February 2013. With a fully owned in country subsidiary, Selex ES brought to the Indian market its state-of-the art portfolio of products and solutions for a wide range of requirements.

Active in India since 1972, Selex ES has collaborated first with HAL (Hindustan

BrahMos Aerospace has announced plans to develop technology for hypersonic version of the BrahMos missile which can travel at five to seven times the speed of sound.

"The company is roping in academics to develop the requisite technology before going in for designing and

BEL, TCOM USA, Sign MoU To Co-Operate On Aerostat Surveillance and Communication Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) has signed an MoU with TCOM, USA, for cooperation in developing advanced aerostat surveillance and communication systems to address the Intelligence Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) requirements of the Indian armed forces.

TCOM designs and manufactures a full line of aerostat systems. TCOM has manufactured the largest

Aerostat ever in operation with laminated fabric material for long endurance and surveillance operations.

S K Acharya, General Manager of the Electronic Warfare & Avionics Strategic Business Unit of BELBangalore, said that as per the MoU, "BEL will be the prime bidder to address the aerostat-based ISR requirements of the Indian defence and security agencies.” It is believed that BEL will also be the L-1 bidder.

The Indian parliament has been informed that the Special Technical Oversight Committee (STOC) (part of the Defense Acquisition Council) found no

irregularities in selecting the Black Shark torpedoes for the Indian Navy.

"The DAC has considered the STOC Report and accepted the same in September, 2012. Government has not taken a final decision on the procurement," Defence Minister A K Antony told Lok Sabha in reply to a written query. Produced by WASS, a Finmeccanica company, Black Shark torpedoes are multi-purpose weapons designed to be launched from submarines or surface vessels. The versatile torpedo can be launched from a tube or fired like a missile, sub-surface or even above surface combatants.

46

developing missiles which can travel at Mach 5 to 7 (five to seven times the speed of sound). It will be BrahMos II version next to the present variants of Mach 2.8 to 3.5," A Sivathanu Pillai MD & CEO of BrahMos said.

Pillai said the Indian Institute of Science would be part of the 20-member team developing technologies for high temperature material required to build the missile, scram-jet propulsions and energy modules.

India To Indigenously Develop AWACS Aircraft

Aeronautics Limited) and currently with BEL to supply the country with radar systems and control centres for military Air Traffic Control including the 2080C Precision Approach Radar system for the Indian Navy and Air Force. The company has also provided a complete Communications, Navigation, Surveillance / Air Traffic Management turn-key system for the two new airports at Bengaluru and Hyderabad.

In the naval domain the company’s presence in India dates back to 1984, when it supplied the Combat Management Systems for the three ‘Godavari’ class frigates.

More recently Selex ES has been awarded a contract to supply the Indian Navy with its 3D L Band Air Surveillance Radar which will be installed on-board the new aircraft carrier at Cochin Shipyard.

Through partnerships with HAL and BEL Selex ES has also supplied the HF radios (400W, 1 KW and 5 KW) for most of the platforms and coastal stations.

Javelin demonstrates extended range capability The Raytheon and Lockheed Martin Javelin Joint Venture demonstrated the ability of the Javelin missile to engage targets beyond its current maximum range requirements during a series of tests at Eglin Air Force Base.

During the U.S. Army tests, the Javelin system acquired and engaged targets up to 4,750 meters. “These tests prove that, under favorable conditions, Javelin can have reliable, solid performance as a closecombat weapon system,” said Duane Gooden, Javelin Joint Venture president and Raytheon Javelin program director. “There were two direct hits on thethreat representativetarget at the extended range.”

Demonstrating Javelin’s extended range performance will further enhance survivability of the dismounted Javelin gunner in combat.

DSI

India plans to indigenously develop its own Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) aircraft.

India currently has three AWACS using the Russian IL76 platform and the Israeli Phalcon Radar. The Indian Air Force is hoping to induct about 15 AWACS, including the newly-announced indigenous program.

“A proposal for the indigenous development of AWACS by the Defense Research and Development Organization has been approved by the Cabinet Committee on Security on Feb. 12, 2013. The AWACS project is envisaged to be completed in 84 months from the date of formal sanction of the programme.”

Local Arms Manufacturers Could Benefit From a Possible Change in India’s Procurement The Indian Defence ministry will take a long, hard look at its production and procurement policy, following the AgustaWestland scandal, to reduce arms import and maximise domestic production. “Zero import is not possible, but maximum

47

MMRCA On Track, IAF Hopes To Sign Contract By Year End The Chief of the Indian Air Force, Air Chief Marshal NAK Browne today addressed the issues surrounding the MMRCA deal.

"The MMRCA is very much on track. The Contract Negotiation Committee process is currently on. I expect contract negotiations to be complete by May this year. We should be in a position to sign the contract by the end of the year," Indian Air Force chief Air Chief Marshal Norman Browne had said this in his press conference at the Aero India show, in Bengaluru. Currently, the arduous process of thrust and parry normally viewed in a bargaining process is continuing.

equipment should be indigenous. We will have a second look about our defence production as well as procurement policy so that we can speed up indigenisation on time,” Defence Minister A K Antony was quoted as saying.

Subsequent reports mentioned a proposed change in the procurement policy under which Indians will benefit.

Defence 2nd time.qxd:DSI Defence Talk-May09.qxd 30/04/13 2:31 PM Page 6

DEFENCE BUZZ

APRIL 2013

DSI

LCA Tejas To Be Modified Further India’s LCA Tejas will be modified further for operating in high-altitude areas after the engine failed to work during a recent trial, according to IAF chief Air Chief Marshal N A K Browne. "Recently we went for high-altitude trials. The engine (of LCA) did not work at that altitude because it is a different cup of tea. Even the Su-30, when it was taken to Leh, it had to be modified. So,

the LCA will have to be modified. It has to do retrials," he was quoted as saying.

Browne stated that the delayed Tejas light combat aircraft will be ready soon.

defined radio offering. If selected, the team of Tata and Rockwell Collins plan to perform the majority of the program effort in India, providing faster delivery times, as well as more responsive incountry service and support for the customer. For the Indian Air Force programme, Rockwell Collins will be delivering the required tech.

Bharat Electronics Ltd (BEL) and Israel’s Elbit Systems Electro-optics-Elop Ltd signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) for the joint production of Compact Multi-Purpose Advance Stabilisation System (CoMPASS) for Naval helicopter applications.

The CoMPASS is a dayand-night surveillance system that includes a colour TV daylight camera, 3rdGeneration 3-5 µm FLIR sensor, Laser Target Designator and Rangefinder (LTDRF) and automatic tracking capabilities, as well as command and control capabilities.

The CoMPASS system has been nominated for 56 Naval Utility Helicopter programme of the Indian Navy. The proposed jointly produced navigation and targetting system will only add effectiveness to the choppers.

Systems, said, “In keeping with the Indian defence acquisition scenario and current market considerations, the managements of Mahindra & Mahindra and BAE Systems

have decided that Mahindra’s 100% subsidiary Mahindra Defence Systems will acquire BAE Systems’ 26 per cent shareholding in the Defence Land Systems India (DLSI) joint venture”

Rockwell Collins, Tata To Pursue IAF’s Software Defined Radio Program

India, France To Develop $6 Billion SR-SAM Project India and France have agreed to a $6 billion SR-SAM (Short range - Surface to air missile) deal during talks between French President Francois Hollande and Prime Minister Manmohan Singh.

The SR-SAM project will be a joint venture between MBDA of France and DRDO from the Indian side. The SRSAM would be deployed by the IAF and the Navy.

Prime Minister Singh said, "We have also concluded negotiations on the Short Range Surface to Air Missile, which, once approved by the government, will be co-developed and co-produced in India". The SR-SAM will be complimentary to the domestically built Akash SAM that is being procured by the Indian Air Force in significantly large numbers.

Rockwell Collins and Tata Power Strategic Engineering Division (Tata Power SED) announced a teaming agreement as part of their pursuit of the Indian Air Force Software Defined Radio programme.

Under the agreement, Tata Power SED is the prime contractor and Rockwell Collins will provide technology for the team’s software

BEL, Elbit Sign MoU To Jointly Produce CoMPASS

BAE Systems Sells Stake In Mahindra Joint Venture BAE Systems and Mahindra & Mahindra announced that the former will be selling its 26 percent stake in the Defence Land Systems India (DLSI) joint venture established in 2009.

Brigadier (Retd.) Khutub Hai, Chairman and Managing Director, Mahindra Defence

48

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