V_P_117

!W ?¤ÑA À(%P ¥9Ë N> ¦¯@ØÑ9 > ¥9É Ç9¤à NÑ?9Ñ ÇÑί!¥ AÃP -> NÔ ¦?9!9 Á ÕZB (É!%¿ º!9 àVÄ P ( Ñÿ@B ¥9Τ ÏÁ¦BÑA F ¿P °R¤Ñ¿ º!9 à Aà ¥9Ô¤Ñ9 [X!%9Ø $¤Ñ B ( Ñà ¸§ àVÄ P BÉË ' à ¤] $RÑ > º¥9 É?É% ' ( Ñà ¦9@¤Ñ¿º!9 à AÃP (Ë >0% $Ë 9) Á ¦¤@Ñ > @ÑØ¿! !ÉË;_ѵ¤] ²?@ NZ à Aà ( Ë Ñ9 ×_' ¸ ¿!¤ÑÃØW¤Ñ ¸Ô× ¥9Τ Ñ9Ë¿@X] Ç9ÄÉ ¸Ä_Áº¦Bà>§P If;fpa Rje;jpu Kd;dzp Ml;rp mikj;jjpypUe;J rkhjhd Kaw;rpfspy; ghhpa gpd;dilTfs; Vw;glj; njhlq;fptpl;ld. Rje;jpuf; fl;rp - N[.tp.gp $l;LKd;dzp NghUf;fhd murpaiy jPtpukhf Kd;ndLj;jgbAs;sJ. If;fpa Njrpaf;fl;rp muR ld; Kd;dh;nra;j rkhjhd Kaw;rp fis tpl;l ,lj;jpypUe;J njhlu rk;kjk; njhptpj;j re;jphpfh mk;ik ahh;> toikNghyNt> Fj;Jf; fu zk; mbj;Jtpl;lhh;. rkhjhdg; Ngr;ir kPsj;njhlq;FtJ gw;wp

Mf;fG+ht ; khd fUj;njijAk; mk; ikahh; Kd;itf;ftpyi ; y. ,ilf; fhy jd;dhl;rp mjpfhu rigia Vw;W rkhjhdj;ij eilKiwr; rhj;jpakhf;fTk; mk;ikahh; jah uhf ,y;iy. nfhOk;gpy; ,g;NghJ rkh jhdj;jpw;F vjpuhd murpaiyNa rpq;fs muR elhj;jptUfpd;wJ. Gypfs; rkh;g;gpj;j ,ilf; fhy jd;dhl;rp mjpfhurigf;F vjpuhd er;Rg; gpur;rhuj;ij rpq;f sg; Nghpdthj rf;jpfs; Ntfg; gLj;jpAs;sd.

N[.tp.gp ,jpy; Kd;dzp tfpf;fpd;wJ. rpq;fs Clfq;fSk; jkJ gq;fpw;F ,dthjg;gzp nra; fpd;wd. fpuhkq;fs; NjhWk; N[.tp.gp ,e;j er;Rg;gpur;rhuj;ij jPtpukhfr; nra;JtUfpd;wJ. rkhjhd Kaw; rpfs; njhlh;ghd Gypfspd; epiyg; ghLfs; vijAk; Vw;f kWj;Js;s N[.tp.gp ,g;NghNj Nghh;g; gpur;rh uq;fis Muk;gpj;Jtpl;lJ. re;jp hpfh mk;ikahUk; jkJ fl;rpapd; epiyg;ghl;il epuhfhpf;ftpy;iy vd;W N[.tp.gp $wptUfpd;wJ.

NghUf; f hd ,uhZtj; jahh;gLj;jy;fisAk; re;jphpfh muR gugug;gpy;yhky; nra;JtUfp d;wJ. fg;gy;fs; - tpkhdq;fis Gjpjhff; nfhs;tdTnra;J jdJ fly; - thd; gyj;ij mjpfhpj;Js; sJ. Ml;Nrh;g;gpy; rpq;fs ,uhZ tk; jPtpukhf <Lgl;Ls;sJ. aho;g; ghzg; Nghh; muq;if nrd;W ghh;j; Js;s rpq;fsj;jpd; Jizg; ghJ fhg; g ikr; r h; kiwKf Nghh; j ; jahhpg;ig newpg;gLj;jpAs;shh;. rpq;fsj;jpd; Nghh;j; jahhp g;ig rpy md;dpa Gydha;Tr; rf;jpfSk; cw;rhfg;gLj;jp - Cf;F tpf;fpd;wd. ,e;j Gydha;Tr; rjp murpaypd; Nehf;fq;fis - mjd; gpd;tpisTfis rw;Wk; Muhah ky; rpq;fs muRk; mjw;Fg; gyp ahfp jd; moptpw;F jhNd Jiz (njhlh; r ; r p 02Mk; gf; f k; )

Gypfspd;Fuy;

(01Mk; gf;fj; njhlh;r;rp )

NghFk; eltbf;iffspy; <LgL fpd;wJ. rpq;fs muRf;F cjT tjhfg; ghrhq;F nra;jgb ,yq; ifj;ji P t gypf;flhthf;fp mit jkJ eyd;fis - jkJ Njit fis milaj; Jbf;fpd;wd. ,e;j cz;ikfisAk; - mjd; ehrfhu tpisTfisAk; rpq;fs Ml;rpah sh;fs; czuhjgb mth;fspl Ks;s Nghpdthj czh;T kiwf; fpd;wJ. rkhjhdj;jpw;fhf Neh;ik Ald; nraw;gLk; Gypfis rpq;fs muR gytiffspy; NeubahfTk; rPz;bg; ghh;f;fpd;wJ. Gyp cWg; gpdh;fis> ,e;jg; Nghh; Xa;T Ntisapy; gLnfhiy nra;Ak; 02

rpq;fsg; giliag; nghWj;j tifapy; mth;fs; Nghh;Ghpe;J fisj; Jg;NghAs;sdh;. n[arpf;FW Njhy;tp - MidapwT ,og;G - jPr;Rthiy Njhy;tp........ Nghd;w gy njhlh; Njhy;tp fshy; rpq;fs murpd; ,uhZt kkij Ak; Ml;lk; fz;Ls;sJ. ,e;j ,uhZtj; Njhy;tpfspd; Neub tpisthfNt jw;Nghija rkh jhdr;#oy; gpwe;jij vtUk; kWf;f KbahJ. jkpohpd; ,dg; gpur;rpidf;F mikjp top%yk; murpay;jPh;T Njl Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; rpy rpq;fs murpay; fl;rpfsplKk; - rpq;fsg; Gj;jp [PtpfsplKk; Njhd;wpajw;F Nkw;Fwpj;j ,uhZt mk;rNk gpujhd fhuzpahf cs;sijAk; ahuhYk; kWf;f ,ayhJ. mj;Jld; Nkhrkhd nghUz;kp ar; rpijTf;Fk; - ghhpa kdpj mtyj; jpw;Fk; ,yq;ifj;ji P t ,l;L ; r;nrd;Ws;s ,e;j ,dg;Nghiu KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L te;J> xU murpay;jPh;T fhzNtz;Lk; vd;w rpe;jidg; Nghf;Fk;> rpq;fs kf;f splk; gutyhf Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. ,j;jifanjhU epiyapy; rpq;fs ,uhZtk; gyk; ngWtJ jhd; rkhjhdg; Ngr;Rf;fSf;F tYr; Nrh;f;Fk; vd;wthwhd ty;yuRfspd; Nghjid jkpo;kf;fis mjph;rr ; pf;Fs;sh f;fpAs;sJ. rpq;fsj;jpd; jPtpu ,dntwpr; rf;jpfsplkpUe;J vOk; mwpTiuNghy mit cs;sd. ty;yuRfspd; thapy; ,Ue;J tUk; ,j;jifa ,uhZtthjf; fUj; Jf;fs;> rpq;fs muir cRg;Ngw;wptpLk; cw;rhff; fUj;Jf;fshf cs;sd. gilgyj;ij ngUf;fp - Nghiuj; njhlq;FkhW jdf;F ty;yuRfs; kiw Kfkhf MNyhrid $Wfpd;wd vd;W rpq;fs muR vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; mghak; mjpy; cs;sJ. rpq;fsj;jpd; gilatY rkhjhd j;jpw;F mtrpak; vd;w fUj;J cz;ikf; Fg; Gwk;ghdjhFk;. ,yq;ifapd; ,dg; gpur;rpid tuyhw;iw gpd;Nehf;fpg; ghh;j; jhy; ,e;j cz;ik Gyg;gLk;. rpq;fs muR jFe;j ,uhZt gyj;Jld; ,Uf;Fk;Nghnjy;yhk; mJ ,uhZt kkijAld; NghiuNa ehbAs; sJ. rkhjhdr; #oiy Vw;gLj;Jtjw; fhf 2000Mk; Mz;by; Gypfs; ,af;fk; xU Nghh; Xa;itf; Nfhhp - mjw;F Kd;Djhuzkhfr; nraw;gl;lNghJk;> rpq;

fPo;j;jukhd Ntiyfisr; nra; fpd;wJ. epuhAjghzpfshd Gyp fs; gilapdhpd; fl;Lg;ghl;by;> mth;fspd; mDkjpAld;> murp ay;gzp nra;Ak;NghJ mth;fis gLnfhiy nra;fpd;wJ. kl;lf; fsg;gpy; JNuhfp fUzhitg; gad;gLj;jp nfhiyfisAk; Fog;gq;fisAk; cz;Lgz;Z fpd;wJ. re;jphpfh murpd; rkhjhd tpNuhj murpaiy Nehh;Ntj; jug; gpw;Fk; - fz;fhzpg;Gf; FOtpw; Fk; njl;lj;njspthf> Gypfs; ,af;fk; Kiwapl;Ls;sJ. fUzh tptfhuj;ij rjp Nehf;NfhL ifahSk; re;jphpfh murpd; Nehf;fj;ijAk; Nehh;Ntj;

fs muR mijf; fhl;lkhf epuhfhpj;J tpl;lJ. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; jhd; gykhd epiyapy; cs;sjhf rpq;fs muR fU jpaNjahFk;. mij ep&gpj;Jf;fhl;l rpq; fs muR nkw;nfhz;l nraNy ~jPr; Rthiy| gil eltbf;ifahFk;. mjpy; Njhy;tpaile;j gpd;dNu rkhjhdj;jpw;F tuNtz;ba eph;g;ge;jk; mjw;F vOe;jJ. ,e;jtifapy;> rpq;fs murpd; rkhjhdr; nraw;ghLfs; mjDila ,uh Zt gytPdj;jpd; ey;y tpisthfNt Kfpo;e;jd vd;gNj cz;ikahFk;. ,NjNtis gilgyj;Jld; ,Ue;Jnfhz;L Gypfs; ,af;fk; typAWj;Jtnjy;yhk; jkpohpd; murpay; mgpyhirfis rpq; fs muR epiwNtw;wNtz;Lk; vd;gJ jhd;. rpq;fsthpd; ,ay;G tho;fi ; ff;F mr;RWj;jyhf Gypfs; ,af;fk; vd;WNk ,Ue;jjpy;iy. rpq;fsthpd; epyq;fis mgfhpj;J - mth;fs;kJ P Mjpf;fk; nrY j;j Ntz;Lk; vd;w rpj;jhe;jKk; Gypfs; ,af;fj;jplk; ,y;iy.

Gypfspd; gilgyk; jkpoiug; ghJfhg;gjw;Nf cs;sJ. jkpoh; jhaf khd tlf;F - fpof;fpy; kf;fs; Rje;jpu khfTk; - epk;kjpahfTk; - nfsutkhfTk; tho;tij cWjpg;gLj;JtNj Gypfspd; murpay; ,yl;rpakhFk;. ,e;j rkhjhd fhyj;jpy; rpq;fs murpd; gilgyk; mjpfhpj;Jr;nrd;why; jw;Nghija Nghh;epWj;j cld;ghl;bd; ,uhZt rkepiyAk; ghjpf;fg;glyhk;. vdNt> mjw;F ,izahf Gypfs; ,af; fj;jpd; gilgyKk; mjpfhpf;fg;gl Ntz; ba eph;g;ge;jk; vo tha;g;Gz;L. ,J ,yq;ifj; jPtpDs; xU MA jg; Nghl;bia mehtrpakhfj; J}z;b tpLtjpNyNa Ngha;KbAk;. jPtpu ,dthj rf;jpfspd; gpbapy; rpf;fpf;nfhz;Ls;s re;jphpfh mk;ikahiu mjpypUe;J tpLtpj;J rkhjhdr; #oiy gyg;gLj;j KayNtz;baNj ty;yuR fspd; jw;Nghija flikahFk;. ,e;j jhh;kf P f; flikiar; nra;t jw;Fg; gjpyhf ,uhZtthj fUj;jpa Yld; cs;s rpq;fsj;jpd; jPtpu murpay; rf;jpfSf;F Cf;fkspf;Fk; tpjkhd fUj;Jf;fis gyk;nghUe;jpa ehLfs; njhptpf;fhky; ,Ug;gJ ,yq;ifj;jt P pd; rkhjhd murpaYf;F gyk;Nrh;g;gjhf mikAk;. mj;Jld; mopTfukhd NghUk; jtph;ff ; g;gLk;.

jug;gpw;F Gypfs; ,af;fk; mwptpj; Js;sJ. rkgq;fhspfshf - rkhjh dg; gazk; nra;j Gypfs; ,af; fj;jpw;nfjpuhf rpq;fs murhdJ> mehfhpfkhd Kiwapy; JNuhfr; rjp nra;tijAk; Nehh;Ntj;jug;G ed;fwpAk;. ,j;jifa rjp murpay; %yk; Gypfs; ,af;fj;ij gytP dg;gLj;jyhk; vd;W rpq;fs muR epidj;jhy; mJ gy tuyhw;Wg; ghlq;fis kwe;Jtpl;lJ vd;gJ jhd; mh;j;jkhFk;.

JNuhfq;fSk; - rjpfSk; Gypfs; ,af; f j; i j gytP d g; gLj;Jtjw;Fg; gjpyhf gyg;gLj; jpAs;s gy tuyhw;Wr; rk;gtq;

fis vkJ Nghuhl;l tho;f;if apy; fhzyhk;.

Nghh;g;ghijapy; jpkpUld; - mjh;k eltbf;iffs; %yk; gazpf; f KidAk; re; j phpfh mk;ikahhpd; muir> rh;tNjr r%fk; Ntbf;ifghh;f;f tpUk;gp dhy; %sg;NghFk; NghUf;Fk; mJ nghWg;Ngw;fNtz;btUk;.

Nghh;epWj;j xg;ge;jj;ij rpq;fs muR Jr;rnkd kjpj;J kdk;;Nghd Nghf;fpy; kPwpr; nraw; gl;lhy;> Nghh;epWj;j xg;ge;jk; ntw; Wf; fhfpjkhfptpLk;. mjd;gpd;dh; me;j ntWk; fljhrpia Gypfs; ,af;fk; Gdpjkhf kjpf;fkhl;lhJ.

Mdp-Mb> 2004

mjpfhu myfpw;fhd tiuT ,g;NghJ ,Wjpahf Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdNt 1920fspy; njhlq;fpa fij Kbtpid neUq; F fpd; w J. ,e;epiyapNyjhd; ,g;NghJ ehk; ,Wjpahf ts;Std; topapy; ,bj;Jiuf;f ghujp topapy; gopj;jwpTWj;j Kd;tUfpd; Nwhk;. ,q;NfAk; tuyhw;wpd; top epd;Nw ,jidr; nrhy;fpd;Nwhk;. mfpk;ir topapy; njhlq;fp MAj td;Kiwia tupj;J gpd; ,Wjpahf ePz;l Ngr;Rf;fspd; gpd; ,y f;if mile;jJ njd;dhgpupf;f tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lk;. kz;Nlyhtpd; ePz;l rpiw thrk;> gy;NtW murpay;> nghUz;kpa eyd; fSf;fhf cyfk; ,l;l mOj;jk;> ,it fhuzq;fshf gy;NtW rjpfs;> ehrq;fSf;F kj;jpapy; Ngr;Rthu;ji ; jfs; mq;F ele;jd. ,it ahtw;wpw;Fk; rhl;rpakhFk;. kz; Nlyh ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; $wpa $w;Wf; fis vk; $w;Wf;fshf tupj;Jf;nfhs;fpd; Nwhk;. 26 Mz;Lfs; rpiwthrj;jpd;NghJ vj;jifa epge;jidfSf;Fl;gl;l Ngr; Rf;fis kz;Nlyh epuhfupj;jJk; td; Kiwia iftplKbahnjdf; $wpa Jk; Rje;jpukhd kdpju;fNs Ngr;Rthu; j;ijapy; <LglKbAk;> vdf; $wpaij Ak; ,q;Nf epidT+l;Lfpd;Nwhk;. 1991Mk; Mz;lstpy; Mgpupf;f Njrpaf; fhq;fpuRk; njd;dhgpupf;f epwntwp muRk; Ngr;Rf;fspy; <Lgl;lNghJk; njhlf;fj;jpypUe;Nj Ngr;Rf; fisf; Fog;gj;jf;fjhf #o;rr ; pj; jpll ; nkhd; wpid njd;dhgpupf;f muR tFj;Jr; nraw; gl;lJ. ,jw;F fWg;gpdj; jiytu;fisNa> (ANCapdJk; kz;NlyhtpdJk; nry;thf;F tsu;tijf;fz;L kdk; nghWf;fhJ) gad; gLj;jpdu;. #Y ,df; FOkj;jpdJk; \,d; fhjh| mikg;gpd; jiytUkhd Gj;jNy rpia Mgpupf;f Njrpaf; fhq;fpuNrhL kiw Kfg; Nghnuhd;iwNa epwntwp muR elj;J tpj;jJ. Nghuhspfis> kf;fis nfhy;Y tpj;jJ. 1991Mk; Mz;L brk;gu; khjks tpy; nfhNlrh (Codesa) vd;wiof;fg;gl;l rdehaf njd;dhgpupf;fhTf;fhd khehL vd;fpw ngaupy; Ngr;Rf;fs; njhlq;fpd. ,g;Ngr;rpd;NghJ eilngw;w xU rk;g tj;ij ,d;iwa vkJ epiyNahL njhlu;G gLj;Jfpd;Nwhk;. ,k; khehl;bd; ,Wjp Aiuia jhd; epfo;jj ; tpUk;Gtjhf njd; dhgpupf;f mjpgu; b fpshu;f; Ntz;baNghJ ngUe;jd;ikNahL kz;Nlyh mjw;Fr; rk;k jpj;jhu;. Mdhy; fpshu;f;Nfh ,t; tha;g; gpidg; gad;gLj;jp ANC MAjq;fis ifaspf;f Kd;tuhik> ,uhZtg; gpup tpid itj;jpUf;fpd;wik Nghd;wit

d;djhd;> vg;gbj;jhd; vOJtJ? jj;jkJ murpay; ,Ug;gpw;fhf rhk> Ngj> jhd> jz;l cj;jpfis vt;tsT fPoj ; j ; u khfg; gad;gLj;j KbANkh me;jstpw;F gad;gLj;j xU ehl;bd; murpay; jiyik Kd;tUk;NghJ vtu; vd;djhd; vOj Kb Ak;? rpq;fs murpaiyg; gw;wpnaz;Zk; nghOJ RLfhl;by; vupAk; gpzq;fs; kj;jp apy; cyTk; Nga;fis ghu;jj ; JNghy kU l;rp Njhd;Wfpd;wJ. rz;buhzp> fy;Ysp kq;fd;>; Ntjhsq;fs; Nghd;w gy cUtf q;fs; kdjpy; Njhd;Wfpd;wd. fUzh tpt fhuj;ij ,tu;fs; ifahz;l tpjKk;> vt; thW ifahsg;gl Ntz;Lnkd Vida tu;fs; tpUk;gpa tpjKNk ,jw;F rhd;W. \\nrhe;jr; rNfhjuu;fs; Jd;gj;jpw; rhjy; fz;Lk; rpe;ij ,uq;fhub - fpspNa nrk;ik kwe;jhub|| vd ghujp gopj;jwpTWj;jpg; ghba ebg;Gr; RNjrpfs; ,tu;fs;jhd;. ,j;jifa \nrk;ik| kwe;jtu;f NshL jkpo;kf;fs; ky;Yf;fl;b> khubj;j fhyk;Ngha; ,g;NghJ Nehu;Nt jug;G my;yh LtJ fz;L vk;kf;fs; jpifj;J epw;fpd; whu;fs;. KUq;if kuj;jpypUe;j Ntjhsj; jpid NjhspNyw;wpa fijjhdpJ. Ntjh sj;jpd; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilnrhy;yp jiy ntbf;fhky; fhj;Jf;nfhz;lhd; tpf;fpukh jpj;jd;. Nehu;Nt tpf;fpukhjpj;ju;fshy; jk; jiyia fhg;gw;w KbAkh? fhyk; nrhy;y Ntz;ba tpil. nghWikAld; vg;NghJk; Nghy; vk; kf;fs; fhj;J epw;fpd;whu;fs;. mnkupf;f murpay; Kiwikia mk;gyg;gLj;jp tUk; cyf kdr;rhd;wpd; Fuyhff; fUjg;gLk; Nehk; nrhk;]f ; p nrhy; fpwhu; . \\mnkupf; f htpy; elg; g jw; F g; ngau; Nju; j yy; y . mjw; F g; ngau; tzpfk; . ,q; F ntt; N tW murpay; fl;rpfs; vd;wpy;iy. ,Ug;git ,uz; Lk; xU fl;rpapd; gpupTfNs|| vd;whu;. rUtNjrKk; kpf tpiutpy; rpwpyq;fhtpd; murpay; mfuhjpia mr;nrhl;lhfg; Gupe;J nfhs;Sk;;,q;F elg;git rdehaf Nju; jy;fSky;y> ,q;F mikgit kf;fs; eyd; fUJk; murhq;fKky;y> elg; git ,dr; r pf; f Yf; F jP u ; T fhZk; Ngr; R thu; j ; i jfSky; y . ,itahTk; FLk;g murpay; tzpfj;jpd; tpw;gid epiyaq;fSk; fhl;rpaiwfSNk vd;g ijAk; jhk; ,jpNy gfilfshf gad;gL fpd;Nwhk; vd;gijAk; ntF mtkhdfu khd Kiwapy; cyfk; mwpAk; vd;W ek; gpNa vk;kf;fs; fhj;jpUf;fpd;whu;fs;. tpLjiyia mthtp epw;Nghu; xU NghJk; mtek;gpfi ; fNah> rypgN ; gh nfhs;t jpy;iy. xU neLk; gazj;jpy; flf;Fk; gy;NtW Nfhyq;fshf gy;fhl;rpfs; Njhd;wp xU ,Uz;l jpdj;jpid kiwfpd;wd. \\xU kWehs;tiu tho;e;J Kbj;Jtpl;lhy; mj; j pdk; jhdhfNt fope; J tpLk; | | ,JNt ,d;iwa vk;kf;fs; kdepiy. vdNtjhd; xt;nthU Ngr;Rthu;ji ; jfspd; Kbtpd;nghOJk; vOg;Gk; vd;djhd; KbT vd;fpw Nfs;tpia ,d;Wk; vOg;Gfpd;whu; fs. Mdhy; KbT vJthFk; vd;gij ,k;Kiw czu;gtu;fshf cs;shu;fs;. ,jid kpfj; njspthf gpwUf;Fiug;gjw;

Fk; mtu;fs; Maj;jkhfTs;shu;fs;. ,J tiu nksdpj;jpUe;jtu; kdf;Fuypd; ,Wjp ntspgg ; hbJ. ,jid ,q;Nf gpujpgypgg ; jpy; ehk; ngUik nfhs;fpd;Nwhk;. vkJ tuyhw; wpid ngUikAld; jpUk;gpg; ghu;f;fpd ;Nwhk;. tuyhw;wpd; typaKbT neUq;F tij czu;fpd;Nwhk;. vdNt ,Wjpahf mWjpahf $Wfpd;Nwhk;. cyfNk Nfs; vd; f pd; N whk; . eP j pAiuf; f pd; N whk; . ,g;NghJ kPz;Lk; KjypUe;J njhlu;fpd;Nwhk;. ,t;thWjhd; vkJ ek;gpf; ifg;ghtk; Rke;j tuyhW Muk;gpf;fpd;wJ. ,j;jifa ek;gpf;ifght Vkhw;W fSf;F ,g;NghJ itutpoh nfhz;lhl

Mdp-Mb> 2004

KbAk;. 1918 brk;gu;> 07Mk; jpfjpa fbj nkhd;NwhL ,t; tuyhW Muk;gpf;fpd;wJ. rpq;fsj; jiyikapd; rhu;gpy; N[k;]; gPup Rk; <.N[.rktpf;fpukTk; mUzhr;ryj;jp w;F vOjpa fbjj;jpy; \\Nky;khfhzj;jpy; xU Mrdj;jpid jkpoUf;nfd xJ f; F tjw; f hd xU Vw; g hl; b id ehk; Kidg;Gld; Mjupg;Nghk;|| vd;W $wg; gl;lJ. ,jid ek;gp Neu;ikahfr; nraw; gl;l mUzhryk; ,e;jpa fhq;fpirg;Nghy ,yq;iff;Fk; KOikahd murpay; ,af; fj;ij cUthf;f cioj;J 1919Mk; Mz;L etk;tu; 11Mk; jpfjp ,yq;if Njrpa fhq;fpuir cUthf;fpdhu;. mg;NghJ mtu; $wpaij ,q;F gjpT nra;fpd;Nwhk;. \\ehnky;yhUk; rkkhdtu;fs; vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhz;L ,e;jf; fhq;fpurpd; top ciog;Nghkhf||. gpd;du; 1921Mk; Mz;L ,t;thf;FWjp iftplg;gl;lNghJ \\... ,dp NkYk; ,e;j rpq;fsj; jiytu;fis ek; G tjw; F jkpou; f s; kWj; J jkJ eyd;fis ghJfhg;gjw;fhf Rje;jpu khd eltbf;if vLf;fj; jPu;khdpj;j jpy; VjhtJ Mr;rupaKz;lh? vdJ nrhe;jf;flik njspthfTs;sJ.|| ,f; $w;wpidNa ,d;W vk;kf;fs; kPzL ; k; vjp nuhypf;fpd;whu;fs;. md;W mUzhryk; mtu;fs; jkJ flikiar;nra;a 1921tJ Mz;L Mf];l; 15 md;W jkpou; kfh[d rigia cUthf;

fpdhu;. 1923tJ Mz;by; ,yq;ifj; jkpo; yPff ; pid epWtpdhu;. mg;NghJjhd; mtu; \\jkpo; mfk;|| vDk; jhafj;jpw;fhd Kjy; ehkj;ij #l;bdhu;. mg;NghJ mtu; $wpa $w;nwhd;wpidAk; epidtpy; nfhs;fpd; Nwhk; . \\fhyq; f hykhf jkpou; f is jkpou;fshf;fpa jkpo; ,yl;rpau;fis thoitj;J tsu;f;fNtz;Lnkd;gJk;> ,t;tpyl;rpau;fis \jkpo; mfk;| vDk; jkpo;j; Njrj;jpd; xUikg;ghl;ilAk; xw; W ikiaAk; Nkk; g Lj; J tjw; f hf ......|| \\jpU.ngh.mUzhryj;jpd; njsp tw;w jkpo; mfk; (1921) vd;gjpypUe;J mfpy ,yq;if fhq;fpurpdJk; [p.[p. nghd;dk;gyj;jpdJk; Ik;gjpw;F Ik;gJ (1944)> nry;tehafj;jpdJk; rk~;bf; fl;rp apdJk; \jkpo; muR|(1949)> jkpou; tpLj iyf; $l;lzpapd; jkpo;<ok; (1976)> Nghuhsp ,af;fq;fs; tiuahd jkpo;j; Njrpa fhyf;fl;lk;|| vd tuyhw;whsd; fyhepjp KUfd; Fzrpq;fk; ngWkjp kpf;f mtuJ E}yhd \\,yq;if jkp o;j; Njrpathjk; - mjd; Muk;g Njhw; wk; gw;wpaNjhu; Ma;tpy;|| njhFj;J Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. ,jNdhL tpLjiyg; Gypfs; ,d;ndhd;iwAk; ,izj;Js;shu; fs;. ,aq;fpay; mbg;gilapyhd jkpo;j; Njrpaj;jpd; tsu;rr ; p epiyapd; xU ntspg; ghbJ. rUtNjr murpay; ,uhrje;jpu nghU z;kpa #oYf;Nfw;g ,ilf;fhy jd;dhl;rp

gw;wp gyj;j fz;ldj;ij Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. ,jidg; nghWf;fhj kz;Nlyh kugpw;F khwhf Nkilf;Fr; nrd;whu;. mtuhy; Nfhg j;ij kiwf;fKbatpy;iy. \\vdJ nrhw;f spy; rpdk; ntspg;gl;lJ|| vd mtNu vOJ fpd;whu;. mf;fl;lj;jpy; gpd;tUkhW Ngrpa jhf kz;NlyhNt Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. \\... jpU.b fpshu;f;fpd; elj;ij gw;wp ehd; ngupJk; ftiyg;gLfpd;Nwd;.... ,g;gb ahd Nehf;fq;fNshL Ngr;Rf;fSf;F Kd;te;jhy;> ,j;jifa elj;ijfis murpay; tpisahl;Lf;fis epfo;j;jp dhy; ,tNuhL vd;d njhlu;Gfisf; nfhs;sKbAk;? ,ul;il Ntlk;> ,u l;il epfo;r;rpepuy;> ,d;fhjh jiyik f;F gy kpypad; ifA+l;L> murhq;f jiytuhapUf;f vd;d jFjp ,tUf; Fs;sJ?|| kz;Nlyhtpd; Nfhgf; FuypJ. ,JNt vk; FuYk;$l. ,t;thW fLikahf Ngrpa kz; Nlyh ,Wjpahf ,zf;fkhd njhdpapy; gpd;tUkhW $wpajhf \tpLjiyf;fhd neLk; gazj;jpy;| vOJfpd;whu;. \\ehd; mtiuf; Nfl; L f; n fhz; N ld; . ckJ rPl;Lf;fis NkirkPJ ekpu;j;jpg; Nghl Tk;. ,ize;J ntspg;gilahfr; nra w;gLNthk;. ,ufrpa epfo;r;rp epuy;fs; vJTk; Ntz;lhk;... ,j;jid jtWfs; cq;fshy; tplg;gl;l gpd;dUk; ,iz (njhlh;r;rp 15Mk; gf;fk;)

03

M gpupf;fhtpd; Nkw;Fg; gFjpapNy epiw #Yw;w ngz;zpd; mbtapW Nghd;w Njhw;wj; jpy; > gue; j pUf; F k; rkntspapy; nfhq; N fh (CONGO) ejp gputfpjJ ; g; gha;eJ ; nfhz;bUf; fpwJ. mjd; fiufis Nehf;fp> 14Mk; E}w;

tYf;fyhapd. ,ijj; njhlu;eJ ; Nghu;jJ ; f;Nfau;fs; jq;fs; Mu;tq;fis njw;NfAs;s Nehnlhq;Nfh (NDONGO) Tf;F efu;j;jpaNjhL 1956Mk; Mz;by; nfhq;Nfhit Kwpabf;f Nehnlhq;Nfh

whz;bd; mikjpahd me;jg; gfy;nghOjpNy %d;W Mgpupf;f ,df;FOkq;fs; mYj;Jr; ryp j;J tUfpd;wd. ghf;nfhq;Nfh (BAKONGO) ghl;nuf;Nf (BATEKE) ]hq;fh (SANGA) Mfpa ,dkf;fs ngUfpg; gha;ej ; nfhq;Nfh Mw; iwf; fz;Ltpll ; kfpor; r; papy; Js;spf; Fjpff ; pwhu; fs;. FOj;jiytu;fs; $b Mq;fhq;Nf jq;fptplj; jPuk ; hdpf;fpwhu;fs;. nfhq;Nfh ,uhr;rpak; mq;Nf cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ. 15Mk; E}w;whz;L ms tpNy tlf;Nf nfhq;Nfh ejpiaAk; njw;Nf Nyhn[ ejpiaAk; Nkw;Nf mj;jpyhe;jpf; rKj;jpuj; ijAk; fpof;Nf Fthq;Nfh ejpiaAk; vy;iyf shff; nfhz;L gue;J tpupe;jpUe;jJ. mjw;F fpof;NfAk; njw;NfAk; mike;jpUe;j gy rpw;wuR fs; nfhq;Nfh ,uhr;rpaj;jpw;F jpiwnrYj;jp te; jd. kdpf;nfhq;Nfh (MANIKONGO) my;yJ murdhy; Msg;gl;l nfhq;Nfh MW khfhzq; fshf gpupff ; g;gl;L xt;nthd;Wk; xt;nthU MS eu;fshy; epu;tfpf;fg;gl;L te;jd. ngUk;ghyhd Mgpupf;f ehLfSf;F Neu;ej ; jiytpjp nfhq;NfhitAk; tpl;Litf;f tpy;iy. 1482Mk; Mz;bNy> bnahNfh fhX (DIOGO CAO) vd;w Nghu;jJ ; f;fy; gaz Ma; thsupd; cUtpy; te;J nfhq;Nfhtpy; mJ jiu apwq;fpaJ. mg;NghJ nfhq;Nfhit Mz;L nfhz;bUe;j kdpfn ; fhq;Nfhthd ep]pqf ; h Ef;F T+ (NZINGA NKUWU) ,w;F te;j Nghu;j; Jf;fy;fhuidAk; Nghu;jJ ; f;fy; gof;f tof;fq; fisAk; gpbj;Jg;NghapwW ; . gpwnfd;d? 1491Mk; Mz;bNy toikNghyNt Nghu;jJ ; f;Nfa kiw

Tf;F cjtpdhu;fs;. vdpDk; 1569 Mk; Mz;bNy> fpof;fpypUe;J Yz;lh (LUNDA) ,dj;jtu;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l gilnaLg;ig Kwp abf;f nfhq;NfhTf;F Nghu;j;Jf; Nfau;fs; cjtpdhu;fs;. nfhq;NfhtpDila r% ff; fl;likg;ig> mbik tu;j;j fk; njhlu; e ; J rP u ; F iyj; J f; nfhz;bUe;jjhdJ kdpf;fpq;Nfh tpd; mjpfhuj;ijAk; tYtpof;fr; nra;Jnfhz;bUe;jJ. 1641Mk; Mz;by; Ml;rpnra;j kdpf;nfhq; Nfhthd fh]pah II (GARCIA II)> lr;Rf;fhuNuhL ,ize;J Nghu;j;Jf;Nfa mbik tu;j;jfu; fis fl;Lg;gLj;j Kad;Wnfhz; bUf;ifapy; 1665Mk; Mz;by; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfa ,uhZtnkhd;W nfhq;Nfh gilfis fLikahf Kwpabj;Jtpl;lJ. mg;NghjpypU

gug; G du; f s; > Nghu; t P u u; f s; > iftpidQu; f s; nfhq;Nfh ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; jiyefuhd kk;ghd;]h (MBANZA) tpy; te;jpwq;fpdhu;fs;. md;Gld; tuNtw;fTk; gl;lhu;fs;. te;j Ntfj;jpNyNa kiw gug;Gdu;fs; jq;fs; \jpwik|iaf; fhl;l> ep]pq;fh Ef;FT+ cs;spl;l gyu; kjk; khwpdhu; fs;. Ef;FT+Tk;> N[h VX 1 (JO AO 1) vd;w ngaiu #l;bf;nfhz;lhu;. kiwgug;Gdu;fSld; te;j Nghu;tPuu;fs; cs;ehl;L fyfq;fis xLf;f kdpf;nfhq;NfhTf;F cjtpdhu;fs;. mLj;j kdpf; fpq;Nfhthd mnghz;N]h 1 (AFONSO 1) (1505-43tiu Ml;rpnra;jtu;) xU fpwp];jt khfNt tsu;f;fg;gl;lhu;. jdJ ,uhr;rpaj;ij fpwp];jt kjj;ijAk; INuhg;gpa topfisAk iff;nfhs;sr;nra;a mtu; Kaw;rpnra;jhu;. Mdhy; mtUf;Nfh mtUila gpuirfSf;Nfh jkJ ehl;Lf; ftpQuhd A+uhk;]p> 19Mk; E}w; whz;bNy> \\cUf;fpa ntz;fyj;ij Fbj;Jg;ngw;w Ritia vdJ kf;fs; epidtpy; itj;jpUf;fpwhu;fs;|| vd;W jq;fs; topjN; jhd;wy;fisg; gw;wp vOjg;Nghfpwhu; vd;gJ njupe;jpUf;ftpy;iy. nfhq;Nfh te;J Nru;ej ; pUe;j Nghu;jJ ; f; Nfau;fs; jq;fs; nrhe;j tUtha;fisg; NgZtjp NyNa Mu;tkhf ,Ue;jhu;fs;. ,jw;fhd gpujhd cghakhf Mgpupf;fu;fisg; gpbj;J mtu;fis mbikfshf tpw;gJ ,Ue;jJ. jd;Dila gpuirfspd; Kaw;rpfis Mf;fG+u;tkhd jpl;lq;fSs; jpUg;gptpl Nghu;j; Jf;fy; muru; kDNty; 1 (MANUEL 1) vLj;j Kaw;rpfs; gadspf;ftpy;iy. Nguhir ntwp gpb j;J Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;fs; njhlu;e;J miye;j jhdJ nfhq;Nfh ,uhr;rpaj;ij tYtpof;fr; nra;jNjhL> khfhzq;fs; kPJ rhX ry;tNlhu; vd ngau; khw;wg;glbUe;j jiyefuk; nfhz;b Ue;j gpbiaAk; jsur;nra;Jtpl;lJ. mngh z;N]h 1 rhtile;jgpd;> nfhq;Nfh ,uhr;rpak; rPu;Fiye;jij mLj;J cs;ehl;Lg; Nghu;fs;

04

e;J> gjtpf;Fte;j> nfhq;Nfhtpd; kdpf;nfhq; Nfhf;fs;> fpl;lj;jl;l Nghu;j;Jf;fy;ypd; gz; izahl;fs; (VASSAL) NghyNt tho Neu;e; jJ. nfhq;Nfh ,uhr;rpaKk; gy rpwpa rpwpa ehLfshf rpjwpg;NghdJ. vdpDk; ,e;j ehLfs; vy;yhNk VNjh xU mstpyhtJ Nghu;jJ ; f; fy;ypdhy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUe;jd.

19Mk; E}w;whz;bNy nfhq;Nfhtpd; epyg;gug;Gfs; ngUkstpy; mq;NfhyhtpDs; nrd;wNjhL xU gFjp Rje;jpu nfhq;Nfh ehlhfpaJ. (Nkyjpf tptuq;fSf;F J.K.Njhz;ud; vOjpa KING DOM OF KONGO (1983)> A.W.`py;ud; vO jpa KINGDOM OF KONGO (1985) Mfpa E}y;fisg; ghu;ff ; Tk;) cyfg; ngUejpfSs; xd;whf 6400fp.kP J}uj;Jf;Fg; gha;eJ ; nfhq;Nfhit tsg;gLj;jpa nfhq;Nfh ejpj; jPuq;fspy; 1874-1877tiu Ma;T fis elj;jpa ngy;[pa ,d Ma;thsuhd n`d;wp Nkhl;ld; ];uhd;yp (HENRY MORTON STANLEY) me;j ejpapd; jPuq;fspy; ,Ue;j tsq;fs; gw;wp ngy;[pa muru; ypNahNghy;l; II (LEOPOLD - II) ,d; ftdj;Jf;Ff; nfhz;L tUfpwhu;. ypNahNghy;l; II cs;spl;l KjyPll ; h su;fspd; jdpg;gl;l nrhj;jhf> 1880fspy; RahjPd nfhq;Nfh> nfhq;Nfh ejpapd; fiufspy; jhgpf;fg; gl;lJ. 450 cs;@u; RNjrpfspd; FOkq;fSld; cld;ghLfisr; nra;Jnfhz;L me;j ehL tpup thf;fk; ngw;wJ. 1890fspy>; ypNahNghy;l; II jdJ

gila fl;Lg;ghl;il cs;ehLfSf;Fk; tpupthf; fpdhu;. ypNahNghy;bd; Ml;rp kpfTk; nfh^ukhd jhf ,Ue;jJ. mijj;njhle;J cs;@u; kf;fs; kPJ gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;l xLf;FKiwfs;> J~; gpuNahfq;fs; gw;wpa Kiwg;ghLfs; gfpuq;f khdij mLj;J ngy;[pa murhq;fk; 1908Mk; Mz;by; nfhq;Nfhit ifNaw;wJ. 1960tiu ,e;j Ml;rp ePbj;jJ. 1950fspy; gpuhd;Rk; ,q;fpyhe;Jk; jq;fs; FbNaw;w ehLfSf;F Rje;jpuk; toq;f Vw;ghLfisr; nra;Jnfhz;bUe;j NtisapYk; nfhq;Nfh vd;gJ ngy;[pak; vd;w je;ijapd; ghJfhg;G mtrpakhd Foe;ijahfNt ,Uf;fp wJ vd;W ngy;[pak; ghtid nra;Jnfhz;b Ue;jJ. 1Mk; cyfg;NghUf;Fg; gpd;> ngupa ngUe;Njhl;lq;fs; (gUj;jp> vz;izj; jhtuq; fs;> Nfhg;gp> nfhf;Nfh> wg;gu;) kw;Wk; cs;sfg; gFjpfspy; fhzg;gl;l jq;fk;> ituk;> nrk;G> jfuk;> NfhNghy;w>; Jj;jehfk; Kjypatw;iw mf Ok; Ruq;fj;njhopy; Kjypatw;wpy;> INuhg;gpa> mnkupf;f jdpahu; epWtdq;fs; ngUksT Kj yPLfisr; nra;jd.

2Mk; cyfg;Nghupd; NghJ mnkupf;fh Tf;F A+Nudpak; toq;fpa Kf;fpa ,lq;fspy;

xd;whf nfhq;NfhTk; ,Ue;jJ. ,e;jf; fhyg;gFjpfspy>; ngy;[pa ehlhS kd;wk; epiwNtw;wpa njhopy; rl;lg;gb> fWg;gpdj; njhopyhsu;fs; 4-7 tUlfhy xg;ge;jq;fspy;> mbikg;gLj;jg;gl;L frf;fpg; gpopag;gl;ldu;.

wg;gu; cw;gj;jp Nfhl;lhit vl;litg;gjw;fhd cj;jpfshf rTf;fhy; mbj;jy;> gzaf; ifjp fisg; gpbj;jy; Kjypad Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. rpwpa Fw;wq;fSf;Ff;$l mq;fq;fis rpijf; Fk; jz;lidfs; toq;fg;gl;ld. kf;fs; njhif 20>000>000-30>000>000tiuapy; ,Ue;J 8>000>000 Mff; Fiwe;jJ. ngUe;Njhl;lq;fspy; nfh^uq;fs; mj;JkPwpd.

500fp.kP ePskhd Gifapujg; ghij> tPjp fs;> fl;llq;fs; mikg;gpd;NghJ fl;lha Ntiy thq;fy;fs; kw;Wk; kpifahd J~;gpu Nahfq;fs; fhuzkhf 17000njhopyhsu; ,we; jijj; njhlu;e;J fpsu;r;rpfs; tYj;jd. cz; ikiar; nrhy;yg;Nghdhy;> FbNaw;wthj Ml;rpf; fhd vjpu;gG ; zu;Tfs; Muk;gj;jpypUe;Nj ntspf; fhl;lg;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUe;jd. ,e;jf; fpsu;rr; pfs; 1923tiu Kw;whf xLf;fg;gltpy;iy.

1884-1885tiu ngu;dpypy; epfo;ej ; kfh ehl;by; nfhq;Nfh Njrj;ij Ms ngy;[pa kd;du; ypNahNghy;l; II ,w;F cs;s cupik mq;ff P upff ; g; gl;lJ. 1931-36fspy; ,Ue;J Gul;rpfs; tYf;f Muk;gpj;jd. 1959Mk; Mz;by; nfhq;Nfh Njrpa ,af;fj;ij cUthf;fpa gl;wp]; YKk;gh> ngy; [paj;jpd; gpbapy; ,U e;J jkJ ehl;bid kP l ; f f; fLikahfg; Nghuhbte; j hu; . gy fhykhf nfhq;NfhTf;F Rje;jpuk; toq;f kW j;Jte;j ngy;[pak; jpB nud;W 1960Mk; Mz; by; nfhq; N fhTf; F Rje;jpuk; toq;f Kd; te;jJ. 1960 A+d;> 30 Mk; jpfjp ngy;[paj;jp lk; ,Ue;J Rje;jpuk; ngw; w nfhq; N fhtpd; [dhjpgjpahf N[hrg; f]hTG (JOSEPH KASAVUBU)> gpujk uhf gl;wp]; YKk;gh (PATRICE LUMU MBA) gjtpNaw;whu;.

YKk;gh murikj;J ,uz; L thuq; f Ss; ,uhZt> nghyp]; mjp fhupfs; fyfk; nra;jjpy; flhq;fh gpupe;J nfhz;lJ. murpd; miog;gpd; Ngupy; mikjp Ngzte;j I.eh mikjpNgZk; gil INuhg;gpau; eyd;fisNa NgzpajhfTk; fpsu;rr; p elj;jpatu; fSf;Fr; rhu;ghf ele;Jnfhz;ljhfTk; mg; NghJ Fw;wk;rhl;lg;gl;lJ. I.eh mikjpg; gil 1960-1964tiu nfhq;Nfhtpy; Nritahw;wp aJ. YKk;ghtpd; muR ngy;[pa ,uhZtk;

nfhq;Nfhit tpl;L KOikahf ntspNaw Ntz;Lk; vd;W cyfehLfspd; $l;lj;jpy; mwp tpj;jhu;. jdJ FbNaw;w ehl;il ,of;f tpUk; ghj ngy;[pak; YKk;ghit xopj;Jf; fl;L tjw;F mnkupf;fhTld; Nru;eJ ; jpl;lk; jPlb ; a jhf gpd;du; fpilj;j rhd;Wfs; ntspg;gLj;jp apUf;fpd;wd. YKk;ghtpd; murpy; ,uhZtj; jsgjpahf ,Ue;j Nfzy; N[hrg; nkhGl;L (COL. JOSEPH MOBUTU) Ml;rpiaf; ifg; gw;Wfpwhu;. YKk;gh ifJnra;ag;gl;L> fl;lhq;fh fpsu;rr; pahsu;fsplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;L nfhy;yg; gl;ljhf jw;NghJ $wg;gLfpwJ. vdpDk; u~;a rhu;G epiyg;ghl;ilf; nfhz;bUe;j YKk;gh> u~;ah nrd;w tpkhdk; tpgj;Jf;Fs;shfpajpy; nfhy;yg;gl;ljhf 1960fspy; $wg;gllJ. mt uJ tpkhdk; Rl;L tPo;j;jg;gl;ljhfTk;> mf; nfhiyapy; Nfzy; nkhGl;LTk; CIAAk; njhlu;Ggl;bUe;jnjd;Wk; fhl;Lk; rhd;Wfs; gpdd ; u; ntspte;jpUe;jd. gl;wp]; YKk;gh epid thfNt u~;ahtpd; YKk;gh ru;tfyhrhiy Vw; gLj;jg;gl;lJ. Nkw;fpypUe;J ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;l epWtdq;fs;> nfhs;iffs;> fyhr;rhuq;fs; Kjyp ait nfhq;NfhkPJ Mokhd jhf;fq;fis Vw; gLj;jpd. vdpDk; ntt;NtW ek;gpf;iffs; tpR thrq;fs;> gjl;lq;fs; nfhz;l ntt;NtW kf;f shy; kuGfs; Ngzg;gl;ld. Mdhy; nkhGl;Ltpd; Ml;rpapy;> xU rpwpa> mjpfstpy; ikag;gLj;jg; gl;l murpay; cau;kl;lj;jpduhy; ,e;j kf;fs; xl;Lnkhj;jkhf xLf;fg;gl;ldu;.

1961Mk; Mz;by; ehl;bd; Ml;rpia kPz;Lk; f]TGtplk; nkhGl;L ifaspj;jhu;. mjd;gpd; vOe;j murpay; fpsu;r;rpfisaLj;J 1965Mk; Mz;by; ,uz;lhtJ Gul;rp xd;iw elj;jp Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wpa nkhGl;L jd; idj;jhNd 5 tUlq;fSf;F [dhjpgjpahf epakpjJ ; f;nfhz;L 1966,y; elf;ftpUe;j Nju;jy; fisAk; ,uj;Jr;nra;Jtpl;lhu;. 1966 Xf;Nuhgu;> 26Mk; jpfjp gpujku; ypNahdhl; Kyhk;ghit gjtp ePff ; pa nkhGl;L> [dhjpgjp Ml;rpia Vw; gLj;jp jhNd [dhjpgjpAkhdhu;. 1970 Nk> 21Mk; jpfjp kf;fs; Gul;rpfu ,af;fk; (POPULAR MOVEMENT OF REVOLUTION - MPR) vd;w fl;rpia Muk;gpj;jhu;. ehl;Lkf;fs; mid tUk; mjpy; cWg;Gupik ngwNtz;Lk; vd Mizaplg;gl;lJ. etk;gu; 01Mk; jpfjp ,lk; ngw;w Nju;jypy; jdp mNgl;rfuhf Nghl;bapl;l nkhGl;L [dhjpgjpahf Nju;Tnra;ag;gl;lhu;.

1970fs; KOtJk; murpay; mjpUg;jpahsu;fs; nfh^ukhf xLf;fg;gl;ldu;. 1973Mk; Mz;by; Mgpupf;f kakhf;fy; nfhs;ifapd; fPo; ehl;bd; ngaiu n]ahu; FbauR vd;W khw;wpaNjhL jdJ ngaiuAk; nkhGl;L n]N] N]f;Nfh vd;W khw;wpfn ; fhz;lhu;. n]ahu; kf;fSk; jq;fs; ngau;fis Mgpupf;f kag;gLj;jp> Mgpupf;ftif Milfis mzpAk; g b Nfl; f g; g l; l du; . n]ahu; kakhf;fy; nfhs;ifnahd;wpd; fPo; ntsp

ehl;ltu;fspd; cilikfshd 2000 epWtdq; fis muR ifafg;gLj;jpaJ. ,J 1973,y; epfo;ej ; J. ifafg;gLj;jg;gl;l epWtdq;fspy; ngUk;ghyhdit nkhGl;LTf;Fk; mtUf;F neUf; f khdtu; f Sf; F kpilapy; gfpu; e ; J nfhs;sg;gl;ld. Gjpa cupikahsu;fspd; gl;lwp tpd;ikahy;> me;j epWtdq;fspy; gyTk; nehbj; Jg; Ngha;tpl;ld. n]ahupd; nghUz;kpak; (njhlh; r ; r p 13Mk; gf; f k; )

Mdp-Mb> 2004

tuyhw;wpy; Kd;ndg; nghOJk; ,y;yhj msT f; F > jkpopdk; ,uhZt tYTlDk; cs;sJ> murp ay; gyj;JlDk; cs;sJ. jiyth; gpughfu dpd; jiyikj;Jt Mw;w yhy; jkpopdk; ,j;jifa cah;epiyia mile;Js; sJ. ,j;jifa gyj;J ld; jkpopdk; ,Uf; F k; tiu rpq;fs muR Ngr;Rf; fs; %yk; murpaw; jPh;T fhzj; jaf;fk; fhl;Lk;.

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jkpopdj;Jld; Ngr;Rthh;j; ijAk; ,y;iy - murpaw; jPh;Tk; ,y;iy vd;wnjhU Gwepiy cUthFk; vd; Wk; rpq;fsk; vjph;ghh;f;fpd; wJ. ,e;j murp aw; rpijTf;Fs; Gypfspd; ,uh Zt gyKk; fiue;J tpLk; vd;W mJ fzf;Fg; NghLfp d;wJ. mjd; g pd; rpq;fsj;jpd; kfh tk;r Mir epiw Ntwp ,yq;ifj; jPT rpq;fs ngsj;j G+kpahfp tpLk; vd;W rpq;f sk; fdT fhz;fp wJ. rpq;fsk; epidg; g J elf; Fkh! ,g;gb vj; jid epidg;G fis mJ fhyj; jpw;Ff; fhyk; epidj;J - Vkhe; Js;sJ. ,Nj re;jp hpfh mk;ikahh; fz; l ,uhZ

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Mdp-Mb> 2004

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05

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06

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§ $ 7 Á¦9

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fhkNyNa gps;is tUthd; vd;W tpopj; j pUe; j hs; . vij vijNah nty;yhk; epidj;J kdij tUj; jpf; nfhz;bUe;jhs;. xt;NthU ehsp Yk; mtspd; nraw;ghLfspy; xt; nthd;W Fiwe;jJ. jd; fUkq; fis ftdpf; f hkNyNa VNjh kdNeha; gpbj; j tsha; miye; jhs;. kfd; tUthd;> tU thd; vd;Nw nrhy;ypf;nfhz;bUe;jhs;. nghd;dk;khd; gapw;rpg; ghr iwapy; gapw;rp Kbj;J ghriw tpl;L ntspNa te;jNghJ mtdpw; Fk; mk;khtpd; Nrjp mjpu;r;rpaha; j;jhd; ,Ue;jJ. \\vd;u FQ;Rfnsy;yhk; vd; NdhilNa ,Uf;fNtZk;|| fl;bg; gpbr;Rf;nfhz;L mbf;fb mk;kh nrhy;tJ epidtpy; ghukhdJ. Mdhy; Xbr; n rd; W ghu; f ; F k; re;ju;g;gk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. td;dpNehf;fp mtu;fs; te;J gy khjq;fs; MfpapUe; jJ. mtd; fpuhkj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W mk;khNthL Rk;kh ,Ue;jhy; ,tdp w;F igj;jpak; gpbj;J tpLk; NghypUe;jJ. mk;khkPJ itj; j pUe; j ghrj; i j mlf;fp tPukhf; fpf;nfhz;L mtd; epid j; J te; j fhupaj; i jr; nra;Jnfhz;bUe;jhd;. rhs;]; md; udp gilazpapy; j hd; mt dJ gzpfs; midj;Jk; Muk;gkhdJ. td;dpapy; Kf; fpa xUrpy jhf;Fjy;fspw;Fr; nrd;Wte;j gpd; n y g ; . N f z y ; uhftz; i zAld; fl; l is ikaj; jpy; mtdJ Nghuhl; l g; g zp njhlu; e; j d. mwpf;if vOJtJ> MAj tpguk; vLg;gJ vd;W fsj;jpdpy; epfOk; khw;wq;fisAk; ,og;Gf; fisAk; ntw; w pfisAk; Mtz khf; F k; Kf;fpakhd gzpaJ. mq;Nfjhd; Muk; g g; gapw; r p Kfhkp NyNa cwthd cwnthd;W njhlu; e;Jnfhz;Nl te;jJ. gpupT vd;g jpy; nehe;JNghapUe;jtdpw;F mut

izf; f md; G nra; a rNfhjud; khUjpadpd; ghrkpUe;jJ. Kjypy; mtDldhd ghrk; gpd; mtu;f spd; tPLtiu nrd;wJ. me;j tPL> mk;kh> mg;gh rNfhjupfs; vy;yhk; mtdpd; neUq;fpa cwTfshdJ. jDrdpd; tPll ; hu; mtdpw;F fbjk; mDg;Gtnjd;why; mq;Nf jhd; mDg;Gthu;fs;. khUjpad; jd f;F cLg;ngLj;jhy;> jDrDf;Fk; Nru;j;Nj vLg;ghd;. ,g;gb mtdpd; cwTfs; tYg;ngw;Wf; nfhz;bU f;f cs;sj;jpy; ,og;Gf;fs; cUth fpf;nfhz;bUe;jd. tPur;rhT tpguk; vOjp mtdJ if ituk; ngw;wJ. (njhlh;r;rp 11Mk; gf;fk;)

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\\ (~²¤Nµ' !WZµ' |¹ P B.' :ª¬ª% zªj PV¥jno9"| | - jhrp tpj;jhrp (1958) -

19 58Mk; Mz;L ,dg;gLnfhiy gw;wpj; jhd; vOjpa gpugykhd E}iy Nkw;gb tpdhTld; jhrptpj;jhrp Kbj;J itf;fpwhu;. rpq;fstuhd jhrp tpj;jhrpahy; vOjg;gl;l ,e;E}y; jpU.v];.lgps;A+.Mu;. b.gz;lhuehaf;fhtpd; ,dthjf; nfhs;if f;F vjpuhd xU Aj;j gpufldkhfTk; mike;jJ.

,dg;gLnfhiyf; fyfq;fspdh Yk;> ,uhZtg; gLnfhiyfspdhYk;> ngUk; Fz;LkhupfspdhYk;> jkpoupd; neQ; rpy; Mskhfj; ijj;Jtpl;l rpq;fsj; jiy tu;fspd; ,dthjf; Nfh~q;fspdhYk;> rl;lq;fspdhYk; jpl;lq;fspdhYk; mid j;Jg; ghugl;rq;fspdhYk; ,yq;ifj;ji P t rpq;fs Ml;rpahsu; ,uz;lhfg; gpse;J tpl;ldu;. jkpoupd; epahakhd mbg;gil cupikfis Vw;fkWj;j rpqf ; s Ml;rpahsu; jkpou; kPjhd jkJ Aj;jj;jpw;F \\rkhjhdj; jpw;fhd Aj;jk;|| vd xU GJg;ngau; ,l;l du;.

Aj;jq;fs; NkYk; NkYk; jkpoiu gpuptpd; gf;fk; js;spaJ. Aj;jj;jhy; Aj;jk; ngUfpaJ. gifikahy; gifik tsu;e; jJ. kdjhYk; tho;epiyahYk; ,yq;if ,uz;lhfg; gpsTw;Wtpl;lJ. ,yq;ifapd; etPd tuyhw;wpy; rpq;fsj; jiytu;fs; gpsit tYthf;Fk; eltbf;iffspNyNa <Lgl;ldu;. cyfpd; gy ghfq;fspYk; INuhg;gpaupd; nfhydpj; Jt Mjpf;fj;jpw;F vjpuhf tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lq;fs; epfo;eJ ; nfhz;bUe;jNghJ rpq;fs cau; Fohj;jpdu; jkpoupw;F vjpuhf Nghu;nfhb cau;jj ; pf;nfhz;bUe;jdu;. rpq; fs murpay;thjpfisg; nghWj;jtiuapy; gpupj;jhdpaupd; nfhydpj;Jt Mjpf;fj;ij tplTk;> me;epa rf;jpfis tplTk; jkpoNu gpujhd vjpupfs; vd;w kdepiy Fbnfhz; bUe;jJ. gpupj;jhdpaupw;F vjpuhf ,e;jpah Nghuhb tpLjiy mile;jNghJ ,yq;iff; Fk; gpupj;jhdpah tpLjiy mspj;jJ. ,yq;if NghuhlhJ tpLjiy mile;j ehL vd;gJ kl;Lky;y cz;ik. mj;Jld; $lNt jkpoUf;F vjpuhf rpq;fs Ml;rpah su; Nghuhbf;nfhz;bUe;j xU jiyfPo; tbtr; Rje;jpuehL. rpq;fsj; jiytu;fs; jkpoUf;F vjpuhfg; Nghuhbf;nfhz;bUf; ifapy; jkpo;j; jiytu;fNsh gpupj;jhdpa upw;F vjpuhd tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpw; Fjpf;f Kide;jdu;. gpupj;jhdpaupw;F vjpuhd ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;Fj; jiyik jhq;fpf;nfhz;bUe;j fhe;jpia aho;gg ; hz thypg nfhq;fpu]; 1927Mk; Mz;L aho;g; ghzk; mioj; J jdJ tpLjiyf; nfhbia cau;j;j tpUk;gpaJ. ,e;jpa r%fj;ij mjpfk; tpsq;fpitj;jpUe;j fhe;jpahy; ,yq;ifia tpsq;fpf;nfhs;t jpy; rpukk; vJTk; ,Uf;ftpyi ; y. ,yq;if apw; fhzg;gl;l ,dg;gpsit mtu; ruptu vilNghl;bUe;jhu;. ,e;epiyapy; mtu; jdJ tp[aj;jpw;F ,uz;L epge;jidfis Kd;itj;jhu;. xd;W jdJ tp[ak; ,yq; ifapd; njd;gFjpiaAk; cs;slf;fpajhf mikaNtz;Lnkd;gJ. kw;iwaJ KO ,yq;ifapypUe;Jk; ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;fhf xU yl;rk; &gh epjp jpul;bj;ju Ntz;Lnkd;gJ. md;iwa

Mdp-Mb> 2004

fhyj;jpy; mg;gb xU ngUk; epjpia jkpou; kj;jpapypUe;J jpul;bly; Xu; mupjhd fhup aNk. aho;gg ; hz thypg nfhq;fpu]; tPwhg; Gld; ,U epge;jidfSf;Fk; xg;Gf;nfhz; lJ. epjp jpul;ly; nfhOk;gpYk; epfo;e;j NghjpYk; mJTk; ngUksT jkpouplkpU e;Jjhd; jpul;lg;gl;lJ vd;gJ xU frg; ghd cz;ik. fhe;jp ,yq;ifapdJ ,dg;gps tpd; rhuhk;rj;ij mjd; fUtpNyNa Gupe; jpUe;jhu;. mg;gb ,Ue;Jk; fhe;jp rpq;fsj; jiytu;fisAk; jpUg;jpg;gLj;Jk; tpjj; jpw;jhd; jdJ tp[aj;ij tbtikj;Jf;

gl;lhsq;fisg; ngUf;fpdu;> me;epa ,uh Zt cjtpfisg; ngUf;fpdu;> me;epa ,uhZt epGzu;fis tutioj;jdu;> me; epag; gilfisj; jUtpj;jdu;. jkpoUf;F vjpuhf cs;ehl;L ntspehl;Lg; gilfis vy;yhk; Vtptpl;ldu;. rpq;fs Ml;rpahsu; rkhjhdk; vd;W fUJtJ jkpopd cupikfis mopj; njhopg;gJ> jkpoiur; nrayw;w epiytiu xLf;FtJ vd;gJjhd; rpq;fs Ml;rpahs upd; murpay; eltbf;iffSf;Fk;> ,uh Zt eltbf;iffSf;Fk; ,g;gbahd xNu nahU mu;jj ; k;jhd; cz;L. \\rkhjhdj;jpw;

nfhz; l hu; vd; g J ,yq;if nghWj;J ntspehLfs; vg; gb ele;Jnfhs; sf; $Lk; vd; gij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s Vw;w xU Fwpfhl; b aha; fhe;jpapd; Nkw; gb eltbf;if mike;jJ vd;gij Ak; fUj;jpw;nfLg; gJ mtrpak;.

fhd Aj;jk;|| vd;w ngaUk; ,e;j mu;jj ; j;ij kl;LNk nfhz;lJ. Mjyhy; rpq;fs Ml;rpahsUf;F cWJiz Nghtnjd;gJ cs;ehl;Lg; gupkhzj;jpYk; ntspehl; Lg; gupkhzj;jpYk; jkpod; xLf;F Kiwf; F cWJizahfy; vd;gJjhd;. vj;Jiz gil el tbf;iffisAk; ,d mopg;G eltbf;if fisAk; cs;ehl;L ntspehl;Lg; gupkhzq; f S ld; rpq; f s Ml; r pahsu; njhlu;r;rpah ff; fl;ltpo; j;J tpl;l

vt;thwhapDk; ,yq;if mjy ghjhskhfg; gps Tw;wpUg;gij fhe;jp 1920fspy; njspTw tpsq;fp apUe;jhu; vd;gij kl;Lk; ,q;F fUj;jp w;F vLj;Jf; nfhs; Nthk;. gpsTgl; l Njrk; vd; w nghUspy; 1963Mk; Mz; L Nguhrpupau; gp.vr; . ghku; ,yq;if gw;wp xU E}iy vOjp apUe;jhu; vd;gJk; ,q;F Fwpg;gplj; jf;fJ.

Nkw;gb gpsTfs; njupe;jNghjpYk;> gpsT ngupjhf tpuptilag;Nghfpd;wJ vd;gJ Vw;fdNt Kd;Dzug;gl;Ltpl;l NghjpYk; rpq;fs Ml;rpahsupd; eltbf;iffs; gpsit xl;lty;yitfsha; mikahJ NkYk; NkYk; gpupf;fty;ydthNa mike; jd. jkpoiur; rl;lq;fshy; jLj;Jg; ghu;jj ; du;> mbj;Jg; ghu;jj ; du;> jPitj;Jg; ghu;jj ; du;> nfhd;W Ftpj;jdu;> Fz;Lkhup nghope;jdu;> efuq;fisj; jfu;jj ; du;> gil

NghjpYk; jkpoiu xLf;Ftjpy; mtu;fshy; ntw;wpngw KbahJ. \\gaq; f uthjj; i j mopj; J j; Jil|| vd;W 1979Mk; Mz;L xf;Nlhgu; khjk; mg;Nghija [dhjpgjp N[.Mu;. n[atu;jj ; dh gpupNfbau; tPuJq;fh jiy ikapy; xU gilia aho;gg ; hzk; mDg;gp itj;jhu;. mg;gilf;F %d;Wkhj fhyf; nfL nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. jkpoupd; tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F \\gaq;futhjk;|| vd Kj; jpiu Fj;jp rpq;fs Ml;rpahsuhy; mDg;gg;

gl;l KjyhtJ ghupa gilnaLg;G ,J thFk;. mg;gb te;j gil aho;gg ; hzj;jpy; jdJ gaq;futhjj;ijf; fl;ltpo;j;J tpl;lJ. mg;NghJ tpLjiyg; Gypfsplk; ifnfhs;ssT ntbkUe;JfSk; XupU Jg;ghf;fpfSNk ,Ue;jd. Mdhy; xLf;F Kiwapd; ajhu;jj ; k; vd;d nra;jnjdpy; XupU Jg;ghf;fpfSld; kl;LkpUe;J Gyp fis mopgg ; jw;Fg; gjpyhf gilazpfsha; tsu;j;njLj;jJ. jiuapYk;> flypYk; gilfis ngUf;fy; Ntfj;jpy; tsu;jj ; Jld; tpkhd vjpu;g;Gtiu tsu;r;rpiaj; J}z;baJ. rpq;fs Ml;rpahsuhy; Gupe;J nfhs;sg;gl Kbahj xU tuyhw;W tsu;r; rpg; Nghf;fpJ. xLf;FKiwahsu;fs; fz; jpwf;f kWf;Fk; fz;Kd;dhd ajhu;jj ; kpJ. ,w;iwtiuahd fle;jfhy tuyh w;iw MuhAk;NghJ rpq;fs Ml;rpahsupy; vtuhtJ rkhjhdj;jpw;fhf NghuhbAs;s duh? jkpoupd; cupifs; gw;wp mt;tg;NghJ $Wk; rpy grg;G thu;j;ijfisj; jtpu jkpoupd; cupikfSf;fhf cz;ikapw; nraw;gl;l xU rpq;fs Ml;rpahsidah tJ fhzKbatpy;iy.

Ml;rpapy; ,Ue;j my;yJ vjpu;f; fl;rpapy; ,Ue;j VjhtJ xU ngUk; rpq;f

sf; fl;rpapd; jiytu;fspy; vtuhtJ jkpo upd; cupikf;fhf Xu; cz;zhtpujg; Nghuh l;lj;ijahtJ elhj;jpapUf;ftpyi ; y. jkpo upd; kdq;fis ntd;nwLg;gjw;F Fiwe;j gl;rk; mw;g cjhuzq;fisj; jhDk; fhl;b apUf;fhj rpq;fsj; jiytu;fis jkpo; kf;fs; xUNghJk; ek;gg;Nghtjpy;iy. rkhjhdk; xLf;Fgtdpd; gf;fj;jp ypUe;Nj tuNtz;Lk;. xLf;fg;gLgtd; gf; fj;jpypUe;J my;y. rkhjhdj;jpw;fhd xU rpW Kd;Djhuzj;ijAk; nfhz;bUf;fhj Nkw;gb rpq;fsj; jiytu;fsplkpUe;J rkh jhdj;ij vg;gb vjpu;ghu;ff ; KbAk;? gpsTgl;Ltpl;l ,yq;ifia xl;l ty;y rpq;fsj; jiytu;fs; vtUkpy;iy. kpff; Fiwe;jgl;rk; cz;ikahd rk~;b Kiwj; jPuT ; f;NfDk; rpq;fsj; jiytu;fs; jahupy;iy. Mjyhy; gpsit xl;l top njupatpy;iy. rkhjhdj;jpd;ghy; murhq;fj;jpw;F mf;fiwapUf;Fkhdhy; jhk; Ngr;Rthu;ji ; j elhj;jg; Gwg;gl;Ls;s Gypfspd; vjpupfS ld; mtu;fs; $l;Lr;Nru KbahJ. fPoj ; j ; u khd je;jpuq;fs; NkYk; gpsit typik ahf;fNt cjTk;. rpq;fsj; jiytu;fspd; eltbf; iffis tuyhw;W G+u;tkhfj; njhFj;Jg; ghu;jj ; hy; cs;ehl;L mu;jj ; j;jpYk; ntsp ehl;L mu;jj ; j;jpYk; mtu;fsJ murpay;

kw;Wk; ,uhZt eltbf;iffs; midj; Jk; fhzg;gLk; gpsit NkYk; NkYk; mjpfupf;fr; nra;J ,Wjpapy; jPit ,uz; lhfg; gpse;J vLg;gjpy; Kw;Wg;ngWk; vd; gNj cz;ik. gz;lhuehaf;fh cs;spl;l rpq;fs ,dthjpfspd; ,dthjj;ijg; ghu;j;J 1958Mk; Mz;L jhrp tpj;jhrp vOg;gpa Nfs;tpf;F tuyhW ,g;NghJ $Wk; gjpy; \\Xk;|| vd;gNj.

07

tpaw;ehk; Nghupy; fzprkhdsT jw;nfhilj; jhf;Fjy;fs; elj;jg;gl;ljhf mz;ikf;fhyr; nra;jpfs; njuptpf;fpd;wd. ,d;W 92 tajpduhf thOk; fpahg; vd;w iof;fg;gLk; n[duy; NthEFnad; fpahg; (GEN.VO NGUYEN GIAP) gpnuQ;R kw;Wk; mnkupff ; g; gilfSf;F vjpuhf jw;nfhil jhf;Fjy; mzpfisg; gad;gLj;jpdhu; vd; gij cWjpnra;a Kbfpd;wJ. fpahg; gilj;Jiwf;fy;tp fw;fhjtu;. gl;lwpTk;> RaKaw;rpAk; mtiu cyfpd; Kd;dzp gilelj;Jeu;fspy; xUtuhf cau;jj ; pd. ,uhZt tptfhuq;fs; rk;ge;jkhd E}y; fisAk; mtu; gbg;gjpy;iyahk;. fpuNdw; Fz;bd; njhopEl;gk; gw;wp mtu; gpuQ;R nkhop fiyf;fsQ;rpaj;jpd; %yk; gbj;j ijf; fz;ljhf mtUf;F neUf;fkhdtu; fs; $Wfpd;wdu;. tpaw;ehk; Nghu; 1946,y; njhlq;fp 1975,y; KbTw;wJ. tpaw;ehkpd; Rje;jpuj; jpw;fhf jiytu; N`hrPkpd; jiyikapy; Nghuhba tpLjiy mikg;G tpaw;kpd; (VIET MINH) ,e;j neba Nghiu elj;jp aJ. 19Mk; E}w;whz;L njhlf;fk; fk;Ngh bah> yhNth];> tpaw;ehk; Mfpatw;iw Ml;rpnra;j gpuhd;R ehL 1954,y; ngw;w bad; gpad; G+ Njhy;tpAld; tpaw;ehik tpl;L ntspNawpaJ. ,jd;gpd; ele;j n[dpth mikjpg; Ngr;Rf;fspy; tpaw;ehk; tlf;F> njw;F vd;W ,U $Wfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;lJ. tlf;F tpaw;ehk; tpaw;kpd; Ml;rpapd;fPo; nrd;wJ. njw;F tpaw;ehk; mnkupf;f MjuTngw;w jdpehlhf tpsq;fp aJ. nfhkpA+dp];Lfshd tl tpaw;ehk; Ml;rpahsu;fs; njd; tpaw;ehikf; ifg; gw;wyhk; vd;w mr;rj;jpy; mnkupf;fh jdJ gilfis mq; F mDg;gj; njhlq;fp aJ. 1968,y; Ie;J ,yl;rj;jpw;F Nkyhd mnkupf;fj; JUg; G f; f s; njd; tpaw;ehkpy; Ftpf;fg; gl;ld. mnkupf;f Fz;LtPrR ; tpkhdq;fs; tl tpaw;ehk; kPJ ghupa Fz;LtPrR ; f;fis elj;jpd. gpnuQ;Rg; gilfSf;F vjpuhd tpaw;kpd; jhf;Fjy;fspy; n[duy; fpahg; jw;nfhilg; gilfis fsk; ,wf;fpdhu;. gpnuQ;Rg; gilfspd; epiyfSf;F rpwpa jw;nfhil mzpfisj; jhf;FjYf;F Kd; Ndhbahf fpahg; mDg;Gthu;. mtu;fs; jilfis ePf;fpathW ClWj;J Kd; NdWifapy; jf;f rkak; ghu;jJ ; miy miyahfj; jhf;Fjy; mzpfis mDg; GtJ mtUila ghzp. ,J mtUf;F kpfTk; gpbj;jkhd je;jpNuhghak; vd;W ,uhZt ty;Yeu;fs; fzpg;gpLfpd;wdu;.

1951Mk; Mz;lstpy; fpahg;gpd; je;jpNuhghaj;ij vjpu;nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy; Ml;bywp gPuq;fpfisg; gad;gLj;Jk; cj; jpia gpnuQ;Rg; gilfs; gad;gLj;jpd. ,J rpW gpd;dilit Vw;gLj;jpdhYk; fpahg;gpd; je;jpNuhghak; khWjy; mila

08

tpy;iy. 1954,y; ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; mjp Kf;fpa khd Nghu;fspy; xd;whd bad; gpad; G+tpy; fpahg;gpd; iffspy; Nrhtpj; xd;wpak; cjtpa 130mm gy;Foy; nwhf;fw; NyhQ;ru;fs; ,Ue; jd. ,e;j rf;jptha;ej ; MAj j;ij U~;a nkhopapy; fhl; A+~h (KATYUSHA) vd;W miog;ghu;fs;. nrk;gilapd; JUg; G r; r P l ; L vd; W mJ miof;fg;gLtJz;L. ,uz; lhk; cyfg;Nghupy; U~;ag; gilfs; gad;gLj;jpa xU Nfhu]; ghlypd; fjhehafp apd; ngau;jhd; fhl;A+~h. fhl;A+~h MAjj; njhopw;rhiyapy; gzpahw;W fpwhs;. mtSila fhjyd; jhafj;ijf; fhg;gjpy; <LgL fpwhd;. cd; fhjiy vd; neQ;rpy; miz ahj jPahf tsu;ff ; pNwd; vd;W me;jg;ngz; ghLtjhf gy;yhapuf; fzf;fhd nrk;gil apdu; xNu Fuypy; ghLthu;fs;. ,g;gbg; ghLk; Ngnuhyp me;j nwhf;fw; NyhQ;rupd; #l;nlhypf;F xg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. fhyg; Nghf;fpy; me;jg; ngz;zpd; ngau; gy;Foy;

mzp my;yJ ,dj;jpd; ntw;wpff ; hf jkJ capiuj; jpahfk; nra;fpd;wdu;. ,tu;fs; rw;W tpj;jpahrkhdtu;fs;. Nghu; tuyhW Muk;gpj;j ehl;njhl;L ,g;gbahd jw; nfhilahspfs; ed;F milahsk; fhzg; gLfpd;wdu;. jw;nfhil vDk; cau;KbT> mJ vy;NyhUf;Fk; cupajy;y vd;W Fws; $Wfpd;wJ. mjw;F kNdhgyKk; gapw;rpj; jpwDk; Ntz;Lk;. czu;rr ; p trg;gl;L vjpup f;F ngUe;jq P F ; tpistpf;fhj jw;nfhil jhf;Fjyhy; ahnjhU gaDkpy;iy. epA+ Nahu;f; efupd; ,ul;ilf; NfhGuj;jpd; kPjhd jw;nfhilj; jhf;FjYf;Fg; gpd; jw; nfhilj; jhf;Fjy;fs; (SUICIDE ATTA CKS) vd;w jiyg;gpd; fPo; gy;fiyf;fof kl;lj;jpy; Ma;Tfs; eilngWfpd;wd. nrg;uk;gu; khjk; gjpndhuhk; jpfjp ,ul;ilf; NfhGuj; jhf;Fjy; elj;jg;gl;l fhuzj;jhy; \9/11| vd;w Gjpa fw;if Njhd;wpAs;sJ. jw;nfhilj; jhf;Fjy; tuyhw;wpy; kpfg; ngupa capuopit Vw;gLj;jpa 9/11 jhf;F jy; gazpfs; tpkhdq;fs; %yk; elj;jg; gl;lJ. 3000,w;Fk; Nkw;gl;l capu;fs; gwpf;fg;gl;lJ> kpfg;ngupa nrhj;jopT Vw; gl;lJ. fpwp];jt - ,];yhk; kjq;fSf; fpilapyhd ey;YwT ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jhf;Fjiy elj;jpatu;fs; ,];yhk; kjj;

nrhe;j kz;zpw;fhfg; NghupLk; rpwpa ,dj;ij nty;yKbahj fhuzq;fisj; jdJ E}ypy; tpsf;Ffpwhu;. (STANLEY KARNOW: VIETNAM, A HISTORY) Kjyhtjhf ngUk; gilNahL tUgtd; Mf;fpukpg;ghsd;> nrhe;j kz;zpw;fhfg; NghupLgtd; ,yl;rpathjp. mtd; jd; ,dj;jpw;fhfTk; kz;zpw;fhfTk; capu;j; jpahfk; nra;aj; jahuhfTs;shd;. ,uz; lhtjhf jhf;FjYf;F cl;gLk; rpwpa gil xU tUlk; jhf;Fg; gpbj;Jtpl;lhy;> mij ngupa gilahy; nty;tJ fbdk;. ,uz; lhtij fhu;Ndh Nfhl;ghL (KARNOW DOCTRINE) vd;ghu;fs;. ,ij ngUk; ghyhd ,uhZt Ma;thsu;fs; cz;ik nad;W Vw;Wf;nfhz;Ls;sdu;. nehe;j kz;Zf;fhfg; NghupLk; rpwpa gil cila td; ty;yurpd; jhf;Fjy;fis xU tUlk; jhf;Fg; gpbj;Jtpl;lhy; rpwpa gilapdd; gyk;ngw;W nty;yKbahj epiyf;Fr; nry;fpwhd;> vd;gJ fhu;Ndh Nfhl;ghl;bd; rhuhk;rk;. nty;tjw;F Ntz;ba cj;jp fis> mjpy; jw;nfhilj; jhf;Fjy;fSk; mlq;Fk; rpwpa gilapdd; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; cUthf;Fthd; vd;gJ Nfhl;ghl;bd; cl;nghUs;. jkpoPo tpLjiyg; Gypfshfpa vk;ikg; nghWj;jstpy;> jw;nfhilj;

vwpfizf;Fr; #l;lg;gLfpd;wJ. Nrhtpaj; xd;wpak; toq;fpa fhl;A+~h rPdh Clhf tpaw;ehk; vy;iytiu nfhz;Ltug;gl;L> mq;fpUe;J fhLfspd; Clhf Njhs; Rikapy; fsKidf;F nfhz;Ltug;gLfpd; wJ. bad; gpad; G+ Nghupy; jw;nfhil mzpfs;> kuGg; gilapdu;> czT rikj; jy;> toq;fy; Nghd;w cjtpfs; nra;Ak; nghJkf;fs; kw;Wk; fhl;A+~hit ,af;F Nthu;fs; gq;Nfw;wdu;. bad; gpad; G+ Nfhl;ilf;F kpf mUfhikapy; kpfTk; ,ufrpakhf fhl;A+~hit Nghuhspfs; fhtpr; nrd;Wtpl;lhu;fs;. toikahf mij nyhwpapy; nghUj;jp vLj;Jr; nry; thu;fs;. Mdhy; tpaw;ehk; fhLfspy; mj w;F trjp ,y;iy> kdpjtsk; xd;Wjhd; cz;L. khu;r;R 13> 1954,y; njhlq;fpa

jpduhtu;. ,jd; gadha; 21Mk; Ew;whz;L kdpj tuyhW Nkw;$wpa kjq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd Nkhjyhf ,lk;ngWk; Mgj;J Njhd;wpAs;sJ. etPd muRfSf;Fk; murpay; jiytu;fSf;Fk; jw;nfhilj; jhf;Fjy; fs; rpk;k nrhg;gdkhf ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. murpay; gpioj;jhu;fF ; mwk; $w;wk; vd; gJNghy; mePjp nra;Nthu;f;F jz;lid toq;f jw;nfhilahsu;fs; fhj;jpUf;fp whu;fs;. ghJfhg;G vd;w ngauhy; ,d;iwa murpay; jiytu;fSf;Fk;> murpay;> nghU shjhu> ,uhZt ikaq;fSf;Fk; ngU ksT epjp nrytplg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jw;F jw;nfhilj; jhf;Fjy; mr;RWj;jk; Kf;fpa fhuzkhf mikfpd;wJ. ,j;jhf;Fjy; fis elj;JNthUf;F jg;gpNahLk; khu;f; fk; Njitapy;iy. jhf;Fjy; ele;jgpd;

Nghu; Nk 07> 1954,y; gpnuQ;Rg; gilfspd; nts;isf;nfhb cau;jj ; Yld; KbTf;F te;jJ. ,e;j 56ehl; Nghupy; 10>000 tpaw; ehk; Nghuhspfs; fsg;gypahfpdu;. Nghiu topelj;jpatu; n[duy; fpahg;.

Nghupd; jj;Jtk; vd;w jiyg;gpd; fPo; (THE PHILOSOPHY OF WAR) ,w;iw tiu gw;gy Ma;T E}y;fs; vOjg;gl;Ls; sd. vy;yh E}y;fSk; xd;iwNa typAW j;Jfpd;wd. tuyhW njhlq;fpa ehl;njhl;L NghUk; kdpj tho;Tk; ,izgpupahJ njhlu;fpd;wd. kjq;fs; ahTk; capu;f; nfhiyia kWf;fpd;wd. Mdhy; ,j; jilia kPWtjw;F kdpjd; gy cj;jpf isf; ifahs;fpwhd;. fhyg;Nghf;fpy; kj Kk; capu;fn ; fhiyf;F MjuT toq;Ffpd; wJ. capu; ngWkjpahdJ vd;gjpy; Ia kpy;iy> Mdhy; Nghu; vd;W te;Jtpl;lhy; kdpjd; jdJ capiuj; Jr;rkhf kjpf;fp whd;. Nghupy; <LgLk; xU rpyu; jdJ

mtu;fisg; ghJfhg; ghf mioj;Jr;nry;y Ntz;ba mtrpaKk; ,y;iy. jhf;Fjy; Neuj;ijAk;> ,lj; ijAk;> ,yf;ifAk; jw; n fhilahsNd njupTnra;fpwhd;. jw;nfhilj; jhf;Fjy;fSf;F kpf cau;ej ; Clfg; gpu rhuk; fpilf;fpwJ. ,jdhy; jw;nfhilj; jhf;Fjy;fspd; jhf;fk; vy;yh kl;lj;jpdu; kj;jpapYk; ed;F czug;gLfpd;wJ. ,d; iwa jw;nfhilj; jhf;Fjy;fSf;F etPd tpQ;Qhdk; JizNghfpd;wJ. tpkhdq; fs;> jiu Cu;jpfs;> flw;fyq;fs; ,yj;jpu dpay; fUtpfs;> rf;jptha;ej ; ntbnghUs; fs; jw;nfhilahsd; iffspy; MAjq;f shf khWfpd;wd. clypy; Fz;ilf; fl; br;nry;y Ntz;bajpy;iy. mtd; ntb nghjpe;j mq;fpiaNa mzpe;jpUg;ghd;.

Mf;fpukpg;ghsu;fisj; jLj;J epWj; J tjw; F k; mfw; W tjw; F k; jw; nfhilj; jhf;Fjy;fs; rpwe;j Nghu; cgha khff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. nty;yKbahj gil vd;nwhd;Wk; ,y;iy. rpwpa gil %yk; ngUk; gilia GwKJF fhl;lr; nra;aKbAk;. ];uhd;yp fhu;Ndh vd;w Ma; thsu; ngUk; giliaf;nfhz;l ehL>

jhf;Fjy;fisf; fz;Lgpbj;jtu;fs; ehk y;y. mNjNghy; ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; ,j;jifa jhf;Fjy;fis njhlf;fpitj;j Kd;NdhbfSk; ehky;y. jw;nfhilj; jhf; Fjy;fs; fpwp];JTf;F Ke;jpa fhyk; njhl;L eilngWfpd;wd. fp.K.480,y; ];ghu;ll ; h (SPARTA) ehl;lurd; jdJ 300 gilfSld; ,ize;J ghurPf rhk;uhr;rpag; gilfspd; Nkw;F Nehf;fpa Kd;Ndw;wj; ijj; jLf;f Nghupl;lhd;. mtDk; mtD ila tPuu;fspy; ngUksthNdhUk; nfhy; yg;gl;ldu;. ypNahdplh]; (LEONIDAS) vd;w mk;kd;ddpd; jw;nfhil gpw kd;du; fis fLk;Nghu; Gupaj; J}z;baJ. ,jdhy; ghurPfk; tpuptila Kbatpy;iy. tuyhw; wpy; gjpthfpa KjyhtJ jw;nfhilj; jhf;Fjy; ,Jthff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. vl;lhk; E}w;whz;by; ,];yhk; Njhd;wpagpd; ,];yhk; kjj;jpdu; ngU ksT jw;nfhilj; jhf;Fjy;fis kjj;jpd; ngauhy; elj;jpdu;. ,];yhk; jw;nfhiy ia kWf;fpd;wJ. gpw;fhy ,];yhk; kjj; jpw;fhf capu;tpLNthu; Rtu;ff ; k; nry;thu; fs; vd;w Nfhl;ghl;il cUthf;fpajhy; ,d;Wtiu ,];yhk; kjj;jpdu; jw;nfhil jhf;Fjy;fis elj;jpf;nfhz;bUf;fpd;w du;. cyfpd; kpff; $Ljyhd jw;nfhilj; jhf;Fjy;fis elj;JNthu; ,];yhk; kjj; jpdu; vd;W ,Jgw;wpa Ma;thsu;fs; $W fpd;wdu;. kj;jpa fpof;Ftho; ,];yhk; kjj;jpdu; jkJ kjg; gug;gYf;fhf jw; nfhilj; jhf;Fjy;fisg; gad;gLj;jpdu;. gjpndhuhk; E}w;whz;bd; ghurPf ,];yhkp au;fs;> gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;bd; Nfusk; tho; ,];yhkpau;fs;> mNj E}w;whz;bd; gpypg;gd P r ; pd; kpd;lhNdh jPT ,];yhkpau; fs; MfpNahu; jw;nfhilj; jhf;Fjy;fis kjj;jpw;fhf elj;jpdu;. ,d;Wk; mJ epd;w ghby;iy. U~;ag; gilfSf;F vjpuhf jhf;Fjy;fs; elj;jp capupoe;j nrf;nrd; ehl;Lg; Nghuhspfspd; kidtpau;fs; ,g; NghJ jw;nfhilj; jhf;Fjy;fis elj;J fpd;wdu;. ,tu;fs; ,];yhk; kjj;jpdu;. ,g;ngz;fis \fWg;Gf; ifk;ngz;fs;| (BLACK WIDOWS) vd;W Nkw;F ehl;L Clfq;fs; miof;fpd;wd.

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nygNdhd; ehl;bypUe;J ntsp ehl;ltu;fis tpul;Ltjw;fhf me;j ehl;bd; n`];nghy;yh (HEZBOLLAH) ,af;fk; 1983,y; jw;nfhilj; jhf;Fjy;fis elj; jpaJ. mJnjhl;L kj;jpa fpof;fpYk; cy fpd; NtW ghfq;fspYk; jw;nfhilj; jhf;Fjy;fs; tpuptile;J nry;fpd;wd. ,d;W gd;dpuz;L ehl;ilr;Nru;ej ; gjpide; Jf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l Nghu;f; FOf;fs; jw; nfhilj; jhf;Fjy;fis elj;jpf;nfhz; bUf;fpd;wd. jkpoPo tpLjiyg;Gypfspd; jw;nfhilj; jhf;Fjy;fs; n`];nghy;yh ,af;fk; elj;jpa jhf;Fjy;fspd; top te;jit vd;W Ma;thsu;fs; kpfTk; jtWjyhff; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;. tQ;rpdk; $wpg; NghupLk; Kiw jkpou;fs; kj;jpapy; neLq;fhykhf cz;L. GwehD}w;Wg; ghly;fSk; Fwspd; gilr;nrUf;F mj;jp ahaKk; ,ij cWjp nra;fpd;wd. Nrhog; ngUkd;du;fs; Ntisf;fhuh; vd;w jw; nfhilg; gilia itj;jpUe;jdu;. aho;g; ghzj;ijr; Nru;ej ; fypq;f tk;rj;jtdhd tp[aghF vd;w jkpo;kd;dd; nghy;y eWitia 1054-1109 fhyg;gFjpapy; Ml;rpnra;jhd;. ,tdplk; Ntisf;fhuu; gil ,Ue;jJ. tp[aghFtpd; kfs; ,uj; jpdty;ypf;Fk; khdgu;zd; vd;w mur FkhuDf;Fk; gpwe;jtd; kfh guhf;fpuk ghF. Njrpaj; jiytu; mtu;fs; $W aJNghy; ,ilf;fhyj;jpy; jkpo;tuP k; kOq; fpg; NghapUe;jJ. mjw;Fg; Gypfs; Gj;Japu; nfhLj;jdu;. Gj;Japu; nfhLf;fNtz;ba fl;lhaj; NjitAk; ,Ue;jJ. Gypfs; mikg;gpd; fLk; tpku;rfh;fshd Kwpe;j gidkUk; vd;w E}ypd; Mrpupau;fs; (THE BROKEN PALMYRA BY RAJAN HOOLE, DAYA SOMASUNDARAM, K.SRI THARAN & RAJANI THIRANAGAMA. THE SRI LANKA STUDIES INSTITUTE, CLAREMONT, 1988) gf;fk; 132,y; gpd; tUkhW $Wfpd;wdu;. \\1987Mk; Mz;bd; Kw;gFjpapy; rpwpyq;fh thd;gilj; jhf;F jy;fSf;F xU nfhba Nehf;fk; ,Ue;jJ.

rptpypad;fs; nfhy;yg;glNtz;Lk; vd;w Nehf;Fld; thd;jhf;Fjy;fs; elj;jg;gl; ld||. jkpo;kf;fSf;F thd;%yk; elj; jg;gl;l nfh^uj;jpw;Fj; jk;kplk; kpfTk; gyk;tha;ej ; xU jLg;G MAjk; ,Ug;gij mNj tUlk; [{iy 05Mk; ehs; Gypfs; ep&gpj;jdu;. Mdhy; ,J KOikahd cz;ikia ntspg;gLj;jtpy;iy. rpq;fs ,uhZtk; elj;jpa xg;gNurd; ypgNurd; vdg;gLk; tlkuhl;rp Mf;fpukpg;Gj;jhd; Kjd;Kjyhf jw;nfhilj; jhf;Fjy; mwp Kfkhtjw;F cldbf; fhuzk;. nfupy; yhg; Nghu; K iwapd; gpjhkfu; f shd nydpd;> khNth> NrFNtuh Nghd;Nwhu; jw;nfhilj; jhf;Fjy;fs; gw;wpg; Ngrtpy; iyNa> gpughfud; mij Vd; njupT nra; jhu; vd;W tpku;rfu;fs; Nfl;fpwhu;fs;. JUg; Gf;fisj; jiyik jhq;Fgtu;fs; ntw;wp juty;y cghaq;fisj; jhNk njupT nra;tu; vd;gJjhd; mjw;fhd tpil. tpLjiyg;Gypfspd; MAjg; gil fspd; Kf;fpa mq;fkhf fUk;Gypfs; ,lk; ngWfpd;wdu;. fUk;Gyp mzpapy; Mz;> ngz; ,UghyhUk; mq;fk; tfpf;fpd;wdu;. fsKidg; gzpfs; ,UghyhUf;Fk; xNu tifapy; mikfpd;wd. Gypfspd; gd; Kfg;gLj;jg;gl;l NjitfSf;fhf ,e;j mzp cUthf;fg;gl;L gad;gLj;jg;gL fpd;wJ. ,J jw;fhg;G mzpahfTk; Neubj;

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jhf;Fjy; mzpahfTk;> jhf;Fjy; Kd; Ndhbahd jilePfF ; mzpahfTk; nraw; gLfpd;wJ. jkpoPoj; jiug;gug;G %d;W gf;fKk; flyhy; #og;gl;Ls;s fhuzj; jhy; flw;fUk;Gyp mzpiag; Gypfs; cUthf;fpAs;sdu;. ePub ePrr ; y;%yk; neLe; J}uk; nrd;W jhf;Fjy; elj;Jk; rpwg;G flw;fUk;Gyp mzpf;F cz;L. ,ijtpl ntbnghUs; epug;gpa tpNrl glFfis Xl;br;nrd;W vjpupapd; flw;gilf; fyq; fis Nkhjp mopf;Fk; nraw;wpwd; flw; fUk;GypfSf;F cz;L. Gypfspd; jiug; gil> flw;gilNahL ,ize;J nraw; gLk; fUk;Gyp mikg;igg;Nghy; jw;rkak; vk;kplk; thd;fUk;Gypfs; ,y;iy. Mdhy; vjpupapd; ,uhZt tpkhdj; jsq;fis ehk; ntw;wpfukhfj; jhf;fp ngUk; Nrjq; fis tpistpj;jpUf;fpd;Nwhk;. ,jdhy; vjpupapd; gyj;ij Ml;lk;fhzr; nra;Ak; ,yf;if ehk; vl;bAs;Nshk;.

KjyhtJ fUk;Gypj; jhf;Fjiy elj;jpatu; fg;ld; kpy;yu;. (ty;ypGuk; tre;jd;> Jd;dhiy) vd;gJ tuyhw;Wr; nra;jp. [{iy 05> 1987,y; ney;ypab fy;Y}up tshfj;jpy; epiynfhz;bUe;j rpq;fsg; gilfs;kJ P ,J elj;jg;gl;lJ. KjyhtJ flw;fUk;Gypj; jhf;Fjiy Nk[u; fhe;j&gd;> fg;ld; nfhypd;];> fg;ld; tpNdhj; Mfpa %tUk; ,ize;J 10> [{iy 1990,y; elj;jpdu;. flw; fz; fhzpg;G vd;w ngaupy; 1984 njhlf;fk; mgpj;jh> vbj;jhuh fl;lisf; fg;gy;fs; jkpoPof; flw;gug;gpy; epue;jukhf epWj;jg; gl;bUe;jd. vkJ Nghuhspfs;> fiuNahug; nghJkf;fs;> kPdtu;fs; ,U fg;gy;fsh Yk; njhlu;rr ; pahff; nfhy;yg;gl;ldu;. fiu Nahuj;jpy; tho;tNj Mgj;jhf ,Ue;jJ. mbf;fb gPuq;fpj; jhf;Fjy; fiuNahuf; FbapUg;Gf;fs; Nehf;fp elg;gjhy; ,U fg;gy;fSk; jkpou;fs; capUf;F Mgj;jhf tpsq;fpd. vbj;jhuh fg;gy; 10> [{iy 1990,y; Nkw;$wpa %tuhYk; jhf;fp mopf;fg;gl;lgpd; mgpj;jh fg;gypd; jhf;F jy;fs; mjpfupj;jd. 04 Nk> 1991,y; fg;ld; n[ae;jd;> fg;ld; rpjk;guk; Mfpa

,U flw;fUk;Gypfs; mgpj;jhitj; jhf;fp mopj;jdu;.

Nk[u; fhe;j&gd; xU jd;ey kw;w ,yl;rpathjp. ngw;whu;fisAk; cw tpdu;fisAk; ,oe;j fhe;j&gd; jd;idg; Nghd;wtu;fisg; nghWg;Ngw;W Gypfs; mikg;G tsu;j;njLf;f Ntz;Lnkd;W tpUk;gpdhu;. mtu; Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lgb fhe;j&gd; mwpTr;Nrhiy> nrQ;Nrhiy Nghd;w rpWtu; guhkupg;G epiyaq;fisg; Gypfs; cUthf;fpdu;. ,e;j ,lj;jpy; jkpoPo vOr;rpg;ghly; tupfs; ,uz;il epidT$Wjy; kpfg; nghUj;jk; ~~ F ѵ¤Ñ9) ¸> ¥9É ¿ ~~F ѵ¤Ñ9) º!9_¤à §> ¢ ÑA N9Z N×_º?> ºN ¤à §> ºN ¤à §>|| | Kjy; flw;fUk;Gypahd fg;ld; mq;faw;fz;zp (G];gkhyh Jiurpq;fk;> aho;.kz;Fk;ghd;) fhq;Nfrd;Jiw flw; gil Kfhkpw;Fs; ePe;jpr;nrd;W mq;F jupj;Jepd;w flw;gil tpepNahff; fg;g yhd V516I %o;fbj;jhu;. ,tu; ePub ePrr ; ybj;Jr; nrd;W ,r;rhjidiag; Gupe;jhu;. vbj;jhuh> mgpj;jhTf;F epfuhd td; nfhLikfisr; nra;j Rg;gNlhwhit 29> Mf];J 1993,y; flw;fUk;Gypfs; Nk[u; GtPe;jpud;> fg;ld; kzpaurd; MfpNahu; ,ize;J mopj;jdu;. kpjf;Fk; kpdpKfhk;

vd;W tu;zpf;Fk; Rg;gNlhwhtpy; ,Ue;J ,U xypfd; ve;jpuj; Jg;ghf;fpfis Gypfs; kPl;ldu;. flw;gilj; jiyikr; nrayf khd jpUNfhzkiyj; jsj;jpDs; flw; fUk;Gypfs; CLUtpr;nrd;W gy;NtW jhf;Fjy;fis elj;jpAs;sdu;. 19 Vg;gpuy; 1995,y; Nk[u; fjputd;> fg;ld; rhe;jh> Nk[u; kJ~h> Nk[u; jzpifkhwd; Mfp Nahu; CLUtp ,U rq;fha; uf gPuq;fpf; fg;gy;fis %o;fbj; jdu;. ,J %d;whk; <og;Nghu; njhlq;fpa ehshff; fzpg;gplg; gLfpd;wJ. m L j ; j tUlk; 12> Vg;gpwpy; 1996 Mk; ehs; flw; fUk;Gyp nyg;.

Nfzy; ujP]; jiy ikapyhd 9 flw; fUk;Gypfs; nfhOk; Gj; JiwKfk; kPjhd jhf; F jiy Nkw; nfhz; l du; . 1994 nrg;uk;gu;> 19Mk; ehs; nyg;.Nfzy; eshapdp jiyikapyhd flw;fUk;Gyp mzpapdu; fly; murd; vdg;gLk; rfhutu;jj ; dh vd;w ghupa fg;giy %o;fbj;jdu;. ngz; flw;Gyp mzpapd; KjyhtJ rpwg;Gj; jsgjpahf nyg;. Nfzy; eshapdp gjtp tfpj;jtu;. jpUNfhzkiy flw;jsj;jpypUe;J fhq; Nfrd;Jiwf;Fr; nry;Yk; njhluzpfs; kPJ (CONVOY) flw;Gypfs; elj;jpa jhf;Fjy; fs; Vuhsk;. ,tw;Ws; xd;iw khj;jpuk; Fwpg;gpLtJ nghUj;jk;. 22> ngg;gputup 1998Mk; ehs; jpUkiyapypUe;J aho;.Flh ,uhZtj;jpw;nfd ghg;jh jiuapwf;F fg; gy;> tyk;Gup ,uhZt ruf;Ff;fg;gy;> ,U Nghu;ff ; g;gy;fs;> vl;L Nlhuh mjpNtf gPuq; fpf; fg;gy;fs; ghJfhg;G toq;f JUg;Gf; fs;> MAj jsghlq;fs;> czT tiffs; nfhz;Lnry;yg;gl;lNghJ flw;Nghu; %z; lJ. mg;NghJ ghg;jhTk; tyk;GupAk; %o; fbf;fg;gl;ld. nyg;. Nfzy; fud; cl;gl gjpndhU flw;fUk;Gypfs; tPur;rhtile;j du;.

1992 njhlf;fk; aho;.Flhehl;L kf;fs; kPjhd nghUshjhuj; jilAk; ,uh Zt Kw;WifAk; [dhjpgjp gpNwkjhrh murpdhy; gbg;gbahf ,Wf;fg;gl;lJ. Flh kf;fs; ngUepyg;gug;gpw;Fr; nry;Yk; xNu nahU ghijahf 20iky; ePskhd fpshyp ePNuupg;ghij mike;jJ. ,jpy; itj;J ehfNjtd; Jiwapy; Kfhkpl;bUe;j flw; gilapdu; mg;ghtpg; gazpfs;kJ P jhf;Fjy; elj;jpdu;. Gf;fhuh tpkhdq;fSk; jhf;Fjy; njhLj;jd. gyE}W jkpou;fs; nfhy;yg; gl;ldu;. kf;fSf;Fg; ghJfhg;G toq;Fk; gzpiaf; flw;Gypfs; Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. 26> Mf];J 1993 Mk; ehs; flw;fUk;Gypfs; Nk[u; tujd;> Nk[u; kjd; mLj;jLj;J elj;jpa jhf;Fjy;fspy; flw;gilapd; ,U ePUe;J tpirg;glFfs; %o;fbf;fg;gl;ld. ,jd;gpd; fpshyp Nkyhjpf;fk; Gypfs; tr khfpaJ. vkJ fz;zU P k; nre;eU P k; fye;j fpshypf; fliy ikakhf itj;J %j;j nghUspay; Nguhrpupau; #upaFkhud; xU fhjy; FWehtiy Mq;fpyj;jpy; Gide; Js;shu;. (KILALI CROSSING BY PROF. C.SURIYAKUMARAN) fhjyidr; rpqf ; sr; rpg;ghahfTk; fhjypia Gypg;ngz; NghuhspahfTk; ,e;j nkj;jg; gbj; j Mrpupau; rpj; j upj; J s; s hu; . ,J Njitjhdh? td;dpg; ngUepyg;gug;gpd; rpq;fs ,uhZtk; Mf;fpukpj;j gFjp fis kPlg ; jw;fhf Gypfs; 1996 - 2000 fhyg;gFjpapy; Xahj miyfs; 1>2>3 vd;W nga uplg; g l; l gil eltbf; i ffisj; njhLj; j du; . ,it midj; jpYk; fUk;Gypfs; msg;gupa gq;fspgG ; r; nra;jdu;. ,jw;fpilapy; 1997,y; td;dp kz; Clhf aho;.Flhit ,izf;Fk; jiug;ghijia cUthf;Ftjw;fhf [arpf;FWa; vd;w gileltbf;ifia vjpup Muk;gpj;jhd;. eltbf;if jiyikr; nrayfk; mike;jpUe;j jhz;bf;Fsk; kPJ 10> [{d; 1997,y; Gypfs; jhf;Fjy; njhLj;jNghJ

Nk[u; epjd; cl;gl ehd;F fUk;Gypfs; tPufhtpakhfpdu;.

Ky;iy khtl;lj;ij kPln ; lLj;j Xahj miy - 01,d;NghJ Ky;iy ,uhZ tj;jpw;F cjtpahf thd;gil> flw;gil ,ize;J jpuptpl g`u vd;w vjpu; eltbf; ifia rpq;fsg;gil Muk;gpj;jJ. cjtp f;F te;j uztpU gPuq;fpg; glfpid Nk[u; gJkd; cl;gl VO flw;fUk;Gypfs; jhf;fp %o;fbj;jdu;. 27> nrg;uk;gu; 1998,y; Xahj

miy - 02 %yk; Gypfs; fpspnehr;rpia kPl;nlLj;jdu;. 8fp.kP ePskhd ,uhZt tyaKk; 1500,w;Fk; Nkw;gl;l gilapd Uk; mopf;fg;gl;ldu;. 11fUk;Gypfs; cl;gl 403 GyptPuu;fs; tPur;rhtile;jdu;. ,r; rkupy; ClWg;G mzpapd; jiytpau;f shfr; nrd;w nyg;.Nfzy; nry;tp> nyg;.

Nfzy; Qhdp Mfpa ,UtUk;> jhk; epd;wp Ue;j ,lj;jpw;F n~y; NghLq;Nfh> vq;f isg; ghu;ff ; Ntz;lhk; vd;W $wp vjpupf;Fg; Nguopit Vw;gLj;jpaNjhL tPur;rhitAk jOtpf;nfhz;ldu;. 240tUlfhy mbikr; rpd;dkhd MidapwT gilj;jsk; Xahj miy - 03 %yk; vkjhf;fg;gl;lJ. 26> khu;r;R 2000Mk; ehs; gisapy; epiy nfhz;bUe;j ,uhZtj;jpd; Ml;bywp fisAk; MAjf; fsQ;rpaq;fisAk; fUk; Gypfs; Nk[u; jDrd;> Nk[u; Rjh[pdp MfpNahu; jfu;jj ; opj;jdu;. mNj khjk; 31 Mk; ehs; ,af;fr;rp ,uhZt jsj;jpDs; GFe;j %d;W fUk;Gypfs; mq;fpUe;j Ml;b ywpfisj; jfu;jj ; du;. MidapwT kPlG ; f;F ,f;fUk;Gypfs; tpj;jpl;lhu;fs; vd;why;

kpifahfhJ. ,d;W vk;kplk; Fz;LtPrR ; tpkh dk; ,y;iy vd;gJ cz;ikNa. Mdhy; vjpupapd; mjpAr;r ghJfhg;Gld; $ba gyhyp> rPdd;Flh> fl;Lehaf;fh Nghd;w ,uhZt tpkhdj;jsq;fisj; jfu;fF ; k; capuhAjk; vk;kplk; cz;L. 02> Mf];J 1994,y; gyhyp tpkhdj;jsj;jpw;Fs; GF e;j fUk;Gypfs; ngy;-212 cyq;F thD} u;jp> gts; ftrthfdk; Mfpatw;iw mopj; jdu;. ,jpy; Ie;J fUk;Gypfs; tPur;rht ile;jdu;. etk;gu; 1993,y; G+efup ,uhZt Kfhk; kPjhd xg;gNu~d; jtisj; jhf;F jiy Nkw;nfhz;lNghJ jpirjpUg;G el tbf;ifahf gyhyp tpkhdjsk;kJ P fUk; Gypj; jhf;Fjy; elj;jg;gl;lJ. 11> etk;gu; 1993 md;W gjpd;%d;W fUk;Gypfs; gyhypapy; tPur;rhtile;jdu;. rPdd;Flh tpkhdg;gilj; jsj;jpDs; GFe;j fUk; Gypfs; 06> khu;r;R 1997,y; xU it-12 tpkhdj;ijAk;> ,U tpkhd vjpu;gG ; gPuq;fp fisAk; jfu;jj ; du;. ,jpy; %d;W fUk;Gyp fs; tPur;rhtile;jdu;. tuyhw;Wg; Gfo; kpf;f fl;Lehaf;fh tpkhdg;gilj;jsj; jhf;Fjy; 24> [{iy 2001Mk; ehs; elj;jg; gl;lJ. ,f; fUk;Gypj; jhf;Fjypy; 28

thd;fyq;fs; mopf;fg;gl;ld> rpwpyq;fh tpd; nghUz;kpatsk; rpijf;fg;gl;lJ. fUk;Gypfspd; cr;rfl;lr; rhjidahf ,j; jhf;Fjy; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. ,w;iwtiu 261 fUk;Gypfs; tPur;rhile;Js;sdu;. vkf;fhfTk; vkJ kz;zpw;fhfTk; capu;ej P j ; ,e;j cj;jku; fis epide;J epide;J neQ;rk; nefpo; e;J mQ;ryp nra;fpNwhk;.

09

\\vOgJ vOgj;ijQ;R tarp yAk; ,g;gb ehq;fs; ,Uf;fpwk;. vq; fl tPLfspiynaz;lhYk; ,t;t sT md;gh Mjuth ehq;f ,Ug; gNk? fpspnehr;rpapy; bg;Ngh re;jpap ypUe;J Nfhzhtpy; Nehf;fpa tPjpapy;> \\md;Gr;Nrhiy|| vd vy;NyhuhYk; miof;fg;gLk;> KjpNahu; Ngzyfj; jpy; ehd; epd;Wnfhz;bUe;Njd;.

fle;j %d; W jrhg; j q; f shf> vk;kPJ jpzpf; fg;gl;l Nghupd; tLf; fis vk;Njrk; ,d; Dk; Mw; w pf; n fhs; shJ jtpf;fpd;wJ. vk; k P J jpzpf; f g; gl;l nfhba Nghupd; tLf;fis ,d; Wk; Rkg;gtu;fs; vq;fs; Kjpatu;fs;. njhlu;rr; pahd ,lg;ngau;tpd; mtyq; fspdhYk;> Nghu; rpijj;j mth;fspd; nghUshjhuj;jpdhYk;> jkJ FLk; gq;fis ,oe;J> cwTfisf; if tpl;L> Vjpypfshf> ahUkw;wtu;fshf vk; r%fj;jpy; iftplg;gl;l Kjp Nahu; njhif Vuhsk;. jpf; F f; n fhd; w ha; rpjwp tpl;l jk; cwTfisj; Njbaiy e;J> fisg;gile;J> iftplg;gl;L> jkJ Cupoe;J> tPboe;J> njhopyp oe;J. ahUkw;W nfhba KJikap Yk;> jPuhj Neha;fspdhYk; ahUkw;W tpl;Nlhk; vd;w kd cisr;ryhYk; nehe;J miye;j vk; Kjpatu;fs; ahUkw;W tho;ej ; tho;T mtykh dJ. \\ehq; f aho; g ; g hzj; j py ,Uf;Nff;f Mkpahy vd;u xU kfs; Rl;Lf; nfhy;yg;gl;Ll;lhs;|| \\kw;w kfs; ehl;il fhf;f Nghuhlg; Nghapl;lhs;|| \\,lk;ngau;tpy; vd;u fz tDk; nrj;jpl;lhu;. cwTfs; vy;yhk; jpf;Ff;F xz;lha; jpirf;nfhz;lha; gpupQ;R Nghr;RJfs;. ehd; jdpkukh Mfpl;ld;|| mtu; j hd; Aj; j k; kpff; nfhLikahdjhf ,Ue;j 2001Mk; Mz;Lfspy>; md;Gr;Nrhiy cs;thq;

fpa KjyhtJ jha;.

2001 Vg;gpuy; 19 td;dp kz; zpy; Aj;j Nkfq;fs; fUik #o;eJ ; jd; cr;r jhz;ltj;ij Mba Neuk;> Nghupdhy; iftplg;gl;L> ahUkw;W mdhijfshfg;Nghd vk; Njrj;J Kjpatu;fSf;fhd guhkupg;G ,y;yk; xd;iw Muk;gpfF ; khW Njrpaj; jiy tu; mtu;fs; gzpj;jNghJ> jkpoPo tpLjiyg; Gypfspd; Nghuhspfs; khtP uu; FLk;geyd; fhg;gfj;jpdhy;> Ky; iyj;jPtpd; Ks;spatisg; gFjpapy; \\md;Gr;Nrhiy %jhsu; Ngzyfk;|| cjakhfpaJ. md;iwa Nghu;r; #oypy;> kpFe;j f];uq;fspd; kj;jpapy; Muk;gpf; fg;gl;l me;j ,y;yj;jpd; epiygw;wp mg;NghJ mq;fpUe;j jhnahUtu; nrhd;dhu;>

10

\\mg;g rupahd rz;il #o;epiy jk;gp> vy;yhiuAk; Nghyjhd; ehq;fSk; rupahf; f];ug;gl;lk;. Mdh> vq;fisAk; vy;NyhUk; iftpl;L tpNly;y> vq;fisAk; ghu;f;f jk;gp ait ,Uf;fpdk; vz;l epk;kjpap ypUe;jk;.|| Muk;gj;jpy;> Njr tpLjiy f;fha; jk; Foe;ijfis ,oe;J> Nghupd; Nfhuj;jpdhy; jk; cwTfis

thd Fspayiwfs; ,Uf;F> NfhYf; Fs;s uPtp nlf;Fk; ,Uf;F|| \\nghOJNghf;f uptpAk; ghf;fpwehq;fs;|| Kd; tuhe;jhtpy; Nghlg; gl;l fjpiufspy; ,Ue;J ehq;fs; fijj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;Njhk;.

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kprr; hf;fs; vy;yhUkhr; Nru;eJ ; mit aisAk; re;Njhrkha; itr;rpUf;fp wk;||. vd;whu; Neha;tha;g;gl;l xU %jhl;bia vd;dUNf ifj; jhq;fyhf mioj;Jte;J ,Uj;jpa xUtu;. fUk; G yp Nk[u; fiyr; nry;tdpd; je;ij MWKfk; Iah itAk; mk;khitAk; mq;Nf re;jpj; Njd;. mtu;fs; jk;gjpahfNt mq;Nf apUe;jdu;. me;j tshfj;jpDs;NsNa FLk;gkhf jhq;fs; ,Ug;gjw;F xU rpwpa tPL mikf;fg;gLtjhf mtu; fs; nrhd;dhu;fs;. \\ehq;fs; xt;nthU ehSk; vd;d nra;ahl;bYk;> Ngg;gu; kl;Lk; gbf;fhk tplkhl;lk;|| \\Vndz;lh jk;gp> ePq;fs; vy;yhk; vg;gb ,Uf;fpwpas; vd;W mwpaj;jhd;|| vdj; njhlq;fpa je;ij nahUth;> \\gpd;Nduq;fspy; ehq;fs; nfhQ;rg;Ngu; Nru;eJ ; Rk;kh nfhQ;rj; J}uk; eilaha; Ngha; thwehq;fs;||

guhkupgN; gh Njitg;gLk;NghJ md;Gr; NrhiyNa mtu;fis nghWg;ngLf; fpd;wJ. md;Gr;Nrhiyapy; ,t;tpu z;L cs;sf> ntspNaahd gadhsu; fistpl> %d;whtjhf> ,d;dKk; md; G r; N rhiyapy; ,y; y htpbDk; jkf;fhd cjtpNah> kUj;Jt trjp Nah guhkupg;Ngh Njitg;gLk; Kjpa tu;fis rpwpJfhyk; md;Gr;Nrhiy jhNd nghWg;ngLj;J guhkupj;J mtu;fs; kUj;Jt uPjpapy; Fzg;gLj; jg;gl;l gpd;> mth;fis mtu;fsJ tPlb ; y; Nru;ff ; pd;wJ. jkpoPoj;jpd; vy;yh khtl; lq;fspy; ,Ue;Jk; tpLjiyg; Gypf spd; murpay;JiwapduhYk;> khtPuu; Nghuhspfspd; FLk;geyd; fhg;gfj; jhYk; ,dq;fhzg;gLk; Kjpatu;fs; md;Gr;Nrhiyf;F mioj;Jtug;gL fpd;wdu;.

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mOifNa te;jpl;LJ|| \\mtiu fz;bl;lk;> ,dp ehq;fs; nrj;jhYk; gwthapy;iy|| md;iwa ehis vd;dplk; nrhy;Yk;nghONj mtu;fs; vy;NyhuJ fz;zpYk; Mde;jf; fz;zPu.; ahUkw; w tu; f s; jhq; f s; ,y;iynad md;Gr;Nrhiy %jhsu; Ngzyfk; mtu;fSld; ,d;wpUf; fpd;wJ. jkpoPoj;jpd; vq;fpUf;Fk; ngw;NwhUk; jk; KJikapd;NghJ ,dpnahUNghJk; jhk; iftplg; gl;ltu;fs; ,y;iy. mtu;fsplk; ,Ue;J ehd; gpupe;Jte;j me;j kjpag; nghOJ fspy;> mq;Nf khtPud; xUtdpd; jha; $wpa thu;ji ; jfNs kPzL ; k; kPzL ; k; vd;Ds; xypj;Jf;nfhz;bUe;jd. \\vq;fl gps;isfs; Njrj;ijf; fhj; jhu;fs;. Njrk; ,g;g vq;fisf; fhf;fp wJ.||

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11

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12

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1977 khu;r>; 08Mk; jpfjp> Kd;dhs; fl; lhq;fh gpuptpidthjpfs; jhq;fs; jiykiwT tho;fi ; fia Nkw;nfhz;bUe;j mq;Nfhyhtpy; ,Ue;J ~hgh kPJ gilnaLj;jdu;. nkhNuhf; Nfhtpy; ,Ue;J ngw;w JUg;GfisAk; mnkup ; jdJ Nkw;Fyf NerehL f;fh> gpuhd;]; cs;spll fspd; gila cjtpfisAk; ngw;W me;jg; Gul; rpia nkhGl;L xLf;fpdhu;. mLj;j tUlk; Nkw; nfhs;sg;gl;l ,d;ndhU gilnaLg;ig Kwp abf;f gpnuQ;R kw;Wk; ngy;[pa JUg;Gfs; cj tpd. nkhGl;Ltpd; xw;iwf;fl;rp Ml;rpf;F vjp uhdtu;fs; ,ize;J [dehaf> r%f Kd;Ndw; wj;Jf;fhd ,izak; (UDPS) vd;w fl;rpia cUthf;fpdhu;fs;. 1980fs; KOtJk; me;jf; fl;rpapd; jiytu;fs; njhy;iyg;gLj;jg;gl;ldu; my;yJ rpiwaplg;gl;ldu;. vjpu;f;fl;rpfspd; mOj;jq;fSf;F cl;gl;l nkhGl;L 1990Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy;> 24Mk; jpfjp gy;fl;rp [dehaf Kiwia cUthf;Ftjhf mwptpj;jhu;. Gjpa murpayikg;ig tiutjw;Fk; Nju;jiy elj;j Tnkd cUthf;fg;gl;l gy;fl;rp khehL xd;W xUthuk; nraw;gl;l epiyapy; 1991 Xf];w>; 15Mk; jpfjp ,ilepWj;jg;gl;lJ. nkhGl;L Ml;rpapy; epfo;ej ; Coy;> kdpj cupik kPwy; Kjypatw;iwf; fhuzk; fhl;b> 1990 xf;Nuhgupy;> mnkupf;f kf;fsit> mjdJ Neubg; gila kw;Wk; nghUz;kpa cjtpfis epWj;jptpll ; J. 1965,y; ,Ue;J E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd kpy;ypad; nlhyu;fis nkhGl;L muRf;F Kz;LnfhLf;f mnkupf;fh thup ,iwj;jpUe;jJ. 1991 nrg;nuk;gu;> 29Mk; jpfjp UDPS jiytuhd vw;upNad; ]pn]nfb (ETIENNE TSHISEKEDI)I gpujkuhff;nfhz;L $l;lu rhq;fk; xd;iw mikf;f nkhGl;L ,zq;fpdhu;. ,e;j Vw;ghLk; mjpffhyk; ePbf;ftpy;iy. 1992 xf;Nuhgu;> 20Mk; jpfjp ]pn]nfb gjtp ePf;fg; gl;lhu;. njhlu;eJ ; ,lk;ngw;Wf;nfhz;bUe;j Fog;gq;fSf;F kj;jpapy; gy;fl;rp kfhehL kPzL ; k; nraw;glj; njhlq;fpaJ. ,e;j kfhehlhdJ ]pn]nfbia gpujkhuhff;nfhz;l ,ilkhW muR xd;iw gupe;Jiuj;jJ. mNj tUlk; Xf];w>; 15Mk; jpfjp gy;fl;rp kfhehL> Gjpa murpayikg;ig mq;fPfupj;jJ. ,jd;gb ,U mitfs; nfhz;l ehlhSkd;wk; mika tpUe;jJ. [dhjpgjp ru;trd thf;Fupik %yk; njupTnra;ag;gLtNjhL rk;gpujhaG+ut ; khd gjtp iaNa tfpg;ghu; vd;Wk; cld;ghL vl;lg;gl; lJ. 1994tiu ]pn]nfb gpujkuhfg; gjtp tfpj;jhu;. nkhGl;Lf;Fk; murpayikg;G rigf;F kpilNaahd ,Ogwpfshy; Nju;jy;fs; fhyk; jho;jj ; pg; Nghapd. 1996,d; gpw$ ; Wfspy; Nyhwd;]; fgPyh (LAWRENCE KABILA) muRf;F vjp uhd type;j jhf;Fjy; xd;iw epfo;jj ; pdhu;. mjd; fhuzkhf nkhGl;L n]N] N]f;Nfh 1997 Nkapy; gjtpapypUe;J ntspNaw Neu;ej ; J.

Nyhwd;]; fgPyh ngy; [ pa nfhq; N fhtpd; njd; G w jlhq;fh khfhzj;jpy;> 1939,y; gpwe;j Y}gh ,dj;jtuhd Nyhwd;]; fgPyh gpuhd;]; gy; fiyf; f ofj; j py; murpay; jj; J tj; Jiw apy; fy; t p gapd; w NjhL jhd; ] hdpahtpd; lhu; - vy; - ]yhk; gy; f iyf; fofj; j pYk; fy; t pgapd; w hu; . mq; N f gpd; d u; jhd; ] hd; a [dhjpgjpahf ,Ue; j ANtup Kn]ntdp iar; re;jpj;jhu;. 1960,y; nfhq;Nfh Rje;jp uk; ngw;wNghJ> gl;wp]; YKk;ghtpd; $l; lzpapy; ,Ue; j murpay; fl; r pnahd; w pd;

,isQu; gpupTj; jiytuhf fgP y h ,Ue; jhu;. 1964Mk; Mz;by; ehl;bd; gy gFjp fspYk; YKk;gh Mjuthsu;fshy; elj;jg; gl; l %d; W Gul; r pfspy; xd; W f; F fgP y h jiyik jhq;fpdhu;. Mn[d;uPdhtpy; gpwe;j Gul;rpthjpahd NrFNtuh> fgPyhtpd; Gul;rp f;F cjtpdhYk; fgPyhtpd; gila jiy ikj; J tj; jpwd; Fwpj; J Vkhw; w kile; jhu;. fgPyhtpd; Gul;rp nkhGl;Lthy; mlf;fg; gl; l J. 1967Mk; Mz; b y; Gul; r pfu kf; fs; fl;rpia (PRP) epWtpa fgPyh> njd; fpT fpT++ tpy; khf;]Pa kpdpNjrk; xd;iw cU thf; f pdhu; . mLj; j ,U jrhg; j q; f Sf; F fgpyhTk;> PRP Ak; jiykiwT tho;f;if iaNa Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. fpof;F n]ahupy; mfog;gl;l jq;fj;ij tpw;Fk; tu;j;jfj; jpy; mLj; j xU jrhg; j j; i j fgP y h nry tpl; l hu; . 1996,y; njd; fpT fpT++ tpy; Ll; ] p ,dj;jtu;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Gul;rpf; Fj; jiyik jhq; f ntd jiykiwT tho;f;ifapy; ,Ue;J ntspg;gl;lhu;. Kn] ntdp murpdJk; fgP y htpd; ,d; n dhU ez;guhd Nk[h; n[duy; Nghs; rhfNk jiy ikapyhd Wthz; l h ,uhZtj; j pdJk; MjuTld; Ll;]pf;fis nkhGl;L vjpu;g;G nfupy;yhf;fSld; xd;wpizj;J KO ms tpyhd Gul;rpapy; <LgLj;jpdhu;. gy jrhg; jq;fshf jPtpu khf;]pathjpahf jd;idf; fhl;ba fgPyh> ,g;NghJ murpay; gd;ikj; Jtk; kw;Wk; Rje;jpu re;ijg; nghUz;kp ak; gw;wp Ngrj;njhlq;fpdhu;. ehl;bd; fdpa tsq;fis ntspehl;L mfo;T epWtdq;f

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q;fspy; Kjyhtjhf epfo;e;j td;nrayhf ,J ,Ue;jJ. 2004 A+d;> 11Mk; jpfjp nts;spad;W N[hrg; fgPyhtpd; jdpg;gl;l fhtyu; giliar; Nru;ej ; Nk[u; vupf; nyq;Nf Gul;rpnahd;iw Nkw;

nfhz;L> rpykzp Neuj;Jf;F muR thndhyp iaf; ifg;gw;wp> ehl;bd; fl;Lg;ghl;ilj; jhNd nfhz;bUg;gjhfj; njuptpj;jgpd; jiyefu; fpd; ]hnghit tpl;Lj; jg;gpNahb gh];nfhq;Nfhtpd; mlu;e;j fhnlhd;Wf;Fs; kiwe;Jtpl;ljhfj; njuptpf;fg;gLfpwJ. 5 tUl cs;ehl;Lg;Nghupd; Kbtpy; cUthf;fg;gl;l ,ilkhW fhyg;gFjpapd; Kb tpy; mLj;j tUlk; elj;j epu;zapf;fg;gl;bUf; Fk; Nju;jiy gpd;NghLtjw;fhd cj;jpahf ,g;Gul;rp \epfo;jj ; g;gl;L| ,Ug;gjhf nghJthd fUj;J epyTfpwJ. ,e;j Kuz;ghLfspNy ngUkstpy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fshf nghJkf;fNs ,Uf;fp whu;fs;. gy gj;jhapuf;fzf;fhdtu;fs; ,lk; ngau;ej ; pUf;fpwhu;fs;. gy;NtW ,og;Gfis re;jpj; jpUf;fpwhu;fs;. jq;fs; jq;fs; ehl;L fpsu;rr; pthjp fSf;F nfhq;Nfh milf;fyk; nfhLg;gjhf mz;ilapy; cs;s cfz;lh> Wthz;lh Mfpa ehLfs; Fw;wk;rhl;Lk; mNjNtis> jq;fs; ehl; Lf; fpsu;r;rpahsu;fSf;F Mjuthf gilfis mDg;gpapUg;gjhf cfz;lh> Wthz;lh kPJ nfhq;Nfh vjpu;f;Fw;wk; rhl;LfpwJ. rkhjhdj; jPuT ; j;jpl;l mbg;gilapy; Nfzy; [Pyp]; KNuGrpapd; Kd;dhs; jPtputhj gilapdiu ,uhZtj;Js; Nru;j;jnghOJ Nkhjy;fs; Vw;gl;L rkhjhd Kaw;rpfSf;F mr;R Wj;jy; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. 2004 A+d; khjk;> 10Mk; jpfjpad;W Nfzy; KnuGrpapd; gilfs; Nkw; nfhz;l Gul;rp Kwpabf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. mj w;F Kd;djhf KNuGrpapd; gilfs; 3 kzpj;jp ahyaq;fSf;F kpd;rhuj;ij Jz;bj;jpUe;jd. mtu;fs; ifg;gw;wpapUe;j xspgug;G epiyak; fgP yhtpd; gilfshy; kPsf; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ. fpof; Fg;Gw efuhd Gf;fhTifapypUe;J Nfzy; KNu Grpapd; gilfs; ntspNawpaijaLj;J me; ef uk; fgPyhtpd; gilfshy; Nkhjypd;wp ifg;gw;wg; gl;lJ. nfhq;Nfhtpd; fdpatsk; nfhz;l fpof;Fg; gFjpapy; epfo;e;j Nkhjy;fspdJk;> ,ilkhW murpd; epiyngw;Wj; jd;ikapdJk; epr;rakw;w jd;ikfspd; gpd;dzpapy; nts;sp ad;W ele;j epfo;Tfs;> ehL njhlu;ghf vOe;J s;s ftiyfis mjpfupj;J tpLgitahfNt ,Uf;fpd;wd. nfhq;Nfh ehl;Lf; ftpQuhd [Pd; gg;up ];wN; u whw;up vOjpaJNghy;: \\G+kpapd; tapw; W f; F s; G+l; l g; g l; b Ue; j vz; z w; w <ry; f is Gay; tpLtpj;Jtpl;lJ. #upar; rpfuj; i j Nehf; f p VWk; fhyk; te;Jtpl;lnjd mit epidj; j d. mtw; w pDila fdTfs; thdk; g hbfspd; myFfspy; mize; J Nghapd....|| - mikjpf; fhyj;jpd; mizg;Gf;fhf nfhq;Nfh kf;fs; njhlu;eJ ; fhj;Jf;nfhz;bU f;fpwhu;fs; -

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13

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Fiwtilatpy;iy. fly; fle;J xU gil te;J vk;kz;zpy; fhy;gjpj;j ehl;fspy; mJ ,d;dKk; fbdkhfpaJ. tpLjiyg;Gypfis mopf;fntd te;jth;fs;> tpLjiyg;Gypfspd; gpd;dhy; jpuz;bUe;j khngUk; kf;fs; rf;jpiag; ghh;j;J kiyj;J> mij mopf;f Kide;jNghJ jiykiwthfpath;fspy; mtSk; xUj;jp. te;j gilapdh; mtspd; ngaiu tprhhpj;Jj; Njbf;nfhz;bUf;ifapy;> maY}hpd; tPnlhd;wpy; mikjp Kfj;jpdsha; mtspUe;jhs;. neUg;G neQ;rpypUe;jJ. fly; fle;Jte;j gilfs; jk; mikjp Kfj;jpiu fpopj;J> GO nespfpd;w Gz;fs; epiwe;j nrhe;j cUit ntspf;fhl;b> ngz;> Mz; vd;w Ngjk; ghuhJ vk;kPJ jk; epzj;ij rpe;jpr; nrd;wNghJ> mtNs neUg;ghdhs.; me;j neUg;G xUngUk; njhiyTf;fg;ghy;> tpshrp xUehs; vhpe;jJ. fhw;NwhL fye;jJ.

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mJ 1998 eLg;gFjp. fpspnehr;rpapd; efug;gFjp ,uhZtj;jplkpUe;jJ. bg;Nghr; re;jpab vq;fsplkpUe;jJ. jw;NghJ fpspNehr;rp khtl;l jkpoPo fhtw;gzpkid mike;jpUf;Fk; ,lj;Jf;;F mUNfAs;s Njthyak;> fUzh epiyak; vy;yhk; vkJk; rpwPyq;fhg; gilapduJk; fhty; epiyfSf;fpilapyhd #dpag; gFjpf;Fs;; mike;jpUe;jd.

Neh;tPjp. vkJ elkhl;lj;ijg; gilapdUk; mth;fis ehKk; ,yFthf mtjhdpj;J> gJq;fpr; #Lfis jhuhskhf Nkw;nfhs;s trjpahd Neh;tPjp. ,U gFjpANk jk;ikg; ghJfhj;Jf;nfhs;s kiwg;Gg; glq;Ffis tPjpf;Ff; FWf;Nf fl;bj;

mts; me;j kz;zpd; kfs;. $h;g;ghd mk;kf;fspd; kfs;. mtSk; tplak; tpsq;fpats;jhd;. mtSf;F vy;yhNk kpfr; rhpahf tpsq;fpajhy;> jdJ ghijia Nehpajha; njhpT nra;jhs;.

Rje;jpug; gwitfs; kfsph; mikg;G mt;T+hpy; mikj;j Muk;g Rfhjhu epiyaj;jpd; Kjy;tp mtNs. nkOFjphp> CJgj;jp> fhu toiy cw;gj;jpfspYk; Rje;jpug; gwitfs; ,jo; tpw;gidapYk; mts; gq;F nghpJ. vk;ik Ms te;jth;fis tPoitg;gjw;fhf jhd; MAjk; Ve;jg;Nghfpd;w me;j ehis mts; MtYld; vjph;ghh;j;jpUe;jhs;. ,g;NghJ MAjk; Ve;jhtpl;lhYk;> mts; xU GypNa. 1986 eLg;gFjpapy; jkJ xUtUl gilapaw; gapw;rpia epiwTnra;J> ehL jpUk;gp fseltbf;iffspy; tpLjiyg;Gypfs; kfsph; gilazpapd; KjyhtJ mzpapdh; jk;ik <LgLj;jpf;nfhs;sj; njhlq;f> ,tisnahj;j Mapuj;Jf;Fk; mjpfkhd Rje;jpug; gwitfspd; kdq;fspy; Mty; miyNkhjpaJ. \mLj;jJ ehq;fs;jhd;|. mtSk; mg;gbj;jhd; ek;gpdhs;.

Mdhy; ......

Mapuk;NgiuAk; xUNru cs;thq;Fk; gyk; md;iwa #oypy; vkJ mikg;Gf;F ,Uf;ftpy;iy. E}W Rje;jpug; gwitfs; kl;Lk; Gwg;gl;lhh;fs; Vidath;fsplk; jkJ gzpfis xg;gilj;Jtpl;L. \ehq;fs; gapw;rp Kbj;Jtpl;L te;J cq;fis khw;wptpLk;tiu Ntiy nra;Jnfhz;bUq;fs;|. vd;w Nfhhpf;iff;F jiyairj;J toptpl;lth;fspy; mtSk; xUj;jp. ,g;NghJ mts; gzp ghhpajhfpaJ. Ms; vz;zpf;ifjhd; Fiwe;jNjjtpu> gzpapd; msT

14

njhq;ftpLNthk;. xUthpd; glq;if kw;wth; vhpj;Jf;nfhz;LkpUe;Njhk;. fjputd; cjpg;gJk; kiwtJk; Nghy> glq;F fl;LtJk; vhpg;gJk;$l khw;wkpd;wp ele;Jnfhz;bUe;jJ. Njthyaj;jUNf vk;kth;fs; ,utputhf Vwpf; fl;Lfpd;w glq;F> gilapdhpd; mbapy; tpbtjw;fpilapNyNa fpope;J tpOe;JtpLk;. rpy ehl;fshf ,J njhlh;e;jJ vq;fSf;Fg; nghpa rthyhfg; Ngha;tpl;lJ. glq;F vhpe;jhy;> mWe;J tpOe;jhy; elkhl KbahJ. fhg;guz;fSs;NsNa rhg;ghL> jz;zPh; ,y;yhky; Klq;fNtz;baJjhd;. mq;F epiynfhz;bUe;j nyg;.Nfzy; nry;tpapd; nfhk;gdpf;F NtT ghh;g;gJ nyg;. jhkuhtpd; mzp. fg;ld; Gypkfs; mth;fspy; xUth;. jhkuhTld; neLQ;rhiy NtTf;Fg;

ngUk;ghYk; ,ize;J NghtJ Gypkfs;jhd;. \glq;if ehd; fl;bwd;| Gwg;gl;lhh; Gypkfs;. ntl;lg;gl;l cug;igfis ,izj;Jj; ijj;J glq;F jahhpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,uthdJk; glq;if ,Oj;Jf;nfhz;L Njthyaj;jbf;Fg; Nghdhh; Gypkfs;. gfypy; glq;F vhpe;JNghdjhy;> ,uT fl;lhak; ehk; tUNthk; vd;W vjph;ghh;j;jpUe;j gilapdh;> ,Us; #o;e;jJNk Njthyar; #oiy Nehf;fp vwpfizfis tprpwj; njhlq;fpdh;.

Gypkfs; glq;NfhL gJq;fpg; gJq;fp Nghdhh;. mJ Neh;tPjp vd;gjhy;> ,utpy; xUth; epd;why;$l thdtpspk;gpy; epoYUtkhfj; njhpAk;. gfiyg; NghyNt ,uTk; Mgj;jhdJjhd;. mr;rj;ijj; juty;y> Mgj;J epiwe;j me;j ,utpy;> fy;thhpkiy ehafdpd; ...... Nkhd jtj;ijf; Fog;gpathW gbh; gbh; vd vwpfizfs; ntbj;J Koq;f> kuj;jpy; Vwpa Gypkfs; glq;if ,Oj;J thp thp vd;W thpe;J fl;btpl;L> tPjpapd; kWGwKs;s kuj;jpYk; ,Wf;F ,Wf;F vd;W ,Wf;fpf; fl;btpl;L> fhaq;fs; VJkpd;wp ,uT 9.00 kzpf;Nf vkJ Kz;zuq;Ff;F jpUk;gptpl;lhh;. fhiyapy; fhw;wpNy glq;F mire;jhbf;nfhz;bUg;gij ehq;fSk; Mr;rhpakhfj;jhd; ghh;j;Njhk;. New;Wk; mjw;F Kjy; ehSk; ,t;tsT Neuk;tiu glq;F jhf;Fg; gpbj;jpUf;ftpy;iy. mjpfhiyapNyNa mWe;J tpOe;J vq;fSila vy;yh NtiyfisAk;

ghohf;fptpl;bUe;jJ. ,d;W tpbe;j gpd;Gk; fhw;wpNy Mbf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. gilapdh; mbia gykhfj; njhlq;fpdh;. glq;fpNy Xl;ilfs; tpOe;jdNtad;wp> mWe;J tpotpy;iy. mbNah tplhky; njhlh;.....e;.....jJ. filrpapy; glq;F mWe;J tpOe;jNghJ kjpak; 12.00kzp fle;Jtpl;bUe;jJ. mjw;Fs; ehq;fs; vt;tsNth Ntiyfisr; nra;J Kbj;Jtpl;bUe;Njhk;. md;W Gypkfs; ntw;wpkfshdhs;;. rpy fhyq;fspd; gpd; mts; fly; kfshdhs;;. gpd;ndhU ehspy; fUk;Gypahdts;...... md;W ..... flypNy giff; fykij> giftiu ntd;w kfSk; Mdhs;.

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tz;L cUStJ Nghd;w Njhw;wNk gyUf;Fj; njhpAk;. tUk;NghNj S84 tif RLfyDf;F T56-2 tif RLfydpd; mbg;ghfj;ijg; nghUj;jpr; nra;ag;gl;l cauk; Fiwe;j RLfyid mts; itj;jpUe;jhs;. mtSila cauj;Jf;F mJNt rhpahf ,Ue;jJ. ePz;l ehl;fs;tiu jdJ RLfyid mts; ifkhw tpltpy;iy. te;j rpy ehl;fspNyNa kfsph; gilazpapdhpd; ,uz;lhtJ NtT mzpAld; gapw;rpapy; <Lgl;l tz;L> \jtis eltbf;if| Kbe;jgpd; G+efhpg; gifj;jsk; kPjhd NtT eltbf;ifapy; gq;Nfw;whs;. kfsph; gilazpapYk;> gpd;dh; mJ 2k; nyg;.khyjp gilazpahfj; Njhw;wk; ngw;wNghJk; mts; xU NtTg; NghuhspahfNt fsq;fs; vq;Fk; cyhtpdhs;. ,g;NghJ rpwPyq;fhg; gilapdhpd; #hpaf;fjph;-1 gil eltbf;ifahy; typfhk kf;fs; ,lk;ngah;e;Jtpl;bUe;jdh;. ,uz;lhtJ gil eltbf;if ,d;dKk; Muk;gkhftpy;iy. NtT mzpfs; ahTk; njd;kuhl;rpiaAk; typfhkj;ijAk;> tlkuhl;rpiaAk; typfhkj;ijAk; gphpf;fpd;w ntspfspy; cyhtpf;nfhz;bUe;jd. nyg;.Nfzy; ikjpypapd; Neub topelj;jypy; ,g;NghJ mts; xU Njh;e;j NtTg;Gyp. gilapdUf;F fz;zpntb itf;Fk; jpl;lnkhd;iw vkJ fz;zpntb mzpapdh; jPl;l> tz;L vd;W vq;fshy; miof;fg;gLk; rpwPthzp> mth;fSf;F NtT ghh;f;fg; Gwg;gl;lhs;. gue;j ntspapNy Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l fbdkhd NtT eltbf;ifapd; Kbtpy; mth;fshy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l ,yf;F ty;itg; ghyj;jb. kpfr; rthyhd ,yf;F. rthiy vjph;nfhs;s mth;fs; jahuhfpdh;. epytw;w ,uT ehl;fspy;$l epoYUthf mth;fisg; gilapdh; ,dq;fhzj;jf;f gFjpapy; rpwPthzpAk; Vida NtT tPuhq;fidfSk; fhg;G toq;f> vkJ fz;zpntb mzpapdh; Jhpj fjpapy; gzpKbf;f> ,UNshL ,Ushf vy;NyhUk; eOtp te;Jtpl;ldh;. ,uz;L ehl;fspd; gpd;> 1996 rpj;jpiu GJtUlg; gpwg;gd;W ,th;fspd; vjph;ghh;g;ig tPzhf;fhky;> cyhte;j ,uhZtf; fhtYyh mzpapy; %th; J}f;fp tprpwg;gl;L tpo> vQ;rpa xU giltPud; jto;e;jgb jg;gp XLtijj; njhiy Nehf;fpahy; vk;kth;fs; ghh;j;Jf;nfhz;bUe;jdh;. vg;gf;fj;jpy; epd;W ghh;j;jhYk; vt;tsNth njhiyTf;fg;ghy; tUgth;fisNa ,zq;fhzj;jf;f mg; gue;j ntspapy; fple;j ghyj;ij Gypfs; neUq;fp te;JNghdJ gilj;jug;Gf;Fg; gyj;j mjph;r;rpaha; ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; rpwPthzpf;Nfh mJ rpd;d tplak;. vg;NghJk; rthiy vjph; nfhs;tJ xU tpisahl;Lg;Nghy. mjdhy;jhd; mts; fUk;Gypahfp fhw;NwhL fye;jhNsh??

Mdp-Mb> 2004

¸yq; i fj; j P t py; jkpoh; f spd; ,Ug; i g ,y; y hnjhopj; J ,yq; ifia xU KOr; rpq;fs ngsj;j ehlhf khw;Wk; \fdit| ,yf;fhff; nfhz;L fle;j miu E}w;whz;LfS f;F Nkyhf rpq;fsg; Nghpdthjpfs; eltbf;iffis Kd;ndLj;J tUfp d; w dh; . rpwpyq;fh Nghpdthjf; fl;rpf spilNa FLkpr; rz;ilfSk;> Fj;J ntl; L f; f Sk; fhyhfhykhf eil ngw;W tUfpd;wNghJk; ~vr; rhj;jhD ld; $l;Lr; Nrh;e;jhtJ| vj;jifa topKiwiaf; ifahz;lhtJ ~jkp oiu NtuWf; F k; | jkJ nghJf; nfhs;ifapy; mit xj;j Nehf;NfhL nraw; g l; L tUtij fle; j fhyg; gjpTfSk; rkfhy epfo;TfSk; kpfj; njspthf vLj;Jf;fhl;b epw;fpd;wd. vkJ Njr tpLjiyg;Nghiu ~gaq;futhjk;| vd ntspehLfSf; Ff; fhl;b mtu;fsplkpUe;J gy;NtW gl;l gilj;Jiw cjtpfis rpwpy q;fh md;WKjy; ,d;Wtiu ngw;W

tUfpwJ. ,t; t ifahd cjtpfs; mtw;wpd; tpisTfs; xUGwkpUf;f ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jp> Gdu;tho;T> Gdu; epu;khzk; vd;w ngau;fspy; ngUe; njhif ntspehl;L epjpia rpwpy q;fh Mz;LNjhWk; ngWfpwJ. ,t;thW ngwg;gLk; epjpAjtp fSf;F cz;ikapy; vd;d elf;fpwJ vd;gJ gw;wp vtUk; ngupjhff; ftdk; nrYj;Jtjpy;iy. vdpDk; jkpo; kf; fs; kj;jpapy; ,t;tif epjpfis rpwp

fs; ve;jstpw;F ~Nga; f ; f hl; b | Vkh w;wp tUfpd;wd vd;gjw;F xU Rthurpakhd rk;gtj;ij vL j;Jf;fhl;lh ff; Fwpg; gplyhk;. ,];Nuypa ~nkhrhl;| mikg;gpd; K d ; d h s ; c s t h s p ahd ~tpf;uu; x];Nuht;fp| vOjpa ~it Nt xg; bnrg; rd; | (BY WAY OF DECEP TION – Victor ostrovsky) vd;w E}ypy; fhzg;gLk;

,yq;if njhlu;ghd gy tplaq;fs; ntspr;rk;Nghl;Lf; fhl;lg; gl;Ls;sd. rpwpyq;fh gilj;Jiw mik g; g py; cs; s tpNrl mjpubg; g il (S.T.F - Special Task Force) g w ; w p ,q;F mwpahjth;fs; ,Uf;fKbahJ. kl; /mk; g hiw gpuhe; j paj; j py; Nkw; nfhs;sg;gl;l mNef jkpopdg; gL nfhiyfs; %yk; gutyhf mwpag; gl;l ,g; gilg;gphpT N[.Mh;.n[ath; j; j dtpd; fhyj; j py; ~gaq; f uthj Kwpabg;G| eltbf;iffSf;fhf vd mikf;fg;gl;lJ. N[.Mh;.n[ath;j;jdtpd; kfd; utp n[ath; j ; j dtpd; fz; fhzpg;gpYk; fl;Lg;ghl;bYk; ,Ue;j ,g; gilapdUf; f hd gapw; r pfSk; MNyhridfSk; ,];Nuypd; nkhrhl; csT mikg;gpduhy; ,]; Nuypy; itj;J toq;fg;gl;ld. gpd; dhd gapw;rp> MNyhrid vd;gtw;wp w;F mg;ghy; nrd;W rpwpyq;fhtpw; fhd Nghh;j; jsghlq;fis tpw;gid nra;Ak; Kf;fpakhd ehlhf ,];Nuy; khwpaJ. rpWuf MAjq; f Sf; f hd ntbnghUl; f s; > ghh; i tr; rhjdq;

gpy; mwpag;glhj gy gf;fq;fs; mNe fk; . mtw; w py; rpytw; i w Fwpj; j E}yhrphpahpd; vOj; J f; f spNyNa Nehf; F Nthk; . ~~jq; f splkpUe; J thq; F k; MAjq;fSf;fhd gzj;ij rpwpyq;fh nrYj;Jk; nghUl;L> rpwpyq;fh cyf tq; f piaAk; Vida KjyP l ; l hsu; fisAk; Vkhw; w p gy kpy; y pad; nlhyu;fisg; ngWtjw;F ,];Nuy; cjtpnra; j J. ~Jupj kfhtyp mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lk;| vd;w ngaupy; xU Vkhw;Wj; jpl; l j; i j tbtikj; J f; nfhLj; J mjd; g b nraw; g Lk; g b ,]; N uy; MNyhrid $wpaJ. cz; i kapy; cyf tq; f paplkpUe; J gzj; i jg; ngw;W MAjq;fSf;fhfr; nrYj;J tjw;fhfNt ,j;jpl;lk; ~fz;Lgpbf;fg; gl;lJ|.

1977,y; rpwpyq;fh [dhjpgjp [_dpa]; n[atu;j;jdh nkhrhl;bd; rpW cjtpAld; ,ij Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kpf;fjhf;fyhk; vdf; fz;Lnfhz;l Jld; Muk;gj;jpy; Kg;gJ tUlq;fs;; vd ,Ue;j ,J jpBnud tpiuTgLj; jg; g l; l J. kfhtypia mjd; ,ay;ghd ghijapypUe;J ehl;bd; tuz;l gFjp fSf;Fj; jpirjpUg;Gk; xU gpukhz;

Jtj;ijAk; nraiyAk; tpsf;fp epG zj; J t mwpf; i ffis vOjitj; jJ. xU ngupa ,];Nuypa epu;khzp g;Gj; jhgdkhd ~nrhnyy;Nghdh|w;F Ntiyapd; xUgFjpf;fhd ngupa xg; ge;jnkhd;W toq;fg;gl;lJ. fhyj; J f; F f; fhyk; cyf tq;fpapd; gpujpepjpfs; Ntiyj;jsj; Jf;Nf nrd;W guprPypf;Fk; nghUl;L rpwpyq;fhtpw;Fg; Nghthu;fs;.Mdhy;> mq;Fs;s cs;@u;f;fhuu;fs; ,e;jg; gupNrhjfu; f is Rw; W g; g Fjpfshy; mioj; J r; nry; t jd; % yk; mtu; fis Kl;lhshf;FtJ vg;gb vd;W fw;gpw;fg;gl;bUe;jdu;. ,J ghJfhg;Gf;

lkhd nghwpapaw;jpl;lk; vdTk;> ,J ehl;bd; kpd;tYit ,ul;bg;ghf;Fk; vdTk; 75>000 Vf;fu; gug;Gs;s Gjpa ePu;ghrdf; fhzpfis cUthf;Fk; vd;Wk; $wg;gl;lJ. cyf tq; f pAld; RtP l d; > fdlh> [g;ghd;> n[u;kdp> INuhg;gpa nghUshjhu r%fk;> If;fpa mnkup f;fh Nghd;wit ,e;j 2.5kpy;ypad; nlhyu; jpl;lj;jpy; KjyPLnra;jd.

Muk;gj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj ,J mstpw;F kP w pa vjpu; g hu; g ; G f; f isf; nfhz; l

e;Njhk;. Mdhy; mtNs kfhtypj; jpl;lk; gw;wpAk; mjw;fhd epjp vt; thW ,uhZt cgfuzq;fSf;fhfr; nrytplg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gJ gw;wpAk; vd;dplk; type;J $wpf;nfhz;bUe; jhs;|.

Nkw;fz;l rk;gtq;fis Nehf;Fk;NghJ rpwpyq;fh Nghpdthj Ml; r pahsh; f s; vj; j ifa ~~jpy; Y Ky;YfSf;Fk;||> ~~jpUFjhsq;fSf; Fk;|| jaq;fhjtu;fs; vd;gJ Gydh Fk;. ru;tNjrj;ijNa Kl;lhshf;fp

vkhw;Wk; ,tu;fs; jd; nrhe;j kf; fis Vkhw;WtJ gw;wpNah> jkpo;kf; fis Vkhw;WtJ gw;wpNah vd;Wk; ftiyg;glg; Nghtjpy;iy. rpwpyq; f htpw; F epjpAjtp toq;Fk; ntspehLfSk;> kw;iwa mikg;GfSk; ,dpAk; rpwpyq;fhit ek; g p VkhwhJ jkJ epjpAjtpfs; jpl; l q; f s; njhlh; g hf tpopg; G ld; nraw; g l; L mt; T jtpfs; mtw; w pd; Nehf; f j; j pw; f hfNt nrytplg; g L tij cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s Ntz; Lk;. kNy KbTf;Ftu ,e;j kpfg;gpe;jpa filrpj; jUzj;jpYk; ehk; tpUk;Gfpd; Nwhk;. ,g;NghjhtJ murhq;fk; jdJ Nghf;fpid khw;wpf;nfhs;Sk; vd ek;G fpd;Nwhk;. ,d;Nwy; epiyikfs; kpf Nkhrkile;J cs;ehl;Lg;Nghu; Vw;gL tij jtpu; f ; f KbahJ Ngha; t pLk; . ||

yq;fh muRfs; gad;gLj;Jk; tpjk; gw;wp mjpUg;jpfSk; re;Njfq;fSk; ,Ue;Nj te;Js;sd. ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpf;F vd fhuzk; fhl;b ru;tNjr r%fj;jpl kpUe;J ngwg;gLk; epjpAjtpfSf;F vd;d elf;fpwJ vd;gJ njhlu;gpy; ru;tNjr r%fj;ij rpwpyq;fh muR

fs;> njhlh;Gf; fUtpfs; vd;gtw;iwf; fle;J mJ uhlh;fs;> Nlhuh gPuq;fpg; glFfs;> fpgPh; Aj;j tpkhdq;fs; tiu mjd; tpw;gid gy;fpg;ngUfpaJ. rpwp yq;fh mtw;wpy; $LjyhdsT gzk; nrYj;jp thq;fpf; Ftpj;jJ. ,it ,];Nuy; rpwpyq;fh njhlh;ghf ehkwp e;j tplaq;fs;. Mdhy; ,J njhlh;

(mrhj;jpakhd) jpl;lkhfNt ,Ue; jJ. Mdhy; cyf tq;fpNah Vida KjyPl;lhsu;fNsh mjid tpsq;fpf; nfhs;stpy;iy. mtu;fisg; nghW j; j tiu mJ ,g; n ghOJk; ele; J nfhz;Ljhd; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,J rhj;jpag;glf;$ba xU jpl;lnkd cyftq;fpia (mjd; 250 kpy;ypad; nlhyu; cWjpnkhopAld;) jpUg;jpg;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L nkhrhl; ,uz;L ,];Nuypa fy;tpkhd;fs; (xU tu; n[UrNyk; gy;fiyf;fof nghU shjhu ty;Yeu;> kw;wtu; tptrhag; Nguhrpupau;) %ykhf ,jd; Kf;fpaj;

(03Mk; gf; f j; njhlh; r ; r p) e;J nraw;gl ,d;dKk; Maj;jkhf Ts;Nsd;. (“I ask him to place his cards on the table upwarks. Let us work together openly. Let there be no secret agendas... I am prepare to work with him in spite of all of his mistakes”) ,f;fl;Liuapd; Kbthf> miu E}w;whz;Lfhy mfpk;irtopg; Nghuhl;lk; gad;juhj epiyapy; Mgpupf;f Njrpaf; fhq;fpu]; MAjg;Nghuhl;l topapid gpd;

gw;w KbntLj;jNghJ ntspg;gLj;jpa $w; Wf;fis gjpT nra;fpd;Nwhk;. nfhba ml f;F Kiwf;F khw;whf MAjg;Nghuhl;l td;Kiwia Mjupj;j kz;Nlyh ,uhZ ztg; gpuptpid cUthf;Fk; nghWg;gpid Ak; Vw;whu;. 1961Mk; Mz;L brk;gu; 16Mk; ehs; gy Fz;L ntbg;Gf;fis epfo;j;jp jdJ tUifia mwptpj;jJ. Njrj;jpd; <l;b vdtiof;fg;gl;l ,t; ,uhZtg;gpupT mg;NghJ ntspapl;l mwpf;ifapy; Fwpg; gpl;ltw;iwNa vkJ ,d;iwa Fuyhf

xypf;fpd;Nwhk;. \\xt;nthU Njrj;jpw;Fk; tuyhw;wpy; xU jUzk; tUk;. mg;NghJ ,uz;Nl topfs;jhd; kpQ;rpapUf;Fk;. gzp e;JNghjy; my;yJ Jzpe;J NghuhLjy;. ,g;NghJ ,j;jUzk; njd;dhgpupf;fhTf;F te;Js;sJ. ehq;fs; xUNghJk; mbgzp Nahk;. vq;fs; tpLjiy> vq;fs; kf; fs;> vq;fs; vjpu;fhyk; ,tw;wpidj; jw;fhj;jpl vk;kplKs;s midj;jpid Ak; gad;gLj;jp jpUg;gpj; jhf;FNthk;. cs;ehl;Lg;Nghu; ,uj;jf; fsupapy;yh

Mdp-Mb> 2004

fhuzq;fSf;nfd Rygkhf tpsf;fg; gLk;. gpd; kPz;Lk; mr;rpwpa gpuNjrj;jp w;F mioj;J tug;gLthu;fs;. mq;F cz;ikapNy rpy epu;khzpg;G Ntiy fs; ,e;j Nehf;fj;jpw;fhfr; nra;ag; gl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;||. ~~.....gpd; xU ,ufrpag; gaz khf n[ath; j ; j dhtpd; kUkfs; ngd;dp ,];Nuypw;F te;jNghJ mt Uf; F ghJfhg; G topj; J izahf mkh;jj ; g;gl;Nld;. ..ehq;fs; nghJthd tplaq;fisg; gw;wpg; Ngrpf;nfhz;bU

(ed;wp:- \\,yq;if jkpo;j; Njrpathjk; mjd; Muk;g Njhw;wk; gw;wpaNjhu; Ma;T - KUfd; Fzrpq;fk;)

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