V_P_117 by surendran vithiyaramanan

!W ?¤ÑA À(%P ¥9Ë N> ¦¯@ØÑ9 > ¥9É Ç9¤à NÑ?9Ñ ÇÑÎ¯!¥ AÃP -> NÔ ¦?9!9 Á ÕZB (É!%¿ º!9 àVÄ P ( ÑÃ¿@B ¥9Î¤ ÏÁ¦BÑA F ¿P °R¤Ñ¿ º!9 à AÃ ¥9Ô¤Ñ9 [X!%9Ø $¤Ñ B ( ÑÃ ¸§ àVÄ P BÉË ' Ã ¤] $RÑ > º¥9 É?É% ' ( ÑÃ ¦9@¤Ñ¿º!9 à AÃP (Ë >0% $Ë 9) Á ¦¤@Ñ > @ÑØ¿! !ÉË;_Ñµ¤] ²?@ NZ à AÃ ( Ë Ñ9 ×_' ¸ ¿!¤ÑÃØW¤Ñ ¸Ô× ¥9Î¤ Ñ9Ë¿@X] Ç9ÄÉ ¸Ä_Áº¦Bà>§P If;fpa Rje;jpu Kd;dzp Ml;rp mikj;jjpypUe;J rkhjhd Kaw;rpfspy; ghhpa gpd;dilTfs; Vw;glj; njhlq;fptpl;ld. Rje;jpuf; fl;rp - N[.tp.gp $l;LKd;dzp NghUf;fhd murpaiy jPtpukhf Kd;ndLj;jgbAs;sJ. If;fpa Njrpaf;fl;rp muR ld; Kd;dh;nra;j rkhjhd Kaw;rp fis tpl;l ,lj;jpypUe;J njhlu rk;kjk; njhptpj;j re;jphpfh mk;ik ahh;> toikNghyNt> Fj;Jf; fu zk; mbj;Jtpl;lhh;. rkhjhdg; Ngr;ir kPsj;njhlq;FtJ gw;wp

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mjpfhu myfpw;fhd tiuT ,g;NghJ ,Wjpahf Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdNt 1920fspy; njhlq;fpa fij Kbtpid neUq; F fpd; w J. ,e;epiyapNyjhd; ,g;NghJ ehk; ,Wjpahf ts;Std; topapy; ,bj;Jiuf;f ghujp topapy; gopj;jwpTWj;j Kd;tUfpd; Nwhk;. ,q;NfAk; tuyhw;wpd; top epd;Nw ,jidr; nrhy;fpd;Nwhk;. mfpk;ir topapy; njhlq;fp MAj td;Kiwia tupj;J gpd; ,Wjpahf ePz;l Ngr;Rf;fspd; gpd; ,y f;if mile;jJ njd;dhgpupf;f tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lk;. kz;Nlyhtpd; ePz;l rpiw thrk;> gy;NtW murpay;> nghUz;kpa eyd; fSf;fhf cyfk; ,l;l mOj;jk;> ,it fhuzq;fshf gy;NtW rjpfs;> ehrq;fSf;F kj;jpapy; Ngr;Rthu;ji ; jfs; mq;F ele;jd. ,it ahtw;wpw;Fk; rhl;rpakhFk;. kz; Nlyh ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; $wpa $w;Wf; fis vk; $w;Wf;fshf tupj;Jf;nfhs;fpd; Nwhk;. 26 Mz;Lfs; rpiwthrj;jpd;NghJ vj;jifa epge;jidfSf;Fl;gl;l Ngr; Rf;fis kz;Nlyh epuhfupj;jJk; td; Kiwia iftplKbahnjdf; $wpa Jk; Rje;jpukhd kdpju;fNs Ngr;Rthu; j;ijapy; <LglKbAk;> vdf; $wpaij Ak; ,q;Nf epidT+l;Lfpd;Nwhk;. 1991Mk; Mz;lstpy; Mgpupf;f Njrpaf; fhq;fpuRk; njd;dhgpupf;f epwntwp muRk; Ngr;Rf;fspy; <Lgl;lNghJk; njhlf;fj;jpypUe;Nj Ngr;Rf; fisf; Fog;gj;jf;fjhf #o;rr ; pj; jpll ; nkhd; wpid njd;dhgpupf;f muR tFj;Jr; nraw; gl;lJ. ,jw;F fWg;gpdj; jiytu;fisNa> (ANCapdJk; kz;NlyhtpdJk; nry;thf;F tsu;tijf;fz;L kdk; nghWf;fhJ) gad; gLj;jpdu;. #Y ,df; FOkj;jpdJk; \,d; fhjh| mikg;gpd; jiytUkhd Gj;jNy rpia Mgpupf;f Njrpaf; fhq;fpuNrhL kiw Kfg; Nghnuhd;iwNa epwntwp muR elj;J tpj;jJ. Nghuhspfis> kf;fis nfhy;Y tpj;jJ. 1991Mk; Mz;L brk;gu; khjks tpy; nfhNlrh (Codesa) vd;wiof;fg;gl;l rdehaf njd;dhgpupf;fhTf;fhd khehL vd;fpw ngaupy; Ngr;Rf;fs; njhlq;fpd. ,g;Ngr;rpd;NghJ eilngw;w xU rk;g tj;ij ,d;iwa vkJ epiyNahL njhlu;G gLj;Jfpd;Nwhk;. ,k; khehl;bd; ,Wjp Aiuia jhd; epfo;jj ; tpUk;Gtjhf njd; dhgpupf;f mjpgu; b fpshu;f; Ntz;baNghJ ngUe;jd;ikNahL kz;Nlyh mjw;Fr; rk;k jpj;jhu;. Mdhy; fpshu;f;Nfh ,t; tha;g; gpidg; gad;gLj;jp ANC MAjq;fis ifaspf;f Kd;tuhik> ,uhZtg; gpup tpid itj;jpUf;fpd;wik Nghd;wit

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Mdp-Mb> 2004

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e;J> gjtpf;Fte;j> nfhq;Nfhtpd; kdpf;nfhq; Nfhf;fs;> fpl;lj;jl;l Nghu;j;Jf;fy;ypd; gz; izahl;fs; (VASSAL) NghyNt tho Neu;e; jJ. nfhq;Nfh ,uhr;rpaKk; gy rpwpa rpwpa ehLfshf rpjwpg;NghdJ. vdpDk; ,e;j ehLfs; vy;yhNk VNjh xU mstpyhtJ Nghu;jJ ; f; fy;ypdhy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUe;jd. 19Mk; E}w;whz;bNy nfhq;Nfhtpd; epyg;gug;Gfs; ngUkstpy; mq;NfhyhtpDs; nrd;wNjhL xU gFjp Rje;jpu nfhq;Nfh ehlhfpaJ. (Nkyjpf tptuq;fSf;F J.K.Njhz;ud; vOjpa KING DOM OF KONGO (1983)> A.W.`py;ud; vO jpa KINGDOM OF KONGO (1985) Mfpa E}y;fisg; ghu;ff ; Tk;) cyfg; ngUejpfSs; xd;whf 6400fp.kP J}uj;Jf;Fg; gha;eJ ; nfhq;Nfhit tsg;gLj;jpa nfhq;Nfh ejpj; jPuq;fspy; 1874-1877tiu Ma;T fis elj;jpa ngy;[pa ,d Ma;thsuhd n`d;wp Nkhl;ld; ];uhd;yp (HENRY MORTON STANLEY) me;j ejpapd; jPuq;fspy; ,Ue;j tsq;fs; gw;wp ngy;[pa muru; ypNahNghy;l; II (LEOPOLD - II) ,d; ftdj;Jf;Ff; nfhz;L tUfpwhu;. ypNahNghy;l; II cs;spl;l KjyPll ; h su;fspd; jdpg;gl;l nrhj;jhf> 1880fspy; RahjPd nfhq;Nfh> nfhq;Nfh ejpapd; fiufspy; jhgpf;fg; gl;lJ. 450 cs;@u; RNjrpfspd; FOkq;fSld; cld;ghLfisr; nra;Jnfhz;L me;j ehL tpup thf;fk; ngw;wJ. 1890fspy>; ypNahNghy;l; II jdJ

gila fl;Lg;ghl;il cs;ehLfSf;Fk; tpupthf; fpdhu;. ypNahNghy;bd; Ml;rp kpfTk; nfh^ukhd jhf ,Ue;jJ. mijj;njhle;J cs;@u; kf;fs; kPJ gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;l xLf;FKiwfs;> J~; gpuNahfq;fs; gw;wpa Kiwg;ghLfs; gfpuq;f khdij mLj;J ngy;[pa murhq;fk; 1908Mk; Mz;by; nfhq;Nfhit ifNaw;wJ. 1960tiu ,e;j Ml;rp ePbj;jJ. 1950fspy; gpuhd;Rk; ,q;fpyhe;Jk; jq;fs; FbNaw;w ehLfSf;F Rje;jpuk; toq;f Vw;ghLfisr; nra;Jnfhz;bUe;j NtisapYk; nfhq;Nfh vd;gJ ngy;[pak; vd;w je;ijapd; ghJfhg;G mtrpakhd Foe;ijahfNt ,Uf;fp wJ vd;W ngy;[pak; ghtid nra;Jnfhz;b Ue;jJ. 1Mk; cyfg;NghUf;Fg; gpd;> ngupa ngUe;Njhl;lq;fs; (gUj;jp> vz;izj; jhtuq; fs;> Nfhg;gp> nfhf;Nfh> wg;gu;) kw;Wk; cs;sfg; gFjpfspy; fhzg;gl;l jq;fk;> ituk;> nrk;G> jfuk;> NfhNghy;w>; Jj;jehfk; Kjypatw;iw mf Ok; Ruq;fj;njhopy; Kjypatw;wpy;> INuhg;gpa> mnkupf;f jdpahu; epWtdq;fs; ngUksT Kj yPLfisr; nra;jd. 2Mk; cyfg;Nghupd; NghJ mnkupf;fh Tf;F A+Nudpak; toq;fpa Kf;fpa ,lq;fspy;

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wg;gu; cw;gj;jp Nfhl;lhit vl;litg;gjw;fhd cj;jpfshf rTf;fhy; mbj;jy;> gzaf; ifjp fisg; gpbj;jy; Kjypad Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. rpwpa Fw;wq;fSf;Ff;$l mq;fq;fis rpijf; Fk; jz;lidfs; toq;fg;gl;ld. kf;fs; njhif 20>000>000-30>000>000tiuapy; ,Ue;J 8>000>000 Mff; Fiwe;jJ. ngUe;Njhl;lq;fspy; nfh^uq;fs; mj;JkPwpd. 500fp.kP ePskhd Gifapujg; ghij> tPjp fs;> fl;llq;fs; mikg;gpd;NghJ fl;lha Ntiy thq;fy;fs; kw;Wk; kpifahd J~;gpu Nahfq;fs; fhuzkhf 17000njhopyhsu; ,we; jijj; njhlu;e;J fpsu;r;rpfs; tYj;jd. cz; ikiar; nrhy;yg;Nghdhy;> FbNaw;wthj Ml;rpf; fhd vjpu;gG ; zu;Tfs; Muk;gj;jpypUe;Nj ntspf; fhl;lg;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUe;jd. ,e;jf; fpsu;rr; pfs; 1923tiu Kw;whf xLf;fg;gltpy;iy. 1884-1885tiu ngu;dpypy; epfo;ej ; kfh ehl;by; nfhq;Nfh Njrj;ij Ms ngy;[pa kd;du; ypNahNghy;l; II ,w;F cs;s cupik mq;ff P upff ; g; gl;lJ. 1931-36fspy; ,Ue;J Gul;rpfs; tYf;f Muk;gpj;jd. 1959Mk; Mz;by; nfhq;Nfh Njrpa ,af;fj;ij cUthf;fpa gl;wp]; YKk;gh> ngy; [paj;jpd; gpbapy; ,U e;J jkJ ehl;bid kP l ; f f; fLikahfg; Nghuhbte; j hu; . gy fhykhf nfhq;NfhTf;F Rje;jpuk; toq;f kW j;Jte;j ngy;[pak; jpB nud;W 1960Mk; Mz; by; nfhq; N fhTf; F Rje;jpuk; toq;f Kd; te;jJ. 1960 A+d;> 30 Mk; jpfjp ngy;[paj;jp lk; ,Ue;J Rje;jpuk; ngw; w nfhq; N fhtpd; [dhjpgjpahf N[hrg; f]hTG (JOSEPH KASAVUBU)> gpujk uhf gl;wp]; YKk;gh (PATRICE LUMU MBA) gjtpNaw;whu;. YKk;gh murikj;J ,uz; L thuq; f Ss; ,uhZt> nghyp]; mjp fhupfs; fyfk; nra;jjpy; flhq;fh gpupe;J nfhz;lJ. murpd; miog;gpd; Ngupy; mikjp Ngzte;j I.eh mikjpNgZk; gil INuhg;gpau; eyd;fisNa NgzpajhfTk; fpsu;rr; p elj;jpatu; fSf;Fr; rhu;ghf ele;Jnfhz;ljhfTk; mg; NghJ Fw;wk;rhl;lg;gl;lJ. I.eh mikjpg; gil 1960-1964tiu nfhq;Nfhtpy; Nritahw;wp aJ. YKk;ghtpd; muR ngy;[pa ,uhZtk;

nfhq;Nfhit tpl;L KOikahf ntspNaw Ntz;Lk; vd;W cyfehLfspd; $l;lj;jpy; mwp tpj;jhu;. jdJ FbNaw;w ehl;il ,of;f tpUk; ghj ngy;[pak; YKk;ghit xopj;Jf; fl;L tjw;F mnkupf;fhTld; Nru;eJ ; jpl;lk; jPlb ; a jhf gpd;du; fpilj;j rhd;Wfs; ntspg;gLj;jp apUf;fpd;wd. YKk;ghtpd; murpy; ,uhZtj; jsgjpahf ,Ue;j Nfzy; N[hrg; nkhGl;L (COL. JOSEPH MOBUTU) Ml;rpiaf; ifg; gw;Wfpwhu;. YKk;gh ifJnra;ag;gl;L> fl;lhq;fh fpsu;rr; pahsu;fsplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;L nfhy;yg; gl;ljhf jw;NghJ $wg;gLfpwJ. vdpDk; u~;a rhu;G epiyg;ghl;ilf; nfhz;bUe;j YKk;gh> u~;ah nrd;w tpkhdk; tpgj;Jf;Fs;shfpajpy; nfhy;yg;gl;ljhf 1960fspy; $wg;gllJ. mt uJ tpkhdk; Rl;L tPo;j;jg;gl;ljhfTk;> mf; nfhiyapy; Nfzy; nkhGl;LTk; CIAAk; njhlu;Ggl;bUe;jnjd;Wk; fhl;Lk; rhd;Wfs; gpdd ; u; ntspte;jpUe;jd. gl;wp]; YKk;gh epid thfNt u~;ahtpd; YKk;gh ru;tfyhrhiy Vw; gLj;jg;gl;lJ. Nkw;fpypUe;J ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;l epWtdq;fs;> nfhs;iffs;> fyhr;rhuq;fs; Kjyp ait nfhq;NfhkPJ Mokhd jhf;fq;fis Vw; gLj;jpd. vdpDk; ntt;NtW ek;gpf;iffs; tpR thrq;fs;> gjl;lq;fs; nfhz;l ntt;NtW kf;f shy; kuGfs; Ngzg;gl;ld. Mdhy; nkhGl;Ltpd; Ml;rpapy;> xU rpwpa> mjpfstpy; ikag;gLj;jg; gl;l murpay; cau;kl;lj;jpduhy; ,e;j kf;fs; xl;Lnkhj;jkhf xLf;fg;gl;ldu;. 1961Mk; Mz;by; ehl;bd; Ml;rpia kPz;Lk; f]TGtplk; nkhGl;L ifaspj;jhu;. mjd;gpd; vOe;j murpay; fpsu;r;rpfisaLj;J 1965Mk; Mz;by; ,uz;lhtJ Gul;rp xd;iw elj;jp Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wpa nkhGl;L jd; idj;jhNd 5 tUlq;fSf;F [dhjpgjpahf epakpjJ ; f;nfhz;L 1966,y; elf;ftpUe;j Nju;jy; fisAk; ,uj;Jr;nra;Jtpl;lhu;. 1966 Xf;Nuhgu;> 26Mk; jpfjp gpujku; ypNahdhl; Kyhk;ghit gjtp ePff ; pa nkhGl;L> [dhjpgjp Ml;rpia Vw; gLj;jp jhNd [dhjpgjpAkhdhu;. 1970 Nk> 21Mk; jpfjp kf;fs; Gul;rpfu ,af;fk; (POPULAR MOVEMENT OF REVOLUTION - MPR) vd;w fl;rpia Muk;gpj;jhu;. ehl;Lkf;fs; mid tUk; mjpy; cWg;Gupik ngwNtz;Lk; vd Mizaplg;gl;lJ. etk;gu; 01Mk; jpfjp ,lk; ngw;w Nju;jypy; jdp mNgl;rfuhf Nghl;bapl;l nkhGl;L [dhjpgjpahf Nju;Tnra;ag;gl;lhu;. 1970fs; KOtJk; murpay; mjpUg;jpahsu;fs; nfh^ukhf xLf;fg;gl;ldu;. 1973Mk; Mz;by; Mgpupf;f kakhf;fy; nfhs;ifapd; fPo; ehl;bd; ngaiu n]ahu; FbauR vd;W khw;wpaNjhL jdJ ngaiuAk; nkhGl;L n]N] N]f;Nfh vd;W khw;wpfn ; fhz;lhu;. n]ahu; kf;fSk; jq;fs; ngau;fis Mgpupf;f kag;gLj;jp> Mgpupf;ftif Milfis mzpAk; g b Nfl; f g; g l; l du; . n]ahu; kakhf;fy; nfhs;ifnahd;wpd; fPo; ntsp

ehl;ltu;fspd; cilikfshd 2000 epWtdq; fis muR ifafg;gLj;jpaJ. ,J 1973,y; epfo;ej ; J. ifafg;gLj;jg;gl;l epWtdq;fspy; ngUk;ghyhdit nkhGl;LTf;Fk; mtUf;F neUf; f khdtu; f Sf; F kpilapy; gfpu; e ; J nfhs;sg;gl;ld. Gjpa cupikahsu;fspd; gl;lwp tpd;ikahy;> me;j epWtdq;fspy; gyTk; nehbj; Jg; Ngha;tpl;ld. n]ahupd; nghUz;kpak; (njhlh; r ; r p 13Mk; gf; f k; )

Mdp-Mb> 2004

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Mdp-Mb> 2004

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§ $ 7 Á¦9

mtd; ,af; f j; j pw; F Gwg; g lj; jahuhd NghJ ,g;gbj;jhd; mk;khf;fhf mOk; kdir jplg;gLj;jpf; nfhz; lhd;. Nghuhl;lj;jpy; jd;id ,izj;Jf;nfhs;sNt mtndhU Nghuhl;lk; elj;jNtz;bapUe;jJ. ve;j ehSk; fz;zpy; gLkstpw;F mq;Nf Nghuhspfs; jpuptjpy;iy. vg;gthtJ ,ilapilNa mq;Nf cyhTk; mtdpw;Fj; njupe;j Nghuh spfisf; $l rpy ehl;fshff; fhz tpy;iy. mtdpd; fhj;jpUg;G nghW ikapd; vy;iytiu nfhz;L nrd; wJ. mtDk; mtNdhL ,d;Dk; ,UtUk; Nghuhl; l j; j py; ,iz tjw;fhf Cupd; xJf;Fg;Gwj;jpy; fhl;bw;Fs; njupe;j Nghuhspfspd; ghriw xd;wpw;Fr; nry;tjw;F Gwg; gl; l hu; f s; . eP z ; l J}ug; gazk; . ,ilapilNa gazj;ijf; FWf; fpl;L %u;ff ; j;jdkhf XLk; MWfs;. vy;yhk; rypg;gpy;yhky; fle;Jte;J me;j fhl;Lg; ghriwapy; jd;idg; Nghuhspahf;fpdhd;. Vw;fdNt mg;ghtpd; cly;epiyahy; cile;J NghapUe;j mk;khtpw;F ,t dpd; gpupT jhq;fpf;nfhs;s Kbahjjhf ,Ue;jJ. mts; vjpu; ghu;f;fNt ,y;iy ,g;gb xU gpupit. ehSk; ehSk; mk;kh J}q;

fhkNyNa gps;is tUthd; vd;W tpopj; j pUe; j hs; . vij vijNah nty;yhk; epidj;J kdij tUj; jpf; nfhz;bUe;jhs;. xt;NthU ehsp Yk; mtspd; nraw;ghLfspy; xt; nthd;W Fiwe;jJ. jd; fUkq; fis ftdpf; f hkNyNa VNjh kdNeha; gpbj; j tsha; miye; jhs;. kfd; tUthd;> tU thd; vd;Nw nrhy;ypf;nfhz;bUe;jhs;. nghd;dk;khd; gapw;rpg; ghr iwapy; gapw;rp Kbj;J ghriw tpl;L ntspNa te;jNghJ mtdpw; Fk; mk;khtpd; Nrjp mjpu;r;rpaha; j;jhd; ,Ue;jJ. \\vd;u FQ;Rfnsy;yhk; vd; NdhilNa ,Uf;fNtZk;|| fl;bg; gpbr;Rf;nfhz;L mbf;fb mk;kh nrhy;tJ epidtpy; ghukhdJ. Mdhy; Xbr; n rd; W ghu; f ; F k; re;ju;g;gk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. td;dpNehf;fp mtu;fs; te;J gy khjq;fs; MfpapUe; jJ. mtd; fpuhkj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W mk;khNthL Rk;kh ,Ue;jhy; ,tdp w;F igj;jpak; gpbj;J tpLk; NghypUe;jJ. mk;khkPJ itj; j pUe; j ghrj; i j mlf;fp tPukhf; fpf;nfhz;L mtd; epid j; J te; j fhupaj; i jr; nra;Jnfhz;bUe;jhd;. rhs;]; md; udp gilazpapy; j hd; mt dJ gzpfs; midj;Jk; Muk;gkhdJ. td;dpapy; Kf; fpa xUrpy jhf;Fjy;fspw;Fr; nrd;Wte;j gpd; n y g ; . N f z y ; uhftz; i zAld; fl; l is ikaj; jpy; mtdJ Nghuhl; l g; g zp njhlu; e; j d. mwpf;if vOJtJ> MAj tpguk; vLg;gJ vd;W fsj;jpdpy; epfOk; khw;wq;fisAk; ,og;Gf; fisAk; ntw; w pfisAk; Mtz khf; F k; Kf;fpakhd gzpaJ. mq;Nfjhd; Muk; g g; gapw; r p Kfhkp NyNa cwthd cwnthd;W njhlu; e;Jnfhz;Nl te;jJ. gpupT vd;g jpy; nehe;JNghapUe;jtdpw;F mut

izf; f md; G nra; a rNfhjud; khUjpadpd; ghrkpUe;jJ. Kjypy; mtDldhd ghrk; gpd; mtu;f spd; tPLtiu nrd;wJ. me;j tPL> mk;kh> mg;gh rNfhjupfs; vy;yhk; mtdpd; neUq;fpa cwTfshdJ. jDrdpd; tPll ; hu; mtdpw;F fbjk; mDg;Gtnjd;why; mq;Nf jhd; mDg;Gthu;fs;. khUjpad; jd f;F cLg;ngLj;jhy;> jDrDf;Fk; Nru;j;Nj vLg;ghd;. ,g;gb mtdpd; cwTfs; tYg;ngw;Wf; nfhz;bU f;f cs;sj;jpy; ,og;Gf;fs; cUth fpf;nfhz;bUe;jd. tPur;rhT tpguk; vOjp mtdJ if ituk; ngw;wJ. (njhlh;r;rp 11Mk; gf;fk;)

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\\ (~²¤Nµ' !WZµ' |¹ P B.' :ª¬ª% zªj PV¥jno9"| | - jhrp tpj;jhrp (1958) -

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Mdp-Mb> 2004

fhyj;jpy; mg;gb xU ngUk; epjpia jkpou; kj;jpapypUe;J jpul;bly; Xu; mupjhd fhup aNk. aho;gg ; hz thypg nfhq;fpu]; tPwhg; Gld; ,U epge;jidfSf;Fk; xg;Gf;nfhz; lJ. epjp jpul;ly; nfhOk;gpYk; epfo;e;j NghjpYk; mJTk; ngUksT jkpouplkpU e;Jjhd; jpul;lg;gl;lJ vd;gJ xU frg; ghd cz;ik. fhe;jp ,yq;ifapdJ ,dg;gps tpd; rhuhk;rj;ij mjd; fUtpNyNa Gupe; jpUe;jhu;. mg;gb ,Ue;Jk; fhe;jp rpq;fsj; jiytu;fisAk; jpUg;jpg;gLj;Jk; tpjj; jpw;jhd; jdJ tp[aj;ij tbtikj;Jf;

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kw;Wk; ,uhZt eltbf;iffs; midj; Jk; fhzg;gLk; gpsit NkYk; NkYk; mjpfupf;fr; nra;J ,Wjpapy; jPit ,uz; lhfg; gpse;J vLg;gjpy; Kw;Wg;ngWk; vd; gNj cz;ik. gz;lhuehaf;fh cs;spl;l rpq;fs ,dthjpfspd; ,dthjj;ijg; ghu;j;J 1958Mk; Mz;L jhrp tpj;jhrp vOg;gpa Nfs;tpf;F tuyhW ,g;NghJ $Wk; gjpy; \\Xk;|| vd;gNj.

tpaw;ehk; Nghupy; fzprkhdsT jw;nfhilj; jhf;Fjy;fs; elj;jg;gl;ljhf mz;ikf;fhyr; nra;jpfs; njuptpf;fpd;wd. ,d;W 92 tajpduhf thOk; fpahg; vd;w iof;fg;gLk; n[duy; NthEFnad; fpahg; (GEN.VO NGUYEN GIAP) gpnuQ;R kw;Wk; mnkupff ; g; gilfSf;F vjpuhf jw;nfhil jhf;Fjy; mzpfisg; gad;gLj;jpdhu; vd; gij cWjpnra;a Kbfpd;wJ. fpahg; gilj;Jiwf;fy;tp fw;fhjtu;. gl;lwpTk;> RaKaw;rpAk; mtiu cyfpd; Kd;dzp gilelj;Jeu;fspy; xUtuhf cau;jj ; pd. ,uhZt tptfhuq;fs; rk;ge;jkhd E}y; fisAk; mtu; gbg;gjpy;iyahk;. fpuNdw; Fz;bd; njhopEl;gk; gw;wp mtu; gpuQ;R nkhop fiyf;fsQ;rpaj;jpd; %yk; gbj;j ijf; fz;ljhf mtUf;F neUf;fkhdtu; fs; $Wfpd;wdu;. tpaw;ehk; Nghu; 1946,y; njhlq;fp 1975,y; KbTw;wJ. tpaw;ehkpd; Rje;jpuj; jpw;fhf jiytu; N`hrPkpd; jiyikapy; Nghuhba tpLjiy mikg;G tpaw;kpd; (VIET MINH) ,e;j neba Nghiu elj;jp aJ. 19Mk; E}w;whz;L njhlf;fk; fk;Ngh bah> yhNth];> tpaw;ehk; Mfpatw;iw Ml;rpnra;j gpuhd;R ehL 1954,y; ngw;w bad; gpad; G+ Njhy;tpAld; tpaw;ehik tpl;L ntspNawpaJ. ,jd;gpd; ele;j n[dpth mikjpg; Ngr;Rf;fspy; tpaw;ehk; tlf;F> njw;F vd;W ,U $Wfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;lJ. tlf;F tpaw;ehk; tpaw;kpd; Ml;rpapd;fPo; nrd;wJ. njw;F tpaw;ehk; mnkupf;f MjuTngw;w jdpehlhf tpsq;fp aJ. nfhkpA+dp];Lfshd tl tpaw;ehk; Ml;rpahsu;fs; njd; tpaw;ehikf; ifg; gw;wyhk; vd;w mr;rj;jpy; mnkupf;fh jdJ gilfis mq; F mDg;gj; njhlq;fp aJ. 1968,y; Ie;J ,yl;rj;jpw;F Nkyhd mnkupf;fj; JUg; G f; f s; njd; tpaw;ehkpy; Ftpf;fg; gl;ld. mnkupf;f Fz;LtPrR ; tpkhdq;fs; tl tpaw;ehk; kPJ ghupa Fz;LtPrR ; f;fis elj;jpd. gpnuQ;Rg; gilfSf;F vjpuhd tpaw;kpd; jhf;Fjy;fspy; n[duy; fpahg; jw;nfhilg; gilfis fsk; ,wf;fpdhu;. gpnuQ;Rg; gilfspd; epiyfSf;F rpwpa jw;nfhil mzpfisj; jhf;FjYf;F Kd; Ndhbahf fpahg; mDg;Gthu;. mtu;fs; jilfis ePf;fpathW ClWj;J Kd; NdWifapy; jf;f rkak; ghu;jJ ; miy miyahfj; jhf;Fjy; mzpfis mDg; GtJ mtUila ghzp. ,J mtUf;F kpfTk; gpbj;jkhd je;jpNuhghak; vd;W ,uhZt ty;Yeu;fs; fzpg;gpLfpd;wdu;. 1951Mk; Mz;lstpy; fpahg;gpd; je;jpNuhghaj;ij vjpu;nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy; Ml;bywp gPuq;fpfisg; gad;gLj;Jk; cj; jpia gpnuQ;Rg; gilfs; gad;gLj;jpd. ,J rpW gpd;dilit Vw;gLj;jpdhYk; fpahg;gpd; je;jpNuhghak; khWjy; mila

tpy;iy. 1954,y; ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; mjp Kf;fpa khd Nghu;fspy; xd;whd bad; gpad; G+tpy; fpahg;gpd; iffspy; Nrhtpj; xd;wpak; cjtpa 130mm gy;Foy; nwhf;fw; NyhQ;ru;fs; ,Ue; jd. ,e;j rf;jptha;ej ; MAj j;ij U~;a nkhopapy; fhl; A+~h (KATYUSHA) vd;W miog;ghu;fs;. nrk;gilapd; JUg; G r; r P l ; L vd; W mJ miof;fg;gLtJz;L. ,uz; lhk; cyfg;Nghupy; U~;ag; gilfs; gad;gLj;jpa xU Nfhu]; ghlypd; fjhehafp apd; ngau;jhd; fhl;A+~h. fhl;A+~h MAjj; njhopw;rhiyapy; gzpahw;W fpwhs;. mtSila fhjyd; jhafj;ijf; fhg;gjpy; <LgL fpwhd;. cd; fhjiy vd; neQ;rpy; miz ahj jPahf tsu;ff ; pNwd; vd;W me;jg;ngz; ghLtjhf gy;yhapuf; fzf;fhd nrk;gil apdu; xNu Fuypy; ghLthu;fs;. ,g;gbg; ghLk; Ngnuhyp me;j nwhf;fw; NyhQ;rupd; #l;nlhypf;F xg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. fhyg; Nghf;fpy; me;jg; ngz;zpd; ngau; gy;Foy;

mzp my;yJ ,dj;jpd; ntw;wpff ; hf jkJ capiuj; jpahfk; nra;fpd;wdu;. ,tu;fs; rw;W tpj;jpahrkhdtu;fs;. Nghu; tuyhW Muk;gpj;j ehl;njhl;L ,g;gbahd jw; nfhilahspfs; ed;F milahsk; fhzg; gLfpd;wdu;. jw;nfhil vDk; cau;KbT> mJ vy;NyhUf;Fk; cupajy;y vd;W Fws; $Wfpd;wJ. mjw;F kNdhgyKk; gapw;rpj; jpwDk; Ntz;Lk;. czu;rr ; p trg;gl;L vjpup f;F ngUe;jq P F ; tpistpf;fhj jw;nfhil jhf;Fjyhy; ahnjhU gaDkpy;iy. epA+ Nahu;f; efupd; ,ul;ilf; NfhGuj;jpd; kPjhd jw;nfhilj; jhf;FjYf;Fg; gpd; jw; nfhilj; jhf;Fjy;fs; (SUICIDE ATTA CKS) vd;w jiyg;gpd; fPo; gy;fiyf;fof kl;lj;jpy; Ma;Tfs; eilngWfpd;wd. nrg;uk;gu; khjk; gjpndhuhk; jpfjp ,ul;ilf; NfhGuj; jhf;Fjy; elj;jg;gl;l fhuzj;jhy; \9/11| vd;w Gjpa fw;if Njhd;wpAs;sJ. jw;nfhilj; jhf;Fjy; tuyhw;wpy; kpfg; ngupa capuopit Vw;gLj;jpa 9/11 jhf;F jy; gazpfs; tpkhdq;fs; %yk; elj;jg; gl;lJ. 3000,w;Fk; Nkw;gl;l capu;fs; gwpf;fg;gl;lJ> kpfg;ngupa nrhj;jopT Vw; gl;lJ. fpwp];jt - ,];yhk; kjq;fSf; fpilapyhd ey;YwT ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jhf;Fjiy elj;jpatu;fs; ,];yhk; kjj;

nrhe;j kz;zpw;fhfg; NghupLk; rpwpa ,dj;ij nty;yKbahj fhuzq;fisj; jdJ E}ypy; tpsf;Ffpwhu;. (STANLEY KARNOW: VIETNAM, A HISTORY) Kjyhtjhf ngUk; gilNahL tUgtd; Mf;fpukpg;ghsd;> nrhe;j kz;zpw;fhfg; NghupLgtd; ,yl;rpathjp. mtd; jd; ,dj;jpw;fhfTk; kz;zpw;fhfTk; capu;j; jpahfk; nra;aj; jahuhfTs;shd;. ,uz; lhtjhf jhf;FjYf;F cl;gLk; rpwpa gil xU tUlk; jhf;Fg; gpbj;Jtpl;lhy;> mij ngupa gilahy; nty;tJ fbdk;. ,uz; lhtij fhu;Ndh Nfhl;ghL (KARNOW DOCTRINE) vd;ghu;fs;. ,ij ngUk; ghyhd ,uhZt Ma;thsu;fs; cz;ik nad;W Vw;Wf;nfhz;Ls;sdu;. nehe;j kz;Zf;fhfg; NghupLk; rpwpa gil cila td; ty;yurpd; jhf;Fjy;fis xU tUlk; jhf;Fg; gpbj;Jtpl;lhy; rpwpa gilapdd; gyk;ngw;W nty;yKbahj epiyf;Fr; nry;fpwhd;> vd;gJ fhu;Ndh Nfhl;ghl;bd; rhuhk;rk;. nty;tjw;F Ntz;ba cj;jp fis> mjpy; jw;nfhilj; jhf;Fjy;fSk; mlq;Fk; rpwpa gilapdd; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; cUthf;Fthd; vd;gJ Nfhl;ghl;bd; cl;nghUs;. jkpoPo tpLjiyg; Gypfshfpa vk;ikg; nghWj;jstpy;> jw;nfhilj;

vwpfizf;Fr; #l;lg;gLfpd;wJ. Nrhtpaj; xd;wpak; toq;fpa fhl;A+~h rPdh Clhf tpaw;ehk; vy;iytiu nfhz;Ltug;gl;L> mq;fpUe;J fhLfspd; Clhf Njhs; Rikapy; fsKidf;F nfhz;Ltug;gLfpd; wJ. bad; gpad; G+ Nghupy; jw;nfhil mzpfs;> kuGg; gilapdu;> czT rikj; jy;> toq;fy; Nghd;w cjtpfs; nra;Ak; nghJkf;fs; kw;Wk; fhl;A+~hit ,af;F Nthu;fs; gq;Nfw;wdu;. bad; gpad; G+ Nfhl;ilf;F kpf mUfhikapy; kpfTk; ,ufrpakhf fhl;A+~hit Nghuhspfs; fhtpr; nrd;Wtpl;lhu;fs;. toikahf mij nyhwpapy; nghUj;jp vLj;Jr; nry; thu;fs;. Mdhy; tpaw;ehk; fhLfspy; mj w;F trjp ,y;iy> kdpjtsk; xd;Wjhd; cz;L. khu;r;R 13> 1954,y; njhlq;fpa

jpduhtu;. ,jd; gadha; 21Mk; Ew;whz;L kdpj tuyhW Nkw;$wpa kjq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd Nkhjyhf ,lk;ngWk; Mgj;J Njhd;wpAs;sJ. etPd muRfSf;Fk; murpay; jiytu;fSf;Fk; jw;nfhilj; jhf;Fjy; fs; rpk;k nrhg;gdkhf ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. murpay; gpioj;jhu;fF ; mwk; $w;wk; vd; gJNghy; mePjp nra;Nthu;f;F jz;lid toq;f jw;nfhilahsu;fs; fhj;jpUf;fp whu;fs;. ghJfhg;G vd;w ngauhy; ,d;iwa murpay; jiytu;fSf;Fk;> murpay;> nghU shjhu> ,uhZt ikaq;fSf;Fk; ngU ksT epjp nrytplg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jw;F jw;nfhilj; jhf;Fjy; mr;RWj;jk; Kf;fpa fhuzkhf mikfpd;wJ. ,j;jhf;Fjy; fis elj;JNthUf;F jg;gpNahLk; khu;f; fk; Njitapy;iy. jhf;Fjy; ele;jgpd;

Nghu; Nk 07> 1954,y; gpnuQ;Rg; gilfspd; nts;isf;nfhb cau;jj ; Yld; KbTf;F te;jJ. ,e;j 56ehl; Nghupy; 10>000 tpaw; ehk; Nghuhspfs; fsg;gypahfpdu;. Nghiu topelj;jpatu; n[duy; fpahg;. Nghupd; jj;Jtk; vd;w jiyg;gpd; fPo; (THE PHILOSOPHY OF WAR) ,w;iw tiu gw;gy Ma;T E}y;fs; vOjg;gl;Ls; sd. vy;yh E}y;fSk; xd;iwNa typAW j;Jfpd;wd. tuyhW njhlq;fpa ehl;njhl;L NghUk; kdpj tho;Tk; ,izgpupahJ njhlu;fpd;wd. kjq;fs; ahTk; capu;f; nfhiyia kWf;fpd;wd. Mdhy; ,j; jilia kPWtjw;F kdpjd; gy cj;jpf isf; ifahs;fpwhd;. fhyg;Nghf;fpy; kj Kk; capu;fn ; fhiyf;F MjuT toq;Ffpd; wJ. capu; ngWkjpahdJ vd;gjpy; Ia kpy;iy> Mdhy; Nghu; vd;W te;Jtpl;lhy; kdpjd; jdJ capiuj; Jr;rkhf kjpf;fp whd;. Nghupy; <LgLk; xU rpyu; jdJ

mtu;fisg; ghJfhg; ghf mioj;Jr;nry;y Ntz;ba mtrpaKk; ,y;iy. jhf;Fjy; Neuj;ijAk;> ,lj; ijAk;> ,yf;ifAk; jw; n fhilahsNd njupTnra;fpwhd;. jw;nfhilj; jhf;Fjy;fSf;F kpf cau;ej ; Clfg; gpu rhuk; fpilf;fpwJ. ,jdhy; jw;nfhilj; jhf;Fjy;fspd; jhf;fk; vy;yh kl;lj;jpdu; kj;jpapYk; ed;F czug;gLfpd;wJ. ,d; iwa jw;nfhilj; jhf;Fjy;fSf;F etPd tpQ;Qhdk; JizNghfpd;wJ. tpkhdq; fs;> jiu Cu;jpfs;> flw;fyq;fs; ,yj;jpu dpay; fUtpfs;> rf;jptha;ej ; ntbnghUs; fs; jw;nfhilahsd; iffspy; MAjq;f shf khWfpd;wd. clypy; Fz;ilf; fl; br;nry;y Ntz;bajpy;iy. mtd; ntb nghjpe;j mq;fpiaNa mzpe;jpUg;ghd;. Mf;fpukpg;ghsu;fisj; jLj;J epWj; J tjw; F k; mfw; W tjw; F k; jw; nfhilj; jhf;Fjy;fs; rpwe;j Nghu; cgha khff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. nty;yKbahj gil vd;nwhd;Wk; ,y;iy. rpwpa gil %yk; ngUk; gilia GwKJF fhl;lr; nra;aKbAk;. ];uhd;yp fhu;Ndh vd;w Ma; thsu; ngUk; giliaf;nfhz;l ehL>

jhf;Fjy;fisf; fz;Lgpbj;jtu;fs; ehk y;y. mNjNghy; ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; ,j;jifa jhf;Fjy;fis njhlf;fpitj;j Kd;NdhbfSk; ehky;y. jw;nfhilj; jhf; Fjy;fs; fpwp];JTf;F Ke;jpa fhyk; njhl;L eilngWfpd;wd. fp.K.480,y; ];ghu;ll ; h (SPARTA) ehl;lurd; jdJ 300 gilfSld; ,ize;J ghurPf rhk;uhr;rpag; gilfspd; Nkw;F Nehf;fpa Kd;Ndw;wj; ijj; jLf;f Nghupl;lhd;. mtDk; mtD ila tPuu;fspy; ngUksthNdhUk; nfhy; yg;gl;ldu;. ypNahdplh]; (LEONIDAS) vd;w mk;kd;ddpd; jw;nfhil gpw kd;du; fis fLk;Nghu; Gupaj; J}z;baJ. ,jdhy; ghurPfk; tpuptila Kbatpy;iy. tuyhw; wpy; gjpthfpa KjyhtJ jw;nfhilj; jhf;Fjy; ,Jthff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. vl;lhk; E}w;whz;by; ,];yhk; Njhd;wpagpd; ,];yhk; kjj;jpdu; ngU ksT jw;nfhilj; jhf;Fjy;fis kjj;jpd; ngauhy; elj;jpdu;. ,];yhk; jw;nfhiy ia kWf;fpd;wJ. gpw;fhy ,];yhk; kjj; jpw;fhf capu;tpLNthu; Rtu;ff ; k; nry;thu; fs; vd;w Nfhl;ghl;il cUthf;fpajhy; ,d;Wtiu ,];yhk; kjj;jpdu; jw;nfhil jhf;Fjy;fis elj;jpf;nfhz;bUf;fpd;w du;. cyfpd; kpff; $Ljyhd jw;nfhilj; jhf;Fjy;fis elj;JNthu; ,];yhk; kjj; jpdu; vd;W ,Jgw;wpa Ma;thsu;fs; $W fpd;wdu;. kj;jpa fpof;Ftho; ,];yhk; kjj;jpdu; jkJ kjg; gug;gYf;fhf jw; nfhilj; jhf;Fjy;fisg; gad;gLj;jpdu;. gjpndhuhk; E}w;whz;bd; ghurPf ,];yhkp au;fs;> gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;bd; Nfusk; tho; ,];yhkpau;fs;> mNj E}w;whz;bd; gpypg;gd P r ; pd; kpd;lhNdh jPT ,];yhkpau; fs; MfpNahu; jw;nfhilj; jhf;Fjy;fis kjj;jpw;fhf elj;jpdu;. ,d;Wk; mJ epd;w ghby;iy. U~;ag; gilfSf;F vjpuhf jhf;Fjy;fs; elj;jp capupoe;j nrf;nrd; ehl;Lg; Nghuhspfspd; kidtpau;fs; ,g; NghJ jw;nfhilj; jhf;Fjy;fis elj;J fpd;wdu;. ,tu;fs; ,];yhk; kjj;jpdu;. ,g;ngz;fis \fWg;Gf; ifk;ngz;fs;| (BLACK WIDOWS) vd;W Nkw;F ehl;L Clfq;fs; miof;fpd;wd.

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nygNdhd; ehl;bypUe;J ntsp ehl;ltu;fis tpul;Ltjw;fhf me;j ehl;bd; n`];nghy;yh (HEZBOLLAH) ,af;fk; 1983,y; jw;nfhilj; jhf;Fjy;fis elj; jpaJ. mJnjhl;L kj;jpa fpof;fpYk; cy fpd; NtW ghfq;fspYk; jw;nfhilj; jhf;Fjy;fs; tpuptile;J nry;fpd;wd. ,d;W gd;dpuz;L ehl;ilr;Nru;ej ; gjpide; Jf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l Nghu;f; FOf;fs; jw; nfhilj; jhf;Fjy;fis elj;jpf;nfhz; bUf;fpd;wd. jkpoPo tpLjiyg;Gypfspd; jw;nfhilj; jhf;Fjy;fs; n`];nghy;yh ,af;fk; elj;jpa jhf;Fjy;fspd; top te;jit vd;W Ma;thsu;fs; kpfTk; jtWjyhff; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;. tQ;rpdk; $wpg; NghupLk; Kiw jkpou;fs; kj;jpapy; neLq;fhykhf cz;L. GwehD}w;Wg; ghly;fSk; Fwspd; gilr;nrUf;F mj;jp ahaKk; ,ij cWjp nra;fpd;wd. Nrhog; ngUkd;du;fs; Ntisf;fhuh; vd;w jw; nfhilg; gilia itj;jpUe;jdu;. aho;g; ghzj;ijr; Nru;ej ; fypq;f tk;rj;jtdhd tp[aghF vd;w jkpo;kd;dd; nghy;y eWitia 1054-1109 fhyg;gFjpapy; Ml;rpnra;jhd;. ,tdplk; Ntisf;fhuu; gil ,Ue;jJ. tp[aghFtpd; kfs; ,uj; jpdty;ypf;Fk; khdgu;zd; vd;w mur FkhuDf;Fk; gpwe;jtd; kfh guhf;fpuk ghF. Njrpaj; jiytu; mtu;fs; $W aJNghy; ,ilf;fhyj;jpy; jkpo;tuP k; kOq; fpg; NghapUe;jJ. mjw;Fg; Gypfs; Gj;Japu; nfhLj;jdu;. Gj;Japu; nfhLf;fNtz;ba fl;lhaj; NjitAk; ,Ue;jJ. Gypfs; mikg;gpd; fLk; tpku;rfh;fshd Kwpe;j gidkUk; vd;w E}ypd; Mrpupau;fs; (THE BROKEN PALMYRA BY RAJAN HOOLE, DAYA SOMASUNDARAM, K.SRI THARAN & RAJANI THIRANAGAMA. THE SRI LANKA STUDIES INSTITUTE, CLAREMONT, 1988) gf;fk; 132,y; gpd; tUkhW $Wfpd;wdu;. \\1987Mk; Mz;bd; Kw;gFjpapy; rpwpyq;fh thd;gilj; jhf;F jy;fSf;F xU nfhba Nehf;fk; ,Ue;jJ.

rptpypad;fs; nfhy;yg;glNtz;Lk; vd;w Nehf;Fld; thd;jhf;Fjy;fs; elj;jg;gl; ld||. jkpo;kf;fSf;F thd;%yk; elj; jg;gl;l nfh^uj;jpw;Fj; jk;kplk; kpfTk; gyk;tha;ej ; xU jLg;G MAjk; ,Ug;gij mNj tUlk; [{iy 05Mk; ehs; Gypfs; ep&gpj;jdu;. Mdhy; ,J KOikahd cz;ikia ntspg;gLj;jtpy;iy. rpq;fs ,uhZtk; elj;jpa xg;gNurd; ypgNurd; vdg;gLk; tlkuhl;rp Mf;fpukpg;Gj;jhd; Kjd;Kjyhf jw;nfhilj; jhf;Fjy; mwp Kfkhtjw;F cldbf; fhuzk;. nfupy; yhg; Nghu; K iwapd; gpjhkfu; f shd nydpd;> khNth> NrFNtuh Nghd;Nwhu; jw;nfhilj; jhf;Fjy;fs; gw;wpg; Ngrtpy; iyNa> gpughfud; mij Vd; njupT nra; jhu; vd;W tpku;rfu;fs; Nfl;fpwhu;fs;. JUg; Gf;fisj; jiyik jhq;Fgtu;fs; ntw;wp juty;y cghaq;fisj; jhNk njupT nra;tu; vd;gJjhd; mjw;fhd tpil. tpLjiyg;Gypfspd; MAjg; gil fspd; Kf;fpa mq;fkhf fUk;Gypfs; ,lk; ngWfpd;wdu;. fUk;Gyp mzpapy; Mz;> ngz; ,UghyhUk; mq;fk; tfpf;fpd;wdu;. fsKidg; gzpfs; ,UghyhUf;Fk; xNu tifapy; mikfpd;wd. Gypfspd; gd; Kfg;gLj;jg;gl;l NjitfSf;fhf ,e;j mzp cUthf;fg;gl;L gad;gLj;jg;gL fpd;wJ. ,J jw;fhg;G mzpahfTk; Neubj;

Mdp-Mb> 2004

jhf;Fjy; mzpahfTk;> jhf;Fjy; Kd; Ndhbahd jilePfF ; mzpahfTk; nraw; gLfpd;wJ. jkpoPoj; jiug;gug;G %d;W gf;fKk; flyhy; #og;gl;Ls;s fhuzj; jhy; flw;fUk;Gyp mzpiag; Gypfs; cUthf;fpAs;sdu;. ePub ePrr ; y;%yk; neLe; J}uk; nrd;W jhf;Fjy; elj;Jk; rpwg;G flw;fUk;Gyp mzpf;F cz;L. ,ijtpl ntbnghUs; epug;gpa tpNrl glFfis Xl;br;nrd;W vjpupapd; flw;gilf; fyq; fis Nkhjp mopf;Fk; nraw;wpwd; flw; fUk;GypfSf;F cz;L. Gypfspd; jiug; gil> flw;gilNahL ,ize;J nraw; gLk; fUk;Gyp mikg;igg;Nghy; jw;rkak; vk;kplk; thd;fUk;Gypfs; ,y;iy. Mdhy; vjpupapd; ,uhZt tpkhdj; jsq;fis ehk; ntw;wpfukhfj; jhf;fp ngUk; Nrjq; fis tpistpj;jpUf;fpd;Nwhk;. ,jdhy; vjpupapd; gyj;ij Ml;lk;fhzr; nra;Ak; ,yf;if ehk; vl;bAs;Nshk;. KjyhtJ fUk;Gypj; jhf;Fjiy elj;jpatu; fg;ld; kpy;yu;. (ty;ypGuk; tre;jd;> Jd;dhiy) vd;gJ tuyhw;Wr; nra;jp. [{iy 05> 1987,y; ney;ypab fy;Y}up tshfj;jpy; epiynfhz;bUe;j rpq;fsg; gilfs;kJ P ,J elj;jg;gl;lJ. KjyhtJ flw;fUk;Gypj; jhf;Fjiy Nk[u; fhe;j&gd;> fg;ld; nfhypd;];> fg;ld; tpNdhj; Mfpa %tUk; ,ize;J 10> [{iy 1990,y; elj;jpdu;. flw; fz; fhzpg;G vd;w ngaupy; 1984 njhlf;fk; mgpj;jh> vbj;jhuh fl;lisf; fg;gy;fs; jkpoPof; flw;gug;gpy; epue;jukhf epWj;jg; gl;bUe;jd. vkJ Nghuhspfs;> fiuNahug; nghJkf;fs;> kPdtu;fs; ,U fg;gy;fsh Yk; njhlu;rr ; pahff; nfhy;yg;gl;ldu;. fiu Nahuj;jpy; tho;tNj Mgj;jhf ,Ue;jJ. mbf;fb gPuq;fpj; jhf;Fjy; fiuNahuf; FbapUg;Gf;fs; Nehf;fp elg;gjhy; ,U fg;gy;fSk; jkpou;fs; capUf;F Mgj;jhf tpsq;fpd. vbj;jhuh fg;gy; 10> [{iy 1990,y; Nkw;$wpa %tuhYk; jhf;fp mopf;fg;gl;lgpd; mgpj;jh fg;gypd; jhf;F jy;fs; mjpfupj;jd. 04 Nk> 1991,y; fg;ld; n[ae;jd;> fg;ld; rpjk;guk; Mfpa

,U flw;fUk;Gypfs; mgpj;jhitj; jhf;fp mopj;jdu;. Nk[u; fhe;j&gd; xU jd;ey kw;w ,yl;rpathjp. ngw;whu;fisAk; cw tpdu;fisAk; ,oe;j fhe;j&gd; jd;idg; Nghd;wtu;fisg; nghWg;Ngw;W Gypfs; mikg;G tsu;j;njLf;f Ntz;Lnkd;W tpUk;gpdhu;. mtu; Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lgb fhe;j&gd; mwpTr;Nrhiy> nrQ;Nrhiy Nghd;w rpWtu; guhkupg;G epiyaq;fisg; Gypfs; cUthf;fpdu;. ,e;j ,lj;jpy; jkpoPo vOr;rpg;ghly; tupfs; ,uz;il epidT$Wjy; kpfg; nghUj;jk; ~~ F Ñµ¤Ñ9) ¸> ¥9É ¿ ~~F Ñµ¤Ñ9) º!9_¤à §> ¢ ÑA N9Z N×_º?> ºN ¤à §> ºN ¤à §>|| | Kjy; flw;fUk;Gypahd fg;ld; mq;faw;fz;zp (G];gkhyh Jiurpq;fk;> aho;.kz;Fk;ghd;) fhq;Nfrd;Jiw flw; gil Kfhkpw;Fs; ePe;jpr;nrd;W mq;F jupj;Jepd;w flw;gil tpepNahff; fg;g yhd V516I %o;fbj;jhu;. ,tu; ePub ePrr ; ybj;Jr; nrd;W ,r;rhjidiag; Gupe;jhu;. vbj;jhuh> mgpj;jhTf;F epfuhd td; nfhLikfisr; nra;j Rg;gNlhwhit 29> Mf];J 1993,y; flw;fUk;Gypfs; Nk[u; GtPe;jpud;> fg;ld; kzpaurd; MfpNahu; ,ize;J mopj;jdu;. kpjf;Fk; kpdpKfhk;

vd;W tu;zpf;Fk; Rg;gNlhwhtpy; ,Ue;J ,U xypfd; ve;jpuj; Jg;ghf;fpfis Gypfs; kPl;ldu;. flw;gilj; jiyikr; nrayf khd jpUNfhzkiyj; jsj;jpDs; flw; fUk;Gypfs; CLUtpr;nrd;W gy;NtW jhf;Fjy;fis elj;jpAs;sdu;. 19 Vg;gpuy; 1995,y; Nk[u; fjputd;> fg;ld; rhe;jh> Nk[u; kJ~h> Nk[u; jzpifkhwd; Mfp Nahu; CLUtp ,U rq;fha; uf gPuq;fpf; fg;gy;fis %o;fbj; jdu;. ,J %d;whk; <og;Nghu; njhlq;fpa ehshff; fzpg;gplg; gLfpd;wJ. m L j ; j tUlk; 12> Vg;gpwpy; 1996 Mk; ehs; flw; fUk;Gyp nyg;. Nfzy; ujP]; jiy ikapyhd 9 flw; fUk;Gypfs; nfhOk; Gj; JiwKfk; kPjhd jhf; F jiy Nkw; nfhz; l du; . 1994 nrg;uk;gu;> 19Mk; ehs; nyg;.Nfzy; eshapdp jiyikapyhd flw;fUk;Gyp mzpapdu; fly; murd; vdg;gLk; rfhutu;jj ; dh vd;w ghupa fg;giy %o;fbj;jdu;. ngz; flw;Gyp mzpapd; KjyhtJ rpwg;Gj; jsgjpahf nyg;. Nfzy; eshapdp gjtp tfpj;jtu;. jpUNfhzkiy flw;jsj;jpypUe;J fhq; Nfrd;Jiwf;Fr; nry;Yk; njhluzpfs; kPJ (CONVOY) flw;Gypfs; elj;jpa jhf;Fjy; fs; Vuhsk;. ,tw;Ws; xd;iw khj;jpuk; Fwpg;gpLtJ nghUj;jk;. 22> ngg;gputup 1998Mk; ehs; jpUkiyapypUe;J aho;.Flh ,uhZtj;jpw;nfd ghg;jh jiuapwf;F fg; gy;> tyk;Gup ,uhZt ruf;Ff;fg;gy;> ,U Nghu;ff ; g;gy;fs;> vl;L Nlhuh mjpNtf gPuq; fpf; fg;gy;fs; ghJfhg;G toq;f JUg;Gf; fs;> MAj jsghlq;fs;> czT tiffs; nfhz;Lnry;yg;gl;lNghJ flw;Nghu; %z; lJ. mg;NghJ ghg;jhTk; tyk;GupAk; %o; fbf;fg;gl;ld. nyg;. Nfzy; fud; cl;gl gjpndhU flw;fUk;Gypfs; tPur;rhtile;j du;. 1992 njhlf;fk; aho;.Flhehl;L kf;fs; kPjhd nghUshjhuj; jilAk; ,uh Zt Kw;WifAk; [dhjpgjp gpNwkjhrh murpdhy; gbg;gbahf ,Wf;fg;gl;lJ. Flh kf;fs; ngUepyg;gug;gpw;Fr; nry;Yk; xNu nahU ghijahf 20iky; ePskhd fpshyp ePNuupg;ghij mike;jJ. ,jpy; itj;J ehfNjtd; Jiwapy; Kfhkpl;bUe;j flw; gilapdu; mg;ghtpg; gazpfs;kJ P jhf;Fjy; elj;jpdu;. Gf;fhuh tpkhdq;fSk; jhf;Fjy; njhLj;jd. gyE}W jkpou;fs; nfhy;yg; gl;ldu;. kf;fSf;Fg; ghJfhg;G toq;Fk; gzpiaf; flw;Gypfs; Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. 26> Mf];J 1993 Mk; ehs; flw;fUk;Gypfs; Nk[u; tujd;> Nk[u; kjd; mLj;jLj;J elj;jpa jhf;Fjy;fspy; flw;gilapd; ,U ePUe;J tpirg;glFfs; %o;fbf;fg;gl;ld. ,jd;gpd; fpshyp Nkyhjpf;fk; Gypfs; tr khfpaJ. vkJ fz;zU P k; nre;eU P k; fye;j fpshypf; fliy ikakhf itj;J %j;j nghUspay; Nguhrpupau; #upaFkhud; xU fhjy; FWehtiy Mq;fpyj;jpy; Gide; Js;shu;. (KILALI CROSSING BY PROF. C.SURIYAKUMARAN) fhjyidr; rpqf ; sr; rpg;ghahfTk; fhjypia Gypg;ngz; NghuhspahfTk; ,e;j nkj;jg; gbj; j Mrpupau; rpj; j upj; J s; s hu; . ,J Njitjhdh? td;dpg; ngUepyg;gug;gpd; rpq;fs ,uhZtk; Mf;fpukpj;j gFjp fis kPlg ; jw;fhf Gypfs; 1996 - 2000 fhyg;gFjpapy; Xahj miyfs; 1>2>3 vd;W nga uplg; g l; l gil eltbf; i ffisj; njhLj; j du; . ,it midj; jpYk; fUk;Gypfs; msg;gupa gq;fspgG ; r; nra;jdu;. ,jw;fpilapy; 1997,y; td;dp kz; Clhf aho;.Flhit ,izf;Fk; jiug;ghijia cUthf;Ftjw;fhf [arpf;FWa; vd;w gileltbf;ifia vjpup Muk;gpj;jhd;. eltbf;if jiyikr; nrayfk; mike;jpUe;j jhz;bf;Fsk; kPJ 10> [{d; 1997,y; Gypfs; jhf;Fjy; njhLj;jNghJ

Nk[u; epjd; cl;gl ehd;F fUk;Gypfs; tPufhtpakhfpdu;. Ky;iy khtl;lj;ij kPln ; lLj;j Xahj miy - 01,d;NghJ Ky;iy ,uhZ tj;jpw;F cjtpahf thd;gil> flw;gil ,ize;J jpuptpl g`u vd;w vjpu; eltbf; ifia rpq;fsg;gil Muk;gpj;jJ. cjtp f;F te;j uztpU gPuq;fpg; glfpid Nk[u; gJkd; cl;gl VO flw;fUk;Gypfs; jhf;fp %o;fbj;jdu;. 27> nrg;uk;gu; 1998,y; Xahj

miy - 02 %yk; Gypfs; fpspnehr;rpia kPl;nlLj;jdu;. 8fp.kP ePskhd ,uhZt tyaKk; 1500,w;Fk; Nkw;gl;l gilapd Uk; mopf;fg;gl;ldu;. 11fUk;Gypfs; cl;gl 403 GyptPuu;fs; tPur;rhtile;jdu;. ,r; rkupy; ClWg;G mzpapd; jiytpau;f shfr; nrd;w nyg;.Nfzy; nry;tp> nyg;. Nfzy; Qhdp Mfpa ,UtUk;> jhk; epd;wp Ue;j ,lj;jpw;F n~y; NghLq;Nfh> vq;f isg; ghu;ff ; Ntz;lhk; vd;W $wp vjpupf;Fg; Nguopit Vw;gLj;jpaNjhL tPur;rhitAk jOtpf;nfhz;ldu;. 240tUlfhy mbikr; rpd;dkhd MidapwT gilj;jsk; Xahj miy - 03 %yk; vkjhf;fg;gl;lJ. 26> khu;r;R 2000Mk; ehs; gisapy; epiy nfhz;bUe;j ,uhZtj;jpd; Ml;bywp fisAk; MAjf; fsQ;rpaq;fisAk; fUk; Gypfs; Nk[u; jDrd;> Nk[u; Rjh[pdp MfpNahu; jfu;jj ; opj;jdu;. mNj khjk; 31 Mk; ehs; ,af;fr;rp ,uhZt jsj;jpDs; GFe;j %d;W fUk;Gypfs; mq;fpUe;j Ml;b ywpfisj; jfu;jj ; du;. MidapwT kPlG ; f;F ,f;fUk;Gypfs; tpj;jpl;lhu;fs; vd;why;

kpifahfhJ. ,d;W vk;kplk; Fz;LtPrR ; tpkh dk; ,y;iy vd;gJ cz;ikNa. Mdhy; vjpupapd; mjpAr;r ghJfhg;Gld; $ba gyhyp> rPdd;Flh> fl;Lehaf;fh Nghd;w ,uhZt tpkhdj;jsq;fisj; jfu;fF ; k; capuhAjk; vk;kplk; cz;L. 02> Mf];J 1994,y; gyhyp tpkhdj;jsj;jpw;Fs; GF e;j fUk;Gypfs; ngy;-212 cyq;F thD} u;jp> gts; ftrthfdk; Mfpatw;iw mopj; jdu;. ,jpy; Ie;J fUk;Gypfs; tPur;rht ile;jdu;. etk;gu; 1993,y; G+efup ,uhZt Kfhk; kPjhd xg;gNu~d; jtisj; jhf;F jiy Nkw;nfhz;lNghJ jpirjpUg;G el tbf;ifahf gyhyp tpkhdjsk;kJ P fUk; Gypj; jhf;Fjy; elj;jg;gl;lJ. 11> etk;gu; 1993 md;W gjpd;%d;W fUk;Gypfs; gyhypapy; tPur;rhtile;jdu;. rPdd;Flh tpkhdg;gilj; jsj;jpDs; GFe;j fUk; Gypfs; 06> khu;r;R 1997,y; xU it-12 tpkhdj;ijAk;> ,U tpkhd vjpu;gG ; gPuq;fp fisAk; jfu;jj ; du;. ,jpy; %d;W fUk;Gyp fs; tPur;rhtile;jdu;. tuyhw;Wg; Gfo; kpf;f fl;Lehaf;fh tpkhdg;gilj;jsj; jhf;Fjy; 24> [{iy 2001Mk; ehs; elj;jg; gl;lJ. ,f; fUk;Gypj; jhf;Fjypy; 28

thd;fyq;fs; mopf;fg;gl;ld> rpwpyq;fh tpd; nghUz;kpatsk; rpijf;fg;gl;lJ. fUk;Gypfspd; cr;rfl;lr; rhjidahf ,j; jhf;Fjy; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. ,w;iwtiu 261 fUk;Gypfs; tPur;rhile;Js;sdu;. vkf;fhfTk; vkJ kz;zpw;fhfTk; capu;ej P j ; ,e;j cj;jku; fis epide;J epide;J neQ;rk; nefpo; e;J mQ;ryp nra;fpNwhk;.

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fle;j %d; W jrhg; j q; f shf> vk;kPJ jpzpf; fg;gl;l Nghupd; tLf; fis vk;Njrk; ,d; Dk; Mw; w pf; n fhs; shJ jtpf;fpd;wJ. vk; k P J jpzpf; f g; gl;l nfhba Nghupd; tLf;fis ,d; Wk; Rkg;gtu;fs; vq;fs; Kjpatu;fs;. njhlu;rr; pahd ,lg;ngau;tpd; mtyq; fspdhYk;> Nghu; rpijj;j mth;fspd; nghUshjhuj;jpdhYk;> jkJ FLk; gq;fis ,oe;J> cwTfisf; if tpl;L> Vjpypfshf> ahUkw;wtu;fshf vk; r%fj;jpy; iftplg;gl;l Kjp Nahu; njhif Vuhsk;. jpf; F f; n fhd; w ha; rpjwp tpl;l jk; cwTfisj; Njbaiy e;J> fisg;gile;J> iftplg;gl;L> jkJ Cupoe;J> tPboe;J> njhopyp oe;J. ahUkw;W nfhba KJikap Yk;> jPuhj Neha;fspdhYk; ahUkw;W tpl;Nlhk; vd;w kd cisr;ryhYk; nehe;J miye;j vk; Kjpatu;fs; ahUkw;W tho;ej ; tho;T mtykh dJ. \\ehq; f aho; g ; g hzj; j py ,Uf;Nff;f Mkpahy vd;u xU kfs; Rl;Lf; nfhy;yg;gl;Ll;lhs;|| \\kw;w kfs; ehl;il fhf;f Nghuhlg; Nghapl;lhs;|| \\,lk;ngau;tpy; vd;u fz tDk; nrj;jpl;lhu;. cwTfs; vy;yhk; jpf;Ff;F xz;lha; jpirf;nfhz;lha; gpupQ;R Nghr;RJfs;. ehd; jdpkukh Mfpl;ld;|| mtu; j hd; Aj; j k; kpff; nfhLikahdjhf ,Ue;j 2001Mk; Mz;Lfspy>; md;Gr;Nrhiy cs;thq;

fpa KjyhtJ jha;. 2001 Vg;gpuy; 19 td;dp kz; zpy; Aj;j Nkfq;fs; fUik #o;eJ ; jd; cr;r jhz;ltj;ij Mba Neuk;> Nghupdhy; iftplg;gl;L> ahUkw;W mdhijfshfg;Nghd vk; Njrj;J Kjpatu;fSf;fhd guhkupg;G ,y;yk; xd;iw Muk;gpfF ; khW Njrpaj; jiy tu; mtu;fs; gzpj;jNghJ> jkpoPo tpLjiyg; Gypfspd; Nghuhspfs; khtP uu; FLk;geyd; fhg;gfj;jpdhy;> Ky; iyj;jPtpd; Ks;spatisg; gFjpapy; \\md;Gr;Nrhiy %jhsu; Ngzyfk;|| cjakhfpaJ. md;iwa Nghu;r; #oypy;> kpFe;j f];uq;fspd; kj;jpapy; Muk;gpf; fg;gl;l me;j ,y;yj;jpd; epiygw;wp mg;NghJ mq;fpUe;j jhnahUtu; nrhd;dhu;>

\\mg;g rupahd rz;il #o;epiy jk;gp> vy;yhiuAk; Nghyjhd; ehq;fSk; rupahf; f];ug;gl;lk;. Mdh> vq;fisAk; vy;NyhUk; iftpl;L tpNly;y> vq;fisAk; ghu;f;f jk;gp ait ,Uf;fpdk; vz;l epk;kjpap ypUe;jk;.|| Muk;gj;jpy;> Njr tpLjiy f;fha; jk; Foe;ijfis ,oe;J> Nghupd; Nfhuj;jpdhy; jk; cwTfis

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tz;L cUStJ Nghd;w Njhw;wNk gyUf;Fj; njhpAk;. tUk;NghNj S84 tif RLfyDf;F T56-2 tif RLfydpd; mbg;ghfj;ijg; nghUj;jpr; nra;ag;gl;l cauk; Fiwe;j RLfyid mts; itj;jpUe;jhs;. mtSila cauj;Jf;F mJNt rhpahf ,Ue;jJ. ePz;l ehl;fs;tiu jdJ RLfyid mts; ifkhw tpltpy;iy. te;j rpy ehl;fspNyNa kfsph; gilazpapdhpd; ,uz;lhtJ NtT mzpAld; gapw;rpapy; <Lgl;l tz;L> \jtis eltbf;if| Kbe;jgpd; G+efhpg; gifj;jsk; kPjhd NtT eltbf;ifapy; gq;Nfw;whs;. kfsph; gilazpapYk;> gpd;dh; mJ 2k; nyg;.khyjp gilazpahfj; Njhw;wk; ngw;wNghJk; mts; xU NtTg; NghuhspahfNt fsq;fs; vq;Fk; cyhtpdhs;. ,g;NghJ rpwPyq;fhg; gilapdhpd; #hpaf;fjph;-1 gil eltbf;ifahy; typfhk kf;fs; ,lk;ngah;e;Jtpl;bUe;jdh;. ,uz;lhtJ gil eltbf;if ,d;dKk; Muk;gkhftpy;iy. NtT mzpfs; ahTk; njd;kuhl;rpiaAk; typfhkj;ijAk;> tlkuhl;rpiaAk; typfhkj;ijAk; gphpf;fpd;w ntspfspy; cyhtpf;nfhz;bUe;jd. nyg;.Nfzy; ikjpypapd; Neub topelj;jypy; ,g;NghJ mts; xU Njh;e;j NtTg;Gyp. gilapdUf;F fz;zpntb itf;Fk; jpl;lnkhd;iw vkJ fz;zpntb mzpapdh; jPl;l> tz;L vd;W vq;fshy; miof;fg;gLk; rpwPthzp> mth;fSf;F NtT ghh;f;fg; Gwg;gl;lhs;. gue;j ntspapNy Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l fbdkhd NtT eltbf;ifapd; Kbtpy; mth;fshy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l ,yf;F ty;itg; ghyj;jb. kpfr; rthyhd ,yf;F. rthiy vjph;nfhs;s mth;fs; jahuhfpdh;. epytw;w ,uT ehl;fspy;$l epoYUthf mth;fisg; gilapdh; ,dq;fhzj;jf;f gFjpapy; rpwPthzpAk; Vida NtT tPuhq;fidfSk; fhg;G toq;f> vkJ fz;zpntb mzpapdh; Jhpj fjpapy; gzpKbf;f> ,UNshL ,Ushf vy;NyhUk; eOtp te;Jtpl;ldh;. ,uz;L ehl;fspd; gpd;> 1996 rpj;jpiu GJtUlg; gpwg;gd;W ,th;fspd; vjph;ghh;g;ig tPzhf;fhky;> cyhte;j ,uhZtf; fhtYyh mzpapy; %th; J}f;fp tprpwg;gl;L tpo> vQ;rpa xU giltPud; jto;e;jgb jg;gp XLtijj; njhiy Nehf;fpahy; vk;kth;fs; ghh;j;Jf;nfhz;bUe;jdh;. vg;gf;fj;jpy; epd;W ghh;j;jhYk; vt;tsNth njhiyTf;fg;ghy; tUgth;fisNa ,zq;fhzj;jf;f mg; gue;j ntspapy; fple;j ghyj;ij Gypfs; neUq;fp te;JNghdJ gilj;jug;Gf;Fg; gyj;j mjph;r;rpaha; ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; rpwPthzpf;Nfh mJ rpd;d tplak;. vg;NghJk; rthiy vjph; nfhs;tJ xU tpisahl;Lg;Nghy. mjdhy;jhd; mts; fUk;Gypahfp fhw;NwhL fye;jhNsh??

Mdp-Mb> 2004

¸yq; i fj; j P t py; jkpoh; f spd; ,Ug; i g ,y; y hnjhopj; J ,yq; ifia xU KOr; rpq;fs ngsj;j ehlhf khw;Wk; \fdit| ,yf;fhff; nfhz;L fle;j miu E}w;whz;LfS f;F Nkyhf rpq;fsg; Nghpdthjpfs; eltbf;iffis Kd;ndLj;J tUfp d; w dh; . rpwpyq;fh Nghpdthjf; fl;rpf spilNa FLkpr; rz;ilfSk;> Fj;J ntl; L f; f Sk; fhyhfhykhf eil ngw;W tUfpd;wNghJk; ~vr; rhj;jhD ld; $l;Lr; Nrh;e;jhtJ| vj;jifa topKiwiaf; ifahz;lhtJ ~jkp oiu NtuWf; F k; | jkJ nghJf; nfhs;ifapy; mit xj;j Nehf;NfhL nraw; g l; L tUtij fle; j fhyg; gjpTfSk; rkfhy epfo;TfSk; kpfj; njspthf vLj;Jf;fhl;b epw;fpd;wd. vkJ Njr tpLjiyg;Nghiu ~gaq;futhjk;| vd ntspehLfSf; Ff; fhl;b mtu;fsplkpUe;J gy;NtW gl;l gilj;Jiw cjtpfis rpwpy q;fh md;WKjy; ,d;Wtiu ngw;W

tUfpwJ. ,t; t ifahd cjtpfs; mtw;wpd; tpisTfs; xUGwkpUf;f ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jp> Gdu;tho;T> Gdu; epu;khzk; vd;w ngau;fspy; ngUe; njhif ntspehl;L epjpia rpwpy q;fh Mz;LNjhWk; ngWfpwJ. ,t;thW ngwg;gLk; epjpAjtp fSf;F cz;ikapy; vd;d elf;fpwJ vd;gJ gw;wp vtUk; ngupjhff; ftdk; nrYj;Jtjpy;iy. vdpDk; jkpo; kf; fs; kj;jpapy; ,t;tif epjpfis rpwp

fs; ve;jstpw;F ~Nga; f ; f hl; b | Vkh w;wp tUfpd;wd vd;gjw;F xU Rthurpakhd rk;gtj;ij vL j;Jf;fhl;lh ff; Fwpg; gplyhk;. ,];Nuypa ~nkhrhl;| mikg;gpd; K d ; d h s ; c s t h s p ahd ~tpf;uu; x];Nuht;fp| vOjpa ~it Nt xg; bnrg; rd; | (BY WAY OF DECEP TION – Victor ostrovsky) vd;w E}ypy; fhzg;gLk;

,yq;if njhlu;ghd gy tplaq;fs; ntspr;rk;Nghl;Lf; fhl;lg; gl;Ls;sd. rpwpyq;fh gilj;Jiw mik g; g py; cs; s tpNrl mjpubg; g il (S.T.F - Special Task Force) g w ; w p ,q;F mwpahjth;fs; ,Uf;fKbahJ. kl; /mk; g hiw gpuhe; j paj; j py; Nkw; nfhs;sg;gl;l mNef jkpopdg; gL nfhiyfs; %yk; gutyhf mwpag; gl;l ,g; gilg;gphpT N[.Mh;.n[ath; j; j dtpd; fhyj; j py; ~gaq; f uthj Kwpabg;G| eltbf;iffSf;fhf vd mikf;fg;gl;lJ. N[.Mh;.n[ath;j;jdtpd; kfd; utp n[ath; j ; j dtpd; fz; fhzpg;gpYk; fl;Lg;ghl;bYk; ,Ue;j ,g; gilapdUf; f hd gapw; r pfSk; MNyhridfSk; ,];Nuypd; nkhrhl; csT mikg;gpduhy; ,]; Nuypy; itj;J toq;fg;gl;ld. gpd; dhd gapw;rp> MNyhrid vd;gtw;wp w;F mg;ghy; nrd;W rpwpyq;fhtpw; fhd Nghh;j; jsghlq;fis tpw;gid nra;Ak; Kf;fpakhd ehlhf ,];Nuy; khwpaJ. rpWuf MAjq; f Sf; f hd ntbnghUl; f s; > ghh; i tr; rhjdq;

gpy; mwpag;glhj gy gf;fq;fs; mNe fk; . mtw; w py; rpytw; i w Fwpj; j E}yhrphpahpd; vOj; J f; f spNyNa Nehf; F Nthk; . ~~jq; f splkpUe; J thq; F k; MAjq;fSf;fhd gzj;ij rpwpyq;fh nrYj;Jk; nghUl;L> rpwpyq;fh cyf tq; f piaAk; Vida KjyP l ; l hsu; fisAk; Vkhw; w p gy kpy; y pad; nlhyu;fisg; ngWtjw;F ,];Nuy; cjtpnra; j J. ~Jupj kfhtyp mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lk;| vd;w ngaupy; xU Vkhw;Wj; jpl; l j; i j tbtikj; J f; nfhLj; J mjd; g b nraw; g Lk; g b ,]; N uy; MNyhrid $wpaJ. cz; i kapy; cyf tq; f paplkpUe; J gzj; i jg; ngw;W MAjq;fSf;fhfr; nrYj;J tjw;fhfNt ,j;jpl;lk; ~fz;Lgpbf;fg; gl;lJ|. 1977,y; rpwpyq;fh [dhjpgjp [_dpa]; n[atu;j;jdh nkhrhl;bd; rpW cjtpAld; ,ij Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kpf;fjhf;fyhk; vdf; fz;Lnfhz;l Jld; Muk;gj;jpy; Kg;gJ tUlq;fs;; vd ,Ue;j ,J jpBnud tpiuTgLj; jg; g l; l J. kfhtypia mjd; ,ay;ghd ghijapypUe;J ehl;bd; tuz;l gFjp fSf;Fj; jpirjpUg;Gk; xU gpukhz;

Jtj;ijAk; nraiyAk; tpsf;fp epG zj; J t mwpf; i ffis vOjitj; jJ. xU ngupa ,];Nuypa epu;khzp g;Gj; jhgdkhd ~nrhnyy;Nghdh|w;F Ntiyapd; xUgFjpf;fhd ngupa xg; ge;jnkhd;W toq;fg;gl;lJ. fhyj; J f; F f; fhyk; cyf tq;fpapd; gpujpepjpfs; Ntiyj;jsj; Jf;Nf nrd;W guprPypf;Fk; nghUl;L rpwpyq;fhtpw;Fg; Nghthu;fs;.Mdhy;> mq;Fs;s cs;@u;f;fhuu;fs; ,e;jg; gupNrhjfu; f is Rw; W g; g Fjpfshy; mioj; J r; nry; t jd; % yk; mtu; fis Kl;lhshf;FtJ vg;gb vd;W fw;gpw;fg;gl;bUe;jdu;. ,J ghJfhg;Gf;

lkhd nghwpapaw;jpl;lk; vdTk;> ,J ehl;bd; kpd;tYit ,ul;bg;ghf;Fk; vdTk; 75>000 Vf;fu; gug;Gs;s Gjpa ePu;ghrdf; fhzpfis cUthf;Fk; vd;Wk; $wg;gl;lJ. cyf tq; f pAld; RtP l d; > fdlh> [g;ghd;> n[u;kdp> INuhg;gpa nghUshjhu r%fk;> If;fpa mnkup f;fh Nghd;wit ,e;j 2.5kpy;ypad; nlhyu; jpl;lj;jpy; KjyPLnra;jd. Muk;gj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj ,J mstpw;F kP w pa vjpu; g hu; g ; G f; f isf; nfhz; l

e;Njhk;. Mdhy; mtNs kfhtypj; jpl;lk; gw;wpAk; mjw;fhd epjp vt; thW ,uhZt cgfuzq;fSf;fhfr; nrytplg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gJ gw;wpAk; vd;dplk; type;J $wpf;nfhz;bUe; jhs;|. Nkw;fz;l rk;gtq;fis Nehf;Fk;NghJ rpwpyq;fh Nghpdthj Ml; r pahsh; f s; vj; j ifa ~~jpy; Y Ky;YfSf;Fk;||> ~~jpUFjhsq;fSf; Fk;|| jaq;fhjtu;fs; vd;gJ Gydh Fk;. ru;tNjrj;ijNa Kl;lhshf;fp

vkhw;Wk; ,tu;fs; jd; nrhe;j kf; fis Vkhw;WtJ gw;wpNah> jkpo;kf; fis Vkhw;WtJ gw;wpNah vd;Wk; ftiyg;glg; Nghtjpy;iy. rpwpyq; f htpw; F epjpAjtp toq;Fk; ntspehLfSk;> kw;iwa mikg;GfSk; ,dpAk; rpwpyq;fhit ek; g p VkhwhJ jkJ epjpAjtpfs; jpl; l q; f s; njhlh; g hf tpopg; G ld; nraw; g l; L mt; T jtpfs; mtw; w pd; Nehf; f j; j pw; f hfNt nrytplg; g L tij cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s Ntz; Lk;. kNy KbTf;Ftu ,e;j kpfg;gpe;jpa filrpj; jUzj;jpYk; ehk; tpUk;Gfpd; Nwhk;. ,g;NghjhtJ murhq;fk; jdJ Nghf;fpid khw;wpf;nfhs;Sk; vd ek;G fpd;Nwhk;. ,d;Nwy; epiyikfs; kpf Nkhrkile;J cs;ehl;Lg;Nghu; Vw;gL tij jtpu; f ; f KbahJ Ngha; t pLk; . ||

yq;fh muRfs; gad;gLj;Jk; tpjk; gw;wp mjpUg;jpfSk; re;Njfq;fSk; ,Ue;Nj te;Js;sd. ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpf;F vd fhuzk; fhl;b ru;tNjr r%fj;jpl kpUe;J ngwg;gLk; epjpAjtpfSf;F vd;d elf;fpwJ vd;gJ njhlu;gpy; ru;tNjr r%fj;ij rpwpyq;fh muR

fs;> njhlh;Gf; fUtpfs; vd;gtw;iwf; fle;J mJ uhlh;fs;> Nlhuh gPuq;fpg; glFfs;> fpgPh; Aj;j tpkhdq;fs; tiu mjd; tpw;gid gy;fpg;ngUfpaJ. rpwp yq;fh mtw;wpy; $LjyhdsT gzk; nrYj;jp thq;fpf; Ftpj;jJ. ,it ,];Nuy; rpwpyq;fh njhlh;ghf ehkwp e;j tplaq;fs;. Mdhy; ,J njhlh;

(mrhj;jpakhd) jpl;lkhfNt ,Ue; jJ. Mdhy; cyf tq;fpNah Vida KjyPl;lhsu;fNsh mjid tpsq;fpf; nfhs;stpy;iy. mtu;fisg; nghW j; j tiu mJ ,g; n ghOJk; ele; J nfhz;Ljhd; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,J rhj;jpag;glf;$ba xU jpl;lnkd cyftq;fpia (mjd; 250 kpy;ypad; nlhyu; cWjpnkhopAld;) jpUg;jpg;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L nkhrhl; ,uz;L ,];Nuypa fy;tpkhd;fs; (xU tu; n[UrNyk; gy;fiyf;fof nghU shjhu ty;Yeu;> kw;wtu; tptrhag; Nguhrpupau;) %ykhf ,jd; Kf;fpaj;

(03Mk; gf; f j; njhlh; r ; r p) e;J nraw;gl ,d;dKk; Maj;jkhf Ts;Nsd;. (“I ask him to place his cards on the table upwarks. Let us work together openly. Let there be no secret agendas... I am prepare to work with him in spite of all of his mistakes”) ,f;fl;Liuapd; Kbthf> miu E}w;whz;Lfhy mfpk;irtopg; Nghuhl;lk; gad;juhj epiyapy; Mgpupf;f Njrpaf; fhq;fpu]; MAjg;Nghuhl;l topapid gpd;

gw;w KbntLj;jNghJ ntspg;gLj;jpa $w; Wf;fis gjpT nra;fpd;Nwhk;. nfhba ml f;F Kiwf;F khw;whf MAjg;Nghuhl;l td;Kiwia Mjupj;j kz;Nlyh ,uhZ ztg; gpuptpid cUthf;Fk; nghWg;gpid Ak; Vw;whu;. 1961Mk; Mz;L brk;gu; 16Mk; ehs; gy Fz;L ntbg;Gf;fis epfo;j;jp jdJ tUifia mwptpj;jJ. Njrj;jpd; <l;b vdtiof;fg;gl;l ,t; ,uhZtg;gpupT mg;NghJ ntspapl;l mwpf;ifapy; Fwpg; gpl;ltw;iwNa vkJ ,d;iwa Fuyhf

xypf;fpd;Nwhk;. \\xt;nthU Njrj;jpw;Fk; tuyhw;wpy; xU jUzk; tUk;. mg;NghJ ,uz;Nl topfs;jhd; kpQ;rpapUf;Fk;. gzp e;JNghjy; my;yJ Jzpe;J NghuhLjy;. ,g;NghJ ,j;jUzk; njd;dhgpupf;fhTf;F te;Js;sJ. ehq;fs; xUNghJk; mbgzp Nahk;. vq;fs; tpLjiy> vq;fs; kf; fs;> vq;fs; vjpu;fhyk; ,tw;wpidj; jw;fhj;jpl vk;kplKs;s midj;jpid Ak; gad;gLj;jp jpUg;gpj; jhf;FNthk;. cs;ehl;Lg;Nghu; ,uj;jf; fsupapy;yh

Mdp-Mb> 2004

fhuzq;fSf;nfd Rygkhf tpsf;fg; gLk;. gpd; kPz;Lk; mr;rpwpa gpuNjrj;jp w;F mioj;J tug;gLthu;fs;. mq;F cz;ikapNy rpy epu;khzpg;G Ntiy fs; ,e;j Nehf;fj;jpw;fhfr; nra;ag; gl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;||. ~~.....gpd; xU ,ufrpag; gaz khf n[ath; j ; j dhtpd; kUkfs; ngd;dp ,];Nuypw;F te;jNghJ mt Uf; F ghJfhg; G topj; J izahf mkh;jj ; g;gl;Nld;. ..ehq;fs; nghJthd tplaq;fisg; gw;wpg; Ngrpf;nfhz;bU

(ed;wp:- \\,yq;if jkpo;j; Njrpathjk; mjd; Muk;g Njhw;wk; gw;wpaNjhu; Ma;T - KUfd; Fzrpq;fk;)