V_P_122

( Ñà ¥É Ñ > ÑÄ_ ¥9Ä .Aà º¥9ËÇ ÉN ¥]@ ¸ ¥9P @É ?ɧ ¥9ΤÑÃ?9àVÄ P !WZØ> V_!ÉË ¥9 9Ä ¿@X] @ 9 °Ô ¦@ (%R> F¯P!Ã?9Ñ ¯! :Ë ¥]@É% ( Ñà ¥É ÑA ¥%>¥_¿@ NÔà>§ $RÑA ¸%¤Ñ¿@> ¸ 9EN ¥Ë¿É! ' !> º¥9 É?É% ' ¸Ë¤] ÉN¿P Ç 9¿! ¥_' ¸¯! :ZB ¿!' ( Ñà NÉ ¯PAà (%B ¸ 9ENÁ ¦@¿@Ä ¿@> °Ô ¥]@%9Ñ N FAÃP fpof;F khfhzj;ij ikag; gLj;jp ,e;j epoy; Aj;jj;ij muR Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wJ. Gypfs; ,af;f cWg;gpdh;fs;kPJ nfhiyj;jhf;F jy;fis njhlh;r;rpahf elhj;jpAk; jkpo; - K];yPk; kf;fis Rl;Lf; nfhd;Wk; ,e;j epoy;Aj;jk; muq; Nfw;wg;gLfpd;wJ. ,j; j ifa epoy; Aj; j f; $ypg; g ilahl; f s; jq; f papUf; F k; gilKfhnkhd;W mur ,uhZtj;jpd; mDruidAld; ,aq; f ptUtjhf Mq;fpyg;gj;jphpifnahd;W epow;;gl Mjhuq; f Sld; mk; g yg; g Lj; j p apUe;jJ.

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Mopg;Nguiyfs; Vw;gLj;jpa mopTfspy; ,Ue;J kf;fs; kPzn ; lo cyf ehLfs; ngUksT epjpia toq;f Kd;te;jpUe;jd. me;jg; ngUk;epjp Rdhkpahy; ghjpff ; g;gl;l tlf;F fpof;F kf;fsplk; rhpahr;nrd;wila Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nehf;fpy; mur - Gypfs; ,ize;j nghJf;fl;likg;G xd;wpd; Njitiag; Gypfs; ,af;fk; typAWj;jpapUe;jJ. Gypfspd; fUj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhz;l rh;tNjr r%fk; mt;tpjkhdnjhU fl;likg;igg; GypfSld; ,ize;J tiuAk;gb rpq;fs muirj; Jhz;bte;jJ. cj;Njrg; nghJf;fl;likg;G Nahridia nfhs;ifastpy; Vw;Wf;nfhz;l re;jphp;fh muR mJ eilKiw tbtk; ngWtijj; jpl;lkpl;Lj; jLj;JtUfpd;wJ. Kjypy; Gypfs; ,af;fk; xU nghJf;fl;likg;G tiunghd;iw rpqf ; s muRf;F toq;fpapUe;jJ. tlf;F fpof;fpy; flw;Nfhshy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l jkpo; - K];yPk; - rpq;fs r%fq; f spd; tP j hrhuj; i j mbnahw; w p mf;fl;likg;igg;Gypfs; tiue;jpUe;jdh;. vdpDk; mf;fl;likg;G Nahridiar; rpq;fs muR mbNahL epuhfhpj;Jtpl;lJ. ,jw;F gjpyhf rpq;fs murpd; Nkyhz;;ikia epiy epWj;Jk; tifapy; xU fl;likg;igg; Gypfs; ,af;fj;jpw;F mDg;gpapUe;jJ. mijg;Gypfs; ,af;fk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;stpy;iy. Rdhkp mdh;jj ; cjtp vd;w kFlj;jpy; cyfehLfs; ,ize;J toq;Fk; epjp cjtpapYs;s tl - fpof;F khfhzj;jpw;fhd gq;if epUtfpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; rpq;fs muRf;fpy;iy. mijj; jkpo;kf;fSk; mDkjpff ; khl;lhh;fs;. epthuz kw;Wk; Gdh;ephk ; hz mgptpUj;jp cjtpahf cyfehLfs; toq;fTs;s epjp Kd;ida fhyj;ijg;Nghy mg;gbNa rpqf ; s murpd; Nkyhz;ikngw;w xU fl;likg;gpd; iffSf;Fr; nrd;why; me;j epjpf;F vd;d elf;Fk; vd;gJ cyfwpe;j xd;W. vdNt jkpoh; jhafk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l murpay; nghUz;kpa tpl aq;fspy; rpq;fs muR Nkyhz;ikfhl;l Kay; tJ rdehafj;jpw;F KuzhdJ.

02

Gypfs; ,af;fk;jhd; jkpoupd; murpay; gpujpepjp fs;. Nghh;epWj;j xg;ge;jj;jpYk; rpq;fs muR ,ij Vw;Wf;nfhz;Ls;sJ. vdNt jkpoh; jhafk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l murpay; nghUz;kpa cyfepjp cjtp tptfhuq;fspy; Gypfs; ,af;fj;jpw;Fk; rkgq;Fz;L vd;gij rpqf ; s muR Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,ij kWjypg;gnjd;gJ rpWgps;isj; jdkhdJ. ,NjNtis> ,e;j nghJf;fl;likg;G tptfhuj;jpw;F Kw;Wg;Gs;sp itf;Fk; Nehf;Fld; Nehh;Nt muR xU fl;likg;ig cUthf;fp mur - Gypfs; ,Ujug;gpdh;fF ; k; mDg;gpitj;jJ. rpw;rpy FiwghLfs; ,Ug;gpDk; Nehh;Nt apd; fl;likg;Gtiuig Gypfs; ,af;fk; Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJ. Mdhy; eLepiyahdJk; eilKiwr; rhj;jpaKk; nfhz;l Nehh;Ntapd; fl;likg;ig rpq;fs muR Vw;ftpy;iy. mjpy; jpUj;jq;fs; nfhz;LtutpUk;Gtjhff;$wp cz;ikapy; mij epuhfhpj; J s; s J. muR - Gypfs; vd; w tplaj;jpw;Fk; mg;ghy; xU nghJNehf;Fld; kf;fs; ed;ikfUjp Nehh;Nt jahhpj;j nghJf; fl;likg;G tplaj;ijNa ,Oj;jbj;J fhyj;ijf; flj;Jk; xU gpwN; ghf;Fj;jdkhd rpej ; idapNyNa rpq;fs muR ,d;W cs;sJ. rpq;fs murpd; rkhjhdtpNuhjf; fLk; Nghf;F epiyg;ghLfshNyNa “Nlhf;fpNah epjp” ,yq;iff;F ,Jtiu te;J Nrutpy;iy. ,ijg; Nghd;w Rdhkp mdh;j;j cjtpahf tuTs;s ngUe;njhif cyfepjpiaAk; Klf;fp itj;jp Uf;Fk; Kl;lhs;jj ; dkhd nraw;ghl;ilNa rpqf ; s muR nra;fpdw ; J. ,aw;if mopthy; ghjpff ; g;gl;l kf;fSf;F cyf epjpcjtpfisg; gfphe ; j ; spfF ; k; xU rhjhuz epUthf mikg;gpy; Gypfs; ,af; fj;ij rkgq;fhspahf ,izf;Fk; kdepiy ,y; yhj rpq;fs muR vg;gbj; jhd; xU murpay; epUthf mikg;ig Vw;gLj;jp Ml;rp epUthfj;ijg; gfph;eJ ; nfhs;sg;Nghfpd;wNjh! ,ilf;fhyj; jd;dhl;rp mjpfhu rigiag; Nghd;Nw mdh;jj ; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpwf ; hd nghJf; fl;likg;Gk; jkpou;fisg;nghWj;jstpy; xU fhdy; eP h pd; f ijNghd; N w khwpf; n fhz; b Uf;fpd;wJ.

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epiwtpd; Mz;lhf 2005Ig; gpufldk; nra;jJ. FbNaw;wthjk;> Vfhjpgj;jpak; vd; g tw; w pw; n fjpuhd vjph; g ; g pidj; NjrpathjKk; Kw;Nghf;Fk; fye;j fyit ahf;fp mjdbg;gilapy; jkpoh; kPjhd fho; g ; i g> ntWg; g pid tpijf; F k; epfo;rr ; pia kiwj;J N[.tp.gpapdh; NghLk; Ml;lk; vy;yh vy;iyfisAk; jhz;b tpl;lJ. ,J fz;L mk;ikahNu mjph;eJ ; NghapUg; g jhfj; njhpfpd; w J. ,d; W rpwpyq;fhtpNy [f;fpaNjrpaf;fl;rpAk; rpwpyq;fh Rje;jpuf;fl;rpAk; vy;yh MAjq; fisAk; N[.tp.gpaplk; gwpnfhLj; J mk;kzkhf epw;fpd;wd. njhlf;fj;jpy; tp.N[.gp ,e;jpahtpy; ntwpjj ; dkhf nraw; gl;lJ Nghy> jypghd;fspd; mbg;gil thjg;Nghf;fpd; epoy;Nghy N[.tp.gp nraw; gLtJ ,g;NghJ gyuhYk; kpff;ftiy NahL mtjhdpf;fg;gl;L tug;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt fle;j ,uz;lhk; jpfjpad;W ,e; epfo; r ; r papy; tpky; t P u td; r cjph; j ; j tuyhw;W thrfq;fis ehk; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.

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khrp-gq; F dp>2005

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-f.Nt.ghyFkhud; -

fhty;epiyaq;fisAk; jhf;f KbntLj; jdh;. muirf; ifg;gw;Wk; gy jpl;lq;fs; tFf;fg;gl;ld. jfty; ghpkhw fUtpfsw;w epiyapy; njhlh;Gfis Vw;gLj;JtjpNyw; gl;l jtWfhuzkhf ,uT jhf;fg;gl Ntz;ba nty;ytha fhty;epiyak; mjpfhiy 5.20f;F jhf;fg;gl;lJ. nkhdwh fiy N[.tp.gpapdUf;F jhf;Fjiyj; njhlq;FkhW cj;juT je;jp topNa toq; fg;gl;lJ. Gfo;ngw;w ,j;je;jp “N[.tp.gp mg;Gfhkp ,we;Jtpl;lhu;. ,Wjpr; rlq;F 5” vd;wike;jJ. ,jid jtWjyhf tpsq;fp mjpfhiyapNyNa jhf;Fjy; xU nghypR epiyak; kPJ epfo;j;jg;gl;lJ. vdNt nghyp]; jiyikg;gPlk; tpopg; gile;jJ. ,q;F eif vd;dntd;why; jhf;Fjy; epfo;jj ; g;gLtjw;fhd Kd;dwp tpg;G fpilj;jepiyapYk; nghypRf;fhuh; fshy; jq;fis Kw;whfg;ghJfhf;f Kb ahky; NghdJjhd;. ,t;thwhf xU je;jp ahy; Gul;rp fpsu;rr ; pahd fijapJ. kpFjpf; f ijiaAk; kP z ; L k; ,q;Nf epidTgLj;jptpLfpdN; whk;. nfhOk;G; murpidAk; ifg;gw;wj;jpl;lq;fs; tFf;fg; gl;bUe;jd. gpujhd ,uhZt Kfhkhd gdhnfhiliaj; jhf;f 800 khztu;fs; 25Ngu; nfhz;l FOf;fshfg;gphpf;fg;gl;L Maj;jkhf;fg;gl;bUe;jdh;. gdhnfhil Kfhk; gw;wpatiuglKk; ifapy; ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; jhf;Fjy; epfo;jj ; g;glNtapy;iy.

Vnddpy; jhf;Fjy;fhuh;fs; gdhnfhilg; gf;fk; nry;yNtapy;iy. mJ Nghyj;jhd; fl;Lehaf;fh jsk; kPjhd jhf;FjYk; elf;fNtapyi ; y. mJNghyNt nfhOk;ig ifg;gw;wTk; ngUe;jpll ; nkhd;W tFf;fg;gl; bUe;jJ. aho;gg ; hzk; nrd;W tpN[tPuit kPlF ; k; jpl;lKk; Njhy;tp fz;lJ. ehl;bd; gpujk ke;jpupahd rpwpkhitf; flj;JtJ my;yJ nfhy;tnjd;Wk; jpl;lkpUe;jJ. ,jw;Fg; nghWg;ghf epakpf;fg;gl;lth; Nrhktd;r mkurpq;f. ePug ; g ; hrdj;jpizf; fsj;jpd; njhopyE ; l;g cjtpahsuhd ,tu; 5k;jpfjp ,uNt ifjhdhh;. Cluq;Fr;rl;lk; gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;ljhy; jhf;FjYf;Fg; nghWg; ghNdhh; efuKbatpy;iy. ,r; Nrhktd;r

NtW ahUkpy;iy. ,d;iwa N[.tp.gpapd; ; paj;ij jiyth;; rtlhy; kd;dd;; khh;fr njUg;GOjpf;Fs; tPrp ehrkhf;fpa kd tf;fpuf;fhud;. khh;fi ; r ,uz;lhk; jlit nfhd;wtd;. vdNt N[.tp.gpapdhpd; Kjw;Gul;rp ,t; thW ,il eLtpy; Kbe;jJ. ,jw;F N[.tp. gpapdhpd; jpwdw;w ,uhZt %Nyhghaq; fs; cj;jpfs; kl;Lkh fhuzk;? tpLjiy> Gul;rp Nghd;w cahpa fUj;jikTfis ,tu;fs; Ghpe;J nfhz;ltpjk; mth;fs; ,tw;wpid mgj;jkhf ifahz;lik vy; yhNk mth;fs; nra;af;fpsk;gpa Gul;rpfN; f vjpuhdit. khw;wj;jpidf; nfhz;L tu jilahd khwhj epiyg;ghLfs;> ,aq; fpay; vd;Dk; r%f mirtpaf;fj;jpid gpd;js;Sk; fhuzpfs;. vdNt khh;fi ; r>Vq;fy;ir nydpid> fiuj;Jf;Fbj;J Nria> gpliy Nkhrkhf kdjpy; cUtfg;gLj;jpa Nwhfztpf;F kpf Nkhrkhfr; Rwz;lg;gl;l Viog;ghl;lh spahd> kiyafkf;fs; ,e;jpahtpd; tpup thf;ff; iff;$ypfshfj; njupe;jdu;. kiyafkf;fis Kd;ddpg;gilahff; fUjpa rz;Kfjhrd; xU ,dthjp. xLf;F Kiwf;Fl;gl;l jkpo;kf;fs; fps;Sf;fi P u fs;. ,itahtw;wpidAk; tpl 1970fspy; jkpo;,isQh; kdjpNy fdd;W nfhz;b Ue;j tpLjiyj;ji P a milahsk; fhz Kbahj mff;FUlh;fs; ,th;fs;. ,th;fs; vt;thW Gul;rp nra;tJ? xUnghOJk; KbahJ vd;gjw;F newp nfl;L myq;Nfhykhfpa 2tJ(?) Gul;rpNa ,d;ndhU rhd;WnjhlUk;......

03

,d;iwa cyf xOq;if gyk; jhd; eph;zapf;fpd;wJ. jkpoPoj; Njrpaj; jiyth;; NkjF Nt.gpughfud; mth;fs;.

jd;dhh;tj; njhz;L epWtdq; fis murrhh;gw;w epWtdq;fs;> rptpy; r%f mikg;Gf;fs;> jdpahh; $l;likg; Gf;fs; vd;W gythwhf miog;ghh;fs;.

I.ehtpy; cWg;Gupik tfpf;Fk; rh;tNjr muRfisAk; Nkw;$wpa mikg;Gf;fisAk; NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Ltjw;fhf mur rhh;gw;w epWtdq;fs; vd;w nrhw;nwhliu I.eh gad;gLj;JfpwJ. rpy mikg;Gf;fs; ,g;gb miog;gij tpUk;Gtjpy;iy. Mdhy; mJ toikahfp tpl;lJ. “NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS”vd;W mur rhh;gw;w epWtdq;fs; Mq;fpy nkhopapy; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. %d;W Kjy; vOj;Jf;fSk; NGO vd;W ,izf; fg;gl;Ls;sd. jkpo; nkhopapYk; vd;[pNah vd;w miof;Fk; kuG cUthfptpl;lJ. midj;Jyf kl;lj;jpy; nraw;gLk; vd;[p Nahf;fs; Ivd;[pNah vd;W miof;fg;gLk; mNjNtisapy; cs;ehl;by; khj;jpuk; ,aq; F k; vd; [ pNahf; f s; ntWkNd vd;[pNah vdg;gLfpd;wd.

I.eh nraw;gLj;Jk; mNj r%f> nghUshjhu> kdpjNkk;ghl;Lg; gzpfspy; vd;[pNahf;fSk; <LgLfpd;wd. ,jdhy; ,U gFjpAk; xd;wpize;J nraw;gLk; tha;gG ; f;fs; $Ljyhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

I.ehtpd; nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk; r%f fTd;rpy; (ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL ) jdJ Nkw;ghu;itapd; fPo; tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlh;ghf murrhh;gw;w epWtdq;fspd; MNyhridiag; ngW tjw;F I.eh rhrdj;jpd; ruj;J 71 mjpfhuk; toq;FfpwJ. MNyhrid toq;Ftjw;F jFjp cilaitahf 300 tiuapyhd rh;tNjr murrhh;gw;w epWtdq;fs; mq;ff P hpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. vd;IpNahf;fs; ftdk; nrYj;jhj nghJ tplaq;fisf; fhz;gJ mhpJ. mNjNghy; mit nraw;glhj ehL fisf; fhz;gJk; mhpjpDk; mhpJ. ru;tNjr kl;lj;jpy; ,aq;Fk; vd;[pNahf;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;F epfuhf Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; njhz; l hw; W k; epWtdq; f Sk; vz; zpf; i fapy; ngUfpAs; s d. ,tw;Ws; rpy FWfpa tl;lj; jpw;Fs; jkJ Nritia toq; F fpd; w d. th; j ; j f rq; f q; f s; > njhopyhsh; mikg; G f; f s; vd; g tw; i w ,jw;F cjhuzkhff; $wyhk;. rh;tNjr kl;lj;jpy; ,aq;Fk; gy gpurpj;jpngw;w epWtdq;fs; kdpj chpikfs;> r%f ePjp> Rw;Wr; #oy; ghJfhg;G> mur eph;thf Coy;fs; Nghd;w nghJ tptfhuq;fspy; ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wd. fpwP d ; g P ] ; ( GREEN PEACE) vd; w mikg; G eP h ; tho; caphpdq; f s; mopf;fg;gLtijj; jLg;gjpYk;> Mo;fly; khRgLj;jg;gLtij epWj;JtjpYk; Mh;tk; fhl;LfpwJ. fpwPd;gP]; mikg;G 1971y; a+.v];.V> fdlh Mfpa ehLfspy; Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. flypy; mZf;fopTfis nfhl;L tij jLj;J epWj;Jtjpy; mJ ngUksT ntw;wp fz;Ls;sJ. jpkpq;fpy Ntl;ilf;F vjpuhf mJ rhj;tPf Kiwapy; kpfTk; jPtpukhf <LgLfpdw ; J. jdf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd ghhpa flw;fyq;fspy; fpwd P g; ] P ; Mh;tyh;fs; fz;fhzpg;G eltbf;iffis Kd;nd Lf;fpd;wdh;. mz;ikapy; vLf;fg;gl;l ; kjpg;gL P xd;wpd;gb 25000 tiuapyhd kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd rh;tNjr kl;l vd;[pNahf;fs; gy;NtW Jiwfspy; nraw;gLfpdw ; d. xU E}w;whz;Lf;F Kd;G ,e;j vz;zpf;if 400 tiuapy; ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk; vd;W kjpgg; plg;gLfpwJ. cyfpd; kpff; $Ljyhd cWg;gpdh;fisf; nfhz;l murrhh;gw;w epWtdkhf midj;Jyf mga jhgdk; ,lk;ngWfpwJ. 90 tiuapyhd ehLf spYk; khepyq;fspYk; xU kpy;ypaDf;Fk; $Ljyhd cWg;gpdh;fs; ,d;W midj; Jyf mga jhgdj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpdw ; dh;. ,yz;ldpy; cs;s mjd; jiyikr; nra yfj;jpy; 300 KONeug;gzpahsh;fs; gzpahw;Wfpd;wdh;.

04

gzpahw;wpa fhyj;jpy; %d;W aho;gg ; hzj; jPgfw;g ,isQu;fs; kPd;gpb mwpitAk; mDgtj;ijAk; ngUf;Ftjw;fhf mq;F nrd;wdu;. ,e;j ,isQu;fs; %tiuAk; Nehu;Nt thndhyp rhu;gpy; Mu;Nd Ngl;b fz;lhu;. Nehu;Nt cjtpfisg; ngw;w ,e;j %tUk; fhiuefUf;F te;J Nkw;F ehl;L ghzpapyhd kPd; g pbj; n jhopiy Muk;gpj;jdu;. mJ Njhy;tpapy; Kbe; jJ. ,tu;fSf;F cjt Mu;Nd Kd;te;jhu;. mtu; jdJ thndhypr; nra;jpahsu; gzpia tpLj;J fhiu efu; te;jhu;. ,q;F jq;fpapUe;j fhyj;jpy; NrNehu; jpl;lj;ij Muk; gpjj ; NjhL mij fhiuefu; njhl;L ,yq;iff; fiuNahuk; ahtw;Wf;Fk; tpupTgLj;jpdhu;.

NrNehupd; Mjutpy; kPd;gpbj; njhopypd; vy;yhj;JiwfSk; tsu;r;rp fz;ld. 1983y; rpwpyq;fh kPdg ; pbj; jpizf; fsk; NrNehiuj; jd;NdhL ,izj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. rpwpkhNth gz;lhuehaf;fh murpy; epjp mikr;ruhfg; gjtptfpjj ; gPypf] ; ; la]; gz;lhuehaf;fhTld; ,Nj fhyg; gFjpapy; Mh;Nd neUf;f cwitg;Ngzpdhu;. jfty; njhopy; El;gk; kw;Wk; nra;jpj;Jiw tphp thf;fj;jpw;fhd MNyhridfis ,yq;if muRf;F toq;fpdhh;. mnkhpf;fh>gphpj;jhdpah Nghd;w ehLfs; jfty; njhopy; El;gj;jpy; mDgtpj;j VfNghfj;ij Kb Tf; F nfhz; L tUtjw; f hf Nehh;Nt 1978y; midj;Jyf jhp rdk; vd; w nra; j pg; g hpkhw; w mikg;ig cUthf;fpaJ. mJ “WORLD-VIEW INTERNATIONAL FOUNDATION” vd;W miof;fg; gLfpwJ. ,J WIF vd;w RUf;Fg; ngauhy; milahsk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jDila fpis mikg;ig 1979y; Mh;Nd nfhOk;gpy; epWtpdhh;. nfhOk; gpy; jiyikr;nrayfk; mikj;j KjyhtJ rh; t Njr mur rhh;gw;w epWtdk; vd;w rpwg;G ,jw;F cz;L. nfhOk;gpy; mikf;fg;gl;l ,e;j epW tdj;jpd; fpisfs; 45 Mrpa> Mgphpf; f > [Nuhg; g pa ehL fspy; jpwf;fg;gl; ld. Nehh;Nt murp aypy; Mh;Nd Kf;fpa gq;fhw;wp tUfpwhh;. vkJ mikjpg; Ngr;Rf;

Kd;dzp kdpj chpikg; ghJfhg;G mikg;ghd AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL vd;W miof;fg;gLk; midj; Jyf mga jhgdk; gPww ; h; ngdd;rd; vd;w Mq;fpNya tof;fwpQuhy; 1961y; epWtg; gl;lJ. ghyhj;fhuj;jpy; <Lglhj kdr; rhl;rpf;fhf rpiw nrd;wth;fis kPln ; lLg; gijNa mJ jdJ gpujhd Fwpf;Nfhshf nfhz;Ls;sJ. rpj;jputijf;Fk; kuz jz;lidf;Fk; vjpuhf mJ NghhpLfpwJ. fhyj;jpw;F fhyk; kdpj chpik kPwy;fs; rk;ge;jkhd mwpf;iffis mJ ntspapL fpwJ. ,t;tUlk; ngg;gputhp khjj;jpy; gPw;wh; ngdd;rd; ,aw;if va;jpdh;. jkpoh; jhafj; j pd; kP d ; g pbj; njhopYf;F kpfg;ngUk; njhz;lhw;wp tUk; NrNehh; (CEYNOR) epWtdj;ij Mu;Nd g;nahl;nuhg;w; (ARNE FJORTOFT) vd;w Nehu;Nt ehl;ltu; 1967 y; cUthf;fpdhu;. mg;NghJ rpwpyq;fhtpd; ngau; rpNyhd; vd;wpUe;jJ. ,U ehl;Lg;ngau;fisAk; xd;wpidj;J mtu; NrNehu; Mf;fpdhu;. ,tu; Nehu;Nt ehl;by; thndhyprn ; ra;jpahsuhfg;

fspy; mth; Kf;fpa gpd;dzp rf;jpahf ,lk;ngWfpd;whh;. 1885,y; njhlq;fg;gl;l Nehh;Nt ypguy; fl;rpapd; jiytuhf Mh;Nd gjtp tfpf;fpwhh;. jha;yhe;J ehl;bYk; mth; Nkk;ghl;Lj; jpl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;jpAs;shh;. Nehh;Nt rpwp yq;fh el;Gwit cUthf;fpa Kd;Ndhb vd;w rpwg;G mtUf;F cz;L.

fyhepjp.f.Nrhk];fe;jd; N[h; k d; ehl; b d; [P.uP.rw; (GTZ)njhz;L epWtdk; fle;j ehw;gJ tUlq;fshf ,yq;ifapy; gzpahw;W fpdw ; J. N[h;kd; murpd; nghUshjhu xj;J iog;G kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;;bw;fhd mikr;r fj;jpd; (german ministry of economic cooperation and development- bmz) rhh;gpy; mJ Nkk;ghl;Lg; gzpfis Kd;nd Lf;fpd;wJ. 1996 njhlf;fk; [P.uP.rw; tl jkpoPoj;Jld; neUf;fkhd cwTfisg; NgZfpwJ. 1999 njhlf;fk; xU KO mstpyhd Nkk;ghl;Lj; jpl;lj;ij Nkw; $wpa mikr;rfk; [P.uP.rw; njhz;L epW

tdk; Clhf eilKiwg;gLj;JfpwJ. ,j;jpl;lk; MW tUlq;fspy; g+h;jj ; pahFk; vd;W vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j MW tUljpl;lj;jpw;fhd nryT 17kpy;ypad; a+Nuh vd;W kjpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. aho; Flhtpw;fhd kPs; Fbakh;Tj;jpl;lk; vd;W ,e;j MW tUlfhyj;jpl;lk;;(19992005) JAFFNA REHABILITATION PROJECT- JRP miof;fg;gLfpwJ. [P.hP.rw; Nghd;w nghUshjhu ts Kk; nraw;jpwDKila njhz;luikg; Gf;fspd; tUlhe;j tuT nryTf;fzf;Ffs; gy kpy;ypad; lhyh;fSf;Fk; $Ljyhf ,Uf;fpdw ; d. muRfNshLk; gd;dhl;L th;j; jf epWtdq;fNshLk; xg;gpLk; NghJ ,j;njhif Fiwthf ,Ue;jhYk; vd;[P Nahf;fspd; epjpgg; yj;ij Fiwj;J kjpgg; pl KbahJ. vd;[pNahf;fspd; epjptsk; gy JiwfspYk; ,Ue;Jk; fpilf;fpd;wJ. cWg; g pdh; f s; Mh; t yh; f s; ; toq; F k; njhiffspYk; ghh;ff ; muRfSk; rh;tNjr mikg;Gf;fSk; toq;Fk; cjtpj; njhif fs; $Ljyhf ,Uf;fpd;wd. Nritfs; toq;Fk;NghJ murrhh;gw;w epWtdq; fSf;F fzprkhdtsT tUtha; fpilf; fpwJ. mNjNghy; rpy th;j;jf Kaw;rp fspy; ,e;j epWtdq;fs; <LgLk;NghJ Fwpgg ; plj;jf;f ,yhgk; fpilf;f ,lKz;L. ngUk; njhopy; ];jhgdq;fs; cUthf;fpa cjtp epWtdq;fs; jkJ tUthapy; ngUk; gFjpia murrhh;gw;w epWtdq; fSf;Fg; gfph;ej ; spf;fpd;wd.

Nghl; Nkhl; l hh; nfhk; g dp> md;Wth fhh;n[dp(ANDREW CARNEGIE) epWtdk; vd;gd gykpy;ypad; lhyu;fis rpy Fwpg;gplj;jf;f njhz;L epWtdq;f Sf; F nfhLj; J jTfpd; w d. nfah; > xf;]g ; hk; Nghd;w njhz;lh; mikg;Gf;fs; jkJ rh;tNjr kl;lj;jpyhd cjtpg; gzpf Sf;F muRfs; toq;Fk; epjpiaNa gad; gLj;Jfpd;wd. gphpj;jhdpahtpd; xf;]N; ghl; efhpy; 1942y; cUthf;fg;gl;l tWik xopgG; mikg;G xf;]g ; hk; vd;W RUf;fkhf miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ePz;lfhy Nkk;ghl;L jpl;lq;fis mJ %d;whk; cyfehLfspy; eilKiwg;gLj;JfpwJ. 1990fspy; I.eh mfjpfSf;fhd cah; ];jhdpfh; Mizak; kpfTk; ghu J}ukhd Fw;wr;rhl;il Nkw;F ehl;L muR fs; kPJ Rkj;jpaJ. I.eh myFfSf;F cjtp epjptoq;fhky; ,e;j muRfs; jj;jk; ehl;L njhz;L epWtdq;fSf;Nf cjT fpd;wd. ,jdhy; I.eh myFfs; ghjpf;fg; gLfpd;wd vd;gJ Mizaj;jpd; Fw;wr; rhl;L. ,d;W njhz;L epWtdq;fs; muR toq;Fk; epjp cjtpapy; jq;fpAs;sd. rpy njhz;L epWtdq;fs; mit Njhd;wpa

ehl;bd; eyid Kd;ndLg;gjhfTk; nrhy; yg;gLfpwJ. mfjpfSf;fhd Mizak; rpy ehLfspy; cjtpgg ; zpfis Nkw;nfhs; tjpy; gy vd;[pNahf;fs; mNj ,lj;jpy; gzpahw;Wk; fhuzj;jhy; ,ilA+Wfis vjph;nfhs;s Ntz;bAs;sJ. xNu gzpia gy njhz;L epWtdq;fs; epiwNtw;wg;GFk; NghJ mfjpfSf;fhd Mizak; Kd; itf;Fk; ,ila+Wk; vo tha;gG; z;L. rk;ge; jg;gl;l ehl;by; thOk; jpl;lkply; mjpfhhp fs; jkJ ehl;bd; Njitfis milahsk; fz;L cjtp epWtdq;fis topfhl;l Ntz;baJ mtrpakhfpwJ. 1994 njhlf;fk; INuhg;gpa xd;wp ak; toq;Fk; mur rhh;gw;w epWtdq;f Sf;fhd tUlhe;j cjtpj;njhif xU gpy;ypad; lhyiu jhz;LfpwJ. I.ehtpd; Kd;dhy; fzf;fha;thsh; md;NjhzpNah nlhdpdp ( ANTONIO DONINI) nra;j Ma;Tfspd;gb 1970y; 1.5 tPjkhf ,Ue;j njhz;L epWtdq;fSf;F muRfs; toq;Fk; cjtpj;njhif 1988y; 35 tPjkhfTk; (13Mk; gf;fk; ghh;ff ; ..)

khrp-gq; F dp>2005

nfhOk;G

murpay; ,g;NghJ Rdhkp epthuz nghJf; fl;likg;igr; Rw;wp ikaq;nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. Rdhkp epthuz epjp nehbe;J NghapUe;j murhq;fj;jpw;F ty;yikkpff ; Cw;whfTk;> mjd; murpay; jiytpjpf;F eph;zafukhd ghj;jpuk; tfpg;gjhfTk; ,Ug;gjdhy; mjd; $l;lzp> kw;Wk; cl;fl;rp murpay; gpzf;FfisAk; jhz;b nghJf; $l;l ikg;igr; Rw;wp murpay; ikaq;nfhs;s Ntz;bajhapw;W. ,yq;iff;F cjtp toq;Fk; ehLfs; epjpia rkhjhdj;ij Nehf;fp muir Kd; js;Stjw;F tha;gg; hdnjhU

Nkyhf mikjp ghJfhg;G Kd;Ndw;wk; Mfpatw;iw miltjw;fhd fbdkhd Mdhy; cj;Ntfk;kpf;f MAjg;Nghiu jkpo;kf;fs; elj;jpapUf;fpwhh;fs;. jkpo; kf;fs; jkJ murpay; mgpyhirfSf;fhfg; Nghuhbath;fisAk;> jpahfq;fs; Ghpe;jth;fisAk;> mth;fsJ eyd; f is rhj; j pakhd midj; J topfspYk; ghJfhj;jth;fisANk jkJ rl;lg+h;t gpujpepjpfshff; nfhz;Ls;shh; fs;. fle;j nghJj;Njh;jypy; tpLjiyg; Gypfis Vf gpujpepjpjJ ; tkhff; nfhz;l jkpo;f; $l;likg;Gf;F thf;fspj;J rh;t Njrj;jpwF ; [dehaf topKiwapy; ,ij ntspg;gLj;jpAKs;sdh;.

khw;wpaikf;f rkhjhdj;ijg; gad;gLj; Jk; cs;Nehf;fj;ijf; iftpl mth;fs; jahuhftpy;iy. rpq;fs murhq;fj;jpd; gpbthjkhd> cWjpahd ,e;j kNdh ghtj;jpy; khw;wq;fspy;iy. mikjpAk; ehfhPfKk; epiwe;j #oiyg;gilf;f ,th;fsplk; Neh;ikAkpy;iy. Jzpr;r Ykpy;iy. mikjpAk; ghJfhg;Gk; Kd; Ndw;wKk; epiwe;j tho;tpwF ; jkpo; kf;fs; mthTk; mNjNtis ,j;jPtpy; mik jpAk; rkhjhdKk; epyt rh;tNjr r%fk; Mh;tk; nfhz;bUg;gij jkpok ; f;fs; fz;L nfhz;lhh;fs;. ehfhPfkhd Kiwapy; rkh jhdj;ijg; gilf;fTk;> rh;tNjr r%fj;

Mdhy;> murhq;fk; ,J tplaj;jpy; ,zq;fptu kWf;fpwJ. nghJf; fl;likg;gpy; tpLjiyg;Gypfis kWjug; ghf nfhs;Sk; murpay; jifikia> kw; W k; nrhw; g puNahfq; f isf; $l [Puzpf;f murhq;fj;jhy; KbahJs;sJ. rkhjhdj;jpYk; ,e;j kNdhghtNk kpf Kf; f pa cs; s hh; e ; j gpur; r pidahf ,Uf;fpwnjdyhk;. ,j; j P t py; Kd; n dg; N ghJk; epfo;ej ; puhj Xh; ,aw;if mdh;jj ; j;jpw;F cs; s hd kf; f spd; kdpjhgpkhdg; gpur;rpidapy; jw;fhypfkhdJk; kdpj Neak; kpf;fJkhd ,e;j tplaj;jpy; $l jkpo;kf;fs; xU murpay; jifikia ngw;WtpLthh;fs; vd;w mr;rk; fUjp xU nghJf;fl;likg;Gf;F ,zq;fptu kWf;Fk; murhq;fk; ,d Kuz;ghl;bw;fhd ,Wjpj; jPhT ; Fwpj;j murpay; jsj;ij vt;thW [Puzpj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;. ajhh; j ; j j; j pw; F mg; g hyhd mth;fspd; kNdhghtj;ij itj;J rkh jhdk; nra;a Kaw;rpfF ; k; fhhpak; vt;thW if$btpLk;. fle;j %d;W jrhg;jj;jpwF ; k;

khrp-gq; F dp>2005

,jid XusT Ghpe;J nfhz;l cjtp toq;Fk; ehLfs; rpq;fs muir rkhjhdj;ij Nehf;fp Kd; js;Stjw;F jkJ rf;jpkpf;f nry;thf;if muR kPJ nrYj;jpdu;. Mdhy; Rdhkpf;fhd kdpjh gpkhd epjp rpq;fs murhq;fj;ij rkh

jhdk; jtph;e;j ghijapy; Kd;Ndw Mh;tk; Cl;btplf; $ba Mgj;Nj ,d;W epyT fpwJ.

MAjkhf gad;gLj;jpapUe;j #oypy; > Rdhkpapdhy; Vw;gl;l kdpjhgpkhd rh;tNjr epjptuT rkhjhdj;ijj; jlk; Gul;b tplf;$lhJ vd;gjpy; tpLjiyg; G ypfs; mjpf rpuj;ij nfhs;s Ntz;b ath; f shf cs; s hh; f s; . mj;Jld; Rdhkpahy; mjpfk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l tlf;F fpof;F kf;fSf;F epahag+ht ; khf ,t; cjtpfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fNtz;ba murpay; flikg;ghLs;sth;fshfTk; cs;shh;fs;. tpLjiyg; G ypfshy; Kd; i tf; f g; g l; l Rdhkp epthuz nghJf;fl;likg;ig murhq;fk; kWjypj;jpUf; fpwJ. mDruiz ehlhd Nehh;Nt muR jdJ mD ruizg; ghj;jpuj;jpd; flik topg; g l; L xU nghJf; fl;likg;G tiuig nghJ tpy; Kd;itj;jJ. ,jpy; rpy FiwghLfs; ,Ue;j NghjpYk; jkpo; kf;fis gpujpepjpj;Jtg; gLj;Jk;; murpay; jifik mq;fPfhpf; fg;gl;Lk;> epahag+h;tkhf tl-fpof;F kf;fSf;F epjpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhLg; gjw;fhd toptiffs; ,Ug;gijAkpl;L tpLjiyg;Gypfs; mjd; Fiwfis Kd; dpWj;jhky; rkhjhdj;jpw;Fr; rhjfkhf mjidg; ghprPypj;J Vw;Wf;nfhz;ldh;.

jd;dhl;rp mjpfhurigiaf; Nfhhpdh;.

Aj;jepWj;j xg;ge;jk; ePh;j;Jg;Nghfhky; ,Ug;gjw;F ,ilf;fhyj; jd;dhl;rp mjpfhurigahy; ty;yik toq;fKbAk;. ,d Kuz;ghL cyfpy; GJikahdJ my;y. mjd; jPhT ; f;fhd mZFKiwAk; cyfpw;F GJikahdjy;y. tpLjiyg; Gypfspd; epiyg; g hl; i l rh; t Njr r%fj;jhy; Ghpe;Jnfhs;sKbAk;.

vdNtjhd; epthuz epjpff ; hd nghJf;fl;likg;ig tpLjiyg;Gypfs; NfhuNtz;b cs;sJ. ,J ,d;iwa gjl;l khd mr;rk;jUk; #oYf;Fk; ,ilf;fhyj;jd;dhl;rp mjp fhurig cUthf;fj;jpw;Fk; ,ilj;jskhf mikaf; $b aJ. ePh;j;Jg;Ngha;f; nfhz;b Uf;Fk; xg;ge;jj;jpw;F Cl;lk; toq;fty;yJ. khwhf> ,JTk; milag;ngwhJtpbd; jkpo; kf;fs; ek;gpf;if ,og;gNjh ld;wp #Ofpd;w mr;rk;jUk; gjl;lkhd epyikfSf;F vjph; tpid fhl;lKidth;. ntF rdkl;lj;jpd; ,e;j mOj; jj;jpw;Fk; gjpy;nrhy;y Ntz; ba nghWg;G tpLjiyg;Gypf Sf;F cUthFk;. ,J rkhjh dj;ij NkYk; njhlh;tjw;F ve;j tpjj;jpYk; tha;g;gspg; jkpo;kf;fs; typik nghUe;jpa xU MAjg;gilf; fl;likg;ig kl;Lk; nfhz;b Uf;ftpy;iy. khwhf> jkf; fhd eph;thf mikg;Gf;fis jdpj; J tkhf fl; b tsh; g ; gjpYk; Kd;Ndwp te;Js; sdh; . fle; j fhy; E hw; whz;by; ,th;fsJ tho;tpy; fhj;jpukhd gpdj ; s;s Kbahj Kd;Ndw;wfukhd khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. jkpoh;f spd; rpy efuq;fs; rpq;fsg; gilfsplkpUe;J ,d;Dk; tpLtpf;fg;glhjNghJk; jkpo; kf;fs; jkf;fhd murpay; jsj;ij jdpj;Jtkhf cU thf;fpapUf;fpd;wdh;. jkpo; kf; f isr; rpq;fs murhq;fk; gpujpepjpj; Jtg;gLj;jKbahJ. jkpo; kf;fspd; ,iwikf;Fr; nrhe;jk; nfhz; lhlTk; KbahJ. jkpo; kf;fspd; ,e;j murpay; jifikfis mq;ff P hpf;fhky; rkhjhdk; nra;tJ rhj;jpakpy;iy vd;gij rpq;fs Ml;rpahsh;fs; Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjhapyi ; y. xLf;FKiwr; rpjj ; he;j j;jpd; topg;gl;L rkhjhdj;ij mZf Kay;fpwhh;fs;. #o;rr ; p tiyfis nea; tjpy; Mh;tk; fhl;Lfpwhh;fNs jtpu ,ay; Gr; #oiy cUthf;f kWf;fpwhh;fs;. tYr;rkepiyiaj; jkf;Fr; rhjfkhf

- gpuGj; j pud; -

Jld; ,ize;J nraw;glTk;> jpwd;kpf;f mjd; xj;Jiog;igg; ngw;wplTk; jahuh fNt jkpo; kf;fs; ,r;rkhjhdj;jpy; ek; gpf;if nfhz;ldh;. Mdhy;> %d;W tUl khfpAk; rkhjhdj;jpd; eyd;fs; jkpo; kf;fis te;jilatpy;iy. ,j;jifa ntWikf;Fk; epue; juj; jPhn ; td;w kpfkpfj; njhiyTf;F kpilNa xU ghJfhg;ghd ek;gpfi ; fkpff ; jsk; mikf;fhky; Aj;jj;ijj;jtph;ff ; ,ayhJ vd;gijg;Gypfs; Ghpe;J nfhz; Ls;sdh;. ,jd; nghUl;Nl ,ilf;fhyj;

gjhf ,Uf;fhJ Nghfyhk;. ,t; mr; r k; j Uk; #Oiyj; jtph;ff ; rh;tNjr r%fk; gaDs;s jpwd; kpf;f nghUj;jkhd mOj;jj;ij gpuNah fpff ; KbAkhdhy; Aj;jepWj;jk; tYg;gl tha;gG ; z;L. my;yhjtplj;J vjph;khwhd murpay;epfo;Tfs; ele;NjWtijj; jLj;J epWj;JtJ fbdk;. ,g;NghJ Aj;j epWj;jk; tpLjiyg;Gypfisr; #Ok; ntFrd mOj;jj;jpw;Fk;> re;jphpf;fhitr; #of; $ba rh;tNjr mOj;jj;jpw;Fkpilapy; Cryhbf;nfhz;bUfpwJ.

05

m ikjpahd nghOJ... #hpad; tpOe;Jtplf;$lhJ vd;W thdk; Nghuhb ajw;F milahskha; Kfpy;fs; ,uj;;jkha; rpte;jpUe;jJ. mUs; jdpikapy; ele;J nfhz;bUe;jhd;. mtdpw;Fk; g+kpf;Fkhd ,ilntsp ePzl ; J}ukhfpfn; fhz;L NghdJ. epidTfs; j hd; ,g; N ghJ mtDld; xl;bapUe;jd. mtd; kdirj;jtpu vy;yh ,l KNk nksdk; epiynfhz;bUe;jJ. me;j ntspapy; Kisj;jpUe;j gw;iwfSk; ,be;J Nghd fl;llq;fSk; nksdkhf ,Ue;jhYk; mtdpw;F mit NgRgitahfNtapUe;jd. mtdJ eilapy; jsh;T ,y;iy. Nrhfk;

njhpe;jJ. ,Jjhd;... ,e;j ,lk;jhd;... jhz; bf;Fsr; rz;ilf;F Nghd fUk;Gypfs; mzp apw;F mtd; gapw;rp nfhLj;j ,lk;. ,e;j kuf;Fw;wpapy; ,Ue;Jjhd; Xa;T Neuj;jpy vy;NyhUk; NjePh; Fbg;gJ. me;j kz;gpl;b apy jhd; vg;NghJk; epjd; ,Ue;J VjhtJ xUfij nrhy;ypfn; fhz;bUg;ghd;. ,Nj ntl; ilf; f iujhd; MidapwTj; j sk; kP j hd CLUtpj; j hf; F jypw; f hf nrd; w fUk; G yp mzpapw;F gapw;rp nfhLj;j ,lk;. xt;nthU ,lj;ijAk; ghh;f;fpd;w NghJ epidTfs; mtid gpbj;J ,Og;gJ Nghy; ,Ue;jJ. gioa Qhgfq;fs; mtdpw; Fs; jP %l;bf;nfhz;bUe;jd. mUsd; fUk; G ypfs; mzpapd; gapw;rp Mrphpad;. mtd; gapw;rp nfhLj;J mDg;gpa gy fUk;Gyp tPuh;fs; jq;fspw;fhd ,yf;if mopj;Jtpl;L Njrj;NjhL epiyj;J tpl;lhh;fs;. mth;fspd; epidTfisr; Rke;j gbjhd; ,g;NghJ mUsd; tho;e;Jnfhz;L ,Uf;fpwhd;. ele;J nfhz;bUe;j mUsd; epoypw;fhf me;jkumbNahL mkh;ej; hd;. mt Df;F epoy; vjw;F? ,j;jid epidTfs; mtid #o;e;J epoy; nfhLf;fpd;wNghJ kuj;jpd; mbapy; ,Ue;jgbNa vl;Lj; jpir fisAk; Rw;wp te;jd fz;fs;. epidTfs;...

RNgrdhf... rpw; w k; g ykhf... Mrhthf... cikahshf... ,g;gb xt;nthU fUk;Gyp tPuh;fspdJk; Kfq;fshf gilnaLj;J Rth rpf; f f; $ l f]; u g; g Lk; mstpw; F Rw; w p tisj;J Kw;Wifapl;ld. \,e;j kuj;jpw;F fPoapUe;Nj vj;jpd Ngh; gapw;rp Xa;T Neuq;fspy gk;gy;mbr;R fijr;Rr;rphpjj; pUg;gpdk;| Mo;kdj;jpy; ,Ue;J jtpg;gha; xUFuy; Nky;vOe;J te;jJ. fz;fs; rl;nld xU ,lj;jpy; Fw;wp epiyj;jd. mJ xU ,be;Jk; ,bah kYk; fplf;fpd;w fl;blk;. mJTk; kdpjh; fisg; Nghyjhd;. ,y;yhky; Nghdth;fspw;fhf mth;fspd; epidTfisf; nfhz;L tho;g th;fisg; Nghy rpije;JNghd rpy fw;fl;b fisAk; XLfisAk; itj;Jf; nfhz;L tPL vd;gij milahsg;gLj;jpf;nfhz;bUe;jJ. \rhp ,dp ehq;fs; nra;ag;Nghfpd;w rz;ilapd;u nkhliyr;nra;J fhl;Lq;Nfh| mUsd; mjpy; itj;Jj;jhd; jhz;bf;Fsk; kPJ jhf;Fjy; elj;Jtjw;Fr; nrd;w fUk; Gypfs; mzpapw;F gapw;rp nfhLj;jhd;. mt dJ fl;lis fpilj;jJk; jhf;Fjypy; <L glg;NghFk; fUk;GyptPuh;fs; nlhs;.... nlhs;... vd; W thahy; rj; j k; ,l; l gb cz; ikapNyNa vjphpia vjph;nfhs;tijg;Nghy; MNtr ghtj;Jld; Kd;Ndwpdhh;fs;. gapw;rp apd; xU fl;lj;jpy; rz;il ,WfpaJ \rhr; fhud; %t;..| vd;W mzpj;jiytd; rj;jkhff; fl;lisapl;lhd;. fsj;jpNy mij epiw Ntw;wg; Nghfpd;w fUk;GyptPud; Xbte;J jdJ clypy; fl;ba ntbkUe;jpid ntbf; fr; nra;tJ Nghy ghtidnra;J Lkhh; vd;W fj;jpf;nfhz;L rphpj;jgbNa fPNotpOthd;. mzpfs; njhlh;e;J Kd;NdWk;. ,ijg; ghh;jj; clNdNa mUsdJ fz;fs; fyq;fpg;Ngha;tpLk;. rz;ilapy ,J cz; i kahfNt elf; f g; N ghtJ. gapw; r p ,ilNtis te;jJk; mzpfs; Xa;;ntLg; gjw;fhfg; Ngha;tpLk;. mUsd; jdpikapy; ,Ug; g hd; . gapw; r papy; epfo; e ; j epfo; i t epidj;J epidj;J tpk;Kthd;. ,e;j Neuk; jhd; mtd; mOJjPhj; J ; tpLk; Neuk;. clypy; fl;ba ntbFz;il ntbf;f itf;fpd;w xt;nthU fzj;jpYk; mijr;nra;ag;Nghfpd;w Nghuhspia epidj;J mOj fz;fs; tPq;fp apUf;f Xa;it Kbj;J kWgbAk; gapw;rp nfhLg;gjw;F mUsd; jahuhFthd;. mtdpd; nkd;ikahd ,ay;gpw;F me;jg;gzp xt;nthU fl;lj;jpYk; ngUk; Nghuhl;lkhfNtapUe;jJ. mjdhy; vd;d mtdpwF ; ,e;j Nghuhl;lk; toq;fpa gzpapJ.

06

mij kWg;G njhptpf;fhky; Vw;Wr;nra;J nfhz;bUf;fpwhd;. fl;llj;jpd; kPJ gjpe;J ; k; Nghd ghh;itiag; gphpj;J vLj;jhd;. kPzL tpopfs; Roy Muk;gpj;jd. tpopfspd; xt; nthU mirtpYk; njhpfpdw; fhl;rpfspy; Vuhs khd epidTfs; Gije;J fple;jd. kuj;jpw;F fPo; ,Ue;jtd; vOe;jhd;. njhlh;e;Jk; elf;f Muk; g pj; j hd; . rpwpanjhUntl; i l me; j kzy; ntl;ilapy; xUrpy fhw;RtLfs; mope;Jk; mopahkYk; gjpe;Jfple;jjhf mt dpd; fz; f spw; F j; n jhpe; j J. me; j kz; zpw;Fk; mtdpw;Fk; kl;Lk;jhd; njhpAk; mit ahUf;Fr;nrhe;jnkd;W.

rpuq;F khWk; tiuf;Fk; me;jg; Nghuhspfis mtNd ftdpj; J f; n fhs; t hd; . gbg; G r; nrhy;ypf;nfhLf;fpd;w Neuj;jpy; rpyNtis mtd; fLikahfg; Ngrptpl;lhy; $l jhd; Ngrpaij epidj;J ,utpy; jdf;Fs;Ns mOthd;. Xa;thd Neuq;fspy; mth;fisg; ghlr;nrhy;yp ,tDk; Nrh;eJ ; jhsk;NghLthd;. gilj;Jiwg;gs;sp tho;f;if epidTfisr; rw;W jdpj;Jitj;jpUe;jdNt jtpu khw;w tpyi ; y. kPzL ; k; mtdplk; ,Ue;J fbjq;fs; jiytiu Nehf;fpg;Gwg;gl;ld. mg;NghJ cUthf;fpf; nfhz;bUe;j GjpafUk;Gypfs; mzpapw;F gapw;rp nfhLf;Fk; gzp mtDf;F toq;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. me;jg;gzpia nra;J nfhz;L ,Uf;fpd;wNtisapy;jhd; fUk;

me; j fhw; R tL fs; MidapwT fUk; Gypj;jhf;Fjypw;F nry;t jw;fhf fUk;Gypfs; mzp gapw; r p vLj; j ,lj; j pw; FhpaJ. me;j ,lk;jhd; vg;NghJk; mopahj mil ahskha; mtDs; ,Ue; jJ. jdpik mtDf; F Ntz;bajhfTk; mJNt NtjidahfTk; ,Ue;jJ. fz;fs; kPzL ; k; ntl;il KOtJk; cytpd. fy;Yf; Ftpay;... fhy;fs; Ntfkhf ele; J mUfpy; nrd; W jhpj;Jf; nfhz;ld. fz; fs; me;jf; fw;FtpaiyNa cw;Wg;ghh;j;jd. mUsd; mjw; F mUfpNyNa mkh; e ; J nfhz; l hd; . caphpd; Xir cikahs;... cikahs;... vd;W Jbj; jJ. MidapwTj; jhf;Fj ypw;F gapw;rp epfo;e;J nfhz;bUe;jNtis> me;j ,lj; j py; itj; J j; j hd; fUk;Gyp NkIh; Mrhtpd; mzpf;F gapw;rp nfhLj; jhd;.

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07

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Njrpa ,dq;fspd; Raeph;za chpikf; Nfhhpf;iffspd; mbg;gilfis ,y;yhkw; nra;jy;> Nghh;fhyq;fspy; Nghuhspfis ,yFtpy; xLf;Fjy;> xLf;fg; gl;l kf;fs; jq;fspilNa neUq;fpa njhlh;Gfis itj;Jf;nfhs;stplhky; jLj;jy;> jPh;ntd tUk;NghJ FbNaw;w kf;fisf; fhl;b jPh;T Kaw;rpfis xLf;fg;gLk; Njrpa ,dq;fSf;F rhh;ghfr; nry;y tplhky; jLj;jy; Nghd;wtw;wpw;F FbNaw;wq;fisNa xLf;Fk; rf;jpfs; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;. ghy];jd P j;jpy; a+jh; fspd; FbNaw;wk;> mah;yhe;jpy; Gul;l];j; jhe;jpdhpd; FbNaw;wk;> NfhNrhthtpy; Nrh;gpah;fspd; FbNaw;wk;> jpngj;jpy; rPdh;fspd; FbNaw;wk;> fpof;Fj; jPNkhhpy; ,e;NjhNdrpah;fspd; FbNaw;wk; vd;gd ,e; j tifapNyNa eilngw; w d. ,yq;ifapYk; jkpo; kf;fspd; Raephz ; af; Nfhhpf;ifiar; nrayw;wjhf;Ftjw;F Ml;rpahsh;fs; FbNaw;wq;fisNa xU gpujhd fUtpahf ePzl ; fhykhf gad; gLj;jp te;jdh;. jkpo; kf;fspd; jdptop murpay; 1920fspNyNa czug;gl;ljhy; mf;fhyj;jpypUe;Nj Nghpdthjpfsplk; ,f; FbNaw;w vz;zk; tYg;ngwj; njhlq;fp ,Ue;jJ. nlhd%h; murpay; ahg;G fhyj;jpNyNa ,jw;fhd Kaw;rpfs; KLf;fptplg;gl;ld. ,f;fhyj;jpy; rpq;fs r%fj;jplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;l kl;Lg;gLj; jg; g l; l mjpfhuj; i jnfhz; N l ,k; Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

1941k; Mz;L cUthf;fg;gl;l fy;Nyhah mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lk; ,e;j tifapy; cUthf;fg;gl;l KjyhtJ FbNaw;wj;jpll ; khFk;. ,jidj; njhlh;eJ ; jpUNfhzkiy khtl;lj;jpYk; tTdpah khtl;lj;jpYk;> kd;dhh; khtl;lj;jpYk;> Ky;iyj;jT P khtl;lj;jpYk;> gy FbNaw; wj; jpl;lq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld. ,j; jpl;lq;fspy; ePzl ; fhy ,yf;fpd; mbg;g ilapy; cUthf;fg;gl;l FbNaw;wj; jpl; lq;fs; jpUNfhzkiy> Ky;iyj;jT P jpl; lq;fNs MFk;. ,e;j ,uz;L gpuNjrq; fSk; jkpoh; jhafj;jpid ,izf;fpd;w ikakhd gpuNjrq;fshf ,Ue;jikapdhy; ,q;F FbNaw;wq;fisr; nra;tjd; %yk; jkpo; kf;fspd; jhaff;Nfhhpf;ifia ,y;yhky; nra;ayhk; vd;gNj mth;fsJ ,yf;fhf ,Ue;jJ. ,jpYk; jpUNfhz kiy khtl; l j; j pNyNa mjpfkhd FbNaw;wj;jpl;lq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. jpUNfhzkiy khtl;lj;jpidf; flw; fiug;gf;fkhf tpy;Nghy Rw;wp tisj;J Ky;iyj;jT P khtl;lj;JlDk;> kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;JlDk; cs;s epyj; njhlh;r; rpapid Jz;bg;gNj ,j;jpl;lq;fspd; gpujhd Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. xU tpy; Nghy ePskhf tise;jpUf;Fk; FbNaw;w gpuNjrkhd NrUty Njh;jy; njhFjp apid ghh;fF ; k; NghJ ,t;Tz;ik njsp thfg; Gyg; g Lk; . ,f; F bNaw; w q; f s; gy;NtW FbNaw;wj;jpl;lq;fspd; Clhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l NghJk; jpl;lkpl;l

tptrha FbNaw;wNk ,jpy; gpujhdkhd jhf ,Ue;jJ. my;iyj; jpll ; k;> fe;jsha; jpl;lk;> gjtpahj;jpl;lk;> nkhwNtthj; jpl;lk; khfjpTy;ntyj; jpl;lk; vd;gd ,tw;Ws; Kf;fpakhdit MFk;.

my; i yj; j pl; l k; : ,j; j pl; l Nk jpUNfhzkiy khtl;lj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gl;l KjyhtJ tptrha FbNaw;wj;jpll ; khFk;. ,J 1949k; Mz;L cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. MdhYk; 1953k; Mz;L njhlf;fNk kf;fs; ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; FbNawj;njhlq;fpdh;. kfhtyp fq;if Mw;wpid kwpj;J tha;f;fhy;fs; %yk; jpUg;gp my;iy Fsj;ij epug;gp mjNdhL #oTs;s fpuhkq;fSf;F ePhg ; hrd trjp nra;J nfhLg;gjw;fhfNt ,j;jpl;lk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jw;F Kd;dUk; $l ,k;Kaw;rp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. 1868k; Mz;L tha;f;fhy;fs; ntl;lg;gl;L jho; epykhf ,Ue;j gFjpfs; ,izf;fg;gl;L my;iyf;Fsk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. gpd;dh; 1910k; Mz;L Fsk; gyg;gLj;jg;gl;lNjhL tha;ff ; hy;fSk; nghpjhf;fg;gl;ld. vdpDk;

Mq;fpNya Ml;rpahsh;fs; ,jpy; nghpa mf;fiw nrYj;jhjjpdhy; jpl;lk; tp]; jhpff ; g;gltpyi ; y. Rje;jpuj;ijj; njhlh;eJ ; ,yq;ifapd; KOikahd nghWg;ghl;rp rpq;fsj; jiyth;fsplk; te;j gpd;dNu 1949y; ,j;jpl;lk; kpfg;nghpa tptrha jpl;lkhf Gduikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,j;jpll ; j;jpd; %yk; 17>500 Vf;fh; tptrha epyk; gfph;ej ; spf;fg;gl;lJ. xU FLk;gj;jpwF ; 4 Vf;fh; tay; epyKk; Fbap Ug;Gf;fhf 1 Vf;fh; Nkl;L epyKk; vd ,U tif epyq;fs; gfph;ej ; spf;fg;gl;ld. ,t;thW gfph;e;jspf;fg;gl;ltw;wpy; 75% epyq;fs; rpq;fs kf;fSf;Nf gfph;e;j spf;fg;gl;ld. 25% khd epyq;fNs jkpo;> K];ypk; kf;fSf;F gfph;ej ; spf;fg;gl;ld. fhzp chpik ngWgth; f Sf; f hd tpz;zg;gq;fis NfhUk; NghJ rpq;fs kf;fs; ,yq;ifapYs;s vy;yh murhq;f mjpgh; f spD}lhfTk; Nfhug; g l; l dh; .

Mdhy; jkpo; NgRk; kf;fisg; nghWj; jtiu jpUNfhzkiy khtl;lj;jpy; mJTk; %J}h; gFjpapy; ,Ug;gth;fs; kl;LNk Nfhug;gl;ldh;. rpq;fs kf;fs;

mjpfkhf njd;khfhzj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj tpz;zg;gq;fisr; nra;jdh;. Fwpg;ghf khj;jiw khtl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J mjpfstpy; FbNawp ,Ue;jhh;fs; vdg;Ngrg;gLfpwJ. ,d; W jpUNfhzkiyapy; ,Ue; J khj;jiwf;F Nebubahf Giftz;bg; gazk; eilg;ngWtjw;F ,f; FbNaw; wq;fs; xU fhuzkhf ,Uf;fyhk;. nghJ thf FbNaw;wq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJ me;jg;gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;sth;fSf;Fk;> mjidaLj;J me;j khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s th;fSf;Fk;> njhlh;eJ ; me;j khfhzj;jpy; cs;sth;fSf;Fk;> Kd;Dhpik toq;fpg; gpd;dh; Vidath;fSf;F toq;FtNj tof;fkhdjhFk;.

Mdhy; jkpoh; jhaf FbNaw; wq;fisg; nghWj;jtiu ,j;njhlh; epiy xOq;F ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;glhky; Vida khfhzq;fisr; Nrh;ej ; th;fSf;F Kd;Dhpik toq;fg;gl;lJ. muR jdJ ePz;lfhy ,yf;fpy; njspthf ,Ue;j jdhNyNa ,e; epiy Vw;gl;lJ. ,g; ghuhgl;

rq;fis md;iwa fhyj;jpy; jkpo; NgRk; murpay; rf;jpfs; jLj;jpUf;fyhk;. Mdhy; mit njhlh;ghd Kaw;rpfs; vtw;wpYk; ,t;turpay; rf;jpfs; ,wq;fpajhf jfty; fs; vJTk; fpilf;ftpyi ; y. ,f;fhyj;jpy; jpUNfhzkiy khtl; l j; j py; jpU Nfhzkiy Njh;jy; njhFjpapYk;> %J}h;j; Njh; j y; njhFjpapYk; vd ,uz; L ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fs; ghuhSkd; wj;jpy; mq;fk; tfpj;jpUe;jdh;. 1947 1952 tiu jpUNfhzkiy njhFjpapd; ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpduhf mfpy ,yq;if jkpo; fhq;fpu]; fl;rpia Nrh;ej ; jpU.v];. rptghyDk;> %J}h; njhFjp ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpduhf I.Nj.fl;rpiar; Nrh;e;j.

A.R.A.M. mg+gf;fUk; tpsq;fpapUe;jdh;. ,f;fhyj;jpy; jhd; FbNaw;wk; njhlh;ghd fhzp fr;Nrhpfs; eilg;ngw;wjhy; ,jid xU murpay; gpur;rpidahf;fp jLj;jp Uf;fyhk;. ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; ,J njhlh;ghf Fuy;fisnaOg;gp ,Uf;fyhk;. kf;fis ,izj; J Nghuhl; l q; f is elhj; j p ,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy; ,t;tpU jiyth;fSk; ,t;thwhd eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl;lhh;fs; vdr;rhd;Wfs; vJTkpy;iy. jpUNfhzkiyj; njhFjp

cWg;gpdh; v];.rptghyd; ,g;gpur;rpid jdJ njhFjpf;F mg;ghw;gl;l gpur;rpid nad iftpl;L ,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy; jkpo; kf;fspd; murpay; fl;rp vd;w tifapy; jkpo; fhq;fpu]; fl;rp ,jid iftpl;b Ue;jpUf;ff; $lhJ. %J}h;j; njhFjpg; ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh; A.R.A.M. mg+gf;fh; I.Nj.fl;rpiar; Nrh;e;jtuhf ,Ue;jik apdhy; fl;rpf;Fs;NsNa mOj;jq;fisf; nfhLj;J ,jid jLj;J ,Uf;fyhk;.

Mdhy; mtUk; vJTk; nra;atpy;iy. nghJthfNt md;wpy; ,Ue;J ,d;Wtiu K];ypk; jiyth;fs; fpof;fpy; rpq; f s FbNaw; w k; gw; w p mf; f iw nrYj;jtpy;iy. ,J Jujp];ltrkhdJk; ftiyf;FhpaJkhd xU tplakhFk;. cz;ikapy; ,e;j KjyhtJ FbNaw;wj; jpl;lj;jpid ,th;fs; jLj;jpUe;jhy; mjid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Vida FbNaw;wq;fis jLf;fpd;w tha;g;Gk; ,Ue;jpUf;Fk;. fhyj;ij gpe;jtpl;L jkpo; kf;fs; ftiyg;glNtz;baNjitAk; te;jpUf;fhJ. kf; f s; FbNawj; n jhlq; f pa 1953k; Mz;L fhyg;gFjpapy; jpUNfhz kiy Njh;jy;j;njhFjp ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpduhf jkpouRf; fl;rpiar;Nrh;ej ; N.R.,uh[tNuhjaKk;> %J}h; njhFjp cWg; g pduhf M.A.H.Kfk; k j; m ypAk; mq;fk; tfpj;J ,Ue;jdh;. ,UtUk; 19521956 tiu mq;fk; tfpj;jdh;. MdhYk; ,th;fSk; ,J tplaj;jpy; ve;j Kaw;rp fisAk; nghpjhf Nkw;nfhs;tpyi ; y. jkpo; fhq;fpu]; fl;rp mf;fiw mw;wjhf ,Ue; jhYk; jkpo; Njrpaj; i jAk; mjd; mbg;gilapy; mike;j rk];bf; Nfhhpf; ifAk; Kd;itj;j jkpo; muRf;fl;rp ,jpy; Nghjpa mf;fiw fhl;lhjJ jhd; kpfTk; ftiyf;Fhpa tplakhFk;. jkpo; muRf; fl;rp Muk;gkhfpa NghJ mjd; nfhs;ifj; jpll ; j;jpy; FbNaw;w vjphg; G; vd;gJ gpujhd tplakhf ,Ue;jNghJk; FbNaw;wq;fs; njhlh;ghf mth;fs; ve;jtpj Nghuhl;lj; ijAk; elj;jtpy;iy. jkpo;nkhop Gwf; fzpg;Gf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lj;jpid kl;LNk elhj;jpdhh;fs;. my;iyj;jpl;lj;jpy; fhzp ngW gth;fSf;Fhpa jfikfisf; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ tpzz ; g;gjhhpfs; tptrhapfshfTk;> jpUkzk; Ghpe;jth;fshfTk;> tptrha fhzpfis nrhe;jkhf itj;jpUf;fhjth; fshfTk; ,Uj; j y; Ntz; L nkd; N w Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; eilKiwapy; jkpo; NgRk; kf;fisg;nghWj;jtiuNa ,j;jfikfs; filg;gpbf;fg;gl;ld. rpqf ; s kf;fisg; nghWj;jtiu ,it filg;gpbf; fg;gltpyi ; y. tptrhak; njhpahjth;fSk; epyq;fis nrhe;jkhf itj;jpUe;jth;fSk; mth;fs; kj;jpapy; ,Ue;J jhuhskhf njhpT nra;ag;gl;ldh;. FbNaw;wj;jpl; lj;jpd; Muk;gfhyq;fspy; rpq;fsth;fs; jkpo; tptrhapfs;> tptrhak; nra;tij ghh;j;Nj mjd; mbg;gilapy; tptrha Kaw;rpfis Muk;gpj;jdh;. ehd; re;jpj;j gyKjpath;fs; jhq;fs; tptrhak; nra;Ak; NghJ FbNawpa rpq;fs kf;fspy; gyh; jhq;fs; nra;Ak; tptrha Kiwfis ghh;j; jNjhL my;yhky; mJ gw;wpa tpsf; fq;fis jq;fsplk; Nfl;lwpe;J nfhz;l jhfTk; $wpapUe;jdh;. fe;jsha; jpl;lk; ,j;jpll ; k; fe;jsha; Fsj;jpid ikakhf

- epytd;-

08

khrp-gq; F dp>2005

itj;J 1950k; Mz;L cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. 1954 njhlf; f k; kf; f s; FbNawj; njhlq;fpdh;. my;iyf;FbNaw;wj;jpy; kf;fs; FbNawpa fhyg;gFjpAk;> fe;jsha; FbNaw;wj;jpy; kf;fs; FbNawpa fhyg; gFjpAk; mz;kpa fhyq;fshf ,Ue;jd. ,jdhy; ,t;tpU FbNaw;wkf;fSf; fpilNaAk; neUq;fpa njhlh;Gfs; fhzg; gl;ld. fe;jsha; FbNaw;wj;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; 24>750 Vf;fh; fhzp gfph;e;jspf; fg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; 14>360 Vf;fh; fhzp ney; nra;iff;fhfTk;> 10>420 Vf;fh; fhzp fUk;Gr; nra;iff;fhfTk; gfph;e;jspf; fg;gl;ld. 80%khd fhzpfs; rpq;fs kf;fSf;Nf gfphe ; j ; spff ; g;gl;ld. 20% khd fhzpfs; kl; L Nk jkpo; > K]; y pk; kf;fSf;F gfphe ; j ; spff ; g;gl;ld. my;iyj; jpl;lj;jpidg; NghyNt xU FLk;gj;jpw;F 4 Vf;fh; new;nra;if epyKk; 1 Vf;fh; Nkl;L epyKk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. fe;jsha;g; gpuNjrrigAk;> cjtp murhq;f mjpgh; gphpTk;> ,g;gpuNjrj;ij ikakhf itj;Nj cUthf;fg;gl;ld. fe;jsha; gpuNjrrig vy;iyf;Fs; cs;s 22>737 thf;fhsh;fspy; kpfg; ngUk;ghd;ikNahh; rpq;fsth;fNs ahth;. gok; ngUk; jkpo; fpuhkq;fs; gy ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s NghJk; mit mjp fstpy; ftdpf;fg;glhj fpuhkq;fshfNt cs;sd. ,g;gpuNjrrig 397.30 rJuiky; tp]j ; uP j;ij nfhz;ljhFk;. fe;jsha; efuk; ,d; W jpUNfhzkiy efuj; j pw; F mLj;jgbahd xU efukhf tsh;r;rp aile;J tUfpd;wJ. jpUNfhzkiy khtl;lj;jpd; rpq;fs murpaypy; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jgth;fshf fe;jsha; gpuNjr kf;fNs cs;sdh;. jpUNfhzkiy khtl; lj;jpd; jw;Nghija rpq;fs ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh; [aNrfuh fe;jsha; gpuNjrj;ij Nrh; e ; j xU FbNaw; w thrpahth; .

N[.tp.gpiar; Nrh;ej ; ,tNu jw;NghJ Gjpa FbNaw; w q; f spy; mf; f iw nrYj; j p tUfpdw ; hh;. ,f; FbNaw;wKk; mLj;j te;j gjtpah FbNaw;wKk; jkpouRf; fl;rpapd; vOr;rp fhyq;fspy; cUthf;fg;gl;l Fb Naw;wq;fs; MFk;. mt; vOr;rpfs; vitAk; FbNaw;wq;fis jLf;ftpy;iy vd;gJ jhd; kpfTk; ftiyf;Fhpa tplakhFk;. ,f;fhyj;jpy; jpUNfhzkiy ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpduhf ,uh[tNuhjak; ,Ue;jp Ue;jhh;.

gjtpahj; j pl; l k; ,j; j pl; l k; 1954k; Mz; L Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. 1956 njhlf;fk; kf;fs; FbNawj; njhlq;fpdh;. mDuhjGuk; khtl;lj;jpYs;s gjtpahf; Fsj;jpid ikakhf itj;Nj ,j;jpl;lk; cUthf; fg;gl;lJ. gjtpahf;Fsk; mDuhjGuk; khtl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;jhYk; jpUNfhzkiy khtl;lj;jpYs;s 2400 Vf;fh; fhzpfSf;F ePh; gha;r;Rtij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Nl ,J cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. Muk;gj;jpy; ,j; jpl;l fhzpfs; KOtJk; jkpoh;fSf;Nf toq;fg;gLtjhf $wg;gl;l NghJk; gpdd ; h; KOf; fhzpAk; rpqf ; sth;fSf;Nf gfphe ; j ; spff ; g;gl;lJ. jpUNfhzkiy khtl;lj;jpd; tlgFjpapy; FbNaw;wq;fis nra;tjd; %yk; Ky;iyj;jPT khtl;lj;Jldhd jkpoh;fspd; epyj;njhlh;rr ; piaj; Jz;bg;

khrp-gq; F dp>2005

gNj ,jd; gpujhd Nehf;fkhFk;. 1958k; Mz;L ,df;fytuj;ij njhlh;eJ ; njd;d kuthbia mz;bapUe;j gpuNjrj;jpy; trpj;jpUe;j jkpoh;fs; gyhj;fhukhf mfw;wg;gl;L mt;tplq;fspYk; rpq;fs kf;fs; FbNaw;wg;gl;ldh;. gpd;dh; te;j Nghh;f; fhyq;fspy; njd;dkuthb kf;fs; KOikahf ntspNawpaijj; njhlh;eJ ; ,g;gpuNjrk; 100% rpq;fs kf;fisf; nfhz;l gpuNjrkhfNt cs;sJ. ,g;gpuNjr kf;fSf;fhf gjtp =Gu vd;Dk; ngahpy; xU gpuNjrrigAk;> rpqf ; s cjtp murhq;f mjpgh; gphpTk; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,g;gpuNjr rigapy; thf;fhsh; vz;zpfi ; f 7203 vd;w mstpw;F kpf Fiwthf ,Ue; jNghJk;> FbNaw;wq;fSf;F murpay; cWjpg;ghl;il nfhLf;fNtz;Lk; vd;g jw;fhfNt gpuNjrrig cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,g;gpuNjr rig 217.70 rJuiky; tp]; jPudj;ijf; nfhz;ljhFk;.

nkhwNtthj; jpl; l k; Kjypf; F sk;

vd; w

jkpo;

ehl;fspYk; mth; mjpy; fye;J nfhz;lhh;. ,e;j ,lj;jpy; ,yq;ifapy; mur ,ae;jpuj;ij ,af;Ffpd;w rpq;fs mjp fhhpfs; gw;wpAk; rpwpJ $Wjy; Ntz;Lk;.

FbNaw;wg; gpur;rpidapy; rpqf ; s kf;fis jpl;lkpl;L FbNaw;Wtjpy; gpujhd ghj;jp uj;ij tfpg;gth;fs; ,th;fNsahth;. jpUkiyapy; flikahw; w pa rpqf ; s mjpfhhpfs; ,J tplaj;jpy; kpfTk; ghz;bj;jpak; ngw;wth;fshf tpsq;fpdh;.

Fwpg;ghf fhzp njhlh;ghf mjpfhhpfs; Kd;dzp tfpj;jdh;. jpl;lkpl;l tptrha FbNaw;wk;; khj;jpuk; my;y> rl;ltpNuhj tptrhaf; FbNaw; w q; f s; > kP d th; FbNaw;wq;fs;> tpahghuf; FbNaw;wq;fs; vd;gtw;Wf;Fk; ,th;fNs J}z;Ljy; toq; F gth; f shf ,Ue; j dh; . jpU Nfhzkiy efug;gFjpfspYs;s Nfhapy; fhzpfis milahsq;fz;L mtw;wp nyy;yhk; rpq;fs kf;fis FbNaw; Wtjpy; Kd; epd;wth;fs; ,th;fNsahth;. jpUNfhzkiy

gfphe ; j ; spff ; g;gl;ld. kPjp 25% khd tPLfNs jkpo;> K];ypk; kf;fSf;F nfhLf;fg; gl;ld. fhzpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l gy jkpo;> K];ypk; kf;fs; tPL nfhLf;fg;glh jjpdhy; jkpo;> K];ypk; kf;fs; cldb ahf FbNawtpy;iy. rpq;fs kf;fs; kl;LNk FbNawpdh;. njhlh;eJ ; te;j ,d mopgG; eltbf;iffspdhy; jkpo>; K];ypk; kf;fs; FbNawj;jaf;fk; fhl;lNt ehs iltpy; FbapUf;fhj epyq;fs; ,uj;Jr; nra;ag;gl;L mt;tplq;fspYk;> rpq;fs kf;fs; FbNaw;wg;gl;ldh;. 1971k; Mz;L tpkhdg; g ilapdUf; f hd tptrhag; gz;iz mq;F cUthf;fg;gl;l NghJ mjid rhd;whf itj;J gy rpq;fs kf; fs; FbNawj; njhlq;fpdh;. tpkhdg; gilapdhpd; gz;iz NkYk; FbNaw; wq;fis gyg;gLj;jpajhy; vQ;rpapUe;j xU rpy jkpo;f;FLk;gq;fs; $l ntsp Nawj;njhlq;fpdh;. ,f; FbNaw;wj;jpid ikakhf itj;Nj nkhwNtth rpq;fs cjtp murhq;f mjpgh; gphpTk; nkhwNtth rpq;f sg; gpuNjr rigAk; cUthf;fg;gl;;ld.

322 rJu iky; tp];juP zj;ijf; nfhz;l ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; njhlh;rr ; pahd Nghh; fhu zkhf 60% khd rpq;fs kf;fs; ntspNa wpapUe;jdh;. ,jdhy; 1994k; Mz;L eilg;ngw;w cs;@uhl;rp rigj; Njh;jypy; 38% khdth;fNs thf;fspj;jpUe;jdh;. nkhj;jkhf 2>200 thf;FfNs mspf;fg; gl;bUe;jd> kf;fs; kpfFiwthf ,Ue;j NghJk; FbNaw;wj;ij gyg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf gpuNjrrig cUthf;fg;gl;L Njh;jy; elhj;jg;gl;lJ. jw;NghJ rkh jhdfhykhifahy; ntspNawpa kf;fs; kPsTk; FbNawp tUfpd;wdh;. Mdhy; jkpo; k f; f s; vtUk; FbNaWtjhf njhpatpy;iy.

kfhjpTy; n tt jpl; l k;

gpuNjrNk gpdd ; h; nkhwNtth vd;w rpqf ; sg; ngauhfkhw;wg;gl;lJ. ,j;jpl;lk; 1954k; Mz;L nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. 1962k; Mz;L njhlf;fk; kf;fs; FbNawj; njhlq;fpdh;. jpUNfhzkiyapy; cs;s gphpj;jhdpa flw;gilj;jsk; %lg;gl;ljhy; mjpy; Ntiy nra;jth;fs; Ntiy ,oe;j NghJ mth;fs; tptrhak; nra;tjw;fhfNt ,j; jpll ; k; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. ,j; jpll ; j;jpd; fPo; 4040 Vf;fh; fhzpfs; gq;fplg;gl;ld.

Kd;ida FbNaw;wj; jpl;lq;fs; jkpo; kf;fis ghjpg;gdthf ,Ue;jik ahy; jkpouRf; fl;rp ,j;jpl;l tplaj;jpy; rw;W mtjhdkhf ,Ue;jJ. jpl;lq;fs; njhlh;ghf Nkhrbfs; ghuhgl;rq;fs;> fhzp fr;Nrhpfs; %ykhfNt eilngw;wjhy; fhzpf;fr;Nrhp tplaj;jpy; jkpouRf;fl;rp rw;W mtjhdkhfNt ,Ue;jJ. fhzpfs; gq; f pLtjw; f hd fhzpf; f r; N rhpfs; eilngw;w NghJ jkpouRf; fl;rpapd; jiyth;fspy; xUtuhd F.td;dparpq;fk; NeubahfNt mjpy; gq;Nfw;wpapUe;jhh;. fhzpf; fr;Nrhpfs; eilngw;w vy;yh

khtl;lj;jpy; rl;l hPjpahd FbNaw;wq; fSf;F Vwj;jho rkdhd rl;ltpNuhjkhd FbNaw;wq;fs; cs;sd. ,f; FbNaw; wq;fSf;F rl;l hPjpahd me;j];jj ; pid ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gjpy; ,th;fNs Kd;dpd;W nraw;gl;ldh;. ,th;fspd; nraw;ghl;bw;F trjpahf jpUNfhzkiy khtl;lj;jpd; murhq;f mjpguhf njhlh;rr; pahf rpqf ; sth; xUth; epakpf;fg;gLtNj tof;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. nkhwNtth jpl; l j; J f; f hf fhzpfs; gq;fplg;gl;l NghJ 55% khd fhzpfs; jkpo;> K];ypk; kf;fSf;Fk;> 45% khd fhzpfs; rpqf ; s kf;fSf;Fnkd xJf;fg;gl;ld. jkpuRf;fl;rp ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh; Neubahf r%fkspj;Jk; $l %d;W ,dq;fSf;Fk; rkkhfNth my;yJ Fiwe;jgl;rk; jpUkiy khtl;l ,d tpfpjhrhug;gbNah fhzpfs; gq;fplg; gltpy;iy. ,j;jpl;lj;jpy; Nkl;L epyq;fspy; FbNaw;w thrpfSf;nfd tPLfs; fl;lg; gl;ld. 75% khd tPLfs; rpqf ; s kf;fSf;F

nghpatpshd; Fsk; vd;Dk; jkpo;g; gpuNjrNk ,j; jpl;lk; nfhz;L tug;gl;l gpdd ; h; kfhjpTy;ntt vdg; ngah; khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,j; jpl;lk; 1979k; Mz;L nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. 1981k; Mz;L njhlf;fk; kf;fs; FbNawj;njhlq;fpdh;. jkpo; kf;fspd; jdpehl;Lg; Nghuhl;lk; Muk;gpj;Jg; gpd;dh; ,j;jpl;lk; cUthf; fg;gl;lJ vd;gJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

Nghuhl;lj;ij xLf;FtNj ,jd; ,yf;fhf ,Ue;jJ. ,j;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; 1200 Vf;fh; fhzp gq;fplg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; 65% fhzpfs; rpq;fs kf;fSf;Fk;> 35% fhzpfs; jkpo; kf;fSf;Fk; gq;fplg;gl;ld. gq;fplg;gLk; NghJ 2 Vf;fh; tay; epyKk; 1/2 Vf;fh; Nkl;L epyKk; xt;nthU FLk;gj;Jf;Fk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. jkpo; kf;fspDila Nghuhl;lk; tsh;r;rpailaj; njhlq;fpa gpd;dh; $l FbNaw;wq;fspy; tpl;Lf; nfhLf;f jahh; ,y;iy vd;gjw;F ,j; jpl;lk; cjhuzkhf mike;jJ. jpUNfhzkiy khtl;lj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Nkw;$wpa FbNaw; wq;fspdhy; gy tpisTfs; mk; khtl; lj;jpy; Vw;gl;ld. mtw;wpy; xd;W jpl;l kpl;l tptrhaq;fis FbNaw;wq;fis mbg; g ilahf itj; J rl; l tpNuhj FbNaw;wq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;likahFk;. ,jid tphpthf mLj;j ,jopy; ghh;gN; ghk;.

09

fh yhfhykhfNt rpq; f sg; ngsj;j Nghpdthjj;jpd; gpujpepjpfshfj; jk; i k milahsg; g Lj; j pf; n fhz; L gy;NtW jug;gpdH; tyk; te;j tuyhW ,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mehfhpf jHkghy Kjy; gz;lhu ehaf;f> N[.MH. n[atHj;jd> B.gp.tp[aJq;f> uj;drpwp tpf;ukehaf;f> \rg;Gky; Fkhu| uj;tj;ij tiu- xt;nthU fhyfl;lj;jpYk; Njitf;F Vw;whw;Nghd;W gyUk; jk;ik rpq;fs Nghpdthjj;jpd; gpujpepjpfshfg; gfpuq;fkhfNt gpufldg; gLj;jpg; gy;NtW Ml;lq;fis Mb murpay; elhj;jpapUe;jhHfs;. jw;nghOJ ,e;j murpay; Ml; lj;ij N[.tp.gp. Jzpr;rYld; Kd; ndLj;J tUfpd;wJ. NrhryprthjpfshfTk;> ,lJ rhhpfshfTk;> khf;rprthjpfshfTk;> cyf kakhf; f Yf; F vjpuhdtHfshfTk; > Njrg;gw;whsHfshfTk; jk;ik ,dq; fhz;gpj;Jf;nfhz;L Kd;dH tyk; te;j N[.tp.gp.apd; Kf%b gbg;gbahf fpope;J> filrpapy; rpq;fsg; ngsj;j Nghpd thjj;jpd; gpujpepjpfs; vd;fpdw ; mtHfsJ Ra&gk; ntspg;gl Muk;gpj;jpUf;fpd;wJ. mz;ikf;fhykhf fpof;iff; Fwpitj;J N[.tp.gpapdH Nkw;nfhz;L tUk; efHTfs; ,jid cWjpg;gLj;jp AkpUf;fpd;wJ. fpof;fpy; rpq;fsf; FbNaw; wq;fs;> jkpo; Njrpaj;jpwF ; vjpuhd eltbf; ifs;> jkpo; kf;fSf;F vjpuhd Jd;GWj; jy;fs;> tlf;fpy; ,Ue;J fpof;ifg; gphpg; gjw;fhd Kaw;rpfs; vd;W N[.tp.gpapdH Nkw;nfhz;L tUfpd;w mlhtbj;jdq;fs;> vy;iyfle;J nry;tijNa jpUNfhz kiyr; rk;gtq;fs; vLj;Jf; fhz;gpf; fpd;wd. fle;j 02.03.2005 md;W jpUNfhzkiyapy; N[.tp.gp.apdH Nkw; nfhz;l FbNaw;w Kaw;rpAk;> mjw;F jkpo; kf;fs; ntspgg; Lj;jpapUe;j ntF[d vjpHg;G eltbf;ifAk;> ,e;jg; gpur;rpid apy; ,uz;L jug;gpdUk; nfhz;Ls;s <Lghl;ilAk; fhpridiaAk; ntspgg; Lj;J tjhf mike;jpUf;fpd;wJ. N[.tp.gp. mikg;gpDs; cs;s xU gphptpd; ngaH \uJ jUt| (jkpopy; rptg;G el;rj;jpuk;). Rdhkp epthuz eltbf;iffis Kd;ndLg;gjw;nfd;W N[.tp.gp. jkJ cWg;gpdHfisf; nfhz;L ,e;j mikg;ig cUthf;fpapUe;jJ. njw;fpy; ,e;j uJ jUt gy Rdhkp epthuz eltbf;iffis Kidg;Gld; Nkw;nfhz;lJ. rpq;fs kf;fSf;F epthu zq;fs;> GdHtho;T fpilf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;F mg;ghy;> njw;fpy; murpay; hPjpahd mD$yq;fisg; ngw;Wtpl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ N[.tp.gpapd; kiw Kfj;jpl;lkhf ,Ue;jJ. ,NjNghd;W N[.tp.gp.apd; uJ jUt FO fpof;fpYk; Rdhkp epthuz eltbf;iffspy; jdJ njhz;lHfis fsk; ,wf;fpapUe;jJ. fpof;fpy; cs;s rpq;fstHfis jdJ eltbf;iffshy; ftuNtz;Lk; vd;w N[.tp.gp.apd; Neub Nehf;fk; xU Gwk; ,Uf;f> fpof;fpy; rpqf ; sg; Nghpdthjj;ij gyg;gLj;jNtz;Lk; vd;fpd;w rjp Nehf; fKk; N[.tp.gp. jiyikaplk; fhzg; gl;lJ. fle;j 02.03.2005 md;W jpUNfhzkiyapy; ,lk;ngw;w rk;gtq;fs; N[.tp.gpdhpd; rjp eltbf;ifapd; xU ntspg;ghlhf muq;NfwpaJ. 01.03.2005 md;W khiy jpUNfhzkiyapd; ikag; gFjpapy; cs;s kf;nfa;rH tpisahl; luq;fpy; te;jpwq;fpa N[.tp.gp.apdH> \epthuz eltbf; i ff; FO| vd; w thf;fpak; nghwpjj ; gjhijfisj; njhq;f tpl;ldH. Fwpg;gpl;l ,e;j tpisahl;luq;F jpUNfhzkiy kj;jpa g];epiyaj;jpw;F gpdG; wkhf mike;Js;sJ. kWehs; fhiy> mjhtJ 2k; jpfjp ,e;j tpisahl;L ikjhdj;jpy; kuq;fs;> jsghlq;fs;> nrq; fw;fs;> $lhuq;fs; vd;W Fbkid mikg; gjw;fhd nghUl;fs; te;jpwq;f Muk; gpj;jd. ngUk; mstpyhd rpq;fs ,is QHfSk; nyhwpfspYk;> NtW thfdq;f spYk; te;jpwq;f Muk;gpj;jhHfs;.

10

Kjypy; Fwpg; g pl; l ikjhdj; i jg; guhkhpj; J tUk; tpisahl; L f; F O ,isQHfs;jhd; ,jid mtjhdpj; jhHfs;. ,e;j tplaj;ij nghJ mikg; Gf;fs;> kw;Wk; jpUNfhzkiyapYs;s rpy gpuKfHfs; ftdj;jpwF ; mtHfs; nfhz;L te;jhHfs;. mjidj;njhlHe;J ikjhdj; jpw;F tpiue;j rpy nghJ mikg;Gg; gpu KfHfs; ,e;j mlhtbj;jdk; njhlHghd jpUNfhzkiy kf;fspd; mjpUg;jpia ntspapl;lJld;> ,e;jg; eltbf;ifia cldbahf epWj;Jk;gb N[.tp.gpapdhplk; Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lhHfs;. mtHfs; mjw;F

cWg;gpdHfs; Nghd;wtHfSf;F ,e;j tplak; gw;wp jkJ mjpUg;jpiaAk;> fz;ldj;ijAk; ntspapll ; nghJ mikg; Gf;fs; cldbahf fsj;jpYk; ,wq;fp dhHfs;. ,isQHfs; gy ,lq;fspYk; tPjpkwpay; Nghuhl;lq;fspy; Fjpj;jhHfs;. jpUNfhzkiyNa Kw;whf ];jk;gpj kilAk; tifapy; jpUNfhzkiy kf;fs; jkJ mjpUg;jpia ntspapl;lhHfs;. kf;fspd; vjpHg;igAk; kPwp nry;y Kw;gl;l N[.tp.gpapdUf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd thfdk; xd;W nghJkf;fspd; jhf;F

,zq;ftpy;iy. Rdhkpahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l rKj;jpufk gpuNjr kf;fis FbNaw;W tjw;fhfNt ,e;j Fbkidfs; mikf;fg; gLtjhf mtHfs; njhptpj; j hHfs; . jpUNfhzkiyapd; rq;fkpj;ij gpuNjrj; jpw;Fk;> kPd; re;ijf;Fk; eLNt cs;s gpuNjrNk ,e;jr; rKj;jpufk vd;wiof; fg;gLfpd;w gpuNjrkhFk;. ,e;jg; gFjp cz;ikapNyNa jkpoUf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd xU gpuNjrkhFk;. jpUNfhzkiy fhsp Nfhtpypd; jPHj;jf; fiu mike;Js;s Gdpjg;gpuNjrk;. =yq;fh murhq;fk; jpUNfhzkiyapy; Nkw; nfhz;Lte;j jpl;lkpl;l rpq;fsf; FbNaw; wr;rjpapd; fhuzkhf ,e;j ,lk; gwpNgha; jw;nghOJ rpq;fsg;gFjpahff; fhl;rp jUfpdw ; J. Rdhkp mdHj;j re;jHg;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp jpUNfhzkiyapy; Nkw; nfhs;sg;gl;LtUfpd;w rpq;fsf; FbNaw; wj;ij tp];jhpf;Fk; Nehf;fj;Jld;jhd; N[.tp.gp. ,e;jf; ifq;fhhpaj;ijr; nra; fpd;wJ vd;gij jkpo; nghJmikg;igr; NrHe;jtHfs; Ghpe;Jnfhz;lhHfs;. murhq;f mjpgH> ghuhSkd;w

jYf;F cs;shdJ. jkJ mj; J kP w pa FbNaw; w Kaw;rpia jPtpukile;j kf;fs; vjph;gG ; f; fhuzkhf mtru mtrukhff; iftpl;Lr; nry;yNtz;ba mstpw;F epyik Nkhr khdJ. vQ;rpapUe;jtHfisAk;> N[.tp. gpapduhy; iftpl;Lr;nry;yg;gl;l nghUl; fisAk; nghyprhH ,utputhf mfw;wp Kbj;jdH. jw;fhypfkhf ,e;j gpur;rpidf;F xU KbT Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. MdhYk; kPz;Lk; tUNthk; vd;w miw$tY lNdNa N[.tp.gpapdH jpUk;gpapUe;jhHfs;. jkpoH jhafg;gpuNjrq;fspy; ,JNghd; w Mf; f pukpg; G mlhtbj; jdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;s mtHfs; kPzL ; k;> kPz;Lk; tUthHfs; vd;gij fle;jfhy tuyhWfs; ntspg;gLj;jpepw;fpd;wd. ,JNghd;w jpll ; kpll ; epy Mf;fpu kpg;G eltbf;iffspy; Rdhkp kPs;Fb Naw;wk; vd;w ngahpy; N[.tp.gpapdH <Lgl;LtUfpd;whHfs;. njhlHe;Jk; <LgL thHfs; vd;gjpy; re;Njfk; ,y;iy.

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11

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jq;fSf;fpilNaahd gpur;rpidiaj;jhd; ,g;NghJk; fUg;nghUshff; fhl;b ehlf khLfpd;wdh;. mth;fs; midtUk; jkpo; kf;f Sf;Fk;> rh;tNjr r%fj;jpw;Fk; fhl;l tpUk;Gk; fhl;rp,Jjhd;. ,dg;gpur;rpidia tplTk; jq;fSf;F ,ilNaahd gpur;rpid

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rhh; gpur;rpidfisAk; jkpo;kf;fSf;nfjp uhd Xh; MAjkhfg;gad;gLj;jptUfpdw ; dh;. gjtpapy; ,Uf;Fk; murhq;fj;jpd; nghWg;G gpur;rpidf;Fj; jPhT ; fhz;gJ jhd;. jPhT ; fhz;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf mth;fs; jq;fSf;Fs; ngUk;gpur;rpidfs; ,Ug;gjhf mjid Kd;dpWj;Jfpwhh;fs;. rdhjpgjp re;jphpfh jPh;Tf;fhd eltbf;ifapy; <Lglhky; jPhT ; fhzhjpUg;gjw;Fk;> xLf;F tjw;Fk; chpa mzpfyd;fshfTk; muz; fshfTk; N[.tp.gpiaAk; n`ycW kaitAk;> [f;fpaNjrpaf;fl;rpiaAk; kw; Wk; ,dthjrf;jpfisAk; mth; nfhz;b Uf;fpwhh;. “rk~;bj;jhP i ; t vjph;gg ; th;fs; Kl;lhs;fs;” “rk~;bj; jPht ; py;iyNay; ehL ,uz;lhFk;” “rkhjhdj;jpwF ; 85% kf;fspd; mq;fPfhuk; cz;L” vdj; jw;NghJ $Wk; re;jphpfh mjid Nehf;fp xU fy; i yj; j hDk; efh; j ; j paJ fpilahJ. ,t;thW Mf;Nuhrkha;g; Ngrpf;fhl;Ltjd; %yk; jhd; jPh;T fhzj;Jbg;gth; vd;W jd;idr;#o cs;Sk;GwKk; ,Uf;Fk; Kl;lhs;j; jdkhd rj;jpfis vjph;jJ ; g;Nghuhl Ntz;ba> NghuhbtUfpd;w Gdpjkhd gzpiaj;jhd; Njhspy; Rkg;gjhf mth; gfy;NtrkhLfpwhh;.

rdhjpgjp re;jphpfhtpd; tha; rkhjhdj;jhP i ; tg; gw;wpg;Ngrpf; nfhz; bUf;fpd;wJ; Mdhy; mtuJ iffs; ghfp];jhdplkpUe;Jk;> rPdhtplkpUe;Jk;> kw;Wk; rhj;jpakhd midj;J ehLfsp YkpUe;J MAjq;fisAk; MAj js ghlq;fisAk; thq;fpf;Ftpj;j tz;z Ks; s d. MAjk; thq; f pf; F tpf; f fz;lk; tplL ; f; fz;lk; Gwg;gLk; mtuJ fhy;fs; rkhjhdj;jpw;fhf nfhOk;G tPjpfspy; jdJ nrhe;jj; njUf;fspy;> jdJ nrhe;jj; njUf;fspd; gl;b njhl;;bfspy; Ch;tyk; Nghfj;jahuh? jkpo; kf; f spd; fz; f isg; gpLq;Ftjw;fhfTk;> rh;tNjr r%fj;jpd; fz;fisf;fl;Ltjw;fhfTk; mth; gj;jphp ifahsh; khehLfspy; \\rkhjhd|| cr;rh ldq;fisr; nra;tjw;Fg;gjpyhf mth; jdJ tho;epiyapy; rkhjhdj;jpw;fhfg; Nghuhba xU fl;lj;ijj;jhDk; fhzKb ahJ. ,j;jifa gpd;dzpfspy; re;jphpfh Rdhkpia #Lfha;tjw;Fhpa mhpanjhU tha;gg ; ha;gg ; ad;gLj;jj; njhlq;fpAs;shh;.

,dg; g pur; r pidapd; ngauhy; rdhjpgjp re;jphpfh jd;id ,yq;ifapd; ngUk; jiytuhf;f Kad;W tUfpd;whh;. ,dg;gpur;rpidiar; rpq;fs murpaw;rf;jp fs; midj;Jk; xU fufhl;lg;nghUshf;fp tpl; l d. ,dg; g pur; r pidiaj; jP h ; g ; g njd;gjy;y ,g;Nghija gpur;rpid; mij itj;J jj;jk; eyd;fis vg;gb <l;lyhk; vd;gNj ,g;Nghija gpur;rpid.

Ml;rpahshpd; epfo;r;rpepuypy; (Agenda) ,dg;gpur;rpidf;F rkhjhdj; jPhT ; fhZjy; vd;w tplak; ,lk; ngw tpy;iy. ,dg;gpur;rpidf;fhd rkhjhdj; jPh;ntd;gJ mth;fspd; kdq;fSf;F ntspNa> mth;fspd; tpUg;gq;fSf;F ntspNa> mth;fsJ epfo;rr ; p epuy;fSf;F ntspNa epw;fpd;wJ. rkhjhdj;jhP i ; t ntspg;gilahf vjph;fF ; k; rf;jpfs; xUGwKk;> rkhjhdj; jPhT ; f;F Kaw;rp Nkw;nfhs;tjhff;fhl;Lk; rf;jpfs; kWGwKk;> rkhjhdj;jPhT ; f;F MjuTfhl;Ltjhff;$Wk; rf;jpfs; ,d; ndhUGwnkd rpq;fs murpaypd; ehlf muq;F cs;sJ. nray;g+ht ; mh;jj ; j;jpYk; ,yf;fpYk; rkhjhdj;jpw;F vjph;epiyia tfpf;fpd;wd.

N[.tp.gp> n`ycWka> Rje;jpuf; fl;rp> If;fpa Njrpaf;fl;rp> Clfq;fs;> Gj;jp[Ptpfs; vdg;gyjug;gl;l rpq;fsr; rf;jpfSk; ,e;ehlfj;jpd; fjhghj;jpuq; fshFk;. ,r;rf;jpfs; midj;Jk; ,dg; gpur;rpidiaAk; mjw;fhd jPhi ; tAk; jq; fs; fhy;fSf;Fs;gN; ghl;L kpjpjJ ; f;nfhz;L

12

,d kj nkhop NtWghLfSf; fg;ghy; ,aw;if kdpjDf;Fr; rthyha; te;Jtpl;l epiyapy;> kdpjd; jdf;fpil Naahd Kuz;ghLfisf; fle;J jPh;T fhzj;jf;f xU ajhh;jj ; epiyia Rdhkp Kd;dpWj;jpaNghJ re;jphp;fh Rdhkpiaf; rhl;lhff;fhl;bj; jPhi ; tg; gpd;js;s Kw;gl; Ls;shh;. ed;ikf;Ff; rhjfkhfg; gad; gLj;jj;jf;f ,aw;ifapd; rthiy rpq;fs Ml;rpahsh; jPikf;Fr; rhjfkha;j; jpir jpUg;gptpl;ldh;.

jhd; nghpjhf cs;sJ. vdNt jq;fSf;F ,ilNaahd gpur;rpidiag; ghh;jJ ; f;nfhz; bUq;fs;> ,g;Nghijf;F jq;fs; ehlfj; ijg; ghh;jJ ; f;nfhz;bUf;FkhW NfhUfpwhh; fs;. Mdhy; mth;fsJ ehlfk; ,t;thW muq;Nfwpfn ; fhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ mth;fsJ fhy;fSf;Fs; ,dg;gpur;rpid kpjpgl;L erpe;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. vd;gJ ehl fj;jpd; Jd;gpaw;fl;lkhFk;. \\gps;isf;F tpisahl;L Rz;nlypfF ; rPtd;Nghfpdw ; J|| vd;w epiyNa ,q;F ajhh;jj ; khAs;sJ.

kf;fspd; md;whltho;itAk;> tsj;ij Ak;> tsh;rr ; pfisAk; eRf;fp tUtJ Nghy jkJ fl;rp murpay;fis muq;fj;jpy; gug;gpitj;Jf;nfhz;L mjd; %yk; jkpo; kf;fis xLf;fp tUfpd;wdh;. mjhtJ MAjq;fisAk;> ,uhZtj;ijAk;> rl;lq; fisAk;> jpl;lq;fisAk; vt;thW xLf;F Kiwf;fhd fUtpfshfg;gad;gLj;jp tU fpd;wdNuh mt;thNw jkJfl;rp murpay;

- rhuzd; -

,Wjp Ma;tpdg ; b ghh;gN; ghkhdhy; rpq; f sr; r l; l q; f is vLj; j hnyd; d > jpl;lq;fis vLj;jhnyd;d> fl;rpfis vLj; j hnyd; d > jj; J tq; f isnaLj; jhnyd;d> Nfhl;ghLfis vLj;jhnyd;d> ntspAwTf;nfhs;iffis vLj;jhnyd;d> cs;ehl;Lf; nfhs;iffis vLj;jhnyd;d> kioia vLj;jhnyd;d> #whtspia vLj;jhnyd;d> Rdhkpia vLj;jhnyd;d midj;ijANk jkpopdj;ij xLf;F tjw;Fhpa fUtpfshfg; gad;gLj;JtJjhd; rpq;fs murpaypd; rhuhk;rkha; cs;sJ.

khrp-gq; F dp>2005

mkhthirapUs; muq;NfwpaJ. mth;fs; ,Wjp NtTf;Fj; jahuhdhhh;fs;. nfhz;L nry;Yk; nghUl;fis rup ghh;jJ ; f; nfhz;lhh;fs;. mzp me;j ,uhZtKfhk; Nehf;fp efuj;njhlq;fpaJ. ,Wjp NtTtiu Kd;Ndwf;nfhLj;j capu;jj ; pahfq;fs; mth;fspd; kdq;fspy; Mog;gjpe;J NghapUe;jd. R%fkha; Kbj;J tplyhnkd;w ek;gpf;ifNahL mtjhdkha; xt;nthU mbiaAk; vLj;J itj;jhh;fs;. ,uhZt KfhkpypUe;J Vtpa vwpfizfs; mth;fisf; fle;J #dpag; gpuNjrj;jpy; tpOe;J ntbj;jd. gidtlypf@lhf efh;eJ ; ,uhZtKfhkpd; jilia neUq;fpdhh;fs;. ,uhZt KfhkpypUe;J gha;rr; g;gl;l Njnlhypfs; ,uitg;gfyhf;fpd. miuabf;F tsh;ej ; pUe;j Gw;fNshL Gw;fsha; mth;fs; gLj;jhh;fs;. Njhnlhspfs; rpwpJ Neuj;jpy; epWj;jg;gl;ld. kPzL ; k; Njhnlhspfs; gha;rr; g;gLtjw;F Kd;dh; jiliaf; fle;J KfhKf;Fs; Eise;jhh;fs;. jpBnud Jg;ghf;fp Ntl;Lf;fs; mNfhukhaj;jilf;F ntspapy; Nfl;ld. kUz;ltDf;F ,Uz;lnjy;y ; hk; Nga; vd;gJ ,uhZtj;jpdhpd; toikahd gaj;jpd; ntspg;ghL. Ntl;Lf;fsha; ntspg;gl;bUe;jij czh;eJ ; nfhz;lhh;fs. kpdpKfhkpypUe;j ,uhZtj;jpdh; rpyu; Ntl;Lf;fs;Nfl;l fhtyuZf;F nrd;W tprhhpjJ ; tplL ; mth;fspUe;j gw;iwg;gf;fkha; te;jhh;fs;. mth;fs; miratpy;iy. fz;fs; kl;Lk;

,uhZtj;jpdhpd; xt;n ; thU miritAk; fz;fhzpj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jd. te;j ,uhZtj;jpdh; gw;iwabapy; rpWePh; fopj;Jtpl;L ghlnyhd;iw ghbagbNa kpdpKfhk; Nehf;fp ele;jhh;fs;. mth;fs; gw;iwia tpl;L ntspNa te;jhh;fs;. %d;W FOf;fshfg; gphpe;Jnrd;W Kfhk; njhlh;ghfj; jpul;bapUe;j jfty;fis cWjpg;gLj;jpdhh;fs.; es;spuTf;Fg; gpd; cWjpg;gLj;jy; gzp epiwthfp xd;W Nru;ej ; hh;fs;. ,dp ntw;wpfukhf Kfhik tpl;L ntspNawpdhy; rup. ntspNaw RygkhapUe;j fhtyuz; ,uz;bw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l gFjpia Nehf;fp efh;ej ; hh;fs;. Kd;Df;Fg; Nghdtdpd; irif vy;NyhUf;Fk; ghpkhwg;gl;lJ. efh;it epWj;jp mtjhdpj;jhh;fs;. elkhLk; ,uhZtj;jpdh; me;j ,lj;jpy; epd;W nfhz;bUe;jhh;fs.; miukzpNeuk; fle;Jk; mt;tplj;ij tpl;L mfytpy;iy.

Neuk; fle;J nfhz;bUe;jJ tpbtjw;Fs; ntspNawptpl Ntz;Lk.; ,y;iynadpy; ,t;tsT ehs; ciog;Gk; jpahfKk; tPzhfptpLk;. NtW topapd;wp NtNwhhplj;ijj; njhpT nra;J ntbnghUl;fis mfw;wpagb efh;ej ; hh;fs.; kPzL ; k; ,uhZtKfhk; xd;wpy; ,Ue;J Vtpa vwpfiz xd;W #dpag;gpuNjrj;jpy; tpOe;J ntbj;jJ. jilapy; NjhopnahUj;jpapd; fhy; kpjpntbapy; khl;br;rpjk;gpaJ. vwpfiz ntbj;j fzj;jpy; kpjpntbAk; ntbj;jjhy; ,uhZtj;jpdh; ,dk; fhztpy;iy. mts; typiag; nghWj;J mikjpaha; ,Ue;jhs;. FUjp ntspNawhky; fl;Lg; Nghl;lhh;fs;. mtisAk; efh;jj ; pagb jiliaf;fle;J #dpag; gpuNjrj;jpypUe;j kuj;jbia mile;jhh;fs;. mtu;fSf;F vjph;ghuhj mjph;rr; p mth;fSf;F kpfmUfpy; ,uhZtj;jpdh; midtUk; Jg;ghf;fpiaf; nfhOtpagb jiuapy; Jhq;fpf;nfhz;bUe;jdh;. mzpj;jiytd; vy;NyhiuAk; efUkhW iriffhl;btpl;L iff;Fz;bd; yptiu ,Wf;fg;gpbj;jgb ghJfhg;G Crpia mfw;wpdhd;. kuj;jpypUe;J fzprkhd Jhuk; fle;j gpd;dNu kPzL ; k; iff;Fz;il ghJfhg;G epiyf;Fnfhz;L te;jhd;. NtTg;gzp ntw;wpfukhf epiwNtwpa jpUg;jpNahL Ntfkha; efh;ej ; hh;fs;. me;j ,uhZtKfhkpd; midj;J epiyAk; mth;fs; kdj;jpiuapy; glkhf tphpe;jJ. ,Us; jpl;Lf;fs; tpyfj;njhlq;fpd......

M.e.nghw; N fh (04Mk; gf; f j; n jhlh; r ; r p..)

2000k; Mz;by; 40 tPjkhfTk; cah;e; Js;sJ. ,e;jg; Nghf;F njhlh;rr ; pahf tsh;rr; p fhz;fpwJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf “mur rhh;gw;w epWtdq;fs;|| vd;w nrhw;gpuNahfk; epahakhdjhfg;gltpy;iy. muRfs; jdp ahh; epWtdq;fs; gd;dhl;L th;j;jf epWtdq;fs; ngUk; nry;te;jh;fs; Nghd;w %yfq;fspd; epjpia ifNaw;Fk; njhz;L epWtdq;fs; Rje;jpukhf ,aq;f KbAkh vd tpdhtg;gLfpd;wJ. gy njhz;L epWtdq;fs; ,d;DNkhh; Mgj;jhd ghij apy; nry;fpd;wd. NritfisAk; Miyj; jahhpgG; f;fisAk; ,yhg Nehf;fpy; njhz;L epWtdq;fs; tpw;gid nra;fpd;wd. epjp jl;Lg;ghl;lhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ; epWtdq;fs; kiwKfkhf ,jpy; ,wq; f pAs; s d. njhz;L vd;w nrhy; mh;jj ; kw;wjhfpd;wJ. njhz;LepWtdq;fs; toq;Fk; Nrit fisAk; gpwcjtpfisAk; $h;eJ ; Nehf; Fk; Nghf;F mz;ikf; fhykhf cjtp ngWk; ehLfspy; fhzg;gLtjw;F fhuzk; ,y;yhky; ,y;iy.

I.eh mgptpUj;jpjj ; pll ; a+.vd;.b.gp (UNDP) Nkyhsh; ];hg P d; gpwTz; cjtp toq;Fk; ehk; gzpthf elf;f Ntz;Lk;. ehk; toq;Fk; cjtpfspw;gy gadspg;g jpy;iy vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;sNtz;Lk; vd;W czh;T g+h;tkhf $wpAs;shh;. njhz;L epWtdq;fs; toq;Fk; cjtp fisf; fz;fhzpf;Fk; chpikAk; ngW kjpia tpkh;rpf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ijAk; cj tpiag; ngWNthh; NfhUfpd;wdh;. jkJ #oYf;Fk; Njitf;Fk; nghUj;jkhd jpl; lq;fis cs;ehl;bNy jahhpf;f tpUk;G fpdw ; dh;. ntspehl;L MNyhrfh;fs; $WtJ ngUk;ghYk; nghUj;jkw;wjhfTk; FWfpa fhyg;gad; $lj; juhjitahfTk; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd. njhz;L epWtdq;fs; toq; Fk; cjtpj; jpll ; q;fs; gaDs;sitjhdh vd;W jPuk ; hdpf;Fk; chpikia cs;ehl;L mjpfhhpfs; Ntz;bepw;fpd;wdh;. mNj rk aj;jpy; njhz;L epWtdq;fSk; cjtp fisg; ngWNthhplkpUe;J Coypd;ik> ntspg;gil> fzf;Ftof;Ffspy; Neh;ik> jpl;lkply;r;rpwg;G Nghd;w Kf;fpa gz;G fisAk; xOf;fj;ijAk; fl;lhakhf vjph; ghh;f;fpd;wdh;. ,UgFjpAk; ,ize;J nraw;gLj;Jtjw;F ,jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl; lit mtrpakhfpd;wd. mz;ikapy; INuhg;gpa xd;wpak; tpLj;j ,J njhlh;ghd jPhk ; hdk; ftdj;jpw;FhpaJ. cs;@hpYs;s epGzh;fisAk; tsq;fisAk; $Lkhd tsT gad;gLj;jNtz;Lk;. nfhs;tdTfs;

khrp-gq; F dp>2005

,ad;wsT cs;@hpy; nra;ag;glNtz;Lk;. ntspehLfs; toq;fptUk; jpl;lkply; rk;ge;jkhd fl;lha cj;juTfs; msNthL ,Uj; j y; Ntz; L k; . vy; y htw; w pw; F k; Nkyhf ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; Njitf;F cjTk; jpl;lq;fs; khj;jpuk; mKyhf;fg; glNtz;Lk;. Njitfisf; fz;lwptjw; fhf cyftq; f p cs; s pl; l epjpepW tdq;fs; cs;@h; njhz;likg;Gf;fspd; MNyhridfis ehLfpd;wd. vd;[pNahf;fspd; nraw;ghLfis mtjhdpj; j murpay; tpQ; Q hdpfs; mtw; i w mOj; j k; gpuNahfpf; F k;

muR Kjyhk; gFjp> tu;jj ; f epWtdq;fs; ,uz;lhk; gFjp vd;gJ mth;fs; fzpgg ; L P .

Mdhy; eilKiwapy; %d;WgFjpfSk; ,uz;lwf;fye;Jtpl;lhYk; xd;wpize;J nraw;gLtij mtjhdpf;f KbfpwJ. rpy vd;[pNahf;fs; gy kpy;ypad; vz;zpf; ifapy; Ntiytha;gG ; f;fisAk; gy kpy; ypad; lhyh;fs; ngWkjpahd nghUshjhu eltbf;iffisAk; toq;Ftij kWf;f KbahJ. ,d;iwa cyf xOq;fpy; mur rhh;gw;w epWtdq;fs; jkf;nfd epue;ju ,lk;gpbj;Js;sd. ,e;j mikg;Gf;fs; muR

FOf;fs;(PRESSURE GROUPS) MjuT NjLk; mikg;Gf;fs; (LOBBYISTS)vd;W miof;fj; njhlq;fpAs;sdh;. ,jpy; XusT cz;ik ,Ug;gpDk; vd;[pNahf;fs; Mw;Wk; fhj;jpukhd kdpjNeag;gzpfis mJ fUj;jpy; vLf;fj;jtwptpl;lJ vd;gJ ntspg;gil. ,j;Jiw Ma;thsh;fspd; ghh;itapy; muRfspYk; ghh;f;ff;$ba kf;fs; Mjuit rpy njhz;LepWtdq;fs; ngWfpd;wd. rpy tUlq;fSf;F Kd; N[h;kdpapy; elj;jg;gl;l kf;fs; fUj;Jf; fz;fhzpgG; thf;nfLg;gpdN; ghJ xU jpLf; fpLk; cz;ik ntspte;jJ. jkJ ehl;L murpYk; $ba ek;gpf;ifiaj; jhk; fpwd P g ; ] P ; mikg;gpd; kPJ itj;jpUg;gjhff; $LjyhNdhh; thf;fspj;jdh;. nghUshjhu epGzh;fs; vd;[pNahf;fis %d;whk; gFjp (THIRD SECTOR) vd;W tu;zpf;fpd;wdu;.

my;yhj nraw;ghl;lhsh;fs; (NON-STATE ACTORS)vd; W miof; f g; g Lfpd; w d. gd;dhl;L th;jj ; f epWtdq;fSk; ,t;thW miof;fg;gLtJ toik. rh;tNjr muq;fpy; ehLfSk; ehLfis cWg;gpduhff;nfhz;L ,aq;Fk; I.ehTk; nfhs;if cUthf;fj; jpw;Fk; mKyhf;fj;jpw;Fk; nghWg;ghf ,Uf;fpd;wd. kf;fshy; njhpT nra;ag; gLtJ Nghd;w me;j];J ,y;yhtpl;lhYk; nfhs;if cUthf;fj;jpYk; rh;tNjr Kf;fp aj;Jtk; tha;e;j rl;lq;fisj; Nfhhp jpUkjp.N[hbtpy;ypak;]; jiyikapyhd vd;[pNahf;fs; $l;likg;G gpurhuk; nra;jd; gadha; 1997 Mk; Mz;bd; fz;zpntbj; jilr;rl;lk; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. 1998y; rh;tNjr fphpkpdy; ePjpkd;wk; cUthtjw;fhz cld;gbf;if vd;[p Nahf;fspd; mOj;jk; fhuzkhf epiw

Ntw;wg;gl;lJ. muRfSk; I.ehtpd; rh;t Njr myFfSk; vd;[pNahf;fis ,il tplhJ njhy;iy jUk; epWtdq;fshff; fUjpdhYk; mtw;wpd; cjtpia fhyj; jpw;F fhyk; ehbg;ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wd.

I.ehtpd; nraw;ghLfSf;F vd;[pNahf;fs; cWJizahf ,Uf;fpd;wd vd;W Kd; dhy; I.eh nrashh; ehafk; g+l;nuh]; g+l;nuh];-fhypAk; vd;[pNahf;fs; kdpj Fyj;jpd; kdl;rhl;rp vd;W ,g;Nghija I.eh nrayhsh; ehafk; NfhgpmdhDk; $wpAs;sdh;. ,uhrje;jpuj;Jiwapy; vd;[p Nahf;fspd; Mjpf;fk; ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghhpd; gpd; gyk; ngw;Ws;sJ. vd;[pNahf; fspd; ,uhrje;jpu me;j];J I.eh rhr dj;jpd; ruj;J 71y; gjpag;gl;Ls;sJ. I.eh tpd; nghUshjhu r%f myfpw;F MNyh rid toq;Fk; jFjpngw;w 300 vd;[p Nahf;fis tpl ,d;Dk; 2500 tiuap yhdit I.ehtpd; gpwmyFfNshL ,t; tpjkhfj; njhlh;GgLfpdw ; d. ,iwik vd; gJ muRfspd; VfNghf muRhpik vd;wh Yk; vd;[pNahf;fs; Nghd;w mikg;Gf;fspd; ifffSf;F mjd; ngUk;gFjp khwp tpll ; ij vk;khy; czuKbfpwJ. I.ehtpd; gzpfSk; murrhh;gw;w epWtdq;fshy; epiwNtw;wg;gLfpd;wd. grpg;gpzp Nghf;F tjpy; ,it ngUk;gq;fspg;Gr;nra;fpd;wd. fpwp];jt kjg;gug;gypy; <LgLk; cyf jhprd mikg;G (WORLD VISION) epthu zg;gzpfspYk; czT toq;FjypYk; Kd;ddp ,lk;tfpf;fpwJ. ,jpNahg;gpah> vhpj;jphpah> nfd;ah> #lhd; Nghd;w ehL fspy; gy kpy;ypad; kf;fs; cztpd;wp ,wf;f Nehpl;lNghJ mnkhpf;fhtpd; gl;b dpf;F vjpuhd vd;[pNah kw;Wk; nfah;> gphpj;jhdpahtpd; xf;]g ; hk;> Nehh;Nt apd; kf;fs; cjtp mikg;G> (NORWEGIAN PEOPLES AID)Nghd;w njhz;L epW tdq;fs; cztspjJ ; mUk; gzpahw;wpd. epfo;fhyj;jpd; kpfg;nghpa ,aw;if mdh;j;jk; vd;W th;zpf;fg;gl;;l Rdhkpg; Nguopthy; jkpoh; jhaff; flw;fiuNahuk; Kw;whf mope;Js;sJ. kPsf;fl;bnaOg;Gk; gzpf;F murrhh;gw;w epWtdq;fspd; cj tpiaj;jhafk; Ntz;bepw;fpwJ. epthuzg; gzpfs; rh;tNjr kag;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. gy ehLfSk; $l;likg;Gf;fSk; njhz;L epWtdq;fSk; Rdhkpg;NguopNthL njhlh; Gila vy;yhtif epthuzg;gzpfspYk; <LgLfpd;wd. Mdhy; epthuzg;gzpfs; kf;fs; eyid fUj;jpy; nfhz;LepiwNtw; wg;glNtz;Lk;. jpl;lk; vk;KilajhfTk; epiwNtw;Wk;gzpfs; mth;fSilajhf Tk; ,Ug;gpd; cwTfs; R%fkhf ,Uf;Fk;.

13

fk;gq;fspy; rpy tpsf;Ffs; vhpe;Jnfhz;bUe;jd. fhw;Wf;F glglf;Fk; me;jr; Rlh;fspy; fy;yiwfs; ed;whfj; njhpe;jd. kio kPz;Lk; tUtjw;F Maj;jkhf tlf;Fg;gf;fkhf ,iue;jJ. mtDf;Fs; epidTfs; ghukha;f; fdj;jd. me;jj; JapYkpy;yj;jpw;F kl;Lk; vj;jid Njhoh;fs;> vt;tsT rNfhjhpfs;. ngU%r;R tpl;lgb eilia tpiuTgLj;jpdhd;. fhiyapy; te;J khiyapl;l Kj;Jtpd; fy;yiw xU kpd;dy;f;fPw;why; gspr;rpl;lJ. me;j ,lj;jpy; fhy;fspy; Mzp miwe;jhw;Nghy; epd;whd;. khiyfs; thlhkNy ,Ue;jd. cyUzTfis vWk;Gfs; nkha;j;jpUe;jd. Kj;J vd;d rhg;gplNt ,y;iyah? vd;W Nfl;fNtz;Lk; NghypUe;jJ. mtDf;fha; gutpapUe;j vy;yh cyUzitAk; ghh;j;jhd;. RUz;L Nghd thioapiyf;Fs; nfhQ;rk; rh;f;fiug;nghq;fYk;... mtDf;F mOif te;jJ. Kj;J nfhQ;rk; Gf;ifahtJ rhg;gpld;> fy;;yiw Kd;epfOk; ,Nj nfQ;ry; ghriwapYk; xUehs; ele;jJ.

mLg;ig %l;bdhd;. ‘ftdk; kiwg;G fl;bg;Nghl;L nghq;F gpwF gilf;Nff;f kl;Lk; #hpaDf;Ff; fhl;Ltk;.’ rhf;F kiwg;gpw;Fs; #hpag;Nghq;fy;.... mth;fs; gf;fj;Jf; fhtyuz;fhuh;fspw;Fk;> vjphpapd; fhtyh;fspw;Fk; njhpahJ nghq;fNtz;Lk;. ,ad;w tiu kiwj;jhh;fs;. <u tpwFfs; ,ufrpaj;ijf; fhw;wpy; gwf;ftpl;ld. gf;fj;Jf; fhtyuiztpl Kjypy; vjphp fz;Ltpl;lhd;. ‘rhp ,wf;flh.... fhZk;...’ Rw;wp epd;wth;fs; mtrug;gLj;jpdhh;fs;.

rpy tUlq;fspw;F Kd;ndhU nghq;fy; ehspy; Kj;JNthL xUmzp gue;jd; Kd;dzp muq;fpy; epd;wJ. nghq;fYf;F Kjy; ehs;tiu nghq;Ftjpy;iy vd;w KbNt ,Ue;jJ. me;j ,lj;jpy; mJ rhj;jpakpy;iy. nghOJ fUfptpl;lJ. ,uTf;fhd ghJfhg;G Vw;ghLfs; ele;J nfhz;bUe;jd.

Kj;JTf;Fs; mlf;fKbahj Mir ‘fhyk nghq;Ftk;. xt;nthU ehSk; ntb nfhOj;jpwk; xUehisf;fhtJ nghq;Ftk;’ vd;W njhlq;fpdhd;. ‘mJrhp tuhJ fd gpur;rid ,Uf;F ....’ ‘,y;iy kr;rhd; nghq;Ftk;...’ ‘ghahrk; fha;r;r NtZk;> ghidapy mhprpapy;iy...’ vd;W ghbj;Njhoh;fs; Mlj;njhlq;fpdhh;;fs;. ‘rj;jk; NghlNtz;lhk; nry;ybg;ghd;.’ gf;fj;J fhtyuzpy; ,Ue;jth;fs; #o;epiyia tpsf;fpdhh;fs;. Kj;J tpLtjhf ,y;iy. ‘tpba rh;f;fiug;Gf;if nghq;fNtZk;.’ ,d;Dk; gd;dpuz;L kzpNeuj;Jf;Fs; NjlNtz;bait vt;tsNth. ghidapypUe;J jz;zptiu vLf;fNtz;Lk;. tpwfpypUe;J rh;fiutiu NjlNtz;Lk;. Kj;Jtpd; tplhjKaw;rp Vidath;fspw;Fs; kiwj;Jitj;j MirfisAk; ntspf;nfhzh;e;jd. xt;nthUth; xt;nthU nghUs;fspw;fhf ntt;NtW jpirfspw;Fg; Nghdhh;fs;. es;spuT flf;Fk;NghJ Kj;J jiyapy; nghpa %l;ilNahL te;jpUe;jhd;. nghq;fYf;Fj; Njitahd Kf;fpa nghUl;fs;. ‘fpr;rpd; fpotDf;F [];itr;R Ntz;lg;gl;lghL.’ tpah;itapYhwpa Nkw;rl;iliaf; fol;btpl;L kz;%l;ilapy; cl;fhh;e;jhd;.

‘Kj;J ghidAk; vLj;jhr;R’ vd;Wtpl;L fhtyuZf;Fs; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l mYkpdpag; ghid xd;iw ntspNa nfhz;L te;jhh;fs;. ‘jz;zpia tpLghh;g;gk;.’ Kj;J vOe;J ghidiaj; Jhf;fpdhd;. ,d;ndhUj;jd; jz;zPiu tpl;lhd;. xOfpaJ. vd;d rh;f;fiug;Gf;if rhptuhJNghy....

Njhoh;fs; Nrhh;e;J Nghdhh;fs;.

Kj;J ‘Nrhg; vLj;J th...’ vd;whd;. rpy kzpNeuKk; ghjpr;rth;f;fhuKk; nrytopj;j gpd; xOFtJ XusT epd;wJ. ‘vhpr;rhepd;bLk;’ vd;Wtpl;L

14

Kj;J urpj;J> mDgtpj;Jf; fpswpf;nfhz;;bUe;jhd;. vwpfizfs; Foy; thapypUe;J Gwg;gLk; rj;jk; Nfl;ld. kWtpdhb... vq;Fk; Gif... vwpfizfisj; njhlh;e;J lhq;fpfspd;

rhf;F kiwg;gpw;Fs; #hpag; n ghq; f y; . ... mth; f s; gf; f j; J f; fhtyuz; f huh; f spw; F k; > vjphpapd; fhtyh; f spw; F k; njhpahJ nghq; f Ntz; L k; . ,ad;w tiu kiwj;jhh;fs;. <utpwFfs; ,ufrpaj; i jf; fhw;wpy; gwf;ftpl;ld. ,iur;ry;... Jg;ghf;fpr;#Lfs; me;jf; fhtyuz; gFjpNa rpd;dhgpd;dkhf;fg;gl;lJ. Kd;Ndw;w Kaw;rp Njhy;tp fz;lJ. fpgpUk; te;J Fz;L tPrpg;NghdJ. mJ Nghh;f;fsj;jpyy;y. mth;fspy; ,Ue;J ntFJhuj;jpy; cs;s taw;fpuhkj;jpy;. rz;il Xa;e;jNghJ xt;nthU fhtyuzpw;Fs;Sk; vy;NyhUk; cs;shh;fsh vd;w Jbg;NghL njhiyj;njhlh;G fUtpfSk; tha; ciuahlYk; rj;jkpl;Lf;nfhz;bUe;jd. ghJfhg;G epiyr;rz;il Mifapdhy; ahUf;Fk; fhaNkh tPur;rhNth Vw;gltpy;iy. ‘Kj;J vq;f...’ Njl Muk;gpj;jhh;fs;. rz;il elf;Fk; Neunky;yhk; fhtyuZf;Fs; epd;whd;... ,g;NghJ vq;Nf.

Jsrpr; n ry; t d;

“rhp #hpaDf;Fg; gilf;fg;Nghwd; thwhf;fs; th...” te;J nfhz;bUe;j rhg;ghl;L coT ,ae;jpuj;jpd; rj;jj;jpYk;; ghh;f;f Kj;Jtpd; Fuy; vy;yhf; fhtyuZf;Fk; Xq;fp xypj;;jJ. rz;il XaNt mtd; nghq;fy;g;ghidf;F fpl;l Ngha;tpl;lhd;. mj;jid vwpfiz tPr;rpw;Fs;Sk; mJ jg;gpaJ mjprak;jhd;. ‘nfjpah ,wf;F... nfjpahg;gil... mLj;j juk; mbf;fKjy; rhg;gpLtk;.’ Kj;Jitr; Rw;wp epd;wNghuhspfs; mtrug;gLj;jpdhh;fs;. rhg;ghL vLf;fg; Nghdtd; rpy nrhg;gpd;ig nghjpfs; Rke;J te;jhd;.

‘Nla; cJ ,z;ilf;F Njitapy;iy.... ,Q;r jpwk; Gf;if fhr;rpahr;R...’

Kj;J kfpo;r;rp nghq;fr; nrhd;dhd;.

Nfl;ltd; mg;gbapUf;ftpy;iy. mOjhd;. mlf;f KbahJ tpf;fptpf;fp mOjhd;. vy;NyhUk; mtidg; ghh;j;jdh;. mtd; rpd;d tpraj;jpw;F mof;$batdpy;iy. ,Wf;fkhd kdR. ,iyapy; gug;gg;gl;l rh;f;fiug;nghq;fypy; ,Ue;J Mtpgwe;jJ. thrid tPrpaJ. ‘Vd;’ mUfpy; epd;wtd; rhg;ghl;LigAld; te;jtdpd; Njhspy; ifNghl;Lf; Nfl;lhd;. mtdJ iffspypUe;j nghl;lyq;fis kz;%l;ilapy; itj;jhd;. Fdpe;jgbNa ‘,g;g fpgph;te;J mbr;rjpy...’tpOq;fpdhd;> tpf;fpdhd;...? ‘nghq;fpf; nfhz;bUe;j Vnol;Lr;rdk; nrj;Jg; Nghl;LJfyhk;...’ mtd;u mg;gh> mk;khitf; nfhf;fl;br;Nrhiyapy; gLnfhiy nra;jNeuk; $l ,g;gb mOjpUf;fkhl;lhd;. mg;g rpd;d taR... nghq;fy; ghidAk; gilaYk;> te;j rhg;ghl;Lg; nghjpfSk; jdpikapy; fple;jd. Nghuhspfs; fhtyunzhd;wpw;Fs;Sk; gJq;FFopf;Fs;Sk; ,Ue;jhh;fs;. ehl;Fwpg;G vOjpdhh;fs;. Jg;ghf;fpia Jg;guT nra;jhh;fs;. fiye;j cUkiwg;ig rhpnra;jhh;fs;. rpije;j fhtyuz;fisj; jpUj;jpdhh;fs;. Mdhy; ahUk; rhg;gpltpy;iy. me;j rh;f;fiug;nghq;fy; ,uT fle;Jk; mg;gbNa fple;jJ. mjpfhiy kWgb rz;il. Kd;ida ehistpl fLikahd Kd;Ndw;w Kaw;rp - cf;fpukhd rz;il. rz;il Xa;e;jJ Kd;Ndw;w Kaw;r;rp jilg;gl;lJ. ,g;NghJk; nghq;fy; ghid mNj ,lj;jpy; rh;f;fiug;nghq;fNyhL. ahUk; rhg;gpltpy;iy. ,dpr; rhg;gplTk; gyh; ,y;iy.

Kj;J... ,yf;fpad;... mUsd;...,e;J..! fhT FOf;fhuh; uj;jNkhL fple;j mth;fisj; Jhf;fpf;nfhz;L Nghdhh;fs;. me;jg; nghq;fy; ghidAs;s gf;fk; nry;y ; hkNy gy ehl;fs; mNj fhtyuz;fspy; thoNtz;bapUe;jJ. epidTfs; vg;gb nry;yhJ ,Uf;Fk;.... kio Jhwj;njhlq;fpaJ. kWgbAk; mtd; eidaj;njhlq;fpdhd;.

Kj;Jtpd; fy;yiwf;F mUNfhNl rpwpJ Neuk; ,Ue;jhd;. kdR nghq;fpaJ> fz;fs; nghq;fp - vOe;jhd;. fhtyuz;fspy; ,d;Dk; mtdpw;fhd gzpapUg;gij epidj;Jf; nfhz;L ele;jhd;. vg;NghjhtJtUk; ey;ynjhU #hpag;nghq;fy;.

khrp-gq; F dp>2005

f

le;j khh;r-; 26Mk; jpfjp. vkJ tuyhw;Wf;Fg; ngUik Nrh;jj ; ,j;jhtpypy; kf;fSk; NghuhspfSkhff; $bapUe;jhh;fs;. Midapwit tPoj ; J ; k; ,Wjpr; rkhpy; ,j;jhtpw; Nghh;f;fsj;jpy;> vkJ Nghuhspfs; jkJ caph;nfhz;L jfh;j;j vjphpf; ftrthfdnkhd;iwg; ghJfhj;J tuyhw;wpwF ; mwptpgg; jw;fhd rk;gpujhag+ht ; khd epfo;Tfs; mq;Nf elf;ftpUe;jd.

Neuk; mg;NghJ 9.30 kzpjhd;. ,Ue;jNghJk; ntg;gf; fw;iwfs; Njfj;jpd; <uypg;ig cwpQ;rj; njhlq;fptplb ; Ue;jd. moFgLj;jg;gl;bUe;j mt;tplj;jpwF ; mg;ghy; fz;Zf;Fnfl;ba J}uj;jpy; Rw;Wk;Kw;Wk; gw;iwfs; kz;bf;fple;jd. rkhjhdj;jpd; ghprhf miu Fiwj; jpUj;jq;fSf;Fs;shd fz;b - aho; neLQ; rhiykl; L k; fWg; g ha; tise; J k; nespe; J k; nrd;Wnfhz;bUe;jJ. jiyia cah;jj ; pg;ghh;jj ; NghJ md;W jiyrha;e;jpUe;j gidkuq;fSk; njd;id kuq;fSk; mg;gb mg;gbNa ,Ue;jd. mit xt;nthd;Wk; ,e;j kz;zpw;fha;j; jkJ kbapw; jiyrha;j;j vkJ tPuh;fis epidtpw;nfhzh;ej ; d. cz;ikapy; me;jg; g+kpapy; epw;gJ epidT fspw;Ff; fdjpaha; ,Ue;jJ. kfpo;r;rpAk; Jf;fKkhd fyitahd czh;TfSf;F Ml;gl;bUe;jJ kdJ. ,g;gbnahU ehis ,j;Njrj;jpw; fspg;Nghk; vd;w ek;gpfi ; fAld; NghhplL ; kbe;j tPuh;fs; mUfpy; ,y;yhjJ Jf;fj;ijj; je;jJ. MdhYk; mth;fspd; fdtpd; xU gFjp edthfpapUf;fpd;wJ vd;gij epidf;f kdJ MWjy; nfhs;fpwJ. cz;ikapy; tpLjiyf;fhf ehk; gl;l mjpAr;rkhd Ntjidfs; gpd;ehspy; kfpo;itAk; epiwitAk; jUfpd;wd. Mdhy; mij mUfpUe;J Rke;jth;fs; ,y;yhj NghJ... jkpoPoj;jpy; mjpf vwpfizfSk;> ntb nghUl;fSk; tpijf;fg;gl;l fsky;yth mJ. gy gj;jhapuk; vjphpfs; eLNt ,Ue;j NghuhspfSk;> tpyq;FfSk; kuq;fSk; tPLfSk; Gw;fSk; nrbfSk;... ,g;g+kp Gy; $l Kisf;fhj g+kpahfptpLNkh vd;W epidf;Fkstpw;F mJ tpdhbf;F tpdhb tijf; fg; g l; L f; n fhz; ; b Ue; j J. Vnddpy; ,j; j htpypw; ; jiuapwq; f papUf; F k; Gypfis mopg; g njd; w hy; mt;tplj;ijg; g+kpg;gjpypUe;J cilj;njwpe;jhy; kl;LNk rhj;jpakhFk; vd;W czh;ej ; td; Nghy; mq;F mq;Fyk; mq;Fykhf vwpfizfis tpijj;jgbapUe;jhd; vjphp. mijtplTk; rpy Ntisfspy; vjphp vkJ gFjpf;Fs; Eise;Jtpl;lhy; mtid tpul;babg;gjw;fhd rkhpy; ehk; nrYj;jNtz;bNaw;gl;l vwpfizfspd; fzf;Nfh NtW. cz;ikapy; ehk; mg;NghJ fijj;jJz;L. “,g;g ahUk; tpQ;Qhdpfs; ,j;jhtpypw;F te;jhy; ,J xU caph;fs; tho Kbahj g+kpnad;Wjhd; KbT vOJ thh;fs;”; vd;W. me;j mstpwF ; xl;rprd; Fiwe;J fe;jfk; nrwpe;j fhw;Wk; nraw;ifaha; mjpfhpj;j ntg;gKk;> vg;NghJk; fhw;iwf;fpopj;jgbNa miye;J jphpAk;.

Fz;Lr;rpjwy;fSk; mth;fSf;F mijg; Gyh;jj ; papUf;Fk;. ,g;gbj;jhd; ,j;jhtpw;fsk; md;W ,Ue;jJ.

,j; j htpw; Nghh; f ; f sj; j py; > Nghuhspfs; jkJ caph; nfhz; L jfh; j ; j vjphpf; ftrthfdnkhd; i wg; ghJfhj; J tuyhw; w pw; F mwptpg; g jw; f hf mikf; f g; g l; l fhg; g fk;

gq;Fdp khjj;jpd; Nfhunta;apy; nfhOj; j pnawpAk; . trjpFiwe; j kz; z fopfSf; Fs;spUe;J ntsptuKbahjgb vjphpapd; jhf;Fjy; ele;Jnfhz;NlapUf;Fk;. Neuk;nry;yr;nry;y tpah;itahy; eide;j clk;G nte;J ntJk;gpg;NghapUf;Fk;. mUfpy; tpOk; vwpfizfspd; mjph;Tfshy; ,be;J tpOk; gJq;ffopfspd; Rth;fspypUe;J clypy; tpOk; kz; czh;itg;gpirAk;. xUfl;lj;jpy; “caph; NghdhYk; guthapy;iy ntspapy NghapUg;gk;” vd;W kdjpy; KbTNjhd;Wk;. MdhYk; “Nghhpy; nfhy;yg;glhky; ,Ue;jhw;jhd; vjphpfis tPoj ; j ; pg; Nghhpy; eP nty;yKbAk;” vd;w cz;ik kl;Lk; vq;fs; kdij ntd;WtpLk;. kw;Wk;gb kuzj;jpYk; me;jg; gJq;fopj; Jd;gk; nfhLikahdJ vd;gjpw; re;NjfNkapy;iy.

cz;ikapy; rpq;fs murpw;F rkhjhd Kaw;rpfspYk; ehl;lkpy;iy ,j; j ifa #o; r ; r pfu ,uhZt - murpay; jPht ; pYk; ek;gpf;ifapy;iy. m Z F K i w f s h N y N a r p q ; f s mjd; ehl;lKk; ek;gpf;ifAk; Nghhp muRldhd Kd;ida Nghh;epWj;jq; NyNa cs;sJ. Nghh;%yk; Gypfis fs; Kwpe;J NghapUe;jd. ntd;W jkpoh;fis neUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj rpq;fs murpd; Nehf;fkhFk;. kPz;Lk; Nghiuj;njhlq;Fk; Gwr;#oy;fis cUthf;FtJjhd; re;jphpf;fh murpd; ,j;jifa ,j; j ifa epoy; Aj; j q; f spd; ,dthj Nehf;fq;fis ntspehl;Lg; Nehf;fq;fshFk;. gj;jphpifahsh;fs; cyfpw;F (01Mk; gf;fj;njhlh;rr ; p)

khrp-gq; F dp>2005

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