V_P_125 by surendran vithiyaramanan

!WZØ> V_!ÉË ¥9 9Ä ¿É! °_¤]' Ç9¤] > ( ÑÃ ¥É O Î¤] NZ à AÃ °Ô ºÑ9Û X¥9 N¦ Ñ9ËÁ ¦Ä ?9]' ¸¯!Á ¦Ä ¿É! ¥%>¥_¿@ Ñ ¯! ¸ ×_ !¦9 ! Ñ9Ë?9Ñ ( ÑÃ ¥É ÑA !WZÎ !9%Ñ¿@B °Ô Ñ9Ä 9Ä( Ç 9¿@ NÔà>§ Î JO ¤ÑÒ¤Ñ9 !WZÎÑ > ºÑ9ÉËÑµ¤]'> (¿@ NÉ!Ñµ¤]'> Ñ9Ò9?B ¥9!BÑµ¤ ]' ¸¯!¤ ºÑ9Û ¦Ä ? Ñ9 Ò?9Ñ É?¯PAÃP ¸>É§% ¦?9!9 ÕZRB ¦¯@Ø¤Ñ9 ×_' N¦ Ñ9ËÁ ¦Ä ¿É! Ç9_ [¡N@X]' [B¥_¿@ AÃP ¥9Î: ¿! F >¥9_'> N¦ Ñ9ËÁ ¦Ä [' ¦? Ç ¿@B ¸% Ñ[ %9P ¦¯@Ø¤Ñ9 Ñ ¥_¿@ AÃ N¦ Ñ9ËÁ ¦Ä ' ¥9Î: ¿! F >¥9ÄÉ ¥9Ø% ºÇÔ¤Ñ ¤]A !A AÃP Nghh; e pWj; j cld; g hl; b d; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk; jkpoh; jhafj;jpy; epyTk; Nghh;r# ; oiy mfw;wp mq;nfhU rkhjhdr; #oiy cUthf;FtJjhd;. ,j;jifa ,ay;G epiyapy; jhd; rkhjhdg; Ngr;Rf;fhd cfe;j #oy; gpwf;Fk;. rkhjhdg; Ngr;Rf;fSk; Fog;gkpd;wpj; njhlUk;. ,J muRk; GypfSk; Ngrp cld;gl;l tplakhFk;. Mdhy;> fjph;fhkhpd; nfhiy iaj; njhlh;eJ ; re;jphpf;fh muR mtru fhy epiyiag; gpwg;gpj;J kPz;Lk; Nghh;g; gjw;wj;ij cUthf;fpAs;sJ.

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Mb-Mtzp> 2005

e;jphpf;fh mk;ikahh; jkpo;ehl;by; gpwe;jpUg;ghNuahdhy; vd;d ele;jpUf;Fk;? ,d;W mq;F jiyrpwe;j mjhtJ gpwh; jiyiar; Rj;jitf;Fk; \\nkfhj;njhlh;|| vOj;jhsuhf ngUk; Gfo;ngw;wpUg;ghh;. rpwp yq;fh murpaypy; KbTnjhpahj murpay; nkfhj;njhlhpd; epue;ju ehafpath;. ,d; iwa ehisf; fle;J kWehis mil tjw;fhf vjidAk; nra;a mth; vg;NghJk; Maj;jkhfTs;shh;. ,JnthU cyf rhjidnad;gJ kl;Lky;y cyfpd; tprpj; jpu cstpay; rpf;fyhfTk; khwptpl;lJ. <uhf;fpd; njhlh; Fz;Lntbg;Gr; rpjwy;

fNsh> ,yz;ld; ntbg;gpd; mjph;TfNsh> Kk;gha; nts;sg;ngUf;Nfh> Nahd; fuhq; fpd; jpBh; kuzNkh mk;ikahhpd; gugug;G murpay; njhlhpd; Kd; ,uz;lhk; epiyNa. jpdf;Fuypy;; Nguhrphpah; rptrz;Kfk; vOjpaJNghy; mk;ikahUf;Fr; nrhy;y Kd; nrhy;yg;Nghtnjd;d vd;gJk; njhp ahJ. nrhd;dgpd; nrhd;dnjd;dntd;g Jk; GhpahJ. ,J xUtpj mj;Jtpj epiy; mk;ikahUf;F tha;jj ; epiy. vdNt mk;ikahh; njhlh;e;Jk; vt;thW Ml;rpapypUf;fg; Nghfpd;whh; vd; gNj cyfpd; Kjd;ikr; rpf;fy; Nghyhfp tpll ; J. mLj;j Mz;Ltiu gjtpia ePlb ; g; gJ> mjw;F Kbahtpl;lhy; NtW top fisf; ifahStJ vd mth; ,iltplhJ nraw;gLfpd;whh;. jhf;Fjnyhd;wpypUe;J 1999> brk;ghpy; E}ypioapy; caph;jg;gpa mth; 1999> brk;gh; 22Mk; jpfjp (mjhtJ rdhjpgjpj; Njh;jy; Kbtile;j mNj khj j;jpy;) ntspg;gilahf rj;jpag;gpukhzk; nra;jhh;. murpay; ahg;gpd;gb rdhjpgjp apdJ KjyhtJ gjtpf; f hyk; Kb tile;J ,uz;lhk; gjtpf;fhyk; 2000Mk; Mz;L etk;ghpNy Muk;gpf;f tha;gg ; pUe; jJ. Mdhy; mk;ikahh; mtrug;gl;L 1999 brk;ghpy; rj;jpag;gpukhzk; nra;jhh;. ,j dhy; rdhjpgjpj; Njh;jYf;fhd jpfjp vJ ntd rpq;fsk; jpiff;f Nehpl;Ls;sJ. ,d; ndhU ,ufrpa gjtpg;gpukhzk; gpujk ePjp aurh; Kd; 2000> etk;gh; thf;fpy; vLj;jjhf mk;ikahh; mse;JtUfpd;whh;. jpfjpf; Fog;gj;ij itj;jhtJ Msg; ghh;ff ; pdw ; hh;. mNjNtis murpay; ahg;Ngh rdhjpgjpapidj; njhpTnra;tjw;fhd thf; nfLg;G gjtpapYs;s rdhjpgjpapd; gjtpf; fhyk; Kbtjw;F xU khjj;jpwF ; f; Fiwah kYk; ,U khjj;jpw;F Nkw;glhkYk; eil ngWjy; Ntz;Lnkd;fpwJ. mNjNtis Njh;jy; MizahsNu jpfjpiaAk; jPhk ; h dpj;J Njh;jiyAk; elj;jNtz;LnkTk; mJ $Wfpd;wJ. mjhtJ mk;ikahhpd; ngha;naJ> GOnfJ vd;gij Njh;jy; MizahsNu jPh;khdpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

Mb-Mtzp> 2005

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ehk; jtwtplf;$lhJ. vdNtjhd; #oy; ghJfhg;G> Kfhikj;Jtk;> ghjpg;Gf;fisj; jtph;j;jy; vd;wtifapy; ,Jtiu gy ehLfs; Nkw;nfhz;l Kaw;rpfisj; jhz;b #oy; ey;yhl;rp (Environmental Governance) vd;w cah;ej ; epiyg;ghl;Lf;F vkJ Njrj;jpid ,l;Lr;nry;tJ cfe;j jhfpwJ. Governance vd;w nrhy;Yf;F Vw;w ey;yhl;rp vd;gJ ntWk; guhkhpg;Gf; nfhz;L elj;JtJ vd;gjw;fg;ghy; ey;y kdpj tpOkpaq;fl;Nfw;w tifapy; r%fj; jpy; vy;NyhuhYk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l ,yf;Ffspd; mbg;gilapy; mth;fs; mid tUNk jkJ ,ize;j nraw;ghl;bd; %yk; jkJ tsq;fis Ml;rp nra;jiyf; Fwpf; Fk;. ,q;Nf mk;kf;fs; chpikNahLk; kdj;njspNthL jdpahfTk; epWtd hPjp ahfTk; nraw;gLk; ey;y rkj;Jtkhd mwpTrhh;e;j elj;ij ntspg;gLfpd;wJ. ,j;jifa rpe;jidapd; mbg;gilapy; #oy; ey;yhl;rpapid Nehf;FNthkhdhy; #oy;gw;wp ehk; Vw;gLj;Jk; tpjpfs;> rl;lq; fSf;Fg; gzpe;J jz;lid mguhjq;fs; vd;gtw;Wf;Fg; gae;J elf;Fk; xU r%fj; Jf;Fg; gjpyhf #oypd; gy;NtW mk;rq; fisAk; jk; tho;f;iff;F tsk;jUk; ew;#oypd; mtrpaj;ijAk; ed;fwpe;j mwpTrhh; r%fk; fl;bnaOg;gg;gLk;. mj;j ifa r%fj;jpd; KOikahd gq;fspg; NghL #oy; ey;yhl;rp nra;ag;gLk;. ,JNt ,g;Gjpa Mizaj;jpd; vjph;ghh;g;ghf mikfpwJ. ,d;iwa khdpl r%fj; jpdJk; mjdJ ehisa re;jjpapdJk; Nkd;ik> eytho;T vd;gtw;iw cWjp nra;Ak; cah;e;jgl;r rkepiy nfhz;l ,aw;ifapid vkJ jhafj;jpy; NgZjNy ,t;thizaj;jpd; njhiy Nehf;fhf tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ.

epiwNtw;Wk; myfpidAk; Vw;fdNt 1991,y; Muk;gpj;jpUe;jhh;. mopf;fg;gl;l fhLfis kPst ; dkhf;fy; Kiwapy; jpUk;g epWtpAk;> eLiff; fhLfs; vd;w ngahpy; cw;gj;jpf;fhd kuq;fisg; ngUk; jpl;lq; fshf el;L tsh;jJ ; k;> rhiy kUq;Ffs;> nghJ ,lq;fs;> gs;spfs; vd gy;NtW ,lq;fspy; eLif nra;Jk; ,w;iwtiu gy ,yl;rk; gad;jUk; kuq;fs; jkpoPo kz;zpy; el;Lg; ghJfhf;fg;gl;L tUfpd; wd. r%ff; fhLfs; vd;Dk; ghPlr ; hh;jj ; j; jpll ; j;jpd; %yk; kf;fspd; <LghL ngUf;fg; gLtNjhL> gy; NtW tpopg;Gzh;T+l;Lk; jpl;lq;fs; %yk; ,aw;if gw;wpa mwpTj; jy; r%fj;jpdpilNa nrd;wilfpwJ. mDkjpapd;wp rpW kuj;jpidf;$l ntl;l Kbahj tifapy; fl;Lg;ghLfs; ,t; td tsg; gphptpdhy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg; gLfpd;wd. rh;ri ; rf;Fhpa ,t;tpjpfs; gbg; gbahf kf;fspilNa Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk; Ntisapy; mk;kf;fspd; Njitfl;nfd khw;wL P fs; NjLtJk; chpa mwpTiufs; ngWtJk; njhlh;rr ; pahf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. tdtpyq;Ffs; Ntl;ilahlg; gLtjw;fhd jil ,t;tpyq;Ffisg; ghJ fhg;gjw;fhd ruzhyaq;fs; mikf;Fk; jpl;lk;> kf;fSf;Fk; fhl;L ahidfl;F kpilNa Neubg; gpzf;Ffisj; jtph;gg ; jw; fhd Ma;Tj;jpl;lk; ,itnay;yhk; Vw; fdNt eilKiwapYs;s Kw;Nghf;fhd rpe;jidfshFk;. tdtsk; ghJfhf;fg; gLtJ NghyNt Aj;jfhyj;jpd; kj;jpapYk; jkpoPo nghUz;kpa Nkk;ghl;L epWtdk; Nkw;nfhz;l gy;NtW #oy; ghJfhg;G Kaw;rpfSk; epytsk;> ePht ; sk; Ngzntd Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l gy;NtW nraw;jpll ; q;fs; njhiyNehf;Ff; nfhz;l Njrj;jpd; mwp Fwpfshf tpsq;fpte;Js;sd.

apid KOj; jhafkz;zpYk; xNu jsj; jpy; cWjpg;gLj;Jk; mjpfhuk; vd;gtw; iwf; nfhz;l Mizak; xd;Nw ,d; iwa mjp cah; NjitahfTs;sJ. mj;j ifa Mizak; KOikahd mwptpay; rhh;ej ; juTfis ikag;gLj;JtjhfTk; murpay; jsj;jpy; midj;J epWtdq;fs; r%ff; fl;likg;Gf;fisAk; Nkw;ghh;it nra;af;$ba typik nfhz;ljhf ,Ug; gjd; %yNk ,d;iwa rthy;fis vjph; nfhs;sf; $bajha; mJ ,aq;fKbAk;.

JÉÒ%¿@> ÑÄ É? $ mwptpaiyAk; murpaiyAk; xNu jsj;jpy; itj;Jf;nfhz;L ey;y juTfspd; mbg;gilapy; r%fj;Jf;F ed;ik gaf;Fk; #oy; ey;yhl;rp Mizak; ,d;iwa fhyfl;lj;jpy; vkJ Njrj;Jf; fhd jpl;lkplYf;Fk; Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhd nra yfj;jpd; fl;likg;gpd; fPo; ,aq;FtNj rhyr; rpwe;jJ. md;whl kPsf ; l;Lkhd Kaw;rpfs; xUGwKk;> Mopg;Nguiy (njhlh;rr ; p 14Mk; gf;fj;jpy;...)

?P NÃ Ñµ' Ç9' ¸>É§% ¦N9BÑA ePzl ; Njhh; Nghh;ff ; hyr; #oypy; N¯! ¥9É! ' jkpo;j; jhafj;jpd; ,aw;if tsq;fs; gue;jit. gy;NtW tifg; gl;lit. tuz;l aho;.Flhehl;bd; tay; ntspfSk;> gde;Njhg;Gf;fSk;> fly; tsKk;> epyj;jb ePht ; sKk; mlh;jj ; pahd kf;fs; njhifia neLq;fhykhfj; jhq;fp te;Js;sd. td;dpg; ngUepyKk; njd; jkpoPoKk; mlh;e;j ,aw;iff; fhLfs; Kjy; Ijhd tuz;lepyf; fhLfs; tiu Ak;> gue;j new;gaph; epyq;fs; ngUk; Fsq;fs; gytw;iwAk; nfhz;lit. ePzl ; fiuNahuk;> Mo;fly;> ed;dPh;> cth;ePh;> thtpfs; vdg; gy;NtW ,aw;iff; $Wfs; tsKk; tho;Tk; tdg;Gk; jUgit. fpof;Nf Ak; Nkw;NfAk; tdtpyq;Fr; ruzhyaq; fs; vkJ kz;zpd; vy;iyfshfpd;wd. Rz;bf;Fsk;> nfhf;fpsha; Nghd;w gwit fs; gy thOk; ePh;epiyfSk; vkJ

mbg;gil trjpfs; kWf;fg;gl;bUe;j kf;fs; Nghh;epWj;jk; nfhz;Lte;j mikjp iaAk; Gjpa tha;gG ; f;fisAk; mDgtpf; fj; njhlq;fpa mNj fhyj;jpy;jhd; mk; kf;fs; tpUk;gpNah tpUk;ghkNyh mjp fhpj;j NjitfNshL Nrh;eJ ; mth;fsJ md;whl tho;f;ifr; #oiyg; ghjpfF ; k; fhu zpfSk; mth; f sp ilNa te;jpwq;fpAs; sd. mf;fhuzpfisg; gphpj; j wpe; J njhpT nra;af;$ba epiyapy; kf;fSkpy;iy. mt w;iw tpw;gth;fs; jkf; Ff; fpilj;j tha;gG ; f; fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; cw;rhfj;jpd; kj;jpap

Mb-Mtzp> 2005

fhl;b nghJf;fl;likg;ig iftpl;Ltpl;lhh;.

%d;wiu tUlfhy rkhjhd murpaypd; KbT fhyk; neUq;fptUfpd;wJ. jkpohpd; ,dg; g pur; r pid njhlh; g hf rpq; f sNjrk; filg; g pbj; J tUk; fLk; Nghf;F epiyg;ghL tu> tu jPtpukilfpd;wJ. ,e;j murp ay; Klf;fepiyia ePf;f KbahJ Nehh; N t muRk; jpz;lhLfpd;wJ. \\murpay; mikg; G ,le; j utpy; i y||> \\ePjpkd;wj; jPh;g;ig kPwKba tpy;iy|| vd;W fhuzq;fs; fhl;br; rpq;fs muR jdJ fLk;Nghf;F murpaiy rh;t Njr r%fj;jpw;F epahag; gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,NjNtis> Gypfs; ,af;fj;jpw;F vjp uhd epoy; A j; j k; xd; w pd; %yk; rpq; f sg; gilfs; NghiuAk; Muk;gpj;Jtpl;ld vd;Nw $wNtz;Lk;. jkpo; kf;fSk; rkhjhd murpaypy; rypg;gile;J - jPtpu epiyg; ghl;il typAWj;jj; njhl q;fp tpl;ldh;.

rpq;fs muRk; - Gyp fs; ,af;fKk; nra;J nfhz;l nghJf;fl;likg;G ntWkNd Gdh;tho;T - epth uz tplaq;fSld; rk;ge;jg; gl;ljy;y. mJ jw;Nghija rkhjhd murpaiy NkYk; gyg;gLj;jp murpay; jPh;tpw; fhd ghijiar; nrg;gdpLk; ,yf;ifAk; nfhz;lJ. nghJf; fl;likg;ig rpq;fs ePjpkd;W Klf;fpa jd; %yk; rkhjhd Kaw;rpf; Fk; mJ rhTkzp mbj;Js; sJ. mj;Jld;> rpq;fs jkpo; ,dg; gpur;rpidia NkYk; rpf;fyhf;fp ,uj;jf; fshp kpf; f njhU ngUk; Nghiu %l;btpLk; mopTfhu NtiyiaAk; mJ nra;Js; sJ. ,e;jg;ngUk; Mgj; ijr; rpq; f sg; gj; j phpif cyfKk; rpq;fskf;fSf;F vLj;J tpsf;ftpy;iy. ePjp kd;wj; jPh;g;ig Mjhpj;J> N[.tp.gp> nfycWka Nghd;w Nghpdthjf; fl;rpfspd; ,d

jkpohpd; Njrpa ,dg;gpur;rpidf;F mikjp topapy; murpay;jPh;T Njl Kay;tJ fy;ypy; ehh; chpg; gJ Nghd;W gadw;w Kaw;rp vd; g J kP z ; L k; xUKiw ep&gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,k;Kiw mij rh;t Njr r%fk; mDgtpj;Js; sJ. rh; t Njr ehLfspd; mOj; j q; f Sf; F r; rpq; f s muR mbgzpatpy;iy. rhl; Lf;fs; $wp mJ fhyj;ijf; flj;jp rh;tNjr r%fj;ij Vkhw;wptUfpd;wJ. Nghh;epWj;j xg;ge;jj; jpy; khw;wq;fs; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W rpq;fs muR ,g;NghJ Nehh;Ntia NfhUt Jk; xUtif fhyj; i j ,Oj;jbf;Fk; je;jpNuhgha NkahFk;. Nghh; e pWj; j cld; ghl;il rpq;fs muR rhpahf eilKiwg; gLj;jtpy;iy. mjdhy;> rkhjhd Kaw;rp fs; KwptilAk; Gwr;#oy; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. mjw;Fr; rpq; fs muRjhd; nghWg;Ngw;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ rh;tNjr r%fj;jpd; fUj;jhFk;. rpq;fs muRf;nfjp uhd ,e;jf; fUj;ij Kwpa bf;Fk; je;jpNuhghaj;Jld; re;jphpf;fh muR vLj;Js;s murpay; efh;Tjhd; Nghh; epWj;j cld;ghl;il GJg; gpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nfhhpf; ifahFk;. ,e;j je;jpNuhghaf; Nfhhpf;ifapd; %yk; rpq;fs muR Nghh; e pWj; j cld; ghl; i l Vw; W f; n fhs; t J NghyTk;> rkhjhdr; #oiy ghJfhf;f tpUk;GtJ Nghy Tk; - GypfSld; Ngr;Rthh;j; ijfs; elhj;jj; jahh; vd; gJ Nghd;w xU \khah[hy|

Mb-Mtzp> 2005

murpay; epiyg;ghl;il rh;t Njr r%fj;jpw;Ff; fhl;bAs; sJ.

ijAk; Vkhw;w rpq;fs muR khwp> khwp murpay; ehlfq; fis elhj;j KaYk;.

Mdhy;> Nghh;epWj;j xg;ge;jk; jpUj;jg;gl tha;g; gpy;iy vd;gJ rpq;fs muR f;F ed;F njhpAk;. vdpDk; fhyq;flj;jTk; - rh;tNjr r%fj; j pd; jP t pu Fw; w r; rhl; L f; f spy; ,Ue; J jw; fhypfkhfNtDk; jg;gpf;f KbAk; vd;W rpq;fs muR vz;ZfpwJ. mjd; gpd;dh; [dhjpgjpj; Njh;jy;> ehlhS

fle;j Ik;gJ tUl fhyk; ,t;thWjhd; jkpo; kf; f isAk; mJ Vkhw; w p tUfpd;wJ. ,g;NghJ jkpo; kf;fSld;> rh;tNjr r%fj; ijAk; Nrh;j;J Vkhw;w mJ Muk;gpj;Js;sJ. nghJf;fl;likg;Gf; Fr; rpq;fs ePjpkd;W Kl;Lf; fl;il Nghl;l clNdNa

ntwpf; fUj;Jf;fSld; mJ xj;Jg;NghAs;sJ. rpq;fs - jkpo; ,dg; gpur;rpidf;F xU ePjpahd murpay; jPh;itf;fz;L Nghiu epWj;jp - ehl;il mgptpUj;jpaila itf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w rpe;jid rpq; fs murpay;thjpfSf;Fk; ,y;iy> rpq;fsg; gj;jphpif cyfj;jpw;Fk; ,y;iy. rpq; fs kf;fspd; r%f Kd; Ndw;wk; gw;wpAk; ,th;fS f;F mf;fiwapy;iy. jkpo

nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpia - r%f Kd;Ndw;wj;ij typAWj;jpr; rpq;fs Njrj;jpy; ,Jtiu ve;j xU kf;fs; Nghuhl;lKk; eilngw tpy;iy. ,j;jifa Nkd;ikahd Nfhhpf;iffis Kd;itj;J rpq;fsj; jpd; murpay; fl;rpfSk; Nghuhl;lq;fis Kd;ndLf;f tpy;iy.Mdhy;> rkhjhdj;jpd; jpirapy; cjpj;j Nghh;epWj;j cld;ghl;bw;F vjpuhf nghJf;fl;likg;Gf;F vjpuhf - Gypfs; ,af;fj;Jld; Ngr;Rthh;j;ijia elhj; J tjw; n fjpuhf - jkpoUldhd rkhjhd xg; g e; j q; f Sf; F vjpuhf kf;fs; Nghuhl;lq;fis rpq;fsNjrk; elhj;jptUfpd;wJ. kd;wj; Njh;jy; vd;w cs; ehl;L murpaYf;F Kf;fpaj; Jtk; nfhLg;gjw;fhf rkh jhd murpaiy rpwpJfhyk; js;spg; NghLk;gbAk; mJ rh;tNjr r%fj;ijf; Nfhu KidAk;. ,t; t hW Nehh; N t muirAk; - rh;tNjr r%fj;

ehlhSkd;w mjpfhuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp nghJf; fl;lik g;ig rpq;fs murhy; ,aq;f itj;jpUf;f KbAk;. Mdhy;> re;jphpf;fh murpd; cz;ik ahd tpUg;gKk; nghJf;fl;l ikg;G ,aq;ff; $lhJ vd;g jhy; eP j pkd; w pd; jP h ; g ; i g jdf;Fr; rhjfkhf vLj;J rh;tNjr r%fj;jpw;Fr; Rl;bf;

Uf;F vjpuhd ,dthj nraw;ghl;bw;fhf rpq;fsj; jpd; mgptpUj;jp> nghUsh jhu Nkk;ghL vd;gtw;iwj; jhiuthh; f ; F k; ntwpj; j d khd kdepiyAlNdNa rpq; fsNjrk; cs;sJ. nghUshjhu mgptpU j;jpia - r%f Kd;Ndw;

wj;ij typAWj;jpr; rpq;fs Njrj;jpy; ,Jtiu ve;j xU kf;fs; Nghuhl;lKk; eil ngwtpy; i y. ,j; j ifa Nkd; i kahd Nfhhpf; i f fis Kd;itj;J rpq;fsj; jpd; murpay; fl; r pfSk; Nghuhl;lq;fis Kd;ndLf;f tpy;iy. Mdhy;> rkhjhdj; jpd; jpirapy; cjpj;j Nghh; epWj;j cld;ghl;bw;F vjp uhf - nghJf;fl;likg;Gf;F vjpuhf - Gypfs; ,af;fj;J ld; Ngr;Rthh;j;ijia elhj;Jtjw;nfjpuhf - jkpo Uldhd rkhjhd xg;ge;jq;f Sf;F vjpuhf kf;fs; Nghuh l; l q; f is rpq; f sNjrk; elhj;jptUfpd;wJ. %d;whtJ ehL xd; wpd; kj;jpaj;Jtj;jpd; fPo; - rh;tNjr fz;fhzpg;gpd; fPo; rpq;fs muR xU rkhjh dg; Ngr;ir Kiwahf elhj; Jk; vd;w jkpo;kf;fspd; vjph; ghh;gG ; k; ,g;NghJ ngha;ahfpg; Ngha;tpl;lJ. ,e;epiyapy;>

ve;j

tifahd murpaiy rpq;fs muRld; elhj; j p jkpoh; jk; chpikfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;? ,Jjhd; jkpo;kf;fspd; ,d;iwa mu rpay; Nfs;tp. 1985Mk; Mz;L jiyth; gpughfud; ,e;jpa rQ;rpifnahd;Wf;F toq; fpa nra;jpapy; Fwpg;gpl;l xU murpay; jPh;f;fjhprdk; ,UgJ Mz; L fspd; gpd; ,d;iwf;Fk; nghUj;jkhfNt cs;sJ. rpq;fs murhdJ eP j pahd Kiwapy; jkpo; kf; f Sf; F xU epue; j u murpay; jP h ; i t toq; f Kd;tUk; vd;W ehd; ek;g tpy;iy vd;gNj me;j murp ay; thf;fpak; MFk;. ,d; iwa murpay; #oYf;fhd gjpYk; ,Jjhd;. kPz;Lk; xUNghh; njhlq;fpdhy; ,ileLtpy; murpay; Ngr;Rthh;ji ; jf;fhf Nghiu epWj; J tnjd; g J rhj;jpakw;Wg;NghFk;. jkpoh; jk; chpikfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Nghiutpl;lhy; NtW topfspy;iy vd;w murpay; #dpa epiyf; F s; N sNa ,d;W jkpopdk; js;sg;gl;Ls; sJ. fle;j %d;wiu tUlfhykhf ele;j murpay; epfo; r ; r pfspd; tpisthf jkpo;kf;fsplKk; - Gypfs; ,af;fj;jplKk; vOe;Js;s ,e;jr; rypg;ig> tpuf;jpia> Nfhgj;ij ,yq;ifapd; rkh jhdj;jpw;fhf cioj;JtUk; rh; t Njr ehLfs; Ghpe; J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

- vy;yhsd; 05

Ç!9Ù

fle; j mWgJ Mz; L fspy; ,yq;ifapd; Njrpa ,dj;Jtg; gpur; r pidfs; fhyj; j pw; F f; fhyk; gy;NtW ghpkhzq;fspy; Njhw;wk;ngw;W $h;ikaile;J Kidg;gilayh apw;W. ,yq;iftho; jkpo;NgRk; kf;f spd; mbg;gil chpikfs; kWf;fg; gl; l NghJ mth; f s; mtw; i wg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhf ,yq;ifapd; eP j pj; J iwia ehbaNghnjy; y hk; ePjpj;Jiw mtw;iw vt;thW Nehf;fp aJ? ifahz;lJ? jPhg ; g ; spj;jJ? vd;gJ njhlh;ghd xU tuyhw;W hPjpahd crhtNy ,f;fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fkhFk;. ,yq; i f ,dg; g pur; r pid apd; ghpkhzq;fs; ,yq;iftho; jkpo;NgRk; kf;fspd; gpur;rpidfSk; Nghpdthjp fspd; ,dhPjpahd ghugl;rq;fSk; 1920 fspNyNa Muk;gpj;Jtpl;ld. Mdhy; mit gbg;gbahf tprhypg;Gg;ngw;W 1940fspd; Kw;gFjpapy; jkpo;NgRk; gpuNjrq;fspy; epyr; #iwahlyhfTk; 1940fspd; gpw;gFjpfspy; kiyafj; jkpo;kf;fspd; gpurhThpik gpur;rpid ahfTk; 1950fspy; jdpr;rpq;fsr; rl;lj; jpd; mKyhf;fy; fhuzkhfTk; jkpo; nkhop Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;likAk; 1960 fspy; ,yq;ifapd; murhq;f Nritapy; jkpo;kf;fs; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;likAk; 1970fspy; gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; cah; fy;tp ngWtjpy; jkpo;khzth;fSf;F ,dhPjpahd jug;gLj;jy; Kiwik mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;ljhYk; ,dg; gpur;rpidapd; ghpkhzk; gy;NtW jsq; fspy; jkpo;NgRk; kf;fSf;F ghjpg;Gf; fis Vw;gLj;jyhapw;W. ,dhPjpahd ghugl;rq;fS f;F cs;shf;fg;gl;l jkpok ; f;fs; jkJ gpur;rpidfSf;Fj; jPh;thf ,yq;if ePjpkd;wq;fis ehbaNghnjy;yhk; mitaspj;j ghpfhuq;fSk; jPh;g;Gf; fSk; ,d;Wk; ftdpgg ; pwF ; hpadthFk;. gpurhThpikg; gpur;rpid 1948Mk; Mz; L ,yq; ifj; jPTf;F Rje;jpuk; toq;fg;gl;l jhf mwptpf; f g; g l; l J. 1947Mk; Mz; L ,yq; i fapy; eilngw; w nghJj;Njh;jypy; fzprkhd msT kiyafj; jkpo;kf;fsJ thf;Ffs; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpaikahYk; 101 Ngiuf;nfhz;l ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; 07 Ngh; kiyafj; jkpo;kf;fspid gpujp epjpfshfTk; Njh;e;jikiaf; fz;L kdk; nghWf;fhj mg;Nghija ,yq; ifg; gpujkh; b.v]; . Nrdehaf; f h kiyafj; jkpo;kf;fsJ gpurhThp ikiaAk; thf;Fhpikia Ak; gwpg;gjd;%yk; mth;f sJ ghuhSkd; w gpujp epjpj; Jtj;ij gwpf;Fk; Nehf; F ld; 1948 Mk; Mz;L etk;gh;

khjk; 15Mk; jpfjp xU rl;lj;ij ghuhSkd; w py; nfhz; L te; j hh; . ,JNt ,dhPjpahd xLf;F Kiwapd; Muk;g Gs;spahapwW ; . 1948Mk; Mz;L 18Mk; ,yf;f gpurhThpikr; rl;lKk; 1949 Mk; Mz;L 34Mk; ,yf;f ,e;jpa - ghfp];jhdpa gpurhThpikr; rl;lKk; 1949Mk; Mz;L 48Mk; ,yf;f kiyaf kf;fspd; thf; F hpikia ,uj; J r; n ra; A k; rl;lKk; ghuhSkd; wj;jpy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;ld. ,e;jr; rl;lq;fs; mwpKfg; gLj;jg;gl;likahy; kiyafg; gFjp fspy; tho;ej ; kf;fs; jkJ ghuhSkd; wg; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij Kw;whfNt ,oe;jhh;fs;. mth;fs; jkJ ,yq;if FbAhpikia ep&gpf; f Ntz; b a mtyepiyf;Fj; js;sg;gl;lhh;fs;.

nkhophPjpahd ghugl;rq;fs;1956Mk; Mz;L nghJj; Njh;jypy; nkhopg;gpur;rpid Kf;fpa gpur;rpidahf cUntLj;jJ. fhyQ; nrd;wth;fshd ll;yp Nrdehaf;fh> Nrh;.N[hd; nfhj;jyhtiy> N[.Mh;. n[ath;jj ; dh Nghd;w If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpj; jiyth;fSk; kWgf;fk; v];. lgps;a.Mh;.b..gz;lhuehaf;fh> gpypg; Fzth;jj ; dh> nkj;jhde;jh> V.gp.n[a #hpah Nghd;w kf;fs; If;fpa Kd;d zpj; jiyth;fSk; Vl;bf;Fg; Nghl;b ahf \\rpq;fsk; kl;Lk;|| rl;lj;ij Kd;itj;jhh;fs;. kpff; FWfpa topapy; Ml;rpajpfhuj;ij ifg;gw;Wk; Nghl;b

,e;j ep&gdr;Rik njhlh;ghf vOe;j tof;F nfhlf;fd;gps;is vjph; kj ehafh vd;gjhFk;. Nkw;gb tof;fpd; epfo;T gpdt ; UkhW:,e; j tof; f py; Njh; j y; ,lhg;G kPsha;T nra;ag;gl;lNghJ nfhlf;fd;gps;is vd;w jkpoh; jdJ ngah; Nffhiykhtl;l Njh;jy; ,lhg; gpy; ,lk;ngwtpy;iy vd;gijf; fz; lhh;. ,ijf; fz;Zw;w nfhlf;fd; gps;is Nffhiykhtl;l cjtpj; Njh;jy; Mizahshplk; Kiwg;ghL nra;jhh;. Njh;jy; Mizahsh; nfhlf; fd; gps;isapd; Kiwg;ghl;il epuh fhpj;J mth; ,yq;ifg; gpuir vd; gij ep&gpf; f Ntz; L k; vd; W Nfl; L f; n fhz; l hh; . NkYk; Gjpa gpurhThpikr; rl;lj;jpd;gb mjid ep&gpf;Fk; ep&gdr;Rik nfhlf;fd; gps;isf;Nf cz;L vd;Wk; mjid mtuhy; ep&gpf;f KbahjijaLj;J mth; ,yq;ifg; gpuiray;y vd;W cjtpj;Njh;jy; Mizahsh; Fwpg;gpl; lhh;. Nkw; g b gpurhThpikr; rl;lk; 1946Mk; Mz;L Nrhy;ghp murpayikg;gpd; 29Mk; gphpTf;F vjpuhf ,Ug;gjhff; $wp nfhlf;fd; gpsi ; s Nffhiykhtl;l ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tof;nfhd;iw jhf;fy; nra;jhh;. ,t; tof;fpd; Gfo;ngw;w ,yq;if tof;fwp QUk; ,uhzp mg;Gf;fhj;Jkhfpa nrdl;lh; eNlrd; kDjhh; rhh;ghf M[ uhdhh;. cjtpj; Njh;jy; Mizahsh; kjehaf;fh rhh;gpy; mg;Nghija rl;l kh mjpgh; myd;Nwh]; mth;fs; M[ uhdhh;fs;. ,UgFjpapduJk; thjg; gpujpthjj;jpidr; nrtpkLj;j khtl;l ePjpgjp vd;.rptQhdRe;juk; FbAhpikr; rl;lk; 1946Mk; Mz;L Nrhy;ghp murp ay; ahg;gpd; 29Mk; gphpit kPWfpdw ; gb ahy; gpurhThpikr; rl;lk; nry;Ygbaw; wJ vd;w jPhg ; i ; g toq;fpdhh;. ,jdhy; murhq;fk; cah;ePjpkd;Wf;F Nkd; KiwaPL nra;jJ. mq;F tof;if tpsq;fpa %d;W ePjpgjpfs; khtl;l ePjpkd;wpd; jPh;g;ig ,uj;Jr;nra;J jPh;g;G toq;fpdhh;fs;. ,jw;F vjpuhf nfhlf;fd;gps;is yz;ldpy; cs;s gphpTf;fTd;rpYf;F Nkd;KiwaPL nra;jhh;. yz;ldpy; cs;s gphpTf; fTd;rpy; GjpanjhU fz;Lgpbg;igr; ,e;jpa tk;rh nra;jJ. mjhtJ \\,e; top kf; f s s; xU Njrpa ,dk; my;y|| vd;W me;ePjpkd;wk; jPh;g;Gf; $wpaJ. ,J fLikahd tpkh;rdj;

apy; ,UngUk; Nghpdthjf; fl;rpfSk; rpq;fsk; kl;Lk; nfhs;ifia gpujhd MAjkhfg; gad;gLj;jpd. mjhtJ ,U Nghpdthjf; fl;rpfSk; 1956Mk; Mz;L cj;Njr nghJj;Njh;jypy; ntw;wpngw;W Ml;rp aikf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy; mg;NghJ mur fUk nkhopahftpUe; j Mq; f py nkhopia mfw;wp mjw;Fg;gjpyhf rpq;fsj;ij murfUk nkhopahf;Ft jhff; Fwpg;gpl;L \\rpq;fsk; kl;Lk;|| vd;gijj; jkJ fl;rpfspd; kWf;fg; gl Kbahj Nfhhpf;ifahfg; gpur;rhug; gLj;jpdhh;fs;. ,e;j mjpfhug; Nghl;bapy; 1956Mk; Mz;L nghJj;Njh;jy; KbT fspd;gb jpU.gz;lhuehaf;fh jiy ik apyhd rpwpyq;fh Rje;jpuf;fl;rpia gpujhd mikg;ghff; nfhz;bUe;j kf;fs; If;fpa Kd;dzp ntw;wp ngw; wJ. ,jdhy; jpU.v];.lgps;A.Mh;.b. gz;lhuehaf;fh gpujkuhdhh;. mth; 1956Mk; Mz;L [{d; khjk; 05Mk; jpfjp rpq;fsk; kl;Lk; rl;lj;ijg; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; rkh;gg ; pj;jhh;. ghuhS kd;wj;jpy; ,Ue;j jkpo;f; fl;rpfsJk; ,lJrhhpf; fl;rpfsJk; gyj;j vjph;g; Gf;F kj;jpapy; ,r;rl;lk; epiwNtwp aJ. 1956Mk; Mz;L 33Mk; ,yf;f ,e;jr;rl;lk; epiwNtw;wg; gl;ljd; tpisthf murhq;f Nrit apy; Nrh;ej ; jkpo; mur Copah;fs; jkJ gjtpAah;Tf;fhfTk; rk;gs cah;Tf; fhfTk; rpq;fsk; gbf;f Ntz;ba epiyf;Fj; js;sg;gl;lhh;fs;. rpq;fsk; gbf;f jkpo; mur Copah;fs; kWj;jhh; fs;. jkpouRf; fl;rpAk; ,jid Cf;F tpj; j J. murNritapy; ,Ue; j vOJtpidQh;fs; murhq;f vOJ tpidQh; rq;fj;ij cUthf;fpdhh;fs;. ,r;rq;fj;jpd; rhh;ghf ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tof;Fj;jhf;fy; nra;tJ vd jPhk ; hdpf; fg;gl;lJ. mf;fhyj;jpy; vOJtpid QuhftpUe;j NfhB];tud; vd;gth; kDjhuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;. ,jdhy; ,e;j tof;F rl;lg;Gj;jfj;jpy; NfhB]; tud; vjph; rl;lkh mjpgh; vd miof; fg;glyhapw;W. ,e;j tof;fpd; epfo;T gpd;tUkhW:rpq; f sk; kl; L k; rl; l k; nfhz;Ltug;gl;likahy; ghjpf;fg; gl;l murhq;f vOJtpidQuhd NfhB];tud; vd;gth; jkf;F tu Ntz;ba gjtp cah;T> rk;gs cah;T vd;gd kWf;fg;gl;likf;F vjpuhf nfhOk;G khtl;l ePjpkd;wj;jpy; xU

jpw; Fs;shdJ. Vnddpy; ghjpf;fg; gl;l kf;fs; r%fj;jpw;F vJtpj rl;lg;ghpfhuKk; fpl;ltpy;iy.

tof;ifj; jhf;fy; nra;jhh;. tof;if tpsq;fpa khtl;l ePjpgjp fpnul;rh; vd;gth; kDjhuuhd NfhB];tud; Nkw; gb rl;lk; nfhz;Ltug;gl Kd;dh; murNtitapy; Nrh;ej ; th; vd;wgbahy; mtUf;F ,Jtiu kWf;fg;gl;l rk;gs cah;T toq;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd;Wk; gjtp cah;T kWf;fg;gl vt; tpj epahaKk; ,y;iy vd;Wk; jPhg ; G ; f; $wpdhh;. nfhOk;Gkhtl;l ePjpkd;wj; jpy; toq;fg;gl;l ,j;jhP g; g; hy; mjpUg;jp Aw;w ,yq;if murpd; rhh;gpy; rl;lkh mjpgh; ,yq;if cah;ePjpkd;Wf;F Nkd;KiwaPL nra;jhh;. ,yq;if cah; ePjpkd;wpy; ,t;tof;F tpsf;fj;jpw;F vLf;fg;gl;lNghJ tof;if tpsq;fpa ,yq;if cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpahsh;fs; ,yq; i fg; ghuhSkd; w k; G+uz ,iwikngw;wJ vd; Wk; mjdhy; mJ vj;j ifa rl; l j; i jAk; ,aw;Wk; ty;yik ngw; wJ vdTk; Fwpg;gpl;L ,yq;ifg; gpuir xU th; vd; w Kiwapy; NfhB];tud; ,iwik gilj; j ,yq; i fg; ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; ,aw; wg; g Lk; rl; l q; f Sf; Ff; fl;Lg;gl;ltuhth; vd; W k; ghuhSkd; w epajpr;rl;lq;fs; vjw; Fk; ,yq;ifg; gpuir xUth; Nkyhdth; my;y vd;Wk; MfNt ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l rpq;fsk; kl;Lk; rl;l j;ij Vw;W elf;fNtz;ba rl;lf; flg;ghL NfhB];tuDf;F cz;L vd;Wk; $wpj; jPhg ; g ; spj;jJ. ,yq;if cah;ej P pkd;wj;jhy; toq;fg;gl;l Nkw;gb jPhg ; G ; f;F vjpuhf NfhB]; t ud; ,q; f pyhe; j py; cs; s Nfhkiwf; fofj;jpw;F Nkd;KiwaPL nra;jhh;. mq;F ,g;gpur;rpid rl;lg; gpuGf;fs; Kd;dpiyapy; tprhuizf;F vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;lNghJ mg;Ngh ija Nrhy;ghp murpay; ahg;gpd; 29Mk; gphpT myrp Muhag;gl;lJ. ,jd;gb ve;jnthU ,dj;jtiuNah my;yJ rkaj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;fisNah ghjpf; ff; $bajhd vj;jifa rl;lj;ijAk; ,yq;ifg; ghuhSkd;wk; ,aw;w rl;l thf;f mjpfhuk; nfhz;ljy;y vdTk; MfNt 1956Mk; Mz; L 33Mk; ,yf;f rpq;fsk; kl;Lk; rl;lk; jkpo;r; rpWghd;ikapdiug; ghjpg;gjhf ,Ug; gjhy; mr;rl;lk; Nrhy;ghp murpay; ahg;G f;F tpNuhjkhdnjd gphpTf; fTd;rpy; jPhg ; G ; f; $wpaJ. yz;ld; khefhpy; cs;s Nkw;gb gphpTf;fTd;rpy; toq;fpa jPhg; g; py; mjpUg;jpAw;w Nghpdthjpfs; gphpTf; fTd; r piyNa ,yq; i fapd; Nkd; KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wkhf ,y;yhky; nra;tjw;fhd ey;ynjhU re;jh;gg ; j;jpw; fhff; fhj;Jf;fplj;jdh;. 1970Mk; Mz;L nghJj;Njh;jypy; rpwpkhNth jiyikapyhd If;fpa Kd;dzp ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;F ngUk;ghd;ikg; gyj;ijg; ngw; wJ. ,ijr; rhl; l hf itj; J f; nfhz; L rpwpkhNth murhq; f k; 1971Mk; Mz;L nfhz;Lte;j 44Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;lj;jpd; %yk; ,yq;ifap ypUe;J gphpTf;fTd;rpYf;F Nkd; KiwaPL nra;Ak; tha;gi ; g Kw;wh fNt ,y;yhky; nra;jhh;fs;. 1972Mk; Mz;L murpay; ahg;ig mKyhf;fpa ,lJrhhpnadf; $wpf;nfhz;l nfhy; tpd; Mh;.b.rpy;th NkYk; xUgb Kd; Ndhf;fpr; nrd;W jkpo;kf;fSf;F mw;g nrhw;g rYiffis toq;fpa 29Mk; gphpitNa Kw;whf ,y;yhky; nra;J jkpopdj;ij epue;jukhfNt ,uz;lhk; jug; gpuirfs; epiyf; F j; js; s p Nghpdthj Nkyhz;ikf;F 1977Mk; Mz;L murpay; rl;lj;jpd; ClhfNt mq;fPfhuk; toq;fpdh;. ,f;fl;Liuapd; njhlh;rr ; p mLj;j ,jopy; ntsptUk;.

Mb-Mtzp> 2005

9o³>

[dhjpgjp> gpujkh;> N[.tp.gp vd Kk;Kid murpaw; Ropf;Fs; Rdh kpg; nghJf;fl;likg;G rpf;fpr; Rod;W kpje;jJ. 2004> brk;ghpy; vOe;jJ Gtpapay; Rdhkp. nghJf;fl;likg;G Xh; murpay; Rdhkp. murpay; mh;j;jj;jpy; Rdhkpg; nghJf;fl;likg;G vd;gJ rh;tNjr mgpg;gpuhag; nghjpaha; tbtk; ngw;W tpl;lJ. N[.tp.gp ,jid xU Rl;ba yhff; nfhz;L jdJ murpay; mjpfhug; gug;ig fl;b mfl;l tpUk;gpaJ. murp ay; tpisT vd;w mh;j;jj;jpy; mg;gb tpOk; xt;nthU mbAk; [dhjpgjp re;jphpf;fhtpd; new;wpapy; tpOk; mb ahfNt mikaKbAk;. N[.tp.gpapd; ,lJ ifapy; n`y cWka Nfla

kha; mika tyJ ifapy; Rdhkpr; Rl; b ay; . N[.tp.gpf; F ifairj; j tz;zk; gpujkh; uh[gf;r kjpy;Nky;. fuzk; jg;gpdhy; kuzk; vd;gJ [dhjp gjpapd; epiy. [dhjpgjp ciwthis cUtpdhh;. Rl;bay; [dhjpgjpapd; iff;F khwpaJ. jiy gwf;fh tpl;lh Yk; jiyg;ghif gwf;f N[.tp.gp njU Nthuk; XbaJ. gpujkh; jiuapwq;fpdhh;. MapDk; gpujkiu Nehf;fp thahy; Vtf;$ba jdJ MAjq;fs; midj; ijAk; Vtj; jtwtpy;iy. vz; fzp jj;jpy; N[.tp.gpf;F $l;lYk; njhpahJ; fopj;jYk; njhpahJ vd;w cz;ik njspthdJ. Rdhkpf; fl;likg;gpy; nfhOk;G ifnaOj;jpLtijj; jtpu murpaypy; Xh; mq;Fyk;jhDk; efuKbahj epiy Ml;rpahsh;fSf;Fj; Njhd;wpaJ. ,f; ifr;rhj;J tptfhuj;ij jkpoPo kf;f spd; gf;fj;NjhL Nrh;j;J xg;gpl;Lg; ghh;j;jhy; ,jid jkpo; - rpq;fsg; gpur;rpid vd;W ghh;g;gij tplTk; [dhjpgjpapd; fjpiuiag; ghJfhj;jy; vd;w rpq;fs murpaw;gf;f gjtp tpt fhuNk KOj; j d; i kahd ,lj; i j tfpj;jJ. ,dthj tuyhw;Wf;Fs;shy; ,jidg; ghh;jj ; hy; Ml;rpahsh;fs; Rdh kpf; fl;likg;gpy; ifnaOj;jpl Kb ahJ. Mdhy; gjtpthjf; fz;Nzhl;lj; jpw; ghh;jj ; hy; ifnaOj;jplhky; gjtp iag; ghJfhg; g J ,ayhJ. ,e; epiyikapy;jhd; Rdhkpf; fl;likg;G ifr;rhj;jhdJ.

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thjk; jdJ nfhLKbia fow; w p tpltpy;iy. murpay; ahg;G> ehlhSkd;wk;> rl;lq;fs;> rk;gpujhaq;fs;> [dhjpgjp> gpujkh; cs;spl;l cah;gjtpfs;> ePjpj; Jiw> eph;thfj;Jiw> ,uhZtk;> fhty; Jiw> fy;tp> fy;tp epWtdq;fs;> ngsj; jk;> itgtq;fs;> gj;jphpiffs; kw;Wk; Clfq;fs; rpq;fsf; fl;rpfs; Mfpa midj;Jk; rpq;fs ,dthj epWtd kag; gl;litfsha; cs;sd. ,it

xU nghJf; Fwpapd; fPo; ,aq;Fk; xU nghwpKiwiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. KO ,ae;jpuj;jpdJk; nghJg;Nghf;fhd nraw;ghl;bypUe;J Xh; cjphpg;ghfk; jpir jpUk;gp kWtokha;r; nraw;gl KbahJ. mit midj;Jk; xd;NwhL xd;W ,izf;fg;gl;l xU nghJg; Nghf;iff; nfhz;Ls;sd. cjhuzj;jpw;F Nehf;FNthk;. [dhjpgjp jdJ murpay; mjpfhuj; Njitf;fhf fl;likg;gpy; ifr;rhj; jpLtjhd Kbit vLj; j NghjpYk; ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; mjid thf;nfLg; gpw;F tpLk;epiy ,Uf;ftpy;iy. mjh tJ mur ,ae;jpuj;jpd; ehlhSkd;wk; vd; w cjphpg; g hfk; Rdhkpf; fl; l ikg;ig cs;thq;f KbahJ ntspj; js;Sk; nray;tr P i ; rf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. ePjpj;Jiwia vLj;Jf;nfhs;Nthk;. mJ ahg;gpd; ngauhy; Rdhkpf;fl;likg;gpd; capNuhl;l mk;rq;fSf;Fj; jil tpjpj; Js;sJ. mLj;J gj;jphpiffisAk; kw; W k; Clfq; f isAk; vLj; J f; nfhz; l hy; mit Rdhkpf; fl; l ikg;ig fLikahf vjph;jJ ; vOjpAk; NgrpAk; tUfpd;wd. \\ghyh; tFg; g pypUe; J gy; fiyf;fofk; tiu||> tzf;fj; jyj;jp ypUe;J RLfhLtiu jkpo;kf;fSf;F vjpuhf ,dthj%l; l g; g l; l th; f Ns rpq;fsg; nghJkf;fshth;. fhjhw; Nfl;g Jk; jkpopd vjph;g;G> fz;zhy; ghh;g;g Jk; jkpopd vjph;g;G> fz;nfhz;L thahy; thrpg;gJk; jkpopd vjph;g;G vd rpq;fs kf;fspd; epiyAs;sJ. ,jpy; Clfq;fspd; gzp E}WtPj \\nefpo;tw;w|| ahg;G tpjpf;Fr; rkdhdJ. mjhtJ Clfq; fs; rpq;fs ,dthjk; nghWj;J \\nefpo;tw;w ruj;Jf;fs;|| MFk;. gpe;JDNtt gLnfhiy tpt fhuj;jpy; rpq;fs cah;ej P pkd;wk; rpwpJk; ntl;fkpd;wp jPhg ; g ; spj;Js;sJ. mg;gbg; gl;l xU ePjpj;JiwaplkpUe;J Rdhkpg; nghJf;fl;likg;gpw;F vjpuhd jPh;g;Gf;

@B ¨9' ] P l_ ² N¸ % F¸ª? P!9> z!9NP {n9Wm 9P ²¥jª?m$ zo !om|B ª²¢ 9 !9nP l> P !Wy? ²}> !ªNO> 9µ¥jB¬ J¥( %9¤¯²}> !V²ª¤m 9P²9 !X 9µ¥j9]' !ªn NrNª²OX 9BN !> 9B {n9W ²¥jª?m$ ª²¢ 9 !9n !> P (~²¤ zo(%X 9¥ O> !V¯ ²[ %9! :¯m ! @> µ N}m 9j9]' zm m 9¯ !9B ¹nN9!' Ây:ª¬ zªj PV¥j !> 9 z>h zP ?n?9X ?ªj P V¥j !> 9 ¨9' ²9A¤[ %9P l> P !}e !nP z@²9o @X] zP zN(%' l>r N ! 9P n9@ @ z!ªn µ ²µV%9² ª²OB l_ PA¤9 o !Vo nN9!' !nP ²9_[ ª% ²ZXhVjVBª¬ midj;Jk; xd;Wjpuz;l nray;G+h;t tbtikg;ghfNt rpq;fs mur ,ae; jpuk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Nkw;$wpa midj;J mk;rq; fSk; jdpj;jdpNa Xh; mur ,ae;jpuj; jpd; cjphpg;ghfq;fshFk;. ,ae;jpuk; vd;gJ xU Fwpapd; fPohd xU nghwp KiwahFk;. xt;nthU cjphpg;ghfKk;

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Mjyhy; ,yq;ifapd; Kiw top my;yJ rk;gpujha murpaw; fl;l ikg;gpd;fPo; Rdhkpf; fl;likg;G ga Ds;s tifapw; nraw;glKbahJ. ,jw;F ntspNaahd rf;jpg; gpuNahfq; fs; %yk;jhd; Rdhkp epthuzg;gzpfs; nraw;glKbAk;. ,e;jtifapy; Rdh kpf; fl;likg;G jw;NghJ nrayw;wpUg; gij Nehh;Nt mDruizahsh;fsplk; tpghpj;j jkpoPo tpLjiyg;Gypfspd; murpaw;Jiwg; nghWg;ghsh; jpU.R.g. jkpo;r;nry;td; mjidr; nraw;gLj;J tjw;F rh;tNjr r%fj;jplk; Nfhhpf;if tpl;bUg;gJ mjpfk; fUj;jpw; nfhs;sg; gl Ntz;ba tplakhFk;. mjhtJ Rdhkpf; fl;likg;G rpq;fs murpay; Mjpf;fg; Nghl;bapd; ntspg;glha;jj ; hd; cs;sNj jtpu mJ epthuz Nehf;F epiyf;fhdjy;y. rpq; fs muR mjw;F vjph;tpA+fj;ijNa nfhz;Ls;sJ. rl;lq;fSf;F ntspNa rpq;fs mjpfhhpfis vLj;Jf; nfhz; lhy; mth;fsplKk; Rdhkp epthuzg; gzpfs; ,dthj efh;j;jy;fshfNt mikAk;. Mjyhy; ,it midj;ij Ak; fUj;jpw;nfhz;l xU Rdhkp epthu zg; gzpiaj;jhd; jkpo;kf;fs; vjph; ghh;f;fyhNk jtpu ,tw;wpw;F cl;gl; ly;y. Mjyhy; Rdhkp epthuzg; gzp ahdJ jkpo;kf;fisg; nghWj;jtiu ifnaOj;jpd; gpd;Gjhd; cz;ikahd Aj;jfsj;Js; gpuNtrpj;Js;sJ. ifnaOj;jpw;F Kd; mJ rpq; fs gjtpg; Nghl;bf; fsj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ. ifr;rhj;jpl;l gpd;Gjhd; mJ jkpo; rpq;fs Aj;j fsj;Js; gpuNtrpj;Js; sJ.

~~!Wy? ²}> 9o9¥j' !>n9¥( F¹ª?ª% N> _m !X²9n 9o9¥j' !?P zo(%X !ª¬V@ª% !9 ? :¯³O P ²9A ' zo(%B {! @o @X²9n 9o9¥j' || !W Z !(% !ª¬N¯ ?!] N |o 9²o> zN¯²A

¸ e;jpa Rje;jpug;Nghhpy; kpfg;nghpa tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;ej ; jPhk ; hdq;fs; 1942 Mf];J 7> 8Mk; ehl;fspy; gk;gha; efhpy; nksyhdh mGy;fyhk; Mrhj; jiy ikapy; xd;W$ba fhq;fpu]; cah;kl;;lf; FOtpdhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;ld. \,e;jpahit tpl;L ntspNaW| vd;W Mq;fpNya Ml;rp ahsh;fisf; Nfl;Fk; jPh;khdk; mtw;Ws; ; hdk; Mq;fpyj; Kjyplk; gpbf;fpd;wJ. ,j;jhP k jpy; QUIT INDIA RESOLUTION vdg;gLk;. vJif Nkhid NjitfSf; f hf ,J \nts;isaNd ntspNaW| vd;W jkpo;ehl;by; Fuy; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghh; ele; j mf; f hyg; g Fjpapy; gphpj; jhdpahtpd; Nghh;f;fhy mikr; ruitapd; jPh;khdq;fis Ve;jpathW Nrh; ];uhNghl; fpwpg;]; (SIR STAF -FORD CRIPPS 18891952) ,e;jpah te;jhh;. fhq;fpu]; jiyikf;F mth; nfhLj;j jPh;khdq; fspy; xd;WNk Gjpjhf ,y;iy. ,jd;%yk; ,e;jpahTf;F tpL jiy mspf;Fk; vz;zk; gphpj; jhdpahTf;F ,y;iy vd;gij ,e;jpa Njrpaf; fhq;fpu]; ed;F Ghpe;Jnfhz;lJ. ,e;jpahitj; jdJ mjpfhuj;jpw; Fs; vt;tsT fhyk; itj; j pUf; f Kb ANkh me;jsT fhyk; itj; jpUf; f g; gphpj; j h dpah jP h ; k hdpj; jpUe;jJ. cyfg; Nghh; Kbe;j gpd; muRhpik (DOMINION STATUS) jUtjhf fpwpg; ] ; nfhz; L te;j jPh;khdq;fs; $wpd. \muRhpik vd;gJ ntw;W thh;ji ; jfspd; njhFg;Gj; jhd;| vd;W ,e;jpa fhq;fpu]; mij epuhfhpj; j J. ,e; j p ahit Mjpf;fk; nra;Ak; gphpj;jhdpahTk; mij vjph;f;Fk; ,e;jpah;fSk; Kuz;gl;ldh;. ,U gFjpapdUk; xU $l;L xg;ge;jj;jpw;F tUk; tha;g;Gf;fs; kpf mhpjhff; fhzg; gl;ld. ,e; j vjphpilahd epiyg; g hLfspd; ntspg;ghlhf \,e;jpahit tpl;L ntspNaW| vd;w jPhk ; hdk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. ,e;jpahtpd; Rje;jpuNtl;ifia ntspg;gLj;Jk; Kfkhfg; Nghuhl; l k; xd; w pidj; Jtf; f Mrhj; jiyikapyhd fhq;fpu]; FO jPhk ; hdpj;jJ. vg; N ghJ Nghuhl; l j; i jj; Jtf; F tJ vd;gij kfhj;kh fhe;jp jPhk ; hdpg;ghh; vd;Wk; KbT vLf;fgl;lJ. ,e; j pa tpLjiyf; F MjuT jUkhW If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; Kf;fpa cWg;G ehLfsplk; Ntz;LNfhs; tpLg;gJ vd;Wk; fhq;fpu]; FO jPhk ; hdk; epiwNtw;wp aJ. ,jd;%yk; ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghiu cyf muq;fpw;F vLj;Jr;nry;y KbAnkd;W fhq;fpu]; FO ek;gpaJ. Nghh;g; gpur;rpidf;F eLtpYk; cyfehLfs; ,e;jpahtpy; vd;d elf;fpwJ vd;gijf; $h;ikahf mtjhdpj; jd. mnkhpf;fhtpy; ,e;jpa tpLjiyf;Fr; rhh;ghd czh;T ,Ue;jJ. ,ij kOq;fbg; gjw;fhff; fLk; gpurhug; Nghiu gphpj;jhdpah mnkhpf;fhtpy; elj;jpaJ. rPdhtpYk; kf;f shjuT ,e;jpah gf;fk; ,Ue;jJ. rPdh kl;Lky;yhJ gpw Mrpa> Mgphpf;f kw;Wk; kj;jpafpof;F ehLfspy; ,e;jpahtpd; tpLjiy vjph;fhy epfo;rr; pfSf;F xU Kd;Ndhb vd;w fUj;J epytpaJ. \\1942 Mf];J khjk; ele;jit jpBnud;W epfo;ej ; itay;y> mit Kd;epfo;rr; pfs; gytw;wpd; xUkpj;j rq;fkNk|| vd;fpwhh; [tfh;yhy; NeU jdJ E}y; %ykhf (THE DISCOVERY OF INDIA: JAWA HARLAL NEHRU) jkpoPoj; Njrpa tuyhw;wpy; gy;NtW fhyfl;lq;fspy;; Njhd;wpa jiyikfshy; 08

jPhk ; hdq;fSk;> Nfhrq;fSk;> gpufldq;fSk; epiyikf;F Vw;wthW ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sd. mit vkJ tpLjiy tuyhw;wpd; gbf; fw;fshfTk;> tsh;r;rpg; ghijiaf; fhl;Lk; iky; fw;fshfTk; ghh;f;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,J vkf;F khj;jpuk; jdpj;JtkhdnjhU mk;r ky;y. tpLjiyf;fhf cioj;J jd;dhl;rp ngw;w xt;nthU ehl;bYk; xUGwk; MAjg; NghUk; kWGwj;jpy; Nkw;$wpa jPhk ; hdq;fSk;> Nfhrq;fSk;> gpufldq;fSk; ntspg; g Lfpd; w d. xUtpjj; j py; ,it mj;jpahtrpaj; NjitahfNt czug;gLfpd;wd. jkpoPo tuyhw;wpy; ,U fhyfl;lq;fs; njd;gLfpd;wd. Kjyh tJ fl;lj;jpy; jPh;khdq;fs; vd; g dtw; N whL Nkilg;

Ngr;rpYk; fhyk; nrytpl;Nlhk;. mLj;j fl;lj;jpy; MAjg;Nghiu Kd;ndLj; Njhk;. KjyhtJ fl;lj;jpy; filg;gpbj;j jPhk ; hdq;fs;> Nkilg; Ngr;Rf;fs; nrtpld; fhjpy; Cjpa rq;FNghy; gadw;Wg;Nghapd. ,jdhy; MAjk; J}f;fNtz;ba epiyf;Fj; js;sg;gl;Nlhk;. tpLjiyg; N ghhpd; jd; i kia vjphpNa jPhk ; hdpf;fpwhd; vd;gJ nghJtpjp> vkf;Fk; ,J nghUe;Jk;. gpnuQ;Rg; Gul;rp (1789)> mnkhpf;f Rje;jpug;Nghh; (1775 - 1783) vd;gd ,d;W tiu epidT $ug;gLk; xypeakpf;f RNyhfq; fSld; Muk;gpj;jd. ,r;RNyhfq;fs; mtw; wpd; Mjhu RUjpahff; fUjg;gLfpd;wd.

yj;jpy:; LIBERTY, EQVALITY, FRATERNITY vdg;gLfpd;wd. mnkhpf;f tpLjiy apd;NghJ Rje;jpuj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy;yhd \ypNgh;lb ; | ngUkstpy; gad; gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,U epfo;rr ; pfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd neUf; fj;ij ,jpypUe;J czuyhk;. mnkhpf;f Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l fhyj; jpy; czh;rr ; p nghq;fg; NgRtjpy; ty;ytuhd gw;wpf; n`d;wp (PATRICK HENRY 17361799) vd;w Gul;rpj; jiyth; \\vdf;Fr; Rje;jpuj;ijj; jh my;yJ kuzj;ijj; jh|| vd;W Nkil NjhWk; fdy; gwf;Fk; Fuypy; Ngrpdhh;. “GIVE ME LIBE RTY, OR GIVE ME DEATH” vd;w thp tUk;. 1775,y; mth; elj;jpa NgUiu gphpl;b~; muRldhd NghUf;F mnkhpf;f kf;fisj; jahh; g Lj; j paJ. tof; f wpQuhd ,e; j kdpjUf;F ,g;NgUiu NgUk;> GfOk;> epiwe; j nry; t Kk; <l; b f; nfhLj; j d. Nkilg; Ngr;rpw;Fg; ngUk; nry;thf;F ,Ue;j

mf;fhyfl;lj;jpy; gw;wpf; n`d;wpapd; Ngr;R Kjyplk; tfpg; g jhff; fzpg; g pLfpwJ. ,d; W k; Nkw; $ wpa thpf; F kjpg; G k; > khpahijAk; ,Ug;gJ fz;$L. ORATORY vdg;gLk; Nkilg; Ngr;Rf;fiy mUfptUk; etPd cyfpy; ghlg; Gj;jfq; fspYk; tuyhw;W E}y; f spYk; mtUila NgUiuiaf; fhzyhk;. LIBERTY my;yJ Rje;jpuk; vd;w nrhy; mnkhpf;f tuyhw;wpy; kPzL ; k;> kPzL ; k; tUtij mtjhdpf;fyhk;. ,J gpnuQ;Rg; Gul;rpapd; vjpnuhyp vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy. epANahh;f; JiwKfj;jpy; STATUE OF LIBERTY vdg;gLk; Rje;jpur;rpiy LIBERTY ISLAND vdg;gLk; rpd;dQ;rpwpa Rje;jpuj;

F¬Á> W²¢ {µ ²?9n $@% !9¯ ¨9¥ > | m$m Xh% |o²jn' o9 ¯ > J' ¨9A N}Ojm ¥jP z>r ¨N ©n9V> | mª z!> !ª¬N¯ ?9 N9 \\¨9~²A N PV¥ j9'|| (WE HAVE ARRIVED) l>r °h $@% No¬9Xª !9j ÁªN !9¯

gpuhd;rpy; kd;duhl;rpia KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L te;j Nkw;$wpa Gul;rp mbik tho;T> rh;thjp fhuk;> jdpkdpjh; Rje;jpuj;jpw;F vjpuhd jilfs; vd;gtw;iwj; fz;bj;jNjhL khDl rkj;Jtk;> rNfhjuj;Jtk; vd;gtw;wpwF ; k; Fuy; nfhLj;jJ. gpnuQ;Rg; Gul;rpAk;> mnkhpf;fr; Rje;jpug;NghUk; xd;wpize;J gy Mgphpf;f - mnkhpf;f Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lq;fSf;F ce;Jrf;jpahf mike;jd. gpnuQ;Rg; Gul;rp apd; NghJ fhj;jpukhd ce;Jrf;jpahfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l %d;W nrhw;fshtd Mq;fp

jPtpy; epWj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. 154 mb caukhd ,r;rpiyia gpnuQ;R kf;fs; [{iy 04> 1884Mk; ehs; mnkhpf;fhtpd; Rje;jpuj;ijf; nfsutpf;Fk; Kfkhf md;gspg;Gr; nra;Js;s dh; . mnkhpf; f htpd; Njrpar; rpd; d khfg; Ngzg;gLk; ,r;rpiyapd; tyJ ifapy; Rje;jpujPgk; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,r;rpiy nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;s gPlj;ijAk; fzf;fpy; vLj;jhy; mjd; cauk; 305 mbahf cah; fpd;wJ. xU gj;Jkhbf; fl;blj;jpd; cauj; jpy; mJ epkph;eJ ; epw;fpwJ. gPlj;jpd; xU

ÑË9:@ Ñ ¦9?9ÞÑ¯!> gFjpapy; vk;kh yhru]; (EMMA LAZA RUS) vd;w ngz; ftpQh; vOjpa Mq;fpyf; ftpij thpfs; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mjd; jkpohf;fk; gpd;tUkhW: Rje;jpukhf %r;Rtpl Vq;Fk; cq;fs; fisj;j> Vio kf;fis vd;dplk; jhUq;fs;> kf;fs; njhifkpf;f cq;fs; fiuNahuq;fspy; tPlw;W> ngUk; Gaypw; rpf;fpaJNghy my;yw;gLNthiu vd;dplk; mDg;Gq;fs;> jq;ff; fjTf;Fg; gf;fypy; ehd; tpsf;F Ve;jp epw;Ngd;. ftpijapd; jiyg;G \Gjpa gpukhz;lkhd rpiy| (THE NEW COLOSSUS) cl;Gw%lhf rpiyapd; cr;rptiu nry;tjw;Fg; gbf;fl;Lk; kpd;J}f;fp trjpAk; nra;ag;gl;L s;sJ. rpiyapd; mbg;ghfj;jpy; Fb tUNthh; epidthy ak; (AMERI CAN MUSEUM OF IMMIGRATION) mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. kdpj Rje;jpuj; jpw;fhf ntsp aplg;gLk; jPh; khdq;fs;> gpu fldq;fs;> Nfhrq;fs; vd;gd tw;wpw;F epfuhd jhf Rje;jpuj;ijg; gpu fldg; g Lj; J k; kzp Nahir Ak; fzpg;gplg; gLfpwJ. mnkhpf; f Rje;jpug;Nghhpd; rpd; d khf \ Re; j pu kzp| (LIBERTY ,lk; BELL) ngWfpd;wJ. cyfpy; gy ghfq; fspy; ,Ue;J %d;W cauKk; 2080 ,whj;jy; vilAk; nfhz;l ,e;j kzpiag; ghh;g;gjw;F cy;yhrg; gazp fs; tUif jUfpwhh;fs;. mnkhpf;f tpLjiy ehshd [{iy 04Mk; ehs; ,J Kd;G xypf; f tplg; g l; l J. ,g; N ghJ NkypUe; J fP o ; t iu ntbj; J tpl; l epiyapy; 1835Mk; tUlk;njhl;L mJ xypf;ftplg;gLtjpy;iy. vd;whYk; mnkhpf;f Rje;jpur; rpd;dk; vd;w rpwg;G ,d;Wtiu mjw; F cz; L . kzp NgRkh vd; W Nfl;NghUf;F Kiwg;gb thh;g;Gr; nra;ag;gl;l kzp rg;jRtuq;fspYk; ghLk; vd;W tpil $WfpNwhk;. ngd; r py; N tdpah khepyj; j pYs; s nfw; w p]; N gh; f ; Nghh; t P u h; Njrpa JapY kpy;yj;ij (THE GETTYSBURG NATIONAL SOLDIERS CEMETERY) etk;gh; 19> 1863Mk; ehs; mnkhpf;f mjpgh; Mgpufhk; ypq;fd; rk;gpujhaG+h;tkhfj; jpwe;J itj;jhh;. mt;tkak; mth; Mw;wpa ,uz; liu epkplk; khj;jpuk; ePbj;j 268 nrhw;fs; nfhz;l NgUiu kdpj tuyhw;wpNyNa kpfr; rpwe;j gpufldq;fspy; xd;whff; fzpg;gplg; gLfpwJ. \\vkJ ehL tho;tjw;F ,th;fs; caph; nfhLj;jhh;fs;|| vd;W $wpa ypq;fd; \\,g; Gdpj G+kpia vk;khy; NkYk; Gdpjkhf;f KbahJ mJ Vw;fdNt mth;fshy; Gdpj khf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lJ|| vd;w ; hh;. mj;NjhL jdJ ,Wjp thpapy; [dehafk; vd;why; \\kf;fspl kpUe;J> kf;fshy;> kf;fSf;fhfr; nra;ag; gLk;|| Ml;rp vd;W mth; tiuaiw nra;jhh;. (GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE, BY THE PEOPLE, FOR THE PEOPLE) ,jpYk; ghh;f;fj; jpwk;gl [dehafj;ijg; gpufldk; nra;aKbahJ vd;gJ mwpQh; fUj;J. cyfpd; kpfr; RUf;f khd GjpaNjhh; ehl;bd; gpwg;Gg; gw;wpa gpufldk; xf;Nuhgh; 01> 1949Mk; ehs; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. md;W et rPdhtpd; gpwg;ig mjd; jiyth; khNth \\ehq;fs; te;Jtpl;Nlhk;|| (WE HAVE ARRIVED) vd;W $wp Gjpa tuyhw;iwj; njhlf;fpitj;jhh;. 1942,y; ele;jit jpBnud;W ele;j

Mb-Mtzp> 2005

itay;y mit Kd; epfo;rr; pfs; gytw;wpd; xUkpj;j rq;fkNk vd;W NeU jdJ E}ypy; $wpaJ jkpoPo tuyhw;wpw;Fk; rpy tpj;jp ahrq;fSld; nghUj;jkhFk; vdyhk;. vkJ tpLjiyg;Nghh; gy;NtW ,d Kuz;ghl;L epfo;r;rpfspd; rq;fkkhf ,lk;ngWfpwJ. jkpoh; murpaypy; 19Mk;> 20Mk; E}w;whz;L fspy; ehd;F Kf;fpa fl;lq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd; wd. KjyhtJ fl;lk; 1833,y; njhlq;fp 1921,y; KbTf;F tUfpwJ. ,uz;lhk; fl;lk; 1921,y; njhlq;fp 1948tiuapyhd fhyk;tiu ePbf;fpwJ. %d;whk; fl;lk; 1949 njhlf;fk; 1976Mk; Mz;Ltiu njhlh;fpd; wJ. ehd;fhk; fl;lk; 1976njhlq;fp ,d;Wtiu tphpfpd;wJ. Kjyhk; fl;lj;jpy; jkpoh;fSf;Fj; jiyik jhq;fpNahh; ,d milahsk; gw;wpa rpj;jidNahL ,Uf;ftpy;iy. ,d mil ahsk; Kjd;ikg; gLj;jg;glhJ ,yq;ifah; vd;w milahsNk Kd;Dhpik ngw;wJ. Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkp> ,uhkehjd;> mUzh ryk; Nghd;w xNu FLk;gj;ijr; Nrh;e;j cah; Fbg; gpwe;j jkpo;j; jiyth;fs; jk;ik ,yq;ifj; jiyth;fshfTk; rpq;fsth;fspd; murpay; jiyikahfTk; fUjpdh;. mg;NghJ rpq;fsth; kj;jpapy; ngUe;jiyth;fs; Njhd; whj fhuzj;jhy; ,th;fNs me;j ,lj;ij epug;gpdh;. 1912> 1916Mk; Mz;Lfspy; ele;j gbj;j ,yq;ifah; Njh;jy; njhFjpf;F Ntl; ghsuhf epd;w ,uhkehjDf;F ngUk;ghd; ikr; rpq;fs thf;Ffs; fpilj;jd. ngsj;j Myaq;fspd; nrhj;Jhpikr; rl;lk;> ntrhf; tpLKiwjpdr; rl;lk; vd;gdtw;iw epiw Ntw;wf; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jNjhL rpq;fsth; kj;jpapy; rpq;fsnkhopg; gw;iwAk; ,uhkehjd; Cf;Ftpj;jhh;. Mde;jh fy;Y}hp Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l

,jd; fhuzkhfj; jkpoh; vd;w Njrpa mil ahsj;ij Nehf;fp mUzhryk; jiyikap yhNdhh; efh;e;jdh;. Njrpa fhq;fpuir cU thf;fpa mUzhryk; mjd; rhjhuz mq;fj; Jtg; gjtpiaAk; cjwpj; js;spdhh;. jkJ thf;FWjpia kPwpajw;Fr; rpqf ; sj; jiyth;fs; $wpa fhuzq;fs; tprpj;jpukhdit. mUzh ryj;jpw;F cWjpnkhop toq;fpa gPhPRk; rku tpf;fpukhTk; Njrpa fhq;fpu]; rhh;ghf me;j cWjpnkhopia toq;ftpy;iy. mJ mth; fs; nrhe;j tpUg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; toq;fg; gl;lJ. mg;gbahd thf;FWjp ,yq;ifj; Njrpa fhq;fpuir fl;Lg;gLj;j khl;lhJ. jkpoh;fs; Vkhe;jJ ,JNt Kjy; jlit. kdKile;J> nfhOk;G tho;tpy; ntWg;gile;j mUzhryk; aho;g;ghzk; jpUk;gpdhh;. ,dpNky; jkpoh;fs; jq;fisj; jhNk Ml;rpnra;af;$ba tifapy; \jkpofk;| xd;iw mikg;gJ ed;W vd;W Ngrpdhh;. 1921 Mf];J 15Mk; ehs; mth; jkpoh; kfh[d rig vd;w mikg;ig cUthf;fp dhh;. mth; Mw;wpa jiyik ciuapy; \\fhq;fpurpd; rpqf ; sj; jiyth;fis ,dpNkYk; ek;Gtjw;F ehk; jahhpy;iy. jq;fs; eyidg; ghJfhg;gjw;Fj; jkpoh;fs; jPh;khdk; vLj; Js;sdh;|| vd;whh;. jkpoh; kfh[d rig cUthf;fj;NjhL jkpo;jN; jrpak; cUthfpaJ vd;gJ tuyhw;W cz;ik. (SRI LANKAN TAMIL NATIONALISM, A STUDY OF ITS ORIGINS BY MURUGASINGHAM 1999) 1948 rpq;fsth; ngw;w Rje;jpuj;NjhL jkpo;jN; jrpa tuyhw;wpd; ,uz;lhk; fl;lk; Muk;gpf;fpwJ. Rje;jpuk; ngw;w xUrpy khjq; fspy; kiyafj; jkpoh;fspd; FbAhpikiag; gwpfF ; k; rl;lj;ij gpujkh; b.v];.Nrdehaf;fh nfhz;Lte;jhh;. ,jw;F MjuT toq;fpa jkpof ; ; fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapypUe;J gphpeJ ; nrd;w

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Nkw;$wpa nry;tehafj;jpd; ciuf;Fk; cz;L. mUzhryj;jpd; Ngr;R <oj;jkpoh; Njrpaj;jpd; gpwg;igf; fl;bak; $wpaNjhL jkpofk; vd;w jhaff; Nfhl; ghl;ilAk; Kd;itj;jJ. ,e;jtifapy; mth; vkJ Njrpaj;jpd; gpjhkfh; Mthh;. rk~;bf;fl;rp jiyikapyhd jkpo;kf;fs; 1976tiu [dehaf topKiwfs; Clhfr; rhj;tPf Kiwapy; xU rk~;b murikg;ig epWt Kide;jdh;. mJ rhptuhJ vd;wepiy Njhd;wpaNghJ jdpehl;Lf; Nfhhpf;ifia Kd;ndLf;fNtz;ba epiyf;Fj; jkpo;kf;fs; js;sg;gl;ldh;. tl;Lf;Nfhl;ilapy; jkpouRf; fl;rp mq;fk;tfpjj ; jkpoh; tpLjiy Kd;dzp tl;Lf;Nfhl;ilj; jPhk ; hdj;ij epiwNtw;wp aJ. ,J 1976Mk; Mz;by; eilngw;wJ. \\KO ,iwik ngw;w jkpoPok; milAk; tiu|| NghhpLtjw;F jkpopdj;ijg; nghJ thfTk; jkpo; ,isQh;fisf; Fwpg;ghfTk; Rje;jpug;Nghhpy; Fjpf;f tUk;gb tl;Lf; Nfhl;ilj; jPh;khdk; miog;G tpLj;jJ. 1977Mk; Mz;L ele;j nghJj;Njh;jypy; jkpo;kf;fs; jkpoPof; Nfhhpf;iff;Fg; NguhjuT toq;fpdh;. Mdhy; ghuhSkd;wk; nrd;w jkpo; cWg;gpdh;fs; jkpoPo ,yl;rpaj;ij mil tjw;F ahnjhU Kaw;rpAk; nra;ahky; thsh tpUe;jdh;. MAjg;Nghhpy; Kw;whf ek;gpapUe;j muRf;F vjpuhf mfpk;ir Kiwapy; Nghhpl ,ayhJ. MAjk; NgRk; nkhop xd;iwj;jhd; rpq;fs muRfs; Ghpe;Jnfhs;thh;fs;. Gypfs; ,af;fk; 1972,y; Njhd;wpaNjhL mfpk;irg; Nghuhl;lj;jpwF ; Kw;Wg;Gs;sp itf;fg;gl;lJ. 1976> Nk 05Mk; ehs; jkpoPo tpLjiyg;Gypfs; vd;w ngaUld; Gypfs; ,af;fk; jd;id cyfpw;F mwpKfk; nra;Jnfhz;lJ. xU ,dk;> xU Njrkhf vOr;rpailtJk;> Ra eph;za chpikfSf;fhd epiyg;ghLfis

cyfj;jkpoh; tuyhw;wpy; gpuhd;R> kNyrpah> ,e;jpah Nghd;w ehLfspy; jkpoh uha;r;rp khehLfs; eilngw;Ws;sd. Mdhy; Kjd;Kiwahf Gyk;ngah;e;j <oj;jkpoh;fs; fdlh ehl;by; 2004> nrg;uk;gh; 25Mk; ehs; tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;ej ; nghq;Fjkpo; epfo;rr; pia elj;jpr; rhjid gilj;Js;sdh;. fNdba jkpo; khzth; xd;wpak; gy jil fisj; jhz;b ,e;epfo;it kpfr; rpwe;j Kiwapy; elj;jpAs;sJ. tpLjiyg;Gypfs; Kd;itj;j jd;dhl;rp mjpfhurig tiutpd; mbg;gilapy; rpwpyq;fh muR vt;tif epge;jidAkpd;wp Ngr;Rf;fis Muk;gpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W fdlh nghq;Fjkpo; jPhk ; hdk; $WtNjhL \\rpq;fs muRfshy; Gwf;fzpf;fg; gl;l <oj;jkpoh;fspd; Neh;ikahd mgpyhir fisAk; rh;tNjr r%fk; tpsq;fpf;nfhz;L mtw;wpw;F cjtNtz;Lk;|| vd;w Kf;fpa Nfhhpf;ifiaAk; Kd;itj;jJ. \\nts;isaNd ntspNaW|| vd;w 1942Mk; Mz;L Nfhrj;NjhL \\vq;fs; epyk; vkf;F Ntz;Lk; cq;fs; tPLfSf;F ePqf ; s; Nghq;fs;|| vd;w Nfhrj;ij xg;gpl;Lg; ghUq;

!Wy? ²A Nªo n¨9%² ND[ª ²A j9²¢ 9 7² [ª OB µ ?L zo ª?mª :rN [ªn !n¯ zP ¹No9P l> :ª¬ !9>h% 9P !0¨9¥_ ²9¹ ª²ª% [> n_ ² N¸ % :ª¬ ] !Wy? ²A !A¤m ¥jn¯ N¥_ ²9¥ªjOB !WZo{ ²¥( z~²' NÁ ! !WZ¯ V_!ª¬ [>n« N¥_ ²9¥ªj \¯?9n ª! :ª NXh%P P J' J¸ B ¨ªj X P \\[ ª ª? X !W Z' zªji'Nªo|| 9¹_N!X] !WDn ª! 9PN9²e' !Wy ª¤4¯²ª¤ ]hm 9²e' {! @om 9¹B ]@ ² Nµ' N¥_ ²9¥ªj \¯?9n' zªZm$ V_ !P J' J¸_ ¨j ! 9P !¯!RB !Wy? ²A !W Z ²9¹ ª² ]m o9!oe NZ~Án¯

NghJ Muk;g itgtj;jpy; ,uhkehjd; gq;F gw; w p Muk; g fhy cWg; g pduhf &gh 25 ed;nfhil toq;fpdhh;. 1904Mk; Mz;L nrg;uk;gh; 3Mk; ehs; ,f;fy;Y}hp ghprspg;G tpohtpy; fye;Jnfhz;L rpq;fs nkhopf;fhff; Fuy; nfhLj;jhh;. mtUila ciuapd; xU thpia rpq;fs kf;fs; ,d;Wk; kwf;ftpy;iy. \\rpq;fs cjLfs; rpq;fs nkhopiag; Ngrh tpbd; NtWahh; mijg; Ngrg;Nghfpwhh;fs;?|| (IF SINHALESE LIPS WILL NOT SPEAK THE SINHALESE LANGUAGE WHO ELSE IS THERE TO SPEAK IT) ,uhkehjdpd; ,styhd mUzhryk; 1913 ,y; Muk;gpj;j jdJ murpay; tho;tpy; gy Kf;fpa gzpfis Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. 1917,y; murpay; rPh;jpUj;jf; fofj;ij (CEYLON REFORM LEAGUE) cUthf;fp ,yq;ifj; Njrpaj;jpw;fhd mbj;jsk; ,l;lhh;. ,e;j mikg;G 1919,y; ,yq;ifj; Njrpa fhq;fpu]; (CEYLON NATIONAL CONGRESS) vd;W tsh;r;rpngw;wJ. rpq;fsth;fs; mJ gw;wpr; rpe;jpf;fhj fhyfl;lj;jpy; mUzhryk; G+uzRje;jpuf; Nfhhpf;ifia Kd;itj;jhh;. 1920tiu rpq;fs murpay; jiyth;fspYk; ghh;ff ; Njrpa Nehf;Fld; nraw;gl;l mUzh ryk; Nghd;NwhUf;F 1921,y; gyj;j mb tPoe ; j ; J. 1921,y; khdpq; murpaw; rPh;jpUj;j Kaw;rpfs; ele;jNghJ Nky;khfhzj;jpy; jkpoh;fSf;F xU njhFjp xJf;Ftjw;Fk; Nky;khfhzj; jkpoh; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij Vw; gjw;Fk; xg;ge;jk; nra;j rpq;fsj; jiyth;fs; mNj xg;ge;jj;ij cjhrPdk; nra;jdh;. mjp fhuk; ,yq;ifah;fSf;F khwpaNghJ mJ rpq;fsth;fSf;F khj;jpuNk vd;w epiyg; ghl;ilr; rpq;fsj; jiyth;fs; vLj;jdh;.

Mb-Mtzp> 2005

v];.N[.tp.nry;tehafk; 1949 brk;gh; 18Mk; ehs; jkpouRf; fl;rpia cUthf;fpdhh;. mj; NjhL jkpoh; Njrpak; Kidg;Gg;ngwj; njhlq; fpaJ. 1947,y; nghJj;Njh;jypy; ntw;wp ngw;wgpd; njy;ypg;gis A+dpad; fy;Y}hpapy; ele;j ntw;wptpohtpy; \\jkpo;> jkpoh;> jkpoh; jhafk; Mfpa %d;Wk; jkpo;kf;fspd; caph;|| vd; W nry; t ehafk; $wpdhh; . ,ijj; njhlh;eJ ; aho;.Kw;wntspapy; ele;j tuNtw; Gf; $l;lj;jpy; mth; \\xw;iwahl;rpapy; jkpo; kf;fSf;F ePjp fpilf;fhtpl;lhy; gphpe;J nry;Yk; chpikAld; $ba ,izg;ghl;rp Kiwiaj; jkpo;kf;fs; NfhuNtz;b ; tUk;|| vd;whh;. 1948 njhlf;fk; 1956tiu rpq;fs Ml;rpahsh;fshy; aho;gg ; hzj; jkpoh;> td;dpj; jkpoh;> kd;dhh;j; jkpoh;> jpUNfhzkiyj; jkpoh;> kl;lf;fsg;Gj; jkpoh;> ,];yhkpah;fs; vd gythwhfg; gphpf;fg;gl;l jkpo;NgRk; ,dj;ij nry;tehafk; xd;WgLj;jpdhh;. 1949,y; kpfTk; jPh;f;fjhprdj;Jld; mth; gpd;tUkhW gpufldQ; nra;jhh;. \\nkhopthhp ,dq;fSf;fpilNa Vw;gl;l rr;ruTfs; gy jlitfspy; Aj;jj;jpy; Kbe;J nghpa Njrpa ,dq;fSk; Nkhjpf;nfhs;s Nehpl;lJz;L. ,t;tpj rr;ruTfis ePf;Ftjw;F ,uz;L topfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. xd;W nkhopthhpahfg; gphpff ; g;gl;l G+uz Rje;jpu muRfis mikg; gJ. ,jpYk; kpfj; jPtpuk; Fiwe;jjhd kw;iwa top> nkhopthhpr; Rahl;rp khfhzq; fis mikj;J mtw;iw ,izf;Fk; xU kj;jpa murhq;fj;ijAila rk~;b muir Vw;gLj;JtNj||. mUzhryj; j pd; kfh[d rig Ngr;R ve;jsT Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jNjh mNjasT my; y J mjw; F k; Nkyhd

Kd;itg;gJk; xLf;FKiwfSf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lNk Kjw; fhuzkhf mikfpd;wJ. vkJ Njrpa tuyhWk; ,ijNa fhl;Lfpdw ; J. Gypfspd; Njhw;wj;NjhL Muk;gpf;Fk; vkJ Njrpaj;jpd; ehd;fhk; fl;lk; njhlh;e;jgb ,Uf;fpd;wJ. vk;khy; NghuhlKbAk; vd;g NjhL kpf Ez;zpa ,uhrje;jpu efh;Tfis Ak; rh;tNjr muq;fpy; Kd;ndLf;f vk;khy; KbAk; vd;gijAk; ehk; ed;F ep&gpj;Js; Nshk;. vkJ ,uhrje;jpuj;jpd; xU Nfe;jpu mq;fkhf ehk; gy;NtW mkh;TfisAk;> epfo;rr; pfisAk; cUthf;fp fhj;jpukhd jPhk ; h dq;fis epiwNtw;wpAs;Nshk;. nghq;Fjkpo; vd;W ngahplg;gl;l ntF[d epfo;r;rpfis 2001Mk; Mz;L njhlf;fk; jkpoPoj;jpd; gy khtl;lq;fspy; elj;jpAs;Nshk;. MAjNke;jpa rpq;fs ,uhZ tk; Gil#o KjyhtJ nghq; F jkpo; epfo;rr; p aho;.gy;fiyf;fof jpwe;jntsp muq; fpy; 2001> [dthp 21Mk; ehs; jkpoPo khzth; r%fj;jpdhy; elj;jg;gl;lJ. muR elj;Jk; nfhba Aj;jj;ij epWj;Jk;gb KjyhtJ nghq;Fjkpo; gpufldk; $wpaJ. jkpo;j; Njrpak;> kuGtopj; jhafk;> Raeph;za chpik ,tw;iw mq;fPfhpf;Fk; ePPjpahdNjhh; murpay; jPhi ; t ehk; fhzNtz;Lk; vd;gij typAWj; Jk; nghq;Fjkpo; gpufldKk; mq;F epiw Ntw;wg;gl;lJ. ,ijj; njhlh;eJ ; mNjtUl ngg;gputhp> 01Mk; ehs; fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; nghq;Fjkpo; epfo;rr; p eilngw;wJ. tTdpah> kd;dhh;> jpUNfhzkiy Mfpa efuq;fspYk; gpd;G elj;jg;gl;lJ. nghq;F jkpo; epfo;tpd;NghJ vOg;gg;gl;l Nfhrk; \\vq;fs; epyk; vkf;F Ntz;Lk;> cq;fs; (,uhZtk;) tPLfSf;F ePq;fs; Nghq;fs;|| vd;W Mf;fpukpg;G ,uhZtj;ij gzpj;jJ.

epANahh;f; JiwKfj;jpy; STATUE OF LIBERTY vdg;gLk; ,e;j Rje;jpur;rpiy LIBERTY ISLAND vdg;gLk; rpd;dQ;rpwpa Rje;jpuj; jPtpy; epWj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. 154 mb caukhd ,r;rpiy gpnuQ;R kf;fshy; [{iy 04> 1884Mk; ehs; mnkhpf;fhtpd; Rje;jpuj;ijf; nfsutpf;Fk; Kfkhf md;gspg;Gr; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

fs;> ,uz;bw;Fk; ,ilapYs;s xw;Wik tpsq;Fk;. 2005> [{iy 27Mk; ehs; jkpo;j; Njrpa vOr;rp khehL tTdpahtpy; eilngw; wJ. jkpoP o j; j pd; vy; y hg; gFjpfspYk; ,Ue;J Nghuhsh;fs; te;jpUe;jdh;. ,];yhkpa rNfhjuh;fSk; te;jpUe;jdh;. vkJ jkpo;NgRk; ,dj;jpd; xUkpj;j khehlhf ,lk;ngw;wJ. rpwpyq;fh murplkpUe;J epahakhd jPh;T fpilf;Fk; vd;w ek;gpf;ifia ,oe;J tpl; N lhk; . rh; t Njr r%fNk Kd; t e; J epahak; toq;F vd;w njhdpg;nghUSld; tTdpahj; jPh;khdk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. tl;Lf;Nfhl;ilj; jPh;khdj;jpw;F mLj;jgb ahd Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tTdpahj; jPhk ; hdj;jpw; Fk; cz;L. tTdpah khehl;ilj; njhlh;eJ ; kl;lf;fsg;gpYk; mijnahj;j khehL eil ngw;wJ. vjph;tUk; fhyj;jpy; ,d;DNkhh; Kf;fpa jPhk ; hdk; epiwNtwyhk; vd;W ,g; NghJ vjph;T $wg;gLfpd;wJ. epl;rakhf mJ vq;fs; Rje;jpug; gpufldkhfj;jhd; ,Uf;Fk;.

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NghuhspfSld; ehd;ife;J Ngh; nfhz;l rpWrpW FOf;fshfg; gphpe;J rkuhba ehl;fs; mit. Kd;Ndwp te;j ,e; jpa ,uhZtk; fy;Yz;lha; ntspapy; jsk; mikj;J epiy nfhz;lJ. nyg;.Nfzy; n[hdp apd; jiyikapy; ngz;Nghuhsp fSk; Gwg;gl;lhh;fs; jsj;ijj; jhf;fp aopf;f. ,uz;L ,uTfs; Kad;W> %d;whk; ehspuT gyj;j vjph;g;Gf;fspd; eLNt jsj;ij neUq;fpdh;. fhg;Gfsw;w tay; ntspfspy; Gypfs;. tuk;Gfistpl;L jiyia cah;jj ; path;fspd; new;wpfspy; tpOe;jJ #L. fLk; Nkhjypd; gpd; jsj; ijj; jfh;j;J> vjphpfspd; MAjq;fis ms;sp vLj;jth;fs;> xUtiu kw;wth; ghh;jJ ; r; rphpj;Jf;nfhz;lhh;fs;. %d;W ehl;fshfr; Nrw;Wtaypy; fple;jjhy; cly; KOtJk; NrW. ngz; Nghuhspfsplk; te;j nyg;. Nfzy; n[hdp> \\gps;isas; Ngha; Fspj;Jtpl;L nfhQ;rk; Xa;ntLq;Nfh. mLj;j rz;ilf;Fg; NghfNtz;Lk;.|| vd;W nrhy;yp Kbg; gjw;fpilapy; te;jJ nra;jp> \\rq;fhidf;F Mkp te;jpl; lhd;.|| ,uhZtj;NjhL kl;L ky;y Nghuhl;lk;; ,aw;if NahLk; jhd;. 1990Mk; Mz;L. gyh ypg; gFjpapy; epiynfhz;b Ue;j ngz; Nghuhspfspy; xU gFjpapdh; nfhf; fhtpypYs;s rpwpyq;fh gilj;jsj;ijj;

Ntz;ba ,lk; mJ. gyUf;F ,JNt Kjw;fsk;. ,J ngz; Nghuhspfspd; gFjp vd ,uhZtj;jhy; ,dq;fhzg;gl;l ,lq; fspNy Xahky; Kd;NdWtJk; njhe;juTj; jhf;FjYk; jhd;. ,j;jifa njhlh; rk;gtq;fshy; Nrhh;tilahky; ngz; NghuhspfSf;Fj; njk;g+l;baJ> jiyth; mth;fs; nrhy;yptpLfpd;w ek;gpf;ifahd thh;ji ; jfSk; cj;jpfSk; jhd;. 1990Mk; Mz;L ,Wjpg; gFjp apy; ghupa Kd;Ndw;w Kaw;rpnahd;iw gilapdh; Nkw;nfhz;ldh;. fg;ld; m[pjj ; h tpd; topelj;jypy; ngz; Nghuhspfs; ehd;Fkzp Neukhf vjphr ; r ; kuhb Kd;Ndw;w Kaw;rpia Kwpabj;jdh;. vjphpfs; gyiu tPoj ; j ; paNjhL> vk; - 203 gp];uy; cl;gl NtWrpy MAjq;fisAk;> xU ,uhZtj; jpd; rlyj;ijAk; ifg;gw;wpdh;. Kjd; Kjyhf jdpj;Jg; Nghhpl;L> gifthpd; MAjk; vLj;j rkiuj; jiyikNaw;W elj;jpa ngUik fg;ld; m[pj;jhTf; FhpaJ. 1986Mk; Mz;by; kd;dhh; rpwp yq;fh fhty;epiyak; kPjhd jhf;Fjy;> js;shbapypUe;J Kd;Ndwp te;j rpwp yq;fhg; gilapdiu mlk;gdpy; ,ilkwpj; Jj; jhf;Fjy;. 1987,y; aho;. njhiyj; njhlh;G epiyak; kPjhd jhf;Fjy;> kapypajidr; rpWjsk; kPjhd jhf;Fjy; vd Mz; Nghuhspfspd; topelj;jypy; fsq;fshb> rpwpJ rpwpjhf Nghuhw;wiy tsh;j;Jf;nfhz;bUe;j ngz; Nghuhsp fSf;F> ,e;jpa ,uhZtf; fhyk; jpwe;j gy;fiyf;fofkhdJ. fy;Yz;lha;> tl;Lf;Nfhl;il> rpj;jd;Nfzp> rq;fhid> rz;bypg;gha;> njhl;byb> nghd;dhiy> khrpag;gpl;b> Nfhg;gha;> ePhN ; typ Nghd;w gy ,lq;fspy; ,e;jpa ,uhZtj;jpdhpd; Vuhskhd jhf;F jy;fis vjph;nfhz;L gjpyb nfhLf;Fk; tha;gG ; ,th;fSf;Ff; fpilj;jJ. #oiy ed;fwpe;j> Nghu; mDgtKs;s Mz;

jhf;fntd td;dpf;F te;Jtpl;ldh;. ngz; NghuhspfSf;Fhpa ,yf;Ffs; jiyth; mth;fshy; jdpj;Jg; gphpf;fg;gl;ld. rz;il njhlq;fpaJ. jkf;F xJf;fg;gl;bUe;j gifthpd; fhg;guiz kpd;dy; Ntfj;jpy; mopj;J cs;Eioe; jdh; ngz; Nghuhspfs;. \\ehd; Mkpapd;iu nghapd;hpy epf;fpwd;|| thdiyapy; te;jJ Nk[h; rQ;rpfhtpd; Fuy;. mLj;jLj;j fhg;guz; fisf; ifg;gw;wNtz;ba Mz; Nghuhsp fspd; mzpf;Fg; nghWg;ghfg;Nghd jsgjp ahy; ek;gKbatpy;iy. Mdhy; rQ;rpfh ,g;gbr; nra;af;$bath;jhd; vd;gJk; ,tUf;Fj; njhpAk;. cz;ikapNyNa Nk[h; rQ;rpfhtpd; mzp cs;epw;gij cWjpnra;j jsgjp> gf;ff; fhg;guz;fs; gpbglhj epiyapy; xU mzp jdpj;J epw;gjd; Mgj;ij czh;eJ ; jhf;Fjiy Ntfg;gLj;jpdhh;. fsq;fspy; rQ;rpfh xU Gay;jhd;. me;epa ,uhZtq;fshYk; r%f tpNuhjpfshYk; #og;gl;bUf;Fk; ,l nkhd;wpy; xU ngz; ,ufrpa MAj el tbf;iffspy; <LgLtJk; kpfTk; rpukk;. <oj;jpd; njw;Fg;gFjpapd; ,e;e ; piyiag; Ghpe;Jnfhz;l tpLjiyg;Gypfspd; kfsph; gphptpdh; jk;ik ahnud ,dq;fhl;bf;

nfhs;shky; ,aq;fpfn ; fhz;bUe;jdh;. nyg;. mdpj;jhTk; jd;id ntspg;gLj;jhky; jhafj;Jf;fhd gzpfspy; <Lgl;lhh;. mdpjj ; htpd; Ntiy kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lnkq;Fk; tphpthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,UNtW gz;ghLfisf; nfhz;l jkpo;> ,];yhkpa r%fj;jthpilNa nghJthd murpay; tpopg;Gzh;it Vw;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fpy; tpt rhapfs;> njhopyhsh;fs;> tzpfh;fspd; vspikahd tho;itg; Ghpe;Jnfhz;L mth;fSs; xUtuhfp epjhdj;JlDk; ftdj;JlDk; nrayhw;wj; njhlq;fpdhh;. ,e;jpa ,uhZt tUifapd; gpd; mdpj;jhtpd; nraw;jpwd; mk;ghiwf;Fk; Njitg;gl;lJ. Ntiyfs; tphpthf;fg; gl;ld. vLj;j gzpia Kbg;gjw;fhfg; gy jlitfs; gy gilj;jsq;fisf; fle;J mk;ghiwf;Fk; kl;lf;fsg;Gf;Fkhf mth; Ngha;tuNtz;bapUe;jJ. jd;dk;gpf;ifAlDk; Jzpr;r YlDk; gifj;jsq;fisf; fle;J Ngha; tUfpd;w mdpj;jh 1988.11.28 md;W fhl;bf;nfhLf;fg;gl;L> Njrj; JNuhfpfshy; rpiwg;gpbf;fg;gl;L ,Oj;Jr; nry;yg;gLk; topapNyNa raidl; mUe;jp jd;id mopj;Jf;nfhz;lhh;. <oj;jpd; njw;fpy; cjph;ej ; Kjy; tpj;J nyg;. mdpj;jh. fs;sPr;irapypUe;J ntypfe;j Nehf;fpf; fhty; cyhg;NghFk; rpwpyq;fh gilapdh; kPJ jhf;Fjy; nra;tnjd KbntLf;fg;gl;lJ. Njh;en ; jLf;fg;gl;l rpy Nghuhspfisf;nfhz;l FOtpd; jiytp ahf Nk[h; tsh;kjp> FOtpy; xUtuhf 2k; nyg;. epyh. epyhTk; tsh;kjpAk; caph; ez;gp fs;. ,Uthpd; ciuahlypYk; eifr;

Rit ,ioNahLk;. ,Uehs; gazk;. Njitahd czTg; nghUl; fs;> MAj jsghlq;fNshL gazk; njhlh;ej ; J. mUtpfs;> kiyfs; fle;J ePzl ; gazj; jpd; Kbtpy;> jhf;Ftjw;fhf epiynaLj;jdh;. Ch;jpfspy; te;j rpwpyq;fhg; gilapdh; kPJ ,UgJ epkplq;fs;tiu ePbj;j jhf;Fjypy;> nfhy;yg;gl;l ,uh Ztj;jpdhpd; cly;fisf; iftpl;L VidNahh; fhLfSf; Fs; jg;gpNahbdh;. gilapdhpd; [Pg; xd;Wk;> coT ,ae;jpuk; xd;Wk; Nrjg; gLj;jg;gl;lJ. vy;.vk;.[p cl;gl ifg; gw;wg;gl;l MAjq;fNshL khtPuhq;fiz ahd 2k; nyg;.epyhtpd; tpj;JliyAk; Rke;jgb> kWgb kiyfs;> mUtpfs; fle;J njhlh;ej ; J gazk;. fhhpUspy; jk;ik cUkiwj;j gb ,UNshL ,Ushf tay; tuk;GfSld; rpy cUtq;fs; Ch;ej ; d. G+efhpapypUe;j rpwpyq;fh gilapdhpd; Njnlhspfs; caph; ngw;wJk; mit kz;NzhL xd;wpd. Njnlhsp NtWjpir jpUk;gpaJk; kWgb Ch;ej ; d. vdpDk; Iaq;nfhz;l gilapdh; uitkio nghope;jdh;. XirNaJk; vOg;ghky;> fhag;gl;l Njhopfisj; jkJ jq;ffk;tiu Rke;Jte;j NtTg; Gypfs; mtru KjYjtpr; rpfpr; irapy; ,wq;fpdh;. ePh; Njq;fp epw;Fk; tay; fspy;> ,uTfspy; Ch;eJ ; Nght jhy; cly; KOtJk; NrW mg;Gk;. nrd;wgzp Kbj;Jj; jpUk;Gk;tiu NrWjhd; mth; fSf;Fg; Nghh;it. ey;y Fsph; ,uTfspy; G+efhpf; fliy ePe;jpf; fle;J

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1992.03.01 md;W jiug;gilap ypUe;J Kg;gJ ngz;Nghuhspfs; flYf; Fs; Fjpj;jhh;fs;. jiyth; mth;fs; flw;GypfSf; Fhpa gapw;rpj; jpl;lq;fis tiuaWf;Fk; NghJ ePrr ; w;Nghl;b xd;W itj;jhh;. Mz; fs; %d;W fly;iky;fisAk;> ngz;fs; ,uz;L fly;iky;fisAk; mbg;gilapy; Kbj;jpUf;fNtz;Lk;. Mdhy; ePrr ; Yf;fhd tpUijg; ngWtjhapd;> Mz;fs; Ie;J fly;iky;fisAk;> ngz;fs; %d;W fly; iky;fisAk; ePej ; p Kbf;fNtz;Lk;. ngz;fs; Ie;J fly; iky;fis ePe;jp Kbj;jhh;fs;. jiyth; mth;fspl kpUe;J rpwg;Gg; ghpRfis ngw;Wf; nfhz; lhh;fs;. 1995Mk; Mz;L Xf];w; khjj; jpy;> rpwpyq;fh flw;gilapd; Kd;dhs; khYkpfs; cl;gl E}w;W ,Ugj;njl;Lg; gazpfisr; Rke;J te;j \Ihp~;Nkhdh| flw;Gypfs; kfsph; gilazpahy; top kwpf;fg;gl;L> Ky;iyj;jT P f; flw;gug;gpy;

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fhL. ngUq;fhL. rpWj;ijfs; Nghy; Xirapd;wp efh;ej ; hh;fs; mth;fs;. xl;lntl;ba Kb> ghh;itapy; $h;ik> gykhd clyikg;G> ghh;jj ; hNy njhpAk; ,th;fs; vkJ rpwg;Gg; gilazpapdh; vd;gJ. Kd;dzpapy; efh;e;j Nk[h; khjq;fpf;F ntspg;Gwj;Nj elf;Fk; ngUQ; rz;ilapd; Xirfs; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;bUe;

Mb-Mtzp> 2005

jd. kzyhw;wpYs;s Ie;J gilj;jsq; fs; xNuNeuj;jpy; tpLjiyg;Gypfshy; jhf;fg;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUe;jd. rpwpyq;fh ,uhZtj;jpdUk; kpf tpopg;Gld; ,Ue;j jhy;> ntspg;Gwf; fhg;guzpNyNa fLk; Nkhjy; ntbj;jpUe;jJ. Nk[h; khjq;fpapd; mzpNah jsj;jpDs; CLUtp> Ml;ywp VT jsj; ijf; Fwpitj;J efh;eJ ; nfhz;bUe;jJ. NghFk; topapNyNa rz;il njhlq;fp tpl;lJ. ,iltopapy; ,th;fisf;fz;l ,uhZtk; Rl> ,th;fSk; Rl;lthNw efh;e;jdh;. Kbe;jtiu rz;iliaj; jtph;ff ; Kad;Wk;> Kbahky; Nghdjhy; rz;ilapl;lgbNa Ml;ywpj; jsj;jpid neUq;fpaJ mzp. ,th;fs; Rl;LtPoj ; j ; > Gw;wr P y; Nghy; gilapdh; te;Jnfhz;Nl apUe;jhh;fs; uitfs; KbAk;tiu rz;il ele;jJ. uitfs; Kbe;j gpd;Gk; rz;il njhlh;e;jJ. RLfyd;fSk; iffshYk; fhy;fshYk; rpq;fs ,uhZtj;jpdiu mbj;J tPoj ; j ; pathWk;> ,Oj;J tpOj;jp kuq;fNshL NkhjpathWk; epiyikiaj; njhlh;eJ ; k; jk; fl;Lg;ghl;by; itj;jgbNa> Ml;ywpiaj; jfh;jj ; hh;fs; ,th;fs;. ngWkjpkpff ; E}w;W vOgj;ije;J tPuhq;fizfspd; caph;fs;> IE}w;W mWgj;jhW J}f;fkw;w ,uTfs;> kiof; fhyq;fspy; eide;jthWk;> ePh; epiwe;j gJq;F FopfNshLk; fope;j ehl;fs;> ntapy; fhyq;fspy; ehtuz;L ku ,iy fspy; topAk; gdpePiuAk; tplhJ Nrfhpj; Jf; Fbj;j ehl;fs;> rpwpyq;fh gilapdh; efUk; jpirfspnyy;yhk; gJq;F Fop fis mikj;jthNw efh;ej ; ehl;fs;> ePzl ; njhiyJ}u Rikjhq;fpa eilg; gazq; fs;> Xahj rz;ilfshy; cz;lhd clw; fisg;G vy;yhtw;iwAk; fle;J Xahj tpopg;Gld; 2k; nyg;. khyjp gilazp Nghhpl;lJ \n[arpf;FW| vjph; eltbf;iff;

,th;fs; gpd;Nd tUk;gb fj;jpa ijAk; fUj;jpnyLf;fhky;> mtjhdpg;G epiyiatpl;L ntspNawhky; jdpahf epd;W> jdJ uitfs; KbAk;tiu Rl;L tpl;L> neQ;rpy; gl;l fhaj;Jld; vOk;gp Xbte;J fhg;guzpy; tpOe;jth;> tpop%bg; Nghdhh;. mr;rk; rpwpJkw;w me;jg; Gjpa Nghuhspapd; Jzpr;ry; 2k; nyg;. khyjp gilazpapd; md;iwa ehis ngWkjp ahf;fp tpl;b ; Ue;jJ.

cyf tuyhw;wpd; ,uz;lhk; Nehh;kd;bj; jiuapwf;fk; mJ. ,k;Kiw mJ Flhug;Gtpy; 2000.03.26 md;W mjp fhiyapy; jkpoPo tpLjiyg;Gypfshy; epfo;jj ; g;gl;bUe;jJ. jiuapwq;fpa Ntfj;jpNyNa> njhz;lkdhw;wpypUe;J MidapwTNehf;fp ePzL ; fplf;Fk; fly;eN P uupiaf; fle;J> gisf;Fk; Kfkhiyf;Fk; ,ilapyhd aho;.neLQ;rhiyia ClWj;J epiy nfhz;ld Gypazpfs;. ePNuhpapd; fiuap ypUe;J neLQ;rhiyia neUq;Ftjw;Fr; rw;W Kd;Gtiu> Midapwitg; ghh;jj ; gb 2k;nyg;.khyjp gilazpAk;> mth;fisj; njhlh;eJ ; neLQ;rhiyia ntl;bf;fle;J fpshypNehf;fpg; ghh;j;jgbAk; kWgb ntl;bf;fle;J rhtfr;Nrhp Nehf;fpg; ghh;jj ; gbAkhf Nk[h; Nrhjpah gilazpAk;> njhlh;eJ ; rhtfr;Nrhpiag; ghh;jj ; gbNa nyg;.rhs;]; md;udp gilazpAk;> rpwg;G vy;iyg;gil tPuh;fSk; 2k; nyg;.khyjp gilazpapd; gpwpnjhU mzpAk; epiy nfhz;bUe;jd. neLQ;rhiyiaf; fle;J ftpoe ; j ; U tbtpy; Nk[h; Nrhjpah gilazp jdpj;J epd;wJ. Ntk;nghLNfzp ghl rhiy> Gifapujg;ghij vy;yhNk ,th; fspd; fl;Lg;ghl;by;. 2000.04.02 md;W MidapwTj; jpirapypUe;J Kd;Ndwp

cs;Eioe;j rpwpyq;fhg; gilap diu 2k; nyg;. khyjp gilazp rk;gyhf;fptpl;bUe;jJ. ,dp ve; NeuKk; jkJ gFjpapy; xU jhf;F jy; epfoyhnkd Nrhjpah gil azp tpopg;Gld; epd;wJ. Vw; fdNt 2000.03.27 md;W gil apdh; nra;j Kd;Ndw;w Kaw;rp nahd;iw ,t;tplj;jpy; epd;w nyg;. rhs;]; md;udp gilazp apdh; Kwpabj;JkpUe;jdh;. ,d;W 10Mk; jpfjp. gilapdh; ghhpa efh;nthd;iw uhq;Ffisg; gad; fsj;jpy;. neLq;Nfzpapy; Muk;gkhfp> Gsp aq;Fsk;> GJ}h;> kd;dFsk;> khq;Fsk;> td;dptpshq;Fsk; vd;WNgha; filrpapy; mk;gfhkk;tiu fsk; ePz;L mfd;wJ. NghuDgtk; kpf;f gioatu;fs;> Nghh;f; fsj;jpy; itj;Nj Gjpa NghuhspfSf;Fr; rz;il gof;fpa fsk; mJ. kWgb kWgb rpwpyq;fh gilapdhpd; gJq;fpj; jhf;Fk; mzpfs; CLUt Kad;Wnfhz;NlapUf; Fk;. ,uTgfy; vd;wpy;yhJ ve;NeuKk; tpopg;GldpUf;Fk; 2k; nyg;.khyjp gila zpg; Nghuhspfspd; RLFoy;fs; fdd;W nfhz;NlapUf;Fk;. mg;NghJjhd; FWfpafhy gila njhlf;fg; gapw;rpia epiwTnra;j Gjpa mzpapdh; mk;gfhkj;Jf;F te;jpUe;jpUe; jdh;. 1998Mk; Mz;;bd; [{d; khjk;> Vw;fdNt ,Ujlit rpwpyq;fhg; gilap diu ,th;fs; vjph;nfhz;bUe;jdh;. ,d;W %d;whk; Kiwahf ,uhZtk; Kd;Ndwp aJ. gilapdh; Kd;dfh;tij> fhg; guz;fspypUe;J Fwpg;gpl;lsT J}uk; Kd;Nd mtjhdpg;G epiyapy; epd;w 2k; nyg;.,d;FwpQ;rp fz;L> Rlj; njhlq;fp tpl;lhh;. ,tiuj; njhlh;eJ ; gpd;Nd fhg; guzpy; epd;w jh;rpdp> Nk[h; thzp KjyhNdhUk; jhf;fj; njhlq;fptpl;ldh;.

Mb-Mtzp> 2005

gLj;jpr; nra;jdh;. ghlrhiyf;F mg;GwKk; ,g;GwKkhf ,U thpirapy; ,uhZtk; Kd;Ndw> ,th;fspd; mzp %d;W $Wf shf ntl;lg;gl;l ; J. vq;F ghh;jj ; hYk; uhq;Ffs;. Roy;Nkilfs; Royr; Roy> gPuq;fp tha;fs; Gifff;f> vq;Fk; ghhpa ntbg;nghypfs;. nfhg;Gfs;> fw;fs;> kz; vy;yhk; NkYah;tJk; tpOtJ khf fsj;jpy; mdy; tPrj;njhlq;fpaJ. nry;tpapd; fhg;guzUNf> mJ fhg;guz; vd;gij ,d;dKk; ftdpf;fhj uhq;nfhd;W epd;W Koq;fpf;nfhz;bUe;jJ. fl;lisfisg; gpwg;gpj;Jf;nfhz;bUe;j nry;tpfF ; > xt;nthU fhg;guzpd; njhlh;Gk; mw;Wg; Ngha;f;nfhz;bUe;jJ. $lepd;w ,yf;fzhit uhq;fpf;F iff;Fz;il tPR khW $wptpl;L> ,y;yhky;Nghd njhlh;G fis vLf;f Kad;Wnfhz;bUe;jhh;. Kjypy; tPrg;gl;l Fz;L rw;W rWf;fpg;NghdhYk;> ,uz;lhtJ Fz;L jd; gzpiar; nrt;tNd nra;jjhy; uhq;fp apdhy; efuKbatpy;iy. NrjKw;w uhq;fpapidr; rPhn ; ra;a ntd cs;spUf;Fk; gilapdh; ntsptu Kaw;rpg;gJk;> ,th;fs; RLtJk; mth;fs; jiyia cs;spOj;Jtpl;L kWgb ntsp tu Kaw;rpgg ; Jk;> ,th;fs; Rl;L tPoj ; J ; tJ khf> xUehs; fhiy njhlq;fpa rz;il kWehs; fhiy KbTf;F tUk;tiu me;j

uhq;fpia kPlf ; ,uhZtj;jhy; Kbatpy;iy. kiyahd kiyna> ngUk; gynkdg; gilapduhy; ek;gg;gLfpd;w uhq;fpnahd;W> jdpj;J epd;w ,U ngz; Gyp fshy; md;W ntw;wpnfhs;sg; gl;lJ. Xahj miyfs; - 02> 03 eltbf;iffshy; jkpoPoj; jpd; ghhpa epyg;gug;ig tpL jiyg;Gypfs; kPl;bUe;jdh;. xd;gJ tUlq;fshf rpq;fj; jpd; Fifahff; fple;j MidapwT kWgb Ak; jkpo;kf;fspd; nrhj;jhf khwpajpy; rpq;fs muR rpdj;NjhL ,Ue;jJ. Midapwitg; gpbf;Fk; mth tpy; kWgbAk; rpwpyq;fhg; gilapdh; Kd;Ndw Kay;th; vd;gij ca;jJ ; zh;ej ; jiyth; mth;fs;> jpl;lnkhd;iwj; jPlb ; dhh;. vOJkl;Lths;> Kfkhiy> fpshyp> ehfh;Nfhtpy; vd ePzL ; fplf;Fk; Nghuhsp fspd; Kd;duq;Ffisg; ghJfhf;Fk;> gyg; gLj;Jk; jpl;lk; mJ. jpll ; j;ijr; Rke;jgb nyg;.Nfzy; nghd;dk;khd; fz;zpntb gilg;gphpT fskpwq;fpaJ. fhg;guz;fspy; epd;w 2k; nyg;.khyjp gilazpg; NghuhspfSk;> Nk[h; Nrhjpah gilazpg; NghuhspfSk;> Ntiynra;J nfhz;bUe;j ngz; Nghuhsp fSf;F (nyg;.Nfzy; nghd;dk; khd; fz;zpntb gilg;gphpT ngz; Nghuhspfis kl;LNk nfhz; l J) fhg; G toq; f pf; nfhz;bUe;jdh;. Ntiy Kbe; jJ. 2001.04.24 fhiy tpbe;jJ. 5.30 kzpastpNyNa xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l ,lq;fspy; cilg;ig Vw;gLj;jpa rpwpyq;fhg; gil apdh;> Ntfkhf cs;Eioe;J xU fpNyhkPw;wh; J}uk;tiu

Ngha;> ngl;btbtpy; Nghuhspfisr; Rw;wp tisj;jdh;. njhlq;fpaJ fLk; rz;il. gil apdhpd; iffspy; tpOe;j fhg;guz;fisg; Nghuhspfs; ifg;gw;wpagbNa Nghf> gpdd ; h NyNa gilapdUk; te;J GFe;JtpLth;. kWgbAk; fhg;guz;fis kPll ; gb Nghuhsp fs; Nghf> gpd;dhy; NtW gilapdh; te;J GFe;JtpLth;. gjpdhd;F jlitfSf;F Nky; gilapdhplKk; NghuhspfsplKk; fhg;guz;fs; ifkhwpf;nfhz;bUe;jd. nyg;.Nfzy; Fl;brpwp Nkhl;lhh; kfsph; gilazpapd; vwpfiz nrYj;jp fs;> Kd;duq;ff; fhg;guzpy; epd;W rkuhbagbNa MjuTr; #Lfisf; Nfl;Fk; Nghuhspfs; nrhy;fpd;w Ms;$WfSf;F mikthf> vwpfizfis Vtpf;nfhz;b Ue;jd. Kd;Ndwpa rpq;fsg; gilapdh; ,g;NghJ vwpfiz nrYj;jpia neUq;fpf; nfhz;bUe;jdh;. rhjhuzkhf> rkh;ff ; sj;jpypUe;J ghJfhg;ghd J}uj;Jf;F mg;ghy;jhd; vwpfiz nrYj;jp ,lk; khw;wg;gLk;. vwpfiz nrYj;Jk; FOtpdh;> jkJ Nghh; cj;jpapy; khw;wk; nra;jdh;. Kd;duq;fg; NghuhspfSf;fhd MjuTr;#L toq;F tij ,ilepWj;jhky; njhlh;eJ ; nra;Ak; gbNa> #ote;j gilapdiuj; jkJ RL fyd;fshy; jhf;fj; njhlq;fp dh;. vwpfizfis Vtp> Vtp gPuq;fptha; rpte;jJ. gPuq;fpiag; gifthplkpUe;J ghJfhf;f RL fyd;fSk; rpte;jd. gpd;duq; fpy; Nghh; jPrR ; thiy ff;fpaJ. %d;whk; ehspd; Kb tpy>; ,og;Gf;fSf;F <LnfhLf;f Kbahj ,uhZtk;> Kw;Wif tisaj;ij tpyf;fpf;nfhz;L jg;gpNahlj; njhlq;fpaJ. gif th; cs;Eioe;j ghijfs; ahtw;iwAk; vQ;rpa Nghuhsp fSk; vy;iyg;gil tPuh;fSk;

,ize;J %btpl> cs;epw;Fk; ,uhZtj; Jf;F Kd;GwKk; Nghuhspfspd; jhf;Fjy;> KJFg;GwkhfTk; jhf;Fjy;. fiye;J nry;Yk; gl;bNghy fz; zpy; gl;l jpirfshnyy;yhk; Kd;duq;f fhg;guz; thpiriaf; fle;J Xl Kw;gl;l ,uhZtj;jpdhpd; fhy;fs; gwe;jd. tpOe;j thpd; caph;fSk; gwe;jd. jg;gpNahLk; jpirnay;yhk; ntt;NtW tbtq;fspy; itf;fg;gl;bUe;j kpjpntbfs;> nghwpntb fs;> #o;rr ; paikg;Gfs; vy;yhk; ntbf;f> nyg;.Nfzy; nghd;dk;khd; fz;zpntb $l jkpoo P j;ijNa epidf;Fk; jiytdpd; ciog;Gj; njhpe;jJ.

Fwpg; G fs; : (m) 1985.08.18 md;W ,e;jpah tpd; jpz;Lf;fy;ypy; cs;s rpWkiyf; fhl;by;> tpLjiyg;Gypfs; kfsph; gil azpapd; KjyhtJ ghriw Muk;gkhdJ. vdpDk;> ngz;fis murpay;kag;gLj;j Yk;> Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ngz;fs; cs;thq;fg; glYk; ,jw;F Ke;ija Mz;LfspNyNa Muk;gpj;Jtpl;ld> (M) fg;ld; m[pj;jh tPur;rhT 1990.12.22 fl;Ltdpy;> (,) nyg;.Nfzy; n[hdp tPur; rhT 1988.03.13 NjtpGuj;jpy;> (<) Nk[h; rQ;rpfh tPur;rhT 1990.11.03 khtpl;lGuj;jpy;> (c) 2k; nyg;. epyh tPur;rhT> (C) NtTg; Gypfs; tPur;rhT fg;ld; NjD[h 1992.07.14 fWf;fha;jt P py; fg;ld; Jsrpuhk; 1993.11.11 g+efhpapy; nyg;.Nfzy; KFe;jh 1997.06.19 Fwp Rl;lhdpy;> (v) ,uz; L Rg; g Nlhuhf; f s; jhf;fg;gl;lJ 1995.08.29 md;W> (V) 2k; nyg;.,d;FwpQ;rp tPur;rhT 1998.06.16 mk;gfhkj;jpy;.

G+uzk; mk;kh> Miuak;gjp> kl;lf;fsg;G kl;lf;fsg;gpd; me;j itj;jparhiyapy; Fg;gpfbj;J tPur;rhtile;j me;j ,U ,isQh;fspd; cly;fisAk; rpq;fsg;gilfs; nfhz;Lte;J tPrptpl;Lg; NghdNghJ> G+uzk; mk;khTk; mq;Nfjhd; epd;wpUe;jhh;. mUfpy; nrd;W ghh;ff ; Kbahky; ahh;ngw;w gps;isfNsh vd;W Fowp mOJtpl;L rpq;fsg;gilfis jpl;bj;jh P j ; J ; rgpj;J tPL jpUk;gpapUe;jtiur; re;jpf;f> mth; czT+l;b gifaplkpUe;J kiwj;Jg; ghJfhj;j gps;isfspd; tUif. thry;tiu te;jth;fSf;Fs; jaf;fk;. md;Wtiuf;Fk; ,y;yhj jLkhw;wk;. NghuhL vd;W mk;khNt mDg;gpa mtuJ xNu xU kfd;jhd; itj;jparhiyapy; Nghlg;gl;ltd; vd;gij vg;gbr; nrhy;tJ? jhq;Fthth? rj;jk; Nghl;L FoWthuh? \\mtidf; FLj;jpl;L ePqf ; s; Vd; te;jdPqf ; s;|| vd;W VRthuh? kdJf;Fs; Nfs;tpfs; rpy epkplq;fs; kl;Lk;jhd;. mk;khTf;F ghh;itapNyNa Ghpe;jpUf;fNtz;Lk;. \\vd;idj;jhd; ePqf ; s; Kjy;y fz;ldPqf ; s;> gpwFjhNd mtidf; fz;ldPqf ; s;. mtDf;fhf ePqf ; s; Vd; tuhky; epf;fpwPqf ; s;. cs;Sf;f thq;f gps;isfs;||. mk;kh mk;khNtjhd;. ahUf;FtUk; ,e;j kdj;jplk;. kfdpd; tPur;rhtpw;F Kd;Dk;rhp> gpd;Dk;rhp mk;kh khwNtapy;iy. mtupd; gyKk; JzpTk; ,Wjptiu mtUld; $lNt ,Ue;jJ. 1990fspy; Njrj;JNuhff; FO xd;wpdhy; gpbf;fg;gl;L ntl;bf;nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lNghJk;> mk;kh mth;fis mbj;Jg; gpbj;J NghuhbNa capiutpl;ljhf> ghh;jJ ; f;n ; fhz;Nl VJk; nra;aKbahJ epd;w mtuJ gps;isfs; nrhy;fpwhh;fs;. rhFk;NghJ mk;khTf;F taJ 55jhd;. 1984,y; ,lk;ngw;w rpiwAilg;G xd;wpd;NghNj mk;kh gps;isfSf;F mwpKfkhdhh;. mjd;gpd; mk;khtpd; czT Ntisfs; xt;nthd;Wk; ahNuDk; xUtiuNaDk; vjph;ghh;jJ ; f; fhj;jpUe;j gpd;Nd ,lk;ngWk;. vjph;ghh;jj ; th;fs; te;jhy; czT gq;fplg;gLk;. rpyNtis mk;khtpw;FhpaJk; mth;fSf;Nf NghFk;. mk;kh NjePNuhL kl;Lk; ,Ue;Jnfhs;ths;. Mdhy; tapWk;> kdKk; epiwe;J cw;rhfk; $bapUf;FNknahopa Nrhh;ej ; pUf;fhJ. kl;lf;fsg;gpy; epd;W mk;khtplk; rhg;gplhj NghuhspfNs ,y;iy vDk; mstpw;F me;jj; jha;

jkpots; Nghuhspfis mutizj;jpUe;jhh;. ,j;jidf;Fk; ijay; %yk; te;j tUkhdNk mk;khTf;F ngw;w gps;isfs; %d;iwAk;> te;j gps;isfs; midtiuAk; jd; ifapd; ciog;ig ek;gpNa mk;kh tsh;jj ; hh;. xNu kfid Nghuhl;lj;jpw;Fj; jhNd mDg;gpaNghJk; rhp> me;j kfd; tPur;rhtile;jNghJk; rhp mk;khtpd; JzpTk; tpLjiy kPjpUe;j Xh;kKk; ,g;NghJ epidj;jhYk; nka;rpyph;ff ; itf;Fk;. ,e;jpa ,uhZtk; vk; kz;zpypUe;j fhyj;jpy; mth;fSld; ,ize;J NjrtpNuhjr; nraypy; <Lgl;l mikg;nghd;wpdhy; mk;kh ifJnra;ag;gl;lhh;. gOf;ff; fha;rr ; pa fk;gpfspdhy; Fwpaplg;gl;L rpj;jputijf;Fs;shd gpd;Dk;$l mk;kh vs;ssNtDk;

khwptpltpy;iy. #l;L milahsq;fs; njhpAk; me;jf; iffs; cztpLtijAk; mutizj;Jf; fhg;gijAk; epWj;jNtapy;iy jdJ rhT tiuAk;. Njtehafp jdJ xd;gjhtJ tajpy; je;ij S.J.V.nry;tehafj;jpw;F fhq;Nfrd;Jiwapy; ,lk;ngw;w tuNtw;G epfo;nthd;wpy; khiyNghl;L mtUld; ciuahbaNjhL mf;fhtpd; jkpopd tpLjiyg;gazk; Muk;gpj;jpUe;jJ. murpaypy; ngz;fs; mjpfk; <Lglhj fhyk; mJ. jdJ MAh;Ntj (D.A.M) ghPli ; ria Kbj;J> jkpouRf; fl;rpapd; cWg;Ghpikia 1967Mk; Mz;L mf;fh ngw;Wf;nfhz;lNghJ mtUf;F taJ 24. mjw;fpilapy; vj;jid rj;jpahf;fpufq;fs;> rl;lkWg;G Nghuhl;lq;fs; mj;jidAk; tpLjiyf;fhf mtiug; Glk;

Mz;L jdpj; jkpoPoj;jpw;fhd thf;nfLg;gpy; ntw;wpngw;W fl;Ltdpy; elj;jg;gl;l ntw;wptpohtpd;NghJ je;ij nry;tehafk; \\jkpo;kf;fis flTs;jhd; fhg;ghw;wNtz;Lk;. jkpoPok;jhd; Kbe;j KbT. jkpoPoj;ijj; jtpu NtnwJTk; ,y;iy. mij ehq;fs; vLf;fj; jtwpdhy;> ,isQh;fs; mij vLf;f Kd;tUthh;fs;||. vd;W ciuahw;wpaij epidT$Uk; mf;fh> \\mtUila top rhpnad;Wjhd; ntspf;fpl;ldhd;. gpwF mth;fhyk; Kbe;jJk;> mth; ek;gpr;nrd;w me;j ,isQh; gilNahL vd;id ,izj;Jf;nfhz;Nld;|| vd;fpwhh;. aho;.neLQ;rhiy jpwf;fg;gl;lNghJ mf;fhitg; ghh;jJ ; rpq;fs ,uhZtj;ijr; Nrh;ej ; xUtd;> \\RLjz;zh P pyah Fspf;fpwdPqf ; s;|| vd mtuJ taijf; Fwpg;gpl

,e;j kz;zpw;fhf <e;jpUe;jh rhjhuzkhf> toikahf re;jpf;fpd;w ngz;fistpl mk;kh NtWgl;Nl ,Ue;jhh;. cly; tYtpy;> mr;rnkd;why Vnjd;Nw mwpahj kdj;Jzptpy; mq;fpUe;j me; ,isQh; FO Mr;rhpag;glj;jf;f tifapy; mtuJ ,ay;Gfs;> Mw;wy;fs ,Ue;jd. fhl;by; mth;fsJ ,Ug;gpl xU NguhiwAk; rpy mUtpfisAk; jhz;bajhf ,Ue;jJ. mtw;wpd; MoKk;> mfyKk; fz;Zf;Fj; njhpahj RopfSk; Mw;iwg;gw;wpa mofpa fw;gidfSf;fg;ghy; jpfpiy Cl;LtjhfNt vg;NghJk; ,Uf;Fk;. jpiria Cfpj;Jg; ghijia cUthf;Ftnjd;gJ fLk; rpukkhdjhfTk;> midj;J ,lq;fSNk xNu khjphpahdjhfTk; Njhd;wp Gj;jpiaf; Fog;gp kaq;fr; nra;JtpLk; gaq;fu kpUfq;fspd; fhybfSk;> vr;rq;fSk; mtw;wpd; ,Ug;G mUfhikapy; vd;gij czh;jJ ; k;. ,j;jidiaAk; jhz;b mk;kh czT Rke;JtUthu;. Kjypy ntspapy; ahUf;Fk; njhpahjthW cs;Sf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; gps;isfSf;F ehd;F> Ie;J ehl;fSf;Fj; Njitahd czTg;nghUl;fis nfhQ;rk; nfhQ;rkhff; fhl;bd; Xug; gFjpnahd;wpy; Nrh;ff ; j; njhlq;Fthu;. Ntz;ba msT Nrh;ej ; Jk;> md;Nw rhg;gplf;$ba rikj;j czTld; Gwg;gLthu;. gw;iwnahd;Wf;Fs; Nrh;jj ; midj;ijAk; xd;Wjpul;b xUngUk; %l;ilahff; fl;b jiyapy; J}f;fp itj;jhnud;why; eiljhd;. gps;isfspUf;Fkplk; NrUtJkl;LNk FwpahapUf;f> fhLk; ,ilapilNa ghAk; MWfSk; mk;k ; htpd; fl;lisf;F mbgzpAk; tpjkhf mg;gb xU eil. eide;J> fha;eJ ; gpd; eide;jgbNa chpa ,lk; Nrh;eJ ; czitg; gq;fpl;L> NjePh; jahhpj;J nfhLj;J> ehd;ife;J ehl;fSf;Fhpa nghUl;fis xg;gilj;J mth;fsJ mtruj; Njitfisf; Nfl;lwpe;J kPzL ; k; Ch;Nehf;fp elf;fj;njhlq;Fthu;. mk;khTf;Fs; vq;fpUe;Jjhd; ,j;jid gyKk;> JzpTk;

Nghl;litahfNt ,Ue;jd. 1961Mk; Mz;by; xU khztpahff; fye;Jnfhz;l rpq;fsr; rl;lkWg;Gg; Nghuhl;lk;> xU rpy ngz;fNs murpaw; gzpfspy; gq;Nfw;w 1965Mk; Mz;bd; nghJj;Njh;jy;> 1967Mk; Mz;by; kUjdhh;klj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w jkpouRf;fl;rp khehL> 1969Mk; Mz;by; Jbg;ghd ,isQh; rKjhaj;ij cs;thq;fp jkpouRf;fl;rp nfhz;l GJj;Njhw;wk;> 1970Mk; Mz;bd; nghJj;Njh;jy; vd midj;jpNdhLk; mf;fh ,ize;jpUe;jhh;. 1972Nk khjk; 14ehs; jkpoh; tpLjiyf;$l;lzp cUthf;fg;gl;lNghJ mf;fh Nghd;w ,sk; r%fj;jth; vjph;jj ; NghJk; tl;Lf;Nfhl;il jdpj;jkpo; jPhk ; hdk;> mth;fisj; njhlh;eJ ; k; murpay; ghijapy; gazpf;fNt itj;jJ. 1978Mk; Mz;L tiuAk; mtuJ rhj;tf P murpaiyj; njhlh;eJ ; 1978,y; jiyth; gpughfuid re;jpj;jNjhL Muk;gpj;j mtuJ mLj;jfl;lg; gzpahdJ> fhyj;jpw;Nfw;wthW khw;wk;ngw;W 1990fspy; ,uhZtg; gapw;rp ngw;w NghuhspahfTk;> itj;jpauhfTk; ,d;Wk; njhlh;fpd;wJ. 1977Mk;

fpz;lyhff; Nfl;lNghJ> mf;fh nrhd;d gjpy; ,g;NghJk; fhjpy; xypf;fpwJ. \\eP cjpy ,Uf;Fkl;Lk; ehd; RLjz;zpapy Fspf;fpwijg;gw;wp Nahrpf;fkhl;ld;||.

1984Mk; Mz;bd; khhpfhyg;gFjp mJ. xU rpy MAjq;fSld; Ie;J> MWNgh; vd Nghuhspfs; midj;J khtl;lq;fspYk; gutj;njhlq;fpa Neuk;. jpUNfhzkiy khtl;lj;jpd; jphpaha; fhL> mlh;fhl;bd; mrhjhuz mikjpAk; jpBh; jpBh; vd vOk; ahidNghd;w fhl;L kpUfq;fspd; rj;jq;fSkha; Xh; Gjpjhd> Gjpuhd #oy;. rpq;fsg; gilfspd; Rw;wptisg;Gf;fspypUe;Jk;> NjLjy;fspypUe;Jk; jg;Gtjw;fhf mg;gbahd fhLfNs Gypfspd; thoplq;fshapd. fhl;by; thOk; [PtuhrpfSf;F fhLk; mjNdhbize;j ,aw;ifAk; cztspf;Fk;> fue;JiwAk; ,e;jg; NghuhspfSf;F czT? ml> mijg;gw;wp vd;d ftiy!? mjw;Fj;jhd; mk;kh ,Uf;fpwhNu! mk;kh Vw;fdNt xU kfid

Njhd;wpapUf;Fk;? gps;isfs; tpag;gpw;Fs;shthh;fs;. ,jw;fpilNa CUf;Fs; Xh; mtyk;. NghuhspfSf;F cjtpajw;fhfNth> md;wp jq;fSf;nfjpuhf kf;fs; vJTk; nra;af;$lhJ vd;gjw;fhfNth rpq;fsg;gilfs; xU Nfhuf; nfhLikia me;j kf;fs;Kd; muq;Nfw;wpaJ. ,U jkpo; ,isQh;fs; gpbf;fg;gl;L> mth;fs; ,UtuJ cs;sq;iffSf;$NlAk; Ks;Sf;fk; Fj;jpf; Nfhh;jJ ; gpizf;fg;gl;L Nfhukhf nfhiynra;ag;gl;ldh;. ghh;gN ; ghiu mr;rj;jpw;Fs;shf;fpa ,e;jr; nray; mk;khitAk; jw;fhypfkhfNtDk; jLf;Fk; vd epidj;jpUf;f> mk;khtpd; fhl;Lg;gazk; kWehSk;.... Njhypy; RUf;fq;fs; Njhd;wj;njhlq;fpa tajpd; gpd;Dk; mtUf;fpUe;j typik> fisg;gpd;ik gpd;dhspy; fskhlntd te;j ngz;fspd; tUiff;F xU Muk;g mwpFwp vd;gJ ntspg;gil. mk;khTf;F ,g;NghJ njhz;Z}iw jhz;ba taJ. ,g;NghJk; tho;fpwhh; jd; thhpRfspd; ntw;wpfis ,Lq;fpa fz;fshy; ,urpj;j ; gb.

Mb-Mtzp> 200

j;jpah tPur;rhT vd;W mwpe;jNghJ mij Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; jplk; ahUf;Fk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. rj;jpah... mtis vg;gbj;jhd; gphpe;jpUg;gJ. md;gha; rz;ilNghLk; mtspd; FOe;ijj; jdkhd Ngr;R rpd;d tplaq;fisNa jhq;fkhl;lhky; frpfpd;w fz;fSk; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; mtis epidT+l;LtdthfNt ,Ue;jd. rpd;dg;gps;is my;y fl;ilnad;Wjhd; mtisr; nrhy;thh;fs;. mt;tsT cauk; FiwT. Mdhy; mts; rpd;dg;gps;isapy;iy. 06.02.1978,y; gpwe;jts;. 11Mk; Mz;by; fy;tp fw;Wf;nfhz;bUf;Fk;NghJ Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ,ize;Jnfhz;lts;. elf;fpd;wNghJ mtspd; Jbahl;lkhd eil xU cw;rhfkhd fWg;Gj; jhuh elg;gJNghy; ,Uf;Fk;. mts; \Nyh| fl;bdhy; mJTk; mtSk; xNuasT Nghy; vz;zj; Njhd;Wk;. MidapwTf;Fs; elj;jg;gl;l gy fUk;Gypj; jhf;Fjy;fspy; ,tisr; Nrh;j;Jf;nfhs;stpy;iy. jz;zPUf;Fs;shy; efh;e;J

nry;yNtz;ba mNefkhd jhf;Fjy;fSf;F ,ts; Nrh;j;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLtjpy;iy. mtspd; Fiwe;j cauk;jhd; mjw;F xNunahU fhuzk;. epj;jKk; ,g;gbNa re;jh;g;gk; fpilf;fhky; Ngha;tpLNkh vd;W epidj;jhy; mtSf;F mOif te;JtpLk;. jdf;Fr; re;jh;g;gk; jUk;gb kPzL ; k; kPzL ; k; Nfl;Lf;nfhz;NlapUg;ghs;. ,tNshL md;gha; rz;il nra;tjw;fhf kw;wj; Njhopfs; ,tisg; ghh;j;Jf; Nfyp nra;thh;fs;.

\\ehq;f Nghwk;...|| vd;w Nghnjy;yhk; mts; jdJ cwTfis kiwj;Jr; rphpg;ghs;. \\ehDk; tUtd;jhNd. MidapwTf;Fj;jhd; jz;zp flf;fNtZk;. gyhyp Nwhl;lhy Nghtd;|| vd;W jd; cs;sj;jpy; vd;WNk khwhj cWjpiar; nrhy;ths;. MdhYk; mtSf;Fs; cs;@u xU Nrhfk; ,Uf;fNt nra;jJ. jhDk; tpiuthfg; Ngha; jdJ ,yf;Ffis mopf;fNtz;Lk;. esh mf;fhTk; ,d;Dk; vj;jidNah fUk;Gyp tPuh;fspd; fdNthL nrd;W kf;fspd; mtytho;T Nghf;fNtz;Lk; vd;w Jbg;G> ntspj;njhpahky; mtspw;Fs;NsNa

Mb-Mtzp> 2005

kiwe;jpUe;jJ. mtisf; fUk;Gypaha; khw;wpaJ mts; gofpa xt;nthU fUk;Gyp tPuh;fspd; Kfq;fSk; mth;fspd; ,yl;rpak; Rke;j mq;fq;fSk;jhd;. me;j tPuh;fspd; Kfq;fs;jhd; neQ;rpy; epiwe;jpUe;jJ. fUk;GypfNshL Nrh;e;J tho;tJk; mth;fs; gphpAk;NghJ ,jak; tpk;KtJk; ahuhYk; jhq;fKbahj Ntjid. mtspw;F ,J vj;jidNah jlit te;JNghd epfo;T.

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E}e;jhNy fj;jpwdp mq;f vd;dz;L Jzptha; epw;fpwha;|| vd;wNghJ mts; rphpg;ghy; kl;Lk; rkhspj;Jf; nfhz;lhs;. mJ ntWk; rphpg;gy;y me;jr; rphpg;Gf;Fs;

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Vuhskhd mh;j;jq;fs; ,Ue;jd.

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rpd;d tajpypUe;J mts; mk;kk;khNthLjhd; tsh;e;jts;. mk;kk;khitj;jhd; ,ts; mk;kh vd;W nrhy;ths;. mk;khTk; mg;ghTk;

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Mb-Mtzp> 2005

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