V_P_127

?97 ÎÇ9A FÉ OB !W³Z¿ !(%¿ !ÉËNÎ º!ØV $ ?P ¥9 9Ä ¸ËÄ(%¿É! É ' E][ɧ ] ¿P °Ô \ΤÑ?9 [ _¤Ñ N× % Ñ9Ë¿É! Ç9' ºÇÔ àVÄ 9' º¥9 É?OZ¯P> Ç' ¤ÉÑOZ¯P> V ¤@O> V 'É¥ É ¯PAà ?P ?¤ÑA ¸0 ' º¥9 ¿P º¥9 ¿P¤ Ñ9¿@Ԥѿ !%9 9Ñ ¸BÉË JÑ N> NÉ % ¤Ñ ¥Ä °Ô ] à%Ñ9Ë ¸É ºN ¤]A> ?P ?¤Ñ > (%B Ë9ɦÑÉÿ @Ô @º¦) ' NÉÑOB> °Ô :%9%?9 \Î ¿ @Ä ¿É! $@% ¦9 Ñ' [>ÉN¤Ñ N×_' ¸P ?P ¸ @%9 > F @%9 > N¦ N×_ Ñ9 Ã9]' ?P ¸¯! N¦ N×_ Ñ9Éà : 9ÑØ¿P> Ñ_' ¥9¤ÉѤ ÑÉ ¿P> Ñ9Ë¿É! ¸¡¿! ¤ Ñ $@% ¦9 Ñ' [X¥_?9 9B Ç9' ?P ?¤Ñµ > °> ÉÒ¯P ?P %:ÎÒ% FØÉ? ¥9 9Ä ¿É!> ?P !9%Ñ¿@B !> 9Ä(É% : ' !¦Á !¯@ ¥9 9Ä ¿É! _¿! J× B \V ¥_¿P N9' ¸­N9 ¸Ë ÉÑOB $@% ¿!ÉËNÎ JÄ( º¥9 É¥ X AÃ>¸Ë ÉÑOB (%B ºÇÔ¤Ñ W¤Ñ ¸¤Ñ9ËÑÄ ¿@B V_!ÉË $RÑ > ºÑ9AÉÑ :ÉË ¥9 9Ñ¿ !W³Z¿ !(%¿ !ÉËNÎ NÎÑ > ?97 ÎÇ9A FÉ É% É ¿P¿ ! Ô' @Î¥9ο@Ô¯! NÉÃOB !?PÉ OB !W³Z¿ !(%¿ !ÉËNÎ NÎÑA ?XÑ× N9 º!ØV¿PAÃ9Î ?97 ÎÇ9A FÉ O> [¡V¥ ' NÔ?9 vdJ md;Gf;Fk; kjpg;Gf;FKupa jkpoPo kf;fNs> ,d;W tzf;fj;Jf;Fupa ehs;.

Raey ,d;gq;fisj; Jwe;J nghJey ,yl;rpaj;jpw;fhfg; Nghuhb tho;eJ ; > me;jr; rj;jpa ,yl;rpaj;jpw;fhfr; rhitj;jOtpa cj;jku;fis ehk; epidT

$Uk; Gdpj ehs;. ,d;iwa ed;dhspy;> me;j kfj; jhd kdpjg; gpwtpfspd; epidthf ehk; Vw;Wk; jPgq;fspy;> me;j mf;fpdp ehf;F fspd; mG+ut ; eldj;jpy>; vkJ khtPuu;fspd; Rje;jpuj; jhfk; mizahj Rluhf xsp tpl;L vuptij ehk; vkJ neQ;rpy; epidT nfhs;Nthkhf.

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vkJ tpLjiy ,af;fj;jpd; Kjyh tJ khtPud;> vdJ gpupakhd Njhod; rj;jpa ehjd; vdJ kbapy; capu;ePj;J ,d;Wld; ,Ugj;J%d;W Mz;Lfshff; fhyejp Xb tpl;lJ. ,e;jf; fhy ePl;rpapw; fl;ltpo;e;j Nghuhl;l tuyhw;wpy; gjpNdshapuj;Jj; njhs;shapuj;J %d;W (17>903) khtPuu; Njr tpLjiyf;fhff; fskhb tPoe ; j ; pUf;fpwhu;fs;. ,e;jg; ngUe;njhifg; Nghuhspfistplg; gyklq;F njhifapy; nghJkf;fSk; vjpup ahw; nfhd;nwhopf;fg;gl;Ls;shHfs;. xl;L nkhj;jj;jpy; vkJ Njrj;jpd; tpLjiyf;fhf ehk; nfhLj;j capug ; g ; yp kpfg;ngupaJ. msg; gupaJ. jkpoo P j; Njrj;jpd; tpLjiyf;fhfj; jkpo;kf;fs; Gupe;Js;s khngUk; jpahfj;ij> mjd; Md;kPf kfj;Jtj;ij> mjd; tu yhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijr; rpq;fsj; Njrk; kl;Lkd;wpr; rHtNjrr; r%fKk; czHe;J nfhs; s hjJ vkf; F Vkhw; w j; i jAk; NtjidiaAk; jUfpwJ. md;Wk; rup> ,d;Wk; rup> jkpoupd; czu;Tfis> mtu;fsJ tho;epiy mtyq; fis> mtu;fsJ Njrpa mgpyhirfisr; (02Mk; gf;fk; ghh;ff ; )

murpay; jPh;th! jd;dhl;rpg; Nghuhl;lkh!

KbntLf;fNtz;ba epiyapy; Gjpa rdhjpgjp 2005Mk; Mz;L khtPuh;ehs; nra;jpia jkpoPo Njrpaj; jiyth; NkjF Nt.gpughfud; mth;fs; ntspapl;Ls;shh;. fle;j %d;wiutUl rkhjhdfhy murpaypy; rpq;fs muR fhl;btUk; fLk;Nghf;ifAk; - Gypfspd; vy;iyfle;j nefpo;Tg;Nghf;ifAk; jiyth; gpughfud; njspthf tpsf;fpAs;shh;. jkpoh;fSld; rkhjhdkhf tho;tJ kw;Wk; jkpoh;fspd; murpay; mgpyhirfis kjpg;gJ vd;w tplaq;fspy; rpq;fs muR tu tu jdJ fLk;Nghf;F epiyg; ghl;ilj; jPtpug;gLj;Jtij jdJ murpay; nra;jpapy; jiyth; Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;shh;. jkpopdj;jpw;F murpay;jPh;T toq;f kWf;Fk; rpq;fsj;jpd; fLk;Nghf;F - ,uhZtthj murpaiy rh;tNjr r%fKk; fz;Lnfhs;tjhfj; njhpatpy;iy. rkhjhdk; - Ngr;Rthh;ji ; j vd;w epiyg;ghl;il ,Wfg; gw;wpg;gpbf;f rh;tNjr r%fk; Kidfpd;wNj ay;yhky; ajhh;j;j hPjpahf rpq;fs muR mtw;iw epuhfhpj;JtUfpd;wJ vd;gij Ghpe;Jnfhs;s mJ njhlh;r;rpahf kWj;JtUfpd;wJ. jkpohpd; murpay; ifaWepiyiag; Ghpe;Jnfhs;s rh;tNjr r%fKk; kWf;fpd;wJ vd;gJ \ftiy mspf;Fk; nrayhf cs;sJ| vd;W jiyth; Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;shh;. ,d;iwa epiyapy; mikjp murpay; vd;gJ jkpo;kf;fSf;F tpuf;jpAk; - NtjidAk; jUtjhfNt cs;sJ. \\rkhjhdk; - Nghh;epWj;jk; - Ngr;Rthh;j;ij vd;gd vy;yhk; jkpo;kf;fisg; nghWj;jtifapy; mh;j;jkw;w nrhw;gjq;fshf ajhh;j;j nka;epiyf;Fg; nghUe;jhj thh;j;ijg; gpuNahfq;fshf khwptpl;ld||. vd;W jkpo;kf;fspd; kdepiyiaj; jiyth; mofhf vLj;Jf; $wpAs;shh;. rkhjhd Kaw;rpfis rpq;fs muR kdg;G+h;t khf elhj;Jk; vd;W jkpo;kf;fs; vd;WNk ek;gpa jpy;iy. rkhjhdk; vd;whNy rjp murpay; vd;Nw rpq;fs muR mh;j;jg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;fpd;wJ. mdhYk;> jkpohpd; Nghuhl;l epahaq;fis cyfkf;fSf;F vLj; Jiuf;Fk; tha;g;Gfshf rkhjhdg; Ngr;Rf;fhyj;ij Gypfs; ,af;fk; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wJ vd;;Wk; jiyth; Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;shh;. uzpy; murhq;fj;Jld; Ngr;Rthh;j;ijfs; ele;jNghJ eilngw;w Nlhf;fpNah khehl;il (2003 A+d;) Gypfs; Vd; Gwf;fzpj;jhh;fs; vd;gijAk; jiy th; gfpuq;fg;gLj;jpAs;shh;. epjp cjtpfisAk; - MAjf; fisitAk; xd;wpizj;J GypfSf;F mOj;jk;nfhLf;f ele;j xU $l;Lr;rjpia Kwpabf;Fk; Nehf;FlNdNa mk; khehl;il Gypfs; gfp];fhpj;jdh; vd;W mth; tpsf;f kspj;Js;shh;.

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rpq;fsg; ngUk;ghd;ik ,dk; Gupe;Jnfhs;stpy;iy.

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02

te;Js;shh;. vy;NyhUk; mwpe;j ,d;ndhU fLk; Nghf;fhsh; (ul;zrpwp tpf;fpukehaf;fh) gpujkuhf epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;shh;. ,yq;if murpay; kPz;Lk; ,uj;jf;fshp Afj;jpw;F efh;j;jg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gJ midtUk; mwpe;j cz;ikahf cs;sJ. Gjpa rdhjpgjpapd; murpay; $l;lhspfshf mjpjPtpu rpq;fs ,dntwpf; fl;rpfs; Nrh;e;Js;sd. Gypfs; ,af;fj; Jld; NgRtijNa mth;fs; epuhfhpf;fpd;wdh;. ,Ue;jNghJk; jiyth; gpughfud; mth;fs; Gjpa rdhjpgjp kfpe;j uh[gf;rTf;Fk; xU rkhjhdj; jpw;fhd re;jh;gg ; j;ij khtPuh;ehs; nra;jpA+lhf toq;fp As;shh;. \\rdhjpgjp uh[gf;rtpd; efh;Tfis> mth; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; eltbf;iffis rpwpJfhyk; ehk; nghWj;jpUe;J ghh;gg ; njd KbTnra;Js;Nshk;||. vd;W ; jiyth; $wpAs;shh;. rkhjhdk; vd;W $wp fhyj;ij ,Oj;jbj;J - mjd;%yk; jkpohpd; Njrpa vOr;rpia eRf;f rpq;fs muR vLf;Fk; #o;r;rpf;F Gypfs; ,af;fk; ,lq; nfhLf;fkhl;lhJ. mNjrkak;> Gjpa rdhjpgjpf;Fk; rkhjhdj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd xU re;jh;g;gj;ij toq;Ftjd;%yk; rh;tNjr r%fj;jpw;Fk; jiyth; mth;fs; xU nra;jpia $wpAs;shh;. rkhjhdj;jpw;fhf Gypfis tw;GWj;Jtjpy; ve;jg; gaDkpy;iy> Gypfs; rkhjhd murpaypy; NghJkhd msT gq;nfLj;J tpl;lhh;fs;. ,dp> rkhjhdj;ij Nehf;fp Mf;fG+h;tkhd tifapy; eltbf;iffs; vLf;fNtz;baJ rpq;fs muRjhd;. ,ij rh;tNjr r%fKk; Ghpe;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. rkhjhdk; njhlh;ghd jkpo;kf;fspd; fw;gid fs; midj;Jk; jfh;e;Jtpl;ld. ,g;NghJ mth;fs; Nfhgj;JlDk; - tpuf;jpAlDk; cs;sdh;. ,e;j kf;fs; czh;it kjpf;fNtz;ba Njrpaf;flik Gypfs; ,af;fj;jpw;F cz;L. ,e;j ajhh;jj ; j;ijAk; jiyth; gpughfud; mth;fs; jdJ khtPuh;ehs; nra;jpapy; Fwpg; gpl;Ls;shh;. \\nghWikapoe;J - ek;gpf;ifapoe;J - tpuf;jp apd; tpspk;ig mile;Js;s vkJ kf;fs; ,dpAk; nghWj;Jg; nghWj;Jf; fhj;jpUf;fj; jahuhf ,y;iy.

MfNt tiuaWf;fg;gl;l xU FWfpafhy ,il ntspf;Fs;> vkJ kf;fspd; murpay; mgpyhirfisj; jpUg;jpnra;Ak; tifapy;> xU epahakhd jPh;Tj; jpl;lj;ijg; Gjpa murhq;fk; Kd;itf;fNtz;Lk;. ,J vkJ ,Wjpahd - cWjpahd mtru Ntz;L NfhshFk;. vkJ ,e;j mtru Ntz;LNfhis epuh fhpj;J> fLk;Nghf;iff; filg;gpbj;J> fhyj;ij ,Oj;jbf;fg; Gjpa murhq;fk; Kw;gLkhdhy; ehk; vkJ kf;fSld; xd;wpize;J> vkJ Raeph;za chpikg;Nghuhl;lj;ij> vkJ jhafj;jpy; jd;dhl;rpia epWTk; Njr Rje;jpug;Nghuhl;lj;ij mLj;j Mz;by; jPtpug;gLj;JNthk;||. vd;W jiyth; gpufldk; nra;Js; shh;. jiyth; tpLj;Js;s khtPuh;ehs; nra;jpapd; Kf;fpa gFjpahf Nkw;Fwpj;j thf;fpaq;fs; cs;sd. fle;j %d;wiu tUlfhy rkhjhd murpaypy;> tug; Nghfpd;w 2006Mk; Mz;L xU jPhk ; hdfukhd Mz;lhf ,Uf;fg;Nghfpd;wJ.

jha nka;epiyfisAk; rpq;fs kf;fshYk; mtHfsJ murpay;> kjj; jiyikfshYk; njspthfg; GupeJ ; nfhs;s Kbatpy;iy. ,yq;ifj;jt P pd; tlfpof;F khepyj;ijj; jhafj; Njrkhff;nfhz;L> jkpoo P kf;fs; vd;w tuyhw;Wj; njhd;ikkpf;f Xu; ,dk; ,Ug;gijAk; mtHfs; xU jdpj;Jtj; Njrkhf tho;eJ ; tUtijAk; mtHfSf;F mbg;gilahd murpay; cupikfs;> Rje;jpuq;fs; cs;sd vd;gijAk; rpq;fstuhw; Gupe;Jnfhs;sNth Vw;Wf; nfhs;sNth Kbatpy;iy. jkpouJ ,Ug;G epiygw;wpa cz;ikiaf; fpufpj;J> mtHfsJ murpay; mgpyhir fisg; Gupe;Jnfhs;sr; rpq;fsj;Njrk; kWj;J tUtjh NyNa jkpo;kf;fsJ Njrpa ,dg;gpur;rpid jPHtpd;wp> Kbtpd;wpr; rpf;fyile;J ,Ogl;L tUfpwJ.

fsJ r%fg; gpuf;iQapy;> mtHfsJ murpaw; fUj;Jy fpy; mbg;gilahd khw;wk; epfOnkd ehk; vjpHghHf;f tpy;iy. rpq;fs - ngsj;j Nkyhz;ikthjj;jpd; tPrR ; k; tYTk; jzpe;JNghftpy;iy. khwhf> mJ Gjpa> Gjpa tbtq;fis vLj;Jg; Gj;JapHngw;W tUfpwJ. njd; dpyq;if murpaw; fsj;jpy; mjd; Mjpf;fk; NkNyhq;fp tUfpwJ. ,g;gbahd Gwepiyapy;> jkpoupd; Njrpa ,dg;gpur;rpidf;Fr; rpq;fsj; Njrj;jpypUe;J xU ePjpahd> epahakhd jPHT fpl;Lnkd md;Wk; rup> ,d;Wk; rup> ehk; ek;gpf;if nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. vkf;Nf cupjj ; hd vkJ mbg;gil cupikfis ehkhfNt Nghuhb ntd;nwLf;f Ntz;LNk jtpu> rpq;fs murpay;thjpfspd; fhUzpaj;jpy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk; vd ehk; vd;WNk

rpq;fs kf;fspd; kfhtk;r kdtikg;gpy;> mtH

(15Mk; gf;fk; ghh;ff ; )

fhh; j ; j pif> 2005

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jhlh;Gila midtUk; mjph;rr ; p ahy; ciwe;JNghAs;shh;fs;. ,g;gbAk; elf;Fkh vd Vq;fpj;jhd; Ngha;tpl;lhh;fs;. mlf; F Kiwahsh; ifapypUf; ; F k; midj;J MAjq;fSk; xd;wpy; gadw; Wg;Nghfr; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd d; my;yJ mlf;FKiwahsUf;F vjpuhfj; jpUg; gg;gLfpd;wd. tuyhw;wpd; mG+h;t fzq;f shf ,it gjpthfpd;wd. khdpl tpLjiy apd;ghy; gw;Wf;nfhz;Nlhh; kfpo;tilAk; fhykpJ. rdehafk; vd;gJ ngUk;ghd;ik Nahh; KbT vd;fpw epiyf;fg;ghYk; nrd;W ehlhSkd;wj;ijNa ,zf;fg;ghl;bw;Fg; gjpyhf mlf;FKiwf;F gad;gLj;jpNahh; jkJ nraw;ghLfs; nry;yhf; fhrhfptpll ; J fz;L mr;rkilfpd;wdh;. jPtputhjk;> gaq;futhjk; vd je;jpukhf tbtikj;J tpLjiyg;Nghuhl;lq;fis jpirjpUg;g my;yJ nkd;ikg;gLj;j rdehaf top Kiwfis ek;gpa Nkw;Fyfpw;Nfh ,J nthU rthyhfptpl;lJ. jkpoPokf;fs; ,J tiu jkJ kdg;nghe;jpy; mizahJ fhj;j jPgn ; ghwpiag; gw;witj;Jtpl;lhh;fs;. mile;j midj;J mtkhdq;fisAk; Jilj;njwpe;J rk;ge;jg;gl;NlhUf;F fLk; jz;lidAk; ghlq;fisAk; toq;fptpl;lhh; fs;. uzpYf;F kl;Lky;y kfpe;jUf;Fk;

fl;rpAk; kdk; Gife;j epiyia Njh;jy; KbTfs; cUthf;fptpl;ld. rkhjhdk;> Ngr;R vd;fpw rpW rPrhtpw;Fs; jkpo;kf;fsJ tpLjiyAzh;tpid milj;Jtpl;Nlhk;. vdNt ntw;Wf; fhNrhiyapy; Nghl;l ifnaOj;jhf jkpok ; f;fs; thf;F fs; gw;wp fdtpypUe;jhh; uzpy;. mf;fdit edntd epidj;J Gypf;Fk; ahidf;Fk; ,ufrpa njhlh;ngd fijtpl;lhh; kfpe;jh;. (vJ vg;gbahdhYk; nrd;w rdhjp gjpj; Njh;jypy; (1999) 36,yl;rk; thf;Ffs; (42.71%) ngw;w uzpy; ,k;Kiw mjpfkhf kl;lf;fsg; gpy; 79.51%, mk; g hiwapy; 55.81%, jpUkiyapy; 61.33%, fz;bapy; 54.33%, Etnuypah tpy; 70.37% vdg; ngw;wjw;F ahh; fhuzk; vd;gJ Gs;sptpguk; jUk; jfty;) ,t; thf;FfSk; fpilf;fhtpl;lhy; uzpypd; tPor ; r ; p vt;tsT Nkhrkhdjhf ,Ue; jpUf;Fk;. ,Ue;Jk; ,j;Njh;jy; jdf;F kzpkFlk; #l;Lk; vd vjph;ghh;jj ; tUf;F fpl;baJ Kl;fphPlNk. mtuJ murpay;tho;T kl;Lky;y Nrd ehaf;f / N[.Mh; FLk;g Ml;rpAk; mj;jkd

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khfptpl;lJ. cldbahfNt uzpypd; ifahshd fl;rpj; jiyth; kypf; gjtp tpyfptpl;lhh;. ,dp gjtptpyfy; mq;F njhlh;fij. MfNt uzpypd; tPo;r;rp nad;gJ Fwpg;gnjd;d? rkhjhdk;> ,;ay;G epiynad fijase;J Nkw;Fyfk; vd; gf;fk;> ,e;jpag; gpd;Gy Mjuntd gak; fhl;b ; kpf etPd murpaYjtpfs; / mOj;jq;fs; vd;gtw; wpidg; gpuNahfpj;J Nkl;bikf; FLk;gj; jpd; tYthf;fy; Nfhl;ghl;bw;F tPor ; r ; p vkJ jhafj;jpd; mhpa tskpf;f jha; epyq;fis tpOq;fp Vg;gkpl;L rpq;fs kakhf;fpa epy mgfhpgg ; pwF ; > je;jpuj;jpwF ; k; ,dg;gLnfhiyfis kfpo;r;rpNahL Vtp ntypf;filapy; Fl;bkzpapd; jkpo;f; fz;fis Fjwp> ,e;jpag; gilfis Vtp vk; kf;fis nfhd;nwhopj;J Fkug;gh>

mile ;j midj ;J mt khdq ;f isAk ; Jilj ;n jwpe;J rk ;ge;jg ;gl ;NlhUf ;F fLk ; jz ;l idAk ; ghlq ;f isAk ; toq ;f p tpl ;lhh ;fs ;. uzpYf ;F kl ;Lky ;y kfpe ;jUf ;F k ; Njhy ;t piaNa vk ; kf ;fs ; jk ; thf ;Ffshy ; thf ;fsp ahJ thf ;f spj ;J tpl ;l hh ;f s ;. vdNt ntd ;wtUk ; vk ; kf ;fs ;Kd ; Njhw;w tuhfptpl ;l hh ;. vt ;t hW Nehf;f pDk ; tuyhw ;w py; Kjd ; Kiwahf jkpo P o kf ;f Ns ,j ; N j h;j y ; K b T f i s j P h;k h d p j ; Js ;s dh ;. fhh; j ; j pif> 2005

Ñ N ¥9Ë]?9 > GNye;jpud; njhl;L <oj;jpd; ,kak; jpyPgk; tiu Njrpa tpLjiy tPuupd; tPur;rhT fSf;F tpid tpijj;J ntwpahl;lk; Nghl;l nfhLikf;Fk; F&uj;jpw;Fk; tPor ; r ; p vd ePSk; ,t;tPo;r;rpf; fij Kbtpyp. xU fzf;F - neLehs; fzf;F vk; kf;fshy; jPhj ; j ; hfptpl;lJ. ,d;ndhU fzf;F jPh;f;fg;gl Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,j; Njh;jy; KbT cz;ikapy; toq;fpaJ uzpYf;fy;y ngUtPor ; r ; p. mJ kfpej ; Uf;Nf chpaJ. ,w;iwtiuahd vk; kf;fs; kPjhd midj;J mlf;FKiwfspdJk; jpul;rpapd; gpzr;Rikiaj; jhq;f jhkhfNt Kd;te;j kfpe;jh; ,tw;wpw;fhd fzf;Ffis jPhf ; F ; k; NghJ mjidNaw;fg; Nghfpd;whh;. mjhtJ jd; Kd;Ndhh; tpijj;j tpidfs; ahtw; wpw;Fkhd nkhj;j mWtiliar; nra;a Maj;jkhfpd;whh;. mtruk;> mtrukhf vq;Nf gjtp gwpNgha;tpLNkh vd;fpw mr;rj; jpy; gjtpNaw;W kfpej ; h; mg;gjtpia khjf; fzf;fpyy;y ehl;fzf;fpyy;y kzpj;Jspf; fzf;fpy; fhf;Fk; epiyapYs;shh;. VNjh vjph;ff ; l;rpj; jiyth; gjtpNaw;wJ Nghy mtuJ fl;rpapd; Ml;fNs tpul;lg;gLfpd;w dh;. ehk; VyNt tpLjiyg;Gypfs; Vl;by; Fwpg;gpl;lJ NghyNt gz;lh FLk;gjpw; nfjpuhd uhrgf; r FLk; g Ml; r pia Kd;dpWj;j te;jth; \\Nrdh||f;fs; ehaf;f> \\gz;lhf;fs;|| ehaf;f FLk;g Ml;rpf;F FopNjhz;ba gpd; nra;ag;Nghtnjd;d? rpq;fsj;jpNy jdJ FLk;g Ml;rp iaj; njhlq;Fk;NghNj mjd; tPor ; r ; piaAk; $lNt cWjpg;gLj;jpa kfpe;jh; vg;gbahd murpay;thjp? mtuJ jsk;> gyk;> ntw;wp vy;yhNk mtUf;F kl;LNk chpajy;y. mJ N[.tp.gpapdh;fF ; k; nghJthdJ. xU ciwapy; ,U thl;fsh? Kjypy; vth;

ed;wp: nla;ypkpuh;

this cUtf;$Lk;? mt;thW cUTk; NghJ cUthfg;NghFk; nfhe;jspg;gpw;F tuyhW gpd;dhy; vd;d ngah; #l;Lk;? fpsh;rr ; pah? Gul;rpah? rjpg;Gul;rpah? cs; ehl;Lg; Nghuh? %d;whtJk; ,WjpAkhf jd; Gjy;tu;fshd N[.tp.gp kPjhd rpq;fs Ml;rpaikg;gpd; gypnaLg;gh? N[.tp.gp apdhpd; fij Kbth? Gjpa njhlf;fkh? rpq;fsj;jpy; mikjp fhf;fntd jiyaPL fs; epfOkh? ehnkhd;W kl;Lk; $wKbAk;. ,uhrgf;r FLk;g tPo;r;rpahf kl;Lk; ,e; epfo;T mikag;Nghtjpy;iy. KOr; rpq;f sf; FLk;gq;fSf;FNk ,J tPor ; r ; pahFk;. ,q;Nf ehk; rhg%l;ltpy;iy> fyk;gfKk; ghltpy;iy. tuyhw;wpd; jUf;f tpjpfspd; ,af;fj;ij czh;jj ; p kl;Lk; epw;fpd;Nwhk;. ,UNtW Njrq;fspd; mbg;gilg; gifKuz;ghLfs; cr;r mstpwF ; f; $h;ik ailfpd;wd. mit Kw;wp ntbf;Fk;NghJ tpisAk; tpisnghUl;fs; ntt;Ntwhfpd; wd. rpq;fsj;jpy; mJ NtwhfTk; jkpoPoj; jpNyh mJ NtwhfTk; mikAk;. Mdhy; Jujpl;ltrkhf jkJ mbg;gil gif Kuz;ghLfis ,d;dKk; rpq;fsk; rhpahf ,dk; f hztpy; i y. kfpe; j h; vt; t hW ntd;whh;? rpq;fs kf;fspd; Fk;gp nfhjpf; fpd;wJ. mjid jzptpf;fNtz;Lk; vd;fpw cz;ikiaAk; (,e;jstpy; ,J Kw;Nghf; fhd NjrpaNk) Mdhy; mNjNtis Nghpd thj mbg;gilthj rpe;jidfspd; tpis thf jkJ ,ayhikia> gjtpahiria kiwf;f> jpirjpUg;g jkpoiu gfilahf mth; gad;gLj;jpaJ tuyhw;wpd; kpfg; ghhpa jtwhfg;Nghfpdw ; J. (kfpej ; uJ thf;F tq;fp - fk;gfhtpy; 54.70%, fhypapy; 58.41%, nkhdwhfiyapy; 57%, khj;jiw apy; 61.85%, mk;ghe;Njhl;ilapy; 63.43%). ,e;jstpy; mth; \\jtwhd Rthpy; rhj;jp itf;fg;gl;Ls;s Vzp.|| ,g; ghhpa rpf;fiy Ma;thsh; K.jpUehTf;furpd; thh;ji ; jfspy; nrhy;y tpUk;Gfpd;Nwhk;. kpf tpiutpy; ntspte;J kpfg; gugug;igj; Njhw;Wtpf;fg; NghFk; \,yq;if - 2007| vd;fpw E}yp ypUe;J mtuJ mDkjpNahL rpy thpfs;> \\fhyj;jpw;Ff; fhyk; ,yq;if murpa yhdJ eugypnaLf;Fk; jd;ikiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. me;j eugyp xU nghU shjhug; nghwpKiwapypUe;J gpwf;fpd; wJ.|| ,q;NfAs;s Kf;fpa gl;lwpT vd;d ntd;why; mJ jkpoiu gypnaLf;f Kbah tpl;lhy; rpq;fstiu gypnaLf;Fk; vd;fpw Kf;fpa jftiy E}yhrphpah; tpsf;fpaik jhd;. ,q;Nf gy tpdhf;fs; thrfh; kdjpNy vOk;. rpq;fsj;jpw;Fk; jkpoPoj; jpw;Fkhd mbg;gil gifKuz;ghL vg; NghJ jPhf ; f ; g;gLk;? mNjNghy; rpq;fstUk; rpwpyq;fh Ml;rpahsh;fF ; khd Kuz;ghL vg;NghJ jPh;f;fg;gLk;? vJ Ke;Jk;? vJ gpe;Jk;? ,uz;Lk; rkfhyj;jpyh? ,f;

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Kjypy; rpq;fsj;jhUf;Ff; Fwpg;ghf N[.tp. gp apdh;f;F - \\tuyhW jUk; tha;g;igj; jtwtpl;L tplhjPhf ; s;.|| cq;fsJ ey; tho;tpw;F vth; vjphpNah mtNu vkf;Fkhd nghJ vjphp. cq;fsJ tho;it mgfhpj;j epyg; gpuGj;Jt> Kjyhspa> Nkl;bikj;jd FLk;gf;FO Ml;rpahsNu vk;ikAk; xLf;fp dh;. xU FLk;gf;FO ,g;NghJ mj;jkdk; fz;Ls;sJ. kW FLk;gf; FONthL $l;Lr; Nrh;ej ; pUg;gJ Ml;rpajpfhuj;jpidg; gq;F Nghlth? my;yJ $ltpUe;J Fopgwpff ; th? njspthf jPhk ; hdpj;jhy; epow;wpiu mfYk;. ,ayhikahy; jpirjpUk;giy> gjtpahir iag; gw;wpepd;why; tpistJ \\eugypNa||. jkpoh; jiyia cUl;Ltij ,dpNkyh tJ tpl;LtpLq;fs;. mJNghyNt Vida vk; jkpo; NgRk; kf;fspd>; kiyaf kf;fspd; jiy ikfSf;F jkpo;kf;fs; nfhLf;Fk; thf;F rw;Wf; fLikahdJ. vkf;Fkhd cq;fs; vy;yhUf;Fkhd nghJ vjphpia gykpof;fr; nra;J tPo;j;Jk;NghJ Kz;LnfhLf;f Kw;glhjPh.; cq;fs; #oy;> ,Ug;G> rdehaf nraw;ghl;by; NtW njhptpd;ik vd;gij ehk; Ghpe;jhYk; ,yf;Ffisf; iftpl;Lk; nrhe;jeyd; fUjpAk; jlk;Gus;tJ ,Wjp apy; frg;ghd ghlq;fisNa fw;Wj;jUk;.

xU fzf ;F - neLehs ; fzf ;F vk ; kf ;f shy ; j P h;j ;j hfp t p l ;l J . , d ;n d h U f z f ;F j P h;f ;f g ;g l Ntz ;b As ;s J. ,j ; N j h;j y ; K b T c z ;i k a p y ; toq ;f paJ uzpYf ;f y ;y ngU t P o ;r ;r p. mJ kfpe ;j Uf ;N f chp aJ. ,w ;iwtiuahd vk ; kf ;fs ; kP jhd midj ;J mlf ;FKiwfsp dJk ; jpul ;rpapd; gpzr ;Rikiaj ; jhq ;f jhkhfNt Kd ;te ;j kfpe ; ;f hd fzf ;F fis jh ; ,tw ;w pw j P h;f ;F k ;N g h J m j i d N a w ;f g ; Nghfpd ;whh ;. mjhtJ jd ;Kd ;Ndhh ; tpijj ;j tpidfs ; ahtw ;w pw ;F khd nkhj ;j mWtiliar ;nra ;a Maj ;j khfpd ;w hh ;. ,dpNky; epfotpUf;Fk; Gjpa ghpkhzj; jpidg; Ghpe;Jnfhs;Sq;fs;; murpay; Ez;Zzh;Tld; epfo;tij mtjhdpAq; fs;. jd;dykpd;wp nghWikAld; nraw; gLq;fs;. ,Wjpahf rUtNjrj;jpw;Fk; vk; kf;fs; thf;nfhd;W nrhy;fpd;whh;fs;.

MSk; jug;G xj;Jiof;fhj mG+h;tkhd mikjp Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;bUf;Fk; ePqf ; s; Kd;dh; ,e;jpahtpid /mjd; gilia N[.Mh; ifahz;l fij (eLtiu MLk; jug;ghf khw;wpa fij)ia mwpAq;fs;. jkpo; kf;fis nfhd;nwhopf;fTk;> mth;fs; mbg;gil chpikfisg; gaq;futhjj;jpd; ngauhy; cq; f isf; nfhz; L tpj; J kWf;fTk; gad;gLk; gfilahfhjPh.; Nghfpw Nghf;fpy; cq;fs; KJFfSf;Fg; gpd;dhy; rpq; f sj; j py; cUthFk; Nghpdthj> ,dntwp gpbj;j> kj mbg;gilthjk; tsh;tij mtjhdpAq;fs;. ,d;Nwy; mikjp Kaw;rpfs;; ,Ue;j mikjpapidAk; Fiyj;jd vd;fpw gopNa kpQ;Rk;. ,itjhd; thf;Ffs;. vq;fs; md;gpw;Fhpath;fNs: Njh;jy; Gwf;fzpg; ngd jkpoPo kf;fs; tPrpa rhl;il vtnuth; KJfpy; gl;lNjh mtuth; czuNtz;b aJ. typiaay;y tuyhw;wpd; jPhg ; i ; g.

03

gpa;j;njLj;Jf; nfhjpf;Fk; jhh;g; gPg;gha;fSf;Fs; Nghl;lNghJk;> Mz;fisAk; ngz;fisAk; eph;thzg;gLj;jp td;nfhLik Ghpe;jNghJk; <oj;jkpopdk; vOg;gpa mtyf;Fuiy cyfpy; vtuhYk; Ghpe;Jnfhs;s Kbatpy;iy. vthpd;

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( NÎÑA khDlj;jpd; mjp mf;fiwf;F chpath;fs;. me;j KisfspypUe;Jjhd; khDlj;jpy; NgzplNtz;baitAk; mopj;jpl Ntz;baitAk; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd. khDltho;T nropj;J Xq;fpl me;j Kisfspd; tho;T Ngzpf; fhf;fg;gl;L gz;gLj;jg;glNtz;bajhfpwJ. Mjdhy;jhd; rpWth;fs; njhlh;ghd chpikr; rl;lq;fs; cyfpd; vy;yh kdpj chpikr; rhrdq;fspYk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. cyfpy; vg;NghJk; mf;fiwAld; Ngrg;gLk; tptfhukhfTk; mJ ,Uf;fpwJ.

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kdpjdpd; Mf;fpukpg;G czh;T vd;gJ vy;yh chpik kPwy;fspdJk; mbehjkha; ,Ug;gJNghyNt rpWth;fs; tplaj;jpYk; ,Ue;JtpLfpwJ. mj;jifa czh;T Nghh;%yk; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk;NghJ rpWth;fs; vy;yhtpjkhd tf;fpuq;fSf;Fk;> rPuopTfSf;Fk; cs;shfpwhh;fs;. cyfpd; ve;jnthU ehLq;$lj; jkJ eyd;fspd; nghUl;L Mf;fpukpg;G eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ rpWth;fs; kPJ mf;fiw nfhz;ljhf

04

mJ mjdpYk; ePz;lJ. mfpk;irg; Nghuhl;lj;ijj; jkpoh;fs; elhj;jpa Muk;g fhyq;fspy; rpq;fsj;jhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l ,d mopg;G eltbf;iffspd; Nghnjy;yhk; jkpo;r; rpWth;fspd; vy;yh chpikfSk; gypnaLf;fg;gl;ld. fpl;yiuAk;> KnrhypdpiaAk;;>

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Mdhy; jkpoPo tpLjiyf;fhd MAjg;Nghiuj; jiyikjhq;fp Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;Yk; Njrpaj; jiyt jpU.Nt.gpughfud; mth;fs; rpWth;fis midj;Jf; nfhLikfspdpd;Wk; Ngzpf; fhg;gjpy; KO mstpyhd mf;fiwnfhz;L nraw;gl;lhh;. cyfpy; ele;j Vida tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lq;fspd;NghJ $l ,Ue;jpuhj Gjpa Kd;khjphpahf jiythpd; ,r;nraw;ghLfs; mike;jd. Nghhpd; nfhLikfspypUe;J kl;Lky;yhky; r%fhPjpahd Vida nfhLikfspypUe;Jk; $l jdJ rpWth;fisf; fhj;J tsh;j;njLg;gjpy; jiyth; mth;fs;> tpLjiyg;Nghiuj; jPtpukhf Kd;ndLj;j rkfhyj;jpNyNa eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;L tUfpdw ; hh;.

Mdhy; ,d;iwa cyfpy; rpWth;fspd; epiy vt;thW cs;sJ? mth;fSf;nfd chpj;jhd chpikfis mth;fshy; mDgtpf;fj;jhd; Kbfpwjh? ,j;jifa tpdhf;fs; vOg;gg;gLtjpNyNa mh;j;jkpy;iy vd;W $Wkstpw;F rpWth;fspd; tho;T rpijf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ. mnkhpf;fh> gpuhd;R> N[h;kdp> ,e;jpah cl;gl;l vy;yh ehLfspdJk;> cyfpd; vy;yhg; Gdpjg; gpuNjrq;fspdJk; %iy KLf;Ffspnyy;yhk; rpWth;fs; tijf;fg;gLfpwhh;fs;. ghypay; tf;fpuq;fSf;F cs;shf;Fjy;> Nghhpy; <LgLj;Jjy;> Nghhpd;%yk; Jd;GWj;Jjy;> njhopyhsh;fshf;fp Ntiythq;Fjy;> cstpay; hPjpapyhd Jd;GWj;jy;fSf;F cs;shf;Fjy; cl;gl;l gy;NtW nfhLikfis cyfpd; vy;yh ,lq;fspYk; rpWth;fs; ,d;Wk; mDgtpj;Jf;nfhz;Ljhd; ,Uf;fpwhh;fs;.

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ghlrhiy Nghfhj rpWth;fs;> mehijfshfpajhy; ifNae;jp epw;Fk; rpWth;fs;> Nghrhf;fpd;wp Neha;fshy; jtpf;Fk; rpWth;fs; vd rpWth;fs; ghjpf;fg;glhjthW tpLjiyg;Gypfs; mikg;gpdhy; Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fs; Kd;ndLf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Nghhpd;NghJ jkJ jha; je;ijaiug; gwpnfhLj;j rpWth; rpWkpaUf;fhf nrQ;Nrhiy> fhe;j&gd; mwpTr;Nrhiy Nghd;w mikg;Gfis cUthf;fp> E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd rpWth;fis cs;thq;fp> mth;fisg; guhkhpj;Jf; fy;tpA+l;b tsh;j;jJld;> jhNd jhahfTk; je;ijahfTk; epd;W jdJ fzprkhd Neuj;ij mjw;fhfr; nryTnra;JtUfpd;whh; jkpoPo Njrpaj; jiyth; mth;fs;.

jkpoh; Nghuhl;lk; MAjg;Nghuha; ghpzhkk; ngw;wNghJ rpWth;fs; kPjhd rpq;fsj;jpd; td;KiwfSk; cf;fpuk; ngw;wd.

mJNghyNt tWikapy; tho;e;j rpWth;fSf;fhf rpWth; G+q;fhf;fs; mikf;fg;gl;Lf; fy;tpAk; czTk; ed;elj;ijAk; Cl;lg;gl;Lr;

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rpWth;fs; guhkhpf;fg;gLfpd;whh;fs;.

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fhh; j ; j pif 200

Ç

le;JKbe;Js;s rpwp yq;fhTf;fhd rdhjpgjpj; Njh;jy; rpq;fs - jkpo; ,d Kuz;ghl;ilg; nghWj;j tifapy; murpay; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j jhFk; . jkpoh; mgpyhirfs; NtW - rpq;fsth; eyd;fs; NtW vd;gij Njh;jy; KbTfs; ep&gpj;Jtpl;ld. rpq;fsthpd; rpe;jid NtW - jkpohpd; vz;zg;ghLfs;

KOikahd Njh;jy; epuhfhpg;G. murpay; hPjpapy; rh;tNjrj;jpd; ftdj;ij <h;j;Js;s mk;rq;fs; ,it.

2004Mk; Mz;L eilngw;w rpwpyq;fh ehlhSkd;wj; Njh;jYk;> ,g;NghJ (2005) ele;J Kbe;Js;s rdhjpgjpj; Njh;jYk; xNutpjkhd murpay; nra;jpfisNa ntsp g ; g Lj; j p A s; s d.

2004 Njh;jypy; rpq;fs ,dthjf; $l;lzpNa ntw; w p n gw; w J. %d; W tUl rkhjhd fhyj; j p w ; F g; gpd;dh;> ,g;NghJk;> mNj ,dthjf; $l;lzpNa mjp f huj; i jg; gw; w p A s; s J.

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2004,y; jkpo;kf;fs; xUq;F jpuz;L thf;fspj;J jk; murpay; mgpyhirfis epiyehl;bapUe;jdh;. ,k;Kiw thf;fspg;ig xl;Lnkhj;jkhfg; Gwf;fzpj;J mNj murpay; nra;jpiaNa cyfpw;F fhl;bAs;sdh;. rpwpyq;fh Rje;jpuf; fl;rp - N[.tp.gp - n`y cWka murpay; $l;lzp kfhtk;rf; fUj;Jf;fis typAWj;jp - rpq;fs> ngsj;jh;fSf;Fj;jhd; ,yq;ifj;jPT nrhe;jk; vd;W ,dntwpg; gpur;rhuk; nra;jdh;. xw;iw Ml;rpjhd; mjhtJ rpq;fsth; Ml;rpjhd; ,yq;iff;Fj; Njit vd;W gug;Giu nra;jdh;. jkpoh; jhafj;ij - jkpoh; Njrp aj;ij - jkpoh; jd;dhl;rpia Kw;WKOjhf ep u hfhp j ; j dh; .

kfpe; j uh[gf; r Gjpa rdhjpgjpahfj; Njh; e ; n jLf; f g; g l; L tp l ; l hh; . rp q ; f s - ngsj; j Nkyhjpf; f thjj; i j xw; i w Ml; r pKiwia mKy; g ; g Lj; j MizNfl; ; l xU rp q ; f sj; jiytiu rpq; f sth; rdhjpgjpahf; f p tp l ; L s; s dh; . jkp o Uf; F ve; j xU chp i kAk; toq; f f; $ lhJ vd; w nfhs; i fap y ; tplhg; g pbahf cs; s N[.tp.gpAk; > nfycWkaTk; > gp f ; F fs; Kd; d zp A k; kfp e ; j uh[gf; r tp w ; F gf; f gykhf cs; s dh; . rdhjpgjpj; Njh;jiy jkpo;kf;fs; epuhfhpf;f KbntLj;jdh;. Njh;jiy epuhfhpj;J - thf;nfLg;ig Gwf;fzpj;J jkpo;kf;fSk; cWjpahd murpay;j; jPh;g;ig toq;fpAs;sdh;. rpq;fsj;jpy; mNkhfkhd thf;fspg;G. jkpoh; Njrj;jpy;

fhh; j ; j pif> 2005

jkpohpd; murpay; jdp j ; J tj; i j kWjyp j ; j ,e;j ,dthj epiyg;ghl;il rpq;fs kf;fSk; Mjhpj;J thf; f sp j ; j dh; . ,e;j epiyapy;> rkhjhdg; Ngr;Rthh;ijfSf;Fk; murpay;j;jPh;T

Kaw;rpfSf;Fk; ,dpAk; ,lKz;lh! vd;w Nfs;tpNa vOe; J s; s J. mikjp t op a p y ; jkpohpd; ,dg; gpur;rpidiaj; jPh;f;f rpq;fs muR Kd;tukhl;lhJ vd;gJ jkpoh; jug;gpw;F Vw;fdNt njhpe;j cz;ikjhd;. vdpDk;> ,e;j murpay; ajhh;j;jq;fisg; Ghpe;Jnfhs;s ,d;dKk; rh;tNjr r%fk; Kd; t uhjJ jkpo;kf;fSf;Ff; ftiy mspg;gjhfNt cs;sJ. vth; rdhjpgjpahf te;jhYk; mth; rkhjhdg; Ngr;rpw;F tuNtz;Lk; vd;W rh;tNjr r%fk; mwp T Wj; j p A s; s J. cyf muRfsplkpUe;J cjtp epjpfisg; ngWtjw;fhf

rh;tNjrj;jpd; rkhjhdf; fUj;Jf;fis Gjpa rdhjpgjp cs;thq;fpNa jPuNtz;Lk; vd;W rh;tNjr r%fk; ek;Gfpd;wJ. Mdhy; cjl;lstpy; rkhjhdk; Ngrp rh;tNjrj;ij Vkhw;wp - cjtp epjpfisg; ngWk; tplaj;jpy; rpq;fs mur jiyth;fSf;F epfh; mth; f Nsjhd; .

jkp o h; mgp y hirfs; NtW - rp q ; f sth; eyd; f s; NtW vd; g ij Njh; j y; KbTfs; ep & gp j ; J tp l ; l d. rp q ; f sthp d ; rp e ; j id NtW jkp o hp d ; vz; z g; g hLfs; NtW vd; g Jk; njspthf; f g; g l; L s; s J. ,yq; i fj; j P t p y ; ,U muRfs; vd; w ,uhZt ajhh; j ; j k; xUGwk; ,Ue; J tu kWGwj; j p y ; murp a y; hP j p a p Y k; ,UNtW JUtq; f shf jkp o Uk; - rp q ; f stUk; gp h p e ; J Ngha; cs; s dh; vd; g J kP z ; L k; xUKiw ep&gpf; f g; g l; L s; s J. rpq;fsj; jiyth;fspdJk; - rpq;fs kf;fspdJk; murpay; kdepiy ,t;thwhf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ ,th;fSld; jkpoh; jug;G vt;thW rkhjhdk; gw;wpg; NgrKbAk;. rkhjhdk; NgRk;gb jkpoh;jug;ig vt;thW rh;tNjr r%fk; tw;GWj;j KbAk;! rkhjhdj; i j typAWj;jp 2004,y; Ml;rp

mikj;j uzpy; tpf;fpukrpq;f murhq;fk; Nghh;epWj;j xg;ge;jj;ijj; jtpu rkhjhd Kaw;rpapy; Ntnwijr; rhjpj;jJ. Nghh;epWj;j xg;ge;jKk; jkpoh;f;Fr; nra;jJ vd;d! \\Gypfs; ,af;fj;ij eRf;f rh;tNjr tiyg; gpd;diyj; jdJ murhq;fk; cUthf;fp te;jJ|| vd;W uzpy; jk;gl;lk; mbj;jpUe;jhh;.

rkhjhdj; i j typAWj;jp - Neh;ikahd murpay; epiyg;ghl;il uzpy; tpf;fpukrpq;f ntsp g ; g ilahf vLj;jpUg;ghNuahdhy; jkpohpd; thf;Ffs; %yk; mthpd; ntw;wptha;g;G cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;.

Mdhy;> uzpy; mijr; nra;a tpUk;gtpy;iy. Njhy;tp Vw;gl;lhYk; gwthapy;iy jkpoUf;F vJTk; toq;fptplf;$lhJ vd;w ,dthj czh;TlNdNa uzpy; tpf;fpukrpq;f cs; s hh; . kfpe;j uh[gf;r Gjpa rdhjpgjpahfj; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lhh;. rpq;fs - ngsj;j Nkyhjpf;fthjj;ij> xw;iw Ml;rpKiwia mKy;g;gLj;j MizNfl;;l xU rpq;fsj; jiytiu rpq;fsth; rdhjpgjpahf;fp tpl;Ls;sdh;. jkpoUf;F ve;j xU chpikAk; toq;ff;$lhJ vd;w nfhs;ifapy; tplhg;gpbahf cs;s N[.tp.gpAk;> n`y cWkaTk;> gpf;Ffs; Kd;dzpAk; kfpe;j uh[gf;rtpw;F gf;fgykhf cs; s dh; . mLj;j MW tUlfhyk; vg;gb

fle;j %d;WtUl rkhjhd fhyj;jpy; rh;tNjr mOj;jj;jpw;Fg; gzpe;J - rkhjhdr; #oiy epiyepWj;j rpq;fs muR vd;d nra;jJ! vJTNk nra;atpy;iy.

Gypfs; ,af;fj;jpd; ,iltplhg; nghWikjhd; ,d;Wtiu rkhjhdr; #oiy jf;fitj;Js;sJ. mgptpUj;jp gw;wpa fdTfSlDk; - r%f Nkk;ghL vd;w vz;zq;fSlDk; Ml;rp elhj;Jk; mur jiyth; f isj; j hd; ntspehl;L cjtpfSld; ,ize;j rh;tNjr mOj; j q; f s; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;. rpq;fsj; jiyth;fsplk; mg;gbahd cah;e;j rpe;jidfs; ,y;iy. ngUk;ghyhd rpq;fs kf;fsplKk; mj;jifa vjph;ghh;g;Gfs; ,y;iy. rpq;fs Nkyhjpf;fr; rpe;jid vd;w ,dntwpf; Nfhl;ghl;bw;F mLj;jjhfNt mgptpUj;jp - r%fNkk;ghL vd;w tplaq;fis rpq;fsth; fUJfpd;wdh;.

Gwf; f zpf; f g; g l; l

tlf; F f;

fpof; F

rkhjhd Kaw;rpapYk; rjpmurpaiy elhj;Jk; kdepiyAlNdNa mth; ,Ue;jhh; vd;gJ mk; g ykhap w ; W . ,k;Kiw rdhjpgjpj; Njh;jypd;NghJk; rkhjhdk; gw;wp rhjpj;jikfisf; fijj;jhh;. vy;yh fl;rpfisAk; ,izj;J vy;yh ,d kf;fisAk; ,ize;jJ vd;W rp W gp s ; i sj; j dkhf rkhjhdk; fijj;jhh;. jkpoh;fs; mtiu ek;gtpy;iy.

- vy;yhsd; -

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Njh; j y;

2005

efug;Nghfpd;wJ vd;W jkpoh;fSf;F ed;F njhpAk;. jkpohpd; xw;WikAk; - jkpohpd; gyKk;jhd; jkpo;kf;fSf;F cWJizahf ,Uf;ff;$baJ. ,dptUk; ehl;fspy; rkhjhdk; gw;wpa vjph;ghh;g;G jkpoh;fsplk; ,Uf;fg;Nghtjpy;iy. jk;kPJ jpzpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; ,uhZt Mf;fpukpg;ig mfw;wp jkJ Rje;jpu tho;it cWjpnra;Ak; top K iwfis ehLtjw; f hd jplrq;fw;gj;ijf; nfhs;tjhfNt ,Uf;Fk;.

05

ehaf;fhTld; xg;gpl;ljd; %yk; jd;idg; gw;wpj; jhNd xU jPhf ; f ; jhprk; $wpAs;shh; vd;Wjhd; vLf;fj; Njhd;W fpdw ; J; mj;Jld; jd; idj; J}f;fp epWj;jpAs;s rfhf; f isg; gw; w pAk; mth; jPh;f;fjhprdk; $wpAs;shh; vd vLf;fyhk;. uh[gf; ] tpd; jP h ; f ; f jhprdk; ,t;thW mikifapy; ,J njhlh;ghf fyhepjp vd; . vk; . ngNuuh $wpitj; j

!Wy {' kf;fspd; gpur; r pidf; F \\kfpe; j rpe; j idjhd;|| jPh;T vd;W rpq;fs kf; f spy; ngUk; g hd; i kapdh; jPhg ; g ; spj;Js;shh;fs;. ,yq;ifj; jPT Xh; \\xw;iw ahl;rp|| ehLjhd; vd;W mbj;Jf; $wpath;fisg; ngUk;ghd;ikahd rpq;fs kf;fs; Mjhpj;jpUf;fpd;whh;fs;. rpq;fsg; NghpdthjpfsplkpUe; J jkpo; NgRk; kf;fs; ey;yjhf vjidAk; vjph; g hh; f ; f Kbahnjd; g ij ,j;Njh;jy; njspthfg; giw rhw;wp epw;fpd;wJ.

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mjhtJ jkpoP o kz; z py; gz;lhuehaf;fhtpd; rpiyf;F xU %jhl; b khiy Nghll; L k; ; uh[gf;]tpd; rpiyf;F %jhl;bapd; G+l;lf; Foe;ij khiy Nghll;Lk;. Ntz;ba ve;j Neuj;jpYk; rpq;fs kf;fspy; ngUk; g hyhNdhiug; gr; i r ,dthjj;jpd; gf;fk; ,Oj;Jf;

¦9 Ò>

$wpf; n fhz; l uzpy; jpiu kiwtpy; Nghuhl;lj;ij eRf; f ty; y nray; f spy; <L gl;lhh; vd;gij mtuJ neUq;fpa rfhf;fshd jpUthsh;fs; kpype;j nkhwnfhlTk;> esPd; jp]ehaf; fhTk; ntspg;gilahfNt $wp tpl; l dh; . Fwpg; g hf ntsp ehLfspd; ,uhZtq; f isf; nfhz;Lte;J jkpoPog;

uzpy; tpf;fpukrpq;fTk; xNu ,dthjj;ij ,UNtW Nfhzj;jpy; epd;W mZfpdh;.

KjyhtJ egh; vjph;jJ ; mopf;Fk; nfhs; i fiaf; nfhz; l th; . ,uz; l htJ egh; mizj; J mopf;Fk; nfhs;ifiaf; nfhz; lth;. ,uz;bdJk; ,Wjp ,yf;F xd;Wjhd;. ,jpy; rpq;fs kf;fs; ntspg;gilahf mopf;f Miz NfhhpAs;s KjyhtJ rf;jpia Mjhpj;J Mizaspj;Js;sdh;. ,j;jifa kdepiyiaf; nfhz;l rpq;fsg; Nghpdthjpfspl kpUe;J rkhjhdG+ht ; topapy; jkpoN ; gRk; kf;fSf;F tpNkhrdk; fpl;lKbahJ.

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Vndd;why; jkpoh; gphpe;J nrd;W jdpehlikf;f mj;jpthuk; ,l;lth; ,th; vd;gjhy;|| vd;.vk;.NgNuuh tpd; jPhf ; f ; jhprdk; cz;ikahfg; Nghfpd; w J vd; g ij vOr; r p

epWj;jpAs;s N[.tp.gpapd Uf;Fk; uh[gf;]tpw;Fk; Nkw;gb gz;lhu

ngw;WtUk; jkpoPo tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lk; ep&gpj;J epw;fpd;wJ.

ehaf;fh - Gj;jufpjj ; NjNuh fij mr; nrhl;lhfg; nghUe;JNkh vd;W

,e;jtifapy; vd;.vk;. ngNuuh

pd ; thjj;j ; j pd ; d ,d j i j h j ; t pe r d J h jd d || , P t f a || i ] ; h j ; f y g pe g pe ; j r gQ;r ; j uh[ \\ f ; pe k ; f d \\ k l pd . ; ht J ; w pA ehaf;f pw ; f pd ; w , l j ; j py ; f h t pd ; n t w g z ; l h u ; F w pj ; J e ; w J . , e ; j haf e u h f pd l ; j f ; i ; J e pw uhaj; ;j gz tpd; thh;ji ; japw; nrhy;tjhdhy; , s k ; g y i a f ; F w pj z ; L e pf o ; e M pi e ; ; ph k j ,uz;lhtJ rpiyiaj; jkpo; NgRk; M . ; 6 K k 5 9 y 1 e ; a y n t w ; w pi j f ; f t d pj ; j kf;fs; uh[gf;]tpw;F vOg;G i x g ; g pL t Nfl;fj; Njhd;Wfpd;wJ. ,e;j thh; f s; vd; g J jpz; z k; . gz;lhuehaf;fhtpd; \\gQ;r

gyhPtfa|| rpe;jid ,dthj j;jpd; ,sk; guhaj; ijf; Fwpj;J epw;fpd;wJ. \\kfpe;j rpe;jid|| ,dthjj; jpd; Kjph;epiyiaf; FwpjJ ; epw;fpd;wJ. ,e;j ,lj;jpy; kfpe;j uh[gf;] jdJ ntw; wpia 1956Mk; Mz;L epfo;e;j gz;lhuehaf;fh tpd; ntw;wpAld; xg;gpL tijf; ftdpj;jy; eyk;. gz;lhuehaf;fh ntw;wp ngw;wJ

fhh; j ; j pif> 2005

tuyhw;W tpjpapd;gb ghh;f;if apy; uh[gf;]tpd; vjphp uh[gf; ]Nt; mthpd; vjphp mtUk; mt hpd; ez;gh;fSNk. gpw;Nghf;Fj;

uh[gf;]tpd; Nkw;gb xg;gPL gw;wpa jpU. f.Nt.ghyF khudpd; tpsf;fKk; ,t;tifaha; mike;J nry;tJ Fwpg;gplj; jf;fJ.

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fyhepjp vd; . vk; . ngNuuhtpd; jPh;f;fjhprdk; nraYUg;ngWk; vd; g J murpay; > tuyhw; W > ,uh[je; j pu khzth; f Sf; F Vw;fdNt njhpe;jNjhh; c z ; i k j h d ; . mNjNtis

12

gz;lhuehaf;fh gw;wpa

nry;yyhk; vd;gij uh[gf;] tpd; ntw;wp vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd; wJ. ,e; e piyapy; rpq; f s Ml; r pahsh; f splKk; > rpq; f s kf;fsplKk; ,Ue;J jkpo;NgRk; kf;fs; jkf;fhf vj;jifa ghJ fhg;igAk; vjph;ghh;ff ; KbahJ. rpqf ; s kf;fs; ngUk; ghd;ikahf uh[gf; ] tpw; F thf; f spj; J xw;iwahl;rp Kiwia cWjpg; gLj;jpAs;sjd; %yk; jkpoo P j;ijj; jtpu NtW khw;Wtopapy;iy vd; g ij ,J ep&gpj; J epw;

Nghuhl;lj;ij eRf;F tjw;fhd Vw;ghLfis uzpy; G+h;jj ; pahf;fp tpl;lhh; vd KjyhtJ egUk;> Gypfis ntspehl;L tpA+fj; jhy; uzpy; Rw;wptisj;Js;shh; vd ,uz;lhtJ egUk; kpf ntspg;gilahfNt $wpAs;sdh;.

Nkw;gb gpd;dzpiaAk; ,ufrpaj; jpl;lq;fisAk; Nehf;F ifapy; rpq;fsj; jiyth;fsp dJ ,Wjp ,yl;rpak; vd;gJ ntspg;gilahf cs;sJ.

fpd;wJ. ele; J Kbe; j

Njh; j

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yhdJ rpq;fs ntF[dq; fspd; kNdhepiyiag; gw;wpAk;> vj;jug;

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jpw;Fk; jkpo;NgRk; kf;fs; ed;wp $Wth; vd;gJ jpz;zk;.

07

\\F¬² No¬9XhB l~]' lm 9 P' :²Z9! zX$!?9n @%9²~² ' z@ %?9n z¯m «m$ ² ' l?P !9%² ?¸«B :²y @µ Á> n || !W Z !(% !ª¬N¯ ?!] N |o 9²o> zN¯²A

¢ j;jhiur; rpwg;gpf;Fk; ,ay;G kdpj ,dj;jpd; nghJg;gz;G. kdpjFyk; Njhd;wpa fhyj;jpNyNa ,Wjpr; rlq;FfSk;> fphpiafSk; XusT njhlq;fptpl;ld. fhyg;Nghf;fpy; mit tphptile;J kdpj ehfhpfj;jpd; Kf;fpa gFjpahf ,d;W ,lk;ngWfpdw ; d. ePjj ; hhpd; cw;whh;> cwT fs; epiwNtw;Wk; fl;lhar; nra;fldhfTk; ruk fphpiafs; tsh; r ; r p mile; J s; s d. tho;tplk;> kjek;gpf;if> ,dg; ghuk;ghpak;> tho;fi ; fepiy Nghd;wit ,t;tpjpKiwfspd; mbg;gilf; fhuzpfshf mikfpd;wd. mtw; wpy; fhyj;jpw;Ff; fhyk; gy khw;wq;fs; Vw; gl;Ls;sd. Mdhy; caph;gphpe;j kdpj clYf;F fhl;lg;gLk; mQ;ryp tzf;fj;jpy; khj;jpuk; khw;wk; Vw;gltpy;iy. ePjj ; hh; clYf;F kdpjd; fhl;Lk; cs khh;ej ; khpahijAk; rhtpw;Fg;gpd; kWtho;Tk;

ghh;j;jgb ,Uf;Fk; epiyapy; Gijj;jdh;. #hpNahjaj;NjhL kPsg ; pwg;G Muk;gpf;Fk; vd;w mh;jj ; j;jpy; ,t;thW nra;ag;gl;lJ. Gj;j kjj;jpdh; jkJ rlyq;fis xU fhyj; j py; Gijj; j pUf; f pwhh; f s; . mg; N ghJ jiyia Gj;jh; gpwe;j tlf;Fg; gf;fkhf itj;Jg; Gijj;jhh;fs;. Mgphpf;ftho; goq;Fb kf; f s; gyh; ,we; j cliy fUg; i gapy; fplf;Fk; rpRitg;Nghy; Koe;jhis khh;Gtiu ,Oj;J klf;fpa gpd; Gijf;fpd;wdh;. gpwg;Gk; ,wg;Gk; njhlh; epfo;rr; pfs; vd;w mhpa jj;Jtk; ,jdhy; czh;j;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,d;Dk; rpy goq;Fb kf;fs; cly;fis gwitfSf;Fk; tpyq;FfSf;Fk; czthf;Fk; Nehf;fpy; ntsp apy; Nghl;Litf;fpd;wdh;. jPia tzq;Fk; ghh;rp kjj;jpdh; mikjpf;NfhGuk; vd;W (TOWER OF SILENCE) mth;fs; miof;Fk; caukhf fl;b lj;jpy; mNjNehf;fpy; jkJ rlyq;fis tpl;Lr; nry;fpd;wdh;.

ÑË9:@ Ñ ¦9?9Þѯ!>

njhlh;r;rpahd gpwg;Gk; ,wg;Gk; cz;L vd;w jsuhj ek;gpf;ifAk; ,Wjpr; rlq;FfSk; ruk fphpiafSf;Fk; %yfhuzkhf mikfpd;wd.

Gijj;jy;> vhpj;jy; vd;w ,Utpjkhf kdpj cly; rpwg; g pf; f g; g Lfpd; w J. vJ Kjw; njhlq; f paJ vd; g ij mWjpapl; L f; $w Kbatpy;iy. ,uz;LNk rkfhyj;jpy; Njhd;wp apUf;fyhk;. Gijj;jy; Kiwjhd; kpff;$Ljyhf cyf kf; f shy; filg; g pbf; f g; g LfpwJ. Gijj;jy;> vhpj;jiytpl NtWKiwfSk; iff;nfhs;sg;gl;lhYk; mit tpjptpyf;fhfNt cs;sd. cyfpd; Kf;fpa kjq;fspy; rhtPlb ; Yk; mlf;fk; nra;Ak; ,lj;jpYk; ,we;jthpd; Md;k <Nlw;wj;jpw;fhd tpNrl G+irfSk; gpuhh;jj ; id fSk; elj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,it kdpjh;fSf;F Md;kh cz;L vd;w mbg;gilapy; nra;ag; gLfpd;wd. kdpjd; Gijf;fg;gLtjw;Fk; ,f; Nfhl;ghL fhuzkhf mikfpd;wJ. cyfpd; kpfg; gioik tha;ej ; ehfhpfj;ijf; nfhz;b Uf;Fk; rPdh;fs; Gijf;fg;gl;l clYf;FNky; vOg;gg;gl;bUf;Fk; fl;blj;jpw;Fk; mjd; Md;khTf;Fk; ,ilapy; Neubj;njhlh;G ,Ug;g jhf ek;Gfpd;wdh;. ,f;fl;blj;jpw;Fr; Nrjk; Vw;gl;lhy; me;j Md;khTf;Fr; rQ;ryk; Vw;gLk; vd;W mth;fs; ek;Gfpd;wdh;. rPdh;fs; kz;zpy; jkJ rlyq;fisg; Gijj;J mjd;Nky; kpfTk; Mlk;gukhd epidTf; fl;blq;fis vOg;G fpd;whh;fs;. nrQ;r; d P htpd; Njhw;wj;jpd;gpd; Mlk; guj;ijf; Fiwf;Fk;gb Miz gpwg;gpf;fg; gl;Ls;sJ. ,d;W vhpg;gjw;Fk; Gijg;gjw;Fk; gpuj;jpNafkhd epyq;fs; xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. fpwp];jth;fs; jkJ Gijepyq;fis Njthyaq; fSf;F mUfhikapy; itj;jpUf;fpd;wdh;. ,l neUf;fb fhuzkhf J}u ,lq;fspYk; Gijf; fpd;wdh;. A+jh;fSk;> ,];yhkpah;fSk; Gijf;Fk; tof;fj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sdh;. ,we;j mNjehspy; my;yJ ,ad;wsT Ntfkhf K];ypk;fs; jkJ rlyq;fis mlf;fk; nra;fpdw ; dh;. K];yk P f ; spd; rlyq;fs; tyJgf;f cly; rhpjJ ; f; fPog; ; Gwkhf Tk; Kfk; nkf;fhit nehf;fpa jpirapYk; rhpj;Jf; fplj;jp mlf;fk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. fpwp];jth;fs; KJFg;Gwk; epyj;jpy; gLk;gb mlf;fk; nra;fpwhh;fs;. fpwp];jtkjk; Muk;gpj;j fhyj;jpy; rlyj;jpd; fhy;fs; fPo;j;jpiriag;

08

kdpjtho;T epiyahdjy;y> Mdhy; kdpj cly;kJ P vOg;gg;gLk; epidTf; fl;blq; fSk;> cliy mlf;Ftjw;fhf xJf;fg;gl;l Gdpj epyq;fSk;> ,itgw;wp vOe;j gd;nkhop ,yf;fpaq;fSk; fhyj;ij ntd;W epw;fpd;wd.

Guhjdfhy VO mjpraq;fspy; MW mope;J tpl;ld. vQ;rpaJ vfpg;jpd; $G+(KHUFU) kd;ddpd; fPrh(GIZA) gpukpl; fy;yiw khj;jpuNk. gjpd;%d;W Vf;fh; mbg;ghfj;ijf; nfhz;l vfpg;jpd; fPrh gpukpl; cyfpd; kpfg;nghpa fw; fl;blkhff; fzpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; fhyk; 5>000 tUlj;jpw;F Ke;jpaJ. vfpg;jpw;Fg; Gfo;

Nrh;f;Fk; gpukpl;Lf;fs; ahTk; fy;yiwfNs. nkhopahfp> vq;fs; %r;rhfp> ehis Kb#Lk; jkpo;kPJ cWjp. topfhl;b vk;ik cUthf;Fk; jiytd; tuyhW kPjpYk; cWjp. tpop%b> ,q;Nf Japy;fpd;w Ntq;if tPuh;fs; kPjpYk; cWjp. ,opthf thNohk;> jkpoPog; Nghhpy; ,dpNkYk; XNahk; cWjp. jhaff; fdTld; rhtpidj; jOtpa re;jdg; NgiofNs! ,q;F $tpLk; vq;fspd; Fuy;nkhop Nfl;Fjh? FopapDs; tho;gtNu! cq;fisg; ngw;wth;> cq;fspd; Njhopfs; cwtpdh; te;Js;Nshk; - md;W nrq;fsk; kPjpNy cq;fNshlhba Njhoh;fs; te;Js;Nshk;. vq;Nf vq;Nf! xUjuk; tpopfis ,q;Nf jpwTq;fs; xUjuk; cq;fspd; jpUKfk; fhl;bNa kWgb cwq;Fq;fs;. ty;yik jhUnkd;nwz;zp ck;thrypy; te;JNk tzq;Ffpd;Nwhk;. cq;fs; fy;yiw kPjpnyk; iffis itj;njhU rj;jpak; nra;fpd;Nwhk;. rhtUk; NghjpYk; jzypil NtfpYk; re;jjp J}q;fhJ - vq;fs; jhafk; tUk;tiu jhtpLk; Gypfspd; jhfq;fs; jPuhJ.

N[hh; j hd; ehl; b d; ngw;wh (PETRA) efh;g;Gwj;jp Ys;s ghiw kiy cr;rpapy; Filag;gl;l fw;Fopfspy; Guh jd fhy cly;fs; mlf;fk; nra; a g; g l; L s; s ij 1812,y; Ma;thsh;fs; fz;Lgpbj;Js;s dh;. fpwp];jtkjk; njhlq;fpa fhyj;jpy; mjw;F mur mq;fP fhuk; fpilf;fhj fhuzj;jhy; kpfTk; kiwthf fpwp];jth;fs; jkJ rlyq;fisg; Gijj;jdh;. epyj;jpd; fPo; %d;wb mfykhd Ruq; f g; ghijfis ntl; b > ghijr; Rth;fspy; File;j gFjp fspy; mth;fs; rtg;ngl;bfis kiwj; J itj; j dh; . Ruq; f g; ghijfs; fpistpl;L neLe; J}uk; nrd; w d. gbf; f l; L f; fis mikj; j thW nkd; NkYk; Mokhd Ruq;fg; ghij fis mth;fs; ntl;bdhh;fs;. ,e;j mjpra Gijg;Gr; Ruq;fq;fs; \fw;wNfhk;];| (CATACOMBS) vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. fp.gp 313,y; fpwp];jtj;jpw;F mur mq;ff P huk; fpilj;jhYk; fp.gp 410 tiu Ruq; f g; Gijg; G f; f s;

njhlh;ej ; d. 10Mk; E}w;whz;by; mtw;wpd; ,Ug;ig kf;fs; kwe;Jtpl;lhh;fs;. 16Mk; E}w;whz;by; mit jw;nrayhff; fz;Lgpbf;fg; gl;ld. NuhkhGhpapYk; gpw INuhg;gpa efuq;fspYk; fhzg;gLk; fw;wNfhk;]; cyf mjpraq;fspy; xd;whff; fzpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd. cyfk; G+uhfTk; ,L epyq;fSk; RL fhLfSk; Njrpa clikahfTk; tzf;fj; jyq;fshfTk; kjpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd. ,we;j cly;fSf;FNky; vOg;gg;gl;l Nfhapy;fs; ,e;jpah> jkpoo P k; cl;gl cyfpd; gy ghfq;fspy; cs;sd. kfhj;kh fhe;jp vhpf;fg;gl;l ,lj;jpy; tUlhtUlk; Muhjidfs; elj;jg;gLfpdw ; d. gpwehl;L Kf;fpa];jh;fs; mq;Fnrd;W tzf;fk; nra;tij Kf;fpa flikahff; nfhz;Ls;sdh;.

,q;fpyhe;jpd; nt];wk ; pdp];uh; mNg (WEST MINISTER ABBEY) vd; w gpukhz; l khd fpwp];jt Njthyaj;jpd; cl;Gwj;Nj 3000 tiu apyhd fy;yiwfs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. mur guk;giuapdhpd; Kb#l;Ltpoh njhlf;fk; ey;ylf;fk; tiu ,j;Njthyaj;jpy; eilngW fpd;wd. ,q;fpyhe;jpd; Gfo;ngw;w murpdh;> muRj; jiyth;fs;> tpQ;Qhdpfs;> Gyth;fs;> gilj; jiyth;fs; ,q;Fjhd; mlf;fk; nra;ag;gl;L s;sdh;.

Nghh;tPuh;fSf;nfd;W gpuj;jpNafkhd ,L epyq;fis xJf;fp kpfTk; cd;djkhd epiyapy; guhkhpf;Fk; toik 1860,y; ele;j cs;ehl;Lg; Nghhpd;gpd; mnkhpf;fhtpy; Muk;g khfpaJ. cs;ehl;bYk; ntspehl;bYk; ,Uf; Fk; mnkhpf;fg; Nghh;tPuh;fspd; ,Lepyq;fs; guhkhpg;gjw;Fg; nghWg;ghf xU jpizf;fsk; mnkhpf;fhtpy; ,aq;FfpwJ. mnkhpf;fg; Nghh; tPuh;fspd; rlyq;fs; mlq;fpa Ngiof;F nra;Ak; khpahijfSk; tiuaiw nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. xt; n thU NgioAk; Njrpaf; n fhbapdhy; Nghh;j;jg;gl;L> Ngiof;F ehd;F Nghh;tPuh;fs; vd;w tpfpjj;jpy; khpahijf; fhty; nra;ag;gL fpd;wJ. ,LFopapy; ,lKd;G kpfTk; czh;T G+h;tkhfj; Njrpaf;nfhb mfw;wg;gl;L ,we;j thpd; chpj;jhsUf;F toq;fg;gLfpwJ. cliyj; jfdk; nra;Ak; kpd;rhu mLg;G fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lgpd; Gijj;jy; ngU kstpy; Fiwe;Js;sJ. cyfpd; KjyhtJ

vq;Nf vq;Nf! xUjuk; tpopfis ,q;Nf jpwTq;fs; xUjuk; cq;fspd; jpUKfk; fhl;bNa kWgb cwq;Fq;fs; caph;tpLk; Ntisapy; cq;fspd; thaJ ciuj;jJ jkpoPok; - mij epiuepiuahfNt epd;wpdp tpiutpdpy; epr;rak; vLj;jhs;;Nthk;. jiytdpd; ghijapy; jkpopdk; caph;ngWk; jdpau(R) vd;wpLNthk; - ve;j epiytUk; NghjpYk; epkph;Nthk;> cq;fs; epidTld; ntd;wpLNthk;. vq;Nf! vq;Nf xUjuk; tpopfis ,q;Nf jpwTq;fs; xUjuk; cq;fspd; jpUKfk; fhl;bNa kWgb cwq;Fq;fs;.

fhh; j ; j pif> 2005

\\F¬² No¬9XhB l~]' lm 9 P' :²Z9! zX$!?9n @%9²~² ' z@ %?9n z¯m «m$ ² ' l?P !9%² ?¸«B :²y @µ Á> n || !W Z !(% !ª¬N¯ ?!] N |o 9²o> zN¯²A

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ghh;j;jgb ,Uf;Fk; epiyapy; Gijj;jdh;. #hpNahjaj;NjhL kPsg ; pwg;G Muk;gpf;Fk; vd;w mh;jj ; j;jpy; ,t;thW nra;ag;gl;lJ. Gj;j kjj;jpdh; jkJ rlyq;fis xU fhyj; j py; Gijj; j pUf; f pwhh; f s; . mg; N ghJ jiyia Gj;jh; gpwe;j tlf;Fg; gf;fkhf itj;Jg; Gijj;jhh;fs;. Mgphpf;ftho; goq;Fb kf; f s; gyh; ,we; j cliy fUg; i gapy; fplf;Fk; rpRitg;Nghy; Koe;jhis khh;Gtiu ,Oj;J klf;fpa gpd; Gijf;fpd;wdh;. gpwg;Gk; ,wg;Gk; njhlh; epfo;rr; pfs; vd;w mhpa jj;Jtk; ,jdhy; czh;j;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,d;Dk; rpy goq;Fb kf;fs; cly;fis gwitfSf;Fk; tpyq;FfSf;Fk; czthf;Fk; Nehf;fpy; ntsp apy; Nghl;Litf;fpd;wdh;. jPia tzq;Fk; ghh;rp kjj;jpdh; mikjpf;NfhGuk; vd;W (TOWER OF SILENCE) mth;fs; miof;Fk; caukhf fl;b lj;jpy; mNjNehf;fpy; jkJ rlyq;fis tpl;Lr; nry;fpd;wdh;.

ÑË9:@ Ñ ¦9?9Þѯ!>

njhlh;r;rpahd gpwg;Gk; ,wg;Gk; cz;L vd;w jsuhj ek;gpf;ifAk; ,Wjpr; rlq;FfSk; ruk fphpiafSf;Fk; %yfhuzkhf mikfpd;wd.

Gijj;jy;> vhpj;jy; vd;w ,Utpjkhf kdpj cly; rpwg; g pf; f g; g Lfpd; w J. vJ Kjw; njhlq; f paJ vd; g ij mWjpapl; L f; $w Kbatpy;iy. ,uz;LNk rkfhyj;jpy; Njhd;wp apUf;fyhk;. Gijj;jy; Kiwjhd; kpff;$Ljyhf cyf kf; f shy; filg; g pbf; f g; g LfpwJ. Gijj;jy;> vhpj;jiytpl NtWKiwfSk; iff;nfhs;sg;gl;lhYk; mit tpjptpyf;fhfNt cs;sd. cyfpd; Kf;fpa kjq;fspy; rhtPlb ; Yk; mlf;fk; nra;Ak; ,lj;jpYk; ,we;jthpd; Md;k <Nlw;wj;jpw;fhd tpNrl G+irfSk; gpuhh;jj ; id fSk; elj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,it kdpjh;fSf;F Md;kh cz;L vd;w mbg;gilapy; nra;ag; gLfpd;wd. kdpjd; Gijf;fg;gLtjw;Fk; ,f; Nfhl;ghL fhuzkhf mikfpd;wJ. cyfpd; kpfg; gioik tha;ej ; ehfhpfj;ijf; nfhz;b Uf;Fk; rPdh;fs; Gijf;fg;gl;l clYf;FNky; vOg;gg;gl;bUf;Fk; fl;blj;jpw;Fk; mjd; Md;khTf;Fk; ,ilapy; Neubj;njhlh;G ,Ug;g jhf ek;Gfpd;wdh;. ,f;fl;blj;jpw;Fr; Nrjk; Vw;gl;lhy; me;j Md;khTf;Fr; rQ;ryk; Vw;gLk; vd;W mth;fs; ek;Gfpd;wdh;. rPdh;fs; kz;zpy; jkJ rlyq;fisg; Gijj;J mjd;Nky; kpfTk; Mlk;gukhd epidTf; fl;blq;fis vOg;G fpd;whh;fs;. nrQ;r; d P htpd; Njhw;wj;jpd;gpd; Mlk; guj;ijf; Fiwf;Fk;gb Miz gpwg;gpf;fg; gl;Ls;sJ. ,d;W vhpg;gjw;Fk; Gijg;gjw;Fk; gpuj;jpNafkhd epyq;fs; xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. fpwp];jth;fs; jkJ Gijepyq;fis Njthyaq; fSf;F mUfhikapy; itj;jpUf;fpd;wdh;. ,l neUf;fb fhuzkhf J}u ,lq;fspYk; Gijf; fpd;wdh;. A+jh;fSk;> ,];yhkpah;fSk; Gijf;Fk; tof;fj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sdh;. ,we;j mNjehspy; my;yJ ,ad;wsT Ntfkhf K];ypk;fs; jkJ rlyq;fis mlf;fk; nra;fpdw ; dh;. K];yk P f ; spd; rlyq;fs; tyJgf;f cly; rhpjJ ; f; fPog ; ; Gwkhf Tk; Kfk; nkf;fhit nehf;fpa jpirapYk; rhpj;Jf; fplj;jp mlf;fk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. fpwp];jth;fs; KJFg;Gwk; epyj;jpy; gLk;gb mlf;fk; nra;fpwhh;fs;. fpwp];jtkjk; Muk;gpj;j fhyj;jpy; rlyj;jpd; fhy;fs; fPo;j;jpiriag;

08

kdpjtho;T epiyahdjy;y> Mdhy; kdpj cly;kJ P vOg;gg;gLk; epidTf; fl;blq; fSk;> cliy mlf;Ftjw;fhf xJf;fg;gl;l Gdpj epyq;fSk;> ,itgw;wp vOe;j gd;nkhop ,yf;fpaq;fSk; fhyj;ij ntd;W epw;fpd;wd.

Guhjdfhy VO mjpraq;fspy; MW mope;J tpl;ld. vQ;rpaJ vfpg;jpd; $G+(KHUFU) kd;ddpd; fPrh(GIZA) gpukpl; fy;yiw khj;jpuNk. gjpd;%d;W Vf;fh; mbg;ghfj;ijf; nfhz;l vfpg;jpd; fPrh gpukpl; cyfpd; kpfg;nghpa fw; fl;blkhff; fzpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; fhyk; 5>000 tUlj;jpw;F Ke;jpaJ. vfpg;jpw;Fg; Gfo;

Nrh;f;Fk; gpukpl;Lf;fs; ahTk; fy;yiwfNs. nkhopahfp> vq;fs; %r;rhfp> ehis Kb#Lk; jkpo;kPJ cWjp. topfhl;b vk;ik cUthf;Fk; jiytd; tuyhW kPjpYk; cWjp. tpop%b> ,q;Nf Japy;fpd;w Ntq;if tPuh;fs; kPjpYk; cWjp. ,opthf thNohk;> jkpoPog; Nghhpy; ,dpNkYk; XNahk; cWjp. jhaff; fdTld; rhtpidj; jOtpa re;jdg; NgiofNs! ,q;F $tpLk; vq;fspd; Fuy;nkhop Nfl;Fjh? FopapDs; tho;gtNu! cq;fisg; ngw;wth;> cq;fspd; Njhopfs; cwtpdh; te;Js;Nshk; - md;W nrq;fsk; kPjpNy cq;fNshlhba Njhoh;fs; te;Js;Nshk;. vq;Nf vq;Nf! xUjuk; tpopfis ,q;Nf jpwTq;fs; xUjuk; cq;fspd; jpUKfk; fhl;bNa kWgb cwq;Fq;fs;. ty;yik jhUnkd;nwz;zp ck;thrypy; te;JNk tzq;Ffpd;Nwhk;. cq;fs; fy;yiw kPjpnyk; iffis itj;njhU rj;jpak; nra;fpd;Nwhk;. rhtUk; NghjpYk; jzypil NtfpYk; re;jjp J}q;fhJ - vq;fs; jhafk; tUk;tiu jhtpLk; Gypfspd; jhfq;fs; jPuhJ.

N[hh; j hd; ehl; b d; ngw;wh (PETRA) efh;g;Gwj;jp Ys;s ghiw kiy cr;rpapy; Filag;gl;l fw;Fopfspy; Guh jd fhy cly;fs; mlf;fk; nra; a g; g l; L s; s ij 1812,y; Ma;thsh;fs; fz;Lgpbj;Js;s dh;. fpwp];jtkjk; njhlq;fpa fhyj;jpy; mjw;F mur mq;fP fhuk; fpilf;fhj fhuzj;jhy; kpfTk; kiwthf fpwp];jth;fs; jkJ rlyq;fisg; Gijj;jdh;. epyj;jpd; fPo; %d;wb mfykhd Ruq; f g; ghijfis ntl; b > ghijr; Rth;fspy; File;j gFjp fspy; mth;fs; rtg;ngl;bfis kiwj; J itj; j dh; . Ruq; f g; ghijfs; fpistpl;L neLe; J}uk; nrd; w d. gbf; f l; L f; fis mikj; j thW nkd; NkYk; Mokhd Ruq;fg; ghij fis mth;fs; ntl;bdhh;fs;. ,e;j mjpra Gijg;Gr; Ruq;fq;fs; \fw;wNfhk;];| (CATACOMBS) vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. fp.gp 313,y; fpwp];jtj;jpw;F mur mq;ff P huk; fpilj;jhYk; fp.gp 410 tiu Ruq; f g; Gijg; G f; f s;

njhlh;ej ; d. 10Mk; E}w;whz;by; mtw;wpd; ,Ug;ig kf;fs; kwe;Jtpl;lhh;fs;. 16Mk; E}w;whz;by; mit jw;nrayhff; fz;Lgpbf;fg; gl;ld. NuhkhGhpapYk; gpw INuhg;gpa efuq;fspYk; fhzg;gLk; fw;wNfhk;]; cyf mjpraq;fspy; xd;whff; fzpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd. cyfk; G+uhfTk; ,L epyq;fSk; RL fhLfSk; Njrpa clikahfTk; tzf;fj; jyq;fshfTk; kjpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd. ,we;j cly;fSf;FNky; vOg;gg;gl;l Nfhapy;fs; ,e;jpah> jkpoo P k; cl;gl cyfpd; gy ghfq;fspy; cs;sd. kfhj;kh fhe;jp vhpf;fg;gl;l ,lj;jpy; tUlhtUlk; Muhjidfs; elj;jg;gLfpd;wd. gpwehl;L Kf;fpa];jh;fs; mq;Fnrd;W tzf;fk; nra;tij Kf;fpa flikahff; nfhz;Ls;sdh;.

,q;fpyhe;jpd; nt];wk ; pdp];uh; mNg (WEST vd; w gpukhz; l khd fpwp];jt Njthyaj;jpd; cl;Gwj;Nj 3000 tiu apyhd fy;yiwfs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. mur guk;giuapdhpd; Kb#l;Ltpoh njhlf;fk; ey;ylf;fk; tiu ,j;Njthyaj;jpy; eilngW fpd;wd. ,q;fpyhe;jpd; Gfo;ngw;w murpdh;> muRj; jiyth;fs;> tpQ;Qhdpfs;> Gyth;fs;> gilj; jiyth;fs; ,q;Fjhd; mlf;fk; nra;ag;gl;L s;sdh;.

MINISTER ABBEY)

Nghh;tPuh;fSf;nfd;W gpuj;jpNafkhd ,L epyq;fis xJf;fp kpfTk; cd;djkhd epiyapy; guhkhpf;Fk; toik 1860,y; ele;j cs;ehl;Lg; Nghhpd;gpd; mnkhpf;fhtpy; Muk;g khfpaJ. cs;ehl;bYk; ntspehl;bYk; ,Uf; Fk; mnkhpf;fg; Nghh;tPuh;fspd; ,Lepyq;fs; guhkhpg;gjw;Fg; nghWg;ghf xU jpizf;fsk; mnkhpf;fhtpy; ,aq;FfpwJ. mnkhpf;fg; Nghh; tPuh;fspd; rlyq;fs; mlq;fpa Ngiof;F nra;Ak; khpahijfSk; tiuaiw nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. xt; n thU NgioAk; Njrpaf; n fhbapdhy; Nghh;j;jg;gl;L> Ngiof;F ehd;F Nghh;tPuh;fs; vd;w tpfpjj;jpy; khpahijf; fhty; nra;ag;gL fpd;wJ. ,LFopapy; ,lKd;G kpfTk; czh;T G+h;tkhfj; Njrpaf;nfhb mfw;wg;gl;L ,we;j thpd; chpj;jhsUf;F toq;fg;gLfpwJ. cliyj; jfdk; nra;Ak; kpd;rhu mLg;G fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lgpd; Gijj;jy; ngU kstpy; Fiwe;Js;sJ. cyfpd; KjyhtJ

vq;Nf vq;Nf! xUjuk; tpopfis ,q;Nf jpwTq;fs; xUjuk; cq;fspd; jpUKfk; fhl;bNa kWgb cwq;Fq;fs; caph;tpLk; Ntisapy; cq;fspd; thaJ ciuj;jJ jkpoPok; - mij epiuepiuahfNt epd;wpdp tpiutpdpy; epr;rak; vLj;jhs;;Nthk;. jiytdpd; ghijapy; jkpopdk; caph;ngWk; jdpau(R) vd;wpLNthk; - ve;j epiytUk; NghjpYk; epkph;Nthk;> cq;fs; epidTld; ntd;wpLNthk;. vq;Nf! vq;Nf xUjuk; tpopfis ,q;Nf jpwTq;fs; xUjuk; cq;fspd; jpUKfk; fhl;bNa kWgb cwq;Fq;fs;.

fhh; j ; j pif> 2005

,e;j mLg;G mnkhpf;fhtpd; ngd;rpy;Ntdpah khepyj;jpy; 1876Mk; Mz;L epWtg;gl;lJ. rpwpyq;fhj; jiyefh; nfhOk;gpYk; ,e;j mLg;G ,d;W ,aq;Ffpd;wJ. Nkw;FehLfs; ahtw; wpYk; fpnwnkw;Nwhwpak; (CREMATORIUM) vd;w ,e;jtrjp fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Gijg;gijj; Njrpag; ghuk;ghpakhff; nfhz;l rPdhtpy; trjp Fiwe;j kf;fs; vhpf;Fk; mLg;Gf;fisg; gad; gLj; J fpd; w dh; . ,e; j mLg; G f; f spy; 3000 gud;ifw; ghif ntg;gk; Vw;wg;gLfpwJ. xU kzpNeuj;jpy; ngl;bAk; clYk; vhpe;J rhk;g uhfpd;wd. Nkw;Fyfpy; ,e;jtif vhpg;G nghJ toikahfptpl;lhYk; fj;Njhypf;f kjgPlk; jdJ kjj;jpdUf;F ,jw;fhd mDkjpia toq;f kWj;Js;sJ. jkpopdj;jpd; %j;j Fbfs; ,we; Njhiu <kj;jhopapy; ,l;Lg; Gijj;jdh;. <kj; jhopfs; KJkf;fl;lhop vd;Wk; miof;fg; gLtJz;L. ngUk;ghyhd <kj;jhopfs; ney; gaphplg;gl;l ejpNahuq;fspy; tho;ej ; tptrhar; r%fj;jpdhpd; vr;rkhf ,Uf;fyhk; vd;gJ Ma;thsh; KbT. <kj;jhop trjp mw;wth;fs; kz;zpy; Gijj;jjw;fhd rhd;WfSk; fpilj; Js;sd. fhNthp> nghd;idahW> ghyhW Nghd;w ejpNahuq;fspy; ngUksT <kj;jhopfs; fpilj; Js;sd. mLj;jjhfj; njd;jkpo; ehl;bd; jhku gh;zp> rpjj ; hW> itg;ghW Nghd;wit XukhfTk;

<kj;jhopfs; kPl;fg;gl;Ls;sd. itg;ghwpd; XukhfTs;s rptfphp> gidA+h;> thRNjt ey;Y}h; vd;w fpuhkq;fspYk;> rpjj ; hwpd; mz;ikapYs;s ,yQ;rp> Fw;whyk; gFjpfspYk;> jhkuguzpapd; rptiryk;> mf];jpakiu ntspfspYk;> ,Nj ejp te;JNrUk; ghk;gd; fiuNahuj;jpYk; <kj; jhopfs; ntspte;Js;sd. cyfg; gpurpj;jpngw;w Mjpr;r ey;Y}h; <kj;jhopf; fpuhkk; ghk;gd; fiuNahuj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ghk;gd; fiuNahuj;jpw;F Neuhf ,Uf; Fk; ,yq;ifapd; Gj;jsk; njhlq;fp kd;dhh; tiuapyhd tlNkw;fpy; ngUksT <kj;jhopfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ghk;gdpy; tho;eN; jhh; ,q;Fk; tho;ej ; hh;fs; vd;gij ,J fhl;LfpwJ. Gj;jsj; jpd; nghk;ghpg;gpy; 8000tiuapyhd <kj;jhopfs; ,Ug;gjhf kjpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. tlkuhl;rp ty;yp Gug; gFjpapYk; ,it fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. tpy;gj;J ruzhyaj;jpw;F cl;gl;l Njf;fk;> mSj;nghk;ig> fuk;gd;Fsk; gFjpapYk; ngU ksT <kj;jhopfs; GijAz;L fplf;fpd;wd.

Mjpr;r ey;Y}Uf;Fk; nghk;ghpg;Gf;Fk; ,ilapy; kpfneUf;fkhd gz;ghl;Lj; njhlh;G ,Ug;gij Ma;Tfs; cWjpnra;fpd;wd. aho;gg ; hzj;J Midf;Nfhl;ilapy; <kj;jhopfSk; kz;zpy; Gijf;fg;gl;l cly; fSk; kPl;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Ntyiz rhl;bapy; <kj;jhopfs; vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Nguhrphpah; ,uF gjp FOtpdh; Midf;Nfhl;ilapy; nra;j Ma;tpd;NghJ 2500 tUl gioik tha;e;j ,U vYk; G f; $ Lfs; kj Mrhuq; f Sld; mlf;fk; nra;ag;gl;l epiyapy; fz;Lgpbf;fg; gl;Ls;sd. xU vYk;Gf;$l;bd; iftpunyhd; wpy; gpuk;kp vOj;jpy; nghwpf;fg;gl;l ,yr;rpid Nkhjpuk; ntspf;nfhzug;gl;lJ. aho;.gy;fiyf; fof tuyhw;Wj;Jiwapd; ghJfhg;gpy; ,Ue;j ,e;j Nkhjpuk; ,g;NghJ fhzhkw;Ngha;tpll ; J. Nkhjpuj;jpYs;s jkpo; gpuk;kp vOj;Jf;fs; mJnthU murDf;FhpaJ vd;w nra;jpiaf; $Wfpd; w d. Nkhjpuj; i jg; N ghy; Nkw; $ wpa vYk;Gf;$LfSk; fhzhkw;Ngha;tpl;ld.

fhh; j ; j pif> 2005

jkpoP o tpLjiyg; G ypfs; jkJ khtPuh;fspd; tpj;Jly;fisg; Gijg;gjw;F vLj;j jPh;khdk; vkjpdj;jpd; KJngUk; tuyhw;iw mbnahw;wpaJ. Gijj;jy; vd;w nrhy;iyg; gad;gLj;jhJ \tpijj;jy;| vd;w nrhy; i yAk; clYf; F \tpj; J ly; | vd; w gjj;ijAk; ehk; gad;gLj;Jfpd;Nwhk;. khtPuh;fs; kPz;Lk; vOthh;fs; mth;fs; rlg;nghUs; my;yntd;w mh;jj ; j;jpy; tpijj;jy;> tpj;Jly; vd;git gad;gLfpdw ; d. 11> 12 E}w;whz;Lfspy; Njhd;wpa jkpo; tPuj;ijAk; Njrpaj;ijAk; czh;jJ ; k; guzp E}y;fspy; \fsk;| vd;w new; fsj;ijAk; Nghh;f;fsj;ijAk; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy; gad;ghl;by; cs;sJ. n[aq;nfhz;lhh; gaph;j; njhopiyAk; Nghh;j;njhopiyAk; fypq;fj;Jg; guzpapy; ,izj;Jg; ghbAs;shh;. tpLjiyg;Nghhpd; Muk;gfl;lj;jpy; fsg;gypahd GyptPuh;fspd; cly;fs; Gijj;jy; vhpj;jy; vd;w ,U tifahfTk; rpwg;gpf;fg; gl;ld. ngw;whhpd; kjek;gpf;if kw;Wk; jdp tpUg;gj;jpw;F mikthfTk; Nghuhspfspd; tpj;Jly;fs; vhpf;fg;gl;Lk; Gijf;fg;gl;;Lk; te;jd. nghJkahdq;fspy; mg;NghJ Nghuhsp fspd; tpj;Jly;fs; jfdk; nra;ag;gl;ld. my;yJ ey;ylf;fk; nra;ag;gl;ld. Nghuhl;l fhyj;jpy; jkpoo P tpLjiyg;GypfSf;F tpjJ ; ly; fisg; Gijf;fNtz;ba fl;lhaNjit Vw; gl;lJ. ,e;jpa Mf;fpukpg;G ,uhZtj;Jld; Nghhpl;l fhyj;jpy; Njrpaj; jiytUk; mt Uila Gypgg ; ilapdUk; kzyhWf; fhLfspy; epiynaLj;jpUe;jdh;. fsg;gypahd tPuh;fisj; jfdk; nra;jhy; ,e;jpa ,uhZtj;jpdh; Gif vOk; jpiriaAk; Gypfspd; kiwtplq;fisAk; fz;lwpe;J tpLthh;fs; vd;w fhuzj;jpw;fhf Mq;fhq;Nf fhLfs;NjhWk; tpj;Jly;fs; Gijf; fg;gl;ld. ,g;NghJ kzyhw;wpy; Gijf;fg;gl;l GyptPuh;fspd; Gdpj vr;rq;fs; xNu ,lj;jpy;> mjh tJ kzyhW JapYk; ,y;yj;jpy; czh;T G+h;tkhf kPz;Lk; tpijf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,j; JapYk; ,y;yj;jpw;F xU jdpg;gl;l tPutuyhW cz;L vd;gJ ntspg;gil.

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09

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Muk;gj;jpy; jkpo;j;Njrk; xLf;F Kiwfisr; re;jpf;ftpy;iy. kiy af kf; f Ns xLf; F Kiwfisr; re;jpj;jdh;. kiyaf kf;fSf;nfjpuhf new;fhzpr;rl;lk;> kPd;gpbr; rl;lk;> Nghf; F tuj; J r; rl; l k; vd; g d nfhz; L tug; g l; L epiwNtw; w g; gl;ld. ,yq;ifah; my;yhjth;fs; vd mth;fs; Kj;jpiu Fj;jg;gl;L Nkw;Fwpj;j njhopy;fspy; njhopy; chpik mth; f Sf; F kWf; f g; gl;lJ. 1930fspd; ,Wjpf; fhyq;fspy; kiyaf kf; f Sf; n fjpuhd ,e; j xLf;FKiw NkYk; mjpfhpj;jJ. murhq;f cj;jpNahfq;fspypUe;j gyh; jhk; ghh;jj ; NtiyfspypUe;J rl;l hPjpahf ePff ; g;gl;ldh;. rpq;fsj; jiy th;fspy; cah;th;f;fj; jiyth;fs; kl;Lky;y njhopw;rq;fj;jtuhd V.<.

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ghLfs; nra;ag;gltpy;iy. ,e;jpah Nghd;W ; gpuNjr hPjpahd epht ; hfg; gphpgG ; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jjhy; fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpahh;fs; tpyFfpd;wNghJ me;j eph;thfg; gphpg;gpid mjpfhug; gpupg;ghf khw;wpapUf;f KbAk;. vdpDk; ika eph; t hfj; j py; rl; l j; J iwiag; nghWj;jtiu ,dthjg; gpujpepjpj; Jt Kiwapyhd xU gd;ikj; jd;ik Ngzg;gl;lJ. ,f;fhyj;jpy; rl;lj;Jiwapidg; nghWj;jtiuap Yk; $l mjpfhuk; gphpj;jhdpa Ml;rp ahsh;fsplk; ,Ue;jhYk; rkj;Jt khd ,dthjg; gpujpepjpj; J tk; gd;ikj; jd;ikf;F milahskhf ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; ,e; j g; N ghf; F ePzl ; fhyk; ePbj;jpUf;ftpy;iy. rpq;f sj; jiyth;fs; ,dthhpg; gpujpepjpj;

fhd tha;g;Gf;fisf; nfhLj;jJ. rl;l Mf;fj;jpYk;> eph;thfr; nraw; ghl;bYk; rpq;fsNjrk; Nkyhjpf;fj; ijg; ngw;wJ. jkpo;j;Njrj;ijg; nghWj;jtiu rpWghd;ikNahh; Vw; ghLfs; vd;w tifapNyNa rpy Vw; ghLfs; nra;ag;gl;ld. eph;thff;FO KiwAk;> Njrhjpgjpaplk; ,Ue;j kWg; g hiz mjpfhuKk; jkpo; j ; Njrj;jpd; mgpyhirfisg; ghJfhf; fg; NghJkhdJ vd;wtifapy; rpW ghd;ikNahh; Vw;ghLfshf Nrh;f;fg; gl;ld. jdJ tptfhuk; rk;ge;jg; gl;l tplaq;fspy;$l jkpo;j;Njrk; jPh;khdpg;gjw;F mDkjp toq;fg;gl tpyi ; y.

1939Mk; Mz;L NeUtpd; MNyh ridapd; Nghpy; ,yq;if ,e;jpah; fhq;fpu]; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,JNt gpd;dh; 1950fspy; ,yq;ifj; njhopyh sh; fhq; f pu]; vd ngah; k hw; w k; nra;ag;gl;lJ. 1940fspypUe; J jkpo; j ; NjrKk; xLf;FKiwfisr; re;jpf; fj; njhlq;fpaJ. ahg;Gj; je;j murp ay; mjpfhuj;ijr; rpq;fsNjrk; jkpo;j; Njrj;jpdh; kPJk; gad;gLj;jj; njhlq; fpaJ. jkpo; j ; N jrj; i j xLf; F k; tplaj;jpy; J}uNehf;FlNdNa rpq;fs murpay;j; jiyik nraw;gl;lJ. xU Njrkhf ,Uf;Fk; jkpohpd; ,Ug;G vg;NghJk; jdf;F Mgj;J

Ra MSif> Ra milahsk; vd;gd rpijf;fg;gl;L> nfhOk;G eph;thfj;jpy; jq;fpapUf;Fk; epiy cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. tl - fpof;F vd;w jkpoh; jhafj;jpy; Rarhh;Gj; jd;ikAld; ngUk;ghd;ikahf ,Ue;j jkpo;kf;fs; jkpoh; jhafk; ,yq;ifj;jPtpd; Vida gpuNjrq;fNshL ,izf;fg;gl;ljhy; KO ,yq;ifj; jPtpYk; rpWghd;ikNahuhf khw;wg;gl;ldh;. Rarhh;Gld;> Ra Ml;rpkuGld; tho;e;j xU Njrpa ,dj;jpw;F rpWghd;ik ,dk; vd;w Kj;jpiu Fj;jg;gl;lJ. nfhOk;G Ml;rp mjpfhuj;jpy; jq;fpapUf;fpd;w xU rpWghd;ik ,dk; vd;w tifapNyNa jkpo;j;Njrpa ,dk; njhlh;ghd midj;J eltbf;iffSk; mZfg;gg;gl;ld.

Jt Kiwf;Fg; gjpyhf gpuNjr thhpg; gpujpepjpj; J tj; j pid mwpKfg; gLj;JkhW tw;GWj;jpdh;. 1921,d; khdpq; murpay; rPh;jpUj;jk; gpuNjr thhpg; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij mwpKfg; gLj;jp jkpo;jN; jrj;jpw;F rpWghd;ik apdh; vd;w Kj;jpiuapid ahg;G hPjpahff; Fj;jpaJ. ,jd;gpd;dh; te;j midj;J ahg;G eltbf;iffspYk; rpWghd;ikapdh; vd;w tifapNyNa jkpo;j;Njrpa ,dk; mZfg;gl;lJ. mt;thW mZFk;NghJ$l> jkpoj ; ; Njrk; rk;ge;jkhd tptfhuq;fspy;$l jPhk ; hdk; vLf;ff;$ba chpik jkpo; kf;fSf;F toq;fg;gltpyi ; y. ,ul;il thf;Fhpik Nghd;w El;gq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp mjw;fhd Vw;ghLfisr; nra;jpUf;fyhk;. Mdhy; ahg;Gr; rPh; jpUj;jq;fis cUthf;fpa fhydpj; Jt Ml;rpahsh;fs; mit vtw;wp Yk; ftdj;jpidf; Ftpf;ftpy;iy. ngUk;ghd;ikapdj;ij mbg;gil ahff;nfhz;l ika epht ; hf mikg;G jdJ mjpfhuj;ij jkpo;jN; jrk; kPJ

eph;thff;FO Kiw jkpo;j; Njrj;jpw;Fg; Nghjpa gpujpepjpj;Jtj; ijAk; ghJfhg;gpidAk; toq;fp tUk; vdf; $wg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; eph;thff; FOf;fspy; Nghjpa gpujpepjpj; JtKk; fpilf;ftpy;iy. jPh;khdq; fspy; Mjpf; f k; nrYj; j f; $ ba chpik ,y;yhjjpdhy; Nghjpa ghJ fhg;Gk; fpilf;ftpy;iy. eph;thff; FOf;fNs ke;jphp khh;fisAk; njhpTnra;jd. ,jdhy; ke;jphpfshf tUk; re;jh;g;gq;fSk; jkpo;j;Njrj;jpw;F fpilf;ftpy;iy.

1931Mk; Mz;L Njh;jypd; gpd;dh; rpq; f sNjrk; jaT gz; z pajhy; kiyaf kf;fspd; gpujpepjpahd nghpa Re;juj;jpw;Fj; njhopy; mikr;ruhf tUk; tha;g;Gf; fpilj;jJ. Mdhy; 1936Mk; Mz;L Njh;jypd; gpd;dh; ke;jphprig mikf;fg;gl;lNghJ mJ jdpr;rpq;fs ke;jphp rigahfNt mike;jJ. rpq; f sNjrk ; ngw; W f ; nfhz;l miu Ml;rp mjpfhuk;%yk;

vd;Nw fUjpaJ. ,jdhy; jkpo;j; Njrj;jpd; ,Ug;gpidf; Fiyf;Fk; tifapy; jkpoh; jhafj;jpy; jpl;l kpl;l rpq;fsf; FbNaw;wq;fis cU thf;FtjpNyNa mjp$ba ftdj; ijr; nrYj;jpaJ. 1941Mk; Mz;L tptrha mikr;ruhf ,Ue;j b.v];.

Nrdehaf;fh jkpoh; jhafj;jpd; njd; gFjpapy; fy;Nyhahj; jpl;lj;jpw;fhd mj;jpthuj;ij cUthf;fpdhh;. Mdh Yk; cldbahf rpq;fskf;fs; Fb Naw Kd;tuhikapdhYk;> mjw;fhd trjpfisr; nra;tjw;fhd KOik ahd mjpfhuk; fpilf;fhjjpdhYk; Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;dNu mjid eil Kiwg; gLj;jpdhh;. ,t; t stpw; F k; Vida ,dq;fis xLf;Fk;NghJk;> mjw; fhd rl;lq;fis cUthf;Fk;NghJk; mjid kWjypf; f f; $ ba kWg; ghiz mjpfhuk; Mq;fpNyauhd Njrhjpgjpaplk; ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; NjrhjpgjpAl;gl Mq;fpNyahpd; Ml;rp apUg;gpw;fhd murpay; rpq;fsj; jiy

?P¦ ÑÎ th;fsplk; ,Ue;jikapdhy; ,e;j kWg;ghiz mjpfhuj;jpid gpuNah fpf;f Njrhjpgjp xUNghJk; Kd;tu tpy;iy. eilKiwapy; rpWghd;ik Nahh; fhg;gPLfs; vd nlhd%h; FO tpdh; th;zpj;jitnay;yhk; nrayw; Wg; Nghapd.

1944,y; jkpoh; jug;gpypU e;J rktha;gG ; f; Nfhhpf;ifahd 50:50 Nfhhpf;ifAld; mfpy ,yq;ifj; jkpo;ff ; hq;fpu]; fl;rp [P.[P. nghd;dk; gyk; jiyikapy; cUthf;fg;gl; lJ. ,Nj Mz;L Nrhy;ghp FOtpdh; Gjpa ahg;gpid cUthf;Ftjw;fhf ,yq;if te;jNghJ jkpo;f; fhq;fpu]; fl;rp 50:50 Nfhhpf;ifia Kd;itj; jJ. fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpahshpd; gpujp epjpfshd Nrhy;ghp FOtpdh; jkpo;j; Njrj;jpd; gpur;rpidia rpWghd;ik Nahh; vd;w fz;Nzhl;lj;JlNdNa ghh;jj ; dh;. rpq;fs Njrj;jpw;F KOik ahd nghWg;ghl;rpia toq;fpa mNj Ntis> jkpo;j; Njrj;ijg; nghWj;j tiu nlhd%hpd; njhlh;rr; pahf rpW ghd;ikNahh; fhg;gPLfs; vd;w tif apy; xl;L Vw;ghLfisNa nra;jdh;. jkpoh;fs; xU Njrkhf cs;sdh; vd; w fUJepiy kP z ; L k; xU jlit Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;lJ. xl;L Vw;ghLfspy; murpay; ahg; g pd; 29MtJ gphpTk; > eP j pj; Jiwf;F ,Ue;j ePjpg;Gduha;T mjp P pkd;wkhd fhuKk; gphpj;jhdpa cah;ej Nfhkiwf; fofj;jpw;F KiwapLk; chpikAk; Kf; f pakhditahff; fUjg;gl;ld. mNjNtis mjpfhuf; fl;likg;gpy; KOikahd mjpfhuj; ijr; rpq;fs Njrj;jplk; xg;gilj;J tpl;L fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpahsh;fs; ngausT mjpfhuj;ij khj;jpuk; jq; fs; iffspy; itj;Jf;nfhz;ldh;.

1948,y; Rje;jpuk; nfhLj;j gpd;dUk; ,e; e piyNa njhlh; e ; j J. rpq; f s Njrj;jpw;F fhtyhf ,Uf;ff;$ba tifapy; ghJfhg;G xg;ge;jq;fis nra;Jnfhz;l gphpj;jhdpa Ml;rp ahsh;fs; jkpoh;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;F tpidjpwd; cila vtw;iwAk; nra;atpy;iy. rpq;fsNjrk; Ml;rp mjp fhuk; KOikahff; fpilj;jTl NdNa ,yq;ifj;jPit KOikahd rpq;fs kakhf;Fk; eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl; l J. ,e; j r; nraw; g hl; b y; ,ul;ilj; je;jpNuhghak; filg; gpbf;fg;gl;lJ. mur ,ae;jpuj;ij KOikahf rpq;fs kakhf;Fk; el tbf;iffisAk; mjw;Nfw;w tif apy; rpq;fs milahsq;fis mur ,ae;jpuj;jpw;Fg; nghwpf;Fk; eltbf; iffSk; KjyhtJ je;jpNuhgha khf mike;jd. kiyaf kf;fspd; ,Ug;igAk; jkpoh; Njrj;jpd; ,Ug; igAk; rpijf;Fk; je;jpNuhghak; ,uz; l htJ je; j pNuhghakhf mike;jd.

KjyhtJ je;jpNuhghak; ,yq;iff;fhd Njrpaf;nfhb cU thf;FtJld; Muk;gkhdJ rpq;f sf; FwpaPlhd thNse;jpa rpq;fsk; Njrpaf;nfhbapy; gpujhd ,lj;jpidg; gpbj;Jf;nfhz;lJ. ,yq;ifapy; thOk; ,dq;fisf; Fwpf;Fk; tif apy; cUthf;fg;gl;l epwf;NfhLfs; rkhe;juf; NfhLfshf tiuag;gl;ld. ,jd; % yk; ,dq; f s; vd; W Nk ,izaf;$lhJ vd;gJ ntspf; fhl; l g; g l; l Jld; rpq; f j; j pw; F f; fPNoNa mit thONtz;Lk; vdTk; eph;gg ; e;jpf;fg;gl;ld. jkpo;j; jiyth; fs; ,e;jf; nfhbapid fhurhukhf vjph;j;jNghJk; mit ftdj;jpy; vLf;fg;gltpy;iy. ,f;fl;Liuapd; njhlh;r;rp mLj;j ,jopy; gpuRukhFk;

fhh; j ; j pif 2005

(6Mk; gf;fj;njhlh;rr ; p..) kpff;FiwT. mg;gb mUg;Gj;JUg;ghf tPL nrd;whYk; mq;F trjpahf nghOijf; fopf;f mtd; tpUk;Gtjpy;iy. gLg;gjw;F ghAk; jiyaizAk; nfhLj;jhy; mjw;Fk; fij nrhy;thd;. fsj;jpy; epw;NghUf;F cnjy;yhk; fpilf;fth NghfpwJ vd;W tpl;L jhDk; ntWk; epyj;jpNyNa gLj;Jj; J}q;fptpLthd;. ey;y czT nfhLj;jhYk; ,g;gbj;jhd; nrhy;Ythd;.

1993,y; G+efhp gilj;jsk; kPjhd jtis eltbf;ifapd;NghJ n[hpAk; xU mzpapid topelj;jpr; nrd;whd;. ,e;jr; rz;ilapy; xU ,Wf;fkhd #o;epiyapy; vjphpapd; vjph;gi ; g Kwpabf;f KbahjpUe;j gFjpapy; n[hp jdJ mzpAld; nrd;W vjphpAld; rkhpl;L me;jg; gFjpiag; gpbg;gjw;F fhuzkhapUe;jhd;. re;jphp;fh [dhjpgjpahf gjtpNaw;wgpd; 1995,y; aho;Flhehl;bidf; ifg;gw;Wtjw;fhf rpwpyq;fh ,uhZtk; gy jhf;Fjy;fis elhj;jpaJ. ,bKof;fk;> #hpafjph; vd ele;j njhlh;jhf;Fjy;fspYk; n[hp gq;Nfw;whd;. ,e;j eltbf;iffspy; n[hp mLj;jLj;J ,U jlitfs; fhaile;jhd;. fhaq;fis mtd; nghpjhf nghUl;gLj;jpf; fsj;jpypUe;J mfd;W tpLtjpy;iy. n[hp xU rpwe;j NtTtPud;. mtdpd; NtTg;gzp #hpafjph; eltbf;iff; fhyg;gFjpapy; Muk;gkhfpd;wJ. xU NtTtPuDf;Fhpa rpwg;gk;rq;fs; mtdplkpUe;jd.

1995Mk; Mz;L fhyg;gFjpapy; rpwpJfhyk; aho; njd;kuhl;rpf; Nfhl;l rpwg;Gj; jsgjpahf ,Ue;j n[hp 1996Mk; Mz;L td;dpapy; ,Ue;J jpUNfhzkiy nrd;w jhf;Fjy; mzpapy; xUtdhfr; nrd;whd;.

Nfzy; nrhh;zk; mth;fspd; jiyikapy; ,e;j mzp nrd;wJk; mq;F ,uhZt Kfhk;fs; kPjhd jhf;Fjy;fs; eilngw;wd. jpUNfhzkiyr; #oy; n[hpf;F Kd;ida kzyhw;Wr; rz;ilfis epidTgLj;jpd. mq;Fk; vy;yh tsq;fisAk; ntspapypUe;Nj nfhz;LtuNtz;Lk;. rhg;ghl;bw;fhd czTfs;> rz;ilf;fhd ntbnghUl;fs; vd vy;yhg;nghUl;fisAk; nghUs; te;J NrUk; ,lj;jpypUe;J fk;ghyh %yk; ,Ug;gplk; nfhz;L nry;yNtz;Lk;. nfhQ;rehs; rz;il vd;why; nfhQ;rehs; nghUl;fs; Nrfhpf;f fk;ghyh mbf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW gy neUf;fbfis vjph;Nehf;fpdhYk; mq;F gyjhf;Fjy;fs; ntw;wpfukhf> ele;Njwpd. nkhwNtt nghyp]; epiyaj; jhf;Fjy;> gd;Fsk; rz;il> Gy;Nkhl;il kpdpKfhk; jhf;fpaopg;G> vd mq;F ele;j gy jhf;Fjy;fspy; n[hp jdJ mzpAld; gq;Fgw;wpdhd;. xt;nthU jhf;Fjypw;F Kd;Gk; jhf;ftpUf;Fk; Kfhkpid NtTghh;ff ; Ntz;Lk;. NtTg;gzp n[hpf;F gpbj;jkhd gzp. mtd; NtTg;gzpapYk; <Lgl;lhd;. nkhwNtt nghyp]; epiyaj; jhf;Fjypd;NghJ. rz;ilapd; njhlf;fj;jpy; ghijfs; cilatpy;iy. fsr;#oy; khWk; epiyapUe;jJ. n[hp nrd;w gFjpAk; epyik mt;thNw ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; n[hp me;jr; #oYf;F Vw;wthW jpl;lq;fisg;Nghl;Lj; jhd; nrd;w ghijia cilj;J jpwe;J gpd; gFjpahy; cs;Eioe;jhd;. md;iwa jhf;Fjy; ntw;wpf;F n[hpapd; jpwikahd nraw;ghL mjpf Jizaha; ,Ue;jJ. ve;jg; gjl;lkhd #o;epiyapYk; jhd; gjl;lkilahky; cWjpahf epjhdkhf epd;wgb fl;lisfis toq;fp mzpia topelj;Jk; jpwd; mtdplkpUe;jJ. 1997Mk; Mz;bd; eLg;gFjp tiu jpUNfhzkiy khtl;lj;jpy;

fhh; j ; j pif> 2005

nraw;gl;l mtd; kPz;Lk; td;dp jpUk;gpdhd;. td;dpapy; mtDf;F tpUk;gkhd gzp fhj;jpUe;jJ. tpNrl NtTg;gphptpy; n[hp ,izf;fg;gl;lhd;. ,e;jf; fhyg;gFjpapy; jhd; rpwpyq;fh ,uhZtk; n[arpf;FW vd;w ngahpy; ghhpa ,uhZt eltbf;ifiaj; njhlq;fp td;dpapy; gy fpuhkq;fis Mf;fpukpf;fj;njhlq;fpaJ. njhlh;rr ; pahfr; rz;ilfs; ele;Jnfhz;bUe;jd. n[hpf;Fk; epiwag;gzp fhj;jpUe;jd. xU NtT tPudpd; tho;f;if vg;NghJNk fbdkhdJ. vjphpapd; KfhKf;Fs; CLUtp mtd; %r;Rg;gLk; ,lj;jpy; epd;wgb NtTghh;jJ ; j; jpUk;GtJ vd;gJ ,Nyrhd Ntiyay;y. Gwg;gLk; Neuj;jpypUe;J kPzL ; k; jpUk;Gk;tiuAk; ve;j nehbg;nghOjpYk; rhT epfoyhk;.

fhl; L n[hp

KbntLj;Jr; nraw;gLthd; vd;w ek;gpf;if cUthfpapUe;jJ. 1997,y; xd;gjhk; khjj;jpy; ,Wjp thuj;jpy; n[hpapd; jiyikapyhd NtT mzpnahd;W ,uhZtk; n[arpf;FW %yk; Mf;fpukpj;j gFjpf;Fs; CLUTfpwJ. ,uhZtg; gpuNjrj;jpy; epd;wgb vjphpapd; ,Ug;gplq;fis> efh;Tfis NtTghh;jJ ; vjphpf;Fj; njhy;iynfhLf;Fk; jhf;Fjy;fis Nkw;nfhs;tNj ,t; mzpapd; Nehf;fkhFk;. ,e;jg; gzp ,yFthd gzpay;y. jhf;FjYf;fhf gad;gLj;Jk; ntbnghUl;fisAk;> nfhQ;rk; czTg;nghUl;fisAk; Njhspy; Rke;jgbNa ve;j NeuKk; efu Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU ehSk; ePzl ; J}uk; elf;fNtz;Lk; me;j clw;fisg;gpw;Nfw;wjhd czTk;

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11

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12

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me;jg; guk;giuNa vkJ Njrj;jpd; ephk ; hzpfshf> epht ; hfpfshf cUg;ngwNtz;Lk;. \\,J xU nghpa Mir; myhjpahd fdT. vdpDk; ehd; Kaw;rpf;fpNwd;. Kaw;rp Mf;fk;jUk; vd;gjpy; vdf;F Mokhd ek;gpf;if cz;L|| vd;W $Wk; jkpoPoj; Njrpaj; jiyth; mth;fs;> vkJ ,sk; jiyKiwiag; gypapl epidf;Fk; vj;jifa rf;jpfsplkpUe;Jk; vkJ ,dj;ijf; fhj;Jj; jd; Nkd;ikahd fdTfis <Nlwitg;ghh; vd;gjpy; jkpo;kf;fs; mirahj ek;gpf;if nfhz;Ls;shh;fs;.

tpLjiyg;Nghuhl;l tuyhw;wpy; ,UtUk; Nghuhspfshf ,Ue;jhYk;$l xUtUf;nfhUth; vy;yhtw;iwAk; gfph;e;Jnfhs;s KbahJjhd;. Mdhy; mtd; vLj;jpUe;j ~fWg;Gepyh| KbT$l vdf;Fj; njhpe;jpUf;ftpy;iy. mtDf;F epfh; mtNdjhd;. mtndhU fiufhzKbahj fw;gfjU.

(09Mk; gf;fj; njhlh;r;rp) <oj;jkpopdj;jhy; khtPuh; ehshff; nfhz;lhlg;gLk; etk;gh; 27> jkpoPo tpLj iyg; Nghhpy; Kjy; fsr;rhtile;j vkJ ,af;f Ntq;if nyg;.rq;fh; (rj;jpaehjdpd;) epidthf mikfpwJ. 1989Mk; Mz;L etk; gh; 27Mk; ehl;njhl;L ehk; Mz;LNjhWk; khtPuh; ehisf; filg;gpbj;J tUfpNwhk;.

KjyhtJ khtPudpd; tPur;rhTjhd; midj;J khtPuh;fspd; ehshff; nfhz;lhlg;gLtjhy; mjw;F kpfg;nghpa Kf;fpaj;Jtk; cz;L. jkpoPoj;jpd; kpfg;nghpa epfo;T vd;w rpwg;G khtPuh; ehSf;F cz;L. 1990Mk; Mz;L njhlf;fk; 1994Mk; Mz;Ltiu etk;gh; 21njhl;L 27tiuapyhd xUthuk; khtPuh; thukhfr; rpwg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. 1995Mk; Mz;bypUe;J etk;gh; 25> 26> 27Mk; ehl;fs; khtPuh; vOr;rp ehl;fshff; filg; gpbf;fg;gLfpd;wd. 1994Mk; Mz;Lnjhl;L khtP u h; e hs; es; s putpypUe; J khiy 6.05 kzpf;F khw;wg;gl;lJ. Kjy; khtPud; nyg;. rq;fh; tPur;rhtile;j NeuKk; mJthFk;.

6.05kzpf;F jkpoPok; vq;fZk; midj;Jj; Njthya kzpfSk; xU epkplk; xyp vOg;Gk;. mjd;gpd; mftzf;fk; nrYj;jg;gLk;. khtPuh; JapYk; ,y;yq;fs; ahtw;wpYk; xt;nthU fy;yiwf;Fk; eLfy;Yf;Fk; Kd;dhy; ngw;whh;> chpj;jhsh;fs; Nghd;Nwhuhy; jPgk; Vw;wg;gLk;.

JapYk; ,y;yj;jpd; eLNkilapYk; jPgk; Vw;wg; gLk;. JapYkpy;yk; tuhj cs;@h; kf;fSk;> Gyk;ngah;e;j cld;gpwg;Gf;fSk; jj;jk; ,y; yplq;fspy; tpsf;Nfw;wp tzf;fk; nra;thh;fs;. khtPuh; ehspd;NghJ me;j ehSf; nfd;W ghlg;gl;l khtPuh; ghly; JapYk; ,y;yq;fspy; xypf;ftplg;gLk;. Kjyhtjhf ,J 1991Mk; Mz;L Nfhg;gha; JapYk; ,y;yj;jpy; xypj;jJ. ,ij vOjpath; ftpQh; GJit ,uj;jpdJiu.

fhh; j ; j pif> 2005

fUjpajpy;iy. ,JNt> md;Wk; ,d;Wk; vkJ tpLjiy ,af;fj;jpd; cWjpahd ,yl;rpakhf ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. rpq;fs murpay; jiyikfsplkpUe;J ePjp fpilf;fg;Nghtjpy;iy vd;gij ehk; njspthfg; Gupe;J> vkJ cupikfis ehkhfNt Nghuhb ntd;nwLf;f Ntz; Lk; vd cWjpG+z;bUe;jNghJk; jtpHf;fKbahj tuyhw; Wr; #o;epiyfs; fhuzkhfr; rpq;fs muRld; rkhjhdg; Ngr;Rf;fspw; gq;Fgw;w ehk; epHg;ge;jpf;fg;gl;Nlhk;. gpuNjr ty;yurhd ,e;jpahtpd; jiyaPL xU fhyfl;lj;jpYk;> rHtNjr ehLfspd; mOj;jk; ,d;ndhU fl;lj;jpYkhfr; rkhjhd Kaw;rpfspy; vk;ik <Lglr;nra;jd. mj;NjhL Ngr;Rf;fspy; ehk; gq;Fgw;wpajw;F NtW fhuzq;fSk; ,Uf;fNt nra;jd. jkpoPo kf;fisg; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj; Jk; xU Njrpa tpLjiy ,af;fk; vd;w uPjpapy; vkJ mikg;Gf;Fr; rl;luPjpahd mq;ff P huj;ijg; ngWtjw;Fk; Ngr;RthHj;i ; j xU rhjdkhf mike;jJ. mJkl;Lkd;wp> vkJ Njrpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;i ; j cyfkag;gLj;jp> rHtNjrr; r%fj;jpd; mDjhgj;ijAk; MjuitAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fk; ,J mtrpakhf ,Ue;jJ. mLj;j jhf ehk; MAj td;Kiwapw; fhjy;nfhz;l NghH ntwpaH my;yu; vd;gijAk; rkhjhd nkd;Kiwapy; ehk; gw;WWjp nfhz;ltHfs; vd;gijAk; cyFf;F czHj;jpf; fhl;l Ntz;ba NjitAk; vOe;jJ. ,Wjpahf> vy;yhtw;wpYk; Kf;fpakhfj; jkpoPo kf;fspd; mbg;gilahd murpaw; Nfhupf;iffis Vw;W xU epahakhd jPHTj; jpl;lj;ijr; rpq;fs ,dthj Ml;rpahsH Kd;itf;fg; Nghtjpy;iy vd;w cz;ikiar; ru;tNjr r%fj;jpw;F ep&gpj;Jf; fhl;LtJk; vkJ Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. ,g;gbahd Fwpf; Nfhs;fSlNdNa ehk; Ngr;Rf;fspw; gq;Fnfhz;Nlhk;.

tho;fi ; fg; gpur;rpidfisAk; mtru kdpjhgpkhdg; gpur;rp idfisAq;$l uzpypd; Ml;rpgPlj;jhy; jPHj;Jitf;f Kbatpy;iy. uzpypd; murhq;fkhdJ Ngr;Rf;fis ,Oj; jbj;Jf; fhyj;ijf; flj;jpaNjhL> cyf ty;yuR ehLf Sld; ,ufrpaf; $l;Lr;NrHe;J vkJ tpLjiy ,af;fj;jpl kpUe;J MAjq;fisf; fise;JtpLk; xU #o;r;rpfur; rjptiyiag; gpd;DtjpNyNa KOf; ftdj;ijAk; nrYj;jpaJ. ,e;jr; rjpj;jpl;lj;jpd; xU Kf;fpa Vw;gh lhfNt 2003Mk; Mz;L> [{d; khjj;jpy; Nlhf;fpNah khehL muq;NfwtpUe;jJ. ,jid mwpe;Jnfhz;l ehk; Nlhf;fpNah khehl;ilg; gfp];fupj;jJld; Ngr;Rf;fspypUe; Jk; tpyfpf;nfhz;Nlhk;. rkhjhd Kaw;rpapy; vijANk rhjpf;fhJ uzpypd; Ml;rp KbTf;F te;jJ. ,jid aLj;J> rkhjhdj;jpw;F tpNuhjkhd ,dthj rf;jpfSld; $l;Lr;NrHe;J Gjpa muir mikj;jhH re;jpupfh. ehk; Vw;nfdNt Kd;itj;j ,ilf;fhyj; jd;dhl;rp mjpfhu rigj; jpl;lk;gw;wpg; NgRtjw;F vkJ ,af;fk; ,zf;fk; njuptpj;jNghJk; re;jpupfh mjw;F ,zq;fhJ fhyj;ij ,Oj;jbj;jhH. ,ilf;fhyj; jPHTkpd;wp> epue;juj; jPHT kpd;wp> murpay; ntWikf;Fl; fhyk; XbaJ. ,e;j murpaw; #dpaj;jpw;Fs;> ,e;j epr;rakw;w ntWikf;Fs; vk;ikr; rpf;fitj;J> vkJ tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;ijj; jpirjpUg;gp kOq;fbg;gNj rpq;fs Ml;rpahsupd; tQ;rf Nehf;fk; vd;gij ehk; czHe;Jnfhz;Nlhk;. ,dpj; njhlHe;Jk; rkhjhd khiaf;Fs; nrayw;W ,Ug;gJ mgj;jk; vd vz;zpa ehk; vkJ Njr tpLjiyg; Nghuhl; lj;ijf; fhyjhkjkpd;wp Kd;ndLf;fj; jPHkhdpj;Njhk;. mjw;fhd nra;jpl;lj;ij newpg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;bUe;j

%d;W jrhg;jq;fSf;F Nkyhfj; njhlUk; vkJ Njr tpLjiyg;Nghuhl;lj;jpy;> ntt;NtW fhyfl;lq;fspy;> ntt;NtW tuyhw;Wr; #o;epiyfspy;> ehk; NghUf;F Xa;T nfhLj;Jr; rkhjhdg; Ngr;Rf;fspw; gq;Fgw;wpNdhk;. vjpupahdtd; fgl Nehf;Fk; tQ;rf neQ;Rk; nfhz;ltd; vd;gJ vkf;Fj; njupAk;. mj;NjhL rkurg; Ngr;Rf;fshy; gad; vJTk; fpll ; g;Nghtjpyi ; y vd;gJk; vkf;Fj; njupAk;. rkhjhdg; Ngr;R vd;gJ vkJ tpLjiyg;Nghuhl;lg; ghij apy; itf;fg;gl;l nghwp vd;gijAk; ehk; ed;F mwpNthk;. ,j;jidiaAk; njupe;Jk; ehk; NeHikAlDk; Neupa Nehf;FlDk; rkhjhdg; ghijapy; gazpj;Njhk;. MapDk; ehk; kpfTk; tpopg;GlDk; tpNtfj;JlDk; nraw;gl;Nlhk;. rkhjhdg; gazj;jpd;NghJ - rkurg; Ngr;Rf;fspd;NghJ rpf;fyhd gy rthy;fisAk; neUf;Fthuq;fisAk; ehk; vjpHNehf;f Neupl;lJ. vkJ tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;Fg; gq;fk; Vw;gLk; tifapw; nghwpfs; itf;fg;gl;ld. rjp tiyfs; gpd;dg;gl;ld. Mdhy; ehk; epiyikiag; Gupe;J rhJupakhff; fha;fis efHj;jpajhy; nghwpfSf; Fs; khl;bf;nfhs;sTkpy;iy rjptiyg; gpd;dy;fSf;Fl; rpf;fptplTkpy;iy. rpq;fs Ml;rpahsUk; mtHfSf;F Kz;LnfhLj;J epd;w ty;yuRfSk; vkJ tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;Fk; vkJ kf;fspd; eyDf;Fk; tpNuhjkhfr; nraw;gl vj;jdpj;j Nghnjy;yhk; vkJ ,af;fk; mk; Kaw;rpfis td;ikahf vjpHj;J epd;wJ. ,e;jpaj; jiy aPL epfo;ej ; fhyj;jpy;> vkJ kf;fspd; eyDf;Fk; vkJ Njrr; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;Fk; mr;RWj;jy; vOe;jNghJ ,e;jpa ty;yuirAk; mjd; ,uhZt ,ae;jpuj;ijAk; vjpHj;Jg; NghuhlTk; ehk; Jzpe;Njhk; vd;gij vkJ kf;fs; mwpthHfs;. vkJ tpLjiy ,af;fk;> jpk;Gtpy; njhlq;fpg; gy;NtW fl;lq;fspy;> gy;NtW rkhjhd Kaw;rpfspw; gq;Fgw;wpaNghJk; ,k;KiwNa vkJ Nghuhl;l tuyhw;wpy; vd;Wkpy;yhjthW xU ePz;l fhy ,ilntspia fpl;lj;jl;l ehd;F Mz;Lfhy ,ilntspiar; rkhjhdj; jpw;F ehk; mHg;gzpj;Njhk;. ,e;j ePzl ; fhy tprhyj;jpy; vkJ kf;fspd; gpur;rpidfSf;Fr; rkhjhd topapy; jPHTfhz ehk; mauhJ Nkw;nfhz;l Kaw;rpfs; midj; JNk mHj;jkw;Wg;Nghapd. ,k;Kiw epfo;ej ; rkhjhdg; Ngr;Rf;fs; rhuhk; rj;jpy; tpj;jpahrkhdit> Kf;fpaj;Jtkhdit. %d;whk; jug;G cyf ehnlhd;wpd; mDruizapy;> rHtNjrr; r%fj;jpd; fz;fhzpg;gpy; ,e;jg; Ngr;Rf;fs; epfo;ej ; d.

Kjypy; uzpy; tpf;fpukrpq;fhtpd; muRlDk; gpd;dH re;jpupfhtpd; Ml;rpgPlj;JlDk; epfo;ej ; Ngr;Rf;fspd;NghJ Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l KbTfs;> jPHkhdq;fs;> cld;ghLfs; vitANk nray;tbtk; ngwtpy;iy. ehk; nghWikapd; vy;iyiaf; fle;J rfpg;Gj;jd;ikapd; rpfuk;tiu nrd; Nwhk;. vj;jidNah tplaq;fspy; tpl;Lf;nfhLj;J> rfy tha;gG ; f;fisAk; ehk; toq;fpaNghJk; rpq;fsg; Ngupdthj Ml;rpg;gl P q;fs; vkJ kf;fSf;F ePjptoq;f kWj;Jtpl;ld.

2001Mk; Mz;L> brk;gH 24Mk; ehsd;W> ehkhfNt jd;dpr;irahfg; Nghiu epWj;jpr; rkhjhdf; fjTfisj; jpwe;JtplN ; lhk;. td;dpkhepyj;ij kPln ; lLj;J> MidapwTg; gilj;jsj;ij Jtk;rk; nra;J> giltYr; rkepiyia vkf;Fr; rhjfkhf epiyepWj;jp> gyj;jpd; mj;jpthuj;jpy; epd;wthNw rpq;fsj; Njrj;jpw;F ehk; Nerf;fuk; ePl;bNdhk;. NehHNt muR eLepiy tfpf;f uzpy; tpf;fpukrpq;fhtpd; muRld; cyfj; jiyefHfspy; epfo;e;j Ngr;Rf;fs; gw;wp ehd; ,q;F tpgupj;Jf;$wj; Njitapy;iy. vkJ kf;fs; vjpHnfhz;l mtykhd

fhh; j ; j pif> 2005

nrayfq;fs; kl;lj;jpw; Ngr;Rf;fs; epfo;ej ; d. Kbtpd;wp> ePzl ; fhyj;jpw;F ,g;Ngr;Rf;fs; ,Ogl;Lr; nry;tij ehk; tpUk;gtpy;iy. Mifahy; ehk; nkd;Nghf;iff; filg; gpbj;J> rpy Kf;fpa tplaq;fspy; nefpo;eJ ; nfhLj;J> xU epHthff; fl;likg;ig epWTtjw;F ,zq;fpNdhk;. ,jw;fhd cld;ghLk; ifr;rhj;jhfpaJ. rpwPyq;fh muRk; tpLjiyg;GypfSk; ,ize;J cUthf;fpa ,e;j epthuzf; fl;likg;Gf;F midj;Jyf ehLfSk; jkJ ey;yhjuit toq;fpd. Kuz;gl;L epd;w ,U jug;gpdUk; xd;wpize;J nraw;gLk; ey;nyz;zr; #o;epiy gpwe;Js;sjhf ek;gpf;if njuptpj;jd. MapDk; ,e;j ey;nyz;zr; #o;epiy cUthFtijNah> jkpo Uf;F epthuz cjtpfs; fpilg;gijNah rpq;fs ngsj;j ,dthjr; rf;jpfshw; nghWj;Jf;nfhs;s Kba tpy;iy. re;jpupfhtpd; $l;lzp murhq;fj;jpy; mq;fk; tfpj;j N[.tp.gp epthuzf; fl;likg;Gf;Ff; fLikahd Ml;Nrgk; njuptpj;J murpypUe;J tpyf;fpf;nfhz;lJ. N[.tp.gp> [hjpf n`y cWka Nghd;w jPtpu ,dthjf; fl;rpfs; ,e;j epthuz cld;ghL rpwPyq;fh murpayikg; Gf;F tpNuhjkhdnjd caHePjpkd;wj;jpy; tof;FfisAk; jhf;fy; nra;jd. rpq;fs ,dthjr; rf;jpfSf;Fr; rhHghd Kiwapy; caHePjpkd;wk; toq;fpa jPHg;G> Rdhkpf; fl;l ikg;ig KOikahf Klf;fpr; nraypof;fr; nra;jJ. Rdhkpf; fl;likg;Gf;Fr; rhTkzp mbf;fg;gl;l Jld; jkpo;kf;fSf;F vQ;rpapUe;j ,Wjp ek;gpf;ifiaAk; rpq;fsg; ngsj;jg; Ngupdthjk; rhfbj;Jtpl;lJ. rHt mjpfhuk; gilj;j [dhjpgjp re;jpupfhtpdhw;$l> rpq;fs ,dthjr; rf;jpfis kPwpj; jkpo;kf;fSf;F xU epthuzj; jpl;lj;ijj;jhDk; epiwTnra;a Kbatpy;iy. epiyik ,g;gb ,Uf;Fk;nghOJ Ngupdthjr; rfjpapy; %o;fpf; fplf;Fk; rpq;fs mjpfhu tHf;fj;jplkpUe;J ePjpia vjpH ghHg;gJ Kl;lhs;jdk;. Rdhkp epHthff; fl;likg;ghdJ ve;jtpjkhd murpay; mjpfhuj;ijAk; nfhz;bUf;f tpy;iy. mj;Jld; mjw;F cUg;gbahd epHthf tYTk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. kpfTk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nraw;ghLfisf; nfhz;l xU jw;fhypf xOq;fikg;Gf;Nf njd;dpyq;if apy; ,j;jifa vjpHg;G vd;why; jkpoH jhafj;jpy; jd; dhl;rp mjpfhuKila Ml;rpaikg;igr; rpq;fs murpay; jiyikfSld; Ngrpg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk; vd;W vjpH ghHg;gJ ntWk; gfw;fdT. fle;j ehd;F Mz;Lfhyr; rkhjhd Kaw;rpapd; gadhf ehk; gl;LzHe;Jnfhz;l nka;Az;ik ,J. ,e;jr; rkhjhd ehlfj;ij kpfTk; cd;dpg;ghf mtjhdpj;Jte;j cyf ehLfSf;Fk; ,e;j cz;ik njspthfpapUf;Fk; vd;Nw ehk; ek;GfpNwhk;. vdJ md;ghd kf;fNs>

NtisapNyNa> mjhtJ nrd;w Mz;Lf; filrpapy;> ,aw;ifapd; me;jf; Nfhuj;jhz;ltk; epfo;ej ; J. jpBnud vtUNk vjpHghuhj; jUzj;jpy; ,e;jg; Ngutyk; epfo;ej ; J. vkJ jhafg;G+kpapd; fpof;Ff; fiu Nahuf; fpuhkq;fs;> FbapUg;Gfs; kPJ Rdhkpg; Nguiyfs; jhf;fp vd;Wkpy;yhj NguopTfis Vw;gLj;jpd. ,aw;if apd; ,uf;fkw;w ,e;j Copf; $j;jpy; jkpo;> K];ypk; kf;fs; ,Ugjpdhapuk; Ngu; nfhd;nwhopf;fg;gl;ldH. %d;W yl;rk; NgHtiu tPLfs;> nrhj;Jf;fis ,oe;J mfjpfshf my;yw;gl;ldH. Vw;nfdNt Aj;jj;jpdhw; rpije;J Nghap Ue;j jkpoH Njrk;kPJ ,d;ndhU NguopT Vw;gl;ljhy;> Rkf;fKbahj Jd;gg; gSitr; Rkf;f vkJ kf;fs; epHg;ge;jpf;fg;gl;ldu;. cldbahfNt ,g;Ngutyj;jpw;F Kfq;nfhLf;f vkJ tpLjiy ,af;fk; KbntLj;jJ. vkJ ,af;fj;jpd; gilj;Jiwg; gpupTfSk; kw;Wk; epHthf> r%fNritf; fl;likg;GfSk; fsj;jpy; ,wq;fpg; ghjpf;fg; gl;l kf;fSf;F mtru kdpjhgpkhd> epthuzg; gzpapy; <Lgl;ld.

Mopg;Nguiy mdHj;jk; cyfj;jpd; kdr; rhl;rpia cYg;gptpl;ljhy;> ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; GdH tho;T> GdHepHkhzj;jpw;nfdg; ngUk;njhifapy; epthuz cjtpfis toq;Ftjw;F cyfehLfs; Kd;te;jd. mNjrkak;> vkJ tpLjiy ,af;fj;Jld; $l;Lr;NrHe;J> xU nghJf; fl;likg;ig cUthf;fp epthuzg; gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fr; re;jpupfh mk;ikahH tpUg;gk; njuptpj; jhH. Ngutyj;jpw;F Mshfp epw;Fk; jkpo;NgRk; kf;fspd; mtru kdpjhgpkhdg; gpur;rpidfSf;F Kd;Dupik nfhLf;fNtz;ba Njit md;W vkf;F vOe;jJ. ,jdhy; re;jpupfh murhq;fj;Jld; Ngrp> ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fSf;F epthuzKk; GdHtho;Tk; ngw;Wf;nfhLf;f KbntLj;Njhk;.

NehHNtapd; mDruizAld; ,Ujug;Gr; rkhjhdr;

rpq;fs Ml;rpahsupd; eatQ;rf murpaYf;F ey;ynjhU vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf ,d;ndhU ghuJ}ukhd tplaj; ijAk; ehd; ,q;F vLj;Jf;$w tpUk;GfpNwd;. rkhjhdj; jpd; jpiuf;Fg; gpd;dhy;> kiwKfkhf> vkJ ,af;fj;jpw;F vjpuhf epfo;j;jg;gLk; Xu; ,ufrpa Aj;jk; gw;wp ePq;fs; mwpe;jpUg;gHP fs;. vkJ tpLjiy ,af;fj;ijg; gytPdg; gLj;jp> vkJ Nghuhl;lj;jpw;Fg; gq;fk; tpistpf;Fk; Nehf;F ld; ,e;j ehrfhu epoy; Aj;jk; Vtptplg;gl;lJ. vkJ ,af;fj;jpd; %j;j cWg;gpdHfs;> Kf;fpa Nghuhspfs;> MjuthsHfs; vkf;F Mjuthd murpay;thjpfs;> Clf tpayhsHfs;> fy;tpkhd;fs; vd;w tifapy; ngUe; njhifahNdhH kpfTk; Nfhioj;jdkhff; nfhd;nwhopff ; g; gl;Ls;sdH. ,e;j epoy; Aj;jj;jpd; cz;ikahd #j;jpu jhupfs; ahH vd;gJ vkf;F ed;F njupAk;. ,uhZtg; Gydha;Tj;Jiwapd; topelj;jypy; ,e;j td;Kiwr; rk;gtq;fs; eilngw;wNghJk; ,jd; gpd;Gyj;jpw; rpq;fs ,dthj murpay;thjpfspd; m&g fuq;fs; nraw;gLtij Ak; ehk; mwpNthk;. mur fl;Lg;ghl;Lg; gFjpfspy;> mur gilapdupd; ghJfhg;Gf; ftrj;Jld; xl;Lg; gilfshd jkpo; MAjf; FOf;fis fUtpfshff; nfhz;L ,e;j kiwKf Aj;jk; elj;jg;gLfpwJ. mur fl;Lg;ghl;Lg; gFjp fspy; epuhAjghzpfshf epd;W murpaw; gzpfspy; <Lgl;l vkJ Nghuhspfs; nfhiynra;ag;gLtijAk;> vkJ murp aw; nrayfq;fs; jhf;fpaopff ; g;gLtijAk; ehk; fLikahf Ml;Nrgpj;Njhk;. Mdhy;> rpq;fs muR vkJ Ml;Nrgid fisg; nghUl;gLj;jtpy;iy. ,jdhy; ,Wjpapy; vkJ murpaw; Nghuhspfis vkJ fl;Lg;ghl;Lg; gpuNjrj;jpw;Fs; kPs miof;f ehk; epHg;ge;jpf;fg;gl;Nlhk;.

NghUf;F Xa;TnfhLj;jjhy; cUthfpa rkh jhdr; #oiyr; rhjfkhfg; gad;gLj;jp> xU tpjj ; pahrkhd nkd;jPtpu Aj;jk; vk;kPJ njhLf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. NghH epWj;j tpjpfSf;F mikaj; jkpo;f; $ypg;gilfspd; MAjq;fisf; fisaNtz;baJ murhq;fj;jpd; flg;ghL. ,e;j Kf;fpa flg;ghl;il epiwTnra;aj; jtwpa rpq;fs muR> ,e;j MAjf; FOf;fisNa fUtpfshfg; gad; gLj;jp vkJ tpLjiy ,af;fj;jpw;F vjpuhf td;Kiwia Vtptpl;bUg;gJ xU ghuJ}ukhd NghHf;Fw;wkhFk;. xU ifahy; mutizg;gJNghy ebj;J kWifahw; Fj;Jk; ek;gpf;ifj; JNuhfr; nraypJ. rkhjhd Kaw;rpapYk; rkurj; jPHtpYk; rpqf ; s MSk; tHf;fj;jpwF ; cz;ikahd MHtKk; mf;fiwAk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy vd;gijNa ,r; nraw;ghL vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ. ,uhZt mZFKiwia (16Mk; gf;fk; ghh;ff ; )

15

,tHfs; ,d;Dk; iftpl;ljhfj; njupatpy;iy. rkhjhdr; #oypYk; xU Gjpa tbtpw; Nghiu cUkhw;wk; nra;J ,uhZtg; gaq;futhjj;ijj; njhlHfpwJ rpq;fs muR. ,e;j epoy; Aj;jj;jpd; ep[ tbtj;ijAk; mjd; mrpq;fkhd Kfj;ijAk; me;juq;f Nehf;fj;ijAk; rHtNjr r%fk; fz;Lnfhs;Sk; vd ehk; ek;GfpNwhk;. rkhjhdk;> NghHepWj;jk;> Ngr;RthHj;ij vd;gd vy;yhk;> jkpo;kf;fisg; nghWj;jtiu> mHj;jkw;w nrhw; gjq;fshf> ajhHj;j nka;ee ; piyf;Fg; nghUe;jhj thHj;ijg; gpuNahfq;fshf khwptpl;ld. rkhjhdr; #oypy; epfo;jj ; g; gLk; kiwKf Aj;jk;> NghHepWj;j tpjpfSf;F Kuzhfj; njhlUk; ,uhZt Mf;fpukpg;G> rkurg; Ngr;Rf;fisg; gad;gLj;jpg; gpd;dg;gLk; rHtNjrr; rjptiyg; gpd;dy; ,g;gbahf mikjp Kaw;rp jpupTgLj;jg;gl;Lj; jtwhd Kiwapw; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy; vkJ kf;fSf;F vy;yhtw;wpYNk ek;gpf;if ,oe;Jtpl;lJ. epiyahd mikjpiaAk; epk;kjpahd tho;itAk; ngw;Wj;juhj rkhjhdj;jpy;> tho;tplq;fis Mf;fpukpj;J epw;Fk; ,uhZtj;ij mfw;wKbahj NghHepWj;jj;jpy;> jPuhJ njhlUk; gpur;rpidfSf;F jPHT Njbj;juhj Ngr;Rf; fspy;> vkJ kf;fs; ek;gpf;if ,oe;Jtpl;ldu;. epiyaw;w tho;itAk;> epr;rakw;w vjpHfhyj;ij Ak; ,dpAk; vkJ kf;fs; nghWj;Jf;nfhs;sj; jahuhf tpy;iy. nghWj;Jg; nghWj;J nghWikapoe;j jkpo; kf;f spd; nghq;FzHthfNt mtHfsJ murpay; mgpyhir fspd; MNtr ntspg;ghlhfNt jkpoPoj; jhafnkq;Fk; ntFrdg; Nghuhl;lq;fs; ntbj;JtUfpdw ; d. rkPg fhykhf> jkpo;khtl;lq;fs; NjhWk; khwp> khwp muq;NfwptUk; jkpo;j; Njrpa vOr;rp epfo;Tfspw; rKj;jpukhf kf;fs; jpuz; nlOe;J cupik Kof;fk; nra;J tUfpwhHfs;.

RaepHza cupikNfhup> jk;ikj; jhNk Ml;rp GupAk; murpaw; Rje;jpuq;Nfhup> jkpoPo kf;fs; vOg;Gk; cupikf; FuyhdJ cyf kdr;rhl;rpapd; fjTfisj; jl;lj; njhlq;fpAs;sJ. xNu ,yl;rpaj;jpy; xd;Wgl;l Njrkhf mzpjpuz;L epw;Fk; jkpopdj;jpd; cupikf; Fu iyr; rHtNjrr; r%fk; ,dpAk; mrl;il nra;aKbahJ. jkJ murpay; jifikiaj; jhkhfNt epHzapj;Jf; nfhs;s vkJ kf;fs; tpUk;GfpwhHfs;. fhyq;fhykhf mur xLf;FKiwf;F Mshfpa xU Njrpa kf;fs; rKjhak; vd;w uPjpapy;> jkJ murpay; mgpyhirfisr; rHtNjrr; r%fk; mq;ff P upf;fNtz;Lk; vd;gNj vkJ kf;fspd; miw $tyhFk;. vkJ RaepHzag; Nghuhl;lg; gazj;jpy; ehk; ,d;W xU jPHf;fkhd tuyhw;Wj; jpUg;GKidia mile;Js;Nshk;. njd;dpyq;if murpay; mjpfhu tHf;fk; jkpoupd; RaepHza cupikia vd;WNk mq;fPfupf;fg; Nghtjpy;iy. rpq;fsg; ngsj;jg; ngUk;ghd;ik kf;fspd; eyd;fisg; Ngzpg; ghJfhf;Fk; murikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpYk;> me;jr; rl;lj;jpd; mj;jpthuj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;bUf;Fk; Ml;rp aikg;gpYk; jkpopdj;jpd; RaepHzaj;jpw;F vd;WNk ,l kpUf;fg; Nghtjpy;iy. ehkhfNt Nghuhb> vkJ RaepHza cupikia ntd;nwLg;gijj; jtpu vkf;F NtW top apy;iy vd;gij vkJ kf;fs; ,d;W czHe;Jtpl;lhHfs;.

RaepHzak; vd;gNj Rakhf> Rje;jpukhf> kw;wtHfspd; jiyaPbd;wp> vkJ murpay; tho;it ehkhfj; jPHkhdpg;gJ jhd;. me;jf; fhyKk; #oYk; ,g;NghJ fdpe;Jtpl;;lJ. jkpoupd; Njrpaj; jdpj;Jtj;ij mq;fPfupj;J> mtHfSf;F Ml;rpajpfhuj;ijg; gfpHe;jspj;J> mtHfis mutizj;J thor; rpq;fsj; Njrk; kWj;JtUfpwJ. ,yq;if Rje;jpukile;j fhyk; njhl;L> fle;j 57 Mz;Lf shf ,e;j murpaw; Gwf;fzpgG ; j; njhlHfpwJ. Ntz;lg;glhj ,dj;jtuhf> xJf;fg;gl;L> xLf;fg;gl;L> Gwe;js;sp itf;fg; gl;l kf;fshf tho;e;J rypj;Jg;Nghd jkpoH> rpq;fs Ml;rpaikg;igAk; mjd; mjpfhugPlj;ijAk; xJf;fpg; Gwf;fzpf;fj; jPHkhdpj;Jtpl;ldH. rpwPyq;fhtpd; mur mjpgH NjHjypy;> ngUk;ghd;ikahd jkpo;kf;fs; thf;fspf; fhjik ,e;jg; Gwf;fzpg;gpd; fhj;jpukhd ntspg;ghlhFk;. rpq;fsj;jpd; mur mjpgiuj; jPHkhdpf;Fk; thf;Fg; gyk; ,Ue;jNghJk; me;j tha;gg ; pidg; gad;gLj;j vkJ kf;fs; tpUk;gtpy;iy. Ntl;ghsHfs; kPjhd jdpg;gl;l tpUg;G ntWg;ghfNth mtHfsJ fl;rpfs;> nfhs;iffs; kPjhd jPHg;ghfNth ,jidf; fUJtJ jtW. xl;Lnkhj;jkhfr; rpq;fs Ml;rpaikg;gpy; jkpo;kf;fSf;F Vw;gl;Ls;s Mo khd tpuf;jpapdJk; ek;gpf;ifaPdj;jpdJk; ntspg;ghlh fNt ,j;NjHjw; Gwf;fzpg;G epfo;e;Js;sJ. jkpoupd; murpaw; Nghuhl;l tuyhw;wpy; ,JnthU ghuJ}ukhd jpUg;gj;ij Rl;bf;fhl;LfpwJ. rpq;fs murpay; Ml;rpKiw apy; ek;gpf;ifapoe;j jkpoPo kf;fs;> jdptop nrd;W jkJ murpay; jiytpjpiaj; jhNk epHzapf;fj; Jzpe;J tpl;ldu; vd;gijNa ,J vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ. rpqf ; sj; NjrkhdJ xU Gjpa Njrj; jiytidj; NjHe;njLj;jpUf;fpwJ. me;jj; jiytdpd; fPo; xU Gjpa Ml;rpgPlk; gjtp VwpAs;sJ. ,e;j Ml;rpaikg;ghdJ gpuj;jpNafkhfr; rpq;fsg; ngUk;ghd;ik kf;fshy;>

mtHfsJ thf;Fg; gyj;jhy; epWtg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. ,e;j Ml;rpaikg;gpw; rpWghd;ikj; Njrpa ,dj;jtupd; gq; fspgG ; ,Uf;ftpyi ; y. ,J Kw;WKOjhfNt xU rpqf ; sg; ngsj;j Ml;rpgPlkhFk;. ,jdhy; kfpe;j uh[gf;rh ,yq;if tho; kf;fs; r%fq;fs; midj;ijAk; gpujpepjpj; Jtg; gLj;jtpy;iy. mtH rpq;fs - ngsj;j kf;fspd; eyidg;NgZk; mur mjpguhfNt Ml;rpg; nghWg;ig Vw;wpUf;fpwhH. mur mjpgH kfpe;jhtpd; rpe;jidfisAk; nfhs;iffisAk; ehk; ed;fwpNthk;. Njrpa ,dg; gpur;rpid njhlHghf mtuJ murpay; juprdj;jpw;Fk; jkpoupd; RaepHza cupikg; Nghuhl;lj;jpwF ; k; kj;jpapyhd ,irtw;w ,ilntspfisAk; ,zq;fhj Kuz;ghL fisAk; ehk; mwpNthk;. ,itgw;wp ehd; ,q;F xg;gl P L ; kjpg;gha;T nra;a tpUk;gtpy;iy. rkPgj;jpa mur mjpgH NjHjYk; mjid vkJ kf;fs; Gwf;fzpj;jjhy; Vw;gl;l Ml;rpkhw;wKk; jkpo;> rpq;fs Njrq;fs; kj;jpapy;> murpay; uPjpahf> Mokhd xU gpsit Vw;gLj;jpAs;sd. njd;dpyq;ifapy;> rpq;fs - ngsj;jk; Nkyhz;ik ngw;Ws;s mNj rkak;> jkpoH jhafj;jpy; jkpo;j; Njrpak; epiyg;gl;L> gyg;gl;L> vOr;rp ngw;W tUfpwJ. rpq;fsj;jpy; kfpe;j uh[gf;rhtpd; Gjpa muR Ml;rpg; nghWg;ig Vw;Ws;sJ. jkpoPoj;jpYk; jkpo;j;

,Ogl;l rkhjhd Kaw;rpapd;NghJ rpq;fs mur jug;gpdhy; Vw;gl;l rpf;fy;fs;> Nghlg;gl;l Kl;Lf;fl;ilfs;> ,iof;fg; gl;l ek;gpf;ifj; JNuhfq;fs; vy;yhtw;iwANk cyfk; ed;fwpAk;. vj;jidNah ,k;irfs;> Mj;jpu%l;ly;fs; kj;jpapYk; ehk; nghWikia ,oe;J> rkhjhdf; fjTfis %btpltpy;iy vd;gijAk; rHtNjrr; r%fk; mwpAk;. ehd;F Mz;Lf;fhy mikjpg; gazj;jpw; rkhjhdj;jpd; kPjhd vkJ gw;WWjpia ehk; re;Njfj;jpw;F ,lkpd;wp ep&gpj;Jf; fhl;btpl;Nlhk;. vdJ md;ghd kf;fNs> vkJ Nghuhl;l ,yl;rpaj;ij milAk; mZF Kiw Fwpj;J xU jPHf;fkhd KbT vLf;fNtz;ba fhyj;ij ehk; neUq;fptpl;Nlhk;. ,e;j tuyhw;Wj; jpUg;G Kidahd fl;lj;jpy;> vkf;F xU Gjpa rthyhf> rpq;fsj; Njrj;jpy; xU Gjpa mur mjpgupd; jiyikapy;> xU Gjpa murhq;fk; Ml;rpg;nghWg;ig Vw;Ws;sJ. ,e;jg; Gjpa muR vkf;F Nerf;fuk; ePl;LfpwJ. vkJ tpLjiy ,af;fj;Jld; NgRtjw;F tpUg;gk; njuptpf;fpwJ. NghH epWj;jj;ijf; filg;gpbj;J mikjp Ngzg; Nghtjhfr; nrhy;fpwJ. jkpo;kf;fspd; ,dg;gpur;rpidiaj; jPHg;gjpy;

Njrpa vOr;rpapd; jpz;zpa tbtkhf vkJ tpLjiy ,af;fj;jpd; Ml;rpaikg;G tpuptile;J> tYtile;J ,aq;fp tUfpwJ. rpq;fs ,uhZt Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;J vkJ jhaf epyj;jpd; ngUk; gFjpia ehk; kPln ; lLj;J> mq;F jd;dhl;rp mjpfhu Ks; s Ml; r paikg; i g epWtp> mjid NeHj;jpahf epHtfpj; J tUfpNwhk; vd;gJ ,d;W cyfwpe;j cz;ik. ngUe;njhif kf; fs; thOk; epHthff; fl;Lg; ghl;Lg; gpuNjrq;fisAk; mjidf; fl;bf;fhf;f gyk; nghUe; j pa gilj; J iw iaAk; rl;lk; xOq;ifg; Ngzf; fhty;JiwiaAk; ePjpj;JiwiaAk; mj;NjhL xU epoy; murhq;fj;jpw; Fupa mbj;jsf; fl;Lkhzq; fisAk; nfhz;ljhf gpu khz;lkhd epHthf mikg;ig ehk; ,af;fp tUfpNwhk;. ngUk; njhifahd vkJ kf;fs; ,d;Dk; rpqf ; s ,uhZt Mf;fpukpg;gpd; fPo; mur fl;Lg;ghl;Lg; gFjpfspy; tho;ej ; NghJk;> czHthYk; ,yl;rpaj;jhYk; mtHfs; vkJ tpLjiy ,yl;rpaj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dhy; mzpjpuz;L epw;fpwhH fs;. ,e;jf; fs ajhHj;jj;i ; j> murpay; nka;ki ; kiar; rpq;fs Ml;rpahsHfs; Vw;Wf;nfhs;s kWg;gJld;> vkJ tpLjiy ,af;fj;ij xU \gaq;futhjf; FO| vd cyfj;jpw;Fr; rpWikg;gLj;jpr; rpj;jpupj;Jf;fhl;l Kide;J tUfpwhHfs;. ,e;jg; ngha;ahd gug;Giufis ek;gp> cyf ehLfs; rpy vkJ ,af;fj;ijg; gaq;futhjg; gl;baypy; njhlHe;Jk; itj;jpUg;gJ vkf;F NtjidiaAk; Vkhw;wj; ijAk; jUfpwJ. rkhjhd Kaw;rpapd; ghJfhtyH vd cupikNfhup> ,yq;ifapd; ,dg;gpur;rpidapy; MHtKk; mf;fiwAk; fhl;ba cyf ty;yhjpf;f ehLfs;> xU jug;gpduhd vkJ tpLjiy ,af;fj;ijg; \gaq;futhjpfs;| vd Xuq;fl;b xJf;fptpl;L> kWjug;gpduhd rpwPyq;fh murpd; eyd;fSf;Fr; rhHghf epiyg;ghL vLj;jd. ,J Ngr;Rf;fspw; gq;Fnfhz;NlhuJ rkepiy cwit ntF thfg; ghjpj;jJ. mj;NjhL vkJ murpay; jifikia ehNk jPHkhdpfF ; k; Rje;jpuj;ijAk; ghjpjj ; J. ,e;ehLfspd; xUjiyg;gl;rkhd epiyg;ghLk; FWf;fPLk; rkhjhdg; Ngr;Rf;fs; Kwpe;JNghtjw;Fk; xU fhuzkhf mike;jd. gaq;futhjk; vd;w nrhw;gjj;jpw;F xU njspthd> jPHf;f khd tiutpyf;fzk; ,y;yhjjhy; jHkj;jpd; topjOtp epfOk; epahakhd murpaw; Nghuhl;lq;fSk; gaq;futhj khfj; jpupTgLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;jtifapy; ,dthj xLf;FKiwf;F vjpuhff; fpsHe;njOe;J NghuhLk; Rje;jpu ,af;fq;fSf;Fk; gaq;futhjr; NrW G+rg;gLfpwJ. gaq;fu thjj;jpw;F vjpuhd ,d;iwa rHtNjr vjpHg;gpaf;fj;jpy; mlf;FKiw muRfspd; ,uhZtg; gaq;futhjk; %b kiwf;fg;gLfpwJ. MapDk; me;j mur gaq;futhjj;ij vjpHj;J epw;gtHfs; kPNj gaq;futhj Kj;jpiu Fj;jg;gL fpwJ. ,e;jj; JHg;ghf;fpa epiyjhd; vkJ tpLjiy ,af;fj;jpw;Fk; Vw;gl;bUf;fpwJ.

xU Gjpa mZFKiwiaf; filg;gpbf;fg; Nghtjhf mwptpj;J tUfpwJ. [dhjpgjp kfpe;jhtpd; NjHjy; tpQ;Qh gdj;jpy; njuptpf;fg;gl;l rpe;jidfis Mokhf myrpg; ghHf;Fk; nghOJ jkpo;j; Njrpa ,dg; gpur;rpidapd; mbg;gilfisNah mjd; %yf; Nfhl;ghLfisNah mtH Gupe;Jnfhz;ljhfj; njupatpy;iy. nfhs;ifuPjpahf vkf; Fk; mtUf;Fk; kj;jpapyhd ,ilntsp kpfg;ngupJ. vdp Dk; mtH eilKiw murpaypy; ek;gpf;ifnfhz;l ajhHj;jthjp vd;W fUjg;gLtjhy;> rkhjhd topKiwia vt;tpjk; ifahsg; NghfpwhH vd;gijAk;> jkpo;kf;fSf;F vt;tpjk; ePjp toq;fg; Nghfpd;whH vd;gijAk; Kjypy; ehk; mwpe;Jnfhs;tJ mtrpak;. MfNt> [dhjpgjp uh[ gf;rhtpd; efHTfis> mtH Nkw;nfhs;Sk; eltbf;if fisr; rpwpJfhyk; ehk; nghWj;jpUe;J ghHg;gnjd KbT nra;Js;Nshk;.

NehHNt ehl;bd; mDruizAlDk; rHtNjr r%fj;jpd; MjuTlDk; fle;j ehd;F Mz;L fhyk;tiu

“Gypfspd; Gypfspd; jhfk; jkpoPoj; jhafk; ”

nghWikapoe;J> ek;gpf;ifapoe;J> tpuf;jpapd; tpspk;ig mile;Js;s vkJ kf;fs; ,dpAk; nghWj;Jg; nghWj;Jf; fhj;jpUf;fj; jahuhf ,y;iy. MfNt> tiu aWf;fg;gl;l xU FWfpa fhy ,ilntspf;Fs;> vkJ kf;fspd; murpay; mgpyhirfisj; jpUg;jpnra;Ak; tif apy;> xU epahakhd jPHTj; jpl;lj;ijg; Gjpa murhq;fk; Kd;itf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,J vkJ ,Wjpahd> cWjpahd> mtru Ntz;LNfhshFk;. vkJ ,e;j mtru Ntz;LNfhis epuhfupj;J> fLk;Nghf;iff; filg;gpbj;J> fhyj;ij ,Oj; jbf;fg; Gjpa murhq;fk; Kw;gLkhdhy; ehk; vkJ kf;f Sld; xd;wpize;J vkJ RaepHza cupikg; Nghuhl; lj;ij> vkJ jhafj;jpy; jd;dhl;rpia epWTk; Njrr; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;i ; j mLj;j Mz;by; jPtpug;gLj;JNthk;. vkJ khtPuHfspd; tPuk; nrwpe;j Nghuhl;l tho;it Ak;> vkJ kz;zpd; tpLjiyf;fhf mtHfs; Gupej ; kfj;jhd jpahfq;fisAk; epidT$Uk; ,g;Gdpj ehspy;> vj;jifa ,lHfisAk; vj;jifa Jd;gq;fisAk; vj;jifa rthy; fisAk; vjpHnfhz;L vkJ jhafj;jpd; Rje;jpuj;ij ntd;nwLg;Nghnkd cWjpG+ZNthkhf.