V_P_128 by surendran vithiyaramanan

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jiyikr;nrayfk;> jkpoPo tpLjiyg;Gypfs;> jkpoPok;.

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jiyikr;nrayfk;> jkpoPo tpLjiyg;Gypfs;> jkpoPok;.

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Nt.gpughfud; jiyth;> jkpoPo tpLjiyg;Gypfs;.

khh; f op> 2005 - ij> 2006

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,J ngUj;j mtykhd #onyd;gjpy; vt;tpj IaKkpy;iy. ,j;jifanjhU Nghf;fpd; tpisthNy cz;ikawpj nyd;gJ rpq;fsj;jpy; elf;fhJ Ngha; tpl;lJ. Clfq;fspd; Neh;kiw tYtpid cyfk; NgRk; Ntisapy; ehk; mjd; vjph;kiw gw;wp rpwpyq;fhtpd; njhlh;gpy; NgrNtz;bajhAs;sJ. rpq;fs Ml;rpnahOq;fpy; Nghpd thjr; rpe;jid njhlh;eJ ; jf;fitf;fg; gl;L Ml;rpapidf; ifg;gw;w mJ ke;jpuf; Nfhyhf khwpaJ gw;wp mwpag; GfKd;dh;> rpq; f sNjr Clfq; f s; gw; w p mwpa Ntz;Lk;. tuyhw;wha;thsh; jpUehTf;fuR vOjpaJNghy \\miuE}w;whz;bw;F Nkyhd ,yq;ifj; jPtpd; midj;J murpaw;> r%f> nghUshjhu Kuz;ghLfSk; jw;NghJ ,d tptfhuj;jpNyNa ikaq;nfhz;Ls;sd. FLk;g Mjpf;fg; Nghl;bfis gjtp Mjpf;f mthf;fis cyfg; nghUshjhu mKf;fq; fis> jj;jk; ,ayhikia vy;yhk; ,dg;

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khh; f op> 2005 - ij> 2006

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nfhOk;gpy; jkpoh;fs; ngUthhpahff; ifJ nra;ag;gLfpd;wdh;. tlf;fpYk; fpof;fpYk; toik kWg;Gg; Nghuhl;lq; fs; njhlh;fpd;wd. aho;.gy;fiyf; fofk; nraypoe; J tpl; l J. ,it midj;Jk; xUq;FNrh;j;Js;s Gwr; R+oypy; Aj;jepWj;jk; mKypy; ,Ug;g jhf czh;e;Jnfhs;tJ vg;gb? Ngr; R Nkir vd; g J ,U jug;Gk; jkJ gpbfisj; jsh;j;Jtjw; fhd ,lk;. jkJ gpbfis ,Wf;F tjw;fhd ,lky;y. rkurk; vd;gjd; cs;shh;e;j jj;JtNk ,U jug;Gk; jkJ gpbfis jsh;j;jp vjph;epiyapy; ,Ug;gtUf;F ek;gpfi ; fA+lL ; tJ vd;g jpw;whd; nghUs; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. ,q;F ehd;FtUlj;jpd; Kd;G ,Ujug;ghYk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l Aj;j epWj;j xg;ge;jk; ifr;rhj;jhfpaNjhL rkur Kaw;rp njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. Kw;W iff; F s; s hd kf; f sp d ; ghijfs; jpwf;fg;gl;ld. Kw;Wifaplg;gl;l ,uh Ztj;jpw;F topfs; gpwe;jd. Mdhy; Ngr;R NkirapNyh epiyik NtW. rkurj;jpw;fhd ghijfs; milgl;L te;jd. ,jid ngUntl;lhfg; ghh;j; jhy; jPhT ; FwpjJ ; Ngr;ir Kd;ndLf;f KbahjthW ,yq;ifapd; murpay; mjpfhuk; [dhjpgjp vd;Wk; mikr;r uit vd;Wk; ,uz;Lgl;Lf; fple;jJ. mg;NghjpUe;j uzpy; murhq;fk; jkf; fhd ,e;j neUf;fbfisf; fhuzk; fhl;b ,j;jifa Ngr;ir xj;jpg; NghL khW tp L jiyg; G yp f is Ntz; b f; nfhz; l J. kP s ; f l; L khdj; j p w ; f hf cUthfpa \rpuhd;| mikg;ig gpd;dh;

ifr;rhj;jhfpaJ. MapDk;> nghJf; fl;likg;ig eilKiwf;F tutplhJ mur nghwpKiwfSf;$lhfj; jLj;J ep W j; j p a J murhq; f k; . ,jd; % yk; epiyikfis NkYk; gpd;js;spaJ murjug;G. ,uhZt Mf;fpukpg;Gg; gpuNj rj;jpy; ,uhZt td;Kiwfs; njhlq; fpd. nfhiyfs; ele;jd. Gq;FL jPtpy; ,sk;ngz; ty;YwTf;Fs;shf;fg; gl;Lf; nfhy;yg;gl;lhs;. rhtfr;Nrhpapy; rpWtd; ,uTNeuk; tPl;bDs; GFe;j ,uhZtj;jhy; Rl;Lf;nfhy;yg;gl;lhd;. jpUkiyapy; Ie;J khzth;fs; ,uh Ztj;jpdhy; Rlg;gl;ldh;. gjl;l #o iyj; jzptpf;Fk; Nehf;NfhL fz;

fhzpg;Gf;FOtplk; mikjpg; Nguzp nra;j aho;.gy;fiyf;fof r%fj;jpd; kPJ tPjpapy; itj;J ,uhZtk; elj; jpa MAjj; jhf;Fjypy; JizNte;jh;> Nguhrphpah; f s; > tphpTiuahsh; f s; > khzth;fs; vdg; gyh; fhaKw;wdh;. epiyikfs; ,g;gbNa njhlh;e;jd. gpufldg;gLj;jg;glhj Culq;if mKw; gLj;j ,uhZtk; td;Kiwfisf; ifahz; l J. kf; f s; ,lk; n gah; e ; jdh;. ,uhZt Mf;fpukpg;Gg; gpuNjrj; jpy; ,isQh;fs; ,uhZtf; fhtyu z;fs; kPJk; thfdq;fs; kPJk; Fz;L fis vwpe;jdh;. ,isQh;fspd; ,j;j ifa gjpw;nraw;ghL Ghpe;Jnfhs;sg;gl Ntz;baJ.

yhj murhq;fj;jhy; Njhw;Wtpff ; g;gl;l #oypJ. ehd;F tUlj;jpd; gpd;Dk; Aj;jepWj;jk; gw;wpNa NgrNtz;bajha; Mapw;W. tYr;rkepiy kPJjhd; gpbfs; jsh;tJ rhj;jpak;. gpbfs; jsh;tjpw; whd; rkurk; fl; b naOg; g g; g LtJ rhj;jpak;. Mf;fpukpgG ; kNdhghtk; xU NghJk; gpbfisj; jsh;jj ; ,lk; jUt jpy;iy. mJ Nkirapy; tYr; rk epiyia khw;wpaikf;fNt topiaj; NjLfpwJ. ,oe;JNghd tYr;rkepiyia ,l;Lepug;gp tYr;rkepiyapy; Nkyhjpf; fk; nrYj;j Mf;fpukpg;G muR cyf ehLfSldhd cwit ehLfpd;wJ. rh;tNjr mikg;Gf;fspd; el;gpidj;

NjLfpdw ; J. ,jd;%yk; tYr;rkepiy Nkyhjpf;fj;jpw;fhd ,ilntsp ,l;L epug;gg;gLfpd;wJ. rkurk; gpd;js;sg; gLfpd;wJ. NghuhLk; jug; G muq; f py; jdpikg;gLj;jg;gl;L Rw;wptisf;fg; gLk;NghJ Aj;jk; gpwf;fpd;wJ. xd;W> Mf;fpukpf;Fk; jug;G kWjug;gpidj; Njhw; f bg; g jp y ; ek; g p f ; i fAw; W cw; rhfk; nfhs;fpd;wJ. kw;wJ> NghuhLk; jug;gpw;F tYr;rkepiyia ,of;fh jp U f; f NtW khh; f ; f q; f s; mw; W g; Nghfpd;wJ. ,j;jifa #oypw; whd; Aj;jk; jtph;f;ftpayhjjhfp tpLfpd; wJ.

tpspkG ; epiyapy; itf;fg;gl;b ; Ug;gij tpsq;fKbAk;. ,J Fwpj;J rdhjpgjp uh[gf; \ jkpo; ehNsnlhd; w pw; F g; Ngl;baspj;jhh;. \\,Jtiu ele;j rkh jhdj;ij tpl;LtpLNthk;. ,J Gjpa murhq;fk; vy;yhtw;iwAk; Gjpjhfj; njhlq;FNthk; thUq;fs;|| vd;W. ,e;jr; nrhy;yhly; rh;tNjr r%fj; j p w ; F g; Gjp j hf ,Uf; f yhk; > Mdhy;> jkpoh;fSf;F mg;gbay;y. gz;lhuehaf;fhTld; nry;tehafk; nra;Jnfhz;l rk\;bj; jPh;T cld; ghl;il gpd;te;j ll;ypapd; murhq;fk; gpur;rpidf;Fj; jPh;Tfhz tpUk;gpa NghJk; gz;lh - nry;th cld;ghl;il Vw;Wf;nfhs;stpyi ; y. ,J Gjpa murhq; fk; vy;yhtw;iwAk; Gjpjhfj; njhlq;F Nthk; vd;wdh;. ll;yp - nry;th xg;ge;jk; cUthfpaJ. gpd; d h; N[.Mh; Ml; r pf; F te;jNghJ jPh;Tfhz tpUk;Gtjhfr; nrhd;d N[.Mh; jdJ fl;rpapdhy; nra;Jnfhs;sg;gl;l ll;yp - nry;th xg;ge;jj;ij xg;Gf;nfhs;s kWj;jhh;. vy;yhtw;iwAk; Gjpjhfj; njhlq;F Nthk; thUq;fs; vd;whh; mth;. khtl;l mgptpUj;jprigj; jPh;it Kd;nkhope; jhh;. gpNwkjhrh Ml;rpf;F te;jJk; jPh;it mq;F tplg;Nghtjhff; $wpa mth; khfhz rigiag; Gwk;js;sp tplL ; vy;yhtw;iwAk; Gjpjhff; fijg; Nghk; vd; w hh; . ,Wjp a p y ; rh; t fl; r p khehL vd;W $l;b MdJ xd;Wk; ,y; i y. gp d ; d h; re; j p u p f h ,g; g br; rk\; b ap y p U e; J ,wq; F Kfkhfr; rkurj;ijg; gpd;js;spa fij vq;fs; tPl;L Kw;wj;jpy; ghl;b nrhy;Yk; fij ahfg; ghpl;rak; Mfptpl;lJ. ,g;NghJ \\,J Gjpa murhq;fk; vy;yhtw;iwAk; Gjpjhfj; njhlq;F Nthk; thUq;fs;|| vd;why; ,e;jr; nrhy; yhlypd; mh;j;jk; jkpohpd; tuyhw;W mwptpw;F ed;F tpsq;Fk;.

khh; f op> 2005 - ij> 2006

\\rhj;jpaf; $Wfis ifahSk; fiyf;F|| ngau;jhd; ,uh[je;jpuk;. ajhu;j;jk; gy rhj;jpaf; $Wfis Kd;itf; fpd;wJ. mtw;Ws; nghUj;jkhd rhj;jpaf;$iwj; njupTnra;gtd; tuyhw;iw Kd;Ndw;Wfpd;whd;. Fwpj;j r%fj;jpd; Fwpj;j R+o ypd; ajhu;jj ; Kk; mr; r%fj;jpd; tuyhw;W Kd;Djhuzq;fSk; jPuk ; hdq;fis vLf;f top rikf; fpd;wd.

\\Nghu; vd;why; Nghu;> rkhjhdk; vd;why; rkhjhdk;|| vd;W lr;Rj; jsgjpf;F kd;dd; tpkyju;kR+upad; mDg;gpa tpjp tpyf;fhd miw$ty; tuyhw; wpy; cz;NlahapDk; tuyhw;W tpjpapd;gb jk;khy; vjpu;epw;f Kbahnjd mtu;fs; fUJk; xt; nthU fl;lj;jpYk; me;epaUf;F mbgzpeJ ; nrd;w tuyhw;wpidj; jhd; rpq;fs Ml;rpahsu;fs; Kd; itj;Js;sdu;.

,e;jtifapy; mizj;J jk;ik jf;fitj;jy;> my;yJ mizj; Jf; nfLj;jy; vd;gJ rpq;fs ,uh[je;jpuj;jpd; xU gz;ghl;L ,ay;ghAs;sJ. rpq;fsj; jiytu;fs; vy;yhtw;iwAk; murpay; mjpfhuj; jpw;fhd topfshfj;jhd; ghu;f; fpd;whu;fNs jtpu vjidAk; nfhs;iffs; Nfhl;ghLfs; tifg;

,j;jifa epiyapy; rpq;fs Ml;rpahfsh;fspd; jPH khdq;fs; ,yq;ifj; jPtpw;Fhpa tuyhw;Wr; R+oypypUe;Jk; ,jw;F Kd; G rpq; f sj; jiytu; f s; vLj;Jte;j jPu;khd kuGfsp ypUe;Jk; cjpj;njo Kbfpd;wd. ,e;jtifapy; murpaw; jPuk ; hdq; fSf;nfdf; Fwpj;j gz;ghl;Lr; rha;Tfs; cs;sd. ,yq; i f ,e; J rKj; jpuj;jpd; kj;jpapYs;s ftu;rr ; pfu khd xU rpwpa jPT. Mjyhy; mJ vg;NghJk; me;epaj; jhf;F jy; f Sf; F cs; s hff; $ ba gytP d khd miktplj; i jf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mj;jifa gy tPdj;jpd; gpd;dzpapy; mJ vg; NghJk; xj;Njhbj; jd;idj; jf;fitf;Fk; gz;ghl;L kuigf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mjhtJ me;epau; nghWj;J ehzw;Gy; Nghy; tis e;J neopAk; murpaw; fyhr;rhu j; i j rpq; f s ,uh[je; j puk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. fp.K.%d;whk; E}w;whz; by; ,e;jpa rhk;gpuhr;rpaj;jpd; mNrhff; rf;futu;j;jp jdJ Mjpf;fj;ijg; gug;Gtjw;fhd \\J}ij|| kjj;jpd; ngauhy; ,yq; iff;F mDg;gpitj;jhu;. mEuhj Guj;J kd;ddhapUe;j jp];] rf;futu;jj ; p \\J}Jf;F|| gzpe;J kjk;khwp Mjpf;fj;ij Vw;W \gupRg;nghUs;| vd;wjd; ngaupy; mNrhff; rf;futu;jj ; pf;F jpiw nfhLj;jDg;gpdhd;;. mNrhfr; rf;futu;j;jpapd; ngauhy; kPs; %bR+lg;gl;L gl;lhgpNrf ehkKk; R+lg;gl;lJ. mjd;gb Njtek;gpa jp];] vdg; ngau; ngw;whd;;. ngsj; j kjj; i jj; jOtpf; nfhz;l Njtek;gpa jp];] kd; dd; ngsj;j kjj;ij tsu;gg ; ij ju;kkhf Vw;Wf;nfhz;l mNrhff; rf;futu;jj ; pf;F mDg;gpa gupRg; nghUl;fspd; njhFjpapy; \\,sik apd; ,jo;tpupfF ; k; mofpa eq;if au; ehy;tUk;|| xU njhFjpahFk;. ,t;tupfs; kfhtk;rj;jpy; cs; sit. ,g; gupRg;nghUs; tpt fhuk; tuyhw;wpy; cWjpg;gLj;jg; gl;Ls;s xU jftyhFk;. ,g;gb Mw;Nwhu ehzw; Gy;yha; rpq;fs ,uh[je;jpuk; tbtk; ngwj; njhlq; f paJ. ,e; j tifapy; me;epaUf;F mbgzpAk; xU nkUfhd tbtj;jpwF ; j; Njtek;gpa jp];] Kjw;ngUk; Kd;Djhuz khdhd;. ,g;ghij njhlu;e;J ePzL ; neLg;gjhapw;W. [Nuhg;gpau; tUifapd; NghJ kd;dd; ju;kghyd; Nghu;j; Jf;NfaUf;F mbgzpeJ ; jd;id kjk; khw;wp nlhd; Athd; ju;k ghy vd Kbehkk; R+lb ; f; nfhz; lhd;. ,g;gbahf jdJ ,uhr;rpa j;ij me;epauplk; jhiuthu;ff ; j; njhlq;fpdhd;.

khh; f op> 2005 - ij> 2006

tupirapy; NkYk; xU Kf;fpa cjhuzkhfNt kfpe;j uh[gf;~ Tk; N[.tp.gpapdUk; cs;sdu;. fl;rp jhty; jilr; rl;lj;ij cyfpw;F mwpKfg; gLj;jpa ehL ,yq;if. Mdhy; mr;rl;lj;ij Ml;rpapypUf;Fk; murhq;fj;jpw;F Kw;wpYk; rhjf khf tbtikj;Js;sikahdJ Kw;wpYk; [dehaf tpNuhjj; jd;ik tha;ej ; jhFk;. mjhtJ MSk; fl;rpapYs;stu; vjpu;f; fl;rpfF ; khw tifapyi ; y. Mdhy; vjpu;f; fl;rpapYs;stu; MSk; fl;rpfF ; khwyhk;. mjhtJ xUtu; fl;rp khWkplj;J ehlhSkd;wj; jpd; ngUk;ghd;ikahy; mtupd; Mrdj;ij fhypahfhJ jLf;f yhk;. mjd;gb vg;NghJk; MSk; fl;rpf;F ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; ngUk; ghd;ikg; gyk; ,Uf;fKbAk; vd;gjhy; vjpu;f; fl;rpapypUe;J MSk; fl;rpf;F xUtu; fl;rp jhTtJ rhj;jpak;. ,g;NghJ gjtp Miriaf;fhl;b uh[gf;~ murhq;fk; If;fpa Njrpaf;fl;rp kw;Wk; vjpu;f;fl;rp cWg;gpdu; fisj; jk;gf;fk; khw;wp tUt njd;gJ \\fl;rpf;F|| thf;F vd;w [dehaff; Nfhl;ghl;il kPWk; nrayhFk;. ,q;F nfhs;iffis tplTk; mtu;fSf;F fjpiufNs

Rdhkp fl;likg;gpd; nghUl;L rpq;fs murhq;fk; tpL jiyg; GypfSld; nra;Jnfhz;l cld;ghl;il xUjiyg;gl;rkhf uh[gf;~ fpopj;njwpe;Jtpl;L gioatw;iwg; NgrNtz;lhk; Gjpatw;iwf; fijg;Nghk; vd;fpwhu;. ve;njhU xg;ge;jKk; ifnaOj; jpll ; kWfzj;jpypUe;Nj gioaJ jhd; . ,g; g bahf uh[gf; ~ ifnaOj;jplf; $ba ve;jnthU xg;ge;jKk; kWfzk; gioajhfp tpLk;. vdNt ve;jnthU xg;ge; jj;ijAk; gioanjd;W $wp uh[gf;~thy; fpopnjwpa KbAk;. mNjNtis xg;ge;jk; muRf;Fk; GypfSf;Fk; ,ilNaahdNj jtpu ,uz;L egu;fSf;fpilNaahd jy;y. ,e;jtifapy; vupe;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; Rdhkpg; gpur;rpidf; fhd cld;ghl;il gioanjd;W nghWg; g w; w thu; j ; i jfisf; $Wk; xU jiytdplkpUe;J jkpo;kf;fs; jkf;F epahakhd jPu;ntjidAk; vjpu;ghu;f;f Kb ahJ. jw;NghJ fhzg;gLk; cs;ehl;L murpaw; nghUshjhu neUf;fbapdJk;> ru;tNjr murp ay; mOj;jj;jpdJk; gpdd ; zpapy; jg;gpg;; gpiof;Fk; je;jpukhfTk;> fhyk; fdpaitf;Fk; cghakhf

¨9³X$X (~²¤ o9 ! @o' N}¨9¥jN¯²}> ²9ª¬m | ]' !WZ¯²}> ]_'|ª%m | ]' murpay; Mjpf;fj;jpd; nghUl;L Njtek;gpa> nlhd; Athd; vd;w kjkhw;w ngau;khw;w tupirapy; gpupj;jhdpa fhyj;jpy; rpq;fsj; jiytu;fspd; gl;bay; fs; ePz;ld. nrhykd; nt];l; wpr;Nt la]; gz;lhu ehaf;fhf; fs;> nlhd; ];ug P d; Nrdehaf;fhf; fs;> gPupRfs;> nfhwpahf;fs;> N[hd; nfhj;jyhtyf;fs; vd ePzl ; ghuk;gupak; cz;L. b.];.Nrdehaf;fh Muk; gj;jpy; gpupj;jhdpaUf;F vjpuhd Njrpa ,af;fj;ijr; Nru;ej ; tuha; tpsq;fpa NghjpYk; gpd;G gpupj; jhdpaupd; mutizg; G f; F s; rpf;Fz;L ,yFtpy; Nrhuk; Ngha; tpl;lhu;. mg;gb gpupj;jhdpaUld; $l;Lr;Nru;eJ ; gpupj;jhdpaj; jsq; fis mikj;jJld; gdpg;Nghu; fhyg; gpupj;jhdpa jpl;lj;jpd; xU gFjpahfTk; nraw; g l; l hu; . ,jw;F ifkhwhf jkpou;fSf;F vjpuhf gpupj;jhdpaiu gad; gLj;jpdhu;. jd;id KO ePs Nkw;Fyf tpRthrpaha; gpufldg; gLj;jpapUe;j N[.Mh;.n[atu;j; jdh gykhd ,e;jpa vjpu;gg ; hs uhfTk; nraw;gl;lhu;. Mdhy; ,e;jpahtpd; iffs; ,yq;if murpaypy; Xq;f Kw;gl;lNghJ ,e;jpahtpd; fuq;fis mizj;J> mf; fuq;fspdhy; jkpoiuf; nfhy;yTk; ty;y murpay; epiyg; ghl;ilg; gpd;gw;wpdhu;. mjpy; mtu; ,e;jpahit vjpu;j;Jr; nraw;gLk; Nfhl;ghl;ilf; if tpl;L ,e;jpahit mizj;Jf; nfLf;Fk; Nfhl;ghl;Lf;Fs; Nghdhu;. ,g;gb vjpu;jJ ; g; ghu;gg ; hu;fs; my; yJ mizj;Jf; nfLg;ghu;fs;.

gl;ly;y. ,e;jpahit N[.Mu; jpl;lkpl;L mizj;J jpl;lkpl;Nl fhiythupdhu;. ,j;jifa tupir apy; kpfg; gpe;jpa cjhuzkha; ,Ug;gtu; jw;Nghija rdhjpgjp jpU.uh[gf;r Mthu;. me;epa rf;jp fSld; xl;b cwthLtjpy; rpq;fsj; jiytu;fSf;F ,lJ>

Kf;fpak;. gjtpfF ; tuty;y gyk; nghUe;jpa khw;Wf; fl;rpahd If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpf;F vjpuhf ,g;gb rdhjpgjpahy; nraw;gl KbAnkd;why; jkpo;NgRk; kf;fs; nghWj;J mJ vg;gb elf;fKbAk; vd; g ij ehk; ,yFthfNt Cfpf;f KbAk;.

jw;NghJ fhzg;gLk; cs;ehl;L murpaw; nghUshjhu neUf;fbapdJk;> ru;tNjr murpay; mOj;jj;jpdJk; gp d; gpd; dzpapy; jg;gpg;; gpiof;Fk; je;jpukhf Tk; > fhyk; fdpaitf; F k; cghakhf TNk uh[gf;\ murhq;fk; \\\\rkhjhdk; rkhjhdk;||||> ||> Nghu;epWj;jk; vd;gd Fwpj;J NgRfpd;wNj jtpu jP u ; i tg; g w; w pa rpe; j idapypUe; jy; y . tyJ vd; w NtWghby; i y. ,lJrhupfNsh md;wp tyJrhhp fNsh vtuhapDk; me;epa rf;jp fsplk; ,yFthf Nrhuk;NghFk; gz;ghL rpqf ; s ,uh[je;jpuj;jplk; cz;L. jk;ikj; jPtpu ,lJrhup fshff; fhl;Lk; N[.tp.gpapdu; vj;jifa me;epa vjpu;gG ; f;fis gpufldg;gLj;jp te;Js;sNghjpYk; eilKiwapy; ,tu;fs; mj;j ifa me;epa rf;jpfspd; fhy; fis ,Wfg; gw;wpAs;shu;fs;. rpq;fs murpaw; jiytu;fs; vtUk; jk; fjpiuiaj; jtpu NtnwjpYk; tpRthrkpy;yhjtu; fs;. mtu;fSf;F [dehafk;> Nrh~yprk;> kdpj cupik> ,d If;fpak; Nghd;w vtw;wpYk; mf;fiwapyi ; y. ,tw;wpy; vijg; gypapl;NlDk; fjpiuiag; ngw; why; NghJk; vd;gJjhd; ,tu; fsJ KOePsr; rpj;jhe;jk;. ,e;j

uh[gf;~ - N[.tp.gp mzpapdu; gjtpf;fhfg; Ngrpa jPtpu ,dthjkhdJ rpq;fs kf;fis Kw;wpYk; ,dthj kag;gLj;jptpl;lJ. jkpo;kf;fSf; fhd ve;njhU epahaj;ijAk; rpq;fs kf;fs;Kd; $wKbahj mstpw;F mtu;fs; tpjz;lthj khd vjpu;thjq;fis rpq;fs kf; fs; kj;jpapy; ];jhgpj;Jtpl;ldh;. Mjyhy; jkpoN ; gRk; kf;fSf;fhd ve;njhU jPui ; tAk; Kd;itf;f Kbahj fsepiy ajhu; j ; j Ks;sJ. jw;Nghija cs;ehl;L> ru;tNjr R+oypd; epkpj;jk; Aj;jk; GupaKbahj xU ajhu;jj ; k; ,Ug; gjhy; mjd; nghUl;L je;jpNuh gha uPjpapy; xU ngha;r; rkhjh dk; gw;wpg; NgRfpwhu;fNs jtpu mtu;fspd; kdq;fspYk; nray; fspYk;> ,yl;rpaq;fspYk; rkh jhdk; ,y;iy.

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tpLjiyg; GypfSldhd NghupNy jq;fs; cr;rtY gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;lhfptpl;lJ vd;gJ rpq;fsg; gilj;jiytu;fs; midtUf;Fk; njupAk;. Mdhy; Gjpjhfg; nghWg;Ngw;w ve;jj; jiytUk; Njhy;tpiaNah jq;fs; ,ayhikiaNah Vw;Wf;nfhs;s khl;lhu;fs;. tpLjiy Mu;tyu;fSk; fy;tp kw;Wk; r%f Kd;NdhbfSk; khj;jpukd;wp ,isQu;fSk; rpwhu; fSk;$l gilapduhy; ,yf;F itf;fg;gLfpd;whu;fs;. jkpo;r; r%fk; vd;WNk rfpj;Jf;nfhs;s Kbahj ghypay;tijf; nfhiy fSk; Muk;gpj;Jtpl;ld. ,jd; fhuzkhfj; jpuz;nlOk; kf;fs; gilapdu; Gypfisg;Nghy Nju;rr ; p ngw;wtu;fshf ,y;yhjpUg;gpDk; gilapdUf;F Ntiy toq;Fgtu; fshf epr;rak; ,Uf;fg;Nghfpwhu; fs;. ,J> xU gpuNjrj;ijj; jf;f itg;gjw;fhd gilapdupd; ms itAk; gilapdu; kPjhd mr;RWj; jy;fisAk; Kd;igtpl mjpfupf; Fk;. vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; Nkyhf> tpLjiyg;GypfSldhd NghupNy jq;fs; cr;rtY gpuNahfpf;fg; gl;lhfptpl;lJ vd;gJ rpq;fsg; gilj;jiytu;fs; midtUf;Fk; njupAk;. Mdhy; Gjpjhfg; nghWg; Ngw;w ve;jj; jiytUk; Njhy;tp iaNah jq;fs; ,ayhikiaNah Vw;Wf;nfhs;skhl;lhu;fs;. rdhjp gjp uh[gf;\Tf;Fk; mtuhy; Gjpa gjtpfs; toq;fg;gl;l gilj; jsgjpfSf;Fk; ,J GJf; Fjpiu Nahl;lk;. mtu;fSf;Fk; fdTfs; fhZk; cupik cz;L. Ngr;R thu;j;ij NkirfspNy Gupe;J nfhs;sKbahj xLf;fg;gl;ltu; fspd; epahaq;fs; fsq;fspNy mtu;fSf;F fl;lhaf; fy;tp ahfg; Gfl;lg;gLk;. ,t;tifahd rpf;fyhd #oypy; gpupNfbau; jah uj;dh af;ftpd; ,lj;jpy; ,Uf;ff;$ba vtUf;FNk vijahtJ nrhy;y Ntz; b a ,f; f l; l hd epiy vOtJ ,ay;Ng. nty;yKbAk; vd;W nrhd;dtu; mjw;fhd cjhu zq;fisNah my;yJ vg;gb vd;gijNah Nru;j;Jr; nrhy;yp apUe;jhy; mtupd; tPuu;fspd; gjl;lj;ijf; nfhQ;rk; Fiwj; jpUf;fyhk;. kPz;Lk; njhlq;fpapUf; Fk; Ngr;Rthu;j;ijia gilr; rpg;gha;fs; MtYld; vjpu; ghu;ff ; yhk;. Mdhy; gilapay; ajhu;j; jq;fisAk; vjpu;j; jug;gpdupd; thjq;fisAk; mtu;fspd; jiy tu;fs; vg;gbg; Gupe;Jnfhs;fpwhu; fs; vd;gjpd; mbg;gilapNyNa rpwpyq;fh gilr;rpg;gha;fSila ek;gpf;iffspd; tho;fi ; ff; fhyk; jq;fpapUf;Fk;.

khh; f op> 2005 - ij> 2006

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midj; J khtl; l q; f spYk; jhz;ltkhLfpdw ; J. ,e;j kf;fs; gL nfhiyiaapl;L Nghh;epWj;jf; fz; f hzpg; G f; F O vJTNk $whJ nksdk;fhj;J tUfpd; wJ. rh;tNjr r%fKk; tha;%b nksdpahf cs;sJ. Nghh; e p W j; j xg; g e; j j; jpd; gpufhuk; ,uhZtf; fl;Lg; ghl;bYs;s jkpo;kf;fspd; ghJ fhg;gpw;F rpq;fsg; gilapdNu nghWg;ghFk;. Mdhy; rpq;fsg; gilfNs gfpuq;fkhfr; Rl;Lf; nfhy; t Jk; > ML> khLfis mbg;gJNghy nfhl;ld;fshy; vYk;Gfis cilg;gJk;> kz;ilfis nehUf;FtJkhf kpUfj; jdkhf ele;Jnfhs;fpd; whh;fs;. fhak;gl;l kf;fs; vy; y hk; itj; j p a rhiyfsp y ; rpfpr;ir ngWfpd;wdh;. fhak; gl; l th; f spd; epoy; g lq; f s; gj; j phpiffspy; tUfpd; w d. thndhypfSf;F - gj;jphpif fSf;Fg; gilapdhpd; ml;^op aq;fs; gw;wp thf;F%yk; nfhLf; fpd;wdh;. ,t; t sT tplaq; f s; ele;Jk; xd;WNk elthjJNghy Nghh;epWj;j fz;fhzpg; Gf;FO Rliy mikjp fhg;gJ jkpo; kf;fis tpuf;jpf; Fs;shf;fpAs; sJ. gilapdh; nfhy; y g; gLk;NghJ mijf; fz;bf;Fk; Nghh;epWj;jf; fz;fhzpgG ; f;FO gilapduhy; kf;fs; gLnfhiy nra;ag;gLk;NghJ jPtpu nksdk; fhg;gJ kf;fis rPw;wkilar; nra;Js;sJ.

;

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nfhz;LtUtjw;fhd trjpahf ehlhSkd;iwf; Fog;g Ntz;lhk; vd;Nw mth; jkpo; ehlhSkd;w cWg; gpdh;fsplk; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhh;. rpwpyq;fh rdhjp gjp a p y p U e; J mbkl; l r; rpq; f sr; rpg; g ha; tiu mth;fs; xNu fUj;Jl Dk; - xNu ,yf;FlDk; ,Ue;J> xNu tpjkhfr; rpe;jpf;fpd;wdh;. jkpoh;fs; nfhy;yg;glNtz;ba vjphp fs; vd;gNj mth;fsJ xUkpj;j fUj;J. jkpoh; fisf; nfhd;W mb Gq;FLjPtpy; rpwpyq;fh flw;gilapduhy; gzpa itg;gJjhd; mth; ty;YwTf;F cs;shf;fg;gl;L gLnfhiy nra;ag;gl;l jh;rpdp fsJ ,yf; F . jkpoh; fis mopgg ; J vd;gJ Gypfis fpd;w jw;Nghija gLnfhiy mopg; g J vd; N w mth; fs; fs; xUngUk; ,dg;gLnfhiyf; rpe;jpf;fpd;wdh;. ,e;j epiyapy; jkpo; Ff; fl;bak; $Wk; epfo;r;rpah kf;fs; jkJ ghJfhg;gpw;fhf fNt ehq;fs; ghh;f;fNtz;Lk;. vd;d nra;aNtz;Lk;? Nghh; ,y;yhkNy ,t; jpUkiyapy; nfhy;yg; tsT ,uhZt ml;^opak; ,Uf; gl; l mg; g htp khzth; f spy; Fk; vd;why; Nghh; njhlq;fpdhy; xUtuJ md;idahh; kfdpd; vt;tsT ml;^opaq;fisr; rpqf ; ,Wjpr; rlq; f py; $wpajhf sg; gilfs; GhpAk; vd;W ehq;fs; gj; j p h p i f xd; w p y ; ntsp a hd rpej ; pff ; Ntz;Lk;. nra;jp - jkpo;kf;fs; midt \ \ ,uz;L thuq;fS Uf;Fkhd nra;jpahfNt cs; f; F vy; y h mYty; f isAk; sJ.

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\\,g;gb vd; kfDf;F elf; F nkd; W njhp e ; j p U e; j hy; mtid ,af;fj;jpw;F mDg;gp apUg;NgNd!..|| vd;W $wp me;jj; jha; mOJ Gyk;gpdhh;. ,e; j j; jp U kiytho; jhapdJ kdTzh;T kl;Lky;y ,uhZt ml;^opaj;jpw;F gps; i sfis ,oe; j jkpo; j ; jha;khh; midthpdJk; nghJ czh;thf Nkw;Fwpj;j mq;f yha;g;Ng ,Uf;Fk;. rpq;fsg; gilfs; tpul;babf;fg;gl;L kPl;fg;gl;l Ch;fNs jkpohpd; tho;Tf;F ghJ fhg;G cj;juthjj;ij toq;Fk;

¥_ºÑ9ÉË ºN > ( ÑÃ ¥É ÑA

fle;j fhyq;fspy; jkpoh;fisg; gLnfhiy nra;j jpYk; - rkhjhd nraw;ghLfS f;F Kl;Lf;fl;il Nghl;ljpYk; gpugy; a khd Nghpdthjpfs; ,g;NghJ rpq;fs ,uhZt ,ae; jpuj;jpd; jiyikg; nghWg;Gf; fspy; epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdh;. ,th;fspd; fz;zir tpd; g b gilapdh; nfhiy fisg; Ghpfpd;wdh;. ,th;fsJ nfhiyntwpia rh;tNjr r% fNkh Nghh; epWj;jf; fz;fhzpg; Gf; FONth jLj;J epWj;j Kd; tuhj epiyapy; ahh;jhd; ,f; nfhiyQh;fisj; jLg;gJ!?

~~,uz;L thuq;fSf;F vy;yh mYty;fisAk; epWj;jp> tlf;F - fpof;fpw;Fr; nrd;W GypfSld; Nghh; Ghpe;J mth;fis Kw;whf mopj;njhopf;f Ntz;Lk;|| vd;W njd; ,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf;fof rpq;fs khzth;fs; mikg;nghd;W rpq;fsthplk; Nfhhpf;if tpLj;Js;sJ. ghJfhg;gikr;rpd; nra yhsUk; rpwpyq;fhtpd; rdhjpgjp apd; rNfhjuUkhfpa Nfhl;lgha uh[gf;r mth;fspd; cj;juTg; gbNa jpUkiyf;F jdJ fl;Lg; ghl; b Ys; s mjpubg; g ilia mDg;gpajhf nfhl;lfnjdpah gfpuq;fkhfNt gj;jphpiff;Ff; $wpAs;shh;. ,e;j mjpubg;gilNa jp U kiyap y ; 5 jkp o ; k hzth; fis mepahakhfr; Rl; L f; nfhd; w J. ,g; ; g Lnfhiyfs; jpUkiyapy; gjl;l epiyiaj; Njhw;Wtpj;Jtpl;ld vd;W xU rpq; f s mikr; r h; fUj; J j;

kd;w cWg;gpdh;fs; fl;rpNgjk; fhl;lhky; xw;Wikahff; Fuy; vOg;gp - ftd <h;gG ; g; Nghuhl;lk; elhj;jpaNghJk; rpq;fs ehlhS kd;wk; mjw;Fr; nrtprha;f;f tpy;iy. ,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpd; tpisthf jkpo;f; $l;likg;G ehlhSkd;wf; FOit mioj; Jg; Ngr;R elhj;jpa rdhjpgjp kfpe;j uh[gf;r mth;fs;> jkpoh; gLnfhiyfis epWj;j jhd; vd;d eltbf;iffis vLg;ghh; vd; W $Wtjw; F g; gjpyhf ehlhSkd;wpy; mtrufhy epiyia ePbf;Fk; jPhk ; hdj;ijf;

,lq;fshf tpsq;fKbAk;. MAjq;fSld; ,Uf; Fk; jkpoh;fisf; (Gypfis) fz;L rpq;fsg;gilfs; mQ;R tJk; - MAjq;fs; mw;w mg;ghtpj; jkpoh;fisf; fz; lhy; nfhiyntwpAld; jhf;F tJk; rpq;fsg;gilfspd; ,d; iwa kdepiyahFk;. jkpoh;fs; MAjNke;J tJjhd; mth;fSf;Fg; ghJfhg; ghdJ. ,J ,yq;ifj;jPtpd; ,d;iwa ajhh;j;jk;. jkpoh; jhafj;jpy; rpq;fsg;gilfs; elhj;jp tU

vy;yhsd;

epWj; j p> tlf; F - fpof; f pw; Fr; nrd;W GypfSld; Nghh; Ghpe;J mth;fis Kw;whf mopj; n jhopf; f Ntz; L k; . | | vd;W njd; ,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf;fof rpq;fs khzth; fs; mikg;nghd;W rpqf ; sthplk; Nfhhpf;if tpLj;Js;sJ. jkpoh;kj P hd xU ,Wjpg; Nghiu - ,d mopg;Gg;Nghiuj; njhlq;f rpq;fsNjrk; jahuhfp d; w J vd; g ij jkpo; k f; f s; Ghpe;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;Nfw;whw;Nghy; rpqf ; sg; Nghh; ,ae;jpuj;jpd; jiy ikg; nghWg; G f; f spy; jkpoh; tpNuhj jPtpu ,dntwpj; jsgjp fs; epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdh;. ,e;jg; Nghh;ntwpah;fsp lk; ,Ue;J jkpoh;fisg; ghJ fhf;f Ntz;baJ vkJ ,is Qh; - Atjpfspd; flikahFk;. neUf;fb epiyapy; vOk; ,e;jj; Njrpaf;flikia vkJ ,sk;re;jjpapdh; czh;eJ ; - Nghuhl KbntLj;J - Gypfs; ,af;fj;jpy; ,iza Kd;tu Ntz;Lk;. Mapuf;fzf;fpy; jkpo; ,isQh; - Atjpfs; MAjg; gap w ; r p n aLj; J - fsk; GFk; NghJ ntw;wpia ehq;fs; Rygkh fg; gwpf;fKbAk; . rpq;fsg;gil fis vkJ Ch;fspy; ,Ue;J tpul; b abf; f KbAk; . vkJ FLk;gj;jpdiu vkJ kf;fis epk;kjpahf - nfsutkhf tho itf;f KbAk;.

\\F¬Á> lB¬9 V_!ª¬m 9o9¥j~²}.' _ ][ª O> ¨µm|B ]}m P 9P n~² ¤ || !W Z !(% !ª¬N¯ ?!] N |o 9²o> zN¯²A , Ugj; j pnahuhk; E}w; w hz; b d; Kjd;ik milahskhf ,dj;Njrpak; (ETHNIC NATIONALISM) Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg; gLfpd;wJ. ngUk;ghyhd cs;ehl;Lg; Nghh;fs; ,d tpLjiyf;fhfNt eilngW fpd;wd. gy;ypd ehLfspy; vz;zpf;if apy; $ba ,dk; rpWghd;ikapdiu mlf;fp Ms tpisAk;NghJ tpLjiyg; Nghh; ntbf;fpd;wJ. rpq;fs ,dj;jth; jk;ik \kfh [hjpa| vd;Wk; jkpoiu \RS [hjpa| vd;Wk; miof;fpd;wdh;. ,Nj JNtr kdg;ghd;ik NtWgy ehLfspYk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. \\nts;is epwntwp clw; Njhy; msT MokhdJ. rpq;fs ,dntwp cliy CLUtp Md;khtiu nry;fpwJ|| vd;whh; Kd;dhs; Nfhg;gha; ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh; rp.fjpuNtw;gps;is.

chpikg;Nghh; nra;aj; Jzpfpd;wdh;. ehL cUf;Fiye;J rPuoptjw;Fj; jkpoh;fspd; rk;kjkpd;wp cUthf;fg;gl;L mth;fs; kPJ jpzpf;fg;gl;l 1972> 1978Mk; Mz;Lfspd; murpay; rhrdq;fs; fhuzk; vd;W czug;gl;Ls;sJ. cUg;gbahd rPhj ; pUj;jk; nra;ag;glhj fhuzj;jhy; gphptpidf; Nfhhpf;if tYg;ngWfpd;wJ. xU tpLjiyg;Nghhpy; kpff; $Lj yhd ghjpg;gilgth;fs; nghJkf;fNs. vjphpg;gilfs; nghJkf;fisf; Fwpitj; Jj; jhf;Fjy; elj;Jfpd;wdh;. ntw;wpf;fhd Ntfkhd FWf;Ftop nghJ kf;fis kpul;bg; gzpaitg;gNj vd;W ,uhZtk; ek;GfpwJ. Nghhpy; <Lglhj rptpypad; kf;fs; vd;W xUtiuAk; xJf;fptpl KbahJ vd;W tpLjiyg;Nghh; elj;JNthh;

rpq;fs murpay; fl;rpfSf;fpil apy; jkpoh;fSf;F vjpuhd td;Kiwfis Kd;ndLf;Fk; Nghl;lhNghl;b elf;fpwJ. ,ijr; rh;tNjr Ma;thsh;fs; ftdj;jpy; vLj;Js;sdh;. epA+Nahh;f; gy;fiyf; fofj; ijr; Nrh;e;j ePy; nlnthw;wh ,g;Nghl;b iag; gfpuq;f Vytpw;gidf;F xg;gpLfpwhh;. rpwpyq;fhtpd; gphptpidf; Nfhhpf;iff;F rpq;fsf; fl;rpfs; jk;kpilNa elj;Jk; Vytpw;gidf;F epfuhd #lhd Nghl;b jhd; fhuzk; vd;fpwhh; ePy; nlnthw;wh.

ek;Gfpdw ; dh;. ghh;itahsh; fshf xUtUk; tpyfp ,Uf;fKbahJ. tpLjiyg;Nghh; vd;W te;Jtpl;lhy; tpUk;gpNah tpUk;gh kNyh xt;nthUtUk; jkJ gq;fspg;igr; nra;Nj MfNtz;Lk;. Guhjd fhye;njhl;L Nghh;f;fhyj;jpy; nghJkf;fspd; Jauk; cr;rkilfpwJ. ehL efuj;ij Kw;Wif apl;L czT> ePh; Nghd;wtw;iw kf;fs; ngWtijj; jLf;Fk; eilKiw md;Nw njhlq;fptpl;ld. ,d;iwa nghUshjhuj; jilAk;> gazj;jilAk; mjd; njhlh;rr ; p ahf eilngWfpd;wd. nghUshjhuj; jilahy; ,uhZtNkh murpay; jiy ikNah ghjpg;giltjpy;iy. ngUtpiy nfhLg;gth;fs; nghJkf;fs;jhd;. mnkhpf;

(FROM ETHNIC OUTBIDDING TO ETHNIC CONFLICT: THE INSTITUTIONAL BASIS FOR SRILANKA’S SEPARATIST WAR BY NEIL DEVOTTA, POLITICAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENT, HARTWICK COLLEGE, NEWYORK, 2005) jkJ td;Kiwfs;%yk;

jkpoh;fisg; gphpe;J nry;Yk;gb J}z;Lk; rpq;fs Ml;rpahsh;fs; gphptpidiaj; jLg;gjw;fhf ,uhZt eltbf;ifiaAk; elj;Jfpwhh;fs; vd;W mth; $Wfpd;whh;. Rje;jpuk;ngw;w ehl;njhl;L ,d;Wtiuap yhd ,j;jt P pd; tuyhwhfTk; ,J mikfp wJ. gphptpidf;Fj; J}gkpLk; ehd;F Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs; milahsk; fhzg; gl;Ls;sd - murpay; fl;likg;G> J}u Nehf;fw;w murpay;thjpfs;> rpWghd;ik apdhpd; Nghh;f;Fzk;> mth;fs; thOk; jdpj;Jtkhd jiug;gug;G Ml;rpiag; gpbg;gjw;fhf murpay;thjpfs; nra;Ak; epiwNtw;w Kbahj Nkilg; Ngr;Rf;fs; rpWghd;ikapdiu tpopg;giliar; nra; fpd; w d. ,jd; fhuzkhf mth; f s;

fs; %ykhd gLnfhiyfs; Nghd;wtw; iwAk; cs;slf;fpaJ. ,j;njhlhpy; \\mur gaq;futhjk;|| (STATE TERRORISM) vd;w nrhw;fs; muR Fbkf;fs; kPJ elj;Jk; vy;yhtif td;KiwfisAk; Fwpg;gpl cjTfpd;wJ. mNj rkaj;jpy; tpLjiy ,af;fj;jpd; jhf;Fjy; eltbf;iffs;> jw;fhg;G eltbf;ifahf ,Ug;gpDk; \\gaq;futhjk;|| (TERRORISM) v d g ; g L fpwJ. gaq;futhjk; vd;why; vd;dntd;W rhptu tiuaiw nra; ag;glhj epiyapy; rpy cyf ehLfs; jkpoP o tpLjiyg; Gypfisg; gaq;fu thj mikg;ghfg; gpu fldk; nra;jpUg;g jhdJ Ntjid mspg;gjhAs;sJ.

rpwpyq;fh ntsptptfhu mikr; rfj;jpd; Kd;dhs; MNyhrfUk; jw;Ngh ija I.eh gzpahsUkhd mk;wpjN ; whfhd; ngNuuh jdJ fyhepjp gl;lj;jpw;fhf vOjpa E}ypy; (INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM BY AMRITH ROHAN PERERA: VIKAS PUBLISHING HOUSE, NEW DELHI 1997) jkpoPo tpLjiyg;Gypfis fLik

ahfr; rhbAs;shh;. 27> [{d; 1997 Gnuhd;l; iyd; rQ;rpifapy; ,e;j E}iy Ma;T nra;j V.[P.E}uhzp gpd;tUkhW $Wfpd; whh;. \\cyfpd; ve;jnthU ehlhfpYk; gaq;futhjk; gw;wpa epiyahd nfhs;if iaf; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. gaq;futhjk;> kdpj chpik gw;wpnay;yhk; NgRk;

,Ugj;jpnahuhk; E}w;whz;bd; Kjd;ik milahskhf ,dj;Njrpak; (ETHNIC Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. ngUk;ghyhd cs;ehl;Lg; Nghh;fs; ,d tpLjiyf;fhfNt eilngWfpd;wd. gy;ypd ehLfspy; vz;zpf;ifapy; $ba ,dk; rpWghd;ikapdiu mlf;fp Ms tpisAk;NghJ tpLjiyg;Nghh; ntbf;fpd;wJ. rpq;fs ,dj;jth; jk;ik \kfh [hjpa| vd;Wk; jkpoiu \RS [hjpa| vd;Wk; miof;fpd;wdh;. ,Nj JNtr kdg;ghd;ik NtWgy ehLfspYk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. \\nts;is epwntwp clw;Njhy; msT MokhdJ. rpq;fs ,dntwp cliy CLUtp Md;kh tiu nry;fpwJ.||

NATIONALISM)

fhTk;> gphpj;jhdpahTk; I.eh Clhf <uhf; kPJ Kd;G tpjpj;j nghUshjhuj;jil> kUe;J> ghy;kh jil vd;gd fhuzkhfg; gy;yhapuk; Foe;ijfSk; rpWth;fSk; capupoe;jdh;. vkJ tpLjiyg;Nghh; njhlq; fpa gpd; rpq;fs muR <oj;jkpoh;fs; kPJ nghUshjhuj; jiliaAk; gpuahzj; jil iaAk; ,Wf;fpAs;sJ. ,d;Dk; VNjh nthU tifapy; ,j; jilfs; ePbf;fpd;wd. \\murpay; td; K iw|| (POLITICAL VIOLENCE) vd; w nrhw;njhlh; 1960fs; njhlf;fk; rh;tNjr muq;fpy; ghtpf;fg;gL fpwJ. cs;ehl;by; muR f;Fk; MAjk; jhpj;j tpLjiyg; Nghuhsp fSf; F k; ,ilapy; cs;ehl;Lg; Nghh; elf;Fk;NghJ epfOk; td;Kiwfs; ,t;thW Fwpg; g plg; g Lfpd; w d. njhlf;fj;jpy; murpay; td;Kiw vd;w nrhw; njhlh; muRf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl; l k; > muRj; jiyth; f spd; gL nfhiy> mur ,ae;jpu j;ijr; nraw;glhky; jLj; j y; Nghd; w tw; iwf; Fwpg; g pl; l J. gpd;G murpay; td; Kiw vd;gJ murpd; xLf;FKiwfs; jdJ Fbkf;fSf;F vjpuhd gLnfhiyj; jhf;Fjy; fs;> fhzhkw;Nghfr; 1983 ,df;fytuj;jpd;NghJ... nra;jy;> kh;kf; FOf;

mnkhpf;fh jhDk;> jdJ $l;lhspfSk; nra;Ak; mj;J kPwy;fisf; fzf;fpy; vLg;gjpy;iy|| gaq;futhjg; gpur;rpid neba tuyhw;iwf; nfhz;lJ vdpDk; trjpf;Nfw;g gad;gLk; nrhw; gpuNahf khfNt mJ ,d;Wtiu gad;gLfpwJ. kf;fs; Mjuit ,oe;j my;yJ Mjuitg;ngwhj Ml;rpahsh;fs; jkJ Ml;rpia ,uhZt gyj;jpd; %yk; elj;J fpd;wdh;. tlf;Ff; fpof;fpy; epiynfhz; Ls;s rpq;fs ,uhZtk; nfhOk;gpd; gpujp epjpahfTk; rpq;fs Mjpf;fj;jpd; ePlr ; pahf Tk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. G+Nfhs Nkyhjpf;fr; rpe;jidiaf;nfhz;l rf;jpfs; MAj jsghl cjtp> ,uhZtg; gapwr ; p> nghUsh jhu xj;Jiog;G vd;gdtw;iw mjw;F toq;Ffpd;wd. ,jdhy; Mf;fpukpg;G njhlu tha;gG ; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. xU Mf;fpu kpg;G ,uhZtk; kf;fisf; fl;Lg;ghl;by; itj;jpUg;gjw;F ,uhZtg; Gydha;T mikg;ig ek;gpapUf;fpwJ. kf;fs; tpNuhj eltbf;iffspy; <LgLk; NjrtpNuhj Fk;gy;fis ,dq;fz;L jk;NkhL ,izj; Jf;nfhs;tjpy; ,uhZtg; Gydha;Tj;Jiw apdh; Kidg;Gf; fhl;Lfpd;wdh;. njd; Mgphpf;fh> Ftj;jkhyh Nghd;w ehLfspy; kpfTk; nfhba nfhiyf;FOf;fis (DEATH SQUADS) ,uhZtk; gad;gLj;jp aij ehk; ed;F mwpNthk;. ,g;gbahd FOf;fs; \fUzh FO|> \whrPf; FO| vd;w ngah;fspy; ,uhZt MjuNthL jkpoPoj; jpy; ,aq;Ffpd;wd. <.gp.b.gp mikg;gpd Uk; ,uhZtj; Jizg;gilahfTk; Nkw; $wpa nfhiyf; FOthfTk; nraw;gLfpd; wdh;. ,th;fs; nra;Ak; ml;^opaq;fshy; nghJkf;fs; gLk; mtyk; nfhQ;r eQ;r ky;y. fUzh> whrPf; Nghd;w ngah;fisj; jhq;fpagb ,uhZtj;jpdNu kiwKfkhfr; nraw;gLk; tha;g;G epiwa ,Uf;fpwJ. ,f;FOf;fSk; rpq;fs ,uhZtKk; xU nghJNtiyj;jpll ; j;ij eilKiwg;gLj;J

fpd;wd. ,uhZtg; Gydha;T mikg;G kf;fisf; fz;fhzpg;gJ> kf;fs; rk;ge;j khd jfty;fisr; Nrfhpgg ; J> Njitg;gLk; NghJ kf;fis NeubahfNth jkJ nfhiyf;FOf;fs; %ykhff; nfhd;nwhopg; gJ Nghd;w %d;W Kf;fpa fUkq;fisr; nra;fpd;wJ. jfty; Nrfhpg;G mjd; gpujhd ,yf;fhf ,Uf;fpwJ. mjpypUe;J kw;wit tphptilfpd;wd. Ml;rpf;F cW Jizahf ,Uf;Fk; Gydha;T mikg;G mjd; fz;Zk;> fhJkhfTk;> vjph;g;ig Kwpabf;Fk; rf;jpahfTk; nraw;gLfpwJ. jd;dplKs;s tsq;fs; ahtw;iwAk; xd;Wjpul;b ,g;gzpapy; mJ <LgLfpwJ. kf;fs; kj;jpapy; fpsh;rr ; p> Fog;gk;> vjph;gG ; kw;Wk; khw;W mgpg;gpuhak; Njhd;whky; ghh;jJ ; f;nfhs;sy;> Clfj;Jiwapdh; kPJ jhf;Fjy; elj;JtJ %yk; nra;jpj; jzpf;if mKyhf;fk; nra;jy;> Ml;rp ahsh; tpUk;Gk; mgpg;gpuhaq;fisf; fl;b naOg;Gjy; vd;gd ,uhZtg; Gydha;Tj; Jiwapdhpd; eltbf;iffshFk;. ,it midj;ijAk; ,uhZt Mf;fpukpg;gpYs;s jkpoPoj;jpy; ,d;W fhzyhk;. nts;is epwntwp murpd; fhyj; jpy; nraw; g l; l nfhiyf; FOtpd; jiytd; ,A+[Pd; jpnfhf; vOjpa Ra rhpijapy; nfhiyf;FOf;fspd; eltbf; iffs; tpthpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. (A LONG NIGHT’S DAMAGE, AUTOBIOGRAPHY: EUGENE DE KOCK. 1998) ,th; njd;dh

gphpf;fg; nghyp];gilapy; Nfzy;ju mjpfhhpahfg; gzpahw;wpath;. fWg;gpd muR epWtg;gl;lgpd; (1994) ,th; kPJ - fyhepjp f.Nrhkh];fe;jd; 107 nfhiy> rpj;jputij kw;Wk; nfhs; isf; Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;fs; Rkj;jg;gl;ld. ,th; jiyiktfpj;j nfhiyf;FOtpd; ngauhd tpshf; g psh]; (VLAKPLAS) mg;NghJ ntspte;jJ. nts;is [dhjp gjpfshd gp.lgps;A+.Nghj;jh (P.W. BOTHA), jP fpNsh;f; (DE KLERK) MfpNahUf;F tpshf;gpshrpd; eltbf;iffs; gw;wp ed;F njhpAk; vd;W nrhf; jdJ E}ypy; njhptpj; Js;shh;. jdJ mzpapdh; ypnrhj;Njh> Rthrpyhe;J Mfpa gFjp fSf;Fs; CLUtp mq;F jiykiwthf tho;e;j V.vd;.rp jiyth;fisAk; Mjuthsh;fis Ak; nfhd;wijAk; E}y; njhptpf;fpwJ. kz; Nghd;wtw;iw ms;spg;Nghl cjTk; \ r t s ; | j h d ; (SHOVEL) j d ; D i l a nfhiyf;fUtp> clypy; ,Ue;J jiy iag; gphpg;gjw;F mijg; gad;gLj;jpajhf ,A+[Pd; jP nfhf;fpd; E}y; $WfpwJ. tprhuiz elj;jpa ePjpkd;wk; ,tUf;F 262tUl rpiwj; j z; l id tpjpj; J j; jPhg ; g ; spj;jJ. Kjyhk; cyfg;Nghh; Kbe;jgpd; N[h;kd; njd;Nkw;F Mgphpf;fh> mjhtJ egPgpah njd; Mgphpf;f ehl;bd; Ml;rpg; nghWg;gpy; tplg;gl;lJ. jkJ Rje;jpuj;jpw; fhf egPgpa kf;fs; rhk; EN[hkh jiyik apyhd Rtg;Ngh (SOUTH WEST AFRICA

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PEOPLE’S

ORGANIZATION

SWAPO)

mikg;gpd; fPo; ,Ugj;jpehd;F tUlk; Nghuhbdh;. 21 khh;r;R 1990 ,y; egPgpah Rje;jpu ehlhf mq;ff P hpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j kf;fs;kJ P njd;dhgphpf;fg; gilfs; nrhy; nyhzhj; jhf;Fjy;fis Nkw;nfhz;l dh;. ,t;tUlk; (2006) Kjy; khjj;jpd; Kw; gFjpapy; gLnfhiy nra;ag;gl;l nghJ kf;fspd; GijFopfs; tl egPgpahtpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld. Xhplj;jpy; gy rlyq; fs; gLnfhiy nra;ag;gl;lgpd; Gijf; fg;gl;l ,lk; \kh];fpNwt;];| (MASS GRAVES) mjhtJ $l;Lg; GijFopfs; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. $l;Lg; Gij Fopfs; ,uhZt Ml;rpapd; ghprhfg; ghh;f;fg;gLfpd;wd. nrk;kzpg; GijFop> Gd;dhiyf;fl;Ltd; kfhtpj;jpahyag; GijFop> aho;.Jiuag;gh tpisahl;luq; Fg; GijFop vd;gd gpugykhdit. njd; jkpoPoj;jpYk; vz;zw;w GijFopfs; cz;L. rj;JUf;nfhz;lhd; gdpri ; rabapy; 187 jkpoh;fspd; GijFop ,Uf;fpwJ. gilKfhk;fs; tlfpof;fpy; vq;fpUe;jhYk; mtw;wpw;F mUfpy; GijFopfSk; vYk; Gf; $LfSk; ,Uf;Fk; vd;gjpy; Ia kpy;iy. muRfs; jkJ Fbkf;fSf;F vjpuhfr; nra;fpd;w nfh^uq;fs;> mePjpfs; vd;gdtw;wpwF ; vjpuhf midj;Jyf mga ];jhgdk; 1998,y; ntspapl;l mwpf;if apy; rpwpyq;fh ,lk;ngWfpwJ. ,e;j mwpf;ifapy; gl;bayplg;gl;l Fw;wq;fs; ,d;Wk; ePbf;fpd;wd. rpWghd;ikj; jkpoh; fSf;F vjpuhd muh[fk;> rl;lj;jpw;Fg; Gwk;ghd ifJfs;> tprhuizapd;wpa gLnfhiyfs;> ,uhZtj;jpdhpd; ghypay; ty; Y wTfs; Nghd; w it gl; b aypy; mlq; F fpd; w d. rpj; j putijfs; > gL nfhiyfs; ifJnra;jgpd; fhzhkw; Nghjy; Nghd;w kdpj chpik kPwy;fspy; <LgLk; 141 ehLfspy; rpwpyq;fhTk; xd;W vd me;j mwpf;if njhptpf;fpwJ. 1998,y; ntspte;j Nkw;$wpa mwpf;if 2006Mk; Mz;bw;Fk; nghUj;jkhfTs;sJ. <oj; jkpoh;fspd; Jd;g tuyhW njhlh;e;j tz;zk; cs;sJ. N[h;kdpapy; mnlhy;g; `pw;yhpd; rh;thjpfhu Ml;rp epytpa fhyj;jpy; eLeprpf; ifJfSk; gLnfhiyfSk; \tPl;Lf; fjitj; jl;Ljy;| (KNOCK ON THE DOOR) vd;W G+lfkhf miof;fg;gl;ld. ,e;j ehd;F Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fSk; ,d;W mur gaq;futhjj;jpd; FwpaPlhff; fUjg;gL fpd;wd. ,uhZtKk; mth;fNshL Nrh;eJ ; ,aq;Fk; xl;Lf;FOf;fSk; nghJkf;fspd; tPlL ; f;fjit jl;bj; jpwf;fr; nra;jgpd; cs;Eiothh;fs;. mLj;jjhf tPl;by; ,Ug;gth;fs; nfhz;L nry;yg;gLthh;fs; my;yJ mq;NfNa nfhy;yg;gLthh;fs;. ,J ,;uhZtf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lg; gFjpapy; toik ahfptpl;lJ. mNjNghy; njUf;fspy; nry;Nthh; gl;lg;gfypy; \,yf;fj; jflw;w nts;is thdpy;| (WHITE MOTOR - VANS WITHOUT NUMBER PLATES) flj; j pr; nry;yg;gLfpwhh;fs;. mjd;gpd; flj;jg; gl;lth;fs; fhzhkw; Nghdth;fshfp tpLfpwhh;fs;. jkpoh;fs; kj;jpapy; \nts;is thd;| vd;w nrhw;fisf; Nfl;lJk; gaKk; gPjpAk; Vw;gLtJ ,aw;if. Ml;flj;jYf; fhf ,yf;fj; jflw;w nts;is thidg; gad;gLj;Jk; eilKiwia 1992 - 1993 fhyg;gFjpapy; Nk[h; n[duy; [hdf

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ngw;wNghJ jpiukiwtpy; ,uhZtk; nraw;gl;lJ. 1960njhlf;fk; 1996tiu apyhd 36tUlfhyk; cs;ehl;Lg; Nghh; eilngw;wNghJ ngUksT epjp kw;Wk; ,uhZt cjtpfis mnkhpf;fh Ftj;j khyh Ml;rpahsh;fSf;F toq;fpaJ. njd; mnkhpf;fhtpd; kpf ePz;lfhyk; ePbj;j ,e;j cs;ehl;Lg;Nghhpy; 150>000 rptpypad; fs; nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;. xU kpy;ypaDf;Fk; Nkw;gl;Nlhh; Vjpypfshfpdh;. fpsh;rr ; pahsh; fSf;Fk; muRf;Fk; ,ilapy; mikjpg; Ngr;Rf;fis 1994,y; I.eh njhlq;fpaJ. Mdhy; Nghh; njhlh;e;jJ. bnrk;gh; 29> 1996,y; xU cld;gbf;if ifr;rhj;jplg; gl;lhYk; ,d;Wtiu cz;ikahd mikjp Vw;glNtapyi ; y. njd; mnkhpff ; tptfhuq; fspy; nfhiyf;FOf;fis Kjd; Kiw ahfg; gad;gLj;jpa tuyhW Ftj;jkhyh Ml;rpahsUf;F cz;L. ,ij fpsh;r;rp f;F vjpuhd eltbf;if (COUNTER - INSURGENCY) vd;W Ma;thsh;fs; $Wth;.

ROGANCE OF POWER BY RAJANHOOLE)

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(LONG WALK TO FREEDOM: NELSON MANDELA: LITTLE BROWN & CO NEW YORK, LONDON 1994/1995) Ngr;R thh;ji ; j

jP fpNsh;f; (DE KLERK) jiyikapyhd nts;is muRf;Fk; fWg;gpdj; jiyth; fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; Ngr;Rthh;j;ijfs; Muk;gkhfpd. [dhjpgjp jP fpNsh;f; ,Oj; jbg;G cghaj;ijf; filg;gpbj;jNjhL Mgphpf;f Njrpa fhq;fpu]; Mjuthsh;fs; kPjhd gLnfhiyj; jhf;Fjy;fSf;Fk; kiwKf mDkjp toq;fpdhh;. ,d;fhjh Rje;jpuf; fl;rpapdh; (INKATHA FREEDOM PARTY) mtUila #o;r;rp tiyapy; tPo;e;jdh;. xU kpy;ypad; whd;w; gzk; ,f;fl;rpf;F murpdhy; toq;fg;gl;lJ. ghuk; g hpa MAjq; f is gfpuq; f khf vLj;Jr;nry;Yk; chpikAk; mth;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ. [{iy 1990,y; jhf;Fjy; fs; Muk;gkhfpd. nts;isepwg; nghyprhh; jhf;Fjy; mzpfSf;Fg; ghJfhg;G toq;fp dh;. ,Jgw;wp nghyp]; MizaUf;F Kiwg; g hL nra; a g; g l; l NghJ mth;

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khh; f op> 2005 - ij> 2006

- nrd; w ,jopd; njhlh; r ; r p -

njhlh;e;J 1956Mk; Mz;L mur ,ae;jpuj;ij KOik ahd rpq; f skakhf; F k; tifapy; jdpr; rpq;fsr; rl;lk; nfhz;Lte;J epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. mNjNtis kiyaf kf;fis xLf;Fk; tif apy; 1948 ,y; gpu[hThpikr;rl;lk; > 1949,y; ,e;jpa ghfp];jhdpa gpu[h Thpikr; rl;lk;> Njh;jy;fs; jpUj;jr; rl; l k; vd; g it nfhz; L te; J epiwNtw;wg;gl;ld. njhlh;eJ ; 1967 ,y; rpwPkh - rh];jphp xg;ge;jr; rl;l Kk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. ,e;jr; rl;lq;fs; vy;yhk; nfhz; L te; J epiwNtw; w g; g l; l NghJ Nrhy;ghpapd; fhg;gPLfspdhy; ,tw;wpidj; jLf;f Kbatpy;iy. ahg;gpd; 29MtJ gphpT ve;j ,dj; ijNah> kjj;ijNah ghjpf;Fk; rl; lq;fisg; ghuhSkd;wk; ,aw;wf; $lhJ vdf;$wpapUe;jJ. Mdhy; me;jg; gphpit kPwp rl;lq;fs; epiw Ntw; w g; g l; l NghJ mjid kW ghpry P id nra;a mjpfhuk; ngw;wpUe;j ePjpj;JiwAk; mr;rl;lq;fSf;Fr; rhh; ghf jPhg ; g ; pid toq;fpaJ. ,g;Nghf;F ePjpj;JiwAk; Nghpdthjkag;gl;L ,Ue;jijNa fhl;b epd;wJ. gphpj;jh dpa Nfhkiwf;fofKk; ,J tplaj; jpy; Nghjpa ghJfhg;gpid jkpoh; Njrj;jpw;Nfh kiyaf kf;fSf;Nfh toq;ftpy;iy. gpurhThpikr; rl;lj;ijj; njhpe;J ,e;jpa tk;rhtopapduhd nfhlf;fd;gps;is tof;Fj; njhlh;e; jhh;. Nkw;gb rl;lk; Nrhy;ghp ahg;gpd; 29MtJ gphptpw;F vjpuhdJ vd thjplg;gl;lJ. ePjpkd;wk; murhq;fj; jpw;Fr; rhh;ghf jPh;g;G toq;fpaJ. nfhlf;fd;gps;is gphpj;jhdpa cah; ePjpkd;wkhd Nfhkiwf;fofj;jpw;F Kiwapl;lhh;. Nfhkiwf;fofk; xU ,iwik ngw;w ghuhSkd;wk; jd;D ila gpui[ ahh;? vd;gjid jPh; khdpg;gjw;F chpik ngw;wJ vdf; $wp murhq;fj;jpw;Fr; rhh;ghf jPh;g;G toq;fpaJ. ,j;jPhg ; g ; pd; %yk; rl;lj; jpw;F mg;ghy; jdJ fhyzpj;Jt murhq;fj;jhy; FbNaw;wg;gl;l xU gpui[apd; tho;tpl chpikiag; ngw;Wf;nfhLf;Fk; nghWg;gpidAk; Nfhkiwf;fofk; cjhrPdk; nra;jJ. murpay; ahg;gpd; 29MtJ gphpT KjyhtJ jlitahff; Nfypf;fpl khfpaJ. xw;iwj; jd;ik tha;e;j mur mjpfhuf; fl;likg;gpy; xl;L Vw;ghLfs; vd;git ntWk; Nfypg; nghUl; f Ns vd; g J KjyhtJ jlitahf ep&gpf;fg;gl;lJ. xl;L Vw;ghLfspd; ,uz; lhtJ mDgtk; jdpr;rpq;fsr; rl;l epiwNtw;wj;NjhL njhpe;jJ. mu rhq;f vOJtpidQuhd NfhB]; tud; ,r;rl;lj;jpid vjph;jJ ; tof; Fj; njhLj; j hh; . Nkw; g b rl; l k; ahg;gpd; 29MtJ gphptpw;F vjpuhdJ vd thjplg; g l; l J. aho; g ; g hz khtl;l ePjpkd;wk; NfhB];tuDf;Fr; rhh;ghf jPhg ; G ; toq;fpapUe;jJ. murhq; fk; nfhOk;G cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F Nkd;KiwaPL nra;jJ. nfhOk;G ; pidg; cah;ej P pkd;wk; Kd;ida jPhg ; g Nghy ,iwikAila ghuhSkd;wj; jpw;Fj; jdJ ehl;bw;Fj; Njitahd rl;lq;fis ,aw;Wtjw;F mjpfhuk; cz;L vd;w tifapy; jPhg ; G ; toq;fp aJ. NfhB]; t ud; gphpj; j hdpa Nfhkiwf;fofj;jpw;F Nkd;KiwaPL nra;jhh;. Nfhkiwf;fofk; Nkw;gb rl;lk; ahg;gpd; 29MtJ gphptpw;F vjpuhdJ vd;wtifapy; jPhg ; G ; toq;fp ; pid aJ. Mdhy; murhq;fk; ,j;jhP g ; g eilKiwg;gLj;jtpy;iy. nghJthfNt Nghpdthjj; jiyth;fs; fhyzpj;Jt Ml;rpf;

khh;fop> 2005 - ij> 2006

fhyj;jpd;NghJ ahg;G cUthf;fj;jpy; jkpo;kf;fSf;Fr; rhh;ghf vjidAk; vOj tpLtjpy;iy. Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;dh; Ml;rp mjpfhuk; jq;fspd; iffspy; ,Ue;jikapdhy; vOjpa tw; i wAk; eilKiwg; g Lj; J tjpy;iy. vOjpatw;wpw;F vjpuhd tifapNyNa rl;lq;fis ,aw;wp eilKiwg;gLj;Jth;. jkpo;kf;fs; ePjpkd;wq;fspy; KiwapLk;NghJ ePjp kd;wq;fSk; Nghpdthj ,ae;jpukhf ,Ue;jikapdhy; jkpo;kf;fSf;F vjpuhfNt jPhg ; G ; f;fis toq;Fk;. jw; nrayhf jkpo;kf;fSf;Fr; rhh;ghf jPh;g;Gf;fis toq;fpdhYk; mit xUNghJk; eilKiwg; g Lj; j g; gLtjpy;iy. Nrhy;ghp ahg;G ,J

tplaj; j py; ghhpa mDgtq; f is jkpo;kf;fSf;Fj; je;jd. 1972Mk; Mz;L Kjyh tJ FbauR ahg;G cUthf;fg;gl;l NghJ ,e;j xl;L Vw;ghLfisAk; rpq;fs Ml;rpahh;fs; ,y;yhky; nra;j dh;. ,yq;ifapd; mur mjpfhuf; fl;likg;gpy; jkpo;kf;fSf;F nga ustpy; ,Ue;j ,lKk; ,y;yhky; Nghapd. ,yq;if muR KOikahd rpq;fs murhq;fkhf khw;wk; ngw;wJ. ,itgw;wpg; gpd;dh; tphpthfg; ghh;g; Nghk;. ,uz;lhtJ je;jpNuhghak; jkpoh; jhafj;jpy; jpl;lkpl;l rpq;fsf; FbNaw;wq;fSld; Muk;gkhfpaJ. jkpoh; xU Njrkhf tho; t ij rpijg;gJjhd; mj;je;jpNuhghak;. jkpo; j ; Njrpaj; j pd; ,Ug; g pidr;

khtl;lj;jpw;Fk; Ky;iyj;jT P khtl; lj;jpwF ; k; ,ilapyhd epyj;njhlh;r; rpAk;> jpUNfhzkiy khtl;lj;jpw; Fk; kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd epyj; n jhlh; r ; r pAk; rpijf;fg;gl;lJ. mNjNtis jpU Nfhzkiy efug; gpuNjrj;jpw;Fs; CLUtp efuj;jpYs;s jkpo;kf;fspd; ,Ug;gpidr; rpijf;Fk; Kaw;rpAk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. JiwKfk;> flw;gilj;jsk; vd;gdTk; ,uhZt kakhf; f g; g l; l d. ,r; rpijg; G eltbf;ifapy; tptrha mikr;R> nghJeph;thf mikr;R> ghJfhg;G mikr;R vd;gd ,ize;J nraw; gl;ld. murJiw> jdpahh;Jiw> kjgPlk; vd;gtw;Wf;fpilapYk; ,J tplaj;jpy; xj;Jiog;G eltbf;if

khtl;lj;Jld; ,izf;fg;gl;ld. 1959Mk; Mz;L Njh;jy; njhFjpfs; kPse ; ph;zak; nra;ag;gl;lNghJ ,f; FbNaw;wg; gpuNjrj;ij ikakhf itj;J mk;ghiw Njh;jy; njhFjp cUthf; f g; g l; l J. ,j; Njh; j y; njhFjpjhd; fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gl;l KjyhtJ rpq;fsj; Njh;jy; njhFjpahFk;. ,k; khtl;lj; jpd; ngah; rpq;fsj; jd;ikAld; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf jkpo; NgRk; kf;fs; ngUk;ghd;ikahf ,Ue;Jk; gpw;fhyj;jpy; khtl;lj;jpd; ngah; jpfhkLy;y vd khw;wg;gl;lJ. ,d;W rpq;fsg; gpuNjr rigfSk; ,k; khtl;lj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gl;ld. 1960fspy; FbNaw; w r; nraw;ghL tlkhfhzj;jpd; vy;iyg; gFjpfSf;Fk; tp];jhpf;fg;gl;lJ. tTdpah khtl;lj;jpd; njw;Fg; gFjp apy; rpq;fsf; FbNaw;wq;fs; cU thf;fg;gl;ld. mjid mbg;gil

fs; ,Ue;jd. fhyg;Nghf;fpy; rl;l tpNuhj tptrhaf; FbNaw;wq;fs;> ifj;njhopy; FbNaw;wq;fs;> kPdtf; FbNaw;wq;fs;> Kg;gilg; gz;iz fSf;fhd FbNaw;wq;fs; vd vy;yh tiff; FbNaw;wq;fSf;Fkhd ghp Nrhjidf; fskhf jpUNfhzkiy khtl;lk; tpsq;fpaJ. ,f; FbNaw;wq;fNs gpw; fhyj;jpy; Ie;J rpq;fsg; gpuNjr rig fSk;> tha;ff ; hy; Nghy; ePzL ; nry;Yk; NrUty vd;w rpq;fs Njh;jy; njhFjp Ak; cUthff; fhuzkhfpaJ. jpUNfhzkiy khtl;lj; jpy; FbNaw;wq;fs; KLf;fptplg;gl;l mNjNtis jkpoh; jhafj;jpd; njd;

ahff; nfhz;L tTdpah njw;F rpq; fs cjtp murhq;f mjpgh; gphpTk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. xw; i w mjpfhuf; fl; l ikg;gpidf; nfhz;l Ml;rpaikg;G Nrhy;ghp murpay; ahg;Gld; cUthfp rpq;fs Njrj;Jld; ifaspf;fg; gl;l ijj; njhlh;eJ ; XhpU tUlq;fSs; NsNa kiyaf kf;fs; kPJ mf; fl; l ikg; G thf; F hpikiaAk; ,y;yhky; nra;jNghJ jkpo;kf;fspy; xU gFjpapdh; tpopj;Jf;nfhz;ldh;. kiyaf kf;fs;kPJ gha;ej ; mjpfhuf; fl;likg;G tpiutpy; jq;fs;kPJk; ghAk; vd;gij czh;e;Jnfhz;l dh;. fy;Nyhahj; jpl;lj;jpid KLf;fp

,uz;lhtJ je;jpNuhghak; jkpoh; jhafj;jpy; jpl;lkpl;l rpq;fsf; FbNaw;wq;fSld; Muk;gkhfpaJ. jkpoh; xU Njrkhf tho;tij rpijg;gJjhd; mj; je;jpNuhghak;. jkpo;j;Njrpaj;jpd; ,Ug;gpidr; rpijf;fNtz;Lkhdhy; tlf;fpw;Fk; fpof;fpw;Fkhd epyj;njhlh;r;rpiaj; rpijf;fNtz;Lk;. ,jw;F epyj; njhlh;r;rpapd; ikakhf ,Uf;fpd;w jpUNfhzkiy khtl;lj;ijNa mth;fs; Njh;e;njLj;jdh;. Muk;gj;jpy; FbNaw;wj; je;jpNuhghak; fy;Nyhahtpy; Muk;gkhfpapUe;jJ. mjid KOikahf epiwTnra;Ak; gzpiaj; njhlh;e;j mNjNtis Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dh; jpUNfhzkiy khtl;lf; FbNaw;wq;fspNyNa mjpf ftdk; nrYj;jpdh;. rpijf;f Ntz;Lkhdhy; tlf;fpw;Fk; fpof;fpw;Fkhd epyj;njhlh;r;rpiaj; rpijf; f Ntz; L k; . ,jw; F epyj; njhlh;r;rpapd; ikakhf ,Uf;fpd;w jpUNfhzkiy khtl; l j; i jNa mth;fs; Njh;en ; jLj;jdh;. Muk;gj;jpy; FbNaw;wj;je;jpNuhghak; fy;Nyhah tpy; Muk;gkhfpapUe;jJ. mjid KOikahf epiwTnra;Ak; gzp iaj; njhlh;ej ; mNjNtis Rje;jpuj; jpw; F g; gpd; d h; jpUNfhzkiy khtl;lf; FbNaw;wq;fspNyNa mjpf ftdk; nrYj;jpdh;. jpUNfhzkiy khtl;l j;ij xU tpy;Nghy tisj;J ,f; FbNaw;wq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. my;iyj;jpl;lk;> fe;jsha;j;jpl;lk;> nkhwNtthj; jpl; l k; > kfhjpTy; nttj; jpl;lk;> gjtpahj;jpl;lk; vd FbNaw;wj; jpl;lq;fs; tsh;e;jd. ,j;jpll ; q; fs; %yk; jpUNfhzkiy

gFjpf; FbNaw;wkhd fy;Nyhahj; jpl;lj;jpid G+uzg;gLj;jp mjw;F murpay; me;j];j;Jf; nfhLf;Fk; Kaw;rpfSk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. 1959,y; ,f; FbNaw;wj;jpid ika khf itj;J kl;lf;fsg;G khtl; lj; j pd; njd; g Fjp kl; l f; f sg; G khtl;lj;jpypUe;J gphpff ; g;gl;L mk; ghiw khtl;lk; vd;fpd;w Gjpa khtl;lk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,g; gpuNjrj;jpy; mur eph;thfj;jpd; Kf;fpa ikakhf fy;Kid ,Ue;jNghJk; FbNaw;wg; gpuNjrkhd mk;ghiwNa Gjpa khtl;lj;jpd; jiyefuhf;fg; gl;lJ. Nghjhf;Fiwf;F ,k; khtl; lj;jpd; rpq;fsr; rdj;njhifapid nraw;ifahf mjpfhpg;gjw;fhf gpw; fhyq;fspy; nkhduhfiy khtl;lj; Jld; ,Ue;j kfh Xah> gjpaj;j yhit vd;fpd;w ,U cjtp mu rhq;f mjpgh; gphpTfs; mk;ghiw

tpLfpd;w nraw;ghLfSk; efh;e;j NghJ Vw;fdNt gpd;gw;wp te;j murp ay; nfhs;iffspdhy; jkpoh; jhafj; jpd; ,Ug;gpidg; ghJfhf;fKbahJ vd;gijAk; czh;eJ ; nfhz;ldh;. ,jd; tpisthfj; j hd; ,yq;ifapd; xw;iwahl;rp mjpfhuf; fl; l ikg; g pid Vw; W f; n fhz; L mjw;Fs; rktha;g;Gf;fisf; NfhU fpd;w 50:50 Nfhhpf;if iftplg;gl;L jkpoh; jhafj; i j tiuaWj; J mjw;F mjpfhuj;ijf; NfhUfpd;w rk\;bf; Nfhhpf;if Kd;itf;fg; gl;lJ. ,jid Kd;ndLg;gjw;fh fj; je;ij nry;thtpd; jiyikapy; jkpouRf;fl;rpAk; 1949,y; cUthf; fg;gl;lJ. jkpouRf; fl;rpapd; cU thf; f j; J ld; jkpoh; murpaypy; ,uz;L tplaq;fs; eilngw;wd.

?P¦ ÑÎ (01) ,Jtiu nfhOk;G - aho;g; ghzk; vd;w kl;lj;jpy; kl;Lk; nraw; g l; L te; j jkpoh; murpay; tlf;F - fpof;fhfg; gue;jJ. ,jd; %yk; jkpopd murpay; jkpo;j;Njrpa murpay; vd;w epiyf;F cah;j;jg; gl;lJ. (02) ,Jtiu fhyKk; Nfhhpf;if fs;> kDf;fis mDg;Gjy;> rl;lrig fspy; NgRjy; vd ,Ue;j jkpoh; fsJ murpay; mZFKiwfs; kf; f is ,izj; j Nghuhl; l mZFKiwfshf khwpd. mj;NjhL ghuhSkd; w murpaYf; F s; S k; MSk;fl;rp murpaYf;Fs;Sk; nry; yhJ vjph;ff ; l;rp murpay; Kd;ndLf; fg;gl;lJ. jkpo;j;Njrpa murpay; mjpfhuj;ijf; ifg;gw;Wk; fl;lkhf khWk;tiu vjph;f;fl;rp murpaNy eilKiwapypUe;jJ. ,ilapy; rpwpJfhyk; 1965 - 1968 fhyg;gFjpapy; MSk;fl;rpf;F Mjuthd epiyap idj; jkpouRf;fl;rp vLj;jpUe;jhYk; Njh;jy;%yk; njhpT nra;ag;gl;l ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fs; vtUk; ke;jphprigapy; Nrutpy;iy. ll;yp nry;th xg;ge;jj;jpid epiwNtw;W tjw;fhf nrdw;rig cWg;gpduhd K.jpUr;nry;tk; kl;Lk; cs;@uhl;rp ke;jphpahf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;. mtUk; gpd;dh; jpUNfhzkiy NfhNzrh; Myag;gFjpapid Gdpjg; gpuNjrkhf; Fk; jpl;lj;jpid murhq;fk; epuh fhpj;jjpdhy; mikr;ruitapypUe;J tpyfpdhh;. jkpouRf; f l; r p 1949,y; Njhw;wk; ngw;whYk;> jkpo;f; fhq;fpu]; fl; r papd; Mjpf; f k; njhlh; e ; J k; ,Ue;jjpdhy; 1952 Njh;jypy; nghpas tpw;F ntw;wpaila Kbatpy;iy. jkpouRf; fl;rpiaj; Njhw;Wtpj;j je;ij nry;th $l I.Nj.fl;rp rhh;gpy; Nghl;bapl;l eNlrgps;isaplk; fhq; Nfrd;Jiwj; njhFjpapy; Njhy;tp Aw;whh;. jpUNfhzkiyj; njhFjpapy; Nghl; b apl; l ,uhrtNuhjaKk; > Nfhg;gha; njhFjpapy; Nghl;bapl;l F.td;dparpq;fKNk jkpouRf;fl;rp rhh;gpy; ntw;wpngw;wdh;. vdpDk; S.W.R.D gz;lhu ehaf;fh 1956,y; Ml;rpapidf; ifg; gw;Wtjw;fhf jdpr;rpq;fsr; rl;lg; gpur;rhuj;jpid Kd;ndLj;jNghJ jkpouRf; fl;rpAk; mjw;F vjpuhd murpaiy Kd; n dLj; j J. 1956 Njh;jypy; tlfpof;fpd; jkpo;j;Njh;jy; njhFjpfspy; ngUk;ghd;ik Mrdq; fisf; ifg;gw;wpaJ. njhlh;e;J jdpr;rpq;fsr; rl;lk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; nfhz;Ltug; gl;lNghJ mjw;nfjpuhf fhypKfj; jplypy; rj;jpahf;fpufg; Nghuhl;lj; jpid elhj;jpaJ. rj;jpahf;fpufq;fs; rpq;fsf; fhilah;fspdhy; Nkhrkhfj; jhf;fg;gl;ldh;. jkpo;j; jiyth;fspd; gykhd vjph;gg ; pw;F kj;jpapYk; jdpr; rpq;fsr; rl;lk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. ,lJrhhpf; fl;rpfisj; jtph;j;j ,U gpujhd rpq;fsf; fl;rpfSk; ,r; rl;lj;jpw;F Mjuthf thf;fspj;jd. Nrhy;ghp je;j ahg;G mjpfhuj;jpidg; gad;gLj;jp 1950,y; Njrpaf;nfhb cUthf;fj;jpd; %yk; mur ,ae;jpuj; jpy; rpqf ; s milahsj;ijg; nghwpjj ; rpq;fsNjrk; 1956 jdpr;rpq;fsr; rl;lj; Jld; mur ,ae;jpuj;jpidr; rpq;fs kakhf;Ftjpy; ntw;wpfz;lJ. jkpouRf;fl;rpapd; Nghuhl; lq;fs; njhlh;e;Jk; tsh;e;jd. jpU kiy> ahj;jpiu rpq;fs rpwp vjph;gG ; g; Nghuhl; l k; vd tsh; e ; j NghJ gz;lhu ehaf;fh rw;W ,wq;fpte;jhh;. gz;lh - nry;th xg;ge;jk; 1957,y; ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;lJ.

, yq;ifj;jPtpd; tuyhW murpa yikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; Clhf ngsj;j kjj; Jf;F Kjyplk;> Gj;jrhrd mikr;rpD} lhfg; gQ;rrPyf; nfhs;iffSf;Fg; gpuj;jp Naf ,lKk; nfhLf;fg;gLtjhff; $wg; gLfpd;w NghjpYk; mJ eilKiwapy; ngUksTf;F gLnfhiyfshy; mwpag; gLk; tuyhwhfNt ,Ue;JtUfpwJ. ,e;j jtphf ; f ; KbahjJk; rfpff ; KbahjJkhd Jh;gg ; hf;fpakhd epiyf;fhd mj;jpthuk;> ,yq;if Rje;jpuk; ngWtjw;F Kd;ghd fhyj;jpNyNa ,lg;gl;L ,Uf;fpd;wJ. mg;NghjpypUe;Nj ,e;j ehl;il Msj; jiyg;gl;l rpq;fsj; jiyth;fs;> rpq;fs ngsj;j Njrpak;nfhz;l xU ehlhfNt ,yq; i fia itj; j p U f; f Kad;wpUf;fpd;whh;fs;. mjid eil Kiwapy; NgZtjw;F rpWghd;ik ,dq; fis mr;RWj;jp itj;jpUj;jy; vd;w cj;jpiaf; ifapnyLj;jpUf;fpd;whh;fs;. ,J 1883,y; Muk;gpj;jJ. th;j;jfj;jpy; <Lgl;l kiyahspfSf;F vjpuhf ,e;j epiyg;ghl;il mehfhpf jh;kghyh> V.<. Fzrpqf ; h Nghd;w rpqf ; s ngsj;j Ngupd thjj;jpd; gpjhkfd;fs; Kd;ndLj;Jr; nrd;whh;fs;. mjid gpd;te;j rpq;fsj; jiyth;fSk; njhlh;e;jhh;fs;. mjw;fhf mth;fs; gpuNahfpj;j kpfg; gaq;fukhd MAjkhf ,dg; gL nfhiyfNs mike;jd. mjid ,yq;if tho; jkpo;NgRk; ,dj;ij mr;RWj;jpg;

gzpaitf;Fk; je;jpukhfNt ifahz;l dh;. Mdhy; me;jg; gLnfhiyfis epfo;j;jpa mur gaq;futhjj;ij> jkpo; kf;fs; MAjk; Ve;jpa Nghuhl;lk; %yk; vjph;nfhs;sj; njhlq;fpaNghJ> rpq;fsj; jiyikfspd; jpll ; q;fs; Ml;lk; fz;ld. ,yq;if vd;w ehl;Lf;Fs; jkpo; kf;fs; ,ize;J thoKbahJ vd;w Kbit vLf;fNtz;b Vw;gl;lNghJ mjw;F murpay; chpikfs; kWf;fg;gl;likAk; xU fhuzkhf Kd;dpd;wJ. mjid vjphn ; fhs;sNth [Puzpff ; Nth jpuhzpaw;w rpq;fsj; jiyikfs; ,d;Dk; ,d;Dk; ,dg;gLnfhiyfisNa gy;NtW tbtq; fspy; Kd;ndLj;jd. taypy>; flypy>; njhopypy; <LgLk; NghJ jiutop> fly;top Nghf;Ftuj;jpy; <LgLk;NghJ> nrhe;jf; FbapUg;Gf;fspy;> ,lk;ngah;eN ; jhh; Kfhk;fspy; jq;fpapUe;j NghJ vd gy;NtW tifapYk; ,dg; gLnfhiyfs; ,lk;ngw;wd. ,dg; gLnfhiyfspd; njhlf;f fhy muRj; jiytuhf ,Ue;j b.v];. Nrdehaf;fh mtiuj; njhlh;e;J te;j ll;yp Nrdehaf;fh> Nrh;.N[hd; nfhj;j yhty> v]; . lgps; A +.Mh; . b.gz; l hu ehaf;fh> rpwpkhNth gz;lhuehaf;fh> N[.Mh;.n[ath;j;jdh> Mh;.gpNukjhrh> b.gp.tp[aJq;f> re;jpupfh gz;lhuehaf;f FkhuJq;f Mfpa midj;Jj; jiyth; fspdJ fhyq;fspYk; jkpopdg; gLnfhiy fs; ,ilawhJ epfo;e;jpUf;fpd;wd. ,yq;if murpd; epfo;r;rpepuypy; gpujhdkhdjhf ,Ue;Jte;j gLnfhiy apid xt;nthU jiyth;fSk; jj;jkJ fhy> #o;epiyfSf;F Vw;g epfo;jj ; pAs;s dh;. MapDk;> mit xUtiu tpQr ; pajhf kw;wth; fhyj;jpy; ele;jpUg;gJ jkpo; kf;fs; vjph;nfhz;l kpfg;ngUk; rth yhFk;. rpwpyq; f h muR fl; l tpo; j ; J tpl; l ,g; gLnfhiyfs; xU mur gaq;futhjkhf ghpzhkkile;jNghJ ,jid vjph;nfhs;s> jkpo;kf;fs; Nkw;

N[.Mh; yz; l d; nlyp f ; f p u hg; gj; j p h p iff;F mspjj ; Ngl;b ey;ynjhU rhd;wh Fk;.

\ \ehd; aho;g;ghzj;J kf;fS ila mgpg;gpuhaq;fisg; gw;wpf; ftiyg; gl khl;Nld;. mth;fsJ caph;> cly; fisg; gw;wpAk; ftiyg;gl khl;Nld;: vdJ murhq;fk; vijr; nra;aNtz;L nkd KbntLj; J tpl; l Njh mijr; nra;Nj jPUk;|| vd;W $wpapUe;jhh;. rpq;fsg; Ngupdthjj;jpd; rpe; jid ,yq;ifj;jPT KOtJk; ngsj;j rpq;fs ehl;bw;FhpaJ vd;gjhff; fl;b tsh;f;fg;gl;Ltu> fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; jkpo;kf;fspd; ghuk;gupa epyq;fspy; rpq;f sf; FbNaw;wq;fs; epWtg;gl;ld. Fw;w tpay; rl;lq;fspdhy; Fw;wthspfshf ,dq;fhzg;gl;lth;fs;> MAjg; gapw;rp aspff ; g;gl;L jkpoh; epyq;fspy; FbNaw;wg; gl;ldh;.

tug;gl;l jpdkhd 1956> [{d; 5Mk; jpfjp eilngw;wJ. mk;ghiw fy;Nyhahtpy; FbNaw;wg;gl;l rpq;fsth;fs; mf; fpuhkj; jpy; G+h;tPfthrpfshd jkpo;kf;fs; kPJ Nkw;nfhz;l ,d mopgg ; pdN ; ghJ 150 jkpo; kf;fs; nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;. gyh; gLfha kile;jdh;. md;iwa jpdNk xLf;F Kiwapd; ,d;ndhU tbtkhd ghypay; td;Kiwr; rk;gtKk; Muk;gkhdJ. jkpoh;fSf;Fj; njd;dpyq;if apy; kl;Lky;y> jkpoh; jhafj;jpy; kl;L ky;y rpiwr;rhiyfspYk;$l ghJfhg;G ,y; i y vd; g ijAk; rp w p y q; f h muR fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; ep&gpj;J te;jJ. ntypf;filr; rpiw> G+rh> fSj;Jiw> ngytj;ij> gpe;JDntt jLg;G Kfhk; fs;> jpUNfhzkiyr; rpiw Nghd;wtw;wpy; eilngw;w jkpoh; gLnfhiy njhlh;ghf vtUNk jz;bf;fg;gltpy;iy. ntypf;

1985Mk; Mz;L neLe;jPT FKjpdpg; glfpy; gazk; nra;j jkpo;kf;fs; kPJ rpq;fsf; flw; gilapdh; elj;jpa nfhiy ntwpahl;lj;jpy; Fj;jpf;nfhy;yg;gl;l mg;ghtpj; jkpo; koiy.

nfhz; l Nghuhl; l q; f s; gaq; f uthj eltbf;iffshfr; rpj;jhpf;fg;gl;ld. mjw;fhd rl;l cUthf;fq;fSk; rpq;f sg; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij ngUk;ghd;ik ahff; nfhz;l ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; epiw Ntw;wg;gl;ld.

1979Mk; Mz;L jkpo;j;Njrpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;ij mur gaq;fu thjj;jpD}lhf xLf;Ftjw;Fk; jkpopdg; gLnfhiyiag; gy; N tW jsq; f spy; tphpthf;Ftjw;Fk; gaq;futhjj; jLg;Gr; rl;lj;ij N[.Mh;.n[ath;j;jdh jdf; fpUe;j ngUk;ghd;ikg; gyj;ijg; gad; gLj;jp epiwNtw;wpdhh;. mJ njhlh;e;Jk; ,w; i wtiu eilKiwap y ; cs; s J. Nghpdthjf; fl;rpfs; khwpkhwp Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wpdhYk; ,e;jr; rl;lj;jpd;fPo; ve;j khw;wKk; epfotpy;iy.

,r; rpq;fsf; FbNaw;wkhdJ 1940,y; Muk;gpff ; g;gl;lNghJ> mg;Nghija fhzp> tptrha mikr;ruhd b.v];.Nrd ehaf;fh murkuf; fd;nwhd;iw ehl;ba gpd; Mw;wpa ciu ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sj; jf; f J. \ \ ,d; W ehl; l g; g Lk; ,e; j murkuk; tsh;eJ ; ngU tpUl;rkhFk;NghJ ,e;j kz;zpy; cq;fisj; (FbNaw;wg; gl; l rpq; f stiu) jtpu NtnwtUk; FbapUf;ff;$lhJ.||

,e;jr; rl;lk; njd;dhgphpff ; htpy; Nghj;jh (Botha) murpd; kpf Nkhrkhd epw xJf;fy; rl;lj;ijtplg; gaq;fu khdJ vd rh;tNjr A+uh; rig> rh;tNjr kd;dpg;Gr;rig Nghd;wd vLj;Jf;fhl;b ePf;Fk;gb NfhhpaNghJk; rpq;fsj; jiy ikfs; ,k;kpAk; miratpy;iy. ,jd; %yk; mur gaq;futhjk; Nkw;nfhz;l rfy ,dg;gLnfhiyfSk; gaq;futhjj; jpw; F vjpuhd eltbf; i ffshfNt cyfpd;Kd; nfhz;Lnry;yg;gl;ld.

1987> ngg;uthp 30,y; nfhf; f l; b r; N rhiyapy; ,lk; ngw;w gLnfhiyAk; mjw;nfd mspf;fg;gl;l xU gapw;rpapd; mbg;gilapy; nra;ag;gl;lNj. ; p gphpll ; dpd; fPdpkd P p (K.M.S) gapwr gilfSf;F mspf;fg;gl;ljhf Tk; mjid ghPlr ; pj;Jg; ghh;g; gjw;fhf – ngw;w gapw;rpapid gilapdh; rhpahfr; nra;fpd;whh; fsh vd;W mwptjw;fhf ,g; gLnfhiyfs; epfo;j;jg;gl;l jhfTk; gapw;rpaspj;jth;fNs njhptpj;jpUf;fpd;whh;fs;.

fpof;F khfhzj;jpYk; tlf; fpYk; ele;j kpfg;ngUk; gLnfhiyfSk; ,t;thNw epahag;gLj;jg;gl;ld; my;yJ %bkiwf;fg;gl;ld. Myaq;fspYk; mfjp Kfhk;fspYk; $bapUe;j jkpoh;fs; kPJk; rpfpr;iff;fhf Nehahsh;fs; mDkjpf;fg; gl;bUe;j kUj;Jtkidfs; kPJk; khz th;fs; fy;tp fw;Wf;nfhz;bUe;jNghJ ghlrhiyfs; kPJk; elhj;jg;gl;l jhf;F jy;fspy; caph;fs; gwpf;fg;gl;lNghJk; me;jr; rl;lj;jpd;%yk; mq;fPfhpf;fg; gl;ld: ,J ngz;fs;> Foe;ijfs;> khzth;fs;> tNahjpgh;fs;> Nehahspfs; vd;W NtWghby;yhky; jkpoh;fs; vd;gjw; fhf midj;Jj; jug;gpdh; kPJk; gpuNah fpf;fg;gl;lJ. rpq; f sj; jiyikfs; jkJ murpay; Mjhaj;Jf;fhf murpay; epfo;rr ; p epuypy; Nrh;j;Jf;nfhz;l jkpopdg; gL nfhiyfs; kpff; F&ukhditahf – kdp j hgp k hdk; mw; w itahf ,Uf; f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpYk; mf;fiw fhl;bNa te;Js;sd. ,jw;F 1983> [Piy 11,y;

,t;thW FbNaw;wg;gl;lth;fs; gyh; Fw;wr;nray;fspy; <Lgl;L ePzl ; fhy rpiwj;jz;lid mDgtpf;fNtz;ba Fw;wthspfshth;. mth;fisf; nfhz;L te;J jkpoh;fspd; vy;iyg;Gwf; fpuhkq; fspy; FbNaw;wpajd; %ykhf jkpopdg; gLnfhiyfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJld; jkpoh; tho;tplq;fs; Jz;LNghlg;gl;L fgsPfuk; nra;ag;gl;ld. mj;Jld; jkpo; kf;fs; thOk; gpuNjrq;fs; vq;Fk; ,uh Zt kag;gLj;jg;gl;L md;whlk; jkpo; kf;fs; jdpj;jdpahfTk; $l;lkhfTk; nfhy;yg;gLk; rk;gtq;fs; ,d;Wtiu njhlh;fpd;wd. jkpo;kf;fs; kPjhd Kjy; ,dg; gLnfhiy jdprr ; pqf ; sr; rl;lk; nfhz;L

filr; rpiwapy; 1983> [{iy 25,y; 35 jkpoh; nfh^ukhfg; gLnfhiy nra;ag; gl;l gpd;dh; kPz;Lk; [{iy 27,y; mNj rpiwapy; vQ;rpNahh; gjpndl;Lg;Ngh; gL nfhiy nra;ag;glf; $bajhf ,Ue;j njd;why; jkpoh;fspd; caph; njhlh;ghfr; rpwpyq;fh Ml;rpahsh;fs; nfhz;bUe;j epiyg;ghLfs; vt;thwpUe;jd vd;gij czuKbAk;. ,t;thW ePzl ; ,e;j ,d mopgG ; Kaw;rpfspdhy; ,Jtiu mWgjpdhapuj; Jf;Fk; mjpfkhd jkpo;kf;fs; nfhy;yg; gl;ldh;. MapDk; ,tw;why; jkpok ; f;fspd; tpLjiyg;Nghuhl;lk; jilg;gltpy;iy. khwhf mJ Kidg;gile;J $h;ik ngw;Ws;sJ. ,t; tpLjiyg;Nghuhl;lk; ,d;W murpay;> ,uhZt jsq;fspy; kp f g; gyk; kp f ; f jhf ghp z hkkile; Js;sJ. Njrpa tpLjiyg;Nghuhl;lj;jpd; Njit typ A Wj; j g; g l; L tUfp d ; w J. ,e; j ep i yap y ; ,jidg; Gyikrhh; epiyapy; typAWj;jp tUgth;fSk; Clf tpayhsh;fSk; gLnfhiy nra;ag;gLk; Jh;g;ghf;fpa epiyia rpq;fsg; Nghpd thjk; mz;ikf; fhykhfj; jPtpug;gLj;jp As;sJ. rl;lNkij Fkhh; nghd;dk;gyk;> Clftpayhsh;fshd kapyt ; hfdk; epky uh[d;> Iahj;Jiu eNlrd;> jh;kul;zk; rptuhk; Nghd;wth;fSila gLnfhiyfs; rpq;fsg; Nghpdthjj;jpd; mNfhu Kfj; jpd; ntspg;ghLfshFk;. jkpopdg; gLnfhiyfSf;fhf cyfpd; kpff; nfh^ukhd Kiwfis vy; y hk; jdJ gilfSf; F g; gap w ; W tpj;Jr; nraw;gLj;jpg; ghh;f;Fk; murpay; jiyikj;Jtq;fs; njhlh;e;Jk; ,yq; ifj; jPit Ml;rpnra;fpdw ; d. ,jw;nfd ntspehLfspy; ,Ue;J te;jth;fs; gapw;rp aspj;Js;sdh;. ,jidr; rpwpyq;fh ,uh Zt cah; mjpfhup xUtNu ntspg;gil ahf Clfq;fSf;Fj; njhptpj;jpUf;fpd; whh;. rpwpyq;fh ,uhZtj;jpy; tpNrl FOf;fspd; cWg;gpdh;fs; vd ,dq; fhzg;gl;l 300–400tiuahd Ml;fSf;F (njhlh;r;rp 13Mk; gf;fj;jpy;...)

khh; f op> 2005 - ij> 2006

es;spuTg;nghOjpy; \rTz;l; mNyl;| midtiu Ak; Js;spnaoitj;jJ. vy;NyhUk; jq;fspd; epiyfSf;F tpiue;J epiynaLj;jhh;fs;. rpy kzpj;Jspfspy; cyq;F thD}h;jpfs; jhsg;gwe;J nrd;wd. mlh;e;jfhL vd;gjhy; mth; f sp d ; ep i yfs; ntsp j ; n jhp a tha; g ; g p U f; f tp y ; i y. Kjd;ik Mrphpah;fs; ,UtUk; xt;nthU epiy ahfg; ghh;j;Jf;nfhz;L te;jhh;fs;. epiyfs; rPuhf ,Ue;j jhy; rp w p J Neuj; j p y ; \ tp j ; N wh rTz; l ; | mbf; f g; g l; l J. mth; f s; jq; f sp d ; jq; f fq; f Sf; F j; jp U k; g p d hh; f s; . mJ xU gila njhlf;fg; gapw;rpKfhk;. me;j Kfhkp y p U e; J gy iky; f Sf; f g; g hy; rp w ; w hW XLfp w J. mjw;fg;ghy; fz;fhzpg;G epiyfs; cs;sd. me;j ,lk; tiujhd; KfhKf; F j; Njitahd nghUl; f s; tUk; . mq;fpUe;J Mw;iwf;fle;J gapw;rpKfhk;tiu nghUl;fis \fk;ghy hy|| mbf;fNtz;bapUf;Fk;. kio ehl;fspy; rpw;whW

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khh; f op> 2005 - ij> 2006

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khh; f op> 2005 - ij> 2006

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