Felt-crete

DRESSING UP THE BUILDING :

FELT-CRETE A material investigation of felt composite in building industry

PAGE 2 

DRESSING UP THE BUILDING :

FELT-CRETE A material investigation of felt composite in building industry Thesis Wai Yin [Vivian] Wong Unit 20 : Marcos Cruz / Marjan Colletti Thesis Tutor : Tim Lucas 2015 - 2016 WORD COUNT : 8996 WORDS

Cover page : Fig. 1 Image of a hand-made felt by nuno felting technique

Acknowledgements I would like to thank Tim Lucas, my thesis tutor, for his supervision and steady advices on producing this thesis. Dr. Edward Dension, Dr. Robin Wilson and Oliver Wilton, the course coordinators; Professor Marcos Cruz and Dr. Marjan Colletti, my design unit tutors, for their helpful advice.

Alan Philcox, Chemistry Teaching Laboratories manager coordinator, UCL and Ruban Ludmila, Cell Biology Therapy Research Facilitator and Training Coordinator, UCL; Peter Scully, Inigo Dodd, Bim Burton, Jonathan martin, B-made; MArch Architectural Design Cluster 7, UCL for their technical advice and support.

SIRKESI FASHION CENTRE, ISTANBUL This proposal is located within a re-visualised development, “the Sirkesi fashion district “, at the tip of Istanbul’s historic peninsula neighbouring the Golden Horn, just north west of Gülhane Park and the famous Topkapı Palace. This area will be a re-visualisation celebrating the beauty of the textile industry in Turkish culture.

USAGE OF FELT IN THE BUILDING EXTERIOR

INSULATION

INTERIOR

Green wall

Thermal insulation

Acoustic/Thermal feature wall

WALL

PARTITION

Single surface

Fig. 2 Render of the Sirkeci Fashion Cenre, Istanbul ( aerial view)

Interlocking

Sandwich

PAGE 6

PAGE 7

ABSTRACT According to Semper’s four elements theory, architecture and clothing intertwines. (S.Gotfried, 2004) The new building, Sirkeci Fashion Centre, Istanbul is to be constructed with “Felt-crete” - felt with cement - which responds to the softness in the Turkish textile industry and the contrasting heavy densities in the construction industry. My research shall extract local textile material to celebrate the culture of Turkish textile design.

Fig. 3 Interior quality of felt-crete

PAGE 9

CONTENT 0.0 INTRODUCTION SECTION 1 1.0 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF FELT 1.1 The return of felt

1.2 Role of felt in Turkish architecture

1.3 Properties and constrains of felt

1.4 Existing application of felt 2.0 PROPOSAL AND REQUIREMENTS OF WALL CONDITIONS 2.1 The site

2.2 Program and condition of space in relation to felt use

2.3 Weather and climate in Turkey

2.4 Building envelope in relation to noise and thermal conditions 3.0 CHOOSEING THE TYPES OF FELT USE

3.1 Types of felt products 4.0 THE WOOL FELT

4.1 Property of wool felt

4.2 Microscopic view of wool fibres

4.3 Testing the types of felt making techniques

4.4 Making my own felt SECTION 2 THE FELT-CRETE WALL 5.0 FELT-ONLY EXTERIOR WALL CONCEPT

5.1 Material test 5.01 – compression force 6.0 FELT-CRETE WITH COMPOSITE

6.1 Material test 6.01- breaking force

6.2 Material test 6.02 - comparison of felt bond with other materials

6.3 Material test 6.03- thermal performance 7.0 SHAPE TEST-THIN WALL

7.1 Shape test 7.01

7.2 Breaking force test 7.02 8.0 FABRICATION OF FELT-CRETE PARTITION WALL

8.1 Possible spaces

8.2 Suggested partition wall usage

8.3 Felt-crete tile 1:1 prototype

8.4 Felt-crete fabrication : CNC form-work

8.5 Finished 1 to 1 prototype

8.6 Surface finish : smooth reflective surface test 8.01

8.7 Surface finish : smooth non-reflective surface test 8.02

8.8 Improving the quality

8.9 Shape test analysis 9.0 VARIATIONS OF FURTHER COMPOSITION

9.1 Bonding test 9.01

SECTION 3 10.0 THE FELT-CRETE EXTERNAL WALL

10.1 Thermal performance of cement and wool 10.2 Thermal performance test 10.01 10.3 Insulation layer research 10.4 Acoustic research 10.5 Thermal performance test 10.02 10.6 Acoustic performance test 10.03 10.7 Straight surface vs rough surface 1:1 prototype test 10.04 10.8 Summary of the wall development

11.0

FINAL PROPOSAL – 1:1 PROTOTYPE OF THE EXTERNAL FELT-CRETE WALL

12.0 13.0

TECHNICAL SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS CONCLUSION AND APPLICATION

11.1 Design concept 11.2 Fabrication method 11.3 Defining the felt usage in the proposed wall build up 11.4 Fabrication process 11.5 Production

BIBLIOGRAPHY LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS APPENDIX

THE WALL

0.0 INTRODUCTION

Fig. 4 Microscopic test render of the macro-scale design of a wall cavity

PAGE 12

Building and clothing industries share similar design theory, both of which represent the politics and culture of a particular period. Traditionally, once the building or clothing are proposed and consumed, it will be hastily forgotten by the public or became synonymous with prevalent historical statement for the period of time it coincides. In order to respond to the evolving style of Turkish textile industry, the material “felt” is chosen to be the material research for this thesis.

According to the construction history of Turkey, textiles were the foremost materials used by the Turks to build shelters for themselves, and felt was the principle material used for these shelters. Herodotus, who is regarded as the father of history, recorded yurt as a shelter in Central Asia, including Turkey, since 600BC. (Burton Y. Berry,1938) , Felt declined in use as a building material due to several reasons. Insects growing on the felt surface was the first impracticality of the material. As the lack of vertical strength of textile, users gradually stopped using them for building walls and stones, with concrete and bricks widely replacing the fabric. In addition, sustainability, high-technology design fabrications with local materials and growing architecture has become a hotly debated topic recently which fabric could be one of the alternatives. (Koohlaas. R, 2014) Due to technical advancement, the production of felt is modified and use of felt is brought back to the building industry in recent years.

I would like to propose some research questions of this thesis as follows : OBJECTIVES: 1) How may felt be used as a mediator between textile and architecture?

2) Can the felt help to improve the built environment and the quality of living?

3) Can felt be used to construct walls?

4) How can the construction industry work with felt as a building material?

I am going to answer these question in my thesis one by one and the methology are as follows: METHOLOGY : Physical tests and graphs are used as primary data for the thesis. Books, research papers and online articles are used as supplementary resources. I will study the role of felt-crete in the traditional concrete wall building system. I shall analyse and challenge the possibility of turning felt into a structural wall and replacing the insulation and waterproofing materials later in the traditional insulated concrete wall system.

PAGE 13

Performative properties of Felt-crete are as follows : Felt-crete : 1.

The structural property of Felt-crete, and the possible design of Felt-crete as a stand-alone material for the partition

and structural wall system.

2.

The structural properties of Felt-crete and possible design of felt-crete using composite material, use of felt with

cement and jesmonite, as well as ascertaining the minimum amount of cement/jesmonite required to create a

self-supporting Felt-crete structure.

3.

The thermal/acoustic performances of felt and Felt-crete and its potential as a thermal/sound insulator, the shape

and thickness required to create different room conditions for buildings in Turkey and the building site.

4.

The possible composite material that could be used together with felt to produce a wall, and its potential future development.

The results of the experiments will be analysed and commented upon in comparison to my hypothesis, leading to the ideal “adaptive, changeable and soft felt wall”, with the appropriate thickness of the felt and composite material.

This thesis will be concluded with a discussion of the results of the felt investigation in relation to the success and failure of the felt with composite material, the advantages and disadvantages of the felt-crete partition/wall system, possible other applications and improvements, and a re-evaluation of the felt-crete design as a new link between fashion and building design industry and contemporary technical capacities for future development.

PAGE 14 

PAGE 15

1.0 HISTORIC BACKGROUND OF FELT To begin the project, I undertook a field trip to Turkey, citing the historic use of textile material as a research thesis for my building project. I have chosen to investigate felt not only because of its unique properties, but also due to its huge influences on Turkish history, serving to bring manufacturers and consumers together in one community.

PAGE 16 

PAGE 17

1.1 THE RETURN OF FELT

1.2 ROLE OF FELT IN TURKISH ARCHITECTURE

Felt was abandoned for the use of building facades in the past century by the Turks. Due to advances in technology, the production of felt has been modified and the use of felt has been brought back to the building industry in recent years. Felt textile use as building facade has been a hotly discussed topic in recent decades, and therefore the re-introduction of felt is considered valuable within this century.

Felt was first being used during the Uighur period in Central Asia to the Hittites in Anatolia in Turkish history - far preceding weaving.

Felt is commonly seen as an internal partition or insulation layer.

The YURT (fig.8,9) is one of the rare examples of felt being used as an external cover of a shelter. Precedents demonstrate, it can only be used in small scale, single-storey height construction as it has weak vertical strength which cannot withstand vertical force. The yurt is a light weight structure, therefore can be easily move around.

Also, the felt cover can be replaced easily and the building process brought community together as felting requires a lot of labour force. The structure is made of untreated timber which is not water resistant. This can be prevented by replacing a waterproof material with timber in the future. This atmosphere is perfect for mice to live.

However, this can be advoided by fully washing the felt and keeping the space clean before use.

Fig. 10 First layer facade

Felt is being used in the interior, first and second layer facade of the Kazakh yurt. (fig 10,11,12)

Textile industry

Building industry

Fig. 8 Photograph of a Turkish Kazakh yurt

made of felt-crete

VS

Fig 5. Traditional Turkish dresses, year 1700

Fig. 6 Turkish dress designed by author, year 2016

Fig. 11 Second layer facade

Fig. 7 Kazakh Yurt, 1700

Fashion design Centre, Istanbul, 2016

Fig. 12 Interior decorations Fig. 9 Detail of a Turkish Kazakh yurk

PAGE 18 

PAGE 19

1.3 PROPERTIES AND CONSTRAINS OF FELT

1.4 EXISTING APPLICATION OF FELT

Felt is a non-woven textile made by shrinking or matting loose wool or other animal fibres together with hot water, to make an impenetrable fabric, that can be cut without fraying or degrading the edges. There are two main types of felt : wool fibres and synthetic fibres. There is no specific arrangement of felt and its configuration is random (fig.13)

1 - Structural quality

01 FOLDING WITHOUT CUTTING THROUGH Felt can be folded into different forms, and provides structural support at the same time.

Felting is a fabric technique that can produce a range of different effects depending on the method used. There are two main types of felting techniques : wet-felting the fibres using a felting solution or dry-felting using felting needles or an embellisher. For example, the wet felting technique can be used to create whole pieces of felt, whereas nuno felting and needle punching technique can be used to create blended felting effect. However, the two methods can also be used at the same time to produce the piece according personal preferences.

2 - Thermal insulation TEMPORARY PERSONAL RESTING SPACE Large fold joint by thread create a shelter and provide thermal comfort for resting.

3 - Acoustic quality

Wool fibres and synthetic fibres are structurally different. Wool fibres have scales, synthetic fibres do not. Wool fibres are richer in its properties than synthetic fibres. Humans can copy the configurations of synthetic fibres but wool fibres cannot. In wool felt, the scaled structure in the fibres interlock and engage together to form the felt piece. (Fig. 13)

02

CEILING DECORATION Provide sound insulation by cutting the felt and the shapes design 4 - Felt composite hardening quality

Felt making process : Throughout the felt making process, the use of soap helps to wash out the grease in the fibre, hot water forces to loosen the fibre structure, pressure (fulling by rolling the felt back and forth) makes fibres to compress together and drying the fibres makes the fibres to hold together in place.

LIGHT SHADES Create hard quality finishes. The hardest can be strengthen by applying composite stiffening coatings on top of the felt surface, e.g. shellac, hairspray or pva glue.

03

01 Fig. 15 Jule Waibel’s pine cone-shaped 02 Fig. 16 Hush by freyja sewell 03 Fig. 17 Sci-arc auditorium 04 Fig. 18 Light shade Wool felt (Complex structure) 04 Synthetic felt (Simple structure) Fig. 13 Diagram of the felt micro-structure

Fig. 14 Wool felt

PAGE 20 

PAGE 21

2.0 PROPOSAL AND REQUIREMENTS OF WALL CONDITIONS This section discusses the use of felt and cement in the Fashion Centre using site analysis.

Fig. 18 Zoom in detail of the felt-crete material

PAGE 22 

PAGE 23

2.1 THE SITE

2.2 PROGRAM AND CONDITION OF SPACE IN RELATION TO FELT USE

The site is located right next to a main traffic road and the sea.

In this section, I shall propose the possible usage of felt and cement as external and internal walls in the proposal.

Key Hard

New European

Soft Warm View 1

Exhibition

Cold Reflective surface

Wet Dry Workshop Workshop

Storage

Non-Reflective surface

View 2

HARD AND COLD CONDITION (Rough non-reflective cement surface)

Anatolian Old European

Exhibition

Fig. 19 Site map showing viewing locations

Catwalk

Cafe

Restaurant

The Site Studio

Lobby

HARD AND COLD CONDITION (Reflective shiny cement surface) The site

The site Acoustic wall

Exhibition

Auditorium Catwalk

Restaurant

Book store

Green wall

WARM AND SOFT CONDITION (Felt surface) Fig.20 view 1

Fig.21 view 2

EXTERNAL WALL SURFACE

INTERNAL WALL SURFACE

Cafe

PAGE 24 

PAGE 25

2.3 WEATHER AND CLIMATE IN TURKEY

2.4 BUILDING ENVELOPE IN RELATION TO NOISE AND THERMAL CONDITIONS

The temperature chart of Istanbul indicates it has an extreme climate : very hot in summer (40oC) and very cold winter (0oC) (often snowing in winter), therefore insulation between the exterior walls must be considered to keep users warm and comfortable inside the building. Also, the building has to allow heat out during summer and stop strong winds infiltrating during winter. (Fig 27,2 ) The highest precipitation is 120mm throughout the year, considered as low volume. The building facade needs to be waterproof but not necessarily extremely damp proof for long-lasting rainfall. (fig. 24) Sunlight is available throughout the year, the facade design should ventilate the heat inside the building before it is over-heated. The building facade could act as an energy store to provide energy for the proposal. (Fig 22,23 ) The material chosen must consider earthquake proof as Istanbul is located between two continental plates.

I shall estimate amounts of material required for different parts of the building in relation to site conditions, determined by analysing the noise and thermal conditions of the building.

ind Sea g w lack n i B ail ev he Pr m t rf o

Fig. 26 Sun path diagram on site

Fig. 27 Wind-rose diagram on site

Sunpath diagram data source : http://www.sunearthtools.com/dp/tools/pos_sun.php

Wind-rose diagram data source : https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/forecast/ modelclimate/istanbul_turkey_745044

NOISY

EXTRA COLD

EXTRA COLD

ffic

Main road, heavy tra

EXTRA NOISY Towards minor road, less traffic

Fig. 22 Average min and max temperatures in Istanbul, Turkey 2015

EX T

RA N

OIS

Y

Fig. 23 Average sunlight in Istanbul, Turkey 2015

QUIETER

QUIETER

NOISY

NEW GREENSCAPE fig. 28 General strategy for the building envelope Felt as Thermal insulation Felt as Acoustic insulation Fig. 24 Average precipitation in Istanbul, Turkey 2015

Fig. 25 Average relative humidity in Istanbul, Turkey 2015

Prevailing wind from Sea of Marmara

* The line thickness represents the ratio of the wall thickness

PAGE 26 

PAGE 27

CONCLUSION To conclude, external conditions of the site highly impact the interior conditions of my proposed spaces.

The building facade/partition of each space is carefully analysed and the function of the walls of each area are defined. The use of felt in the building can provide a rough surface finish, acoustic and thermal protection for building users. However, the proposed wall system should included waterproofing, firre-proof, noise cancellation from car traffic and internal activities and naturally ventilated.

A conclusion is drawn by the condition table below :

Fig. 30 Table of result

Requirement of the wall properties of the main space in the building :

The proposed wall system should include all the criteria listed below :

Key of wall property requirements : Outdoor Water-proof

Noise cancellation from car traffic Fire-proof

Acoustic quality

Indoor Noise cancellation from internal activities Provide thermal comfort

Natural ventilation

Fig. 29 Diagram of the criteria of the proposed wall system

Exhibition

Studio

Auditorium

Book store

Thermal quality Reflective surface Rough surface Increased thickness

Wet Workshop

Dry Workshop

Catwalk

Fig. 31 Diagram of main space in the building

Restaurant / cafe

PAGE 28 

PAGE 29

3.0 CHOOSING THE TYPES OF FELT USE Can the felt improve the built environment and quality of living?

This section discusses the suitable types of felt to be used in the Fashion Centre based on research and experimentation.

Fig. 32 Image of felting with wool and silk

PAGE 30  This section will begin with discovering the favourable properties and the constraints of each types of felt. One of each felt type will be chosen to run several experiments which includes : shrinkage test, fire-resistant test, water-proof test, cost evaluation, acidity test and alkalinity test.

In order to achieve a quick result on determined which the best choice of felt use. Synthetic felt and 100% wool felt are chosen to be the testing materials. It is because these two materials has extremely opposite properties which means, it will either work or does not work. The other types of felts in between can be further investigate later in the stage if it is necessary. In order to decide which material is the best to use, the material must pass the FIRE-RESISTANT AND WATER-RESISTANT TEST. Natural felt has the following favouriable properties : it is easy to create organic forms, fibres joint together though felting technique. Disadvantages of natural felt are : hard to control shape and relatively expensive to purchase. Whereas synthetic felt is relatively stiffer than natural felt, usually it is machine made, therefore can be batch produced. However, it cannot join pieces of different felt by needle punchinging technique.

A more detailed investigation on the shrinkage, fire-resistance, water resistance and cost will be discussed in this section. Andie.F (2016), Clark.

M(2014)

PAGE 31

3.1 TYPES OF FELT PRODUCTS To identify the types of felt and compare their strength and weakness.

Examples of synthetic felt available in the market

Fig. 33 Eco-felt

Fig. 34 Craft felt

Examples of natural felt available in the market

Fig. 35 Blend felt

Fig. 36 100% Wool felt

Fig. 37 Needle punch felting

PAGE 32

PAGE 33

THE PROCEDURE OF THE VARYING TESTS: TEST 3.01 - SHRINKAGE TEST PROCEDURE: Cut one piece of synthetic felt and one piece of wool felt. Felt sheets were placed into the washing machine with hot water, the worst conditions for felt, then record the reaction.

SYNTHETIC FELT (ACRYLIC)

NATURAL FELT (HANDMADE WOOL FELT)

Results and conclusion

TEST 3.02 - FIRE-RESISTANT TEST PROCEDURE: Cut one piece of synthetic felt and one piece of wool felt. Set fire to the felt sheets.

TEST 3.01 SHRINKAGE TEST

(Chosen option) Size of acrylic felt remains unchanged whereas wool felt shrinks dramatically.

TEST 3.03 - WATER-RESISTANT TEST PROCEDURE: Cut one piece of synthetic felt and one piece of wool felt, pour cold water over the felt - felt should not shrink in cold water.

TEST 3.04 - COST PROCEDURE: Look for prices available online, draw a mean number of each type.

TEST 3.02 FIRE-RESISTANT TEST

(Chosen option)

TEST 3.03 WATER-RESISTANCE

(Chosen option)

Acrylic felt is burnt and melted even when fire source is removed. Wool felt is burnt when heated, but not as fire source is removed. Notably, it did not set on fire.

1m2 £0.001 (Chosen option)

1m2 £0.03

Acrylic felt is not waterproof.

Water passes through material instantly. Not suitable for exterior use alone as not waterproof.

Wool felt is water repellent.

Suitable material to use as layer for external finish or insulation layer.

PAGE 34 

PAGE 35

CONCLUSION Handmade wool felt has the most suitable fire and water resistant qualities, whereas acrylic has the best performance in shrinking tests. Acrylic felt could withstand weather conditions but cannot withstand rainfall and fire. However, wool felt may withstand heavy rainfall and be able to prevent fire ingress - of paramount safety importance and therefore a better option to be proposed than synthetic felt as building material. However, cost production cost for wool felt is 10 times greater than synthetic felt. Nevertheless, costs may be reduced based on increased quantities required.

Acid and alkaline test shows wool felt will not react in both cold acid and alkaline solutions but will be melted in hot sodium hydroxide solutions. Synthetic felt is completely melted in cold acid at room temperature. This shows wool felt is more suitable as the temperature of Istanbul will never be higher than 65oC. To conclude, both materials have favourable properties and the choice of material can be determined by the budget of the project and the use of the building. The Fashion Centre will reach several stories in height (medium-scale building), therefore wool felt is chosen because it has good fire and water resistant qualities.

Q : Can the felt help improve the built environment and quality of living?

A : Yes, felt did not set on fire and was water-repellent. Felt could give the proposal a soft and comfortable notion to the spaces.

PAGE 36 

PAGE 37

4.0 THE WOOL FELT Can the felt help improve the built environment and quality of living?

This section examines the property of wool felt in macro and micro scale. Discovering the configuration of wool felt under a microscope and discussing the different traditional felt making techniques, this section concludes by proprosing possible usage of felt at a building facade.

Fig 38 A photograph of handmade wool felt taken under a spot light in complete darkness.

PAGE 38 

PAGE 39

4.1 PROPERTY OF WOOL FELT PROPERTIES Wool felt is one of the world’s oldest man-made fabrics, because not requiring weaving but interlocking to form a continuous material.

Wool felt is formed by the process of manipulating, hammering, and steaming scales on the wool felt fibres interlocking others to form a lasting, resilient bond. The natural fibres in wool felt cannot be duplicated in the laboratory due to its complex structure with the CH-HNCO-R bond (fig. C). Each wool felt fibre has a flexible microscopic covering of scales similar to fish scales (fig. D). Wool felt scales are made of keratin, the same tough substance that grows human hair or to form horns and hooves on cattle and other animals. The main advantages of wool felt area : can be heated to form shapes, bonded to almost any surface, resist aging and can be die-cut into precise shapes, which are ideal for building design. (Wool Felt and Felted Synthetic Materials, 2014)

Microscopic view x40

The water-resistant test between wool fibres and wool felt indicates the wool fibres is completely flooded after water is flushed onto the fibres where as water repelled from the wool felt. (Refer. Test 4.01 )

3 6 1

2

4

5

7 8

Microscopic image of wool fibre

TEST 4.01 WATER-RESISTANT TEST BETWEEN WOOL FIBRES AND WOOL FELT

1) 4 outer-cuticle layers 2) Cell membrane complex 3) Matrix 4) Macrofibril (Facts about wool, 2016)

5) Complex inner matter 6) Macrofibril 7) Left-handed, coliled-coil rope 8) Right-handed, alpha helix

Fig. 39 Chemical structure formula of the wool

Dry wool fibres

Wet wool fibres

Moisture

Fabrics Skin

Dry 100% handmade wool felt

Wet 100% handmade wool felt

Fig. 40 Chemical structure

Fig. 41 Property of natural ventilation

PAGE 40 

PAGE 41

4.2 MICROSCOPIC VIEW OF WOOL FIBRES The set up of the test under microscope is adjusted based on the soap, hot water and cold water needed while felting. There may be slight variation on this test as the felting process is inconsistent and does not proceed under microscope.

Test 4.02a

AIM To uncover the configurations of felt fibres under felting process.

Microscopic view x10

Microscopic view x20

Microscopic view x10

Microscopic view x20

Microscopic view x10

Microscopic view x20

Microscopic view x10

Microscopic view x20

Microscopic view x40

Microscopic view x20

Microscopic view x40

Microscopic view x20

Test 4.02b CONTROL Make sure all the wool felt pieces are of the same size and weight.

PROCEDURE

Fig. 42 Wool fibres sample

Take a small sample of the 100% wool felt and placed under a microscope.

This experiment is divided into three sections : Test 4.02a - control Dry wool fibres + room temperature at 23oC Test 4.02b Dry wool fibres + hot water at 80oC Test 4.02c Dry wool fibres + hot water at 80oC Test 4.02d Dry wool fibres + hot water at 80oC + soap Test 4.02e Dry thin wool felt (2mm thick) Test 4.02f Dry thick wool felt ( 4mm thick)

Test 4.02c

Test 4.02d

Fig. 43 Wool felt sample 2mm thick Test 4.02e

Test 4.02f * This test was done and recorded under this colour microscope in the laboratory of the biology department at University College London (UCL) under the supervision of Ruban Ludmila, Cell Biology Therapy Research Facilitator and Training Coordinator, UCL.

Fig. 45 Colour microscope

Fig. 44 Wool felt sample 4mm thick

PAGE 42 

PAGE 43

4.2 RESULT TABLE Test

Result

Test 4.02a

control

Test 4.02b

looks similar

Test 4.02c

looks similar

Test 4.02d

looks similar

Test 4.02e

looks similar

Test 4.02f

looks similar

4.3 TESTING THE TYPES OF FELT MAKING TECHNIQUES There are two types of felting techniques, wet felting and dry felting. Wet felting includes traditional felting wool technique and nuno felting technique. Dry felting includes needle punching technique.

Traditional felting technique making process includes blending, carding, crossing, hardening, fulling, washing, calendering and shopping. (fig. 49 ) Nuno felting technique is a Japanese fabric felting technique. This process produces loose wool fibre into a sheer fabric such as silk gauze. This technique creates lightweight felt with varying quality finishes.(fig. 47) Needle punching technique is a process which join loose fibres or felt pieces together to form a stronger object. (fig. 46)

DRY FELTING

in summary, wet and dry felting could merge loose wool together but dry felting could merge felted pieces together to form a stronger structure. Different properties of felt gives an advantages in a designer’s perspective as felt can be presented in different ways according to the use of space.

Wool felting and nuno felting use the same felting technique which requires the process above. (fig. 48)The only difference is wool felting only uses felt as the felting material whereas nuno felting uses a blend of wool and other materials like silk when felting. This method may be produced by machine or handmade.

Needle punching will be a useful technique to merge two pieces of felt physically without affecting the original apperances of the felt itself. (Sue.F, 2010) , (Hinc.R, 2009)

WET FELTING Felt making process

fig. 49 Felt making process

Fig. 46 Needle punching WET FELTING

Fig 47Felting wool

Fig. 48 Nuno felting

PAGE 44 

PAGE 45

4.4 MAKING MY OWN FELT - HANDMADE QUALITY

Summary of felt making : Able to mix various colours, successfully create holes in freeform but not as thin as handmade felt on market. A very time consuming: traditional handmade felt took 8 hours to produce small sample.

Fig. 50 A photograph of handmade wool felt taken under a spot light in complete darkness.

PAGE 46

PAGE 47

CONCLUSION OF WOOL FELT To conclude, wool felt can be heated to form shapes and cooled down to hold the shape in place. It can also bonded to almost any surface which can then be die-cut into intricate, highly precise (never entirely consistent) shapes. Felt can also be used as growing platforms for plants.

At micro scale, wool fibres interlock to form wool felt. Wool felt does not require weaving to form a continuous material which helps creating varying shapes in macro scale.

The configuration of wool felt did not change during felting process. The experiments under the microscope reveals wool fibres of wool felt appear exactly the same in different thicknesses. Therefore, the effects of hot water and soap added to felt did not effect the binding of fibres. Therefore, the only reason that wool fibres turn into felt is because of pressure applied to the felt during “fulling process” in felting. The felt will be compressed and held together in place by pressing and rolling.

Q : Can the felt improve the built environment and the quality of living?

A : Yes, wool felt is soft, flexible and does not require joints which can provide a continuous surface for a building wall finishes. Also, felt could form smooth edges for corners to help improve the visualisation of a space. Also, there are no limitations for the design of felt: the colour could be altered based on the fibres added during the felting process and the thickness can be controlled by the amount of wool fibres added in the felting process.

PAGE 48 

PAGE 49

THE FELT-CRETE WALL :

5.0 FELT-ONLY EXTERIOR WALL CONCEPT Can felt be used as building walls?

This section examines possibility of felt being used as building walls through test and result analysis.

PAGE 50 

PAGE 51

5.1 MATERIAL TEST 5.01 - COMPRESSION FORCE

5.1 MATERIAL TEST 5.01 - COMPRESSION FORCE

Breaking the material samples from a breaking jig is the simplest and quickest way to find out the answer of the aim.

AIM Find out the minimum thickness of material is needed for the material to selfstand without crumbling under pressure.

HYPOTHESIS Felt can be able to stack up in felting based on the previous research.

1 LAYER

CONTROL Make sure all the felt pieces are of the same size and weight.

9 LAYER

METHOD Cut pieces of 100 mm (w) x 100mm (l) felt with the same thickness(4mm). Use needle felting pins to felt the pieces together layered by later. Apply 1kg of force on top of the felt piece when it is able to self-stand. Record the result of the process.

2 LAYERS

10 LAYERS

3 LAYER 11 LAYER

50cm

4 LAYER

100cm Can be very stable

Fig. 51 1 kg force

4 LAYER

Fig. 52 Loose felt pieces thickness 50mm

Fig. 53 Loose felt pieces thickness 35mm

5 LAYERS Fig. 54 Felting process

PAGE 52 

PAGE 53

CONCLUSION In experiment 5.01, the result indicates 100mm is the minimum thickness for the felt to withstand 1 kg force if it is stacked up vertically, which means huge blocks of felt will be needed in order to withstand the weight of a five stories height building. This method is not only not cost effective but also occupied a huge amount of usable space for construction purposes. Therefore, adding composite material is an alternative to reduce the amount of material use and at the same time keeping the same structural performance.

PAGE 54 

PAGE 55

THE FELT-CRETE WALL :

6.0 FELT-CRETE WITH COMPOSITE Can felt be used as building walls?

This section is trying to find out the effects on felt with composite materials. Testing the potential composite material for felt and find out the best design for the felt-crete wall. The aim is to achieve using the minimum amount of cement to produce a self-stand felt-crete wall. Discuss and examine the result by answering the above question.

Fig. 55 Image of the inital spacical quality from felt-crete model

PAGE 56 

PAGE 57

6.1 MATERIAL TEST6.01 - BREAKING FORCE Breaking the material samples from a breaking jig is the simplest and quickest way to find out the answer of the aim.

The following tests will being with material testing of the felt composite, cement, jesmonite and flbreglass are choosen for the test.

The result shall examine based on the aim listed previously in this section.

AIM Find out the best material to use for the felt-crete wall system.

Five star non-shrink cement grout (fig.56) is very alkaline which as pH of 12-14 and compression strength of 48.3-103.4Mpa. The cement to grount ratio is approximately 5 litres of water to 25kg of powder. (Weber. sbd 2001)

HYPOTHESIS Jesmonite will be harder to break than cement because the material data sheets shows jesmonite has lower compression strength. The sample with composite material, chopped strand matt and felt will be the hardest to crack because the tensile strength of chopped strand matt and felt helps holding the composite material in place.

Jesmonite (fig. 57)is a material that is normally being used as glass reinforced decorative architectural mouldings. However, due to its favourable property of low permeability and durable in conditions of external weathering, this can be an alternative material to replace the cement for the concrete mixture. Jesmonite has pH value of is 43.58 MPa (P. Simon Pearson, 2011)

CONTROL Make sure the overall weight of each material samples are the same, which is weight 500g.

FIbreglass chopped strand matt (fig. 58) is chosen because the research shows it can provide an extra strength for the felt-crete.

(Pli.dek, 2011)

Fig. 56 Five star non-shrink cement grout

METHOD Rest the sample in between the two wooden blocks on the breaking jig. Adjust the compression tip parpendicuar to the material sample. Fill up water in the bucket, stop until the material breaks. Use the force fomula to calculate the breaking force of each sample. Repeat the process and record the result. test will be divided into two parts, Test A and Test B, which the details are as follows :

Wooden block for material to rest on

TEST A - CEMENT Test Cem 1 Cement Test Cem 2 Felt (top) + Cement (bottom) Test Cem 3 Cement (top) + Chopped strand matt (bottom) Test Cem 4 Felt (top) + Chopped strand matt (middle) + Cement (bottom) MATERIAL RATIO

Cement ratio : 5 : 1 (powder : water ) Felt thickness : 200g, 100 mm (w) x 100 mm (l) x 4 mm (h) Chopped strand matt : 225gm, 100 mm (w) x 100 mm (l)

Fig. 59 Breaking force testing jig

*Material detail data sheet refer to p. xx for reference

Fig. 57 Jesmonite

TEST B - JESMONITE Test Jes 1 Jesmonite Test Jes 2 Felt (top) + Jesmonite (bottom) Test Jes 3 Jesmonite (top) + Chopped strand matt (bottom) Test Jes 4 Felt (top) + Chopped strand matt (middle) + Jesmonite (bottom) MATERIAL RATIO

Jesmonite ratio : 4 : 1 (powder : water ) Felt thickness : 200g100 mm x 100 mm x 4 mm *Material detail data sheet refer to p. xx for reference

Fig. 58 Chopped strand matt Fig. 60 Testing sample mould with samples

PAGE 58

PAGE 59

6.1 MOULD MAKING

6.1 BREAKING FORCE FORMULA Based on the basic physics principle of the law of and acceleration, the test below is trying to demonsrate a simple test to work out the breaking force it needs to break a material sample.

(Burns.L 2012)

75.4cm

6.5cm

17.4cm

15cm

11cm

Breaking Force = F

1.5cm θ

15cm

L’

L

“The breaker” material sample

35cm g=10 Handmade testing jig It is a flat pack design, all the parts are screwed down and can be disassembled and reassembled anywhere.

Apply water to the bucket until the sample breaks

L’= 17.4 cm L = 75.4 cm

m

Unit weight of bucket : 0.315kg mg

Breaking force equation mgLcosθ

Clamps together to retain moisture for the material simple.

=

FL’cosθ

F

=

mgLcosθ FL’cosθ

F

=

mgL L’

Handmade casting jig

of the stick (cm) ( LL’ == length length of the segment (cm)

Acceleration of gravity = 10 m/s m=mass added (g) (m= weight of water + weight of bucket)

)

Compression force of the jig without material sample

Process of preparing the material sample

315x10x75.4cosθ

=

F x 17.4cosθ

F

=

0.315 x 10 x75.4cosθ 17.4cosθ

F

=

0.315 x 10 x 75.4 17.4

F

=

13.65 N

The L/L' ratio is always the same, which act as a multiplying factor. Only replace the number which is highlighted in RED of the new force taken from the water bucket for the other test.

PAGE 60

PAGE 61

TEST CEM 1 : 5 STAR CEMENT GROUT

TEST JES 1 : JESMONITE RESULT

RESULT

BREAKING TEST DATA SHEET : Weight of water : 1.387kg Breaking force calculation : (1.387+0.315)x10x75.4 F = 17.4

BREAKING TEST DATA SHEET : Weight of water : 2.115kg Breaking force calculation : (2.115+0.315)x10x75.4 F = 17.4

=

73.75 N

105.3 N

FALLS APART COMPLETELY

FALLS APART COMPLETELY MATERIAL DATA SHEET:

MATERIAL DATA SHEET:

Felt : 100 mm x 100 mm x 4 mm Cement mixture : 100g ( 5 : 1 (powder : water ) )

Felt : 100 mm x 100 mm x 4 mm Cement mixture : 100g ( 5 : 1 (powder : water ) )

TEST CEM 2 : FELT + 5 STAR CEMENT GROUT

+

TEST JES 2 : FELT + JESMONITE

+

RESULT

RESULT

BREAKING TEST DATA SHEET :

BREAKING TEST DATA SHEET : Weight of water : 0.915kg Breaking force calculation : (0.915+0.315)x10x75.4 F = 17.4

Weight of water : 1.315kg Breaking force calculation : (1.315+0.315)x10x75.4 F = 17.4

=

=

70.63 N FALLS APART COMPLETELY

=

50.3 N FALLS APART COMPLETELY

MATERIAL DATA SHEET:

MATERIAL DATA SHEET:

Felt : 100 mm x 100 mm x 4 mm Cement mixture : 100g ( 5 : 1 (powder : water ) )

Felt : 100 mm x 100 mm x 4 mm Jesmonite mixture : 100g ( 4 : 1 (powder : water ) )

PAGE 62

PAGE 63

TEST CEM 3 : 5 STAR CEMENT GROUT + CHOPPED STRAND MATT

+

RESULT

RESULT

BREAKING TEST DATA SHEET : Weight of water : 0.972kg Breaking force calculation : (0.972+0.315)x10x75.4 F = 17.4

BREAKING TEST DATA SHEET : Weight of water : 1.358kg Breaking force calculation : (1.358+0.315)x10x75.4 F = 17.4

=

+

TEST JES 3 : JESMONITE + CHOPPED STRAND MATT

55.77 N

=

FALLS APART COMPLETELY

FALLS APART COMPLETELY

MATERIAL DATA SHEET:

MATERIAL DATA SHEET:

Felt : 100 mm x 100 mm x 4 mm Cement mixture : 100g ( 5 : 1 (powder : water ) )

Felt : 100 mm x 100 mm x 4 mm Cement mixture : 100g ( 5 : 1 (powder : water ) )

TEST CEM 4 : FELT + CHOPPED STRAND MATT + 5 STAR CEMENT GROUT

+

RESULT

BREAKING TEST DATA SHEET :

BREAKING TEST DATA SHEET : Weight of water : 1.474kg Breaking force calculation : (1.474+0.315)x10x75.4 F = 17.4

=

+

TEST JES 4 : FELT + CHOPPED STRAND MATT + JESMONITE

RESULT Weight of water : 2.246kg Breaking force calculation : (2.591+0.315)x10x75.4 F = 17.4

72.5 N

125.93 N

=

77.52 N FALLS APART COMPLETELY

FALLS APART COMPLETELY

MATERIAL DATA SHEET:

MATERIAL DATA SHEET:

Felt : 100 mm x 100 mm x 4 mm Cement mixture : 100g ( 5 : 1 (powder : water ) )

Felt : 100 mm x 100 mm x 4 mm Cement mixture : 100g ( 5 : 1 (powder : water ) )

PAGE 64 

PAGE 65

RESULTS COMPARISONS

6.2 MATERIAL TEST 6.02 - COMPARISON OF FELT BOND WITH OTHER MATERIALS Carry on with this test with the broken samples from the previous breaking force test.

Test results Test A material Cement

0.5

1.702

73.75

Jesmonite

0.5

Cement (top) + Chopped strand matt (bottom)

0.5

1.287

55.77

Jesmonite (top) + Chopped strand matt (bottom)

0.5 1.673

72.5

Felt (top) + Cement (bottom)

0.5

1.63

70.63

Felt (top) + Jesmonite (bottom)

0.5

1.23

53.3

Felt (top) + Chopped strand matt (middle) + Cement (bottom)

0.5

2.906

125.93

Felt (top) + Chopped strand matt (middle) + Jesmonite (bottom

0.5 1.789

77.52

Breaking force (N)

material

mass weight of result material (g) (kg) 2.43

SECTION

Breaking force (N)

HANGING VIEW

SECTION

105.3

HANGING VIEW Comment: Cannot pick up both cement and jesmonite, material falls apart and disconnected after breakage.

Key: Highest breaking force = strongest material

FELT + JESMONITE

FELT + CEMENT

Test B weight of mass material result (kg) (kg)

JESMONITE ONLY

CEMENT ONLY

+

+

CEMENT + WOOL FELT

JESMONITE + WOOL FELT

+

+

CEMENT + CHOPPED STRAND MATT

JESMONITE + CHOPPED STRAND MATT

+

+

CEMENT + CHOPPED STRAND MATT + WOOL FELT

JESMONITE + CHOPPED STRAND MATT + WOOL FELT

+

WOOL FIBRES + CHOPPED STRAND MATT

Assumption: Both are fibrres which has similar material properties, does not have large impact on bonding.

Comment: Felt bond together very well with cement and jesmonite.

The cast hold in place with the felt after breakage.

Comment: Fet bond with fibreglass chopped strand matt but they can be separated when removing by hand.

Comment: Felt bond together very well with cement and jesmonite.

The cast hold in place with the felt after breakage.

PAGE 66 

PAGE 67

CONCLUSION The test 6.01 results show jesmonite can withstand the most force among the others and felt helps with the breakage. Increase the overall thickness of the partition might help strengthening the material in the next test. The bonding test shows felt is the material that could bond 100% with the cement / jesmonite, whereas fibre glass chopped strand matt could easily be separated by hand after casting. Wool fibres could mix with cement and jesmonite but it will loose the original colour of the wool fibres. However, the wool fibres can holds together with the ratio of 3 (fibre) : 1 (cement/jesmonite).

Felt work best when it combines directly with the composite material, which in this case, cement and jesmonite. Chopped strand matt add extra strength to the whole structure, however this might weaken the bonding between felt and composite materials. Jesmonite is best for lightweight construction and cement is better for a heavy domestic construction. However, their thermal conductivities are similar. Therefore, jesmonite is best to be used in partition wall systems whereas cement is best to be used in external wall system.

PAGE 68 

PAGE 69

6.3 MATERIAL TEST 6.03 - THERMAL PERFORMANCE

6.3 THERMAL TEST WITH FELT-CRETE

AIM Find out the best combinations for thermal insulation HYPOTHESIS Jesmonite will be harder to break than cement because the material data sheets shows jesmonite has lower compression strength. The sample with composite material, chopped strand matt and felt will be the hardest to crack because the tensile strength of chopped strand matt and felt helps holding the composite material in place.

5 star non-shrink cement

CONTROL & METHOD Make sure all the tiles are of the same size PROCEDURE Cast out 8 pieces of 100mm (w) x 100mm (l) x 6mm (h) tiles with 8 different combinations. The test begins with room temperature of 24oC, the temperature of each tile is measured out by an infrared thermal sensor. The room is then heated up by a room heater for about an hour until around 30oC is reached. The temperature of each tile is being measured again. Results of the tiles will be recorded and compare between them.

Room heat up for 1 hour

24OC

Wool felt + Cement + Chopped strand matt Room at 24oC

24OC

Room At 35oC

27oC

35OC

Wool felt + Cement

Cement + Chopped strand matt

24OC Slowest to transfer heat among the tiles

27oC

Slowest to transfer heat among the tiles

Cement

23OC

23OC

28OC

28OC

Jevsmonite

Fig. 61 Image of a infra-red thermometer

Wool felt + Jesmonite + Chopped strand matt

Fig. 62 Testing sample mould with samples

Wool felt + Jesmonite

Room at 24oC

24OC

Room At 35oC

Slowest to transfer 27oC heat among the tiles

Jesmonite + chopped strand matt

Jesmonite

24OC

24OC

24OC

27.3OC

28.4OC

29OC

PAGE 70 

PAGE 71

CONCLUSION-THERMAL TEST The thermal test of the felt-crete shows the cement and jesmonite has almost the same heat transfer rate and the transfer rate for the tiles with wool felt is the slowest. However, the test can only draw a rough result as there will be some heat loss in the experiment. The thermal analysis shows felt is a better thermal insulator than concrete and the best option.

PAGE 72 

PAGE 73

THE FELT-CRETE WALL :

7.0 SHAPE TEST - THIN WALL In this section, I shall be looking at the ideal shape for the felt-crete wall, find out the best self-stand option through test and result analysis and the possibility of turning a thin wall into external wall.

PAGE 74 

PAGE 75

7.1 SHAPE TEST 7.01 AIM

SHAPE TEST 7.01A

Find out the best self stand design which also meet the purpose of space

HYPOTHESIS

Curve and flat bottom has better structural performance due to the larger surface area between the ground and the test piece. *Bring forward to the next test

CONTROL & METHOD Make sure the size of the test pieces are the same and the force apply to the samples are all the same and evenly distributed.

*Bring forward to the next test

PROCEDURE Apply thin layer of cement onto the felt.

Shape test 7.01a - Straight wall Shape test 7.01b - Ribbon wall Shape test 7.01c- Curve base wall

Felt thickness : 1.5 mm Cement thickness : 0.5 mm Result : Collapse (FAIL)

Soft

Making process of each individual piece

Felt thickness : 1.5 mm Cement thickness : 2 mm Result : Stand (SUCCESS)

Felt thickness : 4mm Cement thickness : 2mm Result : Stand (SUCCESS)

Hard

PAGE 76 

PAGE 77

SHAPE TEST : CREATE SHAPES TO STRENGTHEN THE FELT-CRETE SHAPE TEST 7.01B

Felt thickness : 1.5 mm Cement thickness : 2 mm

SHAPE TEST 7.01C

SHAPE TEST : MODIFY SHAPE COMBINE WOOL FELT WITH COMPOSITE SHAPE TEST 7.01D

Felt thickness : 4mm Cement thickness : 2mm

+

Cement

Result : Structural performance Collapse immedately when force is applied (FAIL)

Result : Structural performance Can withstand some force but cannot self stand (success) *Further develop the folding shape to the next test. The aim is to enhance the self-stand property.

Felt thickness : 4mm Cement thickness : 2mm

+

Chopped strand

Felt

Result : The proposed panel can be able to self stand without extra support. (SUCCESS)

PAGE 78 

PAGE 79

7.02 BREAKING FORCE TEST 7.02 Breaking the material samples from a breaking jig is the simplest and quickest way to find out the answer of the aim.

01

AIM Find out the importance of fibre glass chopped strand matt HYPOTHESIS Jesmonite will be harder to break than cement because the material data sheets shows jesmonite has lower compression strength. The sample with composite material, chopped strand matt and felt will be the hardest to crack because the tensile strength of chopped strand matt and felt helps holding the composite material in place.

CONTROL & METHOD same as the previous test TEST A - CEMENT Test Cem1 Cement (top) + Chopped strand matt (bottom) Test Cem 2 Felt (top) + Chopped strand matt (middle) + Cement (bottom) MATERIAL RATIO

Cement ratio : 5 : 1 (powder : water ) Felt thickness : 200g, 100 mm (w) x 100 mm (l) x 4 mm (h) Chopped strand matt : 225gm, 100 mm (w) x 100 mm (l)

Result : remain unchange

APPLY FORCE ON TOP

02

01

02

Result : crack and crumble

PAGE 80 

PAGE 81

CONCLUSION Wall crack but did not falls apart. This suggest it has potential to become a partition wall or indoor furnitures use but will not be strong enough to withstand a strong load of a heavy weigh building.

To conclude, shape test 7.01a proved that a composite material can help a thin piece of felt with 1.5mm thick to stand up straight without curling. The piece can be strengthened by bending the bottom part of the structure to create more surface area between the material and the surface. (Shape test 7.01b,c,d).

Shape test 7.01d is the most successful shape overall which is the easiest to self-stand with simple curvature for easy fabrication process. Therefore shape test 7.01d was further developed in to the next test.

However, in the test 7.02, the bottom part of the model breaks but the top part remains in the test result. This indicate thin felt-crete wall is too weak to become an external wall but favourable to be a partition wall. Therefore, I am going to propose turning the current piece into a structural wall system or felt-crete tiles. A thicker felt-crete wall concept will be further developed later n this thesis.

The next section will discuss the fabrication process of the partition wall system.

THE FELT-CRETE WALL :

8.0 FABRICATION OF FELT-CRETE PARTITION WALL In this section, I shall be looking at the fabrication proess of the materials and considerations of this method upon my design. I shall be considering shape forming and small batch manufacture using processes which are as sustainable and cost effective as possible.

PAGE 82 

PAGE 83

8.1 POSSIBLE SPACES

Dry Workshop space

Studio space

Wet Workshop space

Storage

Catwalk

Book store

Lobby

Exhibition

Cafe/restaurant

Auditorium

PAGE 84 

PAGE 85

8.2 SUGGESTED PARTITION WALL USAGE : THE FIXED PARTITION WALL

KEY A - Screw hold two pieces of felt-crete tiles together B - Felt-crete tile C - Custome made plastic stud D - Custome made metal frame support E - Screw to the ground

8.2 SUGGESTED PARTITION WALL USAGE : THE MOBILE PARTITION WALL

01

200mm A

KEY A - Screw hold two pieces of felt-crete tiles together B - Felt-crete tile C - Custome made plastic stud D - Custome made metal frame support E - Customie made metal frame support for wheels F - Wheel with stoppers

01

200mm A

B 250mm

01

C

250mm

02

01 A

02

A 02

C

02

B

B

B B C

B

B

B 03

03 03

03

B

C B B

D D

E

E F

PAGE 86 

PAGE 87

8.2 SUGGESTED PARTITION WALL USAGE : THE LARGE PIECE PARTITION WALL

8.3 FELT-CRETE TILE : 1:1 PROTOTYPE 1

01 KEY A - Metal column B - Screws attach felt-crete partition wall onto metal holder C - Felt-crete partition wall D - Metal holder welded with metal column

A D

B C

Cement Felt thickness : No felt Cement thickness : 2mm Advantages - Provide a clean and tidy hard surface - Very easy to make - Nice reflective surface finishes No insulation

Disadvantages - Very heavyweight material - Very cold surface - Appearing is not appealling - Bounce off sound, interior space could be very noisy - Same effect on both side

Noise bounce off Noise bounce off

01

No insulation Noise bounce off POSSIBLE USAGE AREA IN THE BUILDING - Archive storage space - Material storage space - Wet workshop

Reflective surface

Direction of hot air Direction of cold air

Noise bounce off Reflective surface

PAGE 88 

PAGE 89

8.3 FELT-CRETE TILE : 1:1 PROTOTYPE 2

+

+

8.3 FELT-CRETE TILE : 1:1 PROTOTYPE 3

+

+

Cement Chopped Felt strand

+

Felt thickness : 4mm Cement thickness : 2mm (each side)

Advantages

Advantages

- Provide a clean and tidy hard surface - Very easy to make - Nice reflective surface finishes - Thermally insulated - Spaces could be warmer than pure concrete wall - Can be used in wet/dry area

Thermal insulation

Disadvantages - Very heavyweight material - Very cold surface - Appearing is not appealling - Bounce off sound, interior space could be very noisy - Same effect on both side

- Provide a clean and tidy hard surface on cement side - Nice reflective surface finishes on cement surface - Felt surface side can provide thermal protection and comforting quality - 50:50 cement and felt surface can minimize the cost for wool felt as users can only touch the bottom part of the wall - This partition is thermally insulated - Space will be quieter than double sided cement wall as noise will be cancelled out in felt surface side

Thermal insulation Noise bounce off

Disadvantages - Very heavyweight material - Very cold surface on cement side - Appearing is not appealling on cement surface - Bounce off sound on cement side, interior space could be very noisy

Thermal insulation

- Catwalk area - Exhibition space - Dry workshop - Wet workshop

+

Cement Chopped Felt Chopped Cement strand strand

Cement

Felt thickness : 4mm Cement thickness : 2mm (each side)

POSSIBLE USAGE AREA IN THE BUILDING

+

Reflective surface

Direction of hot air Direction of cold air

Reflective surface

POSSIBLE USAGE AREA IN THE BUILDING - Catwalk area - Exhibition space - Book store - Dry workshop - Studio

Noise bounce off

Provide warmth

Noise bounce off Reflective surface Direction of hot air Direction of cold air

Noise cancellation

PAGE 90 

PAGE 91

8.3 FELT-CRETE TILE : 1:1 TPROTOTYPE 4

+

+

+

8.3 FELT-CRETE TILE : 1:1 PROTOTYPE 5

+

+

Cement Chopped Felt Chopped Cement strand strand

Felt

Felt thickness : 4mm Cement thickness : 2mm (each side)

Advantages - Provide a clean and tidy hard surface on cement side - Nice reflective surface finishes on cement surface - Felt surface side can provide thermal protection and comforting quality - This partition is thermally insulated and extra thermal protected on the wool felt side - Felt side can give a nice fabric soft finishes - Felt side will provide noise cancellation effect whereas cement side will bounces off sound, the overall space will be quieter in general - Very light weight as less cement is being used - Best to be used in dry area

Provide warmth

Noise bounce off

Disadvantages - Very heavyweight material - Very cold surface on cement side - Appearing is not appealling on cement surface - Bounce off sound on cement side, interior space could be very noisy POSSIBLE USAGE AREA IN THE BUILDING - Catwalk area - Exhibition space - Restaurant / cafe - Wet workshop - Dry workshop

Chopped Cement strand

Felt thickness : 4mm Cement thickness : 2mm

Advantages - Provide a clean and tidy hard surface on cement side - Nice reflective surface finishes on both cement surface - Felt surface side can provide thermal protection and comforting quality - 50:50 cement and felt surface can minimize the cost for cement as users can only touch the bottom part of the wall - This partition is thermally insulated - Space will be quieter than double sided cement wall as noise will be cancelled out in felt surface side - Can be used in wet/dry area

+

Noise cancellation

Noise bounce off

Disadvantages Noise bounce off Noise bounce off Reflective surface Direction of hot air Direction of cold air

Reflective surface

- Very cold surface on cement side - Appearing is not appealling on cement surface - Bounce off sound on cement side, interior space could be very noisy

Noise bounce off Noise cancellation

POSSIBLE USAGE AREA IN THE BUILDING - Catwalk area - Exhibition space - Book store - Studio

Non-reflec tive surface Direction of hot air Direction of cold air

Reflective surface

PAGE 92 

PAGE 93

8.4 FELT-CRETE TILE FABRICATION : CNC FORM-WORK

8.4 METHODOLOGY Step 1 : Material Clearance (Rough), Tool : Material Clearance, Tool : EM-12

Casting jig (top)

Step 2 : Material Clearance (Detail), Tool : 3D offset finish, Tool : EM-12 Step 3 : Smoothen the wall/edges, Tool : Constant Z finishing, Tool : EM-12 Step 4 : Smoothen the surface, Tool : 3D offset finishing, Tool : Bm-12

Refer to fig. 67

Prototype

Casting jig (bottom) Fig. 64 Diagram of the casting mould with material sample

Upper mould Product

Fig. 65 Print screen of the software use to create CNC file : PowerMILL Pro 2016

Properties Block material : Sika block Side support : Plywood Block Dimension : 200(W)x120 (L)x80 (H)

Bottom mould

Step 1

Step 2

Fig. 66 Photo of the CNC machine

Step 3

Fig. 67 Four stages of the CNC process with two kind of tools.

Fig. 63 Jig making (prototype 1-5)

Step 4

PAGE 94

PAGE 95

8.4 CNC PROCESS (BOTTOM PART)

8.4 CNC PROCESS (TOP PART)

Fig Final image (condition 1)

STEP 1

STEP 1

STEP 2

STEP 2

STEP 3

Fig BO

STEP 4

STEP 3

STEP 4

PAGE 96 

PAGE 97

8.5 FINISHED 1 TO 1 PROTOTYPE

Fig.68 Final image (condition 1)

Fig. 69 Final image (condition 2)

Fig. 72 Final image (condition 5)

Fig.70 Final image (condition 3)

Fig.71 Final image (condition 4)

Fig.73 Final image (condition 6)

PAGE 98 

PAGE 99

8.6 SURFACE FINISH : SMOOTH REFLECTIVE SURFACE TEST 8.01

Fig.74 Elevation of the partion wall

Noise bounce off

Noise bounce off

Noise bounce off

Fig.76 Reflective finish : cement

Fig.75 Diagram of the sound reflection from the partition wall

PAGE 100 

PAGE 101

8.6 SMOOTH REFLECTIVE SURFACE TEST 8.01 : VACCUUM FORMING

8.6 TEST 8.01 : APPLY STRONG COMPRESSION FORCE TO THE CAST

Best settings Temperature : Maximum Pre-heat duration : 15 mins Plastic heating time : 50 sec

Fig.77 Vaccuum forming machine Fig.77 Glossy finished by the addtion of plastic cover on sika block Procedure STEP 1

STEP 2

The casting formwork

Fig.78 Compressor, manually controlled.

STEP 3

STEP 4

Failure 60 sec ( FAIL )

30 sec ( FAIL )

27sec ( FAIL )

45 sec ( FAIL )

PAGE 102 

PAGE 103

8.7 SURFACE FINISH : ROUGH NON-REFLECTIVE SURFACE TEST 8.02

8.7 SURFACE FINISH : ROUGH NON-REFLECTIVE SURFACE TEST 8.02

key : 1 - Finished product 2 - Casting mould 3 - Casting mould with material 4 - Front view of the finished product Noise cancellation

Method : Use the compressor but apply less material on the material surface, compress with mild force, stop before the compressor fully touch the material surface.

Noise cancellation

Fig.79 Noise diagram of rough surface of the material sample

PAGE 104

PAGE 105

8.8 IMPROVING THE QUALITY

Fig. 80 Image of the broken prototype pieces

PAGE 106 

PAGE 107

8.8 IMPROVE TO PRODUCE A SHARP EDGE BETWEEN TWO MATERIALS

Put tapes around the felt to avoid cement cast onto the felt surface

8.8 IMPROVE TO PRODUCE A SHARP CORNER

Put tapes around the felt to advoid cement cast onto the felt surface

PAGE 108 

PAGE 109

8.9 SHAPE TEST ANALYSIS TOOK SHAPE TEST 8 FOR THIS TEST

Side view

Exploded diagram

Karmaba script

Strong

9.0 VARIATIONS OF FURTHER COMPOSITION

Stress intake Weak This structural analysis is ran under the grasshopper plug-in called Karamba Compression

Intake less stress

Tension

Intake the most stress

Cement were pour on top or combined with felt in a sandwich layer in the previous research. In this section, I am looking for a more integrated solution.

PAGE 110 

PAGE 111

9.1 BONDING TEST 9.01

Fig. 82 Zoom in detail

Fig. 81 Type 8.91- Cement apply on top of felt surface.

Fig. 84 Zoom in detail

Fig. 83 Type 8.92- Cut holes on felt sheet, infuse cement into the holes and on top of felt surface.

Fig. 86 Zoom in detail

Fig. 85 Type 8.93 - Cut pattern of felt, pour cement around the felt patter.

Fig. 90 Zoom in detail

Fig. 89 Type 8.95 - Start felting process by infusing cement powder onto wool felt.

Fig. 91 Type 8.97 - Combine one layer of felt with cement, needle punching the rest to allow air pocket between felt layers.

Fig. 94 Zoom in detail

Fig. 88 Zoom in detail

Fig. 87 Type 8.94 - Cut holes on felt sheet, infuse cement into the holes only.

Fig. 92 Zoom in detail

Fig. 93 Type 8.96 - Start felting process by infusing liquid cement onto wool felt.

Fig. 96 Zoom in detail

Fig. 95 Type 8.98 - Combine the edge of each felt layer with cement, folding and cropping the other end to create patterns.

PAGE 112 

PAGE 113

CONCLUSION Result 8.92,8.94,8.97 and 8.98 created a clean surface and strong bonding between felt and cement. Whereas the other test, type 8.91 and 8.93 breaks apart after removing from the form-work. Type 8.95 and 8.96 gives interesting result but the amount of water and cement ratio still need further development. Also, this two test discounted the use of felt which is not the aim of this thesis. The outcome will be similar to fibre concrete. I am going to apply the succeed pieces for further development to create a 1 to 1 prototype of the external felt-crete wall.

Type 8.92 and 8.93 idea, can be used as the sandwich wall in the wall system. Type 8.97 can be used as insulation layer for the wall and type 8.98 can be used as the internal feature wall, more felt can be added on top of the felt layers by needle punching technique to create extra warmth for the interior space.

PAGE 114 

PAGE 115

THE FELT-CRETE WALL :

10.0 THE FELT-CRETE EXTERNAL WALL In this section, I shall be looking at the thermal and acoustic properties of the felt-crete external wall. Assumption of the thickness of the wall can be made by background research of a common wall thickness. Different combinations of felt-cement walls will be tested and examine for the best result. 1 to 1 small sample mock up will be produced for the chosen option. The best option will be further develop to create a larger 1 to 1 wall panel in the next stage.

Fig. 97 Microscopic test render of the macro-scale design of a wall cavity

PAGE 116 

PAGE 117

10.1 THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF CEMENT AND WOOL

10.2 THERMAL PERFORMANCE TEST 10.01 : CEMENT AND WOOL FELT This simulation proves wool felt is a better thermal insulator than cement.

CASE STUDY - ROCA GALLERY LONDON This suggest the Fashion centre could built by fibre reinforced concrete since the building facade of this building is built by glass fibre reinforced concrete. (fig. 98)

Cement

Wool Felt

Rock wool

1.01

0.04

0.045

Heat transfer at (20oC) k=Wm-1K-1 Heat transfer table of cement and wool felt

Source : http://www.roymech.co.uk/Related/Thermos/Thermos_HeatTransfer.html

CASE STUDY : WOOL + RESIN CHAIR

CEMENT

This suggest felt wool could become a solid and strong material when combining with resin. (fig.99)

WOOL FELT

( Chosen option )

0 sec

CASE STUDY : FIBRE CEMENT FELT BY XERIUM This suggest the felt can be used as a stiffening agent to strengthen the property of cement in concrete wall. (fig.100)

50oC

0oC

50oC

0 oC

50oC

13oC

50oC

2oC

50oC

39oC

50oC

15oC

50oC

50oC

50oC

45oC

50oC

50oC

50oC

50oC

01 01 Fig.98 : Buidling detail with plan 02 Fig.99 : Resign chair with wool felt 03 Fig.100 : Building plan

02

3 min

03

Faster heat transfer, poor insulator (begins heating up dramatically in seconds) Software used to generate the simulation : Energy 2D

Slower heat transfer, good insulator (heats up very slowly in the first 1.5 minutes)

Slower reaction

PAGE 118

PAGE 119

10.3 INSULATION LAYER RESEARCH

10.4 ACOUSTIC RESEARCH

Remarks: Extreme climate very cold in winter and very hot in summer - insulation layer is needed in the building

One of the favourable material properties of felt is the capacity for sound absorption. The Fashion Design Centre of Istanbul is located next to a main road. Sound-proofing is a key factor of this building, so visitors could enjoy a moment of silence while viewing the Turkish designer’s pieces.

The reverberation of sound waves is affected by all surfaces within a room, including windows, treatments, furnishings and even people.

Ideal reverberation times vary based on the space use, for example : shorter RTs (<1 second) are preferable for high quality intelligibility in private offices, meeting rooms, and classrooms.

The frequency of road noise is between 700-1300Hz. Therefore 1300Hz is the test limit for the frequency test. (Dye, J, 2015)

B

A

Felt surface

Cement surface

A - Acoustic vibrations are absorbed B - Fibres in wool felt absorb more as they impact surface of cement acoustic vibrations from any angle Fig. 102 Diagram of sound absorption on cement and wool felt. http://amrita.olabs.edu.in/?sub=1&brch=1&sim=1&cnt=1

Fig. 101 Climate chart of Istanbul

Sound absorption coefficient indicates how much of sound is absorbed in the actual material. The absorption coefficient can be expressed as : α = Ia / Ii where Ia = sound intensity absorbed (W/m2) Trapped air

Microscopic view of 1 layer of wool felt

50mm

50mm

50mm

Outdoor

30mm Indoor

Ii = incident sound intensity (W/m2)

Fibres tightly bond with cement

Total room sound absorption can be expressed as:

50mm

50mm

Outdoor

Indoor

Air flow

Remain Cool

Air flow

Key Insulation Cement / concrete mix

A = S1 α1 + S2 α2 + .. + Sn αn = ∑ Si αi where A = the absorption of the room (m2 Sabine) Sn = area of the actual surface (m2) αn = absorption coefficient of the actual surface Total room sound absorption can be expressed as: am = A / S where am = mean absorption coefficient A = the absorption of the room (m2 Sabine) S = total surface in the room (m2)

THE FELT-CRETE WALL (SECTION)

Fig. 103 Diagram of ASTME 1050 (Muehleisen. T, 2004)

Acoustic analysis program

Decibel 10th

HOT

PROPORTION OF INSULATION AND WALL THICKNESS IN TRADITIONAL CONCRETE WALL (SECTION)

Remarks: Reduce the thickness of the external concrete wall, intended to reduce amount of heat received on the wall surface, resulting in lower heat transfer to interior on a sunny day.

This application provides professional sound meter or data graphs with precise measurement of the sound pressure level around the testing area. Decibel 10th provides numbered data sheets with mean of the frequency taking, which can be exported into excel to produce a more accurate graph. The readings are divided into six categories : Quiet home (40-50Hz), Quiet street (5060Hz), Normal conversation (60-65Hz), Inside car (6570Hz), Loud singing (70-80Hz), Loud singing (70-80Hz), Automobile (80-90Hz) (apple store, 2016)

Sound absorption coefficient (α) Frequency Hz Rough cement surface Glazed cement surface Wool felt Rock wool 50mm Thin felt on concrete

125

250

500

1000

2000

0.02 0.01 0.08 0.15 0.10

0.03 0.01 0.08 0.60 0.15

0.03 0.01 0.3 0.90 0.25

0.03 0.02 0.6 0.90 0.30

0.04 0.02 0.75 0.90 0.30

Sound absorption coefficient table (Acoustic traffic 2016) (from 0-1 where the smaller number the better)

PAGE 120â&#x20AC;&#x201A;

PAGE 121

10.5 THERMAL PERFORMANCE TEST 10.02 : WALL COMBINATIONS VS WITH / WITHOUT INSULATION

10.6 SOUND PERFORMANCE TEST 10.3 : WALL COMBINATIONS VS WITH / WITHOUT INSULATION

The thermal performance test result is simulated by the Energy 2D software.

AIM: To find out which ratio of felt and cement wall has best sound absorption qualities, this test is amended based on revising the Standard Test Method for Absorption of Acoustical Materials ASTME 1050. The lower the Hz from the Decibel 10th readings indicates better the sound adsorption quality.

Aim : To find out the thermal performance of felt-crete in different felt : cement ratio.

Procedure : Draw up a simple building with thick wall and a concrete ceiling. Insert the material data from fig. 104 into the software. Run the test in the different conditions as follow : Test 1 ) Atmosphere at 40 oC (Hottest summer) Test 2 ) Atmostphere at 0oC ( Coldest winter) Test 3 ) Atmostphere at 20oC (Room temperature)

PROCEDURE : Step A : Prepare the testing 3-sided box Step B : Prepare the testing samples Step C : Attach the soundproof cover onto the sound proof foam to make sure the box is completely sealed.

Step D : Download the beeping sound from internet Step E : Download the professional acoustic analysis iPhone program from apple store Step F : Repeat the same experiment 3 times, then calculate the mean to avoid human errors.

Record the readings of the interior and exterior space before the simulation is started and stop the simulation when it reaches 10minutes. See example fig. 105 for reference.

CONDITION OF THE TESTING ATMOSPHERE Receiving room volume : 8 m3 Condition : clean Sample in temperature : 21.2oC Sample out temperature : 21.6oC Sound absorption coefficient Îą Frequency : 40Hz

indoor

outdoor

Input thermal data for the simulation test Cement

Wool Felt

Thermal Conductivity W/(moC)

0.51

0.040

Specific heat capacity J/(kgoC)

1000

1360

Density Kg/m3

1400

160

Heat transfer at (20oC) k=Wm-1K-1

1.01

0.04

1 a

Material 2

1 - Acoustic sound proof foam 2 - Acoustic sound proof foam

* this property data will be used again for the thermal test in this chapter.

Fig. 104 Property data sheet of cement and wool felt Source : http://www.roymech.co.uk/Related/Thermos/Thermos_HeatTransfer.html

Simulation duration : 10 minutes

3- Soundproof cover 4 - Any phone with a sound source 5 - iphone with downloaded application

Sound Receiver c e

3

a b

5

1

c

Concrete Felt

3

Cover up during sound test

1

d

Exhibition room height 5.3m

19 oC

4

play BEEP sound effect

8 oC Digital frequency analysis system

BEEP sound in section diagram

* Assume the atmospheric condition is contained throughout experiment to provide fair test results.

20 oC Fig. 105 Example of the test results by using Energy 2D

* Test can only be used as comparison between each samples. The acoustic results can only be a rough guess. It is not a true value in real-life as it will also be affected by other external factors.

PAGE 122

PAGE 123

10.6 TEST 10.02/3 - WITHOUT INSULATION

10.6 TEST 10.02/3 - WITH INSULATION

Thermal performance test 10.02 RATE OF HEAT TRANSFER Ratio Cement : Felt

1

Atmosphere at 40 oC

Acoustic performance test 10.03 REVERBERATION

Atmosphere at 0oC

Atmosphere at 20oC

Outside

Inside

Outside

Inside

Outside

Inside

0oC

19.9oC

8oC

18.9oC

13.1oC

20oC

Attempt 1

45Hz

Attempt 2

40Hz

Thermal performance test 10.02 RATE OF HEAT TRANSFER

Attempt 3

43Hz

mean

43Hz

Ratio Cement : Felt

1 0:5

Atmosphere at 40 oC

Acoustic performance 10.03 REVERBERATION

Atmosphere at 0oC

Atmosphere at 20oC

Attempt 1

Attempt 2

Attempt 3

mean

Outside

Inside

Outside

Inside

Outside

8oC

27oC

16.1oC

26oC

15oC

25oC

44Hz

43Hz

43Hz

43Hz

15oC

26.9oC

16.2oC

25.4oC

16.1oC

24.5oC

42Hz

44Hz

43Hz

43Hz

15.2oC

26.5oC

15.8oC

26.3oC

15oC

26.5oC

61Hz

63Hz

61Hz

62Hz

16.4oC

25.1oC

15.5oC

24.8oC

17.2oC

25.5oC

64Hz

63Hz

65Hz

64Hz

16.9oC

25oC

10oC

24.6oC

8.1oC

24.8oC

64Hz

63Hz

65Hz

64Hz

18oC

24.1oC

13.7oC

23.5oC

12.7oC

22.5oC

92Hz

89Hz

87Hz

89Hz

20oC

24oC

15.7oC

23.5oC

12.7oC

25oC

90Hz

90Hz

88Hz

89Hz

Inside

0:5

2

13.1oC

19.9oC

16.1oC

17.3oC

12oC

18oC

50Hz

56Hz

54Hz

53Hz

2 1:4

1:4

3

13.5oC

19.7oC

13.7oC

19.7oC

11.9oC

17.2oC

12.5oC

17.7oC

65Hz

63Hz

63Hz

64Hz

3 2:3

2:3

4

12oC

18.6oC

16oC

20oC

65Hz

63Hz

65Hz

64sec

4 2.5 : 2.5

2.5 : 2.5

5

13.9oC

19.8oC

8.1oC

19oC

10.6oC

20oC

65Hz

67Hz

68Hz

67Hz

5 3:2

3:2

6

21oC

19.8oC

12.7oC

19.9oC

11oC

20oC

91Hz

90Hz

87Hz

89Hz

6 4:1

4:1

7

21.4oC

19.3oC

11.2oC

18oC

11.9oC

20oC

91Hz

90Hz

87Hz

89Hz

7 5:0

5:0

PAGE 124â&#x20AC;&#x201A;

PAGE 125

10.7 STRAIGHT SURFACE VS ROUGH SURFACE 1TO 1 PROTOTYPE TEST 10.04

OR

Straight surface

Rough surface

Fig 107 diagram of straight wall and rough wall test

Type 2 - fibre wall

Type 3 - protrusion wall

Type 4 - curve wall

Fig 106. Image of the wall system Wool felt insulation Geometry affecting the thermal and acoustic performance of the wall

Fig 108 Diagram of the wall system refer to fig. 107 for clearer explaination

Type 1 - straight wall

PAGE 126â&#x20AC;&#x201A;

PAGE 127

+

+ Cement 50mm

+

+

+

Felt Cement Felt 10mm 30mm 50mm

Cement Felt 10mm 50mm

Cement 50mm

Key

Key 1 sheet of recycle felt, size : 200mm(l) x 200mm(w) x 10mm(h)

1 sheet of recycle felt, size : 200mm(l) x 200mm(w) x 10mm(h)

100g of 5 star cement grout with ratio 5 (powder) : 1 (water)

100g of 5 star cement grout with ratio 5 (powder) : 1 (water)

TYPE 2 - FIBRE WALL

+

+

+ Felt 50mm

+

Cement 30mm

Cement Felt Cement 30mm 50mm 50mm

Cement 50mm

+

TYPE 1 - STRAIGHT WALL

Felt 10mm

Key

Key 1 sheet of recycle felt, size : 200mm(l) x 200mm(w) x 10mm(h)

1 sheet of recycle felt, size : 200mm(l) x 200mm(w) x 10mm(h)

100g of 5 star cement grout with ratio 5 (powder) : 1 (water)

1 sheet of recycle felt, size : 200mm(l) x 400mm(w) x 10mm(h) 100g of 5 star cement grout with ratio 5 (powder) : 1 (water)

TYPE 3 - PROTRUSION WALL

TYPE 4 - CURVE WALL

Fig. 109 Diagram of the work in progress

PAGE 128

PAGE 129

RESULT TABLE Thermal performance RATE OF HEAT TRANSFER Atmosphere at 40 oC

Fig. 112 Type 3

Fig. 111 Type 2

Fig. 113 Type 5

Atmosphere at 0oC

Atmosphere at 20oC

Attempt 1

Attempt 2

Attempt 3

mean

Outside

Inside

Outside

Inside

Outside

15.3oC

26oC

14.1oC

25.4oC

15oC

25.1oC

65Hz

66Hz

64Hz

65Hz

Type 2

14.2oC

25oC

15.2oC

25.6oC

16.1oC

25.2oC

75Hz

76Hz

72Hz

74Hz

Type 3

14.6oC

25.7oC

15.4oC

25.2oC

15oC

23.5oC

85Hz

83Hz

82Hz

83Hz

Type 4

15.3oC

25.6oC

15.1oC

25.6oC

17.2oC

25.5oC

90Hz

87Hz

88Hz

88Hz

Type 1

Fig. 110 Type 1

Acoustic performance REVERBERATION

Inside

PAGE 130â&#x20AC;&#x201A;

PAGE 131

CONCLUSION To conclude, the performance of composite and felt could provide either a rough concrete surface, wool fibre surface or a curving wool surface, providing a sound cancellation for the interior. The curving wall with thick wool felt is best for sound insulation among the tested: the more folds it has, the more sound will be cancelled out, resulting in a quieter space.

Thermal insulation

Thermal insulation

Length of construction process

Cost Type 1

Type 2

Sound proof

Sound proof

Highest score

Highest score

Fig Summary table of straight wall

Fig Summary table of fibre wall

Thermal insulation

Thermal insulation

Length of construction process

Cost Type 3

Length of construction process

Cost

Sound proof Highest score Fig Summary table of protrusion wall

Length of construction process

Cost Type 4 Sound proof Highest score Fig Summary table of curve wall ( The best option )

PAGE 132â&#x20AC;&#x201A;

PAGE 133

10.8 SUMMARY OF THE WALL DEVELOPMENT Felt wall

FELT-CRETE WALL 2 Key Recycled waterproof wool felt Cement

Top view

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

Exterior wall Insulation Interior wall Sandwich layer Waterproofing Wall finishes

Side view

+

+

+

+

+

+

+ Outdoor

Outdoor

Indoor

Outdoor

Indoor

Comment : Too weak to work as an individual block. The felt wall test is successful when it is combined with PVA/Cement in a sandwich, could be used for light weight 1 storey building, e.g. pavilion.

However, it used up too much material and cost of production became very expensive.

Comment : This idea can utilize the felt used in the wall and create a felt 80% : concrete 20% wool.

Unfortunately, putting felt in between cement will weaken the structure of the concrete, the concrete will break more easily. Therefore, the last proposal has to build from a solid block material, but could be fibre reinforced concrete.

Manufacturing method Pre-frab as one single module, install on-site.

Manufacturing method Pre-frab as one single module.

Assemble on-site

Improvement

Outdoor

Comment : This configuration looks similar with the traditional concrete wall, but this time it will be manufactured as one singular module with recycled felt and fibre reinforced concrete which are both waterproof and breathable materials.

REMARKS : Win-win situation

Felt

Hold in place

Crumbles Indoor Help

Manufacturing method Pre-frab as one single module.

Assemble on-site

Improvement

Fig. 114 Summary table of wall development in this thesis

Indoor

FINAL PROPOSAL

Cement

Falls apart

Straight

Fig. 115 drawing of the wall proposal

PAGE 134â&#x20AC;&#x201A;

PAGE 135

11 FINAL PROPOSAL- 1:1PROTOTYPE OF THE EXTERNAL FELT-CRETE WALL This thesis will be concluded by proposing several design proposal of the felt-crete wall system with detail analysis and 1:1 design mock up especially for the north facing facade which is next to the main car road of the Design Centre.

Fig. 116 Top view of the 1:1 external wall prototype

Fig. 117 Perspective view of the 1:1 external wall prototype

PAGE 136â&#x20AC;&#x201A;

PAGE 137

11.1 DESIGN CONCEPT GOING TO MAKE HALF THE SIZE OF THE WALL

Facade of this side of the wall Fig. 121 Wall pattern at the Exhibition space in 2D

Took the Turkish wedding dress design from first term to design the pattern of the wall.

Fig. 118 Inflation and deflation of Bindalli Entari (First term studies)

600mm Fig. 119 Highlight the area where the wall will be installed

400mm

Fig. 122 Image of the CNC mould designed from the dress pattern (fig.

118)

Fig. 120 Wall pattern at the Exhibition space in 2D render

Fig. 123 Wall pattern at the Exhibition space, fron view render *Design can be adjusted by different felting techniques.

PAGE 138â&#x20AC;&#x201A;

PAGE 139

Outdoor

Indoor 04 01 03 The criteria of the wall system which was listed at the beginning of the thesis. (fig. 29)

02

01

02

Sun

Wind

20mm 03

04

Rain 400mm

Outdoor

Indoor 240mm

Fig. 124 A section diagram of the external felt-crete wall

01 Fig. 125 View looking at the external facade 02 Fig. 126 View looking at the internal facade 03 Fig. 127 Section from the right 04 Fig. 128 Section from the left

30mm 50mm

35mm

PAGE 140â&#x20AC;&#x201A;

PAGE 141

11.2 FABRICATION METHOD In the future, felt can be produced by die-cuting. It can be digitally modified before physically applied to increase accuracy. The felt partiton and wall is best to be batch produce as one single pre-cast unit to reduce the cost and manufacturing time. The best way to reduce the production time is to create standardized mould for the felt pieces, and to place the felt onto the liquid mixture when creating the final product.

Fig. 129 Image of the preparation of the 1 to 1 prototype (top view)

PAGE 142â&#x20AC;&#x201A;

PAGE 143

11.3 DEFINING THE FELT USAGE IN THE PROPOSED WALL BUILD UP

Exterior planting wall

Cement wall supports

Extra thermal insulation

Cement supports

Interior thermal/ acoustic feature wall

01 02

01 Fig. 132 Side view of the felt-crete wall

Noise cancellation

Fig. 133 felt piece made in fig. 96)

Fig. 134 Noise diagram to explain fig. 133.

02

+

Solid wall

Interior

CO2

+

The plant could give a shower-proof layer for Exterior the building envelope and at the same time turn the carbon dioxide into oxygen O2

Plants

OUTDOOR

INDOOR

5 star cement grout

Fig. 135 Diagram of greenwall concept

as vapour barrier Fig. 137 Handmade Wool felt

5 star cement grout as vapour barrier

Fig. 138 Recycled Wool felt

Fig. 139 Handmade Wool felt

(Cheaper and more environmental friendly than handmade wool felt, From ÂŁ1.96/m2)

Fig. 140 Exploded diagram of the felt-crete wall system with the relavent material use Fig. 136 Example of existing green felt wall design

PAGE 144â&#x20AC;&#x201A;

PAGE 145

11.4 FABRICATION PROCESS

11.5 PRODUCTION : STEP 1-THE FORM-WORK

Fig. 130 Perspective render of the felt-crete wall Step 4 - Interior finishes

Fig. 141 Exploded diagram highlighting the current step Step 3 - The felt-cement sandwich

Step 2 - The plant wall

Step 1 - Build the formwork

Fig. 131 Exploded diagram of the fabrication process.

Fig. 142 the processing of making the form-work

PAGE 146â&#x20AC;&#x201A;

PAGE 147

11.5 PRODUCTION : STEP 2- THE PLANT WALL

11.5 PRODUCTION : STEP 3- FELT-CEMENT INSULATION SANDWICH

Fig. 143 Exploded diagram highlighting the current step

Fold in

Fig. 144 the processing of making the plant wall

Needle punching to combine felt edges

Fig. 145 Exploded diagram highlighting the current step

Fig. 146 the processing of making the felt-cement insulation sandwich

PAGE 148â&#x20AC;&#x201A;

PAGE 149

11.5 PRODUCTION : STEP 4- INTERIOR FINISHES Use 3-D modeling softwares to visualise the design before construction. For example, use rhino to model the design, then use grasshopper, a graphical algorithm editor in rhino plug-in, to predict the material needed to predict the piece. Procedure of the example as below :

Number correspond to the numbers on the spread sheet

Fig. 147 Exploded diagram highlighting the current step Highlight length of each material piece, use grasshopper, rhino plug-in to work out the length of each piece is needed.

HANDMADE 100% WOOL FELT 4MM THICK NATURAL GREY

80mm width

107mm width

240mm width

HANDMADE 100% WOOL FELT 4MM THICK NATURAL BROWN 80mm width Saved as .csv open in excel

107mm width

240mm width

HANDMADE 100% WOOL FELT 4MM THICK NATURAL ECRU 50mm width

MACHINE MADE 100% RECYCLED FELT 10MM THICK Sum of length for each type of materials

107mm width

Fig. 148 the processing of making the interior finishes

PAGE 150

PAGE 151

CONCLUSION Original small mockup shows the wall could work with 30-5050 ratio cement-felt-cement. And this 1to1 prototype prove the wall could self-stand in 25-50-25 ratio which cement and felt are in 1:1 ratio. The 1 to 1 test successfully demonstrate the possibility of the external wall construction. The shape of the prototype can be modified by creating different formwork for the cast. 100% recycled felt is cheaper than wool felt and therefore chosen to replace part of the 100% wool felt as insulation surfaces. This can reduce the amount of cost for the overall expenses of the wall build up. The wool felt has less aesthetics quality therefore, 100% wool felt is still preferred for aesthetics purposes and perhaps a guarantee in waterproofing quality. The green wall of this façade is specifically design for the wall seating right next to the traffic road inside the exhibition hall. Slanted façade to allow water to run off the façade surface to prevent water accumulated on the wall and flooded the interior.

Fig. 149 Angled view of the finised prototype

PAGE 152â&#x20AC;&#x201A;

PAGE 153

12 TECHNICAL SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS The technical aim of this study was to investigate the potential of felt with or without composite materials in the form of an external wall system and other possible uses during building construction. The main focus of this study was testing the thermal and acoustic performances of the felt in relation to a wall system. The experiments and calculations undertaken by this thesis achieved a basic technical understanding of the relevant properties of felt with different composite materials. I shall now summarise these findings and propose the appropriate architectural responses.

Aside from being used as a soft, single-layered material for clothing, wall finishes or coverings, felt may be used as an external and partition wall material, as well as an insulation layer. However, felt must work with composite material in order to perform well in structural performances.

Wool felt (non-synthetic) proved better than synthetic felt for external wall build up due to its water-proofing and fire resistant properties.

The wet felting technique created a soft texture of felt whereas needle-punching in dry felting technique forms a strong structure between felt pieces. 100mm is the minimum thickness required for wool felt to self-stand vertically without crumbling under a 1kg force. A composite material is added as a solution to strengthen the felt so the number of felt pieces may be reduced in order to self-stand. Therefore, the space taken to build a 100mm wall may be scaled down to 1.5mm thick. Thin wool felt pieces may remain straight without curling by adding a thin layer of cement to its top.

Adding a slight curve to the lower section of the wall could provide a stronger bond between the surface and material than a straight flat section wall. The result would assist strengthening the structural property of the partition or external wall and at the same time enhance acoustic performance marginally. My investigations demonstrated the thicker the felt, the better the insulation, whilst the more folds to the felt surface, the better the sound insulation.

Infusing cement into pre-cut holes in felt panels was the easiest and cleanest process to bond felt with cement. Binding felt layers together by needle punching could allow the felt to be removed and replaced to produce a changeable wall design. Allowing more air to be trapped within the layers will improve wall insulation. During my testing I found cement and wool fibres would not bond well unless the fibres were beaten into loose, smaller fibres. Chopping felt into cement is possible however this will work against the original proposal of strengthening the properties of felt.

After comparing the results of the experiments and calculations, the usage of varying felt-crete wall thickness is defined as follows:

i) A thin felt-crete wall with around 10mm thick is proposed as a partition wall to divide spaces. ii) Small, thin pieces of felt-crete tile may stack to form a static/movable wall or a larger piece of thin felt-crete can be hung vertically supported by steel columns. iii) A thicker felt-crete wall with around 100mm thickness (1:1 cement : felt ratio) used externally. A sub-frame or further reinforcement with Epoxy resin could be added to wool felt to create a suitable composite steel beam will be required in certain instances to further reinforce the material as it could create a translucent solid block, exposing the col- external wall. ouring of the dyed wool fibres. However, epoxy resin is harmful for the environment and human health. It would be unsuitable to promote this material composite as it falls against the aim of creating a sustainable wall. Sustainability, thermal and acoustic performance are key factors for the Sirkeci Fashion Centre, Istanbul.

Wool felt works best when combined with another material which in my investigations were cement and jesmonite. Chopped strand matt adds extra strength to the whole structure, however this may weaken the bonding between the felt and added composite material. Jesmonite is most suitable for lightweight construction and cement is better suited to heavy domestic construction. However, for both cement and jesmonite, thermal conductivities were similar. In this proposal, jesmonite is best suited to the partition wall systems whereas cement is best used within the external wall system.

To examine the speculative questions raised by my thesis, I have summarised these points below.

1) How may felt be used as a mediator between textiles and architecture?

My thesis set to discover a way to combine the historical uses and associations of felt with architecture. I have proposed several ways in which felt-crete has become a suitable construction element within the building, evident to its users: reminding people of the connection of community, sustainability, and historical context of the proposal.

I propose sourcing and undertaking of wool-based felt-crete construction is locally sourced, not only for sustainability, but also as it will utilise local knowledge of felt Istanbul holds and engage the users of the building (local designers) with the construction of their our building, increasing a feeling of ownership.

2) Can felt improve the built environment and quality of living?

Felt-crete proposes a sustainable material which supports local construction businesses and users. Rather than pre-fabricated and imported construction products it will embody fewer carbon credits and creates a desirable spatial quality, with thermal and acoustic performance considered.

3) Can felt be used to construct walls?

My investigations have demonstrated that it is possible to construct a sample of a felt-crete wall, and in order to test my proposal further, a 1:1 mock up of a large area of the wall should be undertaken next. In order to prove that felt may be used to construct walls, testing would further examine by propositions developed in this thesis.

4) How can the construction industry work with felt as a building material?

Pending further 1:1 investigations, I have proposed felt use as a composite â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;felt-creteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; partition wall, externally and internally, as an added insulation layer, and as a decorative or acoustic absorption panel.

PAGE 154â&#x20AC;&#x201A;

PAGE 155

CONCLUSION AND APPLICATION This study has covered only few properties necessary to establish felt and cement as partition/external wall system. The overall drainage system, repairing method, the joints between the wall panels, the structural performance in detail, the joint between windows and doors with felt-crete wall etc. have not yet been touched. However, this study has given a basic understanding of some important properties.

I am here to propose the phenomenological character of the felt-crete can be developed and tailored by the support of the contemporary technology to achieve a more sophisticated and advance design, without losing its craftsmanship skills and cultural traditions.

A wall construction by felt-crete combines a fundamental linkage between textile and architecture industry. This material share a dual property of flexible and rigid, soft and hard. The flexibility of felt helps preventing cracking of cement and gives the possibility of creating highly complex geometry; the rigidness of cement could freeze the geometry created by the felt, giving the geometry a solid status; the hardness of cement provides a solid usable space and a serious atmosphere for important spaces; the softness can provide a soft edges and ceiling for the corners of the space; The felt can also be used to create soft transitional spaces between rigid usable spaces.

In practical sense, the felt-crete responds to weather condition. It creates a temporary physical, wind and water barrier, thermally and acoustically insulated between inside and outside. The natural property of felt provides a natural ventilation for the building, allowing the building to be cooled down in summer and warms up in winter.

Felt-create is a combination of factor, sound barrier, water resistant barrier, thermal insulator, fire resistor, wind stopper and natural ventilator which give the felt-crete its appeal and potential.

In relation to the building proposal, the felt-crete wall work as a fundamental element of the textile and fabric scheme of the Fashion Centre.

Felt-crete partition wall creates a visual barrier between each catwalk space and exhibition space. Felt-crete external wall divided the spaces between inside and outside. However the (green wall) felt exterior facade draws the audience from the street back to the building. The Fashion Centre blends with the surrounding landscape, giving the audience an illusion of divining what is inside and outside.

Various approaches can be taken to further investigate based on same concept of cement and felt interlocks to achieve desired performance.

For example, felt could be stacked horizontally to create a felt-brick.

The casting mould should provide holes for the felt to protrude outward beyond the boundary line of the casting piece. Felt could be hanged or folded into different shapes to replace the formwork of the casting piece. Customize felting equipment to maximize the size limit of a felt sheet.

Fig. 150 Looking at the interior of the felt-crete wall

PAGE 156â&#x20AC;&#x201A;

Fig. 151 Looking at the interior of the felt-crete wall

PAGE 157

Fig. 152 Looking at the interior of the felt-crete wall

PAGE 158â&#x20AC;&#x201A;

PAGE 159

01

02

Fig. 153 Side view of the felt-crete wall

01 Fig. 154 Looking at the bottom of the felt-crete wall 02 Fig. 155 Looking at the top of the felt-crete wall

PAGE 160

PAGE 161

BIBLIOGRAPHY Books : Rem koolhaas, AMO, Harvard graduate school of design, Irma boom.

(2014) “Wall – elements of architecture”. Italy : Marsilio Gottfried Semper. (2004) “Style in the Technical and Tectonic Arts; or, Practical Aesthetics”. Los Angeles : Getty Research Institute.

Colletti, Marjan, (March/April 2010) “Exuberance - Architectural Design magazine”. London : Wiley List of Images Marshall L, Burns (2012) “Modern physics for science and engineering, first edition, United states of America.

Pdf : Achnet (2015) Critical Architecture in a Geopolitical World [online], Available from : http://archnet.org/authorities/324/publications/3694 [Accessed : 15 November 2015] Weber. Sbd (2015) Five start cement grount data shet [pdf ] Available from : http://dichem.co.uk/PRODUCTS/Five%20Star%20Grout.pdf [Accessed : 13 March 2016] Pli,dek (2002) Material data sheet of chopped strand fibre glass matt [online] http://plidek.com/site/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/MSDSFiberglass-Chopped-Strand-Mat.pdf [Accessed : 2 March 2016] Acoustic traffic (2016) Absorption coefficeints [online] http://www. acoustic.ua/st/web_absorption_data_eng.pdf Muehleisen.T (2004) Measurement of the Acoustic Properties of Acoustic Absorbers [Online]http://www.inceusa.org/nc07/links/Muehleisen_plenary_acoustic_properties_materials.pdf

Webpage Gascoigne, Bamber (2001) Occasional caves and temporary tents [Online] website : http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab27 Amgalan (2014) Original Mongolian Yurts [Online] website : http:// mongolian-yurt.com/Yurt-history.html Burton Y. Berry (1938) The Development of the Bracket Support in Turkish Domestic Architecture in Istanbul [Online] Website : http:// www.everyculture.com/To-Z/Turkey.html Frank Andie (2016) American Felt and Craft [Online] website : https:// americanfeltandcraft.wordpress.com/2009/04/04/felt-smackdown-4felts-will-go-in-only-one-can-emerge-victorious/ Marla Canfield Clark (2014) 5 Types of Felt: Felt 101 [Online] website : http://www.favecrafts.com/Felt/5-Types-of-Felt-Felt-101 Wool Felt and Felted Synthetic Materials [Online] Website :http://metricfelt.com/feltwool.htm Facts about wool [online] website : https://www.devold.com/outdoor-en/useful-tips/facts-about-wool/124/0/ Hinc.R (2009) What Is Nuno Felting [Online] https://alpatcalady.wordpress.com/2009/04/09/what-is-nuno-felting/ Sue (2010) Making Felt Things [Online] http://www.feltbetter.com/feltmaking.asp Dye,J. (2015)http://www.ehow.com/facts_6183078_frequency-road-noise_.html Apple store (2016) https://itunes.apple.com/gb/app/decibel-10th-professional/id448155923?mt=8

PAGE 162â&#x20AC;&#x201A;

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. 1 : Photo by author (original), 2016 Fig. 2 : Render by author (original), 2016 Fig. 3 : Photo by author (original),2016 Fig. 4 : Render by author (original), 2016 Fig. 5 : [online] Derived from http://www.turkishculture.org/ Fig.6 : Render by author (original), 2016 Fig. 7 : [online] Derived from https://www.youttube.com/ watch?v=5fvjX90MfSw Fig.8 :[Online] Derived from http://www.tradersoftamerlane.com/ tents/yurts.htm Fig.9 :[Online] Derived from http://www.tradersoftamerlane.com/ tents/yurts.htm Fig. 10-12: [online] Derived from https://www.youttube.com/ watch?v=5fvjX90MfSw Fig.13 : [online] Derived from http://www.woolshop.com/WhyWool.html Fig. 14 : [online] Derived from http://www.woolshop.com/WhyWool.html Fig. 15 : [online] Derived from http://www.dezeen.com/2013/05/27/ hush-felt-pod-by-freyja-sewell/ Fig. 16 : [online] Derived from http://www.dezeen.com/2015/02/14/ jule-waibel-cones-seats-steam-folded-felt/ Fig. 17 : [online] Derived from https://www.pinterest.com/ pin/457467274629125086/ Fig. 18 :Photo by author (original), 2016 Fig. 19 :Drawing by author (original), 2016 Fig. 20 :[online] Derived from https://www.google.co.uk/maps Fig. 21 :[online] Derived from https://www.google.co.uk/maps Fig. 22-25:[online] Derived from http://www.climateandweather.net/ Fig. 26 :[online] Derived from http://www.sunearthtools.com/dp/ tools/pos_sun.php Fig. 27 :[online] Derived from https://www.meteoblue.com/en/ weather/forecast/modelclimate/istanbul_turkey_745044 Fig. 28 : Drawing by author (original), 2016 Fig. 29 : Drawing by author (original), 2016 Fig. 30 : Drawing by author (original), 2016 Fig. 31 : Drawing by author (original), 2016 Fig. 32-38: Photo by author (original), 2016 Fig. 38 : [pdf ] http://nzic.org.nz/ChemProcesses/animal/5F.pdf Fig. 40 : [pdf ] http://nzic.org.nz/ChemProcesses/animal/5F.pdf Fig. 41: [pdf ] http://nzic.org.nz/ChemProcesses/animal/5F.pdf Fig. 42 : Photo by author (original), 2016 Fig. 43 : Photo by author (original), 2016 Fig. 44 : Photo by author (original), 2016 Fig. 45 : Photo by author (original), 2016 Fig. 46 : Photo by author (original), 2016

PAGE 163

Fig. 47 : Photo by author (original), 2016 Fig. 48 : Photo by author (original), 2016 Fig. 49 :[online] Derived from http://www.madehow.com/Volume-7/Felt.html Fig. 50 : Photo by author (original), 2016 Fig. 51 : Photo by author (original), 2016 Fig. 52 : Photo by author (original), 2016 Fig. 53 : Photo by author (original), 2016 Fig. 54 : Photo by author (original), 2016 Fig. 55 : Photo by author (original), 2016 Fig. 56 : [online] Derived from http://jesmonite.com/images/pdf/ AC830%20test%20report%20summary.pdf Fig. 57 : [online] Derived from http://www.sminsulation.com/ Fig. 58 : [online] Derived from http://www.mbfg.co.uk/choppedstrand-mat/225gm_csm.html Fig. 59-63 : Photo by author (original), 2016 Fig. 64 : Drawing by author (original), 2016 Fig. 65-73: Photo by author (original), 2016 Fig. 74 : Drawing by author (original), 2016 Fig. 75-78 : Drawing by author (original), 2016 Fig. 79 : Drawing by author (original), 2016 Fig. 80-97 : Photo by author (original), 2016 Fig. 98 :[online] Derived from https://archilectures.wordpress.com/ s-m-l/medium/london-roca-gallery-zaha-hadid-architects/ Fig. 99 :[online] Derived from http://www.solidwool.com/material/ Fig. 100 :[online] Derived from http://www.feltcrafts.com/history. html Fig. 101 :[online] Derived from http://www.climateandweather.net/ Fig. 102 :[online] Derived from http://amrita.olabs.edu.in/?sub=1&brch=1&sim=1&cnt=1 Fig. 103 :[online] Derived from http://www.inceusa.org/nc07/links/ Muehleisen_plenary_acoustic_properties_materials.pdf Fig. 104 :[online] Derived from http://www.roymech.co.uk/Related/ Thermos/Thermos_HeatTransfer.html Fig. 105 : Drawing by author (original), 2016 Fig. 106 : Drawing by author (original), 2016 Fig. 107 : Drawing by author (original), 2016 Fig. 108 : Drawing by author (original), 2016 Fig. 109 : Drawing by author (original), 2016 Fig. 110-113: Photo by author (original), 2016 Fig. 114: Drawing by author(original),2016 Fig. 115 : Drawing by author (original), 2016 Fig. 116 : Photo by author (original), 2016 Fig. 117-120: Render by author (original), 2016 Fig. 121 : Photo by author (original), 2016

PAGE 164â&#x20AC;&#x201A;

PAGE 165

Fig. 123 : Render by author (original), 2016 Fig. 124 : Drawing by author (original), 2016 Fig. 125-128: Render by author (original), 2016 Fig. 129 : Photo by author (original), 2016 Fig. 130-132: Render by author (original), 2016 Fig. 133: Photo by author (original), 2016 Fig. 134-135: Drawing by author (original), 2016 Fig. 136 :[online] Derived from Fig. http://www.roymech.co.uk/Related/Thermos/Thermos_HeatTransfer. html Fig. 137 :[online] Derived from http://www.woolfeltcompany.co.uk/ Fig. 138 :[online] Derived from http://www.carpet-underlay-shop. co.uk/wool-felt-carpet-underlay-12-c.asp Fig. 139 :[online] Derived from http://www.woolfeltcompany.co.uk/ Fig. 140-141 Drawing by author (original), 2016 Fig. 142: Photo by author (original), 2016 Fig. 143: Drawing by author (original), 2016 Fig. 144: Photo by author (original), 2016 Fig. 145: Drawing by author (original), 2016 Fig. 146: Photo by author (original), 2016 Fig. 147: Drawing by author (original), 2016 Fig. 148-155: Photo by author (original), 2016

APPENDIX

PAGE 166â&#x20AC;&#x201A;

PAGE 167

IDENTIFY WALL / PARTITIONS IN BUILDING PROPOSAL

BUILDING PLANS 140m

Dry room

Restaurant Public greenscape enttrance 50m

Restaurant Wet room Material storage Auditorium

Office

Book store Fourth floor

Cafe

Office archive storage

Archive storage Traditional Turkish clothing exhibition Third floor

Traditional exhibitionn Contemporary exhhibition Studio

Duplex on-suite design studio L2 Book store L2

Catwalk runway Press room

Second floor Public side / restaurant entrance

Duplex on-suite design studio L1 Book store L1 Traditional Turkish clothing exhibition Auditorium

Public greenscape entrance

First floor Special public entrance

staff entrance Public entrance

Main entrance / Press extrance

Ground floor

Archive storage Cafe Contemporary Turkish clothing exhibition Press room Material storage Restaurant/side/cafe/book store entrance Dry room Main entrance / Press entrance Public entrance Staff entrance Wet room Special public entrance Press room

PAGE 169

THE BUILDING WALL DESIGN (EARLY CONCEPT)

THE BUILDING WALL DESIGN (EARLY CONCEPT)

North facing facade of the Design centre

Step 1

Step 1

The felt-wall concept in the design centre using digital The proposed felt-wall

Step 1

Step 1

THE BUILDING DESIGN Fig Top view

Fig Aerial view

DESIGN CENTRE FOR FASHIONISTA IN ISTANBUL

Fig View from main traffic road

This is a building within the new re-visualisation development, the Sirkesi fasthion district located at the tip of Istanbul’s historic peninsula right next to the Golden Horn and just northwest of Gülhane Park and the famous Topkapı Palace. . This area will be dressed up and re-visualisation to celebrate the beauty of culture and fabrics.

Fel-crete

Concrete

Interior space (Ground floor)