WATER DROWNING
CONTEXT 1.
BACKGROUND
Keywords about drowning Our planet is about to drown Economic development and flooding Examples for comparison Where are the risks
2.
HONG KONG SITUATION
How about Hong Kong Public aquatics facilities in Hong Kong When do people learn swim
3.
DROWNING SCENES
4.
What does drowning looks like Types of drowning victims Survive when water over your head Drown chain of survival
PRIMARY SURVEY Time for survey results Survey questions
5.
DESIGN BRIEF
01
DROWNING: A DEFINITION First World Congress on Drowning (2002) “The process of experiencing respiratory impairment from submersion/immersion in liquid.”
02
17 November 2014 The first United Nations World Health Organization (WHO) report on drowning released today reveals that
more than 370,000 people drown every year in , buckets, ponds, rivers, ditches and pools
There are approximately
42 DROWNING DEATHS EVERY HOUR, EVERY DAY
Drowning is one of the
10 LEADING CAUSES OF DEATH
for people aged 1–24 Years in every region of the world
03
DROWNING A NEGLECTED PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUE Drowning is highly depends on two variable factors, how quickly is the person remove from the water and how swiftly proper resuscitation is performed. Once someone starts to drown, the outcome is often fatal. It is different from other injuries, survival is determined almost exclusively at the scene of the incident. Relative to its global impact, drowning is a vastly neglected area of public health. Estimated 372 000 people died from drowning in 2012, making it the world’s third leading unintentional injury killer.
Alarmingly, drowning is among the 10 leading causes of death of children and young people in every region of the world, with children aged under 5 years disproportionately at risk. Over half of casualties are aged under 25 years. The causes is what we need to consider. Income levels also have an impact the overwhelming majority of drownings happen in low and middle-income countries where people have close daily contact with water for work, transport and agriculture.
04
KEY WORDS ABOUT DROWNING
Geographic
Natural disaster Access of water
FACTORS Economic development
Urban planing Protective Infrastructure
05
Education
INTERACT WITH WATER
Culture
Attitude towards water Believes of different religion
Awareness of dangers
These are the key words which will drive me to the causes
of
drowning
factors.
For
the
words
geographic and economic development, these two are more resource based factor. For the culture and education side is more focus on human behaviour. In fact , the are affecting each other. Base on advantage and disadvantage of the first two factors, human will develop their culture and educational level. Ultimately drive how they interact with water.
06
OUR PLANET IS ABOUT TO DROWN Worldwide population projected to be below sea or regular flood level by 2100 12,751,000
4,742,000
Japan
Myanmar
47% Netherlands
10%
9% 12% 26%
7%
Vietnam
Thailand
Bangladesh
7,793,000
23,407,000
8,176,000
10,230,000
People exposed by continent ASIA EUROPE N. AMERICA AFRICA S. AMERICA OCEANIA 121.5 mil. 14.9 mil. 3.7 mil. 3.6 mil. 2.7 mil. 0.6 mil.
© 2014 CBS Interactive Inc. All Rights Reserved
07
Between 147 to 216 million people live on land that will be below sea level or regular flood levels by the end of the century, if global greenhouse gas emissions continue at current trends. This is one of the main factor that change the human population’s exposure to water. Maybe drowning problem is not the direct result of global warming. But it maybe a serious neglected issue that valuable to due with
08
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND FLOODING Flood Affected Population Global Ranking India
4,835,259
Bangladesh 3,477,315 3,279,455 China
Vietnam
929,635
Pakistan Indonesia Egypt
714,822 635,470 464,825
389,028 Myanmar Afghanistan 334,661 Nigeria
287,244
09
The top 10 countries with greatest population
Regardless of a country’s economic development,
exposed to river flood risk are all developing
drowning often hits the poorest and least-educated
countries, which are the most vulnerable to natural
people who live in rural settings (especially around
disasters and climate change. Developing countries
water), and communities with the least resources
are defined according to their Gross National
to safely adapt to the risks around them. Drowning
Income (GNI) per capita per year. Countries with
rates are also disproportionately high among
a GNI of US$ 11,905 and less are defined as
minority populations in places where overall
developing (specified by the World Bank, 2013)
drowning rates are low, including in high-income countries
10
EXAMPLES FOR COMPARISON These are two countries that share the similar
These are two countries that share the similar
geographic condition. But they have the opposite
geographic condition. But they have the opposite
economic development level. By comparing these
economic development level. By comparing these
factors in the these two countries, it will project
factors in the these two countries, it will project
a clear scenes of how geographic factor and
a clear scenes of how geographic factor and
economic factor influence each other.
economic factor influence each other.
NETHERLAND
BANGLADESH
11
NETHERLAND Case background As an economically and socially advanced nation, the
Total area: 41,528 square kilometres
Netherlands is a low-lying nation, with a sophisticated
Population: 16.8 million
agricultural sector and high population density. Half of
Land: 33,883 sq km
the country lies below 1 meter above sea level, with
Water: 7,643 sq km
an eighth of the country lying below sea level. Without
Land use:
an extensive network of dams, dykes and dunes, the
Arable land: 62.11%
Netherlands would be especially prone to flooding. As
Permanent crops: 3.07%
a predicted outcome of Global Climate Change, sea
Other: 34.82% (2001)
level rise could impact the Netherlands drastically, leading to social and economic devastation.
Under the well support of economic development. Although this country is exposed to risk of flooding, still then can develop a protection infrastructure planning. As well as design schools to create ideas to protect the country from the damages cause by flooding. And the citizens are well educated and prepare for the flooding. They learn how to protect themselves and the urban planning is develop for this kind of disaster.
12
BANGLADESH Case background Bangladesh is a land of rivers that criss crossed
Total area: 144,000 square kilometres
throughout the mostly flat territories of the country.
Population: 156.6 million
They include hundreds of brooks and a good number
land: 133,910 sq km
of big ones. Most of the areas of Bangladesh lies
water: 10,090 sq km
within the broad delta formed by the Ganges and
Land use:
Brahmaputra rivers. Lands are exceedingly flat,
Arable land: 26.71%
low-lying, and subject to annual flooding. At the height
Permanent crops: 0.97%
of the summer monsoon season they coalesce into an
Other: 72.32% (2001)
extremely broad expanse of silt-laden water. In much of the delta, therefore, homes must be constructed on earthen platforms or embankments high enough to remain above the level of all but the highest floods. In non-monsoon months the exposed ground is pocked with water-filled borrow pits, or tanks, from which the mud for the embankments was excavated. Throughout the country there are libs and lakes that meet the need of drinking, bathing and irrigating water.
13
PLACE OF DROWNING OF BANGLADESHI CHILDREN AGED UNDER 5 YEARS In Bangladesh, a national survey found 80% of drowning among children aged under 5 years happened within 20 metres of the family home – mainly in ponds, followed by ditches and water containers . Older children and adults drown further away from home, typically in natural water bodies, often while working, travelling or collecting water.
5% OTHER 6% RIVER 7% LAKE 13% CONTAINER 26% DITCH 43% POND
14
WHERE ARE THE RISKS 91% of global drowning deaths occurring in LOW AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES Drowning rates in low- and middle income countries are OVER THREE TIMES HIGHER Than in high-income Countries Different geography in different place will cause a different in access to water . As well as the income level also affect how they interact with water. People in low- and middle-income countries interact with water very differently to those in high-income countries, and the general level of economic and social development in low- and middle-income countries means exposure to water is riskier.
15
WHAT MOTIVATE PEOPLE INTERACT WITH WATER? There are six points that I sum up as the main factors that affect the motivate human Interact with water. They are mainly difference in the living environment and the living condition around people.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Collecting water Flood disasters Living near water Working on or around water Travelling on water
16
1.
COLLECTING WATER Just under half the world’s population have no access to piped water, meaning water holes, wells or surface water are the only water sources for drinking, washing, cooking and daily household.
17
2.
FLOOD DISASTERS The number of people exposed to hazards is rising with the increased frequency and severity of flood disasters, and unplanned urbanization. Drowning risks increase with floods, particularly flood-prone areas and the ability to warn, evacuate, or protect communities from floods is weak or only just developing.
18
3.
LIVING NEAR WATER In low and middle income countries, many homes in these settings are on lakes or river banks. Some of the house are built over the water and this, along with poor flood disaster protection, puts local people at greater risk. But for some countries that’s are near the harbour, rivers, pond are also have high accessibility to water.
19
4.
WORKING ON OR AROUND WATER Small-scale fishing is estimated to employ Around 37 million people worldwide. Around 90% are in Asia.12 Reducing drowning risk for these and others who earn their living on or around water requires adequate enforcement of safety standards and equipment, and warning services such as weather alerts.
20
5.
TRAVELLING ON WATER Daily commuting and journeys made by migrants or asylum seekers often take place on overcrowded and unsafe vessels. As well as the large scale transportation for trade activities. Even for the small water transportation for the water activities. These show nowadays people are often travelling on water because of different reasons. This higher the changes for them to get direct access to water.
21
CONCLUSION Bucket, bathtub, pond or pool wherever there is water, there is the threat of drowning. Even in countries with large coastlines such as Australia, Canada, New Zealand and VietNam, most drowning happens inland. Whether in a bucket, bathtub, pond or pool, almost all water is a risk for drowning, especially where young children are concerned. So the living environment around people will highly affect the drowning rate. After looking at where will people have high interaction with water. We can look deeper at the risk factors of drowning.
22
WHAT ARE THE RISK FACTORS The risk factors is any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a or injury. Drowning happens in many different ways, and needs a range of design strategies to target on the main factors.
23
1.
Lack of physical barriers between people and water, particularly close to home.
2.
Uncovered or unprotected water supplies and lack of safe water crossings
3.
Lack of(or inadequate) supervision of young children
24
4.
Lack of physical barriers between people and water, particularly close to home.
5.
Lack of water safety awareness and risky behaviour around water, such as swimming alone
6.
Flood disasters, whether from extreme rainfall, storm surges, tsunamis or cyclones.
25
CONCLUSION By listing out six main examples of risk cause drowning. I can sum it up into six main CATEGORIES. They go through from prevention to rescue process. The risks are the causes drowning. If each one of this appear, the participants are probably explode themselves under the dangers.
LACK OF PROTECTION
LACK OF EDUCATION
LACK OF SUPERVISION
LACK OF SAFETY ADVICE
INABILITY TO COOP
26
HOW ABOUT HONG KONG Hong Kong is surrounded by water and it's
Because Swimming is not compulsory
a big city. This Chinese territory is made of
element in school PE curriculum.
more than 200 islands with 700 kilometres
As well as nearly 60,000 people applied
of coastline - more than the distance from
for 47,000 swim spots in the most recent
London to Paris and double the distance
2011-2012 year, according to the city's
from New York to Washington, D.C. But a
Leisure and Cultural Services Department.
majority of Hong Kong's citizens can't swim.
Hong Kong's failure to satisfy demand for
One in five Hong Kong residents can swim.
public classes
27
1.
2.
3.
4.
Hong Kong is made of more than 200 islands with 700 kilometres of coastline
Swimming is not compulsory element in school PE curriculum.
Head of lifeguard association estimates only one in five resident can swim
Waiting lists are long to get into Public swimming lessons in Hong Kong. 13000 applicants cannot join the pubilic swim classes in 2011-2012
28
PUBLIC AQUATICS FACILITIES IN HONG KONG HONG KONG ISLAND
29
12 Beaches 9
Swimming Pools
2
Water Sports Centres
30
PUBLIC AQUATICS FACILITIES IN HONG KONG KOWLOON
31
13 Swimming Pools
32
PUBLIC AQUATICS FACILITIES IN HONG KONG NEW TERRITORIES
33
29 Beaches 21 Swimming Pools 3
Water Sports Centres
34
PUBLIC AQUATICS FACILITIES IN HONG KONG The Leisure and Cultural Services Department manages a total of 43 public swimming pool complexes in Hong Kong, of which 9 are on Hong Kong Island, 13 in Kowloon and 21 in the New Territories. A total of 41 gazetted public beaches in Hong Kong. With the exception of 3 beaches that are temporarily closed, shark prevention nets have been installed at all the remaining 38 public beaches, of which 10 are in Southern District on the Hong Kong Island, 9 in Islands District, 6 in Tuen Mun District, 7 in Tsuen Wan District and 6 in Sai Kung District.
35 ATTENDANCE IN BEACHES AND SWIMMING POOLS 2013-2015 From the data provide by the Hong Kong government, we can see Hong Kong has a well developed public facilities for citizen to enjoy water sports. As well as this is one of the major way for people get access to WATER. From this graph we can see that there are over 10 million of attendance each year both for beaches and swimming pools. That means each one of the 70,000,000 residents will go the both of these at least 1.4 time each year in Hong Kong.
SWIMMING POOL
10,813,000 12,127,000 13,106,000
BEACH
12,609,000 12,444,000 12,272,000
36
WHEN DO PEOPLE LEARN SWIM Many countries have defined a minimum swimming level that children should reach by the end of primary education, in most cases with the help of school swimming classes being part of the normal curriculum. Swimming lessons reduce the risk of drowning by 88% for babies and children up to 4 years old. But if we focus in Hong Kong, There are no swimming classes as a compulsory learning in the 12-year free education. As well as there are not restriction for citizen to reach such level of standard of swimming.
37
STUATION IN OTHER COUNTRIES Swimming lessons is the process of learning to swim. Children are often given swimming lessons, which serve to develop swimming technique and confidence. In many places, swimming lessons are provided by local swimming pools, both those run by the local authority and by private leisure companies. Many schools also include swimming lessons into their physical education curricula, provided either in the schools' own pools, another schools' pool or in the nearest public pool.
AGE 4-10
Policy: School swimming part of the curriculum for physical education
Aim: Successful completion of entry into water then swimming for 50 metres, before floating for 10 seconds, then swimming on the front and on the back (10 metres each), ending with retrieval of an object from deep water of more than 2 metres.
Policy: School swimming is part of the elementary school curriculum
Achievement: 90% of childern entry level certificate
38
SITUATION IN OTHER COUNTRIES
AGE 11 Policy: Compulsory element in primary school PE curriculum
Aim: 25 M (front and back) & demonstrate an understanding of water safety
Policy: Children who have not reached Great Britain's National Curriculum standard of swimming 25 metres by they leave primary school will be given a half-hour lesson every day for two weeks.
Aim: Swimming 25 metres by the time they leave primary school
Policy: As the curriculum for 11 year old in the fifth grade
Aim: learn how to swim as well as how to handle emergencies near water
39
CONCLUSION Hong Kong people think that swimming is an activities or habits, they don’t see this as a essential life saving skills. Although our living environment is surrounded by water, and people enjoy them as a habit, still many of them is not able to protect themselves. Unlike the countries in other parts of the world, they have standard requirement for their residents, as to protect them as a prevention policy.
40
WHAT DOES DROWNING LOOKS LIKE Drowning is defined as respiratory impairment
Here shows the most common SIGNS OF DROWNING
from being in or under a liquid. It is further
-Facing shore -Head tilted back -Hair over forehead or eyes -Look of panic or eyes glassy or closed -Ladder climbing motion, rarely out of the water -Hair over forehead eyes or mouth at water level -Hair over forehead or eyes Hyperventilating or gasping -Trying to swim in a particular direction but not making headway - Vertical in water. Not using legs for forward swimming movement
classified by outcome into: death, ongoing health problems and no ongoing health problems. After understand to causes. It is time for us to look into how human is involve in the drowning scenes.
MOUTH AT WATER LEVEL
FACING SHORE HEAD TITLED BACK
BODY VERTICAL
CLIMBING LADDER MOTION
41 DROWNING TIME LINE LAST FOR 6 MINUTES SURPRISE 00:45 01:00 recognizes danger and afraid l position rtica e v r nea little or no leg movement arms near the water's surface making random grasping or flipping motions head will be tilted back with the face turned up. rarely make any sounds
INVOLUNTARY BREATH HOLDING 01:00 01:30 dropped below the static water line initiates involuntary breath holding water enter the mouth epiglottis close over the airway not usually make any sounds and not breathe
Without o x y g e
UNCONSCIOUSNESS
lose consciousness
n
02:00
bottom
03:00 without oxygen the body shuts itself down become motionless breathing has stopped no chest movement or breathing sounds sinks to the
of the water
HYPOXIC CONVULSIONS 03:00 04:00 skin turns BLUE body may appear rigid violent jerking of the body frothing at the mouth
CLINICAL DEATH 06:00
stop
--:-breathing and circulation heart stops pumping blood vital organs are no longer receiving oxygen rich blood
42
TYPES OF DROWNING VICTIMS People in danger of drowning can be divided into categories based on their conditions. In turn, those conditions influence basic rescue techniques. The first step in rescue is recognizing that someone needs help. Not all drowning situations are dramatic or easy to spot. A child who appears to be playing may actually be in serious trouble.
HOW CAN WE RECOGNIZE A DROWNING VICTIM ? Actually there are six types of victims. There are several categories are discussed below, and there are some major differences. These are guidelines, not absolutes. An actual victim may not exactly fit the descriptions and may slide from one type into another during the course of a rescue.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Tired Swimmer Distressed Swimmer Actively Drowning Victim Passive drowning victim Injured Victim Endangered Swimmer
43 THREE CATEGORIES I CHOOSE I choose these three level through out the six types of drowning. As this three types of drowning are mostly happen in our daily life. They are in a process, go from distressed swimmer to passive drowning victims. By understand the detail of each step, I can see how victims respond to danger. And what can do for them.
1.
Distressed Swimmer
2.
Actively Drowning Victim
3.
Passive drowning victim
44
1.
DISTRESSED SWIMMER
VICTIM - call or wave for help - various degrees of panic - keep his head out of the water - reach for an aid as it is presented - act on clear instructions from a rescuer - poor swimmer who has gone beyond his abilities
RESCUE - rescuer should avoid contact - should remain alert and wary - rescuer have several minutes to plan and give assistance
45
2.
ACTIVELY DROWNING VICTIM VICTIM - vertical in the water - no effective leg movement - cannot respond to commands - arms are extended to the side - unable to call or wave for help - head may bob below the surface - head thrown back with face upward - cannot reach for nearby rescue aids - will generally go under in less than a minute
RESCUE - speedy rescue is essential - aids are needed for support - may submerge in only 20 seconds - unable to move a few feet to shallow water - non-swimmer may not be able to reach for aids
46
3.
PASSIVE DROWNING VICTIM
VICTIM - swimmers may black out - lose consciousness in the water - some part or all of the way to the bottom - victims may float face down at the surface - immersion in cold water can numb a swimmer - causing unconsciousness because of coldness of the water
RESCUE - rescuer must make physical contact - speed in rescue is extremely important - an unconscious victim cannot grasp a rescue aid - person has lost consciousness need medical evaluation - if breathing stop must be started again as soon as possible
47
CONCLUSION These information opens my point of view in drowning. As most of us is not familiar will the characteristics of drowning victims. And there are many important points that we need to consider when we are facing these situation as participants. Either victims or rescue. Although we have the knowledge about these, still we are human that with emotional change. Panic will kill us. But thorough these information these are easy for me to analysis what people need.
48
SURVIVE WHEN WATER OVER YOUR HEAD Once you understand what drowning looks like, know how to survive when you get in water over your head. We asume we can react to the situation if we have details understanding of the events. So we are suggested to know how to float.
49
CAN YIU REALLY DO THIS? After the research I have a more clear understand of what will happen to me if I get drown. And i assume I can apply what I have learn to my real life experience, but can I actually do this? Human can understand the information but not able to fully apply it without any experiences. Even I am sure we will under great unimaginable panic when we experience drowning. So it is critical to know how many percentage that we are able to save ourselves.
1.
2.
3.
-flip over onto your back and float
- conserve your energy
- do not fight the current
- keep head above water
- swim perpendicular to the flow
- clam yourself down from fear and panic
- continue floating and try to signal for help
FLIP
FLOAT
FOLLOW
50
DROWN CHAIN OF SURVIVAL Here is somehow a summaries of the drowning process in a
The impact of drowning increases exponentially during
timeline. Drowning is primarily environmental in nature with
the first minutes and can end in death if a person is
few co-genetic or hereditary factors. Drownings often occur
not removed from the water environment quickly so
in unexpectedly environments that may not seem dangerous
that basic life support can be given.
to laypersons. Removing victims often pose major risks to the rescuers.
PREVENTION OF DROWNING
RECOGNIZE A DROWNING VICTIM EVENT
PRE-EVENT Prevention is the most important contributor to
Contrary to the prevailing notion, that most people are
reduce drowning.
not able to wave or shout for help when drowning.
-Stay within arm’s reach of children who do not
Instead, they may appear to be climbing an ‘invisible
know how to swim when in or near the water -Swim in water safe areas where there lifeguards -Fence pools and spas with 4-sided fencing -Always use a life jacket for children, boaters and Inexperienced swimmers -Learn how to swim and water-safety survival skills
ladder’ in a desperate effort to stay afloat. -Drowning victims display recognizable signs that need to be communicated -Recognize that victims may not wave or call for help -Tell someone to call for help while staying to help -Ask bystanders to assist in keeping an eye on the victim.
51
REMOVE FROM WATER
PROVIDE CARE
A strategy not widely used despite
It is critical that lay-persons do not
If not breathing, start CPR
buying valuable time for emergency
become victims themselves reduced
with ventilation immediately.
services to arrive. It is critical that
further aspiration and allow better
If breathing, stay with
lay persons take precautions not to
prognostic. To allow providing care at a
victim until emergency
become another victim by engaging
dry place.
services arrives. Seek
POST-EVENT
PROVIDE FLOTATION
in inappropriate or dangerous rescue
medical aid/hospital, if any
responses. Victims can go from the
symptoms are present.
instinctive drowning response to low/moderate distress as soon as flotation is provided.
52
SURVEY QUESTIONS
53
54
SURVEY QUESTIONS
55
56
SURVEY QUESTIONS
57
58
SURVEY QUESTIONS
59
60
TIME FOR SURVEY RESULTS After the secondary researches, I am going to have a primary researches. These are the results of my survey. The targets are all live in Hong Kong. And the main target groups are the people around 15 to 25. Most of them state that they are not able to perform five critical water-safety skills that could save their live even some of them clam that they are swimmers.
33.3%
of the participants are NON-SWIMMER
62.9%
cannot perform ALL FIVE critical water-safety skills
61
Although there are more than half of the responses that lack of five critical water-safety skills that could save their lives, according to a new American Red Cross survey. Still they enjoy to have water-related activities. This provide a perfect scenario of accidents to happen.
53%
go to beach MORE THEN 2 per year
65%
go to swimming pool MORE THEN 2 per year
62
TIME FOR SURVEY RESULTS By assuming all swimmer are not going to bring any floating device. There are still 6.6% of non-swimmers that will not bring any floating device with them when they go to swim. That means they are not taking fundamental protection for their life. As well as there are more than half of the participant that will go to the water area that cover their head. They are explode themselves under danger.
71.4%
of the participants won’t bring any FLOTATION DEVICES
57.4%
go swim in areas where WATER COVER HEAD without any flotation devices
63
In facts, we get the general state when people go to water activities, and that have support for my hypothesis of drowning is a neglected social issues even in Hong Kong. And here are some solid data from the people who really experience drowning . Most of them are swimmers that are providing evidence that maybe they are over estimate their ability when they go to swim.
64%
who experience drowning are SWIMMERS
64%
who experience drowning are WITHOUT ANY FLOATATION DEVICES
64
TIME FOR SURVEY RESULTS As we all know float is the action for us to consume flesh air when we are around water. This become a critical point for us to think about. Because most of the people will relate floatation to relax and safe so I ask will they think it is useful during accidents. The result is nor surprising, 84.1% of them will. And 68% of them also think they can grab it to safe their life. This can give them a sense of safety.
84.1%
think the FLOATATION DEVICE SAFE THEM when them are drowning
68.3%
think they CAN GRAB the floating devices while drowning
65
Lastly it is at the rescue point of view. The participants think that the first group of people that will spot the victims out is the people swim near them instead of the life guard, Most of the people are the friend that go with them. They are the people who can provide immediate help to them. But as assuming there are people drown near them ,they are not able to safe them as most of them are lay people or even not a professional swimmer. They think they have high risk of become victims themselves.
75%
think that PEOPLE NEAR VICTIM are the first one who can spot them out
77.8%
Not able to safe the people OUT OF WATER by bare hands
66
SCENARIO
1.1 The first scenario is happen in case of boat accidents. This is happened after the collision of large scale of boat. After the collision, the stakeholders need to decide abandon the vessel or not, by assuming they will do this the following are the senses they will go through.
Boat collision
Abandon the vessel
After collision, once every passenger that
Should determine if the ship is still seaworthy. If not,
requires immediate first aid is attended to.
immediate preparations should be made to abandon the vessel.
Seriously injured Low mobility Disabled
Normal
67
ON BOARD
Tools They will get the life jacket and wear it. Either jump into the water nor get on a escape boat. They will go through few days on the escape boat or wait until the third party come to rescue them.
Goes into water
68
SCENARIO
1.2 This is the variation of scenario one, This is the process happens will small scale boat collide. This kind of water transport are main use in water sports or small scale fishing. The victims have higher change throw into water after the collision. And most of time the third part is absent, it is difficult for them to reach aids.
Protection Most of the people will wear a life jacket before on board.
Boat collision After collision, the victims will goes into the water or cover by the boat turned up side down
Without protection Most of the people will wear a life jacket before on board.
69
ON BOARD
Rescue needed The people are thrown into the sea and float by the life jacket, but they need something help them to leave the scene as soon as possible
Goes into water
Floatation devices need Some floatation device have to throw to the victims Without third person, the people need to find something that helps themselves
70
SCENARIO
2 In the second types of scenarios, the participants are in the w a t e r b e f o r e t h e y b e c o m e victims. The hypothesis is made under the situation that they go swimming without any tools. And they are swimmers, non swimmers and professional swimmer. They get drown because of different reasons. And what can help them is difference too.
PARTICIPANT
BACKGROUND
NON-SWIMMER
- Under estimate the danger of water
PARTICIPANT
BACKGROUND
- Assume safe if the water is not over head
PROFESSIONAL SWIMMER
SWIMMER
- Over estimate oneself ability - Try dangerous activities under peer pressure - Life jacket is uncomfortable for swimming/water sports
71
IN THE WATER (without flotation device)
DROWNING
HELP - A professional is needed for rescue - Device may help them clam down
DROWNING
HELP - provide device to help them float - probably can save themselves under little help
72
SCENARIO
3.1 The third scenario is from the rescuer perspectives. People always think that the lifeguards are the group of people that can provide helps to them immediately after they are in troubles. This is not sure. They are humans and they also face some difficulties, and they need helps too.
DROWNING
PARTICIPANT
LIFEGUARDS
Assume life guard is the one that who are present during the accidents.
73
RESCUE OUT OF THE WATER
DIFFICULTIES
HELP
Blind spot in Particular area
Device to control the victims
Need time to reach the victims
Help them clam down and listen to instruction
Sometimes need to rescue multiple victims
Or more easy to save them at a rescuer point of view
74
SCENARIO
3.2 Here comes the other group of people that may help the drowning victims. This group of people are mostly even if you are one of them. They are the people in the water and near the victims. Most of them find themselves wants to give a helping hands but they are not confident of their ability to do this.
DROWNING
PARTICIPANT PEOPLE NEAR VICTIM
Assume life guard is the one that who are present during the accidents.
75
RESCUE IN THE WATER
DIFFICULTIES
HELP
Cannot help without and tools
Help to call for help
May become victims themselves
By providing some devices
Difficult to clam the victims down
They may somehow help the victims
First group of people to spot the victim out Most of them are lay-person in rescue skills
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KEY WORDS and DESIGN BRIEF
“GASPING FOR AIR” Air is the critical thing for the drowning victims. Can they gasp for
In conclusion of my research until now, I would
some air.
like to conclude them into three phrases. These keywords and phrases are the overall feeling that I am going to present in my capstone project 2. in the next semester. The phrase are describing
“CLUTCH AT A STRAW”
the scenarios of how it works, what is the importance and where my design will appear. Clutch something decisive for the their life at the critical moment. Take any available opportunity to grip the hope.
“COME IN WAVE” Comes to them at first during the scene. They are already in the water near you.
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Mid-team present
SD4466 Capstone 1 Research WATER _ DROWNING Ng Wing Man Vivian 12104898d Tutor: Marko Stanojevic