By the waters of Santos

G37 STRATEGY FOR URBANISATION

BY THE WATERS OF SANTOS VILA GILDA ESTUARY BAIXADA SANTISTA Sﾃグ PAULO - BRAZIL

Volpi Urbane has been set up to practice research, urbanism

and architecture. It was established in the Netherlands in 2012 and Paola Huijding, architect and urban planner, leads it. Her work focuses on an integral approach to research and design.

By means of our design’s approach we aim to reintroduce a social-ecological perspective on urban development and contribute to a redefinition of urban planning strategies through taking advantage of society and ecosystems; enabling governance to enhance social inclusion as the process of improving the terms for individuals and groups to take part in society. We address urbanisation conjoining design and local ecosystems to reverse negative trends while improving human well-being. Exploring its design potentials, Volpi Urbane considers the development of creative urbanism and implementable planning strategies that help increase the capacity for resilience of our communities and cities.

Our services meet the needs for both the public and private sector; for small design interventions as well as for long-term urban strategies. Much of our work starts out as a research study or design, but we strive to take projects all the way through to execution including architecture services.

Since our work philosophy is based on the strong relationship between the local ecosystem and social-culture, our design services are borderless. Internationalization is an obvious statement. In pursuit of our international goal, our design force has to be complemented by knowledge and experience force through the association with local partners. This arrangement allows us to raise a multidisciplinary team in order to meet the specific requirements of each place and each customer.

We consider flexibility as an advantage to respond the market needs. Volpi Urbane aims to assure the best team for each project.

That’s why it maintains a spread network of independent professionals in order to associate depending on the kind of project and the main tasks involved in accomplishing the deliverables necessary for the realization of the projects.

INTRODUCTION The Netherlands is internationally recognised for its reliance on water management. The Dutch have made water management part of their national identity and cultural heritage; a tradition that can be also placed in the Brazilian historical perspective during the short period between 1630-1654. Based on the urban plans of Pieter Post, Maurits van Nassau transformed Recife into the new capital of Pernambuco. In this period of history, Recife has the greatest transformation in physical space, wetlands are grounded, bridges are built, camboas are drained.

The Netherlands is continually forced to adjust their water management to changing physical and societal circumstances. The question is whether this Dutch tradition and its flexibility in adapting strategies can identify approaches to integrating water management and spatial planning in the estuary of the metropolitan area of Baixada Santista giving shape in the development of this wetlands region incorporating water issues into policy for broader cultural, social, ecological and economic aspects. How can the Dutch water management strategies be combined with the policy of The City Statute of Brazil, a law with strong focus on participatory rights and societal themes? And how the Dutch experience can help to solve problems as flooding, sedimentation and silting up of the water bodies, natural resource depletion, destruction of ecological services and sea level rise?

The Metropolitan area Baixada Santista, on the coast of the São Paulo state, is a fast-growing metropolitan area with 1.750.630 inhabitants. It’s one of the most populated areas in the state and it’s a result of its port complex (the biggest of South America), has an important petrochemical and steel-making pole, in addition to its strong tourist attraction, in several modalities. Santos is the port city and the metropolis’ main city with 420.050 inhabitants.

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METROPOLIS BAIXADA SANTISTA - Sﾃグ PAULO STATE - BRAZIL

State of Sﾃ｣o Paulo

Metropolitan area Sﾃ｣o Paulo

Metropolitan area Baixada Santista

project area Dique da Vila Gilda - Santos VOLPI URBANE BV

FIVE MUNICIPALITIES IN THE ESTUARINE AREA

SANTOS - SÃO VICENTE - GUARUJÁ - PRAIA GRANE - CUBATÃO

Port of Santos. Biggest of South America.

Bridge: São Vincente / Praia Grande

Highrise along boulevards

Industrial complex

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DENSITY

SANTOS - SÃO VICENTE - GUARUJÁ - PRAIA GRANE - CUBATÃO

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LAND USE

SANTOS - SÃO VICENTE - GUARUJÁ - PRAIA GRANE - CUBATÃO

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THE FIRST PROJECT

CIRCULAR URBANISATION BY THE WATERS OF VILA GILDA

Our first opportunity in this metropolitan area is a project in the municipality of Santos. Volpi Urbane has defined the design programme in collaboration with the Brazilian parties. As a result of several meetings in São Paulo and Santos, and contact with the Institute for Applied Economic Research (IPEA) in Brasília, we have defined this proposal that meets the needs of the Brazilian government and professionals concerning the development of strategies and design to build resilience by means of urbanisation in fragile slums areas.

In consultation with the president of the city council of Santos, Mr Sadao Nakai, the slum area ‘Dique da Vila Gilda’ - Dyke of Vila Gilda - has been pointed as an ideal study area and community for our common purposes. The municipality of Santos has recently started with the implementation of the Strategic Development Programme for Santos and Urban Infrastructure and Housing of Northwest and Hills Zones – Programme Santos Novos Tempos. Vila Gilda slum is located in the Northwest Zone.

According to the World Bank “The Santos Novos Tempos Programme aims to: (a) improve municipal management capacity; and (b) revitalize the Northwest Zone and the adjacent hillside by providing infrastructure in the Villa Gilda area, resettling the families residing in stilt houses built over the adjacent canal, improving the storm water drainage system, preventing the risk of land slide in the adjacent hillsides and increasing urban greening and amenities.”

The resettling of 6.000 families it’s part of a slum-renewal project that illustrates the energy being invested in urban initiatives in Brazil, which has been dramatically affected by migration from the countryside to cities. When it’s completed, officials hope at least half the 30.000 people living in the precarious stilt community will have moved to more stable houses being built nearby.

Since there is no proper available area in Santos to house the other half of the inhabitants of Vila Gilda, Mr Sadao Nakai wonders if a floating residential area could be a solution. Santos is located in an estuarine region (wetlands). Water surface is abundant and could be used for urbanisation, not only for Vila Gilda but also for all others slums of the Metropolitan area, which are nowadays illegally located along the estuary waters, in former natural preserved mangroves areas. “Dutch professionals are well acquainted with the phenomenon of urbanisation on water. It would be interesting to explore what the possibilities are”, concludes Mr. Sadao Nakai.

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SANTOS The metropolitan area Baixada Santista has become a virtual suburb of São Paulo city, about an hour’s drive through a stunning, mountainous landscape of Atlantic rainforest. It’s one of the most populated areas in the state of São Paulo and it’s a result of its port complex- the biggest of South America, has an important petrochemical and steel-making pole, in addition to its strong tourist attraction, in several modalities.

Santos, founded in 1546 by the Portuguese nobleman Brás Cubas, is partially located on the island of São Vicente, which harbors both the city of Santos and the city of São Vicente, and partially on the mainland.

It is the main city in the metropolitan region of Baixada Santista, it is home to around 420.000 people and the largest port in Latin America.

Santos’s first major boom came in the 1860s when the opening of rails links connecting the port to the rest of the state made in the key shipping point for coffee producers in the state of São Paulo. Today the port exports far more than just coffee. It possesses a wide variety of cargo handling terminals—solid and liquid bulk, containers, and general loads.

Situated in an estuarine area, the urban development of Santos has a long tradition in the relationship with water; its economical importance – the port and tourism – as well as the master plan proposed by engineer Saturnino Brito in 1910, where water management, urban planning, infrastructure and climate control have been integrated in one design.

PROJECT PROPOSAL

The slum’s populations informally settled along the estuary’s water edges are one of the urgent issues.

The very limited land available for construction purposes increases the price of the building land making it unaffordable for social housing, even if the area for this purpose is formerly indicated in the cities’ spatial planning.

Officials are constantly looking for solutions for the resettling of the people living in the precarious stilt communities, which are nowadays illegally located in preserved mangroves1 forest areas.

In this document we propose to investigate the feasibility of an urban plan to house 15.000 slum inhabitants on a self-sufficient floating neighbourhood in the estuary2 of Santos in Brazil. By means of the interaction of ecology and urbanisation, encompassing all of the activities of a city in a single model, and focusing on sanitation and infrastructure according to the principals of the circular economy, we aim to develop a social-ecological strategy and plan to increase the capacity for resilience of the community of Vila Gilda.

Once the investigation results in a social, technical and financial feasible urbanisation strategy, its principles will be applicable for up scaling in the hole metropolitan area of Baixada Santista as well as in other areas in Brazil struggling with similar urbanisation issues.

As result of the Dutch/Brazilian exchange activities during the international seminar ‘Metropolitan Ecolution’3 , the municipality of Santos changed its spatial planning. The water area of the estuary has recently been included in the city spatial planning as area for urban development. During the next two years the Urban Development Department of Santos has to define a development strategy for the estuary in relation to its island and continental territories.

The possibility to solve the lack of affordable building land removing the slums from the water edges and settling the communities on the estuary area gives us the opportunity to contribute with an innovative understanding of the way they are approaching the planning of the city.

1

Mangroves are various large and extensive types of trees up to medium height and shrubs that grow in saline coastal sediment habitats in the tropics and subtropics.

2

An estuary is partly enclosed coastal body water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea. Estuaries form a transition zone between river environments and maritime environments. They are subject both to marine influences – such as tides, waves, and the influx of saline water column and in sediment, making estuaries among the most productive natural habitats in the world.

3

Santos, November 2013, initiate and organised by Volpi Urbane

http://issuu.com/volpiurbane/docs/issu_report_november_2013

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SALT & SWEET WATER

Project’s location

WATER POLLUTION

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THE PROJECT AREA Dique da Vila Gilda – Santos

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In the metropolitan region of Baixada Santista urbanisation has become synonymous with slum formation.

A community called Dique da Vila Gilda is a slum that expands over a river, with houses that originally have been built, in the 50’s, on the slope of a dike. Over the last 63 years the community perched on stilts above the murky Rio Bugre and became the largest slum area on stilts in Brazil, with 14.841 inhabitants in 4.186 precarious houses.

This slum area is, as many others in Baixada Santista, located in the protected mangrove forest area.

wetlands and mangrove forest.

Dique da Vila Gilda.

mangrove forest, Diana rivier - Santos

Vila Gilda is located on the iland between Santos and SĂŁo Vincente VOLPI URBANE BV

INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS x ECOSYSTEM SERVICES THE IMPACTS ON THE CITY AND ITS ECONOMY

ECOSYSTEM APPROACH

Mangrove Ecosystem Services Ecosystem services are the processes by which the environment produces resources utilised by humans such as clean air, water, food and materials. Coastal ecosystems such as mangroves can reduce risk to people and infrastructure. Mangroves provide a wide range of ecosystem services like protection against floods and hurricanes, reduction of shoreline and riverbank erosion, maintenance of biodiversity, water filtering, and a capacity of mangrove soil to increase in elevation in response to local rises in sea level. Approximately 70% of worldwide fish catches are estimated to depend directly or indirectly on mangroves.

water filter

rise at similar rates to sea level

protection against tsunamis and hurricanes

prevention against erosion and sedimentation

Problem Definition The economic consequences of slum formation and environmental degradation Due to slum formation along the estuary, mangrove forests are disappearing. Santos is facing the consequences having to invest in infrastructure projets to solve problems as flooding, sedimentation and silting up of the water bodies, natural resource depletion, destruction of ecological services and sea level rise.

The slum’s populations informally settled along the estuary’s water edges are one of the urgent issues in this region.

These settlements have to be removed from the mangrove area to enable the local ecosystem services to recover.

Why the Ecosystem Approach?

The Ecosystem Approach is a strategy for the integrated management of land, water and living resources that promotes conservation and sustainable use in an equitable way. Thus, the application of the ecosystem approach will help to reach a balance of the three objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity: conservation; sustainable use; and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources. An ecosystem approach is based on the application of appropriate scientific methodologies focused on levels of biological organization, which encompass the essential structure, processes, functions and interactions among organisms and their environment. It recognizes that humans, with their cultural diversity, are an integral component of many ecosystems. [UNEP] VOLPI URBANE BV

LACK OF LAND AND LACK OF INFRASTRUCTUUR

THE IMPACTS ON THE ECOSYSTEM AND ITS COMMUNITIES

FLOATING & CIRCULAR

URBANISATION APPROACH

Lack of land for social housing

Lack of Infrastructure and Sanitation

The slum’s populations informally settled along the estuary’s water edges are one of the urgent issues the government bodies are facing.

The very limited land available for construction purposes increases the price of the building land making it unaffordable for social housing, even if the area for this purpose is formerly indicated in the cities’ zoning planning. Officials have no solution for the resettling of the people living in the precarious stilt communities.

The possibility to solve the lack of affordable building land removing the slums from the water edges and settling the communities in the estuary area gives us the opportunity to contribute with an innovative understanding of the way they are approaching the planning of the city.

In addition to the loss of mangrove forests, the lack of sanitation and infrastructure in informal dwellings is accelerating the degradation process of the local ecosystem.

The wastewater of domestic discharge goes straight into the surface water. The estuary absorbs raw sewage from the slums. There is no sanitation; driving solid waste covers the water surface and floods occur often compromising the drink water quality in the illegal water supply system. The slum are a medical danger zone and due to the precsarious electric wiring there a huge risk of fire.

Project Proposal We propose to investigate the feasibility of a self-sufficient urbanisation model, for a floating neighbourhood, by means of the interaction of ecology and urbanisation. Focusing on sanitation and infrastructure according to the principals of the circular economy we aim to house 15.000 inhabitants.

Such a strategy recovers the local ecosystems and its services, empowers the local community by involving them in the building process of their own local affordable infrastructure, provides save dwelling and contributes to increase the environmental awareness of the next generations in the transition to a sustainable city.

Why floating urbanisation combined with Circular Economy?

Floating urbanisation is compatible with important sustainability goals. Due to its flexibility, it can embed the principles of circular economy enhancing the capacity to adapt the built environment to the local ecosystems, seeking to rebuild social and natural capital.

‘Circular economy refers to a economy that is restorative by intention; aims to rely on renewable energy; minimises, tracks, and hopefully eliminates the use of toxic chemicals; and eradicates waste through careful design.

The term goes beyond the mechanics of production and consumption of goods and services, in the areas that it seeks to redefine. The concept of the circular economy is grounded in the study of non-linear, particularly living systems’. [Ellen MacArthur Foundation] VOLPI URBANE BV

RECOVERING THE ECOSYSTEM

slum area to be recovered

floating ecological urbanization

slum area to be recovered

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BUILDING A SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY

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BY THE WATERS OF VILA GILDA

A SELF-SUSTAINABLE CIRCULAR URBANISATION MODEL

This project is focused on developing an innovative energy and sanitation solution that is affordable for implementation within future floating communities by the waters of Vila Gilda.

By means of analyses of existing options used around the world in floating situations and the knowledge of the international consortium partners, we aim to develop options that will:

PROJECT

STRATEGY

FOR INFRA-

STRUCTURE

• Recover the local ecosystem.

• Improve livelihoods of communities.

• Be self-sustaining and reliable.

• Provide opportunities to develop a mar- ket-based solution.

• Be culturally appropriate, and environ- mentally viable and affordable.

LINEAR SYSTEM: Water supply and sanitation depend on the city infrastructure

LINEAR SYSTEM: Standalone system for water supply and sanitation

source: ANA-Agência Nacional de Águas

Makoko slum, Lagos - Nigeria Floating School - 2012 NLÉ

CIRCULAR SYSTEM: Starting from hidroponics: Standalone system for water supply and reuse of sewage water, bio-

gas production from sewage purification process, electricity from bio-massa and crop production.

CIRCULAR SYSTEM: Starting from hidroponics: Standalone system for reuse of drink and sewage water, bio-gas pro-

duction from sewage purification process, electricity from bio-massa, crop production.

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Cambodia Sanitation for floating communities - 2010 Engineers without Boarders Live and Learning

PROJECT QUERIES

PRINCIPALS

A SELF-SUSTAINABLE CIRCULAR INFRASTRUCTURE

Solar energy/PV cells

Building technology with local materials and local labour force.

Crop/food production on the floating iland Plants: macrophyte species

kitchen organic waste: bio gas production Water supply from the floating iland and rain water.

Septic Tank: treatment of black water into grey water.

Bio gas production.

Floating Technology

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Rhizosphere filter: ecological sewage (grey water) purification.

Floating Iland

LONG-TERM COLLABORATION AND UP SCALING PRECARIOUS SETTLEMENTS BY THE WATERS OF BRAZIL

Projects of this type need to develop over several years in order to produce meaningful and reliable results. This research proposal aims to be the beginning of this process towards a future long-term collaboration and project up scaling.

In the metropolitan region of Baixada Santista urbanisation has become synonymous with slum formation along the contours of the estuary – wetlands landscape. It’s a urgent matter to set up strategies for building environmental sustainability and neighbourhood safety and security; preserving the biodiversity of mangroves and applying waste management in order to improve the well-being of these population.

In the Brazilian territory 6% of the 200 million inhabitants resides in slums areas (favelas). In the last census (2010), 6.329 favelas

have been registered. According to the Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics - IBGE, 82,5% of these favelas is directed located along the coast, rivers, in wetlands and mangroves areas, lakes and on dunes. The City Statute offers municipalities instruments for urbanisation for these communities and the Federal Government has a specific funding programme to make implementation possible – PAC: Growth Acceleration Programme.

Consulting IPEA’s priorities with the coordinator of the department of urban policies and strategies in Brasília, we have been pointed to similar issues in Pernambuco, Bahia and Belém.

Beside the potentials of urbanisation in Brazilian wetlands we see a great potential for up scaling along the coasts of the southern hemisphere to solve the conflict between urbanisation and mangroves’ ecosystem.

Census Favelas 2010 - IBGE

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LONG-TERM COLLABORATION AND UP SCALING URBANISATION UNDER THE TROPIC OF CANCER

MANGROVE FORESTS Mangrove forests once covered more than 200,000 km of sheltered tropical and subtropical coastlines. They are disappearing worldwide by 1 to 2% per year, a rate greater than or equal to declines in adjacent coral reefs or tropical rainforests. Losses are occurring in almost every country that has mangroves, and rates continue to rise more rapidly in developing countries, where more than 90% of the world’s mangroves are located.

In the present day mangrove vegetation covers about 162.000 km and it’s found along 25% of Earth’s coastlines and 75% of tropical coastlines. Mangroves are present in 123 countries and territories, more than two thirds of mangroves are found in just 12 countries. South America is home to 15,7% of the world’s mangroves, only surpassed Southeast Asia, with 33,5%. Brazil is the country with the second largest area of mangrove, covering 9 % of the global total, or 13.400 km, second only to Indonesia, with 20,9%. (Ministério do Meio Ambiente, 2005)

considered, nearly half of the country’s population lives in the coastal zone. Eightyseven per cent of the coastal populations live in cities and the ten largest concentrate more than 25 million inhabitants.

The metropolitan area Baixada Santista has 120km. of mangroves, more than 50% of the total mangrove area of the State of São Paulo (230km.). This metropolis of 2.422,78 km. with 1.664.126 inhabitants is an example of mangrove destruction due to urbanisation as the process of reclaiming land, infrastructure, industri¬alization and informal settlements. This is affecting the biodiversity in the majority of the municipalities in this metropolis.

The Brazilian mangroves are spread along approximately 80% of the country’s 7.367 km coastline, covering 16 States, from the Oiapoque River mouth in Amapá in the North, to the Laguna Jaguaruna border in the state of Santa Catarina in the South.

Brazil has a population of 204.014.450 inhabitants (IBGE 2015), spread across a territory of 8,514,215.3 km2. According to the most conservative estimates, nearly 20% of the Brazilian population lives on the coastal fringe, representing more than 37 million people and a demographic density five times greater than the national average. Moreover, if an area 200 kilometres inland is

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OUR STATEMENT

In the process of city building, building communities has been lost. Technical experts have been excluding people from the mainstream of city planning. A social-technological approach has been a traditional way of addressing city’s issues with a focus on technical innovations. Western culture has a long story of introducing technical solutions designed to solve a specific problem, without considering the broader system impacts the solution might have.

The lack of connections between social and ecological systems causes disruption when cities are built. The separation of these processes has led to the disintegrated and thus fragile situation that cities currently experience. Urban disruptions are extraordinarily costly to repair after the fact. Such is the case of food webs, nutrient flows, drainage networks, and hydrological cycles.

We strongly believe that cities must be ecologically resilient rather than ecologically imperilled, adaptable to the surrounding ecology rather than dependent on technological fixes.

The social-ecological systems’ approach to urban development strategies can offer a new understanding of exchange between society and ecosystems services; giving slum areas the opportunity to reshuffle technologies that don’t help communities to achieve resilience. A system’s reshuffle demands innovation and it takes place through a transition process, emerging gradually.

We define innovation as a break from previous technologies, occurring when different manners of viewing the existing ones are framed, imagined, or combined in new ways. In this proposal, innovation is about changing realities for people and it succeeds when it creates new pathways for solving entrenched social problems, resulting in lasting transformation of the systems that most affect vulnerable populations and leave stronger social relationships in their wake. Our sense is that successful innovations come from a process where the people who will ultimately benefit from a service are given a voice in its development.

We believe in innovation that democratises technology, ecology and empowers people. Only by combining the powerful forces of democracy and ecosystem services, slums can reshuffle their system for ensuring resilience and liveability. In a social-ecological approach, democracy bestows social inclusion and ecosystem services include provisioning services such as food and water; regulating services such as flood and disease control; cultural services such as spiritual, recreational, and cultural benefits; and supporting services, such as nutrient cycling, that maintain the conditions for life.

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OUR GOAL

Volpi Urbane aspires to carry a reputation in the marketplace for developing and delivering a strategy and design principals for urban planning, making understandable to decision makers the possibilities of the circular economy principals and ecosystem services in urbanisation processes; contributing with the local community, and collaborating with local professionals and government. We can achieve this status by innovative work attitude founded on the premise that a more holistic and transactional approach towards tackling challenges to urbanisation is needed.

By means of our design’s approach we aim to reintroduce a social-ecological perspective on urban development and contribute to a redefinition of urban planning strategies through taking advantage of society and ecosystems; enabling governance to enhance social inclusion as the process of improving the terms for individuals and groups to take part in society. We believe in innovation that democratises technology and empowers people.

The result should be a pilot in urban strategy and design for the whole Brazilian coast, and for similar coasts in the Southern hemisphere, as a framework that can provide the knowledge and methods for what urbanisation along the fragile border-line between cities and mangroves can be in the years to come. Presently, the ecological and physiological systems of mangroves along these coasts are heavily impacted by human encroachment that has surpassed its tolerance limit. The impact derives from the increasing size of coastal cities and expansion of port services, and the large amount of human and industrial waste dumped into the rivers.

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IMPRESSIONS OF THE FLOATING COMMUNITY

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IMPRESSIONS OF THE FLOATING COMMUNITY

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THE STEPS OF VOLPI URBANE IN BRAZIL

SELF SERVICE URBANISM AND METROPOLITAN ECOLUTION

Due to the transition in the Dutch governmental policy towards a participatory society system, we have submitted in February 2012 an application for a SfA starting-grant in order to setup a research programme on the Brazilian ‘City Statute’; a law that embodies the participatory policy for urban strategies and its instruments for urban development. Our request for ‘Self Service Urbanism’ was granted and as follow-up Volpi Urbane got the financial support of the Dutch Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations (BZK), an assignment from the Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment (I&M) and an assignment from the municipality of Rotterdam for a participatory pilot project.

The successfully ‘Self Service Urbanism’ research project gave Paola Huijding an unique opportunity to built a relevant network in Brazil which includes members of the Federal government and the government of the Metropolitan Area Baixada Santista – State of São Paulo, in particularly the municipality of the city port Santos. The network also includes independent urban planning and architecture professionals, academic researches specialists on sustainable design and industrial biology as Information and Computer Technology professionals.

Inspired by these strong professional relationships, Volpi Urbane organized in November 2013, with the financial support of the Creative Industries Fund NL and the Dutch consulate of São Paulo, two weeks activities in Santos, Brazil. In collaboration with the Catholic University of Santos (UniSantos) and the municipality of Santos, the project ‘Metropolitan Ecolution’ has focused on dialogues throughout a programme on three relevant levels: • Professionals and government bodies – international seminar • Academics and municipality – workshops • Schools and municipality – education and awareness On the basis of the good results of these activities Volpi Urbane, with the support and fully commitment of the municipality of Santos, UniSantos and Brazilian entrepreneurs, takes now the initiative to give a follow-up to a more concrete collaboration between the Brazilian and Dutch parties with the project proposal ‘Águas da Vila’ – Waters of Vila Gilda.

For further information about: • Self Service Urbanism, online brochure http://issuu.com/volpiurbane/docs/naar_selfservice_urbanism.pdf-lr • Metropolitan Ecolution, online summary activities November 2013 http://issuu.com/volpiurbane/docs/issu_report_november_2013/0

SELF SERVICE URBANISM Onderzoek naar het Braziliaanse participatief model voor stedelijke ontwikkeling

H ET S TAT U U T VA N D E S TA D

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