2022
Construction in Architecture
Sabah Shawkat & co-authors
Construction in Architecture Sabah Shawkat & co-authors
2022
t ak s
Reviewer:
prof. Ing. arch. Zuzana Pešková, PhD. doc. Ing. arch. Danica Končeková, PhD.
Cover Design:
Sabah Shawkat I Richard Schlesinger
Editor:
Sabah Shawkat I Richard Schlesinger
Software Support:
asc. Applied Software Consultants, s.r.o., Bratislava, Slovakia
Publisher:
Sabah Shawkat, Brigádnická 56, 841 10 Bratislava
Printed and Bound:
Tribun EU, s.r.o. Cejl 892/32, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted, or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, including photocopying, without permission in writing from the author.
Construction in Architecture ©
Sabah Shawkat I Salahaddin Yasin Baper I Richard Schlesinger I Dlman A. Mohammed 1. Edition ISBN 978-80-570-2956-4
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The book Construction in architecture is
Design in Bratislava. The third chapter offers the work of
intended for students of architectural engineering,
master’s degree students of the University of Salaheddin
design engineering and structural engineering. I do not
in Erbil. The fourth chapter offers the work of master’s
consider the book as the only valid source of knowledge
degree students of the Tishk International University
for students, but together, as authors of the book, we
in Erbil. Furthermore, the author offers readers a look
offer various modern views and ideas for students. We
at the morphology of lightweight construction through
hope this publication will reach people who are fans of
exhibitions in Prague and Ostrava in the Czech Republic.
architecture and design. “Constructions in Architecture” is beneficial The book “Constructions in Architecture” is
mainly due to the comprehensive creative approach,
exceptional especially for the uniqueness of architectural
where students go through the whole process from
forms documented by a specific feasible design of the
architectural design to practical construction. As the
structure. Architectural ideas are thus transformed into
student´s propositions are almost always very creative
unique real building structures. The construction project
and atypical, the design concept is only rarely classical,
is also the first opportunity where students can test their
that is why it requires unconventional solutions.
managerial and coordination skills, where they also learn to find optimal solutions, argue, and understand the
What else is interesting about the subject “Constructions
impact of seemingly negligible technical requirements.
in Architecture “?
I am very pleased and highly appreciative of
It certainly offers a unique possibility for
the cooperation with colleagues from the Universities of
students to follow the entire journey that must undergo an
Iraq - Kurdistan region, I also admire the superb level of
architectural idea until it becomes a final realizable project
students at both universities, Tishk International University
of a viable engineering structure. The whole process is
and Salaheddin University in Erbil, after observation of
extremely creative, inventive, and complex. Moreover,
the presented projects.
as I have mentioned before, students can practice their managerial and coordinative skills. By discussing with
In the first chapter the book deals with geometry
various experts they can get new inspiring ideas and
in architecture, where the author explains the historical
useful information, learn how to find optimal solutions,
development of morphology from the most famous
and argue for different important technical parameters.
architects and constructors in the world, with illustrations of realized projects, as well as using examples from
Finally, I would like to point out, that all the
program Grasshopper as a support for understanding the
published student works could come into being only due
principle of parametric architecture.
to the participation of many other pedagogues.
The second chapter offers bachelor’s degree projects of students from the University of Fine Arts and
10.05.2022
Sabah Shawkat
Sabah Shawkat Sabah
Shawkat
is
Salahaddin Yasin Baper a
structural
designer,
specializing in lightweight structures, such as tensile structures, tensile integrity structures, grid shells and reciprocal frames. He focuses on transforming these beautiful structures into design components such as chairs, tables, illuminated lamps or hammocks for interiors, gardens or public spaces. Sabah Shawkat is also a passionate expert in traditional fibre reinforced and prestressed structures. He has published numerous articles in professional journals and has written several books. He teaches students of architecture and building engineering. Moreover, he regularly organizes workshops for students and exhibitions of his own as well as student projects and construction models. He is also actively involved in projecting and building constructions as well as reconstructions and modernizations of buildings.
It is my pleasure to introduce myself as head of Architecture department – College of Engineering, Salahaddin University Erbil ; I have more than 27 years of rich experience in teaching theory of architecture, architecture thesis and design studies which is normally given to undergraduate and post graduate programs. Currently I’m working as an Assistant Professor at Salahaddin University Erbil and I wish to contribute my skills in academics and be a part of various projects in this institution where I can learn and develop my skills. I’m planning to apply a very interactive approach to teach the design process, working directly with students on creating exceptional projects that allow students to show off their skills. Beside my duties as member of teaching staff, I’m acting as project manager of Salahaddin university new campus. I was an active member in participating in design phase in cooperation with Dar Al-Handasah
Richard Schlesinger
Dlman A. Mohammed
Richard Schlesinger works as an assistant
Dlman Azeez is the head of interior design
professor at the Engineering Room of the Academy
department at the Engineering faculty of the Tishk
of Fine Arts and Design in Bratislava. He defended his
international university – Erbil. He got MSc degree in
dissertation on design and technological procedures used
Green Architecture and Adaptive Façade from the Near
in monument protection at the Department of Architecture,
East university- cyprus 2017, as well as he is currently
Faculty of Civil Engineering of the Slovak University of
a PhD student. He has a rich experience in teaching
Technology.
methods and frequently organizes international /national conference, workshops seminars and exhibition for
Richard
Schlesinger
teaches
students
of
students and staff.
architecture several structural engineering subjects such as Introduction to Structural Engineering and
Dlman Azeez teaches students of interior design
Construction in Architecture. Moreover, he regularly
numerous courses and subjects such as Introduction to
organizes workshops and exhibitions of student projects
interior design and theory of interior design. Additionally,
and construction models. He is also actively involved in
he is actively participating in supervising many graduation
projecting, building construction and reconstructions as
projects, beside of developing the interior design
well as modernisations of buildings.
department curriculum.
CONTENTS
TABLE OF
PREFAC E
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
F REE-F ORM GEOMETR IE S IN A R CH IT E CT U R E C ONSTRUC TION IN A R CH IT E CT U R E FAMILY HOUSES F ESTIVAL PROJEC T V ISUAL ILLUSION SA LAHADDIN UNIVER S IT Y - E R B IL - P R OJE CT S TISHK UNIV ERSITY - E R B IL - P R OJE CT S EX HIBITIONS
F REE-F ORM GEOM E T R IE S IN A R CH IT E CT U R E
Author : Assoc. prof. Sabah Shawkat
B1- B29
CONS TRUCTION IN ARCHI T E CT URE
B31- B37
E COCAP S ULE , S E L F -S US TAI NABL E MI CRO HO ME
C1- C25
FAMILY HOUS E S
D1- D75
FE S TIVAL P ROJ E CT
E1- E19
V IS UAL ILLUS ION
F1- F39
S ALAHADDIN UNI V E RS I T Y - E RBI L - P RO J E CT S
G1- G49
TIS HK UNIV E RS IT Y - E RBI L - P RO J E CT S
H1- H18
Project Supervisor : Assoc. prof. Sabah Shawkat I Assistant : Asst. prof. Richard Schlesinger Students : Mirka Grožáková I Chris Varga I I Vanesa Rybárová I Oxana Natalenko I Viliam Jankovič I Igor Ivanec
TABLE OF
A1- A45
AUTHORS
P RE FACE
Author : Assoc. prof. Sabah Shawkat
Supervisor : Assoc. prof. Sabah Shawkat I Doctoral work: Mgr.art. Matej Pospíšíl
Project Supervisor : Assoc. prof. Sabah Shawkat I Assistant : Asst. prof. Richard Schlesinger Students : Michal Pietor I Petra Ollerová I Jakub Samuel I Sára Chrobáková I Šimon Trančík
Project Supervisor : Assoc. prof. Sabah Shawkat I Assistant : Asst. prof.Richard Schlesinger Students : Hana Arnold I Kristína Betušová I Simona Gašincová I Mária Kostolníková I Lívia Molnárová I Nicol Bodnárová I Karina Guziová I Igor Ivanec I Daniel Knizner I Michal Zajac Project Supervisor : Assoc. prof. Sabah Shawkat I Assistant : Asst. prof. Richard Schlesinger Students : Simona Gašincová I Soňa Polčová I Mária Kostolníková I Sára Chrobáková I Lívia Molnárová I Michaela Krpalová Project Supervisor : Asst. prof. Dr. Faris Ali Mustafa, Student : Rawezh Asaad Project Supervisor : Mrs. Ansam Salih, Student : Rana Rizgar Fattah Students: Hardy Kamaran I Rana Rizgar I Zainab Adil Project Supervisor : Asst. prof. Dr. Faris Ali Mustafa, Student : Hardy Kamaran
Project Supervisor: Mr. Dlman Azeez Mohammed Student: Roya Sharif Saleh Project Supervisor: Mr. No’man Bayaty Students: Faten Firas Yacoube I Dastan Othman Hasan I Noor Faisal Karimkhan I Dania Idris Asaad I Lana Sarakot Asaad I Shahd Ahmed Meran
E X HIBITIONS
Author : Assoc. prof. Sabah Shawkat
“Your success will not be determined by your gender or your ethnicity, but only on the scope of your dreams and your hard work to achieve them.” Zaha Hadid
A1
Free-Form Geometries in Architecture Sabah Shawkat
A2
Architectural styles and forms since antiquity,
finding strategy, permitted designers to oversee complex
inclusive of Modernism, have thus been aimed on
non-standard associative geometries, recommending a
geometrical control via simple geometric solids like
move from the computerized representation of frame to
cubes, rectangular prisms, cylinders, pyramids, and
its efficient representation into a parametric demonstrate
semi-spheres. Euclid’s Elements remained a standard
through code. Modern geometry became more attractive
up to the 19th century, this idea continued until the 20th
in the architectural design process with great innovations
century, the straight lines and the right angles were the
from form-finding stages to the final fabrication. Besides,
main tools in architectural design, as we know now, that
the various pieces of simple form or shape can produce
this concept limited in terms of classical geometry. Classic
complicated and complex geometries by the effects of
geometry is a branch of mathematics concerned with
joints. As it is known, the basic elements of standard
shape, size, positions, and properties. Originated earlier
shapes are line and plane, positive-curved line guides
as knowledge concerning one-dimension (length, bar),
the spherical geometry, while a negative-curved line
two-dimensions (area, surface), and three-dimensions
guides hyperbolic geometry. Analysis of free form finding,
(volume, space), with elements of a formal science.
categorizes them into folded, blob and formlessness
Static shapes are often straight with horizontal lines
geometries. Instead of a style or a device, the parametric
and may appear quiet and active shapes are diagonal
model is best characterized in numerical terms; in
with orthogonal lines. This behaviour of traditional
practice it joins the organizational logic of the shape and
interpretation of geometrical design was caused by a
the topological associations of its parts, so that a change
lack and ignorance of the existence of computational and
in its constitutive parameters will invoke a concerted
material characteristic tools. The principles behind this
overhaul of the complete demonstrate, and, iteratively,
“computation” have also been computationally recreated
formal, and structural varieties.
and are now in principle available to designers. Folded geometries emerged and became Designers proposal
are
requirements
attempting into
to
shapes
change and
all
popular in the contemporary era, they had inspired by
spaces
several architects to create three-dimensional models
through adopting processes and series of aim-oriented
(geometry) from two-dimensional sheets (surfaces).
steps. However, a proper design means that it has an
So, folded geometries are formed by repeating some
identity where all components agree with the context
of the approximate prototypes of polygonal geometric
and requirements of the modern and future time.
forms. Blobs geometries have free-form, irregular, and
This problem requires designers to understand and
unfamiliar compositions that consist of plane surfaces.
analyse sets of relationships between parameters and components. One of the useful tools for producing architectural designs is to convert aims into abstracted shapes. In its long history, algorithmic plan as a form-
A3
Free-form geometries were considered one of the most significant phenomena in modern design with the technical developments of material properties and the digital designing tools in contemporary architecture, subsequently this process makes architecture more flexible and breaking away from regularity. FreeForm geometries can bring and spire new concepts in contemporary architecture now and in the future.
Blob form of BMW Bubble Pavilion in Germany https://archello.com/project/bubble
Formlessness geometries can be considered as an advanced and developed geometry of the deconstruction movement which has been changed the forms, spaces,
Industrial revolution (1840-1900) Iron and glass techniques, lightness, transparency, openness in urban facades, large windows in metal frames, steel skeleton construction and elevators.
and the overall definition of geometry are inspired by the nature. [3]
London‘s Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton, built out of prefabricated and wrought-iron elements, it represents Project of the Experience Music in Sea
the Beginning of Iron & Glass Architecture.
https://divisare.com/projects/367366-frank-gehry-pygmalion-
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal Palace.
karatzas-experience-music-project-museum
Paxton.Plan.jpg
A4
Futurism as an art movement evolved after
20th Century
Filippo Marinetti, Italian poet, editor and art theorist, laid out his ideas to the world in his Manifesto of Futurism in 1909. Marinetti wanted Italy to become the epicentre of progress by embracing cutting edge industry and getting rid of archaic institutions like museums, libraries and academies. He wanted to rewrite culture, and simply to forget the past and just concentrate on the future. This would influence and be applied to everything from literature, fashion, architecture to theatre. Marinetti declared that „Art, in fact, can be nothing but violence, cruelty, and injustice.“ The main Italian artist inspired by this vision were Umberto Boccioni, Carlo Carra, Luigi Russolo and Gino Severini. They all later got together and wrote the Manifesto of Futurist painters.
Modern - Austrian Adolf Loos - Goldman & Salatsch
Instead of painting by the classical orders, they
department store
veered towards chaotic portrayals of speed, movement
https://secretvienna.org/the-story-of-the-loos-haus/
and power. Futurists also took inspiration from cubists like the famous artist Pablo Picasso. In the times of
Futurism and Constructivism
World War 1, Marinetti considered war essential for making new and modern Italy. The war, however led to death of some of the promoters of futurism and this paused the movement until revival in the phase known as “Second Futurism”. That is when future Europe’s first fascist dictator Benito Mussolini was rising to power. Marinetti would later play a major role in Mussolini´s new fascist regime. Both Mussolini and Marinetti had very similar ideas. Futurism had both anarchist and Fascist elements. Mussolini´s political party merged with
F.T. Marinetti
Antonia Sant’Elia
Italy - ideas and artistic direction - futurism (future)
Marinetti´s futurism party, this is what later tarnished the reputation of futurism, after fascism was ultimately
https://www.slideshare.net/westharlem/futurism-in-
condemned. The death of futurism is connected with the
italy-19091944
death of its founder in 1944. Since then futurism became history.
A5
Constructivism
avantgarde, and were proponents of art for propagandist and social reasons. Constructivist architecture and art had a significant
influence
on
twentieth-century
modern
art movements, including the Bauhaus and De Stijl movements. It had a significant impact on architecture, Kazimir Malevich Selfportrait The Russian abstract art movement developed by Kazimir Malevich c. 1915, characterized by simple geometric shapes and associated with ideas of spiritual purity.
sculpture, graphic design, industrial design, theatre, film, dance, fashion, and, to a smaller extent, music. Constructivism
was
a
post-World
War
I
extension of Russian Futurism, particularly Vladimir Tatlin‘s ‚counter reliefs,‘ which were first shown in 1915. The term was invented by sculptors Antoine Pevsner and Naum Gabo, who produced an industrial, angular style of work, with geometric abstraction influenced by Kazimir Malevich‘s Suprematism. Gabo‘s Realistic Manifesto of 1920 coined the term „constructivism.“ The word was used as the title of Aleksei Gan‘s book Constructivism, which was published in 1922. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructivism_(art)
Kazimir Malevich „Black Square“, „Black Circle“ and „Black Cross“, 1923 Constructivism was formed in 1915 by Vladimir Tatlin and Alexander Rodchenko as an early twentiethcentury art movement. Constructivist art was abstract and austere, with the goal of reflecting modern industrial civilization and urban area. In favour of the industrial assemblage of elements, the movement disregarded decorative stylization. Constructivists were associated with Soviet socialism, the Bolsheviks, and the Russian
Kirov meat-packing plant in Leningrad, designed by Noi Trotskii, R. Zelikman, and B. Svelitskii (1931-1933)
A6
Expressionism and Rationalism
“German
émigré
Mathias
Goeritz
published
the
Arquitectura Emocional in translation to English it was called Emotional Architecture manifesto with which he declared that „architecture‘s principal function is emotion“. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressionism
Peter Behrens - AEG Turbine Factory http://scihi.org/peter-behrens-industrial-design/
Expressionism
is
a
modernist
movement
that began in Northern Europe around the turn of the
Walter Gropius, Adolf Meyer - Fagus factory
twentieth century, initially in poetry and painting. Its
https://travel.sygic.com/sk/poi/tovaren-fagus-poi:9273
defining characteristic is to depict the world purely from a subjective point of view, dramatically altering it for emotional effect in order to elicit moods or thoughts. Instead of expressing physical truth, expressionist artists aimed to communicate the meaning of emotional experience. Expressionism
arose
as
an
avant-garde
movement prior to World War I. During the Weimar Republic,
it
was
particularly
popular
in
Berlin.
Expressionist architecture, painting, literature, theatre, dance, film, and music are only a few examples of what the style included.
Ernst Ludwig Kirchner
A7
•
Ernst Ludwig Kirchner (6 May 1880 – 15 June 1938)
was a German expressionist painter and printmaker •
During WWII, Nazis destroyed or sold more than
600 pieces of his work, it was branded as degenerated, because of the expressionist style he used •
He committed suicide, one year after the destruction
•
He was one of the founders of the artistic group
called die Brücke, or the Bridge, along with other artists or architects
Bauhaus building- Walter Gropius (1925–26) https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/homes-and-property/
•
die Brücke is an expressionist style, which was
created in Dresden, Germany in the year 1905, it is called die Brücke because it symbolizes the connection
interiors/design-moment-bauhaus-1919-1.3739226
Modernity (1900-1945)
of expressionist artists in Europe – a bridge New constructional systems, materials and way of life The artists wanted something new, something that
that was emerging. The most daring execution of a glass
was more about the feelings and emotions, rather than
facade in this period is Mies van der Rohe‘s design for
the academic painting type, which was supposed to
a high-rise in Berlin (1922), no structural function in front
capture and describe reality of the world, the same as we
of the facades.
•
see it, this style does not mirror reality that much, as the ones before •
The content was emotionally based, with expressing
the feelings of the subject or the artist
Seagram Building in New York (1958) designed by Mies van der Rohe
•
They expressed themselves with some key features
of the style as for example the extreme contrasts, clear
https://architecturetoday.
saturated colors, thick brush strokes, usage of light or the
co.uk/still-standing-
space without any shading or modeling
seagram-building-ludwigmies-van-der-rohe-newyork
A8
The volume no longer appears transparent and light, but almost opaque, building must be plain and simple.
Arch We also include the arch among the planar structures. Nowadays, they are most often used as supporting elements (e.g., bridge girders), but it also serves as an architectural element - the shape of a parabola, which has the highest load-bearing capacity from a static point of view. Arches have already appeared
Lever House
in architecture in the ancient past, in Mesopotamia, then
(1951-1952)
in Ancient Greece and Rome in the form of triumphal arches and aqueducts.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Skidmore,_Owings,_and_
There is a very characteristic Romanesque
Merrill)
arch or a Gothic broken arch in Slovak history. In Gothic,
Lever House, designed by Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill
arches were often combined with arches.
(1951-1952) was one of the earliest steel and glass office towers and the first such tower in New York City Before modernism, all conscious compositions were designed, and the divisions of architectural styles were further governed by symmetry and a system of simple ratio. Since modernism, asymmetries and arbitrary proportions have become feasible.
Second half of the 20th century period (1945-2000) Reinforced
concrete,
wide-spanning,
thin
membrane structures, and other progressive construction techniques and did not consider the fulfilment of functional requirements. All conceivable geometric forms could now be enclosed with unswerving regularity, without operable windows and reliant upon artificial air-conditioning.
Gateway arch. in St. Louis, USA http://obrazky.4ever.sk/stavby/mesta/gateway-arch-170279
A9
reported within the ILS distributions. A parametric model is special not for what it does but rather for how it was made. In this way, the utilize of parametric models in computerized plan, permits architects to depict the geometry of their model (either orthogonal or curvy) with adaptability, and make conditions between the components of the model, using particular rules and limitations. To make parametric models, designers utilize French aquaduct
algorithmic editors that ordinarily consolidate visual
Parametric, in mathematics, is a set of quantities
MSP or Revit/Dynamo), to overcome the imperatives of
expressed as an explicit function of a number of parameters, such as the formulas that describe the catenary curve: x(a,t)=t, y(a,t)=a cosh(t/a). Subsequently, “a parametric model is set of conditions that express a geometric model as explicit capacities of a number of parameters”. This numerical definition of the parametric catenary curve characterizes the modified suspension models with strings and birdshot weights utilized by Antoni Gaudí to consequently recreate by simply means the course of the forces and in this way the numerous varieties of the frame of his Colònia Güell chapel, according to the set of results that determined from the parameters (string length, anchor point location, birdshot weight). Similar simple strategies for parametric calculations were afterward clarified by Frei Otto at the Institute for Lightweight Structures (ILS), who utilized a few tests form-finding and optimization methods, as
programming dialects (like Grasshopper/Rhino3d, Max/ the interface, and to design specifically, overseeing not the form (with the plan devices given by common program packages), but the code that produces the shape. In this way the designer can define the associations of the parts of the parametric model into code, so that a alter within the parameters that depict it‘ll, cause a facilitated in general upgrade in this way watching the varieties of the created comes about. An example of a parametric equation is the formulae that define a catenary curve: x(a,t)=t , y(a,t)= a cosh(t/a) These two formulae meet the criterion of a parametric equation. Firstly, they express a set of quantities (in this case an x quantity and a y quantity) in terms of several parameters (a, which controls the shape of the curve; and t, which controls where along the curve the point occurs). Secondly, the outcomes (x & y) are
A10
related to the parameters (a & t) through explicit functions (there is no ambiguity in the relationships between these
Visual
programming
involves
representing
programs not as text but rather as diagrams.
variables). This is the origin of the term parametric: a set of quantities expressed as an explicit function of several parameters.
Both Grasshopper and Generative Components are based around graphs (a mathematical name for a type of flowchart) that map the flow of relations from
An explicit function is a function whose output
parameters, through user defined functions, usually
value is given explicitly in terms of independent variables.
concluding with the generation of geometry. Changes
For example, the equation x∙x + y∙y = 1 is the implicit
to parameters or the model’s relationships cause the
function for a circle. The function is implicit since the
changes to propagate through the explicit functions to
outputs (x and y) are defined in terms of one another.
automatically redraw the geometry.
To make the function explicit, x and y have been defined in terms of an independent variable. Thus, the explicit function of a circle becomes: x = cos(t), y = sin(t).
Grasshopper script created by the author
A11
Form finding with Kangaroo 2 in Grasshopper. Kangaroo is as a physics-based solver that is now included with Rhino and is embedded in grasshopper like a plug -in for grasshopper. Used physics to create forms, gravity, tension, minimal surfaces, compression, relaxation, and optimization are known in the realm of physics.
Grasshopper script created by the author
A12
Museum Of Contemporary Art
Solomon R. Guggenheim
City: Niteroí, Brazil
City: NYC, USA
Architect: Oscar Niemeyer
Architect: Frank Lloyd Wright
Rotating conical surface
Right-handed straight screw surface
The museum stands on a cliff in Niterói, near Rio De
The Guggenheim Museum was completed in 1959 in
Janeiro, which lies at the opposite end of the bay. The
Manhattan, New York. There is a permanent collection
construction was completed in 1996 and Oskar Niemeyer
of impressionists, modern and contemporary art, which
collaborated with Bruno Contarini on it. The main above
is constantly expanding. The author of the design is the
ground mass is formed by a part of the rotating conical
most famous American architect FL Wright. The ramp
surface.
in the interior is formed by a clockwise straight screw surface
https://www.flickr.com/photos/josepha/4757688458
https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/building/museum-ofcontemporary-art-in-niteroi/
A13
McDonnell Planetarium City
Meadows Nuseum City
City: Sant Louis, USA
City: Dallas, USA
Architect: Gyo Obata
Architect: Santiago Calatrava
One-piece rotating hyperboloid- surface controls
Corrugated conoid
The Planetarium is part of James McDonnell‘s Saint
Wave by Spanish artist and architect Santiago Calatrava
Louis Science Centre, one of the world‘s leading space
in the Meadows Museum Garden.
education centres. The roof of the planetarium is formed by the surface of a rotating one-piece hyperboloid.
A massive kinetic sculpture made of 129 steel bars encased in bronze over a black granite pond. It was manufactured in 2002. The surface is formed by a corrugated conoid.
https://prestonhollow.advocatemag.com/2012/03/01/thisweekend-calatrava-art-church-garage-sale-and-rose-festival/
Wave Conoid
A14
Erikson Globe Arena City: Stockholm, Sweden Architect: Berg Arkitektkontor AB Rotating surfaces - are created by rotating the curve around a line.
https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/building/ericsson-globestadium/
Grasshopper script created by the author
A15
National Grand Theater of China City: Beijing, China Architect: Paul Andreu Rotary Elipsoids
Light grid structures are particularly suitable for application where large span and low weight are required. This makes them potential candidates for architecture purposes. Usually, curved elements are aesthetically pleasing and https://autrecarnetdejimidi.files.wordpress.com/2016/04/centrenational-des-arts-du-spectacle-pc3a9kin-chine-paul-andreu2007-photo-04.jpg
Grasshopper Script created by the author
functional, however they are not easily to produce.
A16
Corporation street bridge
Cathedral of Brasília
City: Manchester, UK
City: Brasília, Brazil
Architect: Hodder + Partners
Architect: Oscar Niemeyer
One-piece rotating hyperboloid
Rotating hyperboloid
The original footbridge was destroyed in 1996 during a bomb blast, and in 1997 the restoration of the footbridge began according to the winning project. The new footbridge is formed by the area of a rotating one-piece hyperboloid. It is surrounded by a glass membrane, which expands above the street and acts very easily
National Stadium City: Beijing, China Architect: Herzog & de Meuron Anuloid The area of the fourth degree created by rotation a circle around an axis which is in the plane of the circle lies on (x2 + y2 + z2-r2) = 4a2 (x2 + y2) https://www.flickr.com/photos/-mnb-/10336056336
A17
Zeiss-Planetarium
Olympic Sports Complex - Nations Wall
City: Jena, Germany
City: Athens, Greece
Engineer: Walther Bauersfeld
Architect: Santiago Calatrava
Spherical surface
Wave conoid
The oldest operating planetarium, which was opened in
The Wall of Nations is part of the Athens Olympic
1926. Planets and stars are projected into the inner white
Complex. It is a sculpture made of steel tubes. The
dome. The roof is part of a spherical surface
steel pipes are attached to the central axis. The surface consists of a corrugated conoid.
A18
Nardini Research Centre and Auditorium
Los Manantiales Restaurant
City: Bassano del Grappa, Italy
Architect: Felix Candela
City: Xochimilco, Mexico
Architect: Massimiliano and Doriana Fuksas Triaxial ellipsoid
Hypar form
The Nardini Distillery Research Centre project consists
Los Manantiales Restaurant was built in the south of
of two parts. The first part, containing the entrance hall
Mexico City, in a recreation area called Xochimilcan,
and the lecture hall, is sunk into the ground. The second
which means a place where flowers grow. The
part protrudes above the surface and is formed by two
construction of the roof, the shape of which resembles a
elliptical bubbles, in which the research centre and
lotus flower, is one of the most beautiful buildings of the
laboratories are located. The fully glazed parts of the
twentieth century.
ellipsoids offer visitors a view of the beautiful landscape around Monte Grappa.
The roof consists of eight interconnected vaults of parts of hyperbolic paraboloids, situated above a circular floor plan. The restaurant was built on a peninsula between irrigation canals. The construction of the roof was thus reflected in the level between the flowers. Unfortunately, over the years, the level of the canals has dropped, and the gardens have been replaced by buildings. Much of the beauty of construction has been lost.
https://alchetron.com/Massimiliano-Fuksas
https://www.archdaily.com/496202/ad-classics-los-manantialesfelix-candela
A19
Postmodernism (1980- Present)
Late Modernism
Postmodernist buildings combine new ideas with
‘Slick-tech’ look, the surface of these buildings
traditional forms to startle, surprise, and amuse its
is isotropic and endless, a grid of repeated shapes which
viewer. Postmodernist architecture of the late twentieth
might be extended infinitely, but which has, in volume,
century featured a plurality of styles including high-tech,
many subtle variations.
free-style classicism, neo-vernacular, classicism, and deconstruction. Postmodernism and deconstructivism focus on greater complexity but are still based on the
High Tech
same basic elements. However, these relatively recent
Most bearing members (steel, aluminium, glass
styles allow for new ways of combining basic elements
that combine with brightly coloured girders, beams) of
through random agglomeration, intersections, and
the building are prefabricated in a factory and assembled
substructures.
on-site. The interior spaces are open and adaptable for multiple purposes. The structures and patterns were made for symbolic, theological, and philosophical purposes. Patterns are essential in Islamic architecture, based on its central metaphysical concept. The key aesthetic and ontological categories in Islamic philosophy, where the essence of wisdom consists of recognition and understanding, best described patterns and ornaments in a complex hierarchical structure. The best example is the interior and furnishings of Moorish architecture. In the 13th century, at the Alhambra Palace in Granada Mathias Lingers, Messe
(Spain), we find all essentially different types of patterns
Skyscraper, Frankfurt, 1983-5.
that can be created using an identical tile pattern. From
While the gridded geometry
the origins of the architectural "pattern book" (early 15th
is very Modernist the scale,
century Europe) to the present, in which patterns are
form, and references to the
increasingly important for architectural and space design,
red-coloured stones of the local
they enter the design process not only as a secondary
masonry are historicist.
decorative element, but as a full part of it.
(1931-1933) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messe-Torhaus
A20
- Discretization of the facade of the building by a hexagonal network, Dynamo Stadium, Moscow, Russia (image © and object design: Erick van Egeraat)
Grasshopper s cript created by the author
Grasshopper output created by the author
A21
The importance of structures and patterns as a
The structure created by rotating and copying the
means of expression began to increase at the end of the
basic geometric object (square) and its subsequent
17th, 18th centuries and culminated in the rise of global
application to the pavilion object, also represents its
capitalism, the industrial revolution and scientific projects
construction,
in the 19th century. They are still aesthetically diverse,
design: Toyo Ito.
Serpentine
gallery
pavilion,
London,
functioning as more sophisticated, but mechanically and functionally accurate. Theorists and architects,
The advantage in the use of linear surfaces in architecture
including Karl Friedrich Schinkel, John Ruskin, Alois
is that the supporting structure can be composed of
Reigl, Christopher Dresser and Louis Sullivan, have
straight elements:
written ornaments. In the first period of pattern research
•
and theorizing, 18th to 19th century theorists sought to
surfaces) - e.g., facade cladding of the NEMO Science
find ways to create infinite structures by observing simple
Centre in Amsterdam (Renzo Piano, 1997)
species and their subsequent transformation into basic
•
geometric elements. Modernist patterns and movements
glass panes roofing the entrance to the TGV terminal in
have also had a great influence on further importance
Liége-Guillemins, Belgium (Santiago Calatrava, 2007).
and application, whether in architecture or urbanism.
Science
Unidirectionally curved elements (for expandable
Networks of triangular or quadrangular surfaces - e.g.,
Although Christopher Alexander defined many new types of patterns and structures, as well as their practical application (such as fractals), these were not fully integrated and used in the next design process, whether architecture or urbanism. https://www.123rf.com/photo_57619187_amsterdamnetherlands-may-6-2016-science-museum-nemo-designed-byrenzo-piano-1997-largest-childrens-.html
Centre Pompidou, France by Richard Rogers & Renzo Piano, 1971-1977. http://www.galinsky.com/ buildings/pompid ou /index. https://www10.aeccafe.com/blogs/arch-showcase/2011/08/09/ serpentine-gallery-pavilion-2002-in-london-uk-by-toyo-ito-witharup/
html
A22
Architects such as Herzog & de Meuron, Jean Nouvel, Venturi Scott Brown, OMA, Zaha Hadid, UNStudio, ONL and MVRDV have revolutionized urban planning, architecture, and design, which is inextricably linked to the design of structures and patterns. Many other studios (including Future Systems, ALA, Klein Dytham, Reiser Umemoto, Lab architects, Sauerbruch Hutton, LAB [AU], NOX, Daniel Libeskind, FAT, MAKE, Hilde Und K, Juergen Mayer, David Adjaye, ETH Zürich and others) also operates in the digital architecture sector. The huge number of publications, exhibitions, workshops, projects and especially the work of young designers is proof that the architecture, spatial structures, and ornamentality of the whole is more oriented towards a larger, more high-tech, conceptual, abstract, intangible function using new visual effects. These are new technologies that have allowed architects to expand the range of type elements with precision that they have not been able to work with before and with the ability to move smoothly into their implementation. New software and technological solutions give a revolutionary way to deal with the design object more accurately, to create spatial structures, structures, and ornaments in relation to form and function. Depending on how and what software solution the architect or designer uses in his work, we can divide the creation of structures, patterns, and ornaments into three basic groups. These groups are directly dependent, as each uses the basic principle of dividing the area. Like the basic groups, the process of their creation consists of three phases - discretization of surfaces, its morphing with the application of genetic algorithms and parameters
and the application of an ornament, which in many cases has not only aesthetic but also functional value
Deconstructivism The generated structure located on the surface of the solved object directly express (an idea or feeling) and absorbs the relevant data of the overall spatial construction of the surface of the object on which it is located. It is important to realize that parameterization, as a style, is an art program that is just develop gradually, especially from a simple to a more complex form and creating. Parametricism in the understanding of
P.
Schumacher transforms the technique of parametric design of structures into a new and convincing expressive articulation. An important contribution is the work of a group of the already mentioned circle of architects, such as Herzog & de Meuron, Jean Nouvel, Venturi Scott Brown, OMA, Zaha Hadid, UNStudio, ONL and MVRDV who use the means of parameterization and structuring of areas, thus starting a new, revolutionary way of creation. Parametricism in the 1990s, after the introduction of digital design tools, includes the new related geometric entities of splines in the form of the Bézier Curve, Nurbs (Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines), allows for operations like lofting (morphing) and the compositional principle of affiliative adaptive deformation, which means formation of emotional bonds with others.
A23
absence of straight lines and flat surfaces on its structure, which is covered by polished titanium panels according to the architect’s concept.
Public Library, Seattle by Architects Rem Koolhaas, OMA https://www.archdaily.com/11651/seattle-central-library-omalmn
Frederic C. Hamilton Building - Daniel Libeskind - Denver Art Museum, Denver, USA https://libeskind.com/work/extension-to-the-denver-artmuseum-frederic-c-hamilton-building/
Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, Spain, 1997, Frank Gehry https://www.hisour.com/guggenheim-museum-bilbaospain-19164/
Guggenheim Museum ‘figure 16’ [28], is considered according to analysts and specialists, is a mixture form that is created from folded geometries (Foldism) and blob geometries, (Blobism). Its exception came from the
Frank Gehry - Dancing House in Prague https://stacbond.com/en/prague-dancing-house-velvetrevolution-building/
A24
with the problem of using mass production, which allowed the use of modular construction. This type of construction allows projects more flexibility, especially those that would lose the unambiguous system unambiguous form that was at the beginning of the project design. Basically, it is about optimizing the area using a simple or complex network. The implementation of complex architectural free forms and many generations of panel designs remain Frank Gehry –Vitra Design Museum-chair Museum,
demanding, both in terms of material and production.
Germany https://www.archdaily.com/211010/ad-classics-vitra-designmuseum-and-factory-frank-gehry
Max Reinhardt Haus, 1992, Berlin, Germany designed by Eisenman, the building has to assume a "prismatic" character; that is to say, it needs to fold into itself, but Frank Gehry– Walt Disney Concert Hall, Anaheim, USA https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Concert_Hall
The Discretization and structuring of areas technologies have enabled architects to develop sophisticated
surface
panelling
and
structuring
also open itself out to an infinite, always fragmentary, and constantly changing array of metropolitan references and relationships. (Eiseman, 1996)A https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Peter-Eisenman-The-MaxReinhardt-House-Berlin
techniques. New possibilities are used mainly in the
Subsequently, these entities began to rebuild
design and application of the building envelope: simple
curves and surfaces, then offered great flexibility and
geometry, mosaic, material textures and layering, such as
modelled Isomorphic polysurfaces design systems in
shading systems. Patterns and structuring have recently
which complex surfaces are defined by multiple “blob”
enjoyed a strong comeback. The architects tried to cope
objects, (generate beautiful blub shapes) and feels
A25
much more dynamic. Then the architecture movement referred to as folding and which later re-theorized as Parametricism. it is about optimizing the area using a simple or complex network. The implementation of complex architectural free forms and many generations of panel designs remain demanding, both in terms of material and production.
Rigid (segmented) folding geometries and its application on Origami, Zaha Hadid https://www.archdaily.com/269061/venice-biennale-2012-arumzaha-hadid
Wolf D. Prix - Martin Luther Church, Haimburg https://www.archilovers.com/projects/42247/martin-lutherchurch.html
Folded geometries can be classified into two sub-categories, Rigid (segmented) folding geometries and Flexible (curved) folding geometries, according to their formations and the final expression using descriptive analysis. This allowed for a new kind of complexity that was based on the smooth integration of different forms into a seamless complex continuum achieved style of ‘Deconstructivism’.’ [2]
Flexible (curved) folding geometries of Al-Wakrah Stadium in Qatar https://www.archdaily.com/tag/al-wakrah
A26
Grasshopper script created by the author
Design model in Lumion program created by the author
A27
Abstraction and fragmentation are the most
She learned abstraction from the paintings of
curiously procedures used by Hadid to produce
the supremacist Kazimir Malevich who used unique and
deconstructivism projects and imaginative spaces.
geometric shapes to display his artwork. She claimed
Through her difficult study in creating space, she found
that abstraction provided her with a vision of the direction
abstraction as a research principle that is useful for
of the lines her works created by having the enthusiasm
creating and finding creative spaces, expanding as a
to take a line and visualize it as it "changes and deforms"
measure of unlimited innovation [17].Abstraction is to
it means distort the shape or form of in a project as it
break down the paradigm of seeing things and managing
moves through the bands of "light and shadow" [19]
them.To paint in an unique way is to depict it in volumes and geometrical shapes and attempt to control their
In this grasshopper we design by means of
organization by covering or accumulation.Additionally,
weaverbird plugin , how you can used it to produce such
fragmentation is to break the rules of known illustrative
of the mesh model as you can see here bellow, and to
design which leads to creating the same engineering as
use this plugin to produce smooth mesh for the curve
mechanical mass generation as Hadid depicted it [18].
, points or surfaces, as well as we use plugin Cocoon
Hadid characterizes the fragmentation as an application
with kangaroo too to create easily 3d model by means
that takes after these forms „break the block, make it
of curves and points, changing the position of curves
porous‟ at that point it makes „organizational designs
and points will change the form and position of the entire
which suggest a modern geometry‟ [18].
structure
Grasshopper script created by the author
A28
The blob (meta-ball) system gives much more
from traditional and familiar systems. Blobs, which are
morphogenetic scope to algorithmic self-organisation,
distinguished as irregular geometry, are not instituted on
it is at the same time more versatile and complex
Euclidean principles of plane surfaces.
organisational logic than nurbs modellers that are manipulated via pulling control points.
With
blobs
(isomorphic
polysurfaces)
architecture
received its first instance of the general concept of It is an approach to building design that attempts
associative logics.
to view architecture in bits and pieces, may seem to have no visual logic. Deconstructivism used the geometry of collage, as styles in place of transparency [2]. Blob geometries, as a new type of free-form architecture, became noticeable landmarks with the progress and the developments of spatial structures. These irregular forms need innovative design processes, advanced technological and structural systems that vary
Grasshopper script created by the author
Zaha Hadid Architects, blob/meta-ball composition of massing, Soho Galaxy, Beijing https://www.iloboyou.com/ galaxy-soho-beijing-byzaha-hadid/imag1-8/
A29
People usually wonder at the compatibility of Hadid’s buildings with the surrounding although they totally have different characters in both form and materials. The secret lies in the intense research Hadid does in the site and environment. Landscaping the building means not dealing with the project when designing as an isolated thing but to try to make it as a complementary part of the urban zone image. The
(image Asymptote: Asymptote - Hani Rashid + Lise Anne Couture - PGCC, Malaysia)
Layering and Play of Light technique enable Hadid to create amazing voids and spaces that meet her aspirations of architectural space. The last technique is applying the feature of seamlessness to go through every part of the project. Seamlessness and fluidity are noticeably prevalent characteristics in almost of Hadid projects especially recent ones. She gets inspiration
The properties of geometric shapes can be influenced according to the distance to other elements - the so-called attractors. A specific attractor can be a bitmap image, which can affect elements with one of its properties - e.g., the brightness value of specific pixels.
for this technique from the complexity of form in nature, Arabic calligraphy, and the natural seamless flow of the landscapes.
Networks And Ornament In Contemporary Digital Architecture Networks and subdivisions have been a basic feature of spatial design (interior, architecture, urbanism, and landscape architecture) since time immemorial. The patterns resulting from the interactions between these different systems are used in many dimensions, temporal, and spatial levels, including many natural and man-made patterns. Combination of discretization of surfaces by primitive geometric shapes and morphed in the form of attractor, PGCC, Malaysia
Facade structure adapted to the window opening of Ravensbourne College of Design and Communication, Greenwich, London, 2010.
A30
Example of the ornamental façade of the John Lewis Discretization of the facade of the building by a hexagonal network, Dynamo Stadium, Moscow, Russia (image © and object design: Erick van Egeraat)
Department Store in Leicester (photo: Interpane, Object design: FOA - Foreign Office Architects, London)
Example of generated facade and spatial structure formed by the construction of the building. Federation square, Melbourne, Don Bates and Peter Davidson of Lab Architecture Studio
Parametric division and structuring of areas
A31
Grasshopper script created by the author
A ground-breaking project by architects Herzog
A hotel project designed using the latest
and De Meuron. When using several layers of materials
technology. These parameters were the main factor in
and printing on the facade, a holographic effect was
shaping the overall structure of the facade but also the
essentially created. Mulhouse, Brunstatt, France, Herzog
construction of the building, Yas Marina Hotel & Yacht
& de Meuron
Club, Asymptote + Gehry Technologies, Abu Dhabi How to create Form- Finding of parametric architecture and design. We begin with three different plans, using xz plan component, plugin xz plan to plane component with defining the values x and y, this step gives us one surface plan with xy values in xz direction. We copy this xz plane twice in y direction, to get three surfaces’ planes after that we have to reparametrize
https://www.modernholic.com/yas-marina-hotel-abu-dhabiarchitects
the surface, this step allows us to pick one point on first
A32
surface which is on direction xz. Creating three different points on the xz geometry plan as surface number one, the first point is going to be on the bottom plane xz, the next point is going to be on the middle of upper chord edge of plan xz, and the third point is going to be on the right side on the bottom corner of the xz surface plan. This step allow us to move freely all three points on xz surface plan, Then we get three different design, after that we interpolate the curves during this step we get the arch curve on each three surface plane, lofting all three arches together we get subsurface then we use hexagon component, with this component we
https://www.google.com/search?q=design+Art+borders
can create wireframe in to sub division u,v, then we use
Example of the use of parametric design in interior
pipe component to define the dimensions of hexagon
design Art borders (visualization and design: Zaha Hadid
wireframe.
and Patrik Schumacher)
Grasshopper script created by the author
A33
Origami In Practice - Architecture Origami – In ancient Japanese ori literally
For centuries there were no written instructions
translates to folded while gami literally translates
for the origami figures, the methods were just passed
to paper. Thus, the term origami translates to folded
from generation to generation.
paper. The first book of how to make origami was Origami has roots in several different cultures.
published in 1797 it was called “How to Fold 1000
The oldest records of origami or paper folding can be
Cranes”. Another book was put into circulation in 1845
traced to the Chinese. The art of origami was brought to
that contained a collection of approximately 150 origami
the Japanese via Buddhist monks during the 6th century.
models including many that are still popular today.
The Spanish have also practiced origami for several centuries.
The Crane is the most popular origami figure, it is a sacred bird in Japan, and it represents peace.The
Early origami was only performed during ceremonial occasions (i.e. weddings, funerals, etc.)
Japanese believe that if you fold 1000 cranes you will be granted a wish.
Traditionally origami was created using both
There has been a lot of mathematical study in
folds and cuts, but modern rules established in the
origami which has led to several theorems and results.
1950’s and 1960’s state that only folds shall be allowed.
Thomas Hull has found links between origami and geometry, algebra, number theory and combinatorics. Some of these theorems and results are. Flat foldability How to solve equations up to degree 4 How to fold the side of a square into 3rds, 5ths, and 9ths (Haga Theorem)Other theorems have allowed paper folders to form shapes such as equilateral triangles, pentagons, hexagons, and golden rectangles.
The Sydney Opera House is likened to sea shellfish and ship sailors https://www.boredart.com/2015/04/the-art-of-architecture-andthe-beauty-of-it.html
Lightweight structures used in various forms and variations can be seen in a broad spectrum of use. They may be of different shapes and sizes, internal,
A34
external, permanent, temporary, large, small, supported,
Tensegrity" in Lalvani96, tensegrity pioneer Kenneth
membranes filled with air or stretched. These structures,
Snelson also quotes Russian constructivists whose
developed over the years, together with advances
members were Loganson as inspiration for his work. The
in material engineering and technology, continue to
concept and art of "tensegrity" (the structures of "tensile
progress and are now an integral part of architectural
integrity") was developed by American entrepreneur
creation. These unique forms have played an important
Buckminster Fuller. Fuller considered the construction
role in contemporary architecture, interior design, and
of his dymaxion house from 1927 and the experimental
various cultural events since the time they first appeared
building from 1944 as models of technology. in 1948,
in the 1960s in Germany. At present, light constructions
Kenneth Snelson, after completing lectures and Fuller's
are designed and constructed independently of the
practice at Black Mountain College in North Carolina,
geographic location. They could transform the space by
created a catalytic contribution to understanding the
their elegant form. Designing lightweight constructions to
construction of tensegrity when he collected his X-Piece
meet all criteria is a complex task. Every part is visible
statue.
and constructive, relying on the proper functioning of all parts.
This model and the tensegrity pattern followed by other models and publications of Fuller and other Architects and engineers are the creators of
circles. Independent in France, in 1958, architect
new spaces, forms and structures that are constantly
Emmerich explored the capabilities and forms of
improving. This creative activity connects architects and
tensegrity and the combination of prisms into the more
engineers on their way to the art of the world-famous
elaborate structures of tensegrity, which he described
German architect and structural engineer Frei Otto.
as "structures tendues et autotendantes" (pre-tensioned
Tensegrity I read in literature that historians wrote and spoke
structures). Emmerich, Fuller and Snelson came cut with patent claims on various aspects of technology in the 1960s, and then all the pioneers that formed one family and continued to develop technology.
at several conferences that Latvian artist Karl loganson in Moscow in 1920-21 exhibited a prism of tensegrity
Snelson was mainly interested in artistic and
in Moscow, although this argument is controversial
art exploration of construction using tensegrity. All three
because Loganson's work was destroyed and vanished
created tower or mast design principles, which are still a
in the mid-20s of the Soviet regime, but the photo of the
source of beauty for admirers of tensegrity but have just
exhibition survived. French architect David Georges
recently found a practical application in the development
Emmerich quoted the design logson as the precedent
of deployable structures. I think that part of the reason
of his work. In the article "Snelson for the invention of
that the beauty and construction of tensegrity did not
A35
come into practice, even in circles where there was a
2. The complexity of the production of details - spherical
strong interest in the practical application of tensegrity,
and domical structures are complicated to produce details
is the clear lack of professional and intelligent workers
of joints as well as the selection of suitable material for
as well as the precise tools for realizing their design
their realization, these factories can lead to production
and creation. Fuller's basic model of tensegrity patent
difficulties
has quotes of element length, but no indication of how lengths would be proposed. Probably the lengths were
Kenneth Snelson also remembered David
then calculated and parameterized, as measured by the
Geiger's "Cabledome" technology and Matthys Levy's
length of the elements of the finished structure.
space triangulated tensegrity dome technology, which provided many creative and practical applications of
The main shortcomings and problems of
tensegrity in practice. Campbell94 discloses a description
practical application of tensegrity technology for the
of these two compositions which are dependent on the
practice these artists have identified are:
peripheral anchor for their structural integrity.
1. Low Load Response - "Relatively high deformation and low material efficiency compared to conventional, geometrically rigid structures."
Grasshopper script created by the author
A36
conventional, geometrically rigid structures and the lack of resistance to concentrated loads. Frei
Otto,
the
only
true
precursor
of
Parametricism, free-forms, as organic, nonstandard, irregular shapes, are the deformation of these mentioned earlier by changing the amount and direction of the depth. Architects, with the novel imagination and digital tools, use both forms and shapes with their potentialities to represent the new. Hyperbolic paraboloid shape can be transformed into geometry by double curvature with twisted straight lines. The doubly curved surfaces, of this geometry, have horizontal cross-sections with a hyperbola shape and vertical cross-section with a parabola one. Various curvatures as positive, negative, and mix of them have been showing and analysed. Due to graphical software programs that can produce new, irregular, non-standard forms under the principles of digital design. Evolution is a process of gradual and long-term Physical models created by the author
The idea to have only tendons connected to struts is probably the most innovative concept of this type of structures resulting extremely simple joints. Beyond the difficulty of form finding [Motro, 2006] the main problem of this type of non-conventional structure is the difficulty of manufacturing as the geometry of spherical and domical structures are complex. Other big disadvantage, similarly, to all tensile systems, is the poor load response (relatively high deflections and low material efficiency [Hanaor, 1987] as compared with
quantitative and qualitative changes that accompany the development of both living and inanimate systems as well as their regions and constituents. This defines the evolution of the dictionary of foreign words. And we are not far from the truth when we try to paraphrase this definition of the building structure. Even in building construction systems there is some evolutionary development, which results in the socalled modern light system. It is a system made up of the latest materials and construction systems. We could define a light modern system as a construction design,
A37
designed and built with the emphasis on maximizing the
• bars (struts) systems - stable problems of compressive
material and construction properties, provided the weight
and bent bars,
and volume of the structural elements are minimized. When creating these systems, we mostly work with materials such as steel, aluminium alloys and composite materials. Thus, we create various steel, cable and membrane systems (Figure 1). The design of each such system brings with it new theoretical and constructional problems. Without their solution, they cannot be advanced, and their solution is not easy at all times.
• cables systems - prestress, stiffness of the structure, necessity of solving the theory II. order, • membrane systems - prestress, dynamic resistance, large deformation solutions.
Light Tensile Structure Light tensile structures belong to membrane structures in so-called “free form shapes”. We can consider them as an expression of modern fine art structural design, architecture and they have large potential to develop in the future. Tensile structures have negligible thickness compared to the other dimensions; it means that their static efficiency is based on their shape. The creation and formation of new space which could not otherwise be accomplished by using conventional methods is common for all such edifices.
Lightweight steel prestress cables and tension surface material
Because of the many advantages of this modern style, several permanent membrane structures
Talking about modern systems of steel, wire and membrane has its merit. And that these systems are at the top of the current building options. Limits are given by the physical properties and laws of the material and the construction system. These must be fully taken into account and used in the creation of the modern system. In practice, we most often encounter the following issues:
have been officially approved and constructed around the world. The uses of these structures vary widely from sports facilities to exposition buildings. Such structures are becoming more and more recognized as an independent field of fine art of structure engineering and architecture design. There is an important and interesting interrelationship amongst the different types of lightweight
A38
structure: between manufacture and erection processes
Another criterion of lightweight membrane
on the one hand, and geometry and load-bearing
construction is its prestress. The correct geometric
behaviour on the other.
shape and prestress guarantees its stability, stiffness and dynamic resistance. At the same time, it allows the
Finding the minimal surface is defined by three criteria:
structure to resist the effects on which it was designed,
- Minimum surface is between any boundary
rain, wind and snow.
- Equal and opposite curvature at any point - Uniform stress throughout the surface
Talking about modern systems of steel, wire and membrane has its merit. And that these systems are
A minimal surface may be anticlastic or flat.
at the top of the current building options. Limits are given
Anticlastic tensile structures are flexible membranes with
by the physical properties and laws of the material and
double curvature and prestress are essential for stability.
the construction system. These must be fully taken into account and used in the creation of the modern system.
A surface of flat or triangular boundaries is
In practice, we most often encounter the following issues:
always flat. Flat membranes are unstable structures under load. Increased curvature increases stability.
• bars (struts) systems - stable problems of compressive and bent bars,
Membrane structures are often referred to as textile structures. However, the actual membrane construction is far removed from the classic tent. The main difference is its exact geometric shape. For
• cables systems - prestress, stiffness of the structure, necessity of solving the theory II. order, • membrane systems - prestress, dynamic resistance,
the functioning of the membrane structure, the exact
large deformation solutions.
geometric criteria must be computed.
Advantages of a Tensile Fabric Building Structure
The basic criterion is to maintain the concavity and convexity of the main directions of the membrane surface. Following this principle, we can talk about the basic four types of membranes: • saddle-shaped (hyperbolic paraboloid) • conical shape, • wave shape, • vault shape.
(Pros and Cons of Tensile Structures) 1. The installation of tension membrane structures is often faster and more cost-effective in comparison to traditional structures. The other factor that clearly puts fabric ahead of other materials is its clear span capabilities, Since the fabric has this amazing tensile capacity, the effect is to reduce the supporting framework to a minimum number of supports, all working efficiently as a whole system.
A39
2. Due to the translucency tensile fabric building structures provide an abundance of daytime light underneath, making it an inviting and comfortable space below. The unique properties of light reflectance and
Prestessed Cable Network Of The Roof Structure Of The Olympic Stadium In Munich, Germany
transmission also offer exciting possibilities for lighting after dark. 3. Due to the unique flexible properties of the fabric membrane, tensile membrane structures offer architects, designers and engineers and a wide opportunity to investigate with shape and create visually elegant and cone-shaped structures. 4. Tensile membrane structures have demonstrated as low maintenance projects for investors, but if properly engineered and installed are virtually immune to damage and weathering.
Frei Otto, Gunter Behnisch Munich Olympic Stadium, 1972
5. Due to unique combination of design materials
https://malarkytect.wordpress.com/2015/03/14/munich-olympic-
properties, structure, and environment, the longevity
stadium-gunter-behnisch-and-frei-otto/
and durability of tensile membrane structures has been proven to withstand harsh and extreme climates and environments.
The
realization
of
this
construction
was
considered unfeasible by many experts in 1968. The very high costs and disproportionately large technical and technological problems that have characterized the implementation of this construction are a fact that is only partially related to the experimental nature of this construction. In the design of cable prestressed roof structures of large spans in the future, the aspects of optimization and harmonization of architectural effects with the realization and construction possibilities and with the functional reliability of the structure must be
A40
considered more thoroughly. The roof surface is divided
Heavy foundation blocks, underground walls
into many saddle-curved net elements, which act as
and ground anchors were used during the foundation.
load-bearing elements and at the same time ensure
The roofing is made of Poly methacrylic resin boards
interaction with the edge cables. These are supported
(plexiglass), which ensure sufficient transparency and
by supports mounted on prestressed cable elements and
fire protection.
suspended at the edges at several points on the outer masts.
During the realization of the roof, it was again confirmed the importance of a detailed consideration The architectural concept did not allow for the
of the individual production and assembly stages and
possibility of implementing supports in the space under
their consequences during the design. Mesh cable roof
the roof, and therefore it was necessary to create a
systems enable the realization of various geometric
primary cable system outside the roof's own net structure.
shapes of roof surfaces, creating a transparent roof
The roof structures of the stadium (roof area 34,550 m ),
covering and short assembly, resp. disassembly times.
2
sports hall (21,750 m2) and swimming pool (11,900 m2) create mutually independent load-bearing systems,
The sizes of the required cable safety are
which are interconnected by smaller connecting roof
given different values for different constructions. In the
areas.
literature, safety values ranging from 2.5 to 3.5 can be found for roof structures, and values between 2.0 To determine the forces in the structure and to
and 3.0 are given for bridges. During the construction
determine the final geometric shape and dimensions of
of the swimming hall for the Tokyo Olympic Games, to
individual elements, wire models were built at a scale of
increase the rigidity of this structure, the safety of the
1:25, on which experimental verifications of theoretical
supporting ropes was designed to be 5.0. Various factors
and computational assumptions, resp. results.
affecting the design strength and load-bearing capacity of the rope must be considered when determining rope
The mesh size is 75x75 cm. 19-strand cables
safety. These factors are only rarely well known, so the
were used, which are relatively rigid. The cables were
designers recommend choosing Security 3.0. The safety
connected on the construction site using rotating network
of the rope support structure can be greater than the
nodes. The edge cables transmit forces between 80 and
safety of the individual ropes because there is no linear
590 Ton. The forces in the prestressing cables in the roof
relationship between the load and the forces in the ropes.
area reach 3500 to 1150 Ton. Due to the required high
As the ropes are characterized by a large surface area, it
strength and durability, the main supporting cables were
is necessary to ensure sufficient protection of the ropes
realized as parallel cable elements.
against corrosion.
A41
F. Otto recognized two diverse sorts: one with stationary supporting structure and another with mobile supporting structure. Pneumatic structures can moreover be classified as deployable membrane structures. In any case, it was fair at the conclusion of the moment half of the final century when engineers started to apply material as building fabric for large-span developments. The spearheading works of Frei Otto motivated plenty of membrane designs all through the world.
Membrane Tensile Model created by the author
However, the view that these construction systems are economically advantageous due to their
as it were exceptionally few know that a portion of the
low weight may prove to be fundamentally incorrect.
theatre of the Roman Colosseum (Amfiteatro Flavio)
The economy of the structure is conditioned by the costs
built within the to begin with century had a convertible
of foundation and the economy of production of many
material roof [Ishii, 2000]. The structure of the umbrella
elements forming the roof area. These facts must be
is an old structure as well, but its rule is utilized in present
considered when designing alternative solutions.
day versatile architecture.
Grasshopper script created by the author
A42
Collaboration begins with basic casual intuitive such as asking a question. It creates assist inside an organization through intradisciplinary work – such as a group of architects and structural designers working together on a project. Parametrics, concerns itself with the rules overseeing the plan prepare. “Parametric design may be Roman Colosseum [Escrig and Brebbia 1996] (cited by [Jensen, 2001] and c) the reconstruction of its convertible roofing system [Gengnagel, 2001] (cited by [Walter])
a handle based on algorithmic considering that empowers the expression of parameters and rules that, together, characterize, encode and clarify the relationship between design intent and design response”. Computational design is about manipulating thoughts, design concepts
Digital Architecture Every revolution changes human history and lifestyle. Since architecture is only a small part of the social evolution.
Media and Digital Screens A teach of digital plan requires encourage definition and refinement; this may be accomplished through a centre on three topics comprising of: 1) Ubiquity, 2) Parametrics, and 3) Tectonics. In easier terms, a teach of digital plan ought to concern itself with individuals, rules, and things. The primary establishment, ubiquity, alludes to the reality that advanced data is quickly getting to be inserted in our everyday lives. It empowers collaborative intuitive.
and processes of thinking in clearly defined steps and instructions that are routinely made by PC programming tools. It offers the architect control of the change of properties of objects and inputs into arrangements and diverse options appropriately with the least time required. It offers the architect control of the change of properties of objects and inputs into arrangements and diverse options appropriately with the least time required. As of now, the most centre of computational models is essentially constrained to building execution, optimisation, and the useful requirements of the design issue. A parametric understanding of the plan issue has opened the possibility of examining the more profound conceptual as well as tectonic structures of our proposals and has advertised users and clients a domain of conceivable outcomes instead of a managed solution.
A43
plan,
The media facade wasn´t a part of the main
tectonics, is concerned with the relationship of prepare
construction design but was added afterwards. It is
to item or from process to final product. It advocates the
said to be the first complete transparent media facade.
see that engineering will continuously be implanted in
The highly developed led design was done by Lumino
its convention of consideration to material, assemblage,
Lichttechnik.
and detail (the convention of making).
https://www.mediaarchitecture.org/page/31/
The
third
establishment
of
digital
The Japanese architect Toyo Ito has said that
The building exterior or facade marks the
architecture must become a media-suit to interact and
transformation between exterior and interior, between
mediate the information environment as clothing is an
the building and the urban space. They are not controlled
extension of our skin and the automobile is a mechanical
to the real space they involve as part of the complete
suit or extension.
structure, but moreover impact the space in and around the building. A facade is an essential part when observing
Jean Nouvel believes we want a new kind of space, which is at once the most minimal in expression
a building from the outside and has affect on the interior. The facade gives a scale to the whole space around it.
and the most dynamic in potential. With the digital facade there is no cause-and-effect relationship between the
View, lighting, ventilation, client comfort, a few
building and its use. The screen makes a fuzzy line
building services and imaginable that loadbearing are all
between where the architecture ends and where the
assignments the exterior may have to be solve. Building
performance medium begins, giving the building great
exterior plays a particularly critical part. To begin with and
vitality.
first it gives security and protection. But its stylish and social work is fair as important.
Inteligent Architecture Today's
architectures
contain
more
and
more components that are "smart" and provide a high degree of flexibility. Nowadays, advances in information technology make what was once considered unrealistic or futuristic a very real possibility. In our real-world computing, sensors and computer chips would be built not only "everywhere," but "everything." James Law Ag4|mediatecture company built a new type of media facade for the T-Mobile Headquarters in Bonn.
Cybertecture International Delivers High-Tech Solutions for Large Span Structures Through Innovative Designs
A44
for Smart Living. The office building incorporates passive
References
solar design and an elevated garden that moderates temperate. will use solar photovoltaic panels and rooftop wind turbines to generate onsite electricity.
[1] Ching F 1996 Architecture: Form, space, and order second ed. New Jersey John Wiley and Sons [2] Allen D Mar 2003 The Surface of Fuller and Sadao US Pavilion at Montreal Expo 67 Architectural Design 162 51-55 [3] Pottmann H 2007 Architectural Geometry Bentley Institute Press 1st edition [4] Mungan I 1988 Domes From Antiquity To The Present proceeding of the IASS-MSU international symposium 251-252
James Law’s High Tech ‘Cybertecture Egg’ for Mumbai https://inhabitat.com/james-law-high-tech-cybertechture-eggfor-mumbai/
[5] Jiang Y 2019 Globalization National Identity and the Transformation and Renovation of Museums in France and Mainland China KnE Social Sciences 14-25 [6] Article
85985
2020
denver
botanic
gardens
science pyramid [online] Available at: <https://www. buildingenclosureonline.com/> [Accessed July 2020] [7] Biondi E 2006 When The Architecture Comes From a Water Drop The Blob Structures Politecnico Di Torino 10-15 [8] Callens S J and Zadpoor A A 2018 From flat sheets to curved geometries: Origami and kirigami approaches Materials Today 21 241-264
A45
[9] Taffur S 2010 propuestas in_consultas Retrieved
[16] Rey J R 2013 The disappearance of the structural
from Entrevista W James (Jimy) Alcock Premio Nacional
analysis barrier the Sydney Opera House from a
de Arquitectura 1993 Venezuela Arquitecto venezolano
contemporary perspective Structures and Architecture
Karina Lyn Entre Rayas
Concepts Applications and Challenges Taylor and Francis Group
[10] Plunkett J W, Mueller C T 2015 Thin Concrete Shells at MIT Kresge Auditorium and the 1954, Conference
[17] D‟Apuzzo A. M. (2011). “Interview with Zaha Hadid.
In Proceedings of the 5th International Congress on
Naslovna”. Association of Novi Sad Architects. Accessed
Construction History.Chicago.
March 3rd,2012.
[11] Kaimakliotis D and Lau B 2011 The poetics of
[18] Meades J. (2008). “Zaha Hadid: The First Great
contemplative light in the church of Notre-Damedu-Haut
Female Architect”. Intelligent Life Magazine. Accessed
designed by Le Corbusier PLEA
April 18th, 2012. http://moreintelligentlife.com/story/ zaha-hadid.
[12] Outmoune N and Arrouf A 2019 July The design process at Le Corbusier, case of the Ronchamp chapel
[19] Michaud J. (2011). “Zaha Hadid: The Lady GAGA
In Proceedings of the Design Society: International
of Architecture”. The New Yorker. Accessed June 25th,
Conference on Engineering Design Cambridge University
2012.
Press 1 1275-1282 [13] Kiser C 2004 Arcspace Corporation Retrieved May 29, 2012, from Arcspace web site http://www.arcspace.com/architects/calatrava [14] Sprague T 2012 Hyperbolic Paraboloid and Northwest Modernism arch [be]log [15] Mościcka A, Pokonieczny K, Wilbik A, Jakub W J 2019 Transport accessibility of warsaw: A case study Sustainability 11 5536
B1
Construction in architecture
B2
Public Space This project tackles the revitalisation of public space, specically Dulovo Square in Bratislava. It brings a solution to its biggest problem which is the lack of parking spaces, as a result of which cars take up public space. The solution to this problem is an underground garage under the square, which offers 100 parking spaces, therefore public space can serve its purpose. The design of the square works with its own greenery, which is incorporated into the new design.
B3
B4
B5
B6
B7
B8
Amphitheater
The project is focused on the renovation of the dilapidated amphitheater in Michalovce city. In addition to restoring the area of amphitheater and its old seating area, it is focused directly in the construction of a new covering lightweight structure. On the one hand, it will create comfort for visitors in the form of shadows, but mainly with its unusual and innovative appearance and lightweight construction it attracts a lot of attention and thus revives a long-neglected and dead space.
B9
B10
B11
B12
Underground parking lot The project addresses the relocation of the old, neglected and destroyed car park in the city center of Michalovce to the underground and places a pedestrian zone in its place. The pedestrian zone conveniently connects the central square of the city together with the student park and overall increases the quality of public space. Daylight penetrates the underground parking lot through large circular skylights, which with their shape and quantity refer to the large number of holes and potholes full of rainwater that are currently in place.
B13
B14
B15
B16
Minimal pavilion Minimal surfaces are defined as surfaces
A shell structure was created from the selected
with zero mean curvature. Minimal surfaces may also
surface element. By using the property of symmetry,
be characterized as surfaces of minimal surface area
duplication and rotation, it is possible to create a solid
for given boundary conditions. Triply periodic minimal
structure.
surfaces have the symmetries of a crystallographic group, they repeat themselves in three dimensions.
The pavilion is composed of repeating wooden elements. Its organic shape ts into the environment of the
The project focuses on recognizing the properties of a specific minimal surface, gyroid. It offers many possibilities for form finding.
park, it does not cause disruption. It offers various uses and a unique space experience.
B17
B18
B19
B20
Stadium
Design of roof structure
Plan of 5th floor
Section
B21 Plan of roof
Views
5100
4500
5100
4500
5100
300
300
300
cirkulácia vzduchu 300
informačné tabule
850 3250
850
8503250
3250 3250
7350 hydrant s núdzovými odvodňovacími kanálmi priamo z rieky vedený konštrukciou každých 50m
rezopohľad 1:100
B22
300
300
stropný osvetľovací pás bočné osvetlenie
Viliam Jankovicˇ
300
DB 5
300
GB JB 007
4500
náhon rez segmentom 1:100 prispôsobenie prispôsobenie koryta odstránením prispôsobenie koryta odstránením objemu koryta objemu odstránením objemu pôvodné koryto rieky, prispôsobené pre štvorprúdovú odvodňovací kanál pre vklad segmentov pre vklad komorového segmentov pre vkladkomorového nosníka segmentov nosníka komorového nosníka cestnú komunikáciu s potrubím
3250500 7350
3250 5003250
500 3250
500
500
500
15200
15200
15200
3250 3250 7350
3250 850
7350
3250850
850
7350
kanalizačné potrubie Ø 700mm
odvodnenie vozovky pomocou štrbinových žľabov
vozovka s dvomi pruhmi s rozmermi 3,25m a núdzovým chodníkom s rozmerom 0,85m
7350
rez segmentom rez segmentom 1:100 rez 1:100 segmentom 1:100 20000 500
9750 300
2000
7800
9750
500
7800
2000
dobetónovanie múru [šírka 400mm] vytvorenie 15m koryta pre nový mlynský
5100
Returning the river to the city stropný osvetľovací pás
cirkulácia vzduchu
4500
rez segmentom 1:100 náhon nové koryto,nové ktorékoryto, je hlbšie ktoré nové o niekoľko je koryto, hlbšiektoré metrov o niekoľko je zhlbšie dôvodu metrov o niekoľko z dôvodu metrov z dôvodu prispôsobenie koryta odstránením objemu požitia tunela požitia vytvoreného tunela požitia vytvoreného zo segmentov tunela zo vytvoreného komorového segmentovzokomorového segmentov komorového300 pre vklad segmentov komorového nosníka nosníka s výškou nosníka 4,5m s výškou nosníka 4,5ms výškou 4,5m
pôvodné koryto rieky, prispôsobené pre štvorprúdovú odvodňovací kanál cestnú komunikáciu s potrubím
300
300
informačné tabule
bočné osvetlenie
3250
850
3250
500
7350
3250
850
3250 7350
500 15200
hydrant s núdzovými odvodňovacími kanálmi priamo z rieky vedený konštrukciou každých 50m
kanalizačné potrubie Ø 700mm
odvodnenie vozovky pomocou štrbinových žľabov
vozovka s dvomi pruhmi s rozmermi 3,25m a núdzovým chodníkom s rozmerom 0,85m
rez segmentom 1:100 20000 500
9750 300
2000
rez segmentom 1:100 prispôsobenie koryta odstránením objemu pre vklad segmentov komorového nosníka
9750
500
7800
postupné vkladanie postupné a vkladanie spájanie postupné segmentov a spájanie vkladanie segmentov a spájanie segmentov
4500
5100
vklad segmentu vklad segmentu vklad segmentu nové koryto, ktoré je hlbšie o niekoľko metrov z dôvodu požitia tunela vytvoreného zo segmentov komorového 300 nosníka s výškou 4,5m
Adjusting the riverbed by removing the volume for insertion of the box girder beam
New riverbed 4,5m - box girder beam
2000
tunel vyskladaný tunel zo vyskladaný segmentov tunelzovyskladaný segmentovzo segmentov
300
Adjusting the segment
Gradual insertion and merging of segments
Tunnel made up of segments
300
pôvodné koryto rieky, prispôsobené pre štvorprúdovú cestnú komunikáciu
Original riverbed adapted for four-lane road communication
7800
3250
850
3250
500
7350
3250
3000
850
3250 7350
500 15200
rez segmentom 1:100 20000 500
9750 300
2000
7800
9750
500
7800
2000
B
B
B 3000
vklad segmentu
postupné vkladanie a spájanie segmentov
3000
3000
tunel vyskladaný zo segmentov
3000
850
3250 7350
3050 1200 900
900
3500
200
3250
15200
900 1200 900 2100 900 1200
2100 900
210
3500
500 500
200
3250 7350
3500
3250
200
300
850
3050
300
3050
5100
nové koryto, ktoré je hlbšie o niekoľko metrov z dôvodu požitia tunela vytvoreného zo segmentov komorového 300 nosníka s výškou 4,5m 4500
prispôsobenie koryta odstránením objemu pre vklad segmentov komorového nosníka
200 4500
200
200
B
4500
rez segmentom 1:100
postupné vkladanie a spájanie segmentov
3000
tunel vyskladaný zo segmentov
3000
vklad segmentu
4500
3000
rez B 200
200
2600
2600
3000
1200
2100
900
3500
900
2600
200
200
3050
nové koryto, ktoré je hlbšie o niekoľko metrov z dôvodu požitia tunela vytvoreného zo segmentov komorového nosníka s výškou 4,5m
200
rezy autobusovou rezy autobusovou zastávkou rezy1:100 autobusovou zastávkou 1:100 zastávkou 1:100
B
postupné vkladanie a spájanie segmentov
4500
3000
3000
tunel vyskladaný zo segmentov
4500
3050
200 2050
4500
rez A rez A rez A
2100 20
200
2100
3700
3700
3700 2250
2250
2250
2250 2250 200 00
14300
14300
14300
200
2250 2250 200 00
200
2250 30502250
3500
A 20000 12000
2050
2100
00
00
00
3000
3000
3000
4700
rez A
200
3000
4700
4700
4500 200
3500 200
rezy autobusovou zastávkou 1:100
200
2100
200
900
00
1200
2100
2600
200
900
2100
1250
1250 3000 200
200
3050
rez B
1250
200
4500
3000
4500 200
B
A
20000 12000
2050
20000 12000
200
20000 12000
3500
2050
3500
A
3050
3500 3500
200
rezy autobusovou zastávkou 1:100
2100
900
A
3050
1200
2600
200
200
3050
rez B
900
4500
vklad segmentu
2100
2100 20
Viliam Jankovicˇ rezopohľad 1:100
dobetónovanie múru [šírka 400mm] vytvorenie 15m koryta pre nový mlynský náhon odvodňovací kanál s potrubím
B23
cad-block.com
stropný osvetľovací pás
cad-block .com
cirkulácia vzduchu
cad-block .com
informačné tabule
bočné osvetlenie
hydrant s núdzovými odvodňovacími kanálmi priamo z rieky vedený konštrukciou každých 50m
GB JB 007
DB 5
rez segmentom 1:100
Viliam Jankovicˇ
Sections
kanalizačné potrubie Ø 700mm
odvodnenie vozovky pomocou štrbinových žľabov
vozovka s dvomi pruhmi s rozmermi 3,25m a núdzovým chodníkom s rozmerom 0,85m
pôvodné koryto rieky, prispôsobené pre štvorprúdovú cestnú komunikáciu rezopohľad 1:100
dobetónovanie múru [šírka 400mm] vytvorenie 15m koryta pre nový mlynský náhon
cad-block.com
20000 9750
cad-block .com
2000
300
odvodňovací kanál s potrubím
cad-block .com
stropný osvetľovací pás
cirkulácia vzduchu
500 7800
9750
500
7800
2000
informačné tabule
DB 5
300
300
kanalizačné potrubie Ø 700mm
odvodnenie vozovky pomocou štrbinových žľabov
vozovka s dvomi pruhmi s rozmermi 3,25m a núdzovým chodníkom s rozmerom 0,85m
300
GB JB 007
5100
prispôsobenie koryta odstránením objemu pre vklad segmentov komorového nosníka hydrant s núdzovými odvodňovacími kanálmi priamo z rieky vedený konštrukciou každých 50m
4500
bočné osvetlenie
850
3250
3250 7350
500
3250
3250
500
850
7350
15200
am Jankovicˇ rezopohľad 1:100
rez segmentom 1:100
rez segmentom 1:100 pôvodné koryto rieky, prispôsobené pre štvorprúdovú cestnú komunikáciu
nové koryto, ktoré je hlbšie o niekoľko metrov z dôvodu požitia tunela vytvoreného zo segmentov komorového nosníka s výškou 4,5m
dobetónovanie múru [šírka 400mm] vytvorenie 15m koryta pre nový mlynský náhon odvodňovací kanál s potrubím
20000 9750 informačné tabule
hydrant s núdzovými odvodňovacími kanálmi priamo z rieky vedený konštrukciou každých 50m
kanalizačné odvodnenie vozovky potrubie Ø 700mm pomocou štrbinových prispôsobenie koryta odstránením žľabov
vozovka s dvomi pruhmi s rozmermi 3,25m a núdzovým chodníkom s rozmerom 0,85m
2000
300
cirkulácia vzduchu
500
3000
9750
500
7800
7800
2000
300
300
300
5100
objemu pre vklad segmentov komorového nosníka
4500
stropný osvetľovací pás bočné osvetlenie
850
3250
3250
500
3250
vklad segmentu
500
7350
rez segmentom 1:100
postupné vkladanie a spájanie segmentov
850
3250
tunel vyskladaný zo segmentov
7350
15200
né koryto rieky, prispôsobené pre štvorprúdovú komunikáciu
nové koryto, ktoré je hlbšie o niekoľko metrov z dôvodu požitia tunela vytvoreného zo segmentov komorového nosníka s výškou 4,5m
20000 9750 300
2000
500
B
9750
500
7800
7800
2000 3000
900 3250
3250 7350
500
3250 7350
15200
900
2100
postupné vkladanie a spájanie segmentov
tunel vyskladaný zo segmentov
200
vklad segmentu
3000
4500
rez segmentom 1:100
200 2600
B
3000
3000
rezy autobusovou zastávkou 1:100
200
3050
rez B
900
1200
900
2100
tunel vyskladaný zo segmentov
200
3500
postupné vkladanie a spájanie segmentov
20000 12000
3050
2050
rez A
2100
3000
3700
1250
2600
3000
200
200
B
4500 200
3500 3000
4500
A
2100
2000
3000
4700 2250 200
20000 12000
4500
200
2050
200
rezy autobusovou zastávkou 1:100
3050
3000
A
rez A
2100
3000
2800
2400
200
200 4500 200
3500
2600
2100
2250
900
2000
14300
200
200
1200
3500
900
2100
2250
3050
rez B rezy autobusovou zastávkou 1:100
1250
autobusovou zastávkou 1:100
1200
850
3250
500
3500
850
oryto, ktoré je hlbšie o niekoľko metrov z dôvodu tunela vytvoreného zo segmentov komorového a s výškou 4,5m
segmentu
rez B
3050
300
300
200
5100
4500
3000
300
sobenie koryta odstránením objemu ad segmentov komorového nosníka
rez segmentom 1:100
900
200
rezy autobusovou zastávkou 1:100
rezy autobusovou zastávkou 1:100
B24
2000
4100
2500 600
600
600
600
900
400
2500 900
400
400 400 400
2000
4100
400 400 400
Different shapes of sections:
rez segmentov pre nedostatok miesta/hranicu s pozemkom
cyklo chodník - ohraničený hranicou pozemku
rozšírenie promenády v Košickom mestskom parku
vymedzenie výškového rozdielu medzi ulicou a riekou kaskádovitým spôsobom
vymedzenie výškového rozdielu medzi ulicou a riekou kaskádovitým spôsobom
rez segmentov pre nedostatok miesta/hranicu s pozemkom
cyklo chodník - ohraničený hranicou pozemku
rozšírenie promenády v Košickom mestskom parku
vymedzenie výškového rozdielu medzi ulicou a riekou kaskádovitým spôsobom
vymedzenie výškového rozdielu medzi ulicou a riekou kaskádovitým spôsobom
avrátenie vanirP yddo ykmesta eir
Project: ejorP foSabah daeH Shawkat
B25
B26
School of Chance The proposed school of chance offers education,
it is a great burden for them to carry it, therefore the school
shelter and socialization for children with a very difficult
is designed as efficiently and appropriately as possible, to
lives and often living in unsatisfactory conditions. It is
maximize its use. In the middle of the courtyard there is
named „a chance“ because education is often the only
a shade garden, where food can be grown for the school
chance to secure a better future in a poor developing
and can also use the captured rainwater. There are two
country. School is a matter of course for many people, but
areas (playgrounds) around the garden for activities under
for lower-class, education is the only tool for improving
the roof, so the children are in the shade and under the
literacy in their countries. Educated children have a higher
supervision of the teachers.
self-confidence and better opportunities, they are more informed about hygiene needs and know how to protect themselves from abuse or mistreatment.
The whole school is designed to be built easy and quickly, as both the roof with beams and the foundations are all the same. It is also able to adapt to
The proposed facility provides, in addition to
any terrain and has possibility of expansion later on. It
quality education, also the possibility of education in
uses already known construction procedures, cheap and
a wider range, thanks to multifunctional rooms, which
available materials and is really easy to build thanks to the
will be adapted to the program according to the current
repetition of building elements and saves material. The
needs of the school. There can also be craft classes, or
raised roof provides airflow and protection against shade
adult education, and spreading awareness about health,
and dust inside the building.
motherhood, HIV / AIDS prevention, etc. It also has hygienic parts that teach children the right hygiene and
The key to the more educated world is learning
habits and it also provides sleeping areas for teachers, or
from each other, and every single school is a step and a
children in need.
chance for a better education and better society. So, it should be a matter of course that the school building has
Likewise, the school is designed to capture water and make the most of its use, using the maximum of utilized area of the roof. The school is programmatically designed to be at the shortest possible distance from the well, so that children do not have to carry water for long distances, because children who are often sick also attend school and
to be as efficiently used and as easy and cheap to build as possible anywhere around the world.
B27
Dillu site plan
Exploded axonometry
Hiddi site plan
Floor plan
Benefits
Sections
Elevations
B28
B29
B31
ECOCAPSULE, SELF-SUSTAINABLE MICROHOME Supervisor : Assoc. prof. Sabah Shawkat I Doctoral work: Mgr.art. Matej Pospíšíl
B32
Primary goal of the Ecocapsule is to colonise
water from any natural source into clean water. Hollow
uninhabited and remote areas of our planet, our intention
walls filled with highly efficient thermal insulation protect
was to design a product which is eye-catching and
inhabitants from harsh environment and help achieve a
different from container style housing, yet universal
performance almost on the level of a passive house. Off-
enough in terms of usability. We finally came up with the
grid functioning in different climate conditions from -5°C
egg-shape – a very common and positive shape in all
to + 40°C is provided. The greatest challenge was to fit
cultural backgrounds.
and combine all the systems - HVAC, water, electricity, energy - within the limited space. Ecocapsule allows
The spheroid shape of Ecocapsule is designed
people to stay completely off-grid, yet with a comfort
to maximize the collection of rainwater and dew, and
of a hotel room. This way it makes it very easy for its
the design of the outer shell minimizes energy loss, too.
users to get in close touch with the nature and enables
But the egg-shape also brings challenges. For example,
them to feel and act like insiders rather than observers
we cannot use prefab construction, furniture, or other
from outside. This leads to greater connection and
equipment, so most of the interior is tailor made and
respect towards the natural environment. Ecocapsule is
customisable for clients. We wanted to design a home for
designed as a smart home - via a smart home app users
2 persons and their needs in different climate conditions.
get real time overview of how much energy and water
But we also wanted to keep Ecocapsule extremely
is being spent for e.g., taking a shower, cooking pasta
mobile. With the current dimensions, Ecocapsule
or charging phone. This raises their consciousness of
provides comfort of a hotel room for 2, yet it can be put
resources usage and helps them think about how they
on our custom-designed trailer by 2 person and towed by
can downsize their consumption. At the same time, users
a car anywhere on road. It can fit into a standard shipping
can see how much resources is flowing in from the nature
container and therefore can easily be shipped globally
and how much is stored in batteries and water tanks. This
with the lowest shipping fees possible. Alternatively, it
encourages them to reflect upon limitedness and costs of
can be transported on a train, plane, or using helicopter.
resources. Ecocapsule is designed to offer just enough
We also designed a special pontoon so Ecocapsule can
space for basic human needs. It inspires people to think
work as a houseboat.
about what they really need and so discourages them from surrounding themselves with items and creating
Ecocapsule is powered by a dual system of energy production, which - in connection with highcapacity batteries - ensures energetic self-sufficiency
unnecessary waste.
Introduction
even in the case of a temporary lack of sources. Ecocapsule also has an electric plug, enabling to
The architectural typology called the capsule has been
charge the batteries from an external electric source if
used in contemporary architecture since 1960s, beginning
needed. The water filters ensure the transformation of
mainly with most notable now-legendary projects of
B33
Archigram and of the Japanese Metabolists. The term
for rapid response teams, e.g., in the case of damaged
“capsule” was first used for independent, mobile, and
infrastructure or it can also be used as a small power
technologically equipped living an monofunctional units
plant and water filtration unit.
especially by English contemporaries Archigram and Cedric Price, and members of the Japanese group of Metabolists. Warren Chalk from Archigram began using the term capsule in 1964, for prefabricated massproduced living units called Capsule Homes (Senk,
Design Exterior
2018). The main part of the Ecocapsule is made of fiberglass components. The production takes place by The original intention in creating the Ecocapsule project
manual lamination where in the process of assembly,
was to design housing for the artist on a plot of land
metal structures are inserted, enabling the transmission
without city networks, as an elaboration of an assignment
of forces. The resin used in lamination is characterized
to the Andes Sprout Society 2009 competition. Even
by a low styrene content. The design of the composite
though it did not win the award, its novel design
elements was investigated by the finite element method
resonated in design and architectural community, and
to achieve the ideal ratio, the equilibrium state of its
after many positive reactions and inquiries from potential
own weight and the load capacity of each part (Kolar,
customers, we decided to bring it to life, originally from
Nemec, and Kanicky, 2001). After inserting the closed
the studio Nice Architects. Longer-term stays away from
steel structures and closing the shells, these spaces are
engineering networks have always been marked by a
filled with effective insulation to induce sufficient user
lack of resources and the constant need to replenish
comfort. The structures in the assembly process are then
supplies. This means high fuel consumption, time,
conductively and mechanically connected to guarantee
accessory requirements and in particular, a negative
static, dynamic and electrical safety. The exterior is
impact on the environment.
dominated by a rich two-part glazing after the basic form, while the first, dark-colored shaped part has the task of
The project was initially developed as a
protecting the interior from unwanted temperature gains
residence for people who need to stay in challenging
during the day. The external dimensions are similar
areas for a long period of time. Scientists, photographers,
to those from the automotive industry. Ecocapsule
foresters, or extreme tourists. However, unit easy
measures 4700mm in length, 2200mm in width and
mobility, the possibility of transferring it by a container
2500mm in height.
and especially its long-term energy independence has opened new ways of using this housing unit. Ecocapsule can be sent quickly and used as an accommodation
B34
Floorplan Ecocapsule
Interior The interior part is mainly made of lightened plywood with a low formaldehyde content, which is sensitively built into a double curved surface shown on adjustment picture. The interior layout guarantees comfortable living for two users. There is a bathroom with a shower and a separate toilet. The living area is equipped with several storage compartments, in the back there is a kitchen with hob, sink and refrigerator, while the second, front part is primarily intended as a relaxation area with a folding bed and table. For optimal airflow protection, in addition to the use of a powerful air handling unit, it is possible to use opening windows and thus ventilate directly. The usable area is at the level of 6.3 m2 and the height of the ceiling is at the level of 2000 mm on average. Due to the manual production of composites, each manufactured piece of capsule differs in terms of geometric deviations, and it is necessary to adapt each manufactured piece of furniture to the surface.
Interior
Systems The overall self-sufficiency of the capsule is ensured by ingenious solutions in the field of installed systems. The system area is one of the complex and most costly solutions in the entire project. Smart solution
B35
includes an application based on PWA technology, which does not depend on the type of operating system and
Electrical system
can be installed on any device. An undeniable advantage is the operation without internet access. The applications are used not only to inform the status of the device, but also to comfortably control it. The user is able to change the air conditioning settings, check the battery charge status, fluid levels in the tanks as well as check the correct settlement on the surface along with the prediction and control of current energy gains. The coordination scheme of all system elements is shown in the Figure below.for two users. There is a bathroom with a shower and a separate toilet. The living area is equipped with several storage compartments, in the back there is a kitchen with hob, sink and refrig 3.1
Electrical system
Ecocapsule is powered by a dual- energy production system that, in conjunction with high-capacity batteries (9.7kWh - 12.78kWh), is capable of ensuring energy self-sufficiency even in the event of a temporary shortage of resources. Ecocapsule® also has the option of plugging into a conventional electrical outlet, so there is no problem recharging batteries from an external power source when needed. The roof consists of 4 panels with photovoltaic cells capable of producing 880 W of power that is used to recharge the batteries. A wind turbine that is mounted on a telescopic mast produces 750 W of power and is controlled from the technical space of Ecocapsule which can connect to a conventional electrical outlet through a Mennekes® outlet.
Water system The water is obtained in two ways. The first one involves the collection of rainwater and the second one involves pumping water from any natural source (stream, lake, campsite water, etc.). The water is then cleaned using a chain of efficient mechanical filters. The filtration system is thus able to filter out up to 99.98% of bacteria thanks to built-in ultraviolet lamps. Wastewater from the objects in Ecocapsule is drained into 3 waste tanks. One tank is for the toilet waste and two tanks for grey water, where the waste from the sinks, kitchen, and shower is stored. The toilet waste is divided into a liquid and a solid Coordination scheme of systems
part. Overall volume of water system tanks is 220 litres. Level sensors also helps to indicate the fullness of each tank.
B36
Ventilation system The air-conditioning and recuperation unit are used for the supply air into and out of Ecocapsule. The unit with recuperator is intended for ventilation and temperature adjustment. The supplied air must not be spoiled by chemicals, fuels, smoke, and other pollutants. The unit is wall-mounted and consists of a ventilation
wheels, it would become just another type of caravan, and that is not exactly what Ecocapsule is. Currently it mostly offers ideal solution for people who have land without city networks and want to use for mid-term habitation, that mean for weekends, holidays etc. With a special designed trailer, it can be a cottage-like unit which you can move elsewhere whenever you feel like with standard SUV or off-road vehicle.
section and a compressor circuit. The ventilation part is mounted in a closed box containing fans, heat exchangers (condenser/evaporator) connected to the cooling circuit, actuators, recuperation exchanger, and filters. The compressor circuit is based on a compressor connected to the piping and cooling circuit elements by heat exchangers. HVAC unit efficiency of the air exchange level is 130 m³ per hour.
Transportation In the case of the Ecocapsule project, great emphasis was placed on easy transportability and efficiency. The overall dimensions are adapted to be placed in a standardized shipping container, which, in addition to global transport interoperability, also has an impact on the lower cost of transport than in the case of unique packaging. Other modes of transport shown on adjustment figure include the possibility of loading with any transport lifting device and placing the capsule on the cargo space of the vehicle, while on the roof structure there are lifting eyes, capable of transport also by helicopter. A separate chapter is transport on a separate trailer, where there is the possibility of separate loading and folding of the capsule on site. If Ecocapsule has
Transport possibilities For these purposes, a special covering was created to not only protect the surface while driving but also the aesthetically enhance the egg-shape during a stationary stand-by mode when the capsule is not in use, Fig. 6. The design of the cover respects the architectural approach to membrane structures in the case of synclastic forms shape. Synclastic form is where the main curvatures of the surface have a positive character (Shawkat, 2019). Preparing a cover use of geodesic curves in creating pattern with a focus on
B37
material savings. Patterning is process similar to fashion industry, which we can explain on a orange peel. If we
Conclusion
peel the orange skin to many pieces, we will notice that each of these pieces will be flat lying on the surface (Sabmeethavorn, 2013). Softshell® with a weight of 295 g / m², which consists of PES fibres coated with thermoplastic polyurethane, appears to be a suitable material for covering the outer casing of the Ecocapsule, which is at the area of 24 m², in ten pieces respecting the width of the bale of fabric.
In the context of the post-corona world, we see new applications that are opening in front of us. Ecocapsule has a great potential not only in the travel business where it can be used as a virus-free accommodation but also in the medical segment where it can serve as a portable medical checkpoint, testing spot, or as an isolation unit. Of course, further optimization of the product is required. As a co-author and technical director of the project, I currently participate in the identification and application of possible structural optimization and innovative system solution. This includes greater use of recyclable materials, higher efficiency in terms of production technology and time, and the use of the largest possible ratio of local subcontractors possible
Reference list Kolar, V., Nemec, I., Kanicky, V. (2001). FEM principy a Ecocapsule covering
praxe metody konecnych prvku, Computer Press, Brno, 401 pp. Sabmeethavorn
A.
(2013).
Studio
Detailing
and
Patterning, IMS Dessau, Germany Senk, P. (2018). Capsules: typology of other architecture, Routledge, London, 207 pp. Shawkat, S. (2019). Behavior of Steel Structures. Tribun EU, Brno, 312 pp.
Patterning
C1
Family Houses
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
C11
C12
C13
C14
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C16
C17
C18
C19
C20
C21
C22
C23
C24
C25
D1
Festival Project
D2
This design attempts to follow some of the usual
The parking section, consisting of a car parking
spatial organisations of a festival and its features to keep
lot (2080 cars), campers village (60 camping vehicles)
a sense of a camping adventure, while rethinking some
and a bus parking lot (30 buses). While the camping
of the basic elements of a traditional summer festival’s
area attempts to remain the camping character, there is
design. The festival site defined by existing roads and
a section reserved for anyone with special needs, which
rivers was picked to maximise its connection to highways
is located near all the important services such as the
and users’ comfort as well as safety. While keeping in
washrooms and a special section of the parking lot. For
mind the importance of including sustainable solutions,
anyone requiring a more comfortable stay, timber pod
it is designed to cater to a wide variety of users. With a
village is just that. It is designed to stir up communication
capacity to accommodate 10000 visitors and providing a
amongst their occupants. Highlights of the main festival
separate undisturbed service road for artists, this design
zone are three stages designed to hold performances and
is divided into four zones: (1) parking, (2) camping,
membrane structures to ensure shade and a comfortable
(3) festival, (4) VIP/Artist zone.,
chill out spots with food stalls. Finally, the artist zone is located right by the backstage of the main stage.
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8
D9
D10
D11
D12
Festival site is located on the outskirt of Bratislava surrounded by Volkswagen industrial park, Devínska Nová Ves and Záhorská Bystrica, which provides very good connections from all sides. The locality is easy to approach by traffic, public, or train transort. There is an international highway exit so cars can easily reach festival location without any traffic jams. Also few public transport stops are nearby, so visitors can use buses from Bratislava. Festival is connected on the original cycling road and providing 352 parking lots for bikes so they are very welcome as well. Its area is approximately 34,4 ha and it’s designed to be used all year round and accomodate 10 000 people. Area of festival is divided into three smaller sectors: parking, camping and main festival area.
D13
D14
D15
D16
D17
D18
D19
D20
D21
D22
Festival site is located on the outskirts of Bratislava, nearby Volkswagen park and Devínska Nová Ves,which provides very good connection from various transport nodes. Its’ total area of approximately 44,876 ha, is devided into following sectors : motorbike parking (1%), disabled parking (1%), bike stands (1,5 %), trucks parking (1,5%), caravan parking (2,7%), timber pods camp (9,5%), car parking (12%). The rest of the area (68%) consists from service zone, fan zone, food zone and green area. The site has potential to be used throughout the year for various occasions, such as festivals, exibitions, trade shows or training courses. Maximal capacity of the festival is 10 000 people (48,9 m² per person). The areal provides various types of accomodation, form plenty of free space for visitors staying in tents, caravans to rentable small wooden cabins, thus meets expectations of all visitors. There are sanitary facilities, drinking fountains and hydrants alocated in the centre od individual cabin sector as well. The main festival sector if designed as park with 3 main stages, smaller 12 pavilions besides different services like refreshment stands, ATM, first aid, information points and playgrounds and artificial lake. Both, main stage membrane structure and tensegrity pavilion structure were designed parametrically.
D23
D24
D25
D26
D27
D28
Festival site is located on the outskirts of Bratislava, near the Wolkswagen Slovakia park. Its area is approximately 30 ha and its formed by three zones: parking (45%), camping (28%), and festival (27%). Overal capacity of the festival is 10 000 people (1 person - 30m2). The parking is divided into 5 zones - cars (2400), buses (40), caravans (100), bikes (160), and VIP (180). The camping zone consists of tent and challet villages, a pont with beaches, pavilion, restaurant and stalls. In the festival are there are 3 main stages, food courts, pavilions on workshops and art atractions.
D29
D30
D31
D32
D33
D34
Festival grounds are located near shopping, Bory mall, between Bratislava and Záhorská Bystrica witch provides very good connection from all sides. Total size is 28ha devided into three sectors, parking in front of the entrance, camping included- normal camp, family camp, VIP camp, staff camp, caravan camp, bathrooms and entrance. The third part is the main part of the festival. The side is designed so it can be used all year round and accomodate more than 10 000 people for any kind of occasion. Centre of the festival is a park that serves as a part for eating and relaxing. From the center I lead the way to all parts of the festival for easy orientation. Roads lead to all the stages, between which there are free areas for various uses. These are open meadows where, for example, artists can install their works. The stages are, two larger ones and one smaller. They are Tensile structure and Spaceframe Structure stage.
D35
D36
D37
D38
D39
D40
D41
D42
Planned location of the festival site is situated
Main sector - festival sector, is designed as
on the outskirts of Bratislava, on field between Zahorska
park with intersecting main streets that allow easy flow of
Bystrica, Devinska Nova Ves a Lamac. This site is
people. In the middle, there is a small lake which creates
easily accessible due to its location near highway D2,
a core of the festival area. Main points of festival are
which leads straight to Bratislava. Area of the festival is
represented by three main stages designed as tensile
approximately 34ha and is divided into several areas:
fabric structures, lightweight and easy to maintain. On
parking, camping and main festival area. Festival is
the main streets there are also food courts, markets, and
designed to accomodate 10 000 people, and is designed
relax zones that are also roofed by tensile structures, but
to be used yearlong.
of different form.
Festival areas are further divided into sectors.
Different sport areas are also part of the festival
All sectors are arranged in orthogonal system, which
area, as well as service and backstage sector with parking
allows good connection between them, and also easy
lot for cars and buses, and first aid stations for emergency
orientation in space of the area. Parking sector includes
situations. Important part of the festival is greenery, which
parking lot for cars (1040), buses (15), and also bicycles
comprises approximately 58% of the area.
(300). Basic camping sector includes camping in tents (1800), timber festival pods (144), VIP camping with 108 timber festival pods and VIP parking lot for cars. Part of the basic camp is also caravan camping (104).
D43
D44
D45
D46
D47
D48
D49
D50
The site is located just outside of Bratislava on
It has three entrances. First one is main entrance
a land which is currently mostly used for farming. There
with registration, second one is basic entrance for visitors
is an international highway exit, town roads connecting
and the other one is for VIP guests and performers. Out of
Devinska Nova Ves, Bratislava and Zahorska Bystrica,
the festival season there is this VIP part which is avaliable
trainstation and cycling ways.
for 100 people to ac-commodate. It has parking, social equipment and membrane structure (chill out zone).
The festival with 10 000 people, is designed for all year use. The 31ha area is divided into a four main zones: parking, camp-ing, cottage village and the festival area itself-stages, chillout zones, stands, food court zones, etc. Parking zones are sepa-rated for cars (1056), bus (25), caravans (100) and bicycle station (384). Accomodation zones consits of timber pods (336) for 2 person or family with only one child. There is 1 main stage and 2 other stages for outdoor performance and (10) membrane structure for discussions, art exhibitions or chill out.
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D56
Festival site is situated on the ouskirt of Bratislava
The area provides a many types of accomodation,
city, located nerby Devínska Nová Ves and Volkswagen
from tent village to VIP zone, also is rich for sport and
park, which provides good region and connection for
leisure time activities. There are sanitary facilities such
this type of festival. The festival with 8000 people is
as drinking water tanks, showers and restrooms. Festival
designed for all year use. Area of festival is divided into
includes high health standards, covid testing areas, mobile
two open space parts, with main stage in each area,
car testing area and big open space for distance keeping.
which ensures two concerts at the same time. It´s total area of approximately 46ha, is divided into sectors. Sector
Two main festival sectors provide many dierent
parking, car parking( 31,25%),bike stands (2,5%),bus
services like refreshment stands, market areas, chill out
parking(0,31%), caravan parking (6%) and accomodation
zones under covered construction, rst aid acessibility,
sector with can accommodate 80% visitors. Camping
information points, various playgrounds, workshop areas,
area(80%), caravans 6(%), and pods camp(14%),
seating areas and also small pond. People can relax
includes VIP zone.
under many membrane structures, which provide shelter against sun and rain.
The site has a big potential for whole year using for various events, such as many dierent festivals, exhibitions, trade events shows, training courses and also spot events. Capacity of the festival is 8000 visitors (45,5m2 per one person).
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D62
D63
Daniel Knizner
D64
MAP - SEKTORS
SITUATION
The main topic is the solution of the Pilgrimage to
surrounded by a wreath of chapels of the Stations of the
Mariánská hora in Levoča. n. m. This pilgrimage site is one
Cross, in front of the basilica is a column with a statue of
of the oldest pilgrimage sites in Slovakia and the largest
St. Ján Nepomucký, the chapel of the Virgin Mary with
number of visitors. During the main pilgrimage, always the
a spring and a column with a statue of the Virgin Mary.
first weekend of July, more than half a million pilgrims take
A steeper pedestrian path leads to the pilgrimage site,
turns here. However, it is open all year round.
surrounded by the alley of St. John Paul II It is about 2 km long from the city center and from the back of the area
Therefore, we focused not only on pilgrims,
there is a road for cars which, however, is very narrow and
the main pilgrimage, but also on people who could
winding about 6.5 km long from the city center due to the
come here and use it throughout the year, whether for
terrain.
some weekends, spiritual renewals, but also for people who want to calm down for a while to leave the city. and
We solved the problem with parking by separating
survive time in nature. The total area of the solved area is
it from the main area of the pilgrimage and placing it in a
25 ha.Currently, there is the already mentioned basilica,
lower place on a gentle hill on the outskirts of the city with
north of it is the Greek Catholic chapel of the Virgin Mary
good accessibility.
MAP - SEKTORS
SITUATION
D65
MINE PILGRIMAGE AREA
PARKING AREA
D66
Main area The main area of the pilgrimage is divided into 5
ticket is combined into shamrocks. In the following way
main parts. Gathering meadow, tent town, cottage town,
of composing, they create the impression of a cathedral
parking and rest areas. In the forest between the roads
space open to the space of nature.
there is a cottage town with a total of 621 cottages divided into several sectors according to the type of use. In the area there is also a tent town divided into two sectors with a capacity of 2724 beds. The whole area is separated from other areas by a strip of trees. Southwest of the main entrance of the basilica I placed two stages. There is also another side stage in the middle of the complex. Behind it is a space designated for various shops with snacks, devotionals or monuments. There are various recreation zones throughout the complex. Inside the cell there is a bathroom with built-in shower, toilet and sink. There are also two built-in closets and a large living area. In terms of layout, I designed 4 types of cottages, namely apartments (24), family cottages (43), triple (32) and four-bed cottages (87).
Stage The main assembly ends with a pair of stages. One located a little higher is intended for the space of the outer altar and the other as a space for choir, concerts or performances. This is actually a type of gridshel construction. It is based on the shape of a shell where the front space slowly shrinks and turns into a smaller rear entrance. The roofing consists of longitudinal transverse glued ribs measuring 200 x 50 mm and these are connected by means of individual notches. The surface of the roof is formed by polycarbonate parts in the shape of an irregular rectangle. Before the internship, I designed wooden stairs to reduce the terrain, which are a combination of a functional staircase and a residential staircase. I also created 2 pairs of models of this roofing. One at a scale of 1:50 of millimeter cardboard and one
Rest area This is a proposed pergola designed for rest and pleasant shading of the space. It consists of three identical leaves at the bottom anchored to one concrete cylindrical block by means of screws. It consists of thirteen differently bent glued prisms in the lower part joined into one metal foot and in the upper part fed into a hexagonal wooden hoop. Due to possible deformation and stability, the ribs are interconnected by metal perforated sheets. Such a
1:25 of two millimeter cardboard. I produced them by laser and subsequent folding in total lengths.
PARKING AREA
BUS PARKING
BARRIER-FREE PARKING
CAR PARKING
BICYCLE PARKING
D67
D68
Daniel Knizner
DOME COTTAGE
AXONOMETRY SANDWICH CONSTRUCTION
DETAILS
FLOOR PLAN
VIEWS
FLOOR PLAN
SECTIONS
FLOOR PLAN
SECTIONS
D69
SECTION
AXONOMETRY CONSTRUCTION
AXONOMETRY TREFOIL
RELAX ZONE - TREFOIL- PERGOLA
FLOOR PLAN
VIEWS
VIEW TO COMPOSED CONSTRUCTION
D70
VIEW TO COMPOSED CONSTRUCTION
GRIDSHELL CONSTRUCTION STAGE
LASERED MODEL 1:50
DETAIL
GRIDSHELL CONSTRUCTION
SECTION OF STAGE
VIEW OF THE MAIN STAGE
FESTIVAL
D71 Detaily rezov 1 - Parking A karavany parkovanie
AA,
chillout - zóna
2 - Accommodation 3 - Festival 4 - Parking B
2 1
M . 1 : 300
3
stage 1
,
BB
4
bunky
Bus parking Bicycle parking Car parking
S 1 : 7 500
Caravan parking Testing point
Capacity
16 000
Bicycles
480
VIP pod accommodation Pod accommodation
72
Tent accommodation
320
Cars
2 552
Pods
10 577
Tents
3 526
Basic parking Reserved parking Standard VIP 4-seater 2-seater
Chillout - zone
2 420 132 10 479 30 440 880
100%
Buses Caravans
Hygiene
Stages
25% 75%
M . 1 : 300
Food courts
LOCATION
6200
Typology
42
00
3000
6200
3000
2
4
Typology
6200
D72
42 6200
3000
14
100 400 0 0
00
3000
0
0
40
100
0
0
00 42
00
3000
100
02
200
6200
100 0
34 00
38
Typology
220
100
100 0 140 0
00
9900
00
S . 1 : 100
6000
5740
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
1100
6200
3000
5000 4000
5196
5000
550
3000
2500
5000
S . 1 : 100
2000
S . 1 : 100
S . 1 : 100
Ubytovacie bunky Pods
Pod section
Parts of the(sliding) pod 2nd part of the entrance (sliding)
upper part/roof partitions
Ubytovacie bunky Podsbunky Ubytovacie Pods
3rd part of the entrance (static)
partition's joint 1st part of the entrance (sliding)
Pod section
M4
M3
M4
M2
M3
M1
M2
M1
2nd part of the connecting part entrance +1,445 (sliding)+1,445 conrete anchor
1.01
1.01
3rd part of the entrance 0,000 (static) 0,000 side part
1.02
1.02
S . 1 : 20
M1 - concrete M2 - textile - concrete M3 M1 - steel M4M2 - wood - textile
1.01 - storage space 1.02 - sleeping space
1.01 - storage space 1.02 - sleeping space
connecting part Details
Pod
S . 1 : 20
conrete anchor
M3 - steel M4 - wood
Parts of the pod
side part
D1
Parts of the pod upper part/roof
D2
D2
partitions
D1
upper part/roof partition's joint of the 1st part partitions entrance (sliding) partition's joint
Details
nd
partofofthe the 32rd part entrance entrance (sliding) (static)
D1
D2
D2
steel joint top frame
D1
textiles bottom frame D2
connecting part
D1 - wooden plate 40mm D2 - steel connecting plate 10mm D3 - screw 5mm +1,445 D4 - wooden cover S . plate 1 : 3040mm D5 +0,200 - mounted rail 0,000 D6 - wheels ensuring movement
Pod parameters
D4
D1
west elevation
S . 1 : 50
550 D2
D6
D3
Pod parameters
D3 D1
+1,445 +0,200
5430
D5 D4
0,000
D4
S.1:3 D3
D6
S . 1 : 50west elevation
25550 00
143
0
1100
5200
1100
S . 1 : 50 S . 1 : 100 1430 1840
D2
362
5
D1
173 0
D1 - wooden plate 40mm D2 - steel connecting plate 10mm D2 D3 - screw 5mm D4 - wooden cover plate 40mm D3 D1
D4
0
steel joint
Details
D1
D5
S . 1 : 30
conrete anchor
D2
D6
D3
D3
D1
side part
110
D4
550
top frame textiles bottom frame
conrete anchor
Pod parameters S.1:3
5430
side part
3rd part of the entrance (static) part connecting
D1
D4
D1 - wooden plate 40mm D2 - steel connecting plate 10mm D3 - screw 5mm D4 - wooden cover plate 40mm D5 - mounted rail D1 D6 - wheels ensuring movement
(sliding)
Details
D5
D2
st part of the 21nd part of the entrance entrance (sliding)
D2
D6
D3
D3
D1
D1
D4
D1
173
Pod section
D73
S.1:3
250
0
1100
5200 7400
0.000
0.000
S . 1 : 150
S . 1 : 150 39170
south elevation
Typology
44370
arameters
south elevation
39170
44370
D74
+12.000
+12.000
+12.000 0
1000
26150
6200
0.000
0.000
0.000
3000
west elevation
south elevation
39170
6200
west elevation
S . 1 : 250
44370
S . 1 : 150
S . 1 : 250
Stage section
Stage parameters
+12.000
M2 Stage section
M1
M2
+12.000
0.000
M1
+12.000 39170
Stage 44370
west elevation
south e
S . 1 : 250
section M2
0.000
Lasered model M1
S . 1 : 150
M1 - wooden construction M2 - concrete
west e
0.000
+12.000
Stage section S . 1 : 150
M2
M1 - wooden construction M2 - concrete
Details D3
0.000
Details
D2
D5
M1 - wooden construction M2 - concrete
ails
D2
D2
D1 - concrete anchor D2 - wooden lamella 225mm D3 - steel joint 60mm D4 - steel plate 75mm D5 - screws 45mm D6 - steel anchor
D3
D4
S . 1 : 150
D2 M1 - wooden construction M2 - concrete
D5 D1
D6
D4 D2
D3D1 - concrete D2 anchor
Details D2
D1
D
D6 D5
Details
Details
D1 - concrete anchor D2 - wooden lamella 225mm D3 - steel joint 60mm D4 - steel plate 75mm D5 - screws 45mm D6 - steel anchor
3D
2D
D755D3 D 4D
6D
S.1:8
D1 - concrete anchor D2 - wooden lamella 225mm D3 - steel joint 60mm D4 - steel plate 75mm D5 - screws 45mm D6 - steel anchor
D2
D
4D
D
D5
D2
D2
2D
D1 - concrete anchor D2 - wooden lamella 225mm D3 - steel joint 60mm D4 - steel plate 75mm D5 - screws 45mm D6 - steel anchor D1
D2 1D
6DD6
8:1.S
8:1.S
egatS
Lasered model
Stage
S
E1
Visual Illusion
E2
OPTICAL ILLUSION AXONOMETRY AND ELEVATION
Terms such as ‘impossible objects‘ or ‘impossible pictures‘ originally described illustrations of imaginary 3D objects which cannot be constructed in real physical world. Through research of mathematical engineering, professor Sugihara developed a method for constructing physical 3D objects from impossible pictures.
Impossible objects
90
OPTICAL ILLUSION
NORMAL APPEARANCE AXONOMETRY
90
150
TOP VIEW
110
E3
DISASSEMBLY OF PARTICLES
150
51
51
EXPLODED AXONOMETRY
56
AXONOMETRY
Impossible objects 51
ASSEMBLY OF PARTICLES
E4
PARTICLES TYPES DIMENSIONS
90
110
150
150
136
136
11
7
69
125
45
85
125
66
39
78
55
56
56
56 32
51 32
51
85
34
27
27
98
Impossible objects
39
34
653
163 327 163
E5
283 283
400
566
283 283
653
163 327 163
566
283 283
400
566
283 283 566
Optical illusion with geometric shapes
653
163 327 163
E6
283 283
400
566
283 283
653
163 327 163
566
283 283
400
566
283 283 566
Optical illusion with geometric shapes
E7 diagramy
referencie
foto - model
diagramy
Penrose stairs
E8
Penrose stairs
E9
Penrose stairs
E10 A1 Penrose triangle Penrose triangle, is a triangular impossible object. This optical illusion consists of an object which can be depicted in a perspective drawing, but can not exist as a solid object. It was first created in 1934 by the Swedish artist Oscar Reutersvärd. The triangle was later popularized by psychiatrist Lionel Penrose and his son. We can also find it in the works of graphic artist M. C. Escher, whose earlier depictions of impossible objects partly inspired it. The triangle appears to be a solid object, made of three straight beams of square cross-section which meet pairwise at right angles at the vertices of the triangle they form. There are several options how to construct Penrose triangle in 3d model, I chose three of them.These optical illusions could be utilized in designing facades, pavilion or many more.
front elevation
700
800
1800
3200
1000
1000
top elevation
4200
800
side elevation
5000
700
700
1800
2800
1000
side elevation
800
4200
Penrose Opticaltriangle illusion
1000
3200
800
E11 A2
face composition
top elevation
pavilion component
side elevation
form finding
+20.000
+15.000
+-0.000
Penrose triangle
Optical illusion
A3
E12
face composition
+110.000
side elevation +70.000
facade component
+-0.000
Penrose triangle
Optical illusion
A4 E13 visualisation
visualisation
Penrose triangle
Optical illusion
E14
Penrose lookout tower
E15
Penrose lookout tower
E16
1. initial input → sketch
← final aggregate
2. generated aggregate variations
3. final aggregate → 3 module types
Penrose pavilion optical illusion
modular penrose stairs
M. Krpalová
á
E17 4. carpentry → dowel joints
5. carpentry → metal parts
module parts
connections principle
Penrose pavilion
M. Krpalová
E18
6. carpentry → module aggregation
details →
modules
connections principle
Penrose pavilion
M. Krpalová
E19
7. module suspension principle
8. 3D view → NorthEast
9. 3D view → SouthWest
final aggregate → M. Krpalová
Penrose pavilion
F1
Salahaddin University- Erbil College of Engineering Architectural Department
The
institution
that
became
Salahaddin
The instructional, research, and service
University-Erbil was founded in 1968 in Sulaimani. In
missions of the University reflect the needs of the
1981, the university was moved to Erbil and the name was
respective geographic areas. The University also
changed to Salahaddin University-Erbil.
serves state wide, national, and international needs by offering consultancy, educational and research
Salahaddin University-Erbil is the oldest and
activities in communities throughout the state and
largest public comprehensive university in Kurdistan
through research and training exchanges and world-
region. It is the educational home to more than 26,000
wide partnership programs. In this way, Salahaddin
undergraduates and more than 900 graduate students.
University-Erbil has enriched the cultural, political,
Salahaddin
75
and industrial sectors of Kurdistan for four decades,
undergraduate majors and award degrees at the certificate,
University-Erbil
offers
more
than
playing a major role in the advancement of Kurdish
bachelors, masters and doctoral levels. The programs
society.
include: Engineering, Science, Law & Politics, Agriculture, Business & Administration, Physical Education, Art and Sociology, Fine Arts, Languages, Religion, and Teaching methods. Salahaddin University-Erbil has more than 1700 academic staff and 4,000 employees in administration and professional staff.
F2
Life Science Center Complex Site Location
Site Analysis
The proposal site is located on massif road to
The site area is 38 000 m2, which is compatible
the international School of Chouefrat, 17km far from the
with the size of life science center project. The site
center of erbil city. The site has adequate user access,
dimensions are 200m by 185m, so it´s nearly square in
because it´s close to the new 150 meter ring road as
shape. The site have nearly 12 m topography, which must
it will be known, is one of the major municipal projects
be taken into consideration in design process.
previously scheduled, the contruction of 150 meter road will take erbil city to the next level, and connects the life science project very well with other parts of the city, so as the scientists, researchers, and student, visitors can visit the project easily. The proposal site is located in a place where no major Science Centre exists and compatible with the surrounding use. As shown in the figure below
Erbil Masterplan
F3
Concept Analysis The concept of LSC is inspired by the process of cell dividion (Evloution of cell in creatures) and nervous tissue, then applying the biological system principles and sustainbility to the design (Design Inspiration From Nature Biomimicry)
Cause the cell division (evolution) into several cells, the unit of the project is repeated same as the cell unites with slight variation in proportion and dimension, orientation.
Putting courts inside the unites as nucleus (dominance core) of the cells, used enviromental purpose.
Form Analysis Altering the form according to the concept:
Surrounding the unites (masses) by a screen that represents the plasma membrane of the cells. Starting from a single unit (Cell is basic unit of life), as a smallest lever of a living organism such as human and other living things.
The creen pattern is inspired by the nervous The unit took a smooth (natural) form like form of cell in organism.
tissue of the cell
F4
Sustainability Strategy in the Project There are several sustainable strategy in the project:
F5
Facade Concept Diagram There are several sustainable strategy in the project:
F6
F7
F8
F9
Life Science Center Complex A science centre is a scientific educational and entertainment facility that uses effective methods to
teach
engineering.
science, These
technology, methods
mathematics
rely
mainly
on
and the
use of interactive displays, events and activities. A research center is a facility or building dedicated to research, commonly with the focus on a specific area. The Life Science Center (LSC) is a combination between research centre and science center, because to design a project that will be a place for research, education and entertainment. Moreover to establish a scientific place for scientists and researchers to obtain answers or test the research hypothesis, and to facilitate and help school and university students to learn more about the science field. It will also be of benefit for Families, tourists, and general public for the purpose of learning and entertainment. It‘s a place which not only entertains the visitors but also plays a significant role in improving their knowledge, visiting will be a source of attraction to someone who haven‘t come before. The life sciences or biological sciences comprises the branches of science that involve the scientific study of life and organisms, such as microorganisms, plants, and animals including human beings. All these make life sciences a compelling, complex, combinable, practical, psychological and philosophical field to choose, that constantly pushes the frontiers of our past, present and future.
F10
The LSC project aims to inspire research, curiosity, discovery, and learning about life science and biotechnology through outstanding research labs, exhibitions, collections, public facilities and educational activities. More importantly life science centre (LSC) project is used as a main node for medical research, by engaging biology scientists, researchers and doing experiments in various biology labs of the project, to find or invent in biology fields, especially today‘s global Pandemic (COVID-19) which never before, scientists say, had so many of the world‘s researchers focused so urgently on a single topic to find a cure for. The
life
science
center
project
contains
infection diseases section and virology laboratory, which performs isolation and identification of common and novel viruses from diagnostic and research samples like today‘s disease (COVID-19) and other diseases like Ebola, Influenza, flu, wart, HIVI ADIS...Etc, isolation procedures used are specific to the host animal and suspected pathogen. These types of labs almost need no light because of special works that are sensitive, they only need light in specific areas like office rooms and rest areas. That‘s why it‘s placed on the basement floor in the LSC project and is separated from other labs.
F11
F12
F13
F14
F15
F16
Spa and Treatment Centre in Garaw Design Concept The idea was inspired by the nature of the rocky site and embodied around a group of rocks formed through several stages. The first stage is the stage of hot spring eruptions forming cracks, and the second stage is the stage of the influence of erosion and weathering factors in the rock process. The third stage is the intervention of the human being in the formation and carving of rocks in order to benefit from them in creating a shelter for humans.
Design concept stage the formation of cracs by hot spring erruption
making composition by using natural stones
transforming the composition to sketch
F17
F18
Project Description Spa and treatment center is associated with water
which in very low quantities can be beneficial. The exact
treatment which is also known as BALNEOTHERAPY.
makeup of the water varies from spring to spring, and
Spa towns or spa resorts typically offer various health
many spas post the exact chemical make-up. Different
treatments. The belief in the curative powers of mineral
waters are considered beneficial for different ailments.
waters goes back to prehistoric times.
Mineral springs may come out of the earth at a cool or tepid temperature and then be heated for bathing. If there
Such practices have been popular worldwide,
is geothermal activity in the area, the mineral water is
but are especially widespread in Europe and Japan. Day
heated before it emerges from the earth, in which case it
spas are also quite popular, and offer various personal
is called a hot spring or thermal spring.
care treatments. Spa: A spa, is a location where mineralrich spring water (and sometimes seawater) is used to give medicinal baths.These spas offer an on-site source of natural mineral, thermal or seawater that is used in hydrotherapy treatments. It is the historic root of the spa experience when people traveled to mineral waters for their health benefits. This spa culture reached its zenith in the 19th century when the wealthy gathered at elaborate pleasure palaces to see and be seen. Many of these, such as The Greenbrier in West Virginia, The Omni Homestead in Hot Springs, Virginia, and the spas of Baden-Baden in Germany are still open and offering a taste of yesteryear alongside more modern offering. There were also more basic hot springs, such as Ojo Caliente in New Mexico, many of which are still thriving. Mineral springs spas fell out of favor as modern medicine developed in the 20th century. But now many people are realizing the simple of benefits of a relaxing soak. Mineral springs have naturally occurring minerals and trace elements such as calcium, magnesium,
potassium,
sodium,
iron,
manganese,
sulfur, iodine, bromine, lithium, even arsenic, and radon,
F19
The temperature of the water may be so hot it has
REASON OF SELECTING PROJECT
to be cooled before you can bath in it. Graw water it‘s a rich source of sulfur and it‘s healing benefits include:
1.Lack of health spa and treatment center in the region.
treating skin irritations and infections such as rashes &
2.Use of natural local mineral spring.
eczema,treating dry scalp,arthritic pain,internal problems
3.Recognizing and considering the necessity of spa and
such as menopausal symptoms and digestive disorders,It
treatment center around Grraw hot spring water to be
reduces stress,help your body to relax, which benefits
used comfortably.While its already been used without
many aspects of health, including sleeping patterns and
having any facility or service there.
nutrient assimilation.
F20
PROJECTS GOAL: ECONOMICAL:To increase the financial benefits through the income of the project . SOCIAL:To provide the users a comfortable and private place. To give a privacy for the users especially for women HEALTH: To increase the use of the mineral spring for the health. TOURIST: Integrating between tourism and healthcare balneo-therapy to attract tourists too.
F21
F22
Re-Design of al Umma Park CONCEPT:
we’ve divided the area into three main clusters respecting
- Releasing from crime and abandoned places
each monument’s authenticity and prestige.
- Sustainability and environmental friendly According to different Iraqi characters among From the freedom monument’s concept, we
many years that include (including a soldier, worker,
notice a movement of a soldier breaks the bars of the
peasant, woman and child) we’ve converted the place
prison which can be reflected as a turning point of
from some unclear entrances to a place which can be
releasing from crime and abandoned places, therefore
enter it from all the sides to reduce crime and strengthen
F23
protection in which allows the area to achieve social
so on.The use of so called modern water feature for
gathering with the help of (children’s playground, sport
decreasing noise and air purification (works by solar
areas, first aid, seats along the pathways covered by
panel)
shades (that makes the places more comfortable and useable) …etc.)
In our design process We have also considered the site position set perpendicularly on Tigris river which
Technically we’ve proven a tube of justifications by the use of solar panel for lighting charging Wi-Fi and
delivers a breeze towards the site that runs along activities.
F24
F25
F26
Sheikh Choli Developement Complex There are many reasons that helped of choosing
developing the mosque with different activities turning
this project like the following ...lake of similar projects in
it to the connection point, or main cycle of an active
Kurdistan region specially and also in Iraq and show a
environment
better understanding and knowledge to next generations of the archaeological and historical evidences.
Sheikh Choli is an urban area located in the center of Erbil city in which consist of three main zones,
Re-organizing this urban complex extremely right
commercial zone, residential zone, and cultural zone to
to be the opening gate for the similar areas improvement
be transmitted to a islamic cultural center as an effective
in kurdistan region to get developed.
social power has always come under the spotlight. about 62,500 sqm ..
Preservation of culture, heritage, tradition and our history was a motivation though. The development
In specific areas of research the cultural status is
of these parts around or near the citadel are helpful to
mostly related to creative activities. However it may also
strengthen our originality (authenticity) People gathering
be researched in the sphere of education, promotion and
was the main idea and there is no way better than
expression of sociality. One of the most important roles of
F27
community centers is developing social intellectuality of individuals.
It covered its floor with alabaster and porcelain flooring most important objectives of the project are to develop the urban area for social gathering and life return
The project will be defined and clarified with the
by recycling the houses and bringing people back..
aims, goals, objectives and reasons behind selecting the project which must be organized to establish or fit the needs of users or those whom are visiting the place
To improve the mosque of sheikh choli and turning it to a center point of the active urban complex.
sheikh mohammed Al-Erbil (Gul Sheikh) Sheikh Choli) in the Kurdish language, and with them the Sheikh of the
To show and maintain the culture and tradition of Kurds
wild, because the land on which the angle was built was
among history to now days.. to open educational units to
free and uninhabited, and the Mosque is located in the
have a better understanding of our culture ..
locality of acceleration and is characterized by a large area of 2000 square meters, and built of bricks and mud the mosque saw many renovations in the eighties of the twentieth century.
F28
Layers
F29
Ground floor plan, Site plan
F30
F31
F32
Rehabilitation and Prosthetic Manufacturing Health Centrer CONCEPT OF THE PROJECT I took the idea of the concept from the joint that conect between the two parts of human legs or hands which is the main reason of human flexibility A joint or articulation (or articular surface) is the connection made between bones in the body which link the skeletal system into a functional whole. They are constructed to allow for different degrees and types of movement, thefore in my project there is a core the represents the bone or the main joint of my project, and these are the main reasons that leaded me to somehow compact my form because all the fuctions have the direct contact with each other like a series. With the compact form, I have also solved the problems of lighting and vent project with considering the flexibilty and movement of the project. And the inner and outer rumps represent the success and overpassing the operation on
disabilities and returning to their natural living.mosque with different activities turning it to the connection point, or main cycle of an active environment
F33
Rehabilitation is a treatment or treatments
hearts, inner ears, eyes, spleens, kidneys, pancreases,
designed to facilitate the process of recovery from injury,
Windpipes and more exist, though they rarely work as well
illness, or disease to as normal a condition as possible.
as their biological counterparts. According to one source,
Or it is the process of restoring a person‘s ability to live
60% - 70% of a human has been effectively replaced by
and work as normally as possible after a disabling injury
mechanical devices.
or illness. It aims to help the patient achieve maximum possible physical and psychological fitness and regain the ability to be independent. It offers assistance with the learning or relearning of skills needed in everyday activities, and prosthetic is Referring to a prosthesis, an artificial substitute or replacement of a part of the body such as a tooth, eye, a facial bone, the palate, a hip, a knee or another joint, the leg, an arm, etc. A prosthesis is designed for functional or cosmetic reasons or both. Typical prostheses for joints are the hip, knee, elbow, ankle, and finger joints. Prosthetic implants can be parts of the joint such as a unilateral knee. Joint replacement and arthroplasty mean the same thing. From the ancient pyramids to World War I, the prosthetic field has morphed into a sophisticated examples of man ‚determination to do better. The evolution of prosthetics is a long and storied history, from its primitive beginnings to its sophisticated present, to the exciting visions of the future. As in the development of any other field, some ideas and inventions have worked and been expanded upon, such as the fixed. position foot, while others have fallen by the wayside or become obsolete, such as the use of iron in a prosthesis. The options for modern-day prosthetic replacement encompass more than simply arms and legs. Artificial
F34
F35
The aim of the project is linked with its title (rehabilitation) and bringing back those with disabilities into real life with their full fit and energy, also for being a step guider for similar projects growing in this region for the purpose of human needs or satisfactions,
And the reasons behind selecting this project are, 1- Lack of such project in Kurdistan region, 2- Humanity and helping people, 3- Restore some or all of the patients physical, sensory and mental capabilities that were lost due to injury
1 -To improve the quality of life and independence of our amputation rehabilitations patients, 2 - To provide help, support and advice for patient by setting rehabilitation program, to give a chance of a new life, 3 -To substitute for a lost part and restore lost function, 4 -To perform daily activities such as walking, eating, 5 - To bring these high level technologies and healthcare approaches to Kurdistan region, 6 - To save money from those with disabilities to trouble to outside for prosthetic injury because we don‘t have similar project in Kurdistan region.
F36
Revitalization of Chragharuta Village Village is a small community or a group of houses in a rural area, larger than a hamlet and usually smaller than a
2. Understanding culture and lifestyle of villagers and relationship strength.
town. However, beside the living houses there are some other buildings such as school, teahouse, village council, small shop, watermill and masjid or church. Usually there are a herd of animal dwellings inside a village also people in a village are working in Agriculture or herding....... Revitalization - To become alive again in urban, means returning life and activity to those places which
3. Study of old urban fabric, houses and rods.
were abandoned due of several reasons, there are some point must take into consideration in reviving process.
1. Study a village and its natural elements like mountain,river, hill,topography, plants and weather . 4. The examination of seeking occupation types in the village, the occupation or the job in some villages has a direct contact or meaning with revealed farming, gazing and herding, in which sprightly changes the design ideas.
F37
CHRAGHARUTA VILLAGE CHARACTERS After a thorough study of chragaruta village in all aspects, we can list below features about it. - There are many farm lands around the village for wheat and barley that is utilized on yearly bases. - The families that settled there are mostly cousins or close relatives and the population is increasing which states that villagers wants to go back to the village and develop their home. - A part of old village still exists not demolished. O The village had a fundamental living utilities like electricity, underground water, roads. - It‘s located near chamchamall town so, the transportation is easy. - A beautiful nature that‘s suitable for living can be observed. The concept is to create a closure shape that shows a strong connection between villager, leaving in the old part of the village and protect it , meanwhile designing a village above the old one with the same type of housing components that a village needs, adding new features that goes with old part respecting the natural elements like channels ,area topography.
F38
Layers
F39 HOUSES MATERIALS CONCEPT
HOUSES PLANS CONCEPT
The elevations of the original houses are very
The concept of designing the houses depends
basic and simple having small windows with a little detail
on what the villagers need in their homes, and I tried to
so I don‘t want to change it I will keep the simple elevations
preserve the old components, such as the presence a
but with some improvements, For example the material
place for animals inside house, and the farm in the house
used it is sun dried brick so I want to use same material
to grow daily vegetables the openness of the rooms to the
but in a different way I will use Rammed earth.
iwan and tried to organize it better.
RAMMED EARTH Rammed earth, building material made by compacting certain soils, used by many civilizations. The most durable of the earth-building forms, rammed earth may be used for making building blocks or for constructing whole walls in place, layer by layer. In making building blocks, the soil is rammed into a box-shaped mold. In building up whole walls, two wooden planks separated by a spacer bolt are used as a form, and the earth is rammed into this in layers; when the form is filled, it is removed and superimposed on the top of the wall and more earth is rammed in until the desired height is reached
G1
Tishk International University Tishk International University was established
• The “Iraqi Graduation Projects Competition by
in 2008. The TIU has created Dentistry, Pharmacy,
Tamayuz” where all Students of Schools of Architecture
Nursing,
Sciences
in Iraq and Iraqi Students from all over the World
Engineering, Science, Education, and Law Faculties
Economics,
and Administrative
present their graduation projects annually. In its First
which require high expenses, and has enforced the
Cycle, the competition was judged by the International
budget to provide educational and research centers
Architect Zaha Hadid and later on included some of the
at modern university standards. Tishk International
most important Iraqi and international Judges’ names in
University with around 4000 students and 320 staff from
the architectural theory and practices.
seven different countries has an international position among local universities where cultural interaction takes
• “The Architectural school of the year” for having the
place. Tishk International University gives priority to
largest number of projects in the first place.
researches to promote knowledge, contribute to science, support learning, and improve social interaction.
• The “Hisham Munir Award” for faculty member supervision of the projects of the second and the third
The
instructional,
research,
and
service
stages.
missions of the University reflect the needs of the respective geographic areas. The University also serves
TIU is considered as the first and the only
state-wide, national, and international needs by offering
university that has interior design as engineering in both
consultancy, educational, and research activities in
Iraq and Kurdistan region , the department of interior
communities throughout the state and through research
design engineering established at 2014, so far five
and training exchanges and world-wide partnership
classes has been graduated from the department,
programs.
Most of the graduates are working , some has their own offices , competing local and international offices
During the Session of the year 2019-2020, the Department of Architecture-TIU won Several Distinct Awards such as:
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Mosqe ABSTRACT Mosques as symbol of Islamic architecture
efficiency of mosque layouts and interior design. For
must play an important role in reflecting the superiority
these reasons, this investigation also gives importance
of Allah the Almighty. There are many ways in making it
to how much budget goes into building of such
successful and one of them is through the high quality
structures, giving the best quality with a sound budget.
of aesthetic value. Aesthetic value in Islamic art and
It should be expressed that this examination uniquely
architecture is normally portrayed by the highest degree
attempts to utilize the measures. The main benchmarks
of motifs and ornamentation. the architecture of mosques
and indicators involved in measuring the functional
with an approach to the basics of Islamic art (color, light,
efficiency of mosque layouts are analyzed using the
design, unity, plurality) can be used as Important symbols
software program, which provides numerical results.
and signs should be used in mosque design. The aim
This analysis compares entire samples of mosque
of research is to study the search and seeks to find the
layout designs for each category. The numerical
reasons for lacking a known local style of mosques in
results indicate the effect of spatial configurations and
Erbil city, and the lack of symbolism in them. Prescribes
the functions of mosque layouts. This study shows
legislative gatherings and engineers and designers to
that mosques with courtyard layouts are accessible,
mull over these focuses in the plan of mosque structures.
efficient, and flexible in terms of function because of
It further seeks to solve its problems and the effects of
their distinct syntactical and morphological spatial
the interior design of the mosque on the worshiper, as
structures.
well as the culture of my country on the aesthetics of the mosque.
Concept
Scope
The concept is inspired by the moment of the Quran revelation that led to the enlightenment of the This proposition analyzes the thought of what
lives of its followers. The Quran is also known as the
goes into building a mosque with all the explanations.
written book that is protected from any distortion. The
In request to design the hypothetical structure for this
Quranic verses wrap the worshipers in the space by
research, the investigation first answers how mosques
Quranic words of light that conceptually revolve and
are structured or built with how they‘re preserved, also
descend from the sky. Henceforth, the worshipers are
demonstrating the negative and positive components
inserted in a serene atmosphere that connects the
influencing its of spatial configuration on the functional
earth to the sky.
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Original Groundplan
Section & elevation of exterior
Concept
Modified Groundplan
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Plan of Main Hall
Section & Elevation of main Hall
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View of Main Hall
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View of Main Hall
Plan of Courtyard
G7 Space which is constructed from modules of palm tree-like structures that will be the main function of the system. It will have such functions as spraying mist through nozzles that underlay the palms, as well as collect solar energy through solar panels on the roof of the palms. This will be the main system which will control the atmosphere within the space to keep it comfortable and relaxing for all. Around the paln, structures will be trees planted to help with the process of easing sounf pollution and wind entering the space. It will also help with creating an eco-friendly space.
View of Courtyard
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Plan of Ablution
Section and Elevation of Ablution
View of Ablution
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Plan of Library
Section of Library
View of Library
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Rehabilitation Center for Homeless Children Concept storyline : Creating a small community to the users that is easy to adapt to, where the environment helps provoke the user to explore the surroundings while keeping the sense of privacy the different ages in the project require. Starting from the chosen site, it is located in front of Peshmerga Park, as well as a residential block. Having the project sitatued in an area that is remotely connected to the city yet at the same time independent to provide the required privacy and safety Creating a environement where there are no restricted limitations between the functions included in the building in order for the user to sense the connection between both the surroundings and the other users, esepcially between the range of ages that the project is dedicated to, (5-15) Breaking the program into masses that follow a ( 6 x 6 ) grid, creatiing a network of mass and void system, where the voids serve as main circulation distributors.
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- Having the main circulation consisting of two intersecting of ramps that take the user on a journey around the building, as it provokes movement throught while observing the surroundings. - The project contains four levels of masses that are covered by supported slabs that make up the building, while the mass and void network serve as the spaces within. - Having openings in the slabs that allow natural lighting and ventilation throughout, creating a series of indoor and outdoor spaces combined . - The building contains leveled gardens and voids in the slabs that allow natural sunlight in between the spaces
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Urban Rehabilitation City as Museum Concept Philosophy Cities are very important inventions by humans, and hey live for a very long time. They are the results of thousand years of work and hundreds of generations. The process of development of the city leaves marks of the development in the city. As Italo Calvino mentions in his study of „Invisible cities“ that the city does not tell its past, but contains it like the lines of hand, written in the corners of the streets, Windows, Steps, Lightings... Etc. Every segment in turn with scratches, indentation and scrolls. A city becomes a museum and in the city we see different sections of time and Lewis Mumford states that „In a city Time becomes Visible“. The concept is not to copy styles and exact image but to take its abstract images, as Aldo Rossi mentions in his study that a type appears and disappears several times through the history of the city. It keeps the chain of development continuous because type is continuous. In my project I have an Urban neighborhood which has an organic pattern and made of layers of history. And the concept is to make time visible through walking in
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the city to show different sections of time by walking, instead of building museums the city becomes museum itself. Rehabilitating the
neighborhood
as
a
diverse
urban
neighborhood and to show its historical value by connecting several landmarks by a loop, the loop is going to manifest the recorded memory. Form The form reflects architecture of the region and surrounding buildings, the blocks are similar to eachother to create a visual connection and encourage people to continue the path and experience the neighberhood. The main elements are Domes, Arches, Brick, Details, Stairs. Brick is used as material Zoning The functions are based on the old functions that exsisted in the neighberhood with some modifications to adapt in today‘s life. The aim is o bring back the social life that exsisted before and to let the visitors experience time.
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Vault House Dormitory
Project Overview
Design Concept
There is a growing need, within the region,
Inspired by „Dunbars Number“ as theorized by
for better equipeed and qualified facilities for student
the famous anthropologist Robin Dunbar, he predicted
housing. The project will provide spaces to accomodate
that humans can have no more than 150 people in their
students that move to the city to continue their studies.
social sphere.
The project also includes various facilities and services Leading to the idea of Dunbar layers: that an
for the users.
individual‘s group of 150 contacts is layered according Project Aims
to the strength of emotional ties. The closest group consists of 5 people, the 2nd closest group adds an
The aim is to strenghten the educational
additional 10, this led to the decision of isolating groups
community and offer greater opportunities for everyone.
of residents into groups of 16 students, so each 16
It aims to create a community and integrate the learning
students will occupy a separate residential building
and living environments. Provide a hub for youth to
unit.
interact and share their individual learning processes
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Why the use of vaults? Vaults are historic structural elements, they are seen as traditional
features,
their
use in this case symbolizes strength, while also hinting towards
the
traditional
context of the form as semicircular vaults are seen in most historic buildings in the region. The structure of the building is also dependent on the vaults.
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Sawaf Islamic Art Academy (Rehabilitation, Connectivity, Multifunctionality) Project Overview The Islamic art has an aim, and the aim of this
historical sites by UNESCO, and most of the buildings
type of art is to move and connect people from this world
inside this zone have specific regulations and one of
with spiritual world or with god. And the idea of moving
them is using brick material for the elevations, which is
and transcending from different worlds can be reflected
the brown and yellow brick is used commonly here in
in more than one level, how the project is connected
Erbil. And this project will create an urban space which
with its context, and the connection of the project with
is not enclosed with walls, by this way the project will
parks, and the connection between the old and the new
invite and welcome the people to enter and explore the
buildings which are added, and the connection between
different functions inside, and when they go around they
ground and underground, all of those contrasts will make
will see different types of knowledge (The theoretical
the people feel like they are moving between different
knowledge which is taught in Islamic Madrasa, and
worlds.
the practical knowledge which is taught in the art academy). The project also contains dormitories it will The project has multifunctional zoning plan,
be used by the students who come from other places
and this diversity of the functions is very useful since
to be a student there, and it will make the place more
the buildings inside the site are abounded so bringing
active because they will live there.
dif-ferent functions means bringing people from different backgrounds together, and this will serve the project by making it more lively, and it will also serve the community by bringing people together. The project is well connected to its context and surroundings (Environmentally: by respecting nature and the environment, culturally: the project looks like it‘s a part of the city in terms of material and architectural style) especially because it is next to a historical district which is Taajeel and it is a part of Erbil‘s Buffer Zone for
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The mosque is like the focal point of the project,
Islamic madrasa which is in the basement lighter, and
it is covered with yellow brick the authentic style and
also to create a visual access to the other side of the
the design of the mosque will be kept as it is, and there
mosque have plazas in all the sides. The green path in
will be brown brick skin with traditional brick pattern will
the art gallery part has direct connection, because the
be used to cover the mosque and in some places there
art gallery is directly open to the path and the people
will be openings to show the material and the style of
who are walking in that green path they can directly
the mosque, this skin will cover most of the parts of the
see the artworks and this will encourage them to go
project and it will unify the style and the material for the
and look at it.
project, this skin will also create spiritual effect on the interior of the mosque and the other building without touching the interior. Around the mosque there is plazas, those plazas were adding to the mosque in order to make the
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Sawaf Islamic Art Academy (Rehabilitation, Connectivity, Multifunctionality) Problem Statement According to the research which was conducted,
is next to a mosque so Islamic art acad-emy will be the
Kurdistan region only has two fine art colleges, one
best solution instead of normal art academy, and there
in Erbil and the other one is in Sulaymaniyah, the one
is already an Islamic madrasa in the basement of the
in Erbil was not built to be an art college, thats why it
mosque so this site can be connected with the Islamic
not doing its function well,by this way the people in the
art academy.
artistic community will be low educated, so we will have low quality art, and having low quality of art is a serious
Location
problem, and it is better to solve it. This type of building
(36.18398432056868, 44.00460454026858 )
which is art academy is expected to have a high quality
Site Approximate Area: 44.640m2
of aesthetic values and beauty, it represents the culture and the his-tory of the country so it should be shown in
The site is located in Erbil governorate in the Kurdis-
a very good way.
tan Region of Iraq in Erbil city, on 30 m road close to ( Sawaf) mosque, the red part of this site was the old
Challenges
campus of college of fine arts college in Erbil, but in academic year (2019-2020) they moved to another
The old site it is next to one of biggest mosques in Erbil
building which is located in Rasti District next near
which is (Sawaf mosque) the red part is the existing
Kirkuk road, the red part of the site is abounded and not
building for fine art college, and the green one is the
used by anyone. The mosque was built in 1990 and,in
mosque, and they are very close to each other, in this
the past it used to be a mosque which was used a lot,
site we have two types of problems (cultural problem)
but now it is the opposite. The site is surrounded by
because some of the people might not be happy
three parks which are (Manara ,Shanadar ,Glkand). It
about having fine art college next to a mosque, and
is also close to some educational facilities like (UKH
(architectural problem ) in terms of form and masses,
university and a primary school which is next to the
it is more preferable to take the surrounded building‘s
site). There are so many commercial builldings on the
form in consideration during the design stage. The site
main road which is 30m road.
G31 What Are The Reasons Behind Chooisng This Project ? Because we have lack in teaching art specially Islamic art we dont even have any academic institution teaching this type of art in Iraq. There was a site with abounded fine art college and an Islamic Madrasa and a Mosque,which they were not in a good condition,so rehabilitating the current one is better and more sustainable than creating new one. Problems and Solutions
In the site there are three buildings which are abandoned and not used a lot 1. Sawaf mosque: this mosque is surrounded by parks and there isn‘t any close neighborhood , nd the only neighborhood which is close to it is Taajeel district wich is one of the oldest districts and nowadays it is almost emptey ,thats why there is a little amount of people who pray there and they are usually taxi drivers and pas-sengers. 2. Islamic Madrasa: which is under the mosque it is in a bad situation,and it doesn‘t have proper lighting and it is hidden from everyone that‘s why it has a few amount of students who study there. 3. The previous building of art college in Erbil : This building is neglected because they moved into another building and its more than four years, and no one is using that building and building anymore.
In the art school because of the lack in places for students to seat and rest they put their chairs at the rooftop and they used it as seating area which is really dan-gerous because of the hight of the parapet which is low. The solustion of this problem will be by making seating areas and rooftop resturants . The previous photos are the situation of the site before the rehabilitation, the site is neglected and there are carcks and dirt every where, and this is not the best way to show our tradition and culture and religion to others.The situation of the mosque is a little bit better the problem is more with the Islamic Madrasa in the bas-ment becuase it really dark and it is not proper for class-rooms .
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This transcendence can be achieved by CONNECTIVITY and this connectivity will be shown in so many different levels: 1 connecting the project with the parks and greenery
4. Connecting underground with ground level.
surrounding it, and this will lead to another level of connection which is connection with nature.
5.Connecting the mosque with all other activities.
2. connecting different types of knowledge and education
The Multi functionality concept
(Religious ,Art).
Adding functional diversity to the functional plan of the compound It was ( a Mosque and art school )
3.Connecting different functions and
which is religious and educational use. The functions
activities (Religious,Cultur-al,Educational,
of the project will be Religious Education, Art
Residential,Commercial) together all in one place.
Education, Religious Art, Resi-dential, Commercial, Restaurants, Cultural
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1. Existing situation of the site
2. The site is surrounded by parks and making connection with them trought a green path and it woll make connection with surrounded natural environment
3. The most omportant acces is the qible direction and the direction perpendicular to it, that´s why at the end of each acces there will be an activity showing its importance
4. Making connection between ground and underground through making plazas close to the basement, it will make it lighter and more visible
5. Adding multi function activities to the compound by adding new activities to the area, this will create another feeling about the project and it will invite people to come inside and the area will become more active
6. Adding a skin which cinsists of brown brick to cover some parts of the project it will create different spaces, and it will unify the project and it adds dramatic effect on the interior without touching it
In some places the skin is attached to the buildings and in some other places in detached from it and it peels from the building and creates corridors
The connection between ground floor and basement creates plazas and activities close to the mosque and so many cultural and religious activities can take a part there
The connection between the building and the nature and this green will blend with the project and it creates a visual acces to the parks close to it
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Architecture + Nature in Balance The Renew Nature as an Exhibition (Inside Out, Outside In) The project was chosen due to its importance in all of
environment. Showing that both can work together
Iraq. It‘s one of if not the most important touristic locafion
to create spaces for people to enjoy. Making each as
in all of Iraq, but sadly it has been neglected and not given
important as the other. Neither being neglected. The
the proper care. The main interesting thing about the site
architecture and the natural elements working together
is the waterfall located within it. It‘s also the main reason
to create distinct spaces that people can enjoy and as
as to why people visit other than forget their everyday
a result gain an appreciation for nature. The artwork in
lives and get fresh air. Because the main reason to why
this exhibit is the natural scenery.
people visit is to see the natural mountainscape, the concept becomes the balance of architecture and nature. Not only the balance between these two entities, but also the immersion of people in that particular environment. The utilization of the natural elements that are already on the site to the user (person with it). Most architectural projects assign the architecture as the protagonist of the space. This project goes against that in a way that it tries to balance both the architecture and the natural
Bekhal area os located in Rawanduz district (close to Soran district) in Erbil governorate in the Kurdistan Region ( Northen Iraq)
The waterfall
Top view: Ridges
Perspective: direction of ridges
The Bekhal site is approximately 128m by 208m. With a total area of 26,624m2
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Waterfall area: so people can stop climbing. Like this people can enjoy the same experience in a safe environment
Masses are built on top of the waterfall as people climb up and it´s very dangerous
Door 1,5m above the balcony. Architectural standarts aren´t considered
Water slowing down area so if anyone falls from the waterfall these elements will block the person from going down further
A landslide near the stream of water. This has caused the pipe in the ground to collapse and for the electrical pole to be close to falling in the water which is a safety hazard
The desicion to bulid on top of the waterfall was because of the many people already climbing up in the current situation, which wasn´t safe. Creating spaces that give the same effect will deter people from climbing. A structure that is open to the the surrounding elements, water (the waterfall), rocks and and the views. Acts like a membranous structure. The architectural design for this part creates spaces in which it seems like the water is coming out of not only the mountain but also the architecture itself. Both the architecture and nature work together
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If anyone falls architectural elements will protect the person from going down even further. Direction of the natural ridges
Design concept:
The mountain is made to be same as what it is in reality
The bigger ring connects the project together and creates spaces going into and out of the mountain. The smaller circular rings is inclined by an angle of 8% creating a surreal experience due to their inclination in respect to the horizon line and the surrounding
Linear vertical elements are added to mimic the rocks found on the site and mimic the ridges on the mountains surface. As a result, blending into the mountains surface. These vertical elements work both as aestetic elements and as structural as it bears the load of the platforms
The main circulation for cars is kept the same. At the same time the architecture fills in the ridges on the mountain surface in the form of gate and vertical elements making the water slower so it can be safer as before multiple people have gone down
other vertical elements in the direction of the water
The pedestrian circulation within the project. The platforms at the beginning are accessable for disabled people due to the ramps. There are ramps also going to the edge of the water
Filled in
Location of ramps
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The natural green area that intertwines with the platforms. For people to always be surround by the natural mountain. Under the platforms the typography is kept in its natural state. It´s also green area.
The vertical elements mimicking the natural ridges on the mountains surface
ELEVATION
The circulation between the platforms
Due to the steep and the need to preserve the mountain itself, the masses (platforms) are spread out. No two masses are behind each other directly blocking the view of the other. The platforms have green area around and below them
G38 In today‘s world everyone is busy living in urban
protagonist of its surroundings. Where the architectural
environments. We have forgotten our relationship with
ridges (vertical elements) complete the ridges found
our natural surroundings. We are spending the Earth‘s
on the mountain. Nature and Architecture intertwine.
resources more than ever before. Issues such as global
People are immersed into the views due them merging.
warming and climate change, due to our negligence
The platforms are raised above the ground leaving the
of nature, have risen. We‘ve stopped caring for it. This
ground in its natural state and intact. So it can have the
projects tries to merge the lines between architecture
least effect on the natural topography.
and the natural landscape. To combine these two entities together to form a whole that bal-ance each other out.
The openings throughout the spaces, is to create see
Neither having more power than the other. The aim
through spaces and let wind come. It‘s also to frame
of the project is fix the problems of the area and to
the surrounding natural scenery as an art piece in itself.
create a space where people can start appreciating our
Where everywhere you look, you see a new scenery.
natural environment and start caring for it. When people
It becomes a museum in which the art is the natural
appreciate something that is when they‘ll take care of it.
scenery.
It tries to show people the beauty of nature. So people can learn to appreciate their natural surround-ings. This is the aim. “Nature as the exhibit” People visit galleries to appreciate art and people who know nothing about art learn to appreciate and understand it, when visiting galleries. In this gallery, the natural scenery becomes the exhibit, through the
Materials: Rocks are used for the vertical elements to
openings of the vertical elements that act as the frames of
mimic the ridges on the mountains surface and blend in.
an art piece each with a different and a new view. The art
The circulation paths colour is orange in contrast with
piece becomes nature itself. The platforms are immersed
its surrounding so people can locate themselves easier.
within this space. Each platform shows the scenery from
Bringing people into the design process. The people
a different perspective. The platforms keep the view to
that already work there will be able to design their own
the waterfall intact without other masses blocking it.
platforms. From picnic areas, restaurants, cafes, shops, kiosks. This creates flexibility for the design and the
This project asks the question: Can there be a dialogue
design will only be finished with peoples input. Each
between architecture and nature? Unlike the architecture
platform has the ability to be used for a wide variety of
of today, where most projects think of architecture as the
uses. Platforms as modules
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Level 1: For the sake of simplicity the levels have been made into two genaral levels Level 2 Legend: 1- Tunnels for circulation within the mountain 2- Architectural ridges added to slow down the water and make it safe for people to swim and get close to. Also making the area safer. Due to the ridges added it would be harder for people to go down the river
3- The Bekhal waterfall area 4- The edge of the water 5- Restaurants/cafes and tea house 6- Platforms to be used as modules 7- Gate 8- Bridge 9- Main road
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Section / Elevation A-A
Section / Elevation B-B Note: Due to the nature of the project. The sections and elevations are together
Detail 2 (D2): Parking area
Detail 2 (D2): Restaurants/Shops
Section/Elevation C-C
Section/Elevation D-D
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edge of the water and to the top of the waterfall.
providing different experiences. Smaller inclined rings are located on the waterfall creating a surreal experience,
he mountain is the main inspiration for the design. Due
where the horizon line of the viewer is inclined. The
to its location and the unique qualities of the site, a lot of
project can be extended in the future in the same manner
care was taken to have the least impact on the surface
by the addition of platforms that can be used for a variety
of the mountain. Bekhal becomes a place of solace and
of different functions. This is possible due to the modular
respite by the viewing of its exhibits.
nature of the platforms.The platforms closest to the road are ac-cessible by ramps.
“Nothing in Nature is random. A thing appears random only through the incom-pleteness of our knowledge.”
The further you go down the circulation is by stairs due to
- Baruch Spinoza
the nature of the project and its steep slope. A main ramp is added to the project so everyone can go down to the
Bird’s eye view: The architecture merging into it’s context and natural landscape. Melting into it. Blurring the lines
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Inside the mountain (tunnels) Water slowing down area
Restaurants
The line between what is nature and what is architecture is blurred. The waterfalls water cascades down on the mountainside and the architectural elements. The waters seems like it´s coming out from the mountain and the architecture
Car parking + shops and restaurants
Waterfall area: the architecture allows for the waterfall to be viewed safely unlike before. Inclined circular rings provide a different viewing of the surrounding. The horizon line is inclined as a result and provide a surreal experience
Views to the waterfall
Waterfall area:views up close Platforms melding with nature
Main circular ring (tunnel): people are embedded Platforms in and out of the mountain. Different spaces of outside, semi- out and inside
Night view with an array of lights
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Fashion House project A fashion house that would unite all the great experienced designers and the young talents create an
job which pushes people away from pursuing this career path.
environment to revive the fashion industry activities and fashion profession in general in Iraq.
•The financial crisis in Iraq after the war which lead to no money being invested in fashion industry.
Reasons for selecting the project: Aims of the project : •Lack of this kind of project in the country. No fashion
• Providing opportunities of design, creation, and showing
house except in Baghdad which is mostly not used
fashion designs and collections a place where all the
leading to the lack of a place for shows for example
designs can come to reality and be able to be shown
Baghdad Fashion Week hosted local designers and
to the public with even the chance of purchasing them
models in the Babylon Hotel in downtown Baghdad.
providing financial support as well.
•The deterioration of the cultural industry and the lack of
• To create a social and cultural space this strengthens
a sufficient support.
the
experience
of
exchanging
knowledge
and
communication. • The fact that there is no building like it in the city that merges workshops, fashion shows, and retail all at the
• Create momentum for Iraq’s fashion culture, help the
same place.
media value fashion and advocate the sense of style and aesthetics.
• Lack of government subsidies, raw materials and the absence of new technologies.
• Provides references to the fashion industry professionals and researchers.
• The low salaries in the fashion industry that drive many people away. Consequently, there are only a few fashion
• Enhances communication through exhibitions of
shows, either by the Iraqi House of Fashion or a few
designers; archives and builds the Iraqi fashion history
personal efforts by individual designers.
as a means of storytelling marketing. • To provide support for those who work in this sector,
• Terrorism many models and designer threatened to
encourage them to find profitable investments and
death by extremists they fear their lives while doing their
protect their production and designs .
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• Encourage young talents to work in this profession.
Main departments in the project total built up area is 14000 m2:
• Leading cultural renewal in Iraq. •A building that acts as an attraction point for visitors through its iconic form and enriches its neighborhood with value and live through the activities available in addition to the added impact on the city level where international events can be held and people can visit the city due to that.
Site: site in Erbil city plan
site surrounding
site plan
G45 Design process in a single fashion house office (there is 6 of them in the project) :
Bubble diagram of relations between spaces :
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Ground Floor Plan
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First Floor Plan
Basement Floor Plan
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Interior of the cafe over looking the courtyard
Main entrance
Courtyard seating
Arcade in the courtyard
Courtyard used in a fashion event
Exterior public spaces
The courtyard curves enter the cafe walls blurring the lines between indoor and outdoor
The curve bending and building up creating a cave like space
Interior - cafe
G49 Birds eye view with sites surrounding context
Section A-A
Section B-B
West elevation (main)
South elevation
East elevation
H1
Exhibition - Morphology in Architecture
VSB - Technical University of Ostrava Faculty of Civil Engineering Architecture Department
executives
architecture, interior design and various cultural events
of services to reap the intellectual property of previous
since the time they first appeared in the 1960s by the
generations.
world-famous German architect and engineer Frei Otto.
Architects and They
are
engineers are studying,
improving
and
discovering. They are the creators of new spaces, forms and structures that are constantly improving. This
At present, light constructions are designed
creative activity connects architects and engineers on
and constructed independently of the geographic
their way to the art of “
location. They transform the space and have so subtle Prof. Frei Otto.
and elegant quality. In addition to providing basic functions such as shading and shutdown, they are an
Lightweight structures used in various forms
important and functional element in the construction of
and variations can be seen in broad spectrum use on
amphitheatres, sports stadiums, airports, courtyards,
the current market. These structures, developed over the
building facades, parks, seafront and interiors.
years, together with advances in material engineering and technology, continue to progress and are now an integral part of architectural creation.
Designing lightweight constructions to meet all criteria is a complex task. Every part is visible and constructive, relying on the proper functioning of all
Architectural lightweight structures can now be
parts. For example, diaphragm fabrics are developed
seen in different shapes and sizes. They may be internal,
to meet the requirements for high tensile strength,
external, permanent, temporary, large, small, supported,
long life with a high modulus of elasticity. The surface
membranes filled with air or stretched. New subgroups
layer applied to the material ensures fabric resistance
of these constructions - shell structures, tensile-
against weathering and dirt, provides resistance to UV
integrity structures - are also very current. These unique
radiation and has non-combustible properties.
forms have played an important role in contemporary Sabah Shawkat
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Exhibition - Morphology in Architecture
CTU- Czech Technical University Faculty of Civil Engineering Architecture Department
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Other books by Sabah Shawkat 1. Design of reinforced concrete members (2000) 2. Železobetónové konštrukčné sústavy (2002) 3. Deformation behaviour of reinforced concrete beams (2011) 4. Konštrukčné projekty (2014) 5. Structural design I (2014) 6. Structural design II (2015) 7. Architektonika (2015) 8. Structural design III (2015) 9. Structural projects (2016) 10. Element design to shape a structure I. (2016) 11. Element design to shap e a structure II. (2017) 12. Inžinierske drevené konštrukcie (2017) 13. The art of structural design (2017) 14. Lightweight steel structures (2018) 15. The art and engineering of Lightweight Structures (2019) 16. Art in/of Nature (2020) 17. Application of structural system in building design (2020) 18. Structural icons for architects (2021) 19. Construction in architecture (2022) 20. Lightweight structures from the perspective of formfinding geometry (2022)
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Construction in Architecture ©
Sabah Shawkat I Salahaddin Yasin Baper I Richard Schlesinger I Dlman A.Mohammed 1. Edition ISBN 978-80-570-2956-4