Construction in Architecture

2022

Construction in Architecture

Sabah Shawkat & co-authors

Construction in Architecture Sabah Shawkat & co-authors

2022

t ak s

Reviewer:

prof. Ing. arch. Zuzana Pešková, PhD. doc. Ing. arch. Danica Končeková, PhD.

Cover Design:

Sabah Shawkat I Richard Schlesinger

Editor:

Sabah Shawkat I Richard Schlesinger

Software Support:

asc. Applied Software Consultants, s.r.o., Bratislava, Slovakia

Publisher:

Sabah Shawkat, Brigádnická 56, 841 10 Bratislava

Printed and Bound:

Tribun EU, s.r.o.

Cejl 892/32, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted, or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, including photocopying, without permission in writing from the author.

Construction in Architecture ©

Sabah Shawkat I Salahaddin Yasin Baper I Richard Schlesinger I Dlman A. Mohammed 1. Edition ISBN 978-80-570-2956-4

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The book Construction in architecture is

Design in Bratislava. The third chapter offers the work of

intended for students of architectural engineering,

master’s degree students of the University of Salaheddin

design engineering and structural engineering. I do not

in Erbil. The fourth chapter offers the work of master’s

consider the book as the only valid source of knowledge

degree students of the Tishk International University

for students, but together, as authors of the book, we

in Erbil. Furthermore, the author offers readers a look

offer various modern views and ideas for students. We

at the morphology of lightweight construction through

hope this publication will reach people who are fans of

exhibitions in Prague and Ostrava in the Czech Republic.

architecture and design.

“Constructions in Architecture” is beneficial The book “Constructions in Architecture” is

mainly due to the comprehensive creative approach,

exceptional especially for the uniqueness of architectural

where students go through the whole process from

forms documented by a specific feasible design of the

architectural design to practical construction. As the

structure. Architectural ideas are thus transformed into

student´s propositions are almost always very creative

unique real building structures. The construction project

and atypical, the design concept is only rarely classical,

is also the first opportunity where students can test their

that is why it requires unconventional solutions.

managerial and coordination skills, where they also learn to find optimal solutions, argue, and understand the

What else is interesting about the subject “Constructions

impact of seemingly negligible technical requirements.

in Architecture “?

I am very pleased and highly appreciative of

It certainly offers a unique possibility for

the cooperation with colleagues from the Universities of

students to follow the entire journey that must undergo an

Iraq - Kurdistan region, I also admire the superb level of

architectural idea until it becomes a final realizable project

students at both universities, Tishk International University

of a viable engineering structure. The whole process is

and Salaheddin University in Erbil, after observation of

extremely creative, inventive, and complex. Moreover,

the presented projects.

as I have mentioned before, students can practice their managerial and coordinative skills. By discussing with

In the first chapter the book deals with geometry

various experts they can get new inspiring ideas and

in architecture, where the author explains the historical

useful information, learn how to find optimal solutions,

development of morphology from the most famous

and argue for different important technical parameters.

architects and constructors in the world, with illustrations of realized projects, as well as using examples from

Finally, I would like to point out, that all the

program Grasshopper as a support for understanding the

published student works could come into being only due

principle of parametric architecture.

to the participation of many other pedagogues.

The second chapter offers bachelor’s degree projects of students from the University of Fine Arts and

10.05.2022

Sabah Shawkat

Sabah Shawkat Sabah

Shawkat

is

Salahaddin Yasin Baper a

structural

designer,

specializing in lightweight structures, such as tensile structures, tensile integrity structures, grid shells and reciprocal frames. He focuses on transforming these beautiful structures into design components such as chairs, tables, illuminated lamps or hammocks for interiors, gardens or public spaces.

Sabah Shawkat is also a passionate expert in traditional fibre reinforced and prestressed structures. He has published numerous articles in professional journals and has written several books.

He teaches students of architecture and building engineering. Moreover, he regularly organizes workshops for students and exhibitions of his own as well as student projects and construction models. He is also actively involved in projecting and building constructions as well as reconstructions and modernizations of buildings.

It is my pleasure to introduce myself as head of Architecture department – College of Engineering, Salahaddin University Erbil ; I have more than 27 years of rich experience in teaching theory of architecture, architecture thesis and design studies which is normally given to undergraduate and post graduate programs.

Currently I’m working as an Assistant Professor at Salahaddin University Erbil and I wish to contribute my skills in academics and be a part of various projects in this institution where I can learn and develop my skills. I’m planning to apply a very interactive approach to teach the design process, working directly with students on creating exceptional projects that allow students to show off their skills.

Beside my duties as member of teaching staff, I’m acting as project manager of Salahaddin university new campus. I was an active member in participating in design phase in cooperation with Dar Al-Handasah

Richard Schlesinger

Dlman A. Mohammed

Richard Schlesinger works as an assistant

Dlman Azeez is the head of interior design

professor at the Engineering Room of the Academy

department at the Engineering faculty of the Tishk

of Fine Arts and Design in Bratislava. He defended his

international university – Erbil. He got MSc degree in

dissertation on design and technological procedures used

Green Architecture and Adaptive Façade from the Near

in monument protection at the Department of Architecture,

East university- cyprus 2017, as well as he is currently

Faculty of Civil Engineering of the Slovak University of

a PhD student. He has a rich experience in teaching

Technology.

methods and frequently organizes international /national conference, workshops seminars and exhibition for

Richard

Schlesinger

teaches

students

of

students and staff.

architecture several structural engineering subjects such as Introduction to Structural Engineering and

Dlman Azeez teaches students of interior design

Construction in Architecture. Moreover, he regularly

numerous courses and subjects such as Introduction to

organizes workshops and exhibitions of student projects

interior design and theory of interior design. Additionally,

and construction models. He is also actively involved in

he is actively participating in supervising many graduation

projecting, building construction and reconstructions as

projects, beside of developing the interior design

well as modernisations of buildings.

department curriculum.

CONTENTS

TABLE OF

PREFAC E

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08

F REE-F ORM GEOMETR IE S IN A R CH IT E CT U R E C ONSTRUC TION IN A R CH IT E CT U R E FAMILY HOUSES F ESTIVAL PROJEC T V ISUAL ILLUSION SA LAHADDIN UNIVER S IT Y - E R B IL - P R OJE CT S TISHK UNIV ERSITY - E R B IL - P R OJE CT S EX HIBITIONS

F REE-F ORM GEOM E T R IE S IN A R CH IT E CT U R E

Author : Assoc. prof. Sabah Shawkat

B1- B29

CONS TRUCTION IN ARCHI T E CT URE

B31- B37

E COCAP S ULE , S E L F -S US TAI NABL E MI CRO HO ME

C1- C25

FAMILY HOUS E S

D1- D75

FE S TIVAL P ROJ E CT

E1- E19

V IS UAL ILLUS ION

F1- F39

S ALAHADDIN UNI V E RS I T Y - E RBI L - P RO J E CT S

G1- G49

TIS HK UNIV E RS IT Y - E RBI L - P RO J E CT S

H1- H18

Project Supervisor : Assoc. prof. Sabah Shawkat I Assistant : Asst. prof. Richard Schlesinger Students : Mirka Grožáková I Chris Varga I I Vanesa Rybárová I Oxana Natalenko I Viliam Jankovič I Igor Ivanec

TABLE OF

A1- A45

AUTHORS

P RE FACE

Author : Assoc. prof. Sabah Shawkat

Supervisor : Assoc. prof. Sabah Shawkat I Doctoral work: Mgr.art. Matej Pospíšíl

Project Supervisor : Assoc. prof. Sabah Shawkat I Assistant : Asst. prof. Richard Schlesinger Students : Michal Pietor I Petra Ollerová I Jakub Samuel I Sára Chrobáková I Šimon Trančík

Project Supervisor : Assoc. prof. Sabah Shawkat I Assistant : Asst. prof.Richard Schlesinger Students : Hana Arnold I Kristína Betušová I Simona Gašincová I Mária Kostolníková I Lívia Molnárová I Nicol Bodnárová I Karina Guziová I Igor Ivanec I Daniel Knizner I Michal Zajac Project Supervisor : Assoc. prof. Sabah Shawkat I Assistant : Asst. prof. Richard Schlesinger Students : Simona Gašincová I Soňa Polčová I Mária Kostolníková I Sára Chrobáková I Lívia Molnárová I Michaela Krpalová Project Supervisor : Asst. prof. Dr. Faris Ali Mustafa, Student : Rawezh Asaad Project Supervisor : Mrs. Ansam Salih, Student : Rana Rizgar Fattah Students: Hardy Kamaran I Rana Rizgar I Zainab Adil Project Supervisor : Asst. prof. Dr. Faris Ali Mustafa, Student : Hardy Kamaran

Project Supervisor: Mr. Dlman Azeez Mohammed Student: Roya Sharif Saleh Project Supervisor: Mr. No’man Bayaty Students: Faten Firas Yacoube I Dastan Othman Hasan I Noor Faisal Karimkhan I Dania Idris Asaad I Lana Sarakot Asaad I Shahd Ahmed Meran

E X HIBITIONS

Author : Assoc. prof. Sabah Shawkat

“Your success will not be determined by your gender or your ethnicity, but only on the scope of your dreams and your hard work to achieve them.”

Zaha Hadid

A1

Free-Form Geometries in Architecture Sabah Shawkat

A2

Architectural styles and forms since antiquity,

finding strategy, permitted designers to oversee complex

inclusive of Modernism, have thus been aimed on

non-standard associative geometries, recommending a

geometrical control via simple geometric solids like

move from the computerized representation of frame to

cubes, rectangular prisms, cylinders, pyramids, and

its efficient representation into a parametric demonstrate

semi-spheres. Euclid’s Elements remained a standard

through code. Modern geometry became more attractive

up to the 19th century, this idea continued until the 20th

in the architectural design process with great innovations

century, the straight lines and the right angles were the

from form-finding stages to the final fabrication. Besides,

main tools in architectural design, as we know now, that

the various pieces of simple form or shape can produce

this concept limited in terms of classical geometry. Classic

complicated and complex geometries by the effects of

geometry is a branch of mathematics concerned with

joints. As it is known, the basic elements of standard

shape, size, positions, and properties. Originated earlier

shapes are line and plane, positive-curved line guides

as knowledge concerning one-dimension (length, bar),

the spherical geometry, while a negative-curved line

two-dimensions (area, surface), and three-dimensions

guides hyperbolic geometry. Analysis of free form finding,

(volume, space), with elements of a formal science.

categorizes them into folded, blob and formlessness

Static shapes are often straight with horizontal lines

geometries. Instead of a style or a device, the parametric

and may appear quiet and active shapes are diagonal

model is best characterized in numerical terms; in

with orthogonal lines. This behaviour of traditional

practice it joins the organizational logic of the shape and

interpretation of geometrical design was caused by a

the topological associations of its parts, so that a change

lack and ignorance of the existence of computational and

in its constitutive parameters will invoke a concerted

material characteristic tools. The principles behind this

overhaul of the complete demonstrate, and, iteratively,

“computation” have also been computationally recreated

formal, and structural varieties.

and are now in principle available to designers.

Folded geometries emerged and became Designers proposal

are

requirements

attempting into

to

shapes

change and

all

popular in the contemporary era, they had inspired by

spaces

several architects to create three-dimensional models

through adopting processes and series of aim-oriented

(geometry) from two-dimensional sheets (surfaces).

steps. However, a proper design means that it has an

So, folded geometries are formed by repeating some

identity where all components agree with the context

of the approximate prototypes of polygonal geometric

and requirements of the modern and future time.

forms. Blobs geometries have free-form, irregular, and

This problem requires designers to understand and

unfamiliar compositions that consist of plane surfaces.

analyse sets of relationships between parameters and components. One of the useful tools for producing architectural designs is to convert aims into abstracted shapes. In its long history, algorithmic plan as a form-

A3

Free-form geometries were considered one of the most significant phenomena in modern design with the technical developments of material properties and the digital designing tools in contemporary architecture, subsequently this process makes architecture more flexible and breaking away from regularity. FreeForm geometries can bring and spire new concepts in contemporary architecture now and in the future.

Blob form of BMW Bubble Pavilion in Germany https://archello.com/project/bubble

Formlessness geometries can be considered as an advanced and developed geometry of the deconstruction movement which has been changed the forms, spaces,

Industrial revolution (1840-1900) Iron and glass techniques, lightness, transparency, openness in urban facades, large windows in metal frames, steel skeleton construction and elevators.

and the overall definition of geometry are inspired by the nature. [3]

London‘s Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton, built out of prefabricated and wrought-iron elements, it represents Project of the Experience Music in Sea

the Beginning of Iron & Glass Architecture.

https://divisare.com/projects/367366-frank-gehry-pygmalion-

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal Palace.

karatzas-experience-music-project-museum

Paxton.Plan.jpg

A4

Futurism as an art movement evolved after

20th Century

Filippo Marinetti, Italian poet, editor and art theorist, laid out his ideas to the world in his Manifesto of Futurism in 1909. Marinetti wanted Italy to become the epicentre of progress by embracing cutting edge industry and getting rid of archaic institutions like museums, libraries and academies. He wanted to rewrite culture, and simply to forget the past and just concentrate on the future.

This would influence and be applied to everything from literature, fashion, architecture to theatre. Marinetti declared that „Art, in fact, can be nothing but violence, cruelty, and injustice.“ The main Italian artist inspired by this vision were Umberto Boccioni, Carlo Carra, Luigi Russolo and Gino Severini. They all later got together and wrote the Manifesto of Futurist painters.

Modern - Austrian Adolf Loos - Goldman & Salatsch

Instead of painting by the classical orders, they

department store

veered towards chaotic portrayals of speed, movement

https://secretvienna.org/the-story-of-the-loos-haus/

and power. Futurists also took inspiration from cubists like the famous artist Pablo Picasso. In the times of

Futurism and Constructivism

World War 1, Marinetti considered war essential for making new and modern Italy. The war, however led to death of some of the promoters of futurism and this paused the movement until revival in the phase known as “Second Futurism”. That is when future Europe’s first fascist dictator Benito Mussolini was rising to power.

Marinetti would later play a major role in Mussolini´s new fascist regime. Both Mussolini and Marinetti had very similar ideas. Futurism had both anarchist and Fascist elements. Mussolini´s political party merged with

F.T. Marinetti

Antonia Sant’Elia

Italy - ideas and artistic direction - futurism (future)

Marinetti´s futurism party, this is what later tarnished the reputation of futurism, after fascism was ultimately

https://www.slideshare.net/westharlem/futurism-in-

condemned. The death of futurism is connected with the

italy-19091944

death of its founder in 1944. Since then futurism became history.

A5

Constructivism

avantgarde, and were proponents of art for propagandist and social reasons.

Constructivist architecture and art had a significant

influence

on

twentieth-century

modern

art movements, including the Bauhaus and De Stijl movements. It had a significant impact on architecture, Kazimir Malevich Selfportrait The Russian abstract art movement developed

by Kazimir Malevich c. 1915, characterized by simple geometric shapes and associated with ideas of spiritual purity.

sculpture, graphic design, industrial design, theatre, film, dance, fashion, and, to a smaller extent, music.

Constructivism

was

a

post-World

War

I

extension of Russian Futurism, particularly Vladimir Tatlin‘s ‚counter reliefs,‘ which were first shown in 1915.

The term was invented by sculptors Antoine Pevsner and Naum Gabo, who produced an industrial, angular style of work, with geometric abstraction influenced by Kazimir Malevich‘s Suprematism. Gabo‘s Realistic Manifesto of 1920 coined the term „constructivism.“ The word was used as the title of Aleksei Gan‘s book Constructivism, which was published in 1922. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructivism_(art)

Kazimir Malevich „Black Square“, „Black Circle“ and „Black Cross“, 1923 Constructivism was formed in 1915 by Vladimir Tatlin and Alexander Rodchenko as an early twentiethcentury art movement. Constructivist art was abstract and austere, with the goal of reflecting modern industrial civilization and urban area. In favour of the industrial assemblage of elements, the movement disregarded decorative stylization. Constructivists were associated with Soviet socialism, the Bolsheviks, and the Russian

Kirov meat-packing plant in Leningrad, designed by Noi Trotskii, R. Zelikman, and B. Svelitskii (1931-1933)

A6

Expressionism and Rationalism

“German

émigré

Mathias

Goeritz

published

the

Arquitectura Emocional in translation to English it was called Emotional Architecture manifesto with which he declared that „architecture‘s principal function is emotion“. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressionism

Peter Behrens - AEG Turbine Factory http://scihi.org/peter-behrens-industrial-design/

Expressionism

is

a

modernist

movement

that began in Northern Europe around the turn of the

Walter Gropius, Adolf Meyer - Fagus factory

twentieth century, initially in poetry and painting. Its

https://travel.sygic.com/sk/poi/tovaren-fagus-poi:9273

defining characteristic is to depict the world purely from a subjective point of view, dramatically altering it for emotional effect in order to elicit moods or thoughts.

Instead of expressing physical truth, expressionist artists aimed to communicate the meaning of emotional experience.

Expressionism

arose

as

an

avant-garde

movement prior to World War I. During the Weimar Republic,

it

was

particularly

popular

in

Berlin.

Expressionist architecture, painting, literature, theatre, dance, film, and music are only a few examples of what the style included.

Ernst Ludwig Kirchner

A7

•

Ernst Ludwig Kirchner (6 May 1880 – 15 June 1938)

was a German expressionist painter and printmaker •

During WWII, Nazis destroyed or sold more than

600 pieces of his work, it was branded as degenerated, because of the expressionist style he used •

He committed suicide, one year after the destruction

•

He was one of the founders of the artistic group

called die Brücke, or the Bridge, along with other artists or architects

Bauhaus building- Walter Gropius (1925–26) https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/homes-and-property/

•

die Brücke is an expressionist style, which was

created in Dresden, Germany in the year 1905, it is called die Brücke because it symbolizes the connection

interiors/design-moment-bauhaus-1919-1.3739226

Modernity (1900-1945)

of expressionist artists in Europe – a bridge New constructional systems, materials and way of life The artists wanted something new, something that

that was emerging. The most daring execution of a glass

was more about the feelings and emotions, rather than

facade in this period is Mies van der Rohe‘s design for

the academic painting type, which was supposed to

a high-rise in Berlin (1922), no structural function in front

capture and describe reality of the world, the same as we

of the facades.

•

see it, this style does not mirror reality that much, as the ones before •

The content was emotionally based, with expressing

the feelings of the subject or the artist

Seagram Building in New York (1958) designed by Mies van der Rohe

•

They expressed themselves with some key features

of the style as for example the extreme contrasts, clear

https://architecturetoday.

saturated colors, thick brush strokes, usage of light or the

co.uk/still-standing-

space without any shading or modeling

seagram-building-ludwigmies-van-der-rohe-newyork

A8

The volume no longer appears transparent and light, but almost opaque, building must be plain and simple.

Arch We also include the arch among the planar structures. Nowadays, they are most often used as supporting elements (e.g., bridge girders), but it also serves as an architectural element - the shape of a parabola, which has the highest load-bearing capacity from a static point of view. Arches have already appeared

Lever House

in architecture in the ancient past, in Mesopotamia, then

(1951-1952)

in Ancient Greece and Rome in the form of triumphal arches and aqueducts.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Skidmore,_Owings,_and_

There is a very characteristic Romanesque

Merrill)

arch or a Gothic broken arch in Slovak history. In Gothic,

Lever House, designed by Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill

arches were often combined with arches.

(1951-1952) was one of the earliest steel and glass office towers and the first such tower in New York City Before modernism, all conscious compositions were designed, and the divisions of architectural styles were further governed by symmetry and a system of simple ratio. Since modernism, asymmetries and arbitrary proportions have become feasible.

Second half of the 20th century period (1945-2000) Reinforced

concrete,

wide-spanning,

thin

membrane structures, and other progressive construction techniques and did not consider the fulfilment of functional requirements. All conceivable geometric forms could now be enclosed with unswerving regularity, without operable windows and reliant upon artificial air-conditioning.

Gateway arch. in St. Louis, USA http://obrazky.4ever.sk/stavby/mesta/gateway-arch-170279

A9

reported within the ILS distributions. A parametric model is special not for what it does but rather for how it was made.

In this way, the utilize of parametric models in computerized plan, permits architects to depict the geometry of their model (either orthogonal or curvy) with adaptability, and make conditions between the components of the model, using particular rules and limitations.

To make parametric models, designers utilize French aquaduct

algorithmic editors that ordinarily consolidate visual

Parametric, in mathematics, is a set of quantities

MSP or Revit/Dynamo), to overcome the imperatives of

expressed as an explicit function of a number of parameters, such as the formulas that describe the catenary curve: x(a,t)=t, y(a,t)=a cosh(t/a).

Subsequently, “a parametric model is set of conditions that express a geometric model as explicit capacities of a number of parameters”. This numerical definition of the parametric catenary curve characterizes the modified suspension models with strings and birdshot weights utilized by Antoni Gaudí to consequently recreate by simply means the course of the forces and in this way the numerous varieties of the frame of his Colònia Güell chapel, according to the set of results that determined from the parameters (string length, anchor point location, birdshot weight). Similar simple strategies for parametric calculations were afterward clarified by Frei Otto at the Institute for Lightweight Structures (ILS), who utilized a few tests form-finding and optimization methods, as

programming dialects (like Grasshopper/Rhino3d, Max/ the interface, and to design specifically, overseeing not the form (with the plan devices given by common program packages), but the code that produces the shape. In this way the designer can define the associations of the parts of the parametric model into code, so that a alter within the parameters that depict it‘ll, cause a facilitated in general upgrade in this way watching the varieties of the created comes about.

An example of a parametric equation is the formulae that define a catenary curve: x(a,t)=t , y(a,t)= a cosh(t/a) These two formulae meet the criterion of a parametric equation. Firstly, they express a set of quantities (in this case an x quantity and a y quantity) in terms of several parameters (a, which controls the shape of the curve; and t, which controls where along the curve the point occurs). Secondly, the outcomes (x & y) are

A10

related to the parameters (a & t) through explicit functions (there is no ambiguity in the relationships between these

Visual

programming

involves

representing

programs not as text but rather as diagrams.

variables). This is the origin of the term parametric: a set of quantities expressed as an explicit function of several parameters.

Both Grasshopper and Generative Components are based around graphs (a mathematical name for a type of flowchart) that map the flow of relations from

An explicit function is a function whose output

parameters, through user defined functions, usually

value is given explicitly in terms of independent variables.

concluding with the generation of geometry. Changes

For example, the equation x∙x + y∙y = 1 is the implicit

to parameters or the model’s relationships cause the

function for a circle. The function is implicit since the

changes to propagate through the explicit functions to

outputs (x and y) are defined in terms of one another.

automatically redraw the geometry.

To make the function explicit, x and y have been defined in terms of an independent variable. Thus, the explicit function of a circle becomes: x = cos(t), y = sin(t).

Grasshopper script created by the author

A11

Form finding with Kangaroo 2 in Grasshopper.

Kangaroo is as a physics-based solver that is now included with Rhino and is embedded in grasshopper like a plug -in for grasshopper. Used physics to create forms, gravity, tension, minimal surfaces, compression, relaxation, and optimization are known in the realm of physics.

Grasshopper script created by the author

A12

Museum Of Contemporary Art

Solomon R. Guggenheim

City: Niteroí, Brazil

City: NYC, USA

Architect: Oscar Niemeyer

Architect: Frank Lloyd Wright

Rotating conical surface

Right-handed straight screw surface

The museum stands on a cliff in Niterói, near Rio De

The Guggenheim Museum was completed in 1959 in

Janeiro, which lies at the opposite end of the bay. The

Manhattan, New York. There is a permanent collection

construction was completed in 1996 and Oskar Niemeyer

of impressionists, modern and contemporary art, which

collaborated with Bruno Contarini on it. The main above

is constantly expanding. The author of the design is the

ground mass is formed by a part of the rotating conical

most famous American architect FL Wright. The ramp

surface.

in the interior is formed by a clockwise straight screw surface

https://www.flickr.com/photos/josepha/4757688458

https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/building/museum-ofcontemporary-art-in-niteroi/

A13

McDonnell Planetarium City

Meadows Nuseum City

City: Sant Louis, USA

City: Dallas, USA

Architect: Gyo Obata

Architect: Santiago Calatrava

One-piece rotating hyperboloid- surface controls

Corrugated conoid

The Planetarium is part of James McDonnell‘s Saint

Wave by Spanish artist and architect Santiago Calatrava

Louis Science Centre, one of the world‘s leading space

in the Meadows Museum Garden.

education centres. The roof of the planetarium is formed by the surface of a rotating one-piece hyperboloid.

A massive kinetic sculpture made of 129 steel bars encased in bronze over a black granite pond. It was manufactured in 2002. The surface is formed by a corrugated conoid.

https://prestonhollow.advocatemag.com/2012/03/01/thisweekend-calatrava-art-church-garage-sale-and-rose-festival/

Wave Conoid

A14

Erikson Globe Arena City: Stockholm, Sweden Architect: Berg Arkitektkontor AB Rotating surfaces - are created by rotating the curve around a line.

https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/building/ericsson-globestadium/

Grasshopper script created by the author

A15

National Grand Theater of China City: Beijing, China Architect: Paul Andreu Rotary Elipsoids

Light grid structures are particularly suitable for application where large span and low weight are required.

This makes them potential candidates for architecture purposes.

Usually, curved elements are aesthetically pleasing and https://autrecarnetdejimidi.files.wordpress.com/2016/04/centrenational-des-arts-du-spectacle-pc3a9kin-chine-paul-andreu2007-photo-04.jpg

Grasshopper Script created by the author

functional, however they are not easily to produce.

A16

Corporation street bridge

Cathedral of Brasília

City: Manchester, UK

City: Brasília, Brazil

Architect: Hodder + Partners

Architect: Oscar Niemeyer

One-piece rotating hyperboloid

Rotating hyperboloid

The original footbridge was destroyed in 1996 during a bomb blast, and in 1997 the restoration of the footbridge began according to the winning project. The new footbridge is formed by the area of a rotating one-piece hyperboloid. It is surrounded by a glass membrane, which expands above the street and acts very easily

National Stadium City: Beijing, China Architect: Herzog & de Meuron Anuloid The area of the fourth degree created by rotation a circle around an axis which is in the plane of the circle lies on (x2 + y2 + z2-r2) = 4a2 (x2 + y2) https://www.flickr.com/photos/-mnb-/10336056336

A17

Zeiss-Planetarium

Olympic Sports Complex - Nations Wall

City: Jena, Germany

City: Athens, Greece

Engineer: Walther Bauersfeld

Architect: Santiago Calatrava

Spherical surface

Wave conoid

The oldest operating planetarium, which was opened in

The Wall of Nations is part of the Athens Olympic

1926. Planets and stars are projected into the inner white

Complex. It is a sculpture made of steel tubes. The

dome. The roof is part of a spherical surface

steel pipes are attached to the central axis. The surface consists of a corrugated conoid.

A18

Nardini Research Centre and Auditorium

Los Manantiales Restaurant

City: Bassano del Grappa, Italy

Architect: Felix Candela

City: Xochimilco, Mexico

Architect: Massimiliano and Doriana Fuksas Triaxial ellipsoid

Hypar form

The Nardini Distillery Research Centre project consists

Los Manantiales Restaurant was built in the south of

of two parts. The first part, containing the entrance hall

Mexico City, in a recreation area called Xochimilcan,

and the lecture hall, is sunk into the ground. The second

which means a place where flowers grow. The

part protrudes above the surface and is formed by two

construction of the roof, the shape of which resembles a

elliptical bubbles, in which the research centre and

lotus flower, is one of the most beautiful buildings of the

laboratories are located. The fully glazed parts of the

twentieth century.

ellipsoids offer visitors a view of the beautiful landscape around Monte Grappa.

The roof consists of eight interconnected vaults of parts of hyperbolic paraboloids, situated above a circular floor plan. The restaurant was built on a peninsula between irrigation canals. The construction of the roof was thus reflected in the level between the flowers. Unfortunately, over the years, the level of the canals has dropped, and the gardens have been replaced by buildings. Much of the beauty of construction has been lost.

https://alchetron.com/Massimiliano-Fuksas

https://www.archdaily.com/496202/ad-classics-los-manantialesfelix-candela

A19

Postmodernism (1980- Present)

Late Modernism

Postmodernist buildings combine new ideas with

‘Slick-tech’ look, the surface of these buildings

traditional forms to startle, surprise, and amuse its

is isotropic and endless, a grid of repeated shapes which

viewer. Postmodernist architecture of the late twentieth

might be extended infinitely, but which has, in volume,

century featured a plurality of styles including high-tech,

many subtle variations.

free-style classicism, neo-vernacular, classicism, and deconstruction. Postmodernism and deconstructivism focus on greater complexity but are still based on the

High Tech

same basic elements. However, these relatively recent

Most bearing members (steel, aluminium, glass

styles allow for new ways of combining basic elements

that combine with brightly coloured girders, beams) of

through random agglomeration, intersections, and

the building are prefabricated in a factory and assembled

substructures.

on-site. The interior spaces are open and adaptable for multiple purposes.

The structures and patterns were made for symbolic, theological, and philosophical purposes.

Patterns are essential in Islamic architecture, based on its central metaphysical concept. The key aesthetic and ontological categories in Islamic philosophy, where the essence of wisdom consists of recognition and understanding, best described patterns and ornaments in a complex hierarchical structure. The best example is the interior and furnishings of Moorish architecture.

In the 13th century, at the Alhambra Palace in Granada Mathias Lingers, Messe

(Spain), we find all essentially different types of patterns

Skyscraper, Frankfurt, 1983-5.

that can be created using an identical tile pattern. From

While the gridded geometry

the origins of the architectural "pattern book" (early 15th

is very Modernist the scale,

century Europe) to the present, in which patterns are

form, and references to the

increasingly important for architectural and space design,

red-coloured stones of the local

they enter the design process not only as a secondary

masonry are historicist.

decorative element, but as a full part of it.

(1931-1933) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messe-Torhaus

A20

- Discretization of the facade of the building by a hexagonal network, Dynamo Stadium, Moscow, Russia (image © and object design: Erick van Egeraat)

Grasshopper s cript created by the author

Grasshopper output created by the author

A21

The importance of structures and patterns as a

The structure created by rotating and copying the

means of expression began to increase at the end of the

basic geometric object (square) and its subsequent

17th, 18th centuries and culminated in the rise of global

application to the pavilion object, also represents its

capitalism, the industrial revolution and scientific projects

construction,

in the 19th century. They are still aesthetically diverse,

design: Toyo Ito.

Serpentine

gallery

pavilion,

London,

functioning as more sophisticated, but mechanically and functionally accurate. Theorists and architects,

The advantage in the use of linear surfaces in architecture

including Karl Friedrich Schinkel, John Ruskin, Alois

is that the supporting structure can be composed of

Reigl, Christopher Dresser and Louis Sullivan, have

straight elements:

written ornaments. In the first period of pattern research

•

and theorizing, 18th to 19th century theorists sought to

surfaces) - e.g., facade cladding of the NEMO Science

find ways to create infinite structures by observing simple

Centre in Amsterdam (Renzo Piano, 1997)

species and their subsequent transformation into basic

•

geometric elements. Modernist patterns and movements

glass panes roofing the entrance to the TGV terminal in

have also had a great influence on further importance

Liége-Guillemins, Belgium (Santiago Calatrava, 2007).

and application, whether in architecture or urbanism.

Science

Unidirectionally curved elements (for expandable

Networks of triangular or quadrangular surfaces - e.g.,

Although Christopher Alexander defined many new types of patterns and structures, as well as their practical application (such as fractals), these were not fully integrated and used in the next design process, whether architecture or urbanism. https://www.123rf.com/photo_57619187_amsterdamnetherlands-may-6-2016-science-museum-nemo-designed-byrenzo-piano-1997-largest-childrens-.html

Centre Pompidou, France by Richard Rogers & Renzo Piano, 1971-1977. http://www.galinsky.com/ buildings/pompid ou /index. https://www10.aeccafe.com/blogs/arch-showcase/2011/08/09/ serpentine-gallery-pavilion-2002-in-london-uk-by-toyo-ito-witharup/

html

A22

Architects such as Herzog & de Meuron, Jean Nouvel, Venturi Scott Brown, OMA, Zaha Hadid, UNStudio, ONL and MVRDV have revolutionized urban planning, architecture, and design, which is inextricably linked to the design of structures and patterns. Many other studios (including Future Systems, ALA, Klein Dytham, Reiser Umemoto, Lab architects, Sauerbruch Hutton, LAB [AU], NOX, Daniel Libeskind, FAT, MAKE, Hilde Und K, Juergen Mayer, David Adjaye, ETH Zürich and others) also operates in the digital architecture sector. The huge number of publications, exhibitions, workshops, projects and especially the work of young designers is proof that the architecture, spatial structures, and ornamentality of the whole is more oriented towards a larger, more high-tech, conceptual, abstract, intangible function using new visual effects. These are new technologies that have allowed architects to expand the range of type elements with precision that they have not been able to work with before and with the ability to move smoothly into their implementation. New software and technological solutions give a revolutionary way to deal with the design object more accurately, to create spatial structures, structures, and ornaments in relation to form and function.

Depending on how and what software solution the architect or designer uses in his work, we can divide the creation of structures, patterns, and ornaments into three basic groups. These groups are directly dependent, as each uses the basic principle of dividing the area. Like the basic groups, the process of their creation consists of three phases - discretization of surfaces, its morphing with the application of genetic algorithms and parameters

and the application of an ornament, which in many cases has not only aesthetic but also functional value

Deconstructivism The generated structure located on the surface of the solved object directly express (an idea or feeling) and absorbs the relevant data of the overall spatial construction of the surface of the object on which it is located. It is important to realize that parameterization, as a style, is an art program that is just develop gradually, especially from a simple to a more complex form and creating.

Parametricism in the understanding of

P.

Schumacher transforms the technique of parametric design of structures into a new and convincing expressive articulation. An important contribution is the work of a group of the already mentioned circle of architects, such as Herzog & de Meuron, Jean Nouvel, Venturi Scott Brown, OMA, Zaha Hadid, UNStudio, ONL and MVRDV who use the means of parameterization and structuring of areas, thus starting a new, revolutionary way of creation.

Parametricism in the 1990s, after the introduction of digital design tools, includes the new related geometric entities of splines in the form of the Bézier Curve, Nurbs (Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines), allows for operations like lofting (morphing) and the compositional principle of affiliative adaptive deformation, which means formation of emotional bonds with others.

A23

absence of straight lines and flat surfaces on its structure, which is covered by polished titanium panels according to the architect’s concept.

Public Library, Seattle by Architects Rem Koolhaas, OMA https://www.archdaily.com/11651/seattle-central-library-omalmn

Frederic C. Hamilton Building - Daniel Libeskind - Denver Art Museum, Denver, USA https://libeskind.com/work/extension-to-the-denver-artmuseum-frederic-c-hamilton-building/

Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, Spain, 1997, Frank Gehry https://www.hisour.com/guggenheim-museum-bilbaospain-19164/

Guggenheim Museum ‘figure 16’ [28], is considered according to analysts and specialists, is a mixture form that is created from folded geometries (Foldism) and blob geometries, (Blobism). Its exception came from the

Frank Gehry - Dancing House in Prague https://stacbond.com/en/prague-dancing-house-velvetrevolution-building/

A24

with the problem of using mass production, which allowed the use of modular construction. This type of construction allows projects more flexibility, especially those that would lose the unambiguous system unambiguous form that was at the beginning of the project design. Basically, it is about optimizing the area using a simple or complex network. The implementation of complex architectural free forms and many generations of panel designs remain Frank Gehry –Vitra Design Museum-chair Museum,

demanding, both in terms of material and production.

Germany https://www.archdaily.com/211010/ad-classics-vitra-designmuseum-and-factory-frank-gehry

Max Reinhardt Haus, 1992, Berlin, Germany designed

by Eisenman, the building has to assume a "prismatic" character; that is to say, it needs to fold into itself, but Frank Gehry– Walt Disney Concert Hall, Anaheim, USA https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Concert_Hall

The Discretization and structuring of areas technologies have enabled architects to develop sophisticated

surface

panelling

and

structuring

also open itself out to an infinite, always fragmentary, and constantly changing array of metropolitan references and relationships. (Eiseman, 1996)A https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Peter-Eisenman-The-MaxReinhardt-House-Berlin

techniques. New possibilities are used mainly in the

Subsequently, these entities began to rebuild

design and application of the building envelope: simple

curves and surfaces, then offered great flexibility and

geometry, mosaic, material textures and layering, such as

modelled Isomorphic polysurfaces design systems in

shading systems. Patterns and structuring have recently

which complex surfaces are defined by multiple “blob”

enjoyed a strong comeback. The architects tried to cope

objects, (generate beautiful blub shapes) and feels

A25

much more dynamic. Then the architecture movement referred to as folding and which later re-theorized as Parametricism. it is about optimizing the area using a simple or complex network. The implementation of complex architectural free forms and many generations of panel designs remain demanding, both in terms of material and production.

Rigid (segmented) folding geometries and its application on Origami, Zaha Hadid https://www.archdaily.com/269061/venice-biennale-2012-arumzaha-hadid

Wolf D. Prix - Martin Luther Church, Haimburg https://www.archilovers.com/projects/42247/martin-lutherchurch.html

Folded geometries can be classified into two sub-categories, Rigid (segmented) folding geometries and Flexible (curved) folding geometries, according to their formations and the final expression using descriptive analysis. This allowed for a new kind of complexity that was based on the smooth integration of different forms into a seamless complex continuum achieved style of ‘Deconstructivism’.’ [2]

Flexible (curved) folding geometries of Al-Wakrah Stadium in Qatar https://www.archdaily.com/tag/al-wakrah

A26

Grasshopper script created by the author

Design model in Lumion program created by the author

A27

Abstraction and fragmentation are the most

She learned abstraction from the paintings of

curiously procedures used by Hadid to produce

the supremacist Kazimir Malevich who used unique and

deconstructivism projects and imaginative spaces.

geometric shapes to display his artwork. She claimed

Through her difficult study in creating space, she found

that abstraction provided her with a vision of the direction

abstraction as a research principle that is useful for

of the lines her works created by having the enthusiasm

creating and finding creative spaces, expanding as a

to take a line and visualize it as it "changes and deforms"

measure of unlimited innovation [17].Abstraction is to

it means distort the shape or form of in a project as it

break down the paradigm of seeing things and managing

moves through the bands of "light and shadow" [19]

them.To paint in an unique way is to depict it in volumes and geometrical shapes and attempt to control their

In this grasshopper we design by means of

organization by covering or accumulation.Additionally,

weaverbird plugin , how you can used it to produce such

fragmentation is to break the rules of known illustrative

of the mesh model as you can see here bellow, and to

design which leads to creating the same engineering as

use this plugin to produce smooth mesh for the curve

mechanical mass generation as Hadid depicted it [18].

, points or surfaces, as well as we use plugin Cocoon

Hadid characterizes the fragmentation as an application

with kangaroo too to create easily 3d model by means

that takes after these forms „break the block, make it

of curves and points, changing the position of curves

porous‟ at that point it makes „organizational designs

and points will change the form and position of the entire

which suggest a modern geometry‟ [18].

structure

Grasshopper script created by the author

A28

The blob (meta-ball) system gives much more

from traditional and familiar systems. Blobs, which are

morphogenetic scope to algorithmic self-organisation,

distinguished as irregular geometry, are not instituted on

it is at the same time more versatile and complex

Euclidean principles of plane surfaces.

organisational logic than nurbs modellers that are manipulated via pulling control points.

With

blobs

(isomorphic

polysurfaces)

architecture

received its first instance of the general concept of It is an approach to building design that attempts

associative logics.

to view architecture in bits and pieces, may seem to have no visual logic. Deconstructivism used the geometry of collage, as styles in place of transparency [2].

Blob geometries, as a new type of free-form architecture, became noticeable landmarks with the progress and the developments of spatial structures.

These irregular forms need innovative design processes, advanced technological and structural systems that vary

Grasshopper script created by the author

Zaha Hadid Architects, blob/meta-ball composition of massing, Soho Galaxy, Beijing https://www.iloboyou.com/ galaxy-soho-beijing-byzaha-hadid/imag1-8/

A29

People usually wonder at the compatibility of Hadid’s buildings with the surrounding although they totally have different characters in both form and materials. The secret lies in the intense research Hadid does in the site and environment. Landscaping the building means not dealing with the project when designing as an isolated thing but to try to make it as a complementary part of the urban zone image. The

(image Asymptote: Asymptote - Hani Rashid + Lise Anne Couture - PGCC, Malaysia)

Layering and Play of Light technique enable Hadid to create amazing voids and spaces that meet her aspirations of architectural space. The last technique is applying the feature of seamlessness to go through every part of the project. Seamlessness and fluidity are noticeably prevalent characteristics in almost of Hadid projects especially recent ones. She gets inspiration

The properties of geometric shapes can be influenced according to the distance to other elements - the so-called attractors. A specific attractor can be a bitmap image, which can affect elements with one of its properties - e.g., the brightness value of specific pixels.

for this technique from the complexity of form in nature, Arabic calligraphy, and the natural seamless flow of the landscapes.

Networks And Ornament In Contemporary Digital Architecture Networks and subdivisions have been a basic feature of spatial design (interior, architecture, urbanism, and landscape architecture) since time immemorial.

The patterns resulting from the interactions between these different systems are used in many dimensions, temporal, and spatial levels, including many natural and man-made patterns.

Combination of discretization of surfaces by primitive geometric shapes and morphed in the form of attractor, PGCC, Malaysia

Facade structure adapted to the window opening of Ravensbourne College of Design and Communication, Greenwich, London, 2010.

A30

Example of the ornamental façade of the John Lewis Discretization of the facade of the building by a hexagonal network, Dynamo Stadium, Moscow, Russia (image © and object design: Erick van Egeraat)

Department Store in Leicester (photo: Interpane, Object design: FOA - Foreign Office Architects, London)

Example of generated facade and spatial structure formed by the construction of the building. Federation square, Melbourne, Don Bates and Peter Davidson of Lab Architecture Studio

Parametric division and structuring of areas

A31

Grasshopper script created by the author

A ground-breaking project by architects Herzog

A hotel project designed using the latest

and De Meuron. When using several layers of materials

technology. These parameters were the main factor in

and printing on the facade, a holographic effect was

shaping the overall structure of the facade but also the

essentially created. Mulhouse, Brunstatt, France, Herzog

construction of the building, Yas Marina Hotel & Yacht

& de Meuron

Club, Asymptote + Gehry Technologies, Abu Dhabi How to create Form- Finding of parametric architecture and design. We begin with three different plans, using xz plan component, plugin xz plan to plane component with defining the values x and y, this step gives us one surface plan with xy values in xz direction.

We copy this xz plane twice in y direction, to get three surfaces’ planes after that we have to reparametrize

https://www.modernholic.com/yas-marina-hotel-abu-dhabiarchitects

the surface, this step allows us to pick one point on first

A32

surface which is on direction xz. Creating three different points on the xz geometry plan as surface number one, the first point is going to be on the bottom plane xz, the next point is going to be on the middle of upper chord edge of plan xz, and the third point is going to be on the right side on the bottom corner of the xz surface plan.

This step allow us to move freely all three points on xz surface plan, Then we get three different design, after that we interpolate the curves during this step we get the arch curve on each three surface plane, lofting all three arches together we get subsurface then we use hexagon component, with this component we

https://www.google.com/search?q=design+Art+borders

can create wireframe in to sub division u,v, then we use

Example of the use of parametric design in interior

pipe component to define the dimensions of hexagon

design Art borders (visualization and design: Zaha Hadid

wireframe.

and Patrik Schumacher)

Grasshopper script created by the author

A33

Origami In Practice - Architecture Origami – In ancient Japanese ori literally

For centuries there were no written instructions

translates to folded while gami literally translates

for the origami figures, the methods were just passed

to paper. Thus, the term origami translates to folded

from generation to generation.

paper.

The first book of how to make origami was Origami has roots in several different cultures.

published in 1797 it was called “How to Fold 1000

The oldest records of origami or paper folding can be

Cranes”. Another book was put into circulation in 1845

traced to the Chinese. The art of origami was brought to

that contained a collection of approximately 150 origami

the Japanese via Buddhist monks during the 6th century.

models including many that are still popular today.

The Spanish have also practiced origami for several centuries.

The Crane is the most popular origami figure, it is a sacred bird in Japan, and it represents peace.The

Early origami was only performed during ceremonial occasions (i.e. weddings, funerals, etc.)

Japanese believe that if you fold 1000 cranes you will be granted a wish.

Traditionally origami was created using both

There has been a lot of mathematical study in

folds and cuts, but modern rules established in the

origami which has led to several theorems and results.

1950’s and 1960’s state that only folds shall be allowed.

Thomas Hull has found links between origami and geometry, algebra, number theory and combinatorics.

Some of these theorems and results are.

Flat foldability How to solve equations up to degree 4 How to fold the side of a square into 3rds, 5ths, and 9ths (Haga Theorem)Other theorems have allowed paper folders to form shapes such as equilateral triangles, pentagons, hexagons, and golden rectangles.

The Sydney Opera House is likened to sea shellfish and ship sailors https://www.boredart.com/2015/04/the-art-of-architecture-andthe-beauty-of-it.html

Lightweight structures used in various forms and variations can be seen in a broad spectrum of use.

They may be of different shapes and sizes, internal,

A34

external, permanent, temporary, large, small, supported,

Tensegrity" in Lalvani96, tensegrity pioneer Kenneth

membranes filled with air or stretched. These structures,

Snelson also quotes Russian constructivists whose

developed over the years, together with advances

members were Loganson as inspiration for his work. The

in material engineering and technology, continue to

concept and art of "tensegrity" (the structures of "tensile

progress and are now an integral part of architectural

integrity") was developed by American entrepreneur

creation. These unique forms have played an important

Buckminster Fuller. Fuller considered the construction

role in contemporary architecture, interior design, and

of his dymaxion house from 1927 and the experimental

various cultural events since the time they first appeared

building from 1944 as models of technology. in 1948,

in the 1960s in Germany. At present, light constructions

Kenneth Snelson, after completing lectures and Fuller's

are designed and constructed independently of the

practice at Black Mountain College in North Carolina,

geographic location. They could transform the space by

created a catalytic contribution to understanding the

their elegant form. Designing lightweight constructions to

construction of tensegrity when he collected his X-Piece

meet all criteria is a complex task. Every part is visible

statue.

and constructive, relying on the proper functioning of all parts.

This model and the tensegrity pattern followed by other models and publications of Fuller and other Architects and engineers are the creators of

circles. Independent in France, in 1958, architect

new spaces, forms and structures that are constantly

Emmerich explored the capabilities and forms of

improving. This creative activity connects architects and

tensegrity and the combination of prisms into the more

engineers on their way to the art of the world-famous

elaborate structures of tensegrity, which he described

German architect and structural engineer Frei Otto.

as "structures tendues et autotendantes" (pre-tensioned

Tensegrity I read in literature that historians wrote and spoke

structures). Emmerich, Fuller and Snelson came cut with patent claims on various aspects of technology in the 1960s, and then all the pioneers that formed one family and continued to develop technology.

at several conferences that Latvian artist Karl loganson in Moscow in 1920-21 exhibited a prism of tensegrity

Snelson was mainly interested in artistic and

in Moscow, although this argument is controversial

art exploration of construction using tensegrity. All three

because Loganson's work was destroyed and vanished

created tower or mast design principles, which are still a

in the mid-20s of the Soviet regime, but the photo of the

source of beauty for admirers of tensegrity but have just

exhibition survived. French architect David Georges

recently found a practical application in the development

Emmerich quoted the design logson as the precedent

of deployable structures. I think that part of the reason

of his work. In the article "Snelson for the invention of

that the beauty and construction of tensegrity did not

A35

come into practice, even in circles where there was a

2. The complexity of the production of details - spherical

strong interest in the practical application of tensegrity,

and domical structures are complicated to produce details

is the clear lack of professional and intelligent workers

of joints as well as the selection of suitable material for

as well as the precise tools for realizing their design

their realization, these factories can lead to production

and creation. Fuller's basic model of tensegrity patent

difficulties

has quotes of element length, but no indication of how lengths would be proposed. Probably the lengths were

Kenneth Snelson also remembered David

then calculated and parameterized, as measured by the

Geiger's "Cabledome" technology and Matthys Levy's

length of the elements of the finished structure.

space triangulated tensegrity dome technology, which provided many creative and practical applications of

The main shortcomings and problems of

tensegrity in practice. Campbell94 discloses a description

practical application of tensegrity technology for the

of these two compositions which are dependent on the

practice these artists have identified are:

peripheral anchor for their structural integrity.

1. Low Load Response - "Relatively high deformation and low material efficiency compared to conventional, geometrically rigid structures."

Grasshopper script created by the author

A36

conventional, geometrically rigid structures and the lack of resistance to concentrated loads.

Frei

Otto,

the

only

true

precursor

of

Parametricism, free-forms, as organic, nonstandard, irregular shapes, are the deformation of these mentioned earlier by changing the amount and direction of the depth. Architects, with the novel imagination and digital tools, use both forms and shapes with their potentialities to represent the new. Hyperbolic paraboloid shape can be transformed into geometry by double curvature with twisted straight lines.

The doubly curved surfaces, of this geometry, have horizontal cross-sections with a hyperbola shape and vertical cross-section with a parabola one. Various curvatures as positive, negative, and mix of them have been showing and analysed. Due to graphical software programs that can produce new, irregular, non-standard forms under the principles of digital design.

Evolution is a process of gradual and long-term Physical models created by the author

The idea to have only tendons connected to struts is probably the most innovative concept of this type of structures resulting extremely simple joints.

Beyond the difficulty of form finding [Motro, 2006] the main problem of this type of non-conventional structure is the difficulty of manufacturing as the geometry of spherical and domical structures are complex. Other big disadvantage, similarly, to all tensile systems, is the poor load response (relatively high deflections and low material efficiency [Hanaor, 1987] as compared with

quantitative and qualitative changes that accompany the development of both living and inanimate systems as well as their regions and constituents. This defines the evolution of the dictionary of foreign words. And we are not far from the truth when we try to paraphrase this definition of the building structure.

Even in building construction systems there is some evolutionary development, which results in the socalled modern light system. It is a system made up of the latest materials and construction systems. We could define a light modern system as a construction design,

A37

designed and built with the emphasis on maximizing the

• bars (struts) systems - stable problems of compressive

material and construction properties, provided the weight

and bent bars,

and volume of the structural elements are minimized.

When creating these systems, we mostly work with materials such as steel, aluminium alloys and composite materials. Thus, we create various steel, cable and membrane systems (Figure 1). The design of each such system brings with it new theoretical and constructional problems. Without their solution, they cannot be advanced, and their solution is not easy at all times.

• cables systems - prestress, stiffness of the structure, necessity of solving the theory II. order, • membrane systems - prestress, dynamic resistance, large deformation solutions.

Light Tensile Structure Light tensile structures belong to membrane structures in so-called “free form shapes”. We can consider them as an expression of modern fine art structural design, architecture and they have large potential to develop in the future. Tensile structures have negligible thickness compared to the other dimensions; it means that their static efficiency is based on their shape.

The creation and formation of new space which could not otherwise be accomplished by using conventional methods is common for all such edifices.

Lightweight steel prestress cables and tension surface material

Because of the many advantages of this modern style, several permanent membrane structures

Talking about modern systems of steel, wire and membrane has its merit. And that these systems are at the top of the current building options.

Limits are given by the physical properties and laws of the material and the construction system.

These must be fully taken into account and used in the creation of the modern system. In practice, we most often encounter the following issues:

have been officially approved and constructed around the world. The uses of these structures vary widely from sports facilities to exposition buildings. Such structures are becoming more and more recognized as an independent field of fine art of structure engineering and architecture design.

There is an important and interesting interrelationship amongst the different types of lightweight

A38

structure: between manufacture and erection processes

Another criterion of lightweight membrane

on the one hand, and geometry and load-bearing

construction is its prestress. The correct geometric

behaviour on the other.

shape and prestress guarantees its stability, stiffness and dynamic resistance. At the same time, it allows the

Finding the minimal surface is defined by three criteria:

structure to resist the effects on which it was designed,

- Minimum surface is between any boundary

rain, wind and snow.

- Equal and opposite curvature at any point - Uniform stress throughout the surface

Talking about modern systems of steel, wire and membrane has its merit. And that these systems are

A minimal surface may be anticlastic or flat.

at the top of the current building options. Limits are given

Anticlastic tensile structures are flexible membranes with

by the physical properties and laws of the material and

double curvature and prestress are essential for stability.

the construction system. These must be fully taken into account and used in the creation of the modern system.

A surface of flat or triangular boundaries is

In practice, we most often encounter the following issues:

always flat. Flat membranes are unstable structures under load. Increased curvature increases stability.

• bars (struts) systems - stable problems of compressive and bent bars,

Membrane structures are often referred to as textile structures. However, the actual membrane construction is far removed from the classic tent. The main difference is its exact geometric shape. For

• cables systems - prestress, stiffness of the structure, necessity of solving the theory II. order, • membrane systems - prestress, dynamic resistance,

the functioning of the membrane structure, the exact

large deformation solutions.

geometric criteria must be computed.

Advantages of a Tensile Fabric Building Structure

The basic criterion is to maintain the concavity and convexity of the main directions of the membrane surface. Following this principle, we can talk about the basic four types of membranes: • saddle-shaped (hyperbolic paraboloid) • conical shape, • wave shape, • vault shape.

(Pros and Cons of Tensile Structures) 1. The installation of tension membrane structures is often faster and more cost-effective in comparison to traditional structures. The other factor that clearly puts fabric ahead of other materials is its clear span capabilities, Since the fabric has this amazing tensile capacity, the effect is to reduce the supporting framework to a minimum number of supports, all working efficiently as a whole system.

A39

2. Due to the translucency tensile fabric building structures provide an abundance of daytime light underneath, making it an inviting and comfortable space below. The unique properties of light reflectance and

Prestessed Cable Network Of The Roof Structure Of The Olympic Stadium In Munich, Germany

transmission also offer exciting possibilities for lighting after dark.

3. Due to the unique flexible properties of the fabric membrane, tensile membrane structures offer architects, designers and engineers and a wide opportunity to investigate with shape and create visually elegant and cone-shaped structures.

4. Tensile membrane structures have demonstrated as low maintenance projects for investors, but if properly engineered and installed are virtually immune to damage and weathering.

Frei Otto, Gunter Behnisch Munich Olympic Stadium, 1972

5. Due to unique combination of design materials

https://malarkytect.wordpress.com/2015/03/14/munich-olympic-

properties, structure, and environment, the longevity

stadium-gunter-behnisch-and-frei-otto/

and durability of tensile membrane structures has been proven to withstand harsh and extreme climates and environments.

The

realization

of

this

construction

was

considered unfeasible by many experts in 1968. The very high costs and disproportionately large technical and technological problems that have characterized the implementation of this construction are a fact that is only partially related to the experimental nature of this construction.

In the design of cable prestressed roof structures of large spans in the future, the aspects of optimization and harmonization of architectural effects with the realization and construction possibilities and with the functional reliability of the structure must be

A40

considered more thoroughly. The roof surface is divided

Heavy foundation blocks, underground walls

into many saddle-curved net elements, which act as

and ground anchors were used during the foundation.

load-bearing elements and at the same time ensure

The roofing is made of Poly methacrylic resin boards

interaction with the edge cables. These are supported

(plexiglass), which ensure sufficient transparency and

by supports mounted on prestressed cable elements and

fire protection.

suspended at the edges at several points on the outer masts.

During the realization of the roof, it was again confirmed the importance of a detailed consideration The architectural concept did not allow for the

of the individual production and assembly stages and

possibility of implementing supports in the space under

their consequences during the design. Mesh cable roof

the roof, and therefore it was necessary to create a

systems enable the realization of various geometric

primary cable system outside the roof's own net structure.

shapes of roof surfaces, creating a transparent roof

The roof structures of the stadium (roof area 34,550 m ),

covering and short assembly, resp. disassembly times.

2

sports hall (21,750 m2) and swimming pool (11,900 m2) create mutually independent load-bearing systems,

The sizes of the required cable safety are

which are interconnected by smaller connecting roof

given different values for different constructions. In the

areas.

literature, safety values ranging from 2.5 to 3.5 can be found for roof structures, and values between 2.0 To determine the forces in the structure and to

and 3.0 are given for bridges. During the construction

determine the final geometric shape and dimensions of

of the swimming hall for the Tokyo Olympic Games, to

individual elements, wire models were built at a scale of

increase the rigidity of this structure, the safety of the

1:25, on which experimental verifications of theoretical

supporting ropes was designed to be 5.0. Various factors

and computational assumptions, resp. results.

affecting the design strength and load-bearing capacity of the rope must be considered when determining rope

The mesh size is 75x75 cm. 19-strand cables

safety. These factors are only rarely well known, so the

were used, which are relatively rigid. The cables were

designers recommend choosing Security 3.0. The safety

connected on the construction site using rotating network

of the rope support structure can be greater than the

nodes. The edge cables transmit forces between 80 and

safety of the individual ropes because there is no linear

590 Ton. The forces in the prestressing cables in the roof

relationship between the load and the forces in the ropes.

area reach 3500 to 1150 Ton. Due to the required high

As the ropes are characterized by a large surface area, it

strength and durability, the main supporting cables were

is necessary to ensure sufficient protection of the ropes

realized as parallel cable elements.

against corrosion.

A41

F. Otto recognized two diverse sorts: one with stationary supporting structure and another with mobile supporting structure. Pneumatic structures can moreover be classified as deployable membrane structures. In any case, it was fair at the conclusion of the moment half of the final century when engineers started to apply material as building fabric for large-span developments.

The spearheading works of Frei Otto motivated plenty of membrane designs all through the world.

Membrane Tensile Model created by the author

However, the view that these construction systems are economically advantageous due to their

as it were exceptionally few know that a portion of the

low weight may prove to be fundamentally incorrect.

theatre of the Roman Colosseum (Amfiteatro Flavio)

The economy of the structure is conditioned by the costs

built within the to begin with century had a convertible

of foundation and the economy of production of many

material roof [Ishii, 2000]. The structure of the umbrella

elements forming the roof area. These facts must be

is an old structure as well, but its rule is utilized in present

considered when designing alternative solutions.

day versatile architecture.

Grasshopper script created by the author

A42

Collaboration begins with basic casual intuitive such as asking a question.

It creates assist inside an organization through intradisciplinary work – such as a group of architects and structural designers working together on a project.

Parametrics, concerns itself with the rules overseeing the plan prepare. “Parametric design may be Roman Colosseum [Escrig and Brebbia 1996] (cited by [Jensen, 2001] and c) the reconstruction of its convertible roofing system [Gengnagel, 2001] (cited by [Walter])

a handle based on algorithmic considering that empowers the expression of parameters and rules that, together, characterize, encode and clarify the relationship between design intent and design response”. Computational design is about manipulating thoughts, design concepts

Digital Architecture Every revolution changes human history and lifestyle. Since architecture is only a small part of the social evolution.

Media and Digital Screens A teach of digital plan requires encourage definition and refinement; this may be accomplished through a centre on three topics comprising of: 1) Ubiquity, 2) Parametrics, and 3) Tectonics.

In easier terms, a teach of digital plan ought to concern itself with individuals, rules, and things. The primary establishment, ubiquity, alludes to the reality that advanced data is quickly getting to be inserted in our everyday lives. It empowers collaborative intuitive.

and processes of thinking in clearly defined steps and instructions that are routinely made by PC programming tools. It offers the architect control of the change of properties of objects and inputs into arrangements and diverse options appropriately with the least time required. It offers the architect control of the change of properties of objects and inputs into arrangements and diverse options appropriately with the least time required. As of now, the most centre of computational models is essentially constrained to building execution, optimisation, and the useful requirements of the design issue.

A parametric understanding of the plan issue has opened the possibility of examining the more profound conceptual as well as tectonic structures of our proposals and has advertised users and clients a domain of conceivable outcomes instead of a managed solution.

A43

plan,

The media facade wasn´t a part of the main

tectonics, is concerned with the relationship of prepare

construction design but was added afterwards. It is

to item or from process to final product. It advocates the

said to be the first complete transparent media facade.

see that engineering will continuously be implanted in

The highly developed led design was done by Lumino

its convention of consideration to material, assemblage,

Lichttechnik.

and detail (the convention of making).

https://www.mediaarchitecture.org/page/31/

The

third

establishment

of

digital

The Japanese architect Toyo Ito has said that

The building exterior or facade marks the

architecture must become a media-suit to interact and

transformation between exterior and interior, between

mediate the information environment as clothing is an

the building and the urban space. They are not controlled

extension of our skin and the automobile is a mechanical

to the real space they involve as part of the complete

suit or extension.

structure, but moreover impact the space in and around the building. A facade is an essential part when observing

Jean Nouvel believes we want a new kind of space, which is at once the most minimal in expression

a building from the outside and has affect on the interior.

The facade gives a scale to the whole space around it.

and the most dynamic in potential. With the digital facade there is no cause-and-effect relationship between the

View, lighting, ventilation, client comfort, a few

building and its use. The screen makes a fuzzy line

building services and imaginable that loadbearing are all

between where the architecture ends and where the

assignments the exterior may have to be solve. Building

performance medium begins, giving the building great

exterior plays a particularly critical part. To begin with and

vitality.

first it gives security and protection. But its stylish and social work is fair as important.

Inteligent Architecture Today's

architectures

contain

more

and

more components that are "smart" and provide a high degree of flexibility. Nowadays, advances in information technology make what was once considered unrealistic or futuristic a very real possibility. In our real-world computing, sensors and computer chips would be built not only "everywhere," but "everything." James Law Ag4|mediatecture company built a new type of media facade for the T-Mobile Headquarters in Bonn.

Cybertecture International Delivers High-Tech Solutions for Large Span Structures Through Innovative Designs

A44

for Smart Living. The office building incorporates passive

References

solar design and an elevated garden that moderates temperate. will use solar photovoltaic panels and rooftop wind turbines to generate onsite electricity.

[1] Ching F 1996 Architecture: Form, space, and order second ed. New Jersey John Wiley and Sons [2] Allen D Mar 2003 The Surface of Fuller and Sadao US Pavilion at Montreal Expo 67 Architectural Design 162 51-55 [3] Pottmann H 2007 Architectural Geometry Bentley Institute Press 1st edition [4] Mungan I 1988 Domes From Antiquity To The Present proceeding of the IASS-MSU international symposium 251-252

James Law’s High Tech ‘Cybertecture Egg’ for Mumbai https://inhabitat.com/james-law-high-tech-cybertechture-eggfor-mumbai/

[5] Jiang Y 2019 Globalization National Identity and the Transformation and Renovation of Museums in France and Mainland China KnE Social Sciences 14-25 [6] Article

85985

2020

denver

botanic

gardens

science pyramid [online] Available at: <https://www. buildingenclosureonline.com/> [Accessed July 2020] [7] Biondi E 2006 When The Architecture Comes From a Water Drop The Blob Structures Politecnico Di Torino 10-15 [8] Callens S J and Zadpoor A A 2018 From flat sheets to curved geometries: Origami and kirigami approaches Materials Today 21 241-264

A45

[9] Taffur S 2010 propuestas in_consultas Retrieved

[16] Rey J R 2013 The disappearance of the structural

from Entrevista W James (Jimy) Alcock Premio Nacional

analysis barrier the Sydney Opera House from a

de Arquitectura 1993 Venezuela Arquitecto venezolano

contemporary perspective Structures and Architecture

Karina Lyn Entre Rayas

Concepts Applications and Challenges Taylor and Francis Group

[10] Plunkett J W, Mueller C T 2015 Thin Concrete Shells at MIT Kresge Auditorium and the 1954, Conference

[17] D‟Apuzzo A. M. (2011). “Interview with Zaha Hadid.

In Proceedings of the 5th International Congress on

Naslovna”. Association of Novi Sad Architects. Accessed

Construction History.Chicago.

March 3rd,2012.

[11] Kaimakliotis D and Lau B 2011 The poetics of

[18] Meades J. (2008). “Zaha Hadid: The First Great

contemplative light in the church of Notre-Damedu-Haut

Female Architect”. Intelligent Life Magazine. Accessed

designed by Le Corbusier PLEA

April 18th, 2012. http://moreintelligentlife.com/story/ zaha-hadid.

[12] Outmoune N and Arrouf A 2019 July The design process at Le Corbusier, case of the Ronchamp chapel

[19] Michaud J. (2011). “Zaha Hadid: The Lady GAGA

In Proceedings of the Design Society: International

of Architecture”. The New Yorker. Accessed June 25th,

Conference on Engineering Design Cambridge University

2012.

Press 1 1275-1282 [13] Kiser C 2004 Arcspace Corporation Retrieved May 29, 2012, from Arcspace web site http://www.arcspace.com/architects/calatrava [14] Sprague T 2012 Hyperbolic Paraboloid and Northwest Modernism arch [be]log [15] Mościcka A, Pokonieczny K, Wilbik A, Jakub W J 2019 Transport accessibility of warsaw: A case study Sustainability 11 5536

B1

Construction in architecture

B2

Public Space This project tackles the revitalisation of public space, specically Dulovo Square in Bratislava. It brings a solution to its biggest problem which is the lack of parking spaces, as a result of which cars take up public space. The solution to this problem is an underground garage under the square, which offers 100 parking spaces, therefore public space can serve its purpose. The design of the square works with its own greenery, which is incorporated into the new design.

B3

B4

B5

B6

B7

B8

Amphitheater

The project is focused on the renovation of the dilapidated amphitheater in Michalovce city. In addition to restoring the area of amphitheater and its old seating area, it is focused directly in the construction of a new covering lightweight structure. On the one hand, it will create comfort for visitors in the form of shadows, but mainly with its unusual and innovative appearance and lightweight construction it attracts a lot of attention and thus revives a long-neglected and dead space.

B9

B10

B11

B12

Underground parking lot The project addresses the relocation of the old, neglected and destroyed car park in the city center of Michalovce to the underground and places a pedestrian zone in its place. The pedestrian zone conveniently connects the central square of the city together with the student park and overall increases the quality of public space. Daylight penetrates the underground parking lot through large circular skylights, which with their shape and quantity refer to the large number of holes and potholes full of rainwater that are currently in place.

B13

B14

B15

B16

Minimal pavilion Minimal surfaces are defined as surfaces

A shell structure was created from the selected

with zero mean curvature. Minimal surfaces may also

surface element. By using the property of symmetry,

be characterized as surfaces of minimal surface area

duplication and rotation, it is possible to create a solid

for given boundary conditions. Triply periodic minimal

structure.

surfaces have the symmetries of a crystallographic group, they repeat themselves in three dimensions.

The pavilion is composed of repeating wooden elements. Its organic shape ts into the environment of the

The project focuses on recognizing the properties of a specific minimal surface, gyroid. It offers many possibilities for form finding.

park, it does not cause disruption. It offers various uses and a unique space experience.

B17

B18

B19

B20

Stadium

Design of roof structure

Plan of 5th floor

Section

B21 Plan of roof

Views

5100

4500

5100

4500

5100

300

300

300

cirkulácia vzduchu 300

informačné tabule

850 3250

850

8503250

3250 3250

7350 hydrant s núdzovými odvodňovacími kanálmi priamo z rieky vedený konštrukciou každých 50m

rezopohľad 1:100

B22

300

300

stropný osvetľovací pás bočné osvetlenie

Viliam Jankovicˇ

300

DB 5

300

GB JB 007

4500

náhon rez segmentom 1:100 prispôsobenie prispôsobenie koryta odstránením prispôsobenie koryta odstránením objemu koryta objemu odstránením objemu pôvodné koryto rieky, prispôsobené pre štvorprúdovú odvodňovací kanál pre vklad segmentov pre vklad komorového segmentov pre vkladkomorového nosníka segmentov nosníka komorového nosníka cestnú komunikáciu s potrubím

3250500 7350

3250 5003250

500 3250

500

500

500

15200

15200

15200

3250 3250 7350

3250 850

7350

3250850

850

7350

kanalizačné potrubie Ø 700mm

odvodnenie vozovky pomocou štrbinových žľabov

vozovka s dvomi pruhmi s rozmermi 3,25m a núdzovým chodníkom s rozmerom 0,85m

7350

rez segmentom rez segmentom 1:100 rez 1:100 segmentom 1:100 20000 500

9750 300

2000

7800

9750

500

7800

2000

dobetónovanie múru [šírka 400mm] vytvorenie 15m koryta pre nový mlynský

5100

Returning the river to the city stropný osvetľovací pás

cirkulácia vzduchu

4500

rez segmentom 1:100 náhon nové koryto,nové ktorékoryto, je hlbšie ktoré nové o niekoľko je koryto, hlbšiektoré metrov o niekoľko je zhlbšie dôvodu metrov o niekoľko z dôvodu metrov z dôvodu prispôsobenie koryta odstránením objemu požitia tunela požitia vytvoreného tunela požitia vytvoreného zo segmentov tunela zo vytvoreného komorového segmentovzokomorového segmentov komorového300 pre vklad segmentov komorového nosníka nosníka s výškou nosníka 4,5m s výškou nosníka 4,5ms výškou 4,5m

pôvodné koryto rieky, prispôsobené pre štvorprúdovú odvodňovací kanál cestnú komunikáciu s potrubím

300

300

informačné tabule

bočné osvetlenie

3250

850

3250

500

7350

3250

850

3250 7350

500 15200

hydrant s núdzovými odvodňovacími kanálmi priamo z rieky vedený konštrukciou každých 50m

kanalizačné potrubie Ø 700mm

odvodnenie vozovky pomocou štrbinových žľabov

vozovka s dvomi pruhmi s rozmermi 3,25m a núdzovým chodníkom s rozmerom 0,85m

rez segmentom 1:100 20000 500

9750 300

2000

rez segmentom 1:100 prispôsobenie koryta odstránením objemu pre vklad segmentov komorového nosníka

9750

500

7800

postupné vkladanie postupné a vkladanie spájanie postupné segmentov a spájanie vkladanie segmentov a spájanie segmentov

4500

5100

vklad segmentu vklad segmentu vklad segmentu nové koryto, ktoré je hlbšie o niekoľko metrov z dôvodu požitia tunela vytvoreného zo segmentov komorového 300 nosníka s výškou 4,5m

Adjusting the riverbed by removing the volume for insertion of the box girder beam

New riverbed 4,5m - box girder beam

2000

tunel vyskladaný tunel zo vyskladaný segmentov tunelzovyskladaný segmentovzo segmentov

300

Adjusting the segment

Gradual insertion and merging of segments

Tunnel made up of segments

300

pôvodné koryto rieky, prispôsobené pre štvorprúdovú cestnú komunikáciu

Original riverbed adapted for four-lane road communication

7800

3250

850

3250

500

7350

3250

3000

850

3250 7350

500 15200

rez segmentom 1:100 20000 500

9750 300

2000

7800

9750

500

7800

2000

B

B

B 3000

vklad segmentu

postupné vkladanie a spájanie segmentov

3000

3000

tunel vyskladaný zo segmentov

3000

850

3250 7350

3050 1200 900

900

3500

200

3250

15200

900 1200 900 2100 900 1200

2100 900

210

3500

500 500

200

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3500

3250

200

300

850

3050

300

3050

5100

nové koryto, ktoré je hlbšie o niekoľko metrov z dôvodu požitia tunela vytvoreného zo segmentov komorového 300 nosníka s výškou 4,5m 4500

prispôsobenie koryta odstránením objemu pre vklad segmentov komorového nosníka

200 4500

200

200

B

4500

rez segmentom 1:100

postupné vkladanie a spájanie segmentov

3000

tunel vyskladaný zo segmentov

3000

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4500

3000

rez B 200

200

2600

2600

3000

1200

2100

900

3500

900

2600

200

200

3050

nové koryto, ktoré je hlbšie o niekoľko metrov z dôvodu požitia tunela vytvoreného zo segmentov komorového nosníka s výškou 4,5m

200

rezy autobusovou rezy autobusovou zastávkou rezy1:100 autobusovou zastávkou 1:100 zastávkou 1:100

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postupné vkladanie a spájanie segmentov

4500

3000

3000

tunel vyskladaný zo segmentov

4500

3050

200 2050

4500

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2100 20

200

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3700

3700

3700 2250

2250

2250

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14300

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2250 2250 200 00

200

2250 30502250

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A 20000 12000

2050

2100

00

00

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3000

3000

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200

3000

4700

4700

4500 200

3500 200

rezy autobusovou zastávkou 1:100

200

2100

200

900

00

1200

2100

2600

200

900

2100

1250

1250 3000 200

200

3050

rez B

1250

200

4500

3000

4500 200

B

A

20000 12000

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20000 12000

200

20000 12000

3500

2050

3500

A

3050

3500 3500

200

rezy autobusovou zastávkou 1:100

2100

900

A

3050

1200

2600

200

200

3050

rez B

900

4500

vklad segmentu

2100

2100 20

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dobetónovanie múru [šírka 400mm] vytvorenie 15m koryta pre nový mlynský náhon odvodňovací kanál s potrubím

B23

cad-block.com

stropný osvetľovací pás

cad-block .com

cirkulácia vzduchu

cad-block .com

informačné tabule

bočné osvetlenie

hydrant s núdzovými odvodňovacími kanálmi priamo z rieky vedený konštrukciou každých 50m

GB JB 007

DB 5

rez segmentom 1:100

Viliam Jankovicˇ

Sections

kanalizačné potrubie Ø 700mm

odvodnenie vozovky pomocou štrbinových žľabov

vozovka s dvomi pruhmi s rozmermi 3,25m a núdzovým chodníkom s rozmerom 0,85m

pôvodné koryto rieky, prispôsobené pre štvorprúdovú cestnú komunikáciu rezopohľad 1:100

dobetónovanie múru [šírka 400mm] vytvorenie 15m koryta pre nový mlynský náhon

cad-block.com

20000 9750

cad-block .com

2000

300

odvodňovací kanál s potrubím

cad-block .com

stropný osvetľovací pás

cirkulácia vzduchu

500 7800

9750

500

7800

2000

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DB 5

300

300

kanalizačné potrubie Ø 700mm

odvodnenie vozovky pomocou štrbinových žľabov

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300

GB JB 007

5100

prispôsobenie koryta odstránením objemu pre vklad segmentov komorového nosníka hydrant s núdzovými odvodňovacími kanálmi priamo z rieky vedený konštrukciou každých 50m

4500

bočné osvetlenie

850

3250

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500

3250

3250

500

850

7350

15200

am Jankovicˇ rezopohľad 1:100

rez segmentom 1:100

rez segmentom 1:100 pôvodné koryto rieky, prispôsobené pre štvorprúdovú cestnú komunikáciu

nové koryto, ktoré je hlbšie o niekoľko metrov z dôvodu požitia tunela vytvoreného zo segmentov komorového nosníka s výškou 4,5m

dobetónovanie múru [šírka 400mm] vytvorenie 15m koryta pre nový mlynský náhon odvodňovací kanál s potrubím

20000 9750 informačné tabule

hydrant s núdzovými odvodňovacími kanálmi priamo z rieky vedený konštrukciou každých 50m

kanalizačné odvodnenie vozovky potrubie Ø 700mm pomocou štrbinových prispôsobenie koryta odstránením žľabov

vozovka s dvomi pruhmi s rozmermi 3,25m a núdzovým chodníkom s rozmerom 0,85m

2000

300

cirkulácia vzduchu

500

3000

9750

500

7800

7800

2000

300

300

300

5100

objemu pre vklad segmentov komorového nosníka

4500

stropný osvetľovací pás bočné osvetlenie

850

3250

3250

500

3250

vklad segmentu

500

7350

rez segmentom 1:100

postupné vkladanie a spájanie segmentov

850

3250

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7350

15200

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nové koryto, ktoré je hlbšie o niekoľko metrov z dôvodu požitia tunela vytvoreného zo segmentov komorového nosníka s výškou 4,5m

20000 9750 300

2000

500

B

9750

500

7800

7800

2000 3000

900 3250

3250 7350

500

3250 7350

15200

900

2100

postupné vkladanie a spájanie segmentov

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200

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3000

4500

rez segmentom 1:100

200 2600

B

3000

3000

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200

3050

rez B

900

1200

900

2100

tunel vyskladaný zo segmentov

200

3500

postupné vkladanie a spájanie segmentov

20000 12000

3050

2050

rez A

2100

3000

3700

1250

2600

3000

200

200

B

4500 200

3500 3000

4500

A

2100

2000

3000

4700 2250 200

20000 12000

4500

200

2050

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3000

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2100

3000

2800

2400

200

200 4500 200

3500

2600

2100

2250

900

2000

14300

200

200

1200

3500

900

2100

2250

3050

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1250

autobusovou zastávkou 1:100

1200

850

3250

500

3500

850

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segmentu

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3050

300

300

200

5100

4500

3000

300

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rez segmentom 1:100

900

200

rezy autobusovou zastávkou 1:100

rezy autobusovou zastávkou 1:100

B24

2000

4100

2500 600

600

600

600

900

400

2500 900

400

400 400 400

2000

4100

400 400 400

Different shapes of sections:

rez segmentov pre nedostatok miesta/hranicu s pozemkom

cyklo chodník - ohraničený hranicou pozemku

rozšírenie promenády v Košickom mestskom parku

vymedzenie výškového rozdielu medzi ulicou a riekou kaskádovitým spôsobom

vymedzenie výškového rozdielu medzi ulicou a riekou kaskádovitým spôsobom

rez segmentov pre nedostatok miesta/hranicu s pozemkom

cyklo chodník - ohraničený hranicou pozemku

rozšírenie promenády v Košickom mestskom parku

vymedzenie výškového rozdielu medzi ulicou a riekou kaskádovitým spôsobom

vymedzenie výškového rozdielu medzi ulicou a riekou kaskádovitým spôsobom

avrátenie vanirP yddo ykmesta eir

Project: ejorP foSabah daeH Shawkat

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B26

School of Chance The proposed school of chance offers education,

it is a great burden for them to carry it, therefore the school

shelter and socialization for children with a very difficult

is designed as efficiently and appropriately as possible, to

lives and often living in unsatisfactory conditions. It is

maximize its use. In the middle of the courtyard there is

named „a chance“ because education is often the only

a shade garden, where food can be grown for the school

chance to secure a better future in a poor developing

and can also use the captured rainwater. There are two

country. School is a matter of course for many people, but

areas (playgrounds) around the garden for activities under

for lower-class, education is the only tool for improving

the roof, so the children are in the shade and under the

literacy in their countries. Educated children have a higher

supervision of the teachers.

self-confidence and better opportunities, they are more informed about hygiene needs and know how to protect themselves from abuse or mistreatment.

The whole school is designed to be built easy and quickly, as both the roof with beams and the foundations are all the same. It is also able to adapt to

The proposed facility provides, in addition to

any terrain and has possibility of expansion later on. It

quality education, also the possibility of education in

uses already known construction procedures, cheap and

a wider range, thanks to multifunctional rooms, which

available materials and is really easy to build thanks to the

will be adapted to the program according to the current

repetition of building elements and saves material. The

needs of the school. There can also be craft classes, or

raised roof provides airflow and protection against shade

adult education, and spreading awareness about health,

and dust inside the building.

motherhood, HIV / AIDS prevention, etc. It also has hygienic parts that teach children the right hygiene and

The key to the more educated world is learning

habits and it also provides sleeping areas for teachers, or

from each other, and every single school is a step and a

children in need.

chance for a better education and better society. So, it should be a matter of course that the school building has

Likewise, the school is designed to capture water and make the most of its use, using the maximum of utilized area of the roof. The school is programmatically designed to be at the shortest possible distance from the well, so that children do not have to carry water for long distances, because children who are often sick also attend school and

to be as efficiently used and as easy and cheap to build as possible anywhere around the world.

B27

Dillu site plan

Exploded axonometry

Hiddi site plan

Floor plan

Benefits

Sections

Elevations

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B31

ECOCAPSULE, SELF-SUSTAINABLE MICROHOME Supervisor : Assoc. prof. Sabah Shawkat I Doctoral work: Mgr.art. Matej Pospíšíl

B32

Primary goal of the Ecocapsule is to colonise

water from any natural source into clean water. Hollow

uninhabited and remote areas of our planet, our intention

walls filled with highly efficient thermal insulation protect

was to design a product which is eye-catching and

inhabitants from harsh environment and help achieve a

different from container style housing, yet universal

performance almost on the level of a passive house. Off-

enough in terms of usability. We finally came up with the

grid functioning in different climate conditions from -5°C

egg-shape – a very common and positive shape in all

to + 40°C is provided. The greatest challenge was to fit

cultural backgrounds.

and combine all the systems - HVAC, water, electricity, energy - within the limited space. Ecocapsule allows

The spheroid shape of Ecocapsule is designed

people to stay completely off-grid, yet with a comfort

to maximize the collection of rainwater and dew, and

of a hotel room. This way it makes it very easy for its

the design of the outer shell minimizes energy loss, too.

users to get in close touch with the nature and enables

But the egg-shape also brings challenges. For example,

them to feel and act like insiders rather than observers

we cannot use prefab construction, furniture, or other

from outside. This leads to greater connection and

equipment, so most of the interior is tailor made and

respect towards the natural environment. Ecocapsule is

customisable for clients. We wanted to design a home for

designed as a smart home - via a smart home app users

2 persons and their needs in different climate conditions.

get real time overview of how much energy and water

But we also wanted to keep Ecocapsule extremely

is being spent for e.g., taking a shower, cooking pasta

mobile. With the current dimensions, Ecocapsule

or charging phone. This raises their consciousness of

provides comfort of a hotel room for 2, yet it can be put

resources usage and helps them think about how they

on our custom-designed trailer by 2 person and towed by

can downsize their consumption. At the same time, users

a car anywhere on road. It can fit into a standard shipping

can see how much resources is flowing in from the nature

container and therefore can easily be shipped globally

and how much is stored in batteries and water tanks. This

with the lowest shipping fees possible. Alternatively, it

encourages them to reflect upon limitedness and costs of

can be transported on a train, plane, or using helicopter.

resources. Ecocapsule is designed to offer just enough

We also designed a special pontoon so Ecocapsule can

space for basic human needs. It inspires people to think

work as a houseboat.

about what they really need and so discourages them from surrounding themselves with items and creating

Ecocapsule is powered by a dual system of energy production, which - in connection with highcapacity batteries - ensures energetic self-sufficiency

unnecessary waste.

Introduction

even in the case of a temporary lack of sources.

Ecocapsule also has an electric plug, enabling to

The architectural typology called the capsule has been

charge the batteries from an external electric source if

used in contemporary architecture since 1960s, beginning

needed. The water filters ensure the transformation of

mainly with most notable now-legendary projects of

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Archigram and of the Japanese Metabolists. The term

for rapid response teams, e.g., in the case of damaged

“capsule” was first used for independent, mobile, and

infrastructure or it can also be used as a small power

technologically equipped living an monofunctional units

plant and water filtration unit.

especially by English contemporaries Archigram and Cedric Price, and members of the Japanese group of Metabolists. Warren Chalk from Archigram began using the term capsule in 1964, for prefabricated massproduced living units called Capsule Homes (Senk,

Design Exterior

2018).

The main part of the Ecocapsule is made of fiberglass components. The production takes place by The original intention in creating the Ecocapsule project

manual lamination where in the process of assembly,

was to design housing for the artist on a plot of land

metal structures are inserted, enabling the transmission

without city networks, as an elaboration of an assignment

of forces. The resin used in lamination is characterized

to the Andes Sprout Society 2009 competition. Even

by a low styrene content. The design of the composite

though it did not win the award, its novel design

elements was investigated by the finite element method

resonated in design and architectural community, and

to achieve the ideal ratio, the equilibrium state of its

after many positive reactions and inquiries from potential

own weight and the load capacity of each part (Kolar,

customers, we decided to bring it to life, originally from

Nemec, and Kanicky, 2001). After inserting the closed

the studio Nice Architects. Longer-term stays away from

steel structures and closing the shells, these spaces are

engineering networks have always been marked by a

filled with effective insulation to induce sufficient user

lack of resources and the constant need to replenish

comfort. The structures in the assembly process are then

supplies. This means high fuel consumption, time,

conductively and mechanically connected to guarantee

accessory requirements and in particular, a negative

static, dynamic and electrical safety. The exterior is

impact on the environment.

dominated by a rich two-part glazing after the basic form, while the first, dark-colored shaped part has the task of

The project was initially developed as a

protecting the interior from unwanted temperature gains

residence for people who need to stay in challenging

during the day. The external dimensions are similar

areas for a long period of time. Scientists, photographers,

to those from the automotive industry. Ecocapsule

foresters, or extreme tourists. However, unit easy

measures 4700mm in length, 2200mm in width and

mobility, the possibility of transferring it by a container

2500mm in height.

and especially its long-term energy independence has opened new ways of using this housing unit. Ecocapsule can be sent quickly and used as an accommodation

B34

Floorplan Ecocapsule

Interior The interior part is mainly made of lightened plywood with a low formaldehyde content, which is sensitively built into a double curved surface shown on adjustment picture. The interior layout guarantees comfortable living for two users. There is a bathroom with a shower and a separate toilet. The living area is equipped with several storage compartments, in the back there is a kitchen with hob, sink and refrigerator, while the second, front part is primarily intended as a relaxation area with a folding bed and table. For optimal airflow protection, in addition to the use of a powerful air handling unit, it is possible to use opening windows and thus ventilate directly. The usable area is at the level of 6.3 m2 and the height of the ceiling is at the level of 2000 mm on average. Due to the manual production of composites, each manufactured piece of capsule differs in terms of geometric deviations, and it is necessary to adapt each manufactured piece of furniture to the surface.

Interior

Systems The overall self-sufficiency of the capsule is ensured by ingenious solutions in the field of installed systems. The system area is one of the complex and most costly solutions in the entire project. Smart solution

B35

includes an application based on PWA technology, which does not depend on the type of operating system and

Electrical system

can be installed on any device. An undeniable advantage is the operation without internet access. The applications are used not only to inform the status of the device, but also to comfortably control it. The user is able to change the air conditioning settings, check the battery charge status, fluid levels in the tanks as well as check the correct settlement on the surface along with the prediction and control of current energy gains. The coordination scheme of all system elements is shown in the Figure below.for two users. There is a bathroom with a shower and a separate toilet. The living area is equipped with several storage compartments, in the back there is a kitchen with hob, sink and refrig 3.1

Electrical system

Ecocapsule is powered by a dual- energy production system that, in conjunction with high-capacity batteries (9.7kWh - 12.78kWh), is capable of ensuring energy self-sufficiency even in the event of a temporary shortage of resources. Ecocapsule® also has the option of plugging into a conventional electrical outlet, so there is no problem recharging batteries from an external power source when needed. The roof consists of 4 panels with photovoltaic cells capable of producing 880 W of power that is used to recharge the batteries. A wind turbine that is mounted on a telescopic mast produces 750 W of power and is controlled from the technical space of Ecocapsule which can connect to a conventional electrical outlet through a Mennekes® outlet.

Water system The water is obtained in two ways. The first one involves the collection of rainwater and the second one involves pumping water from any natural source (stream, lake, campsite water, etc.). The water is then cleaned using a chain of efficient mechanical filters. The filtration system is thus able to filter out up to 99.98% of bacteria thanks to built-in ultraviolet lamps. Wastewater from the objects in Ecocapsule is drained into 3 waste tanks. One tank is for the toilet waste and two tanks for grey water, where the waste from the sinks, kitchen, and shower is stored. The toilet waste is divided into a liquid and a solid Coordination scheme of systems

part. Overall volume of water system tanks is 220 litres.

Level sensors also helps to indicate the fullness of each tank.

B36

Ventilation system The air-conditioning and recuperation unit are used for the supply air into and out of Ecocapsule.

The unit with recuperator is intended for ventilation and temperature adjustment. The supplied air must not be spoiled by chemicals, fuels, smoke, and other pollutants.

The unit is wall-mounted and consists of a ventilation

wheels, it would become just another type of caravan, and that is not exactly what Ecocapsule is. Currently it mostly offers ideal solution for people who have land without city networks and want to use for mid-term habitation, that mean for weekends, holidays etc. With a special designed trailer, it can be a cottage-like unit which you can move elsewhere whenever you feel like with standard SUV or off-road vehicle.

section and a compressor circuit. The ventilation part is mounted in a closed box containing fans, heat exchangers (condenser/evaporator) connected to the cooling circuit, actuators, recuperation exchanger, and filters. The compressor circuit is based on a compressor connected to the piping and cooling circuit elements by heat exchangers. HVAC unit efficiency of the air exchange level is 130 m³ per hour.

Transportation In the case of the Ecocapsule project, great emphasis was placed on easy transportability and efficiency. The overall dimensions are adapted to be placed in a standardized shipping container, which, in addition to global transport interoperability, also has an impact on the lower cost of transport than in the case of unique packaging. Other modes of transport shown on adjustment figure include the possibility of loading with any transport lifting device and placing the capsule on the cargo space of the vehicle, while on the roof structure there are lifting eyes, capable of transport also by helicopter. A separate chapter is transport on a separate trailer, where there is the possibility of separate loading and folding of the capsule on site. If Ecocapsule has

Transport possibilities For these purposes, a special covering was created to not only protect the surface while driving but also the aesthetically enhance the egg-shape during a stationary stand-by mode when the capsule is not in use, Fig. 6. The design of the cover respects the architectural approach to membrane structures in the case of synclastic forms shape. Synclastic form is where the main curvatures of the surface have a positive character (Shawkat, 2019). Preparing a cover use of geodesic curves in creating pattern with a focus on

B37

material savings. Patterning is process similar to fashion industry, which we can explain on a orange peel. If we

Conclusion

peel the orange skin to many pieces, we will notice that each of these pieces will be flat lying on the surface (Sabmeethavorn, 2013). Softshell® with a weight of 295 g / m², which consists of PES fibres coated with thermoplastic polyurethane, appears to be a suitable material for covering the outer casing of the Ecocapsule, which is at the area of 24 m², in ten pieces respecting the width of the bale of fabric.

In the context of the post-corona world, we see new applications that are opening in front of us. Ecocapsule has a great potential not only in the travel business where it can be used as a virus-free accommodation but also in the medical segment where it can serve as a portable medical checkpoint, testing spot, or as an isolation unit. Of course, further optimization of the product is required. As a co-author and technical director of the project, I currently participate in the identification and application of possible structural optimization and innovative system solution. This includes greater use of recyclable materials, higher efficiency in terms of production technology and time, and the use of the largest possible ratio of local subcontractors possible

Reference list Kolar, V., Nemec, I., Kanicky, V. (2001). FEM principy a Ecocapsule covering

praxe metody konecnych prvku, Computer Press, Brno, 401 pp.

Sabmeethavorn

A.

(2013).

Studio

Detailing

and

Patterning, IMS Dessau, Germany Senk, P. (2018). Capsules: typology of other architecture, Routledge, London, 207 pp.

Shawkat, S. (2019). Behavior of Steel Structures. Tribun EU, Brno, 312 pp.

Patterning

C1

Family Houses

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D1

Festival Project

D2

This design attempts to follow some of the usual

The parking section, consisting of a car parking

spatial organisations of a festival and its features to keep

lot (2080 cars), campers village (60 camping vehicles)

a sense of a camping adventure, while rethinking some

and a bus parking lot (30 buses). While the camping

of the basic elements of a traditional summer festival’s

area attempts to remain the camping character, there is

design. The festival site defined by existing roads and

a section reserved for anyone with special needs, which

rivers was picked to maximise its connection to highways

is located near all the important services such as the

and users’ comfort as well as safety. While keeping in

washrooms and a special section of the parking lot. For

mind the importance of including sustainable solutions,

anyone requiring a more comfortable stay, timber pod

it is designed to cater to a wide variety of users. With a

village is just that. It is designed to stir up communication

capacity to accommodate 10000 visitors and providing a

amongst their occupants. Highlights of the main festival

separate undisturbed service road for artists, this design

zone are three stages designed to hold performances and

is divided into four zones: (1) parking, (2) camping,

membrane structures to ensure shade and a comfortable

(3) festival, (4) VIP/Artist zone.,

chill out spots with food stalls. Finally, the artist zone is located right by the backstage of the main stage.

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D4

D5

D6

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D12

Festival site is located on the outskirt of Bratislava surrounded by Volkswagen industrial park, Devínska Nová Ves and Záhorská Bystrica, which provides very good connections from all sides. The locality is easy to approach by traffic, public, or train transort. There is an international highway exit so cars can easily reach festival location without any traffic jams. Also few public transport stops are nearby, so visitors can use buses from Bratislava. Festival is connected on the original cycling road and providing 352 parking lots for bikes so they are very welcome as well. Its area is approximately 34,4 ha and it’s designed to be used all year round and accomodate 10 000 people. Area of festival is divided into three smaller sectors: parking, camping and main festival area.

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D14

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D22

Festival site is located on the outskirts of Bratislava, nearby Volkswagen park and Devínska Nová Ves,which provides very good connection from various transport nodes. Its’ total area of approximately 44,876 ha, is devided into following sectors : motorbike parking (1%), disabled parking (1%), bike stands (1,5 %), trucks parking (1,5%), caravan parking (2,7%), timber pods camp (9,5%), car parking (12%). The rest of the area (68%) consists from service zone, fan zone, food zone and green area.

The site has potential to be used throughout the year for various occasions, such as festivals, exibitions, trade shows or training courses. Maximal capacity of the festival is 10 000 people (48,9 m² per person). The areal provides various types of accomodation, form plenty of free space for visitors staying in tents, caravans to rentable small wooden cabins, thus meets expectations of all visitors. There are sanitary facilities, drinking fountains and hydrants alocated in the centre od individual cabin sector as well.

The main festival sector if designed as park with 3 main stages, smaller 12 pavilions besides different services like refreshment stands, ATM, first aid, information points and playgrounds and artificial lake.

Both, main stage membrane structure and tensegrity pavilion structure were designed parametrically.

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D24

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D28

Festival site is located on the outskirts of Bratislava, near the Wolkswagen Slovakia park. Its area is approximately 30 ha and its formed by three zones: parking (45%), camping (28%), and festival (27%). Overal capacity of the festival is 10 000 people (1 person - 30m2).

The parking is divided into 5 zones - cars (2400), buses (40), caravans (100), bikes (160), and VIP (180).

The camping zone consists of tent and challet villages, a pont with beaches, pavilion, restaurant and stalls. In the festival are there are 3 main stages, food courts, pavilions on workshops and art atractions.

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D34

Festival grounds are located near shopping, Bory mall, between Bratislava and Záhorská Bystrica witch provides very good connection from all sides. Total size is 28ha devided into three sectors, parking in front of the entrance, camping included- normal camp, family camp, VIP camp, staff camp, caravan camp, bathrooms and entrance. The third part is the main part of the festival.

The side is designed so it can be used all year round and accomodate more than 10 000 people for any kind of occasion. Centre of the festival is a park that serves as a part for eating and relaxing. From the center I lead the way to all parts of the festival for easy orientation.

Roads lead to all the stages, between which there are free areas for various uses. These are open meadows where, for example, artists can install their works.

The stages are, two larger ones and one smaller. They are Tensile structure and Spaceframe Structure stage.

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Planned location of the festival site is situated

Main sector - festival sector, is designed as

on the outskirts of Bratislava, on field between Zahorska

park with intersecting main streets that allow easy flow of

Bystrica, Devinska Nova Ves a Lamac. This site is

people. In the middle, there is a small lake which creates

easily accessible due to its location near highway D2,

a core of the festival area. Main points of festival are

which leads straight to Bratislava. Area of the festival is

represented by three main stages designed as tensile

approximately 34ha and is divided into several areas:

fabric structures, lightweight and easy to maintain. On

parking, camping and main festival area. Festival is

the main streets there are also food courts, markets, and

designed to accomodate 10 000 people, and is designed

relax zones that are also roofed by tensile structures, but

to be used yearlong.

of different form.

Festival areas are further divided into sectors.

Different sport areas are also part of the festival

All sectors are arranged in orthogonal system, which

area, as well as service and backstage sector with parking

allows good connection between them, and also easy

lot for cars and buses, and first aid stations for emergency

orientation in space of the area. Parking sector includes

situations. Important part of the festival is greenery, which

parking lot for cars (1040), buses (15), and also bicycles

comprises approximately 58% of the area.

(300). Basic camping sector includes camping in tents (1800), timber festival pods (144), VIP camping with 108 timber festival pods and VIP parking lot for cars. Part of the basic camp is also caravan camping (104).

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D50

The site is located just outside of Bratislava on

It has three entrances. First one is main entrance

a land which is currently mostly used for farming. There

with registration, second one is basic entrance for visitors

is an international highway exit, town roads connecting

and the other one is for VIP guests and performers. Out of

Devinska Nova Ves, Bratislava and Zahorska Bystrica,

the festival season there is this VIP part which is avaliable

trainstation and cycling ways.

for 100 people to ac-commodate. It has parking, social equipment and membrane structure (chill out zone).

The festival with 10 000 people, is designed for all year use. The 31ha area is divided into a four main zones: parking, camp-ing, cottage village and the festival area itself-stages, chillout zones, stands, food court zones, etc. Parking zones are sepa-rated for cars (1056), bus (25), caravans (100) and bicycle station (384). Accomodation zones consits of timber pods (336) for 2 person or family with only one child. There is 1 main stage and 2 other stages for outdoor performance and (10) membrane structure for discussions, art exhibitions or chill out.

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D56

Festival site is situated on the ouskirt of Bratislava

The area provides a many types of accomodation,

city, located nerby Devínska Nová Ves and Volkswagen

from tent village to VIP zone, also is rich for sport and

park, which provides good region and connection for

leisure time activities. There are sanitary facilities such

this type of festival. The festival with 8000 people is

as drinking water tanks, showers and restrooms. Festival

designed for all year use. Area of festival is divided into

includes high health standards, covid testing areas, mobile

two open space parts, with main stage in each area,

car testing area and big open space for distance keeping.

which ensures two concerts at the same time. It´s total area of approximately 46ha, is divided into sectors. Sector

Two main festival sectors provide many dierent

parking, car parking( 31,25%),bike stands (2,5%),bus

services like refreshment stands, market areas, chill out

parking(0,31%), caravan parking (6%) and accomodation

zones under covered construction, rst aid acessibility,

sector with can accommodate 80% visitors. Camping

information points, various playgrounds, workshop areas,

area(80%), caravans 6(%), and pods camp(14%),

seating areas and also small pond. People can relax

includes VIP zone.

under many membrane structures, which provide shelter against sun and rain.

The site has a big potential for whole year using for various events, such as many dierent festivals, exhibitions, trade events shows, training courses and also spot events.

Capacity of the festival is 8000 visitors (45,5m2 per one person).

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Daniel Knizner

D64

MAP - SEKTORS

SITUATION

The main topic is the solution of the Pilgrimage to

surrounded by a wreath of chapels of the Stations of the

Mariánská hora in Levoča. n. m. This pilgrimage site is one

Cross, in front of the basilica is a column with a statue of

of the oldest pilgrimage sites in Slovakia and the largest

St. Ján Nepomucký, the chapel of the Virgin Mary with

number of visitors. During the main pilgrimage, always the

a spring and a column with a statue of the Virgin Mary.

first weekend of July, more than half a million pilgrims take

A steeper pedestrian path leads to the pilgrimage site,

turns here. However, it is open all year round.

surrounded by the alley of St. John Paul II It is about 2 km long from the city center and from the back of the area

Therefore, we focused not only on pilgrims,

there is a road for cars which, however, is very narrow and

the main pilgrimage, but also on people who could

winding about 6.5 km long from the city center due to the

come here and use it throughout the year, whether for

terrain.

some weekends, spiritual renewals, but also for people who want to calm down for a while to leave the city. and

We solved the problem with parking by separating

survive time in nature. The total area of the solved area is

it from the main area of the pilgrimage and placing it in a

25 ha.Currently, there is the already mentioned basilica,

lower place on a gentle hill on the outskirts of the city with

north of it is the Greek Catholic chapel of the Virgin Mary

good accessibility.

MAP - SEKTORS

SITUATION

D65

MINE PILGRIMAGE AREA

PARKING AREA

D66

Main area The main area of the pilgrimage is divided into 5

ticket is combined into shamrocks. In the following way

main parts. Gathering meadow, tent town, cottage town,

of composing, they create the impression of a cathedral

parking and rest areas. In the forest between the roads

space open to the space of nature.

there is a cottage town with a total of 621 cottages divided into several sectors according to the type of use. In the area there is also a tent town divided into two sectors with a capacity of 2724 beds. The whole area is separated from other areas by a strip of trees. Southwest of the main entrance of the basilica I placed two stages.

There is also another side stage in the middle of the complex. Behind it is a space designated for various shops with snacks, devotionals or monuments. There are various recreation zones throughout the complex. Inside the cell there is a bathroom with built-in shower, toilet and sink. There are also two built-in closets and a large living area. In terms of layout, I designed 4 types of cottages, namely apartments (24), family cottages (43), triple (32) and four-bed cottages (87).

Stage The main assembly ends with a pair of stages.

One located a little higher is intended for the space of the outer altar and the other as a space for choir, concerts or performances. This is actually a type of gridshel construction. It is based on the shape of a shell where the front space slowly shrinks and turns into a smaller rear entrance. The roofing consists of longitudinal transverse glued ribs measuring 200 x 50 mm and these are connected by means of individual notches. The surface of the roof is formed by polycarbonate parts in the shape of an irregular rectangle. Before the internship, I designed wooden stairs to reduce the terrain, which are a combination of a functional staircase and a residential staircase. I also created 2 pairs of models of this roofing.

One at a scale of 1:50 of millimeter cardboard and one

Rest area This is a proposed pergola designed for rest and pleasant shading of the space. It consists of three identical leaves at the bottom anchored to one concrete cylindrical block by means of screws. It consists of thirteen differently bent glued prisms in the lower part joined into one metal foot and in the upper part fed into a hexagonal wooden hoop. Due to possible deformation and stability, the ribs are interconnected by metal perforated sheets. Such a

1:25 of two millimeter cardboard. I produced them by laser and subsequent folding in total lengths.

PARKING AREA

BUS PARKING

BARRIER-FREE PARKING

CAR PARKING

BICYCLE PARKING

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D68

Daniel Knizner

DOME COTTAGE

AXONOMETRY SANDWICH CONSTRUCTION

DETAILS

FLOOR PLAN

VIEWS

FLOOR PLAN

SECTIONS

FLOOR PLAN

SECTIONS

D69

SECTION

AXONOMETRY CONSTRUCTION

AXONOMETRY TREFOIL

RELAX ZONE - TREFOIL- PERGOLA

FLOOR PLAN

VIEWS

VIEW TO COMPOSED CONSTRUCTION

D70

VIEW TO COMPOSED CONSTRUCTION

GRIDSHELL CONSTRUCTION STAGE

LASERED MODEL 1:50

DETAIL

GRIDSHELL CONSTRUCTION

SECTION OF STAGE

VIEW OF THE MAIN STAGE

FESTIVAL

D71 Detaily rezov 1 - Parking A karavany parkovanie

AA,

chillout - zóna

2 - Accommodation 3 - Festival 4 - Parking B

2 1

M . 1 : 300

3

stage 1

,

BB

4

bunky

Bus parking Bicycle parking Car parking

S 1 : 7 500

Caravan parking Testing point

Capacity

16 000

Bicycles

480

VIP pod accommodation Pod accommodation

72

Tent accommodation

320

Cars

2 552

Pods

10 577

Tents

3 526

Basic parking Reserved parking Standard VIP 4-seater 2-seater

Chillout - zone

2 420 132 10 479 30 440 880

100%

Buses Caravans

Hygiene

Stages

25% 75%

M . 1 : 300

Food courts

LOCATION

6200

Typology

42

00

3000

6200

3000

2

4

Typology

6200

D72

42 6200

3000

14

100 400 0 0

00

3000

0

0

40

100

0

0

00 42

00

3000

100

02

200

6200

100 0

34 00

38

Typology

220

100

100 0 140 0

00

9900

00

S . 1 : 100

6000

5740

3000

3000

3000

3000

3000

1100

6200

3000

5000 4000

5196

5000

550

3000

2500

5000

S . 1 : 100

2000

S . 1 : 100

S . 1 : 100

Ubytovacie bunky Pods

Pod section

Parts of the(sliding) pod 2nd part of the entrance (sliding)

upper part/roof partitions

Ubytovacie bunky Podsbunky Ubytovacie Pods

3rd part of the entrance (static)

partition's joint 1st part of the entrance (sliding)

Pod section

M4

M3

M4

M2

M3

M1

M2

M1

2nd part of the connecting part entrance +1,445 (sliding)+1,445 conrete anchor

1.01

1.01

3rd part of the entrance 0,000 (static) 0,000 side part

1.02

1.02

S . 1 : 20

M1 - concrete M2 - textile - concrete M3 M1 - steel M4M2 - wood - textile

1.01 - storage space 1.02 - sleeping space

1.01 - storage space 1.02 - sleeping space

connecting part Details

Pod

S . 1 : 20

conrete anchor

M3 - steel M4 - wood

Parts of the pod

side part

D1

Parts of the pod upper part/roof

D2

D2

partitions

D1

upper part/roof partition's joint of the 1st part partitions entrance (sliding) partition's joint

Details

nd

partofofthe the 32rd part entrance entrance (sliding) (static)

D1

D2

D2

steel joint top frame

D1

textiles bottom frame D2

connecting part

D1 - wooden plate 40mm D2 - steel connecting plate 10mm D3 - screw 5mm +1,445 D4 - wooden cover S . plate 1 : 3040mm D5 +0,200 - mounted rail 0,000 D6 - wheels ensuring movement

Pod parameters

D4

D1

west elevation

S . 1 : 50

550 D2

D6

D3

Pod parameters

D3 D1

+1,445 +0,200

5430

D5 D4

0,000

D4

S.1:3 D3

D6

S . 1 : 50west elevation

25550 00

143

0

1100

5200

1100

S . 1 : 50 S . 1 : 100 1430 1840

D2

362

5

D1

173 0

D1 - wooden plate 40mm D2 - steel connecting plate 10mm D2 D3 - screw 5mm D4 - wooden cover plate 40mm D3 D1

D4

0

steel joint

Details

D1

D5

S . 1 : 30

conrete anchor

D2

D6

D3

D3

D1

side part

110

D4

550

top frame textiles bottom frame

conrete anchor

Pod parameters S.1:3

5430

side part

3rd part of the entrance (static) part connecting

D1

D4

D1 - wooden plate 40mm D2 - steel connecting plate 10mm D3 - screw 5mm D4 - wooden cover plate 40mm D5 - mounted rail D1 D6 - wheels ensuring movement

(sliding)

Details

D5

D2

st part of the 21nd part of the entrance entrance (sliding)

D2

D6

D3

D3

D1

D1

D4

D1

173

Pod section

D73

S.1:3

250

0

1100

5200 7400

0.000

0.000

S . 1 : 150

S . 1 : 150 39170

south elevation

Typology

44370

arameters

south elevation

39170

44370

D74

+12.000

+12.000

+12.000 0

1000

26150

6200

0.000

0.000

0.000

3000

west elevation

south elevation

39170

6200

west elevation

S . 1 : 250

44370

S . 1 : 150

S . 1 : 250

Stage section

Stage parameters

+12.000

M2 Stage section

M1

M2

+12.000

0.000

M1

+12.000 39170

Stage 44370

west elevation

south e

S . 1 : 250

section M2

0.000

Lasered model M1

S . 1 : 150

M1 - wooden construction M2 - concrete

west e

0.000

+12.000

Stage section S . 1 : 150

M2

M1 - wooden construction M2 - concrete

Details D3

0.000

Details

D2

D5

M1 - wooden construction M2 - concrete

ails

D2

D2

D1 - concrete anchor D2 - wooden lamella 225mm D3 - steel joint 60mm D4 - steel plate 75mm D5 - screws 45mm D6 - steel anchor

D3

D4

S . 1 : 150

D2 M1 - wooden construction M2 - concrete

D5 D1

D6

D4 D2

D3D1 - concrete D2 anchor

Details D2

D1

D

D6 D5

Details

Details

D1 - concrete anchor D2 - wooden lamella 225mm D3 - steel joint 60mm D4 - steel plate 75mm D5 - screws 45mm D6 - steel anchor

3D

2D

D755D3 D 4D

6D

S.1:8

D1 - concrete anchor D2 - wooden lamella 225mm D3 - steel joint 60mm D4 - steel plate 75mm D5 - screws 45mm D6 - steel anchor

D2

D

4D

D

D5

D2

D2

2D

D1 - concrete anchor D2 - wooden lamella 225mm D3 - steel joint 60mm D4 - steel plate 75mm D5 - screws 45mm D6 - steel anchor D1

D2 1D

6DD6

8:1.S

8:1.S

egatS

Lasered model

Stage

S

E1

Visual Illusion

E2

OPTICAL ILLUSION AXONOMETRY AND ELEVATION

Terms such as ‘impossible objects‘ or ‘impossible pictures‘ originally described illustrations of imaginary 3D objects which cannot be constructed in real physical world.

Through research of mathematical engineering, professor Sugihara developed a method for constructing physical 3D objects from impossible pictures.

Impossible objects

90

OPTICAL ILLUSION

NORMAL APPEARANCE AXONOMETRY

90

150

TOP VIEW

110

E3

DISASSEMBLY OF PARTICLES

150

51

51

EXPLODED AXONOMETRY

56

AXONOMETRY

Impossible objects 51

ASSEMBLY OF PARTICLES

E4

PARTICLES TYPES DIMENSIONS

90

110

150

150

136

136

11

7

69

125

45

85

125

66

39

78

55

56

56

56 32

51 32

51

85

34

27

27

98

Impossible objects

39

34

653

163 327 163

E5

283 283

400

566

283 283

653

163 327 163

566

283 283

400

566

283 283 566

Optical illusion with geometric shapes

653

163 327 163

E6

283 283

400

566

283 283

653

163 327 163

566

283 283

400

566

283 283 566

Optical illusion with geometric shapes

E7 diagramy

referencie

foto - model

diagramy

Penrose stairs

E8

Penrose stairs

E9

Penrose stairs

E10 A1 Penrose triangle Penrose triangle, is a triangular impossible object. This optical illusion consists of an object which can be depicted in a perspective drawing, but can not exist as a solid object. It was first created in 1934 by the Swedish artist Oscar Reutersvärd.

The triangle was later popularized by psychiatrist Lionel Penrose and his son. We can also find it in the works of graphic artist M. C. Escher, whose earlier depictions of impossible objects partly inspired it. The triangle appears to be a solid object, made of three straight beams of square cross-section which meet pairwise at right angles at the vertices of the triangle they form.

There are several options how to construct Penrose triangle in 3d model, I chose three of them.These optical illusions could be utilized in designing facades, pavilion or many more.

front elevation

700

800

1800

3200

1000

1000

top elevation

4200

800

side elevation

5000

700

700

1800

2800

1000

side elevation

800

4200

Penrose Opticaltriangle illusion

1000

3200

800

E11 A2

face composition

top elevation

pavilion component

side elevation

form finding

+20.000

+15.000

+-0.000

Penrose triangle

Optical illusion

A3

E12

face composition

+110.000

side elevation +70.000

facade component

+-0.000

Penrose triangle

Optical illusion

A4 E13 visualisation

visualisation

Penrose triangle

Optical illusion

E14

Penrose lookout tower

E15

Penrose lookout tower

E16

1. initial input → sketch

← final aggregate

2. generated aggregate variations

3. final aggregate → 3 module types

Penrose pavilion optical illusion

modular penrose stairs

M. Krpalová

á

E17 4. carpentry → dowel joints

5. carpentry → metal parts

module parts

connections principle

Penrose pavilion

M. Krpalová

E18

6. carpentry → module aggregation

details →

modules

connections principle

Penrose pavilion

M. Krpalová

E19

7. module suspension principle

8. 3D view → NorthEast

9. 3D view → SouthWest

final aggregate → M. Krpalová

Penrose pavilion

F1

Salahaddin University- Erbil College of Engineering Architectural Department

The

institution

that

became

Salahaddin

The instructional, research, and service

University-Erbil was founded in 1968 in Sulaimani. In

missions of the University reflect the needs of the

1981, the university was moved to Erbil and the name was

respective geographic areas. The University also

changed to Salahaddin University-Erbil.

serves state wide, national, and international needs by offering consultancy, educational and research

Salahaddin University-Erbil is the oldest and

activities in communities throughout the state and

largest public comprehensive university in Kurdistan

through research and training exchanges and world-

region. It is the educational home to more than 26,000

wide partnership programs. In this way, Salahaddin

undergraduates and more than 900 graduate students.

University-Erbil has enriched the cultural, political,

Salahaddin

75

and industrial sectors of Kurdistan for four decades,

undergraduate majors and award degrees at the certificate,

University-Erbil

offers

more

than

playing a major role in the advancement of Kurdish

bachelors, masters and doctoral levels. The programs

society.

include: Engineering, Science, Law & Politics, Agriculture, Business & Administration, Physical Education, Art and Sociology, Fine Arts, Languages, Religion, and Teaching methods. Salahaddin University-Erbil has more than 1700 academic staff and 4,000 employees in administration and professional staff.

F2

Life Science Center Complex Site Location

Site Analysis

The proposal site is located on massif road to

The site area is 38 000 m2, which is compatible

the international School of Chouefrat, 17km far from the

with the size of life science center project. The site

center of erbil city. The site has adequate user access,

dimensions are 200m by 185m, so it´s nearly square in

because it´s close to the new 150 meter ring road as

shape. The site have nearly 12 m topography, which must

it will be known, is one of the major municipal projects

be taken into consideration in design process.

previously scheduled, the contruction of 150 meter road will take erbil city to the next level, and connects the life science project very well with other parts of the city, so as the scientists, researchers, and student, visitors can visit the project easily. The proposal site is located in a place where no major Science Centre exists and compatible with the surrounding use. As shown in the figure below

Erbil Masterplan

F3

Concept Analysis The concept of LSC is inspired by the process of cell dividion (Evloution of cell in creatures) and nervous tissue, then applying the biological system principles and sustainbility to the design (Design Inspiration From Nature Biomimicry)

Cause the cell division (evolution) into several cells, the unit of the project is repeated same as the cell unites with slight variation in proportion and dimension, orientation.

Putting courts inside the unites as nucleus (dominance core) of the cells, used enviromental purpose.

Form Analysis Altering the form according to the concept:

Surrounding the unites (masses) by a screen that represents the plasma membrane of the cells.

Starting from a single unit (Cell is basic unit of life), as a smallest lever of a living organism such as human and other living things.

The creen pattern is inspired by the nervous The unit took a smooth (natural) form like form of cell in organism.

tissue of the cell

F4

Sustainability Strategy in the Project There are several sustainable strategy in the project:

F5

Facade Concept Diagram There are several sustainable strategy in the project:

F6

F7

F8

F9

Life Science Center Complex A science centre is a scientific educational and entertainment facility that uses effective methods to

teach

engineering.

science, These

technology, methods

mathematics

rely

mainly

on

and the

use of interactive displays, events and activities.

A research center is a facility or building dedicated to research, commonly with the focus on a specific area.

The Life Science Center (LSC) is a combination between research centre and science center, because to design a project that will be a place for research, education and entertainment. Moreover to establish a scientific place for scientists and researchers to obtain answers or test the research hypothesis, and to facilitate and help school and university students to learn more about the science field. It will also be of benefit for Families, tourists, and general public for the purpose of learning and entertainment. It‘s a place which not only entertains the visitors but also plays a significant role in improving their knowledge, visiting will be a source of attraction to someone who haven‘t come before.

The life sciences or biological sciences comprises the branches of science that involve the scientific study of life and organisms, such as microorganisms, plants, and animals including human beings. All these make life sciences a compelling, complex, combinable, practical, psychological and philosophical field to choose, that constantly pushes the frontiers of our past, present and future.

F10

The LSC project aims to inspire research, curiosity, discovery, and learning about life science and biotechnology through outstanding research labs, exhibitions, collections, public facilities and educational activities. More importantly life science centre (LSC) project is used as a main node for medical research, by engaging biology scientists, researchers and doing experiments in various biology labs of the project, to find or invent in biology fields, especially today‘s global Pandemic (COVID-19) which never before, scientists say, had so many of the world‘s researchers focused so urgently on a single topic to find a cure for.

The

life

science

center

project

contains

infection diseases section and virology laboratory, which performs isolation and identification of common and novel viruses from diagnostic and research samples like today‘s disease (COVID-19) and other diseases like Ebola, Influenza, flu, wart, HIVI ADIS...Etc, isolation procedures used are specific to the host animal and suspected pathogen. These types of labs almost need no light because of special works that are sensitive, they only need light in specific areas like office rooms and rest areas. That‘s why it‘s placed on the basement floor in the LSC project and is separated from other labs.

F11

F12

F13

F14

F15

F16

Spa and Treatment Centre in Garaw Design Concept The idea was inspired by the nature of the rocky site and embodied around a group of rocks formed through several stages. The first stage is the stage of hot spring eruptions forming cracks, and the second stage is the stage of the influence of erosion and weathering factors in the rock process. The third stage is the intervention of the human being in the formation and carving of rocks in order to benefit from them in creating a shelter for humans.

Design concept stage the formation of cracs by hot spring erruption

making composition by using natural stones

transforming the composition to sketch

F17

F18

Project Description Spa and treatment center is associated with water

which in very low quantities can be beneficial. The exact

treatment which is also known as BALNEOTHERAPY.

makeup of the water varies from spring to spring, and

Spa towns or spa resorts typically offer various health

many spas post the exact chemical make-up. Different

treatments. The belief in the curative powers of mineral

waters are considered beneficial for different ailments.

waters goes back to prehistoric times.

Mineral springs may come out of the earth at a cool or tepid temperature and then be heated for bathing. If there

Such practices have been popular worldwide,

is geothermal activity in the area, the mineral water is

but are especially widespread in Europe and Japan. Day

heated before it emerges from the earth, in which case it

spas are also quite popular, and offer various personal

is called a hot spring or thermal spring.

care treatments. Spa: A spa, is a location where mineralrich spring water (and sometimes seawater) is used to give medicinal baths.These spas offer an on-site source of natural mineral, thermal or seawater that is used in hydrotherapy treatments. It is the historic root of the spa experience when people traveled to mineral waters for their health benefits. This spa culture reached its zenith in the 19th century when the wealthy gathered at elaborate pleasure palaces to see and be seen. Many of these, such as The Greenbrier in West Virginia, The Omni Homestead in Hot Springs, Virginia, and the spas of Baden-Baden in Germany are still open and offering a taste of yesteryear alongside more modern offering. There were also more basic hot springs, such as Ojo Caliente in New Mexico, many of which are still thriving. Mineral springs spas fell out of favor as modern medicine developed in the 20th century.

But now many people are realizing the simple of benefits of a relaxing soak. Mineral springs have naturally occurring minerals and trace elements such as calcium, magnesium,

potassium,

sodium,

iron,

manganese,

sulfur, iodine, bromine, lithium, even arsenic, and radon,

F19

The temperature of the water may be so hot it has

REASON OF SELECTING PROJECT

to be cooled before you can bath in it. Graw water it‘s a rich source of sulfur and it‘s healing benefits include:

1.Lack of health spa and treatment center in the region.

treating skin irritations and infections such as rashes &

2.Use of natural local mineral spring.

eczema,treating dry scalp,arthritic pain,internal problems

3.Recognizing and considering the necessity of spa and

such as menopausal symptoms and digestive disorders,It

treatment center around Grraw hot spring water to be

reduces stress,help your body to relax, which benefits

used comfortably.While its already been used without

many aspects of health, including sleeping patterns and

having any facility or service there.

nutrient assimilation.

F20

PROJECTS GOAL: ECONOMICAL:To increase the financial benefits through the income of the project .

SOCIAL:To provide the users a comfortable and private place. To give a privacy for the users especially for women HEALTH: To increase the use of the mineral spring for the health.

TOURIST: Integrating between tourism and healthcare balneo-therapy to attract tourists too.

F21

F22

Re-Design of al Umma Park CONCEPT:

we’ve divided the area into three main clusters respecting

- Releasing from crime and abandoned places

each monument’s authenticity and prestige.

- Sustainability and environmental friendly According to different Iraqi characters among From the freedom monument’s concept, we

many years that include (including a soldier, worker,

notice a movement of a soldier breaks the bars of the

peasant, woman and child) we’ve converted the place

prison which can be reflected as a turning point of

from some unclear entrances to a place which can be

releasing from crime and abandoned places, therefore

enter it from all the sides to reduce crime and strengthen

F23

protection in which allows the area to achieve social

so on.The use of so called modern water feature for

gathering with the help of (children’s playground, sport

decreasing noise and air purification (works by solar

areas, first aid, seats along the pathways covered by

panel)

shades (that makes the places more comfortable and useable) …etc.)

In our design process We have also considered the site position set perpendicularly on Tigris river which

Technically we’ve proven a tube of justifications by the use of solar panel for lighting charging Wi-Fi and

delivers a breeze towards the site that runs along activities.

F24

F25

F26

Sheikh Choli Developement Complex There are many reasons that helped of choosing

developing the mosque with different activities turning

this project like the following ...lake of similar projects in

it to the connection point, or main cycle of an active

Kurdistan region specially and also in Iraq and show a

environment

better understanding and knowledge to next generations of the archaeological and historical evidences.

Sheikh Choli is an urban area located in the center of Erbil city in which consist of three main zones,

Re-organizing this urban complex extremely right

commercial zone, residential zone, and cultural zone to

to be the opening gate for the similar areas improvement

be transmitted to a islamic cultural center as an effective

in kurdistan region to get developed.

social power has always come under the spotlight. about 62,500 sqm ..

Preservation of culture, heritage, tradition and our history was a motivation though. The development

In specific areas of research the cultural status is

of these parts around or near the citadel are helpful to

mostly related to creative activities. However it may also

strengthen our originality (authenticity) People gathering

be researched in the sphere of education, promotion and

was the main idea and there is no way better than

expression of sociality. One of the most important roles of

F27

community centers is developing social intellectuality of individuals.

It covered its floor with alabaster and porcelain flooring most important objectives of the project are to develop the urban area for social gathering and life return

The project will be defined and clarified with the

by recycling the houses and bringing people back..

aims, goals, objectives and reasons behind selecting the project which must be organized to establish or fit the needs of users or those whom are visiting the place

To improve the mosque of sheikh choli and turning it to a center point of the active urban complex.

sheikh mohammed Al-Erbil (Gul Sheikh) Sheikh Choli) in the Kurdish language, and with them the Sheikh of the

To show and maintain the culture and tradition of Kurds

wild, because the land on which the angle was built was

among history to now days.. to open educational units to

free and uninhabited, and the Mosque is located in the

have a better understanding of our culture ..

locality of acceleration and is characterized by a large area of 2000 square meters, and built of bricks and mud the mosque saw many renovations in the eighties of the twentieth century.

F28

Layers

F29

Ground floor plan, Site plan

F30

F31

F32

Rehabilitation and Prosthetic Manufacturing Health Centrer CONCEPT OF THE PROJECT I took the idea of the concept from the joint that conect between the two parts of human legs or hands which is the main reason of human flexibility A joint or articulation (or articular surface) is the connection made between bones in the body which link the skeletal system into a functional whole.

They are constructed to allow for different degrees and types of movement, thefore in my project there is a core the represents the bone or the main joint of my project, and these are the main reasons that leaded me to somehow compact my form because all the fuctions have the direct contact with each other like a series. With the compact form, I have also solved the problems of lighting and vent project with considering the flexibilty and movement of the project. And the inner and outer rumps represent the success and overpassing the operation on

disabilities and returning to their natural living.mosque with different activities turning it to the connection point, or main cycle of an active environment

F33

Rehabilitation is a treatment or treatments

hearts, inner ears, eyes, spleens, kidneys, pancreases,

designed to facilitate the process of recovery from injury,

Windpipes and more exist, though they rarely work as well

illness, or disease to as normal a condition as possible.

as their biological counterparts. According to one source,

Or it is the process of restoring a person‘s ability to live

60% - 70% of a human has been effectively replaced by

and work as normally as possible after a disabling injury

mechanical devices.

or illness. It aims to help the patient achieve maximum possible physical and psychological fitness and regain the ability to be independent. It offers assistance with the learning or relearning of skills needed in everyday activities, and prosthetic is Referring to a prosthesis, an artificial substitute or replacement of a part of the body such as a tooth, eye, a facial bone, the palate, a hip, a knee or another joint, the leg, an arm, etc.

A prosthesis is designed for functional or cosmetic reasons or both. Typical prostheses for joints are the hip, knee, elbow, ankle, and finger joints. Prosthetic implants can be parts of the joint such as a unilateral knee.

Joint replacement and arthroplasty mean the same thing.

From the ancient pyramids to World War I, the prosthetic field has morphed into a sophisticated examples of man ‚determination to do better.

The evolution of prosthetics is a long and storied history, from its primitive beginnings to its sophisticated present, to the exciting visions of the future. As in the development of any other field, some ideas and inventions have worked and been expanded upon, such as the fixed. position foot, while others have fallen by the wayside or become obsolete, such as the use of iron in a prosthesis.

The options for modern-day prosthetic replacement encompass more than simply arms and legs. Artificial

F34

F35

The aim of the project is linked with its title (rehabilitation) and bringing back those with disabilities into real life with their full fit and energy, also for being a step guider for similar projects growing in this region for the purpose of human needs or satisfactions,

And the reasons behind selecting this project are, 1- Lack of such project in Kurdistan region, 2- Humanity and helping people, 3- Restore some or all of the patients physical, sensory and mental capabilities that were lost due to injury

1 -To improve the quality of life and independence of our amputation rehabilitations patients, 2 - To provide help, support and advice for patient by setting rehabilitation program, to give a chance of a new life, 3 -To substitute for a lost part and restore lost function, 4 -To perform daily activities such as walking, eating, 5 - To bring these high level technologies and healthcare approaches to Kurdistan region, 6 - To save money from those with disabilities to trouble to outside for prosthetic injury because we don‘t have similar project in Kurdistan region.

F36

Revitalization of Chragharuta Village Village is a small community or a group of houses in a rural area, larger than a hamlet and usually smaller than a

2. Understanding culture and lifestyle of villagers and relationship strength.

town. However, beside the living houses there are some other buildings such as school, teahouse, village council, small shop, watermill and masjid or church. Usually there are a herd of animal dwellings inside a village also people in a village are working in Agriculture or herding.......

Revitalization - To become alive again in urban, means returning life and activity to those places which

3. Study of old urban fabric, houses and rods.

were abandoned due of several reasons, there are some point must take into consideration in reviving process.

1. Study a village and its natural elements like mountain,river, hill,topography, plants and weather .

4. The examination of seeking occupation types in the village, the occupation or the job in some villages has a direct contact or meaning with revealed farming, gazing and herding, in which sprightly changes the design ideas.

F37

CHRAGHARUTA VILLAGE CHARACTERS After a thorough study of chragaruta village in all aspects, we can list below features about it.

- There are many farm lands around the village for wheat and barley that is utilized on yearly bases.

- The families that settled there are mostly cousins or close relatives and the population is increasing which states that villagers wants to go back to the village and develop their home.

- A part of old village still exists not demolished. O The village had a fundamental living utilities like electricity, underground water, roads.

- It‘s located near chamchamall town so, the transportation is easy.

- A beautiful nature that‘s suitable for living can be observed.

The concept is to create a closure shape that shows a strong connection between villager, leaving in the old part of the village and protect it , meanwhile designing a village above the old one with the same type of housing components that a village needs, adding new features that goes with old part respecting the natural elements like channels ,area topography.

F38

Layers

F39 HOUSES MATERIALS CONCEPT

HOUSES PLANS CONCEPT

The elevations of the original houses are very

The concept of designing the houses depends

basic and simple having small windows with a little detail

on what the villagers need in their homes, and I tried to

so I don‘t want to change it I will keep the simple elevations

preserve the old components, such as the presence a

but with some improvements, For example the material

place for animals inside house, and the farm in the house

used it is sun dried brick so I want to use same material

to grow daily vegetables the openness of the rooms to the

but in a different way I will use Rammed earth.

iwan and tried to organize it better.

RAMMED EARTH Rammed earth, building material made by compacting certain soils, used by many civilizations. The most durable of the earth-building forms, rammed earth may be used for making building blocks or for constructing whole walls in place, layer by layer. In making building blocks, the soil is rammed into a box-shaped mold. In building up whole walls, two wooden planks separated by a spacer bolt are used as a form, and the earth is rammed into this in layers; when the form is filled, it is removed and superimposed on the top of the wall and more earth is rammed in until the desired height is reached

G1

Tishk International University Tishk International University was established

• The “Iraqi Graduation Projects Competition by

in 2008. The TIU has created Dentistry, Pharmacy,

Tamayuz” where all Students of Schools of Architecture

Nursing,

Sciences

in Iraq and Iraqi Students from all over the World

Engineering, Science, Education, and Law Faculties

Economics,

and Administrative

present their graduation projects annually. In its First

which require high expenses, and has enforced the

Cycle, the competition was judged by the International

budget to provide educational and research centers

Architect Zaha Hadid and later on included some of the

at modern university standards. Tishk International

most important Iraqi and international Judges’ names in

University with around 4000 students and 320 staff from

the architectural theory and practices.

seven different countries has an international position among local universities where cultural interaction takes

• “The Architectural school of the year” for having the

place. Tishk International University gives priority to

largest number of projects in the first place.

researches to promote knowledge, contribute to science, support learning, and improve social interaction.

• The “Hisham Munir Award” for faculty member supervision of the projects of the second and the third

The

instructional,

research,

and

service

stages.

missions of the University reflect the needs of the respective geographic areas. The University also serves

TIU is considered as the first and the only

state-wide, national, and international needs by offering

university that has interior design as engineering in both

consultancy, educational, and research activities in

Iraq and Kurdistan region , the department of interior

communities throughout the state and through research

design engineering established at 2014, so far five

and training exchanges and world-wide partnership

classes has been graduated from the department,

programs.

Most of the graduates are working , some has their own offices , competing local and international offices

During the Session of the year 2019-2020, the Department of Architecture-TIU won Several Distinct Awards such as:

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Mosqe ABSTRACT Mosques as symbol of Islamic architecture

efficiency of mosque layouts and interior design. For

must play an important role in reflecting the superiority

these reasons, this investigation also gives importance

of Allah the Almighty. There are many ways in making it

to how much budget goes into building of such

successful and one of them is through the high quality

structures, giving the best quality with a sound budget.

of aesthetic value. Aesthetic value in Islamic art and

It should be expressed that this examination uniquely

architecture is normally portrayed by the highest degree

attempts to utilize the measures. The main benchmarks

of motifs and ornamentation. the architecture of mosques

and indicators involved in measuring the functional

with an approach to the basics of Islamic art (color, light,

efficiency of mosque layouts are analyzed using the

design, unity, plurality) can be used as Important symbols

software program, which provides numerical results.

and signs should be used in mosque design. The aim

This analysis compares entire samples of mosque

of research is to study the search and seeks to find the

layout designs for each category. The numerical

reasons for lacking a known local style of mosques in

results indicate the effect of spatial configurations and

Erbil city, and the lack of symbolism in them. Prescribes

the functions of mosque layouts. This study shows

legislative gatherings and engineers and designers to

that mosques with courtyard layouts are accessible,

mull over these focuses in the plan of mosque structures.

efficient, and flexible in terms of function because of

It further seeks to solve its problems and the effects of

their distinct syntactical and morphological spatial

the interior design of the mosque on the worshiper, as

structures.

well as the culture of my country on the aesthetics of the mosque.

Concept

Scope

The concept is inspired by the moment of the Quran revelation that led to the enlightenment of the This proposition analyzes the thought of what

lives of its followers. The Quran is also known as the

goes into building a mosque with all the explanations.

written book that is protected from any distortion. The

In request to design the hypothetical structure for this

Quranic verses wrap the worshipers in the space by

research, the investigation first answers how mosques

Quranic words of light that conceptually revolve and

are structured or built with how they‘re preserved, also

descend from the sky. Henceforth, the worshipers are

demonstrating the negative and positive components

inserted in a serene atmosphere that connects the

influencing its of spatial configuration on the functional

earth to the sky.

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Original Groundplan

Section & elevation of exterior

Concept

Modified Groundplan

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Plan of Main Hall

Section & Elevation of main Hall

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View of Main Hall

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View of Main Hall

Plan of Courtyard

G7 Space which is constructed from modules of palm tree-like structures that will be the main function of the system. It will have such functions as spraying mist through nozzles that underlay the palms, as well as collect solar energy through solar panels on the roof of the palms.

This will be the main system which will control the atmosphere within the space to keep it comfortable and relaxing for all.

Around the paln, structures will be trees planted to help with the process of easing sounf pollution and wind entering the space.

It will also help with creating an eco-friendly space.

View of Courtyard

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Plan of Ablution

Section and Elevation of Ablution

View of Ablution

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Plan of Library

Section of Library

View of Library

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Rehabilitation Center for Homeless Children Concept storyline : Creating a small community to the users that is easy to adapt to, where the environment helps provoke the user to explore the surroundings while keeping the sense of privacy the different ages in the project require.

Starting from the chosen site, it is located in front of Peshmerga Park, as well as a residential block. Having the project sitatued in an area that is remotely connected to the city yet at the same time independent to provide the required privacy and safety Creating a environement where there are no restricted limitations between the functions included in the building in order for the user to sense the connection between both the surroundings and the other users, esepcially between the range of ages that the project is dedicated to, (5-15) Breaking the program into masses that follow a ( 6 x 6 ) grid, creatiing a network of mass and void system, where the voids serve as main circulation distributors.

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- Having the main circulation consisting of two intersecting of ramps that take the user on a journey around the building, as it provokes movement throught while observing the surroundings.

- The project contains four levels of masses that are covered by supported slabs that make up the building, while the mass and void network serve as the spaces within.

- Having openings in the slabs that allow natural lighting and ventilation throughout, creating a series of indoor and outdoor spaces combined .

- The building contains leveled gardens and voids in the slabs that allow natural sunlight in between the spaces

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Urban Rehabilitation City as Museum Concept Philosophy Cities are very important inventions by humans, and hey live for a very long time.

They are the results of thousand years of work and hundreds of generations. The process of development of the city leaves marks of the development in the city. As Italo Calvino mentions in his study of „Invisible cities“ that the city does not tell its past, but contains it like the lines of hand, written in the corners of the streets, Windows, Steps, Lightings...

Etc. Every segment in turn with scratches, indentation and scrolls. A city becomes a museum and in the city we see different sections of time and Lewis Mumford states that „In a city Time becomes Visible“.

The concept is not to copy styles and exact image but to take its abstract images, as Aldo Rossi mentions in his study that a type appears and disappears several times through the history of the city. It keeps the chain of development continuous because type is continuous.

In my project I have an Urban neighborhood which has an organic pattern and made of layers of history. And the concept is to make time visible through walking in

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the city to show different sections of time by walking, instead of building museums the city becomes museum itself. Rehabilitating the

neighborhood

as

a

diverse

urban

neighborhood and to show its historical value by connecting several landmarks by a loop, the loop is going to manifest the recorded memory.

Form The form reflects architecture of the region and surrounding buildings, the blocks are similar to eachother to create a visual connection and encourage people to continue the path and experience the neighberhood. The main elements are Domes, Arches, Brick, Details, Stairs. Brick is used as material Zoning The functions are based on the old functions that exsisted in the neighberhood with some modifications to adapt in today‘s life. The aim is o bring back the social life that exsisted before and to let the visitors experience time.

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Vault House Dormitory

Project Overview

Design Concept

There is a growing need, within the region,

Inspired by „Dunbars Number“ as theorized by

for better equipeed and qualified facilities for student

the famous anthropologist Robin Dunbar, he predicted

housing. The project will provide spaces to accomodate

that humans can have no more than 150 people in their

students that move to the city to continue their studies.

social sphere.

The project also includes various facilities and services Leading to the idea of Dunbar layers: that an

for the users.

individual‘s group of 150 contacts is layered according Project Aims

to the strength of emotional ties. The closest group consists of 5 people, the 2nd closest group adds an

The aim is to strenghten the educational

additional 10, this led to the decision of isolating groups

community and offer greater opportunities for everyone.

of residents into groups of 16 students, so each 16

It aims to create a community and integrate the learning

students will occupy a separate residential building

and living environments. Provide a hub for youth to

unit.

interact and share their individual learning processes

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Why the use of vaults?

Vaults are historic structural elements, they are seen as traditional

features,

their

use in this case symbolizes strength, while also hinting towards

the

traditional

context of the form as semicircular vaults are seen in most historic buildings in the region. The structure of the building is also dependent on the vaults.

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Sawaf Islamic Art Academy (Rehabilitation, Connectivity, Multifunctionality) Project Overview The Islamic art has an aim, and the aim of this

historical sites by UNESCO, and most of the buildings

type of art is to move and connect people from this world

inside this zone have specific regulations and one of

with spiritual world or with god. And the idea of moving

them is using brick material for the elevations, which is

and transcending from different worlds can be reflected

the brown and yellow brick is used commonly here in

in more than one level, how the project is connected

Erbil. And this project will create an urban space which

with its context, and the connection of the project with

is not enclosed with walls, by this way the project will

parks, and the connection between the old and the new

invite and welcome the people to enter and explore the

buildings which are added, and the connection between

different functions inside, and when they go around they

ground and underground, all of those contrasts will make

will see different types of knowledge (The theoretical

the people feel like they are moving between different

knowledge which is taught in Islamic Madrasa, and

worlds.

the practical knowledge which is taught in the art academy). The project also contains dormitories it will The project has multifunctional zoning plan,

be used by the students who come from other places

and this diversity of the functions is very useful since

to be a student there, and it will make the place more

the buildings inside the site are abounded so bringing

active because they will live there.

dif-ferent functions means bringing people from different backgrounds together, and this will serve the project by making it more lively, and it will also serve the community by bringing people together.

The project is well connected to its context and surroundings (Environmentally: by respecting nature and the environment, culturally: the project looks like it‘s a part of the city in terms of material and architectural style) especially because it is next to a historical district which is Taajeel and it is a part of Erbil‘s Buffer Zone for

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The mosque is like the focal point of the project,

Islamic madrasa which is in the basement lighter, and

it is covered with yellow brick the authentic style and

also to create a visual access to the other side of the

the design of the mosque will be kept as it is, and there

mosque have plazas in all the sides. The green path in

will be brown brick skin with traditional brick pattern will

the art gallery part has direct connection, because the

be used to cover the mosque and in some places there

art gallery is directly open to the path and the people

will be openings to show the material and the style of

who are walking in that green path they can directly

the mosque, this skin will cover most of the parts of the

see the artworks and this will encourage them to go

project and it will unify the style and the material for the

and look at it.

project, this skin will also create spiritual effect on the interior of the mosque and the other building without touching the interior.

Around the mosque there is plazas, those plazas were adding to the mosque in order to make the

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Sawaf Islamic Art Academy (Rehabilitation, Connectivity, Multifunctionality) Problem Statement According to the research which was conducted,

is next to a mosque so Islamic art acad-emy will be the

Kurdistan region only has two fine art colleges, one

best solution instead of normal art academy, and there

in Erbil and the other one is in Sulaymaniyah, the one

is already an Islamic madrasa in the basement of the

in Erbil was not built to be an art college, thats why it

mosque so this site can be connected with the Islamic

not doing its function well,by this way the people in the

art academy.

artistic community will be low educated, so we will have low quality art, and having low quality of art is a serious

Location

problem, and it is better to solve it. This type of building

(36.18398432056868, 44.00460454026858 )

which is art academy is expected to have a high quality

Site Approximate Area: 44.640m2

of aesthetic values and beauty, it represents the culture and the his-tory of the country so it should be shown in

The site is located in Erbil governorate in the Kurdis-

a very good way.

tan Region of Iraq in Erbil city, on 30 m road close to ( Sawaf) mosque, the red part of this site was the old

Challenges

campus of college of fine arts college in Erbil, but in academic year (2019-2020) they moved to another

The old site it is next to one of biggest mosques in Erbil

building which is located in Rasti District next near

which is (Sawaf mosque) the red part is the existing

Kirkuk road, the red part of the site is abounded and not

building for fine art college, and the green one is the

used by anyone. The mosque was built in 1990 and,in

mosque, and they are very close to each other, in this

the past it used to be a mosque which was used a lot,

site we have two types of problems (cultural problem)

but now it is the opposite. The site is surrounded by

because some of the people might not be happy

three parks which are (Manara ,Shanadar ,Glkand). It

about having fine art college next to a mosque, and

is also close to some educational facilities like (UKH

(architectural problem ) in terms of form and masses,

university and a primary school which is next to the

it is more preferable to take the surrounded building‘s

site). There are so many commercial builldings on the

form in consideration during the design stage. The site

main road which is 30m road.

G31 What Are The Reasons Behind Chooisng This Project ?

Because we have lack in teaching art specially Islamic art we dont even have any academic institution teaching this type of art in Iraq. There was a site with abounded fine art college and an Islamic Madrasa and a Mosque,which they were not in a good condition,so rehabilitating the current one is better and more sustainable than creating new one.

Problems and Solutions

In the site there are three buildings which are abandoned and not used a lot 1. Sawaf mosque: this mosque is surrounded by parks and there isn‘t any close neighborhood , nd the only neighborhood which is close to it is Taajeel district wich is one of the oldest districts and nowadays it is almost emptey ,thats why there is a little amount of people who pray there and they are usually taxi drivers and pas-sengers.

2. Islamic Madrasa: which is under the mosque it is in a bad situation,and it doesn‘t have proper lighting and it is hidden from everyone that‘s why it has a few amount of students who study there.

3. The previous building of art college in Erbil : This building is neglected because they moved into another building and its more than four years, and no one is using that building and building anymore.

In the art school because of the lack in places for students to seat and rest they put their chairs at the rooftop and they used it as seating area which is really dan-gerous because of the hight of the parapet which is low. The solustion of this problem will be by making seating areas and rooftop resturants . The previous photos are the situation of the site before the rehabilitation, the site is neglected and there are carcks and dirt every where, and this is not the best way to show our tradition and culture and religion to others.The situation of the mosque is a little bit better the problem is more with the Islamic Madrasa in the bas-ment becuase it really dark and it is not proper for class-rooms .

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This transcendence can be achieved by CONNECTIVITY and this connectivity will be shown in so many different levels: 1 connecting the project with the parks and greenery

4. Connecting underground with ground level.

surrounding it, and this will lead to another level of connection which is connection with nature.

5.Connecting the mosque with all other activities.

2. connecting different types of knowledge and education

The Multi functionality concept

(Religious ,Art).

Adding functional diversity to the functional plan of the compound It was ( a Mosque and art school )

3.Connecting different functions and

which is religious and educational use. The functions

activities (Religious,Cultur-al,Educational,

of the project will be Religious Education, Art

Residential,Commercial) together all in one place.

Education, Religious Art, Resi-dential, Commercial, Restaurants, Cultural

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1. Existing situation of the site

2. The site is surrounded by parks and making connection with them trought a green path and it woll make connection with surrounded natural environment

3. The most omportant acces is the qible direction and the direction perpendicular to it, that´s why at the end of each acces there will be an activity showing its importance

4. Making connection between ground and underground through making plazas close to the basement, it will make it lighter and more visible

5. Adding multi function activities to the compound by adding new activities to the area, this will create another feeling about the project and it will invite people to come inside and the area will become more active

6. Adding a skin which cinsists of brown brick to cover some parts of the project it will create different spaces, and it will unify the project and it adds dramatic effect on the interior without touching it

In some places the skin is attached to the buildings and in some other places in detached from it and it peels from the building and creates corridors

The connection between ground floor and basement creates plazas and activities close to the mosque and so many cultural and religious activities can take a part there

The connection between the building and the nature and this green will blend with the project and it creates a visual acces to the parks close to it

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Architecture + Nature in Balance The Renew Nature as an Exhibition (Inside Out, Outside In) The project was chosen due to its importance in all of

environment. Showing that both can work together

Iraq. It‘s one of if not the most important touristic locafion

to create spaces for people to enjoy. Making each as

in all of Iraq, but sadly it has been neglected and not given

important as the other. Neither being neglected. The

the proper care. The main interesting thing about the site

architecture and the natural elements working together

is the waterfall located within it. It‘s also the main reason

to create distinct spaces that people can enjoy and as

as to why people visit other than forget their everyday

a result gain an appreciation for nature. The artwork in

lives and get fresh air. Because the main reason to why

this exhibit is the natural scenery.

people visit is to see the natural mountainscape, the concept becomes the balance of architecture and nature.

Not only the balance between these two entities, but also the immersion of people in that particular environment.

The utilization of the natural elements that are already on the site to the user (person with it). Most architectural projects assign the architecture as the protagonist of the space. This project goes against that in a way that it tries to balance both the architecture and the natural

Bekhal area os located in Rawanduz district (close to Soran district) in Erbil governorate in the Kurdistan Region ( Northen Iraq)

The waterfall

Top view: Ridges

Perspective: direction of ridges

The Bekhal site is approximately 128m by 208m.

With a total area of 26,624m2

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Waterfall area: so people can stop climbing.

Like this people can enjoy the same experience in a safe environment

Masses are built on top of the waterfall as people climb up and it´s very dangerous

Door 1,5m above the balcony.

Architectural standarts aren´t considered

Water slowing down area so if anyone falls from the waterfall these elements will block the person from going down further

A landslide near the stream of water. This has caused the pipe in the ground to collapse and for the electrical pole to be close to falling in the water which is a safety hazard

The desicion to bulid on top of the waterfall was because of the many people already climbing up in the current situation, which wasn´t safe. Creating spaces that give the same effect will deter people from climbing. A structure that is open to the the surrounding elements, water (the waterfall), rocks and and the views. Acts like a membranous structure. The architectural design for this part creates spaces in which it seems like the water is coming out of not only the mountain but also the architecture itself. Both the architecture and nature work together

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If anyone falls architectural elements will protect the person from going down even further. Direction of the natural ridges

Design concept:

The mountain is made to be same as what it is in reality

The bigger ring connects the project together and creates spaces going into and out of the mountain. The smaller circular rings is inclined by an angle of 8% creating a surreal experience due to their inclination in respect to the horizon line and the surrounding

Linear vertical elements are added to mimic the rocks found on the site and mimic the ridges on the mountains surface. As a result, blending into the mountains surface. These vertical elements work both as aestetic elements and as structural as it bears the load of the platforms

The main circulation for cars is kept the same. At the same time the architecture fills in the ridges on the mountain surface in the form of gate and vertical elements making the water slower so it can be safer as before multiple people have gone down

other vertical elements in the direction of the water

The pedestrian circulation within the project. The platforms at the beginning are accessable for disabled people due to the ramps. There are ramps also going to the edge of the water

Filled in

Location of ramps

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The natural green area that intertwines with the platforms. For people to always be surround by the natural mountain. Under the platforms the typography is kept in its natural state. It´s also green area.

The vertical elements mimicking the natural ridges on the mountains surface

ELEVATION

The circulation between the platforms

Due to the steep and the need to preserve the mountain itself, the masses (platforms) are spread out. No two masses are behind each other directly blocking the view of the other. The platforms have green area around and below them

G38 In today‘s world everyone is busy living in urban

protagonist of its surroundings. Where the architectural

environments. We have forgotten our relationship with

ridges (vertical elements) complete the ridges found

our natural surroundings. We are spending the Earth‘s

on the mountain. Nature and Architecture intertwine.

resources more than ever before. Issues such as global

People are immersed into the views due them merging.

warming and climate change, due to our negligence

The platforms are raised above the ground leaving the

of nature, have risen. We‘ve stopped caring for it. This

ground in its natural state and intact. So it can have the

projects tries to merge the lines between architecture

least effect on the natural topography.

and the natural landscape. To combine these two entities together to form a whole that bal-ance each other out.

The openings throughout the spaces, is to create see

Neither having more power than the other. The aim

through spaces and let wind come. It‘s also to frame

of the project is fix the problems of the area and to

the surrounding natural scenery as an art piece in itself.

create a space where people can start appreciating our

Where everywhere you look, you see a new scenery.

natural environment and start caring for it. When people

It becomes a museum in which the art is the natural

appreciate something that is when they‘ll take care of it.

scenery.

It tries to show people the beauty of nature. So people can learn to appreciate their natural surround-ings. This is the aim.

“Nature as the exhibit” People visit galleries to appreciate art and people who know nothing about art learn to appreciate and understand it, when visiting galleries. In this gallery, the natural scenery becomes the exhibit, through the

Materials: Rocks are used for the vertical elements to

openings of the vertical elements that act as the frames of

mimic the ridges on the mountains surface and blend in.

an art piece each with a different and a new view. The art

The circulation paths colour is orange in contrast with

piece becomes nature itself. The platforms are immersed

its surrounding so people can locate themselves easier.

within this space. Each platform shows the scenery from

Bringing people into the design process. The people

a different perspective. The platforms keep the view to

that already work there will be able to design their own

the waterfall intact without other masses blocking it.

platforms. From picnic areas, restaurants, cafes, shops, kiosks. This creates flexibility for the design and the

This project asks the question: Can there be a dialogue

design will only be finished with peoples input. Each

between architecture and nature? Unlike the architecture

platform has the ability to be used for a wide variety of

of today, where most projects think of architecture as the

uses. Platforms as modules

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Level 1: For the sake of simplicity the levels have been made into two genaral levels Level 2 Legend: 1- Tunnels for circulation within the mountain 2- Architectural ridges added to slow down the water and make it safe for people to swim and get close to. Also making the area safer. Due to the ridges added it would be harder for people to go down the river

3- The Bekhal waterfall area 4- The edge of the water 5- Restaurants/cafes and tea house 6- Platforms to be used as modules 7- Gate 8- Bridge 9- Main road

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Section / Elevation A-A

Section / Elevation B-B Note: Due to the nature of the project. The sections and elevations are together

Detail 2 (D2): Parking area

Detail 2 (D2): Restaurants/Shops

Section/Elevation C-C

Section/Elevation D-D

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edge of the water and to the top of the waterfall.

providing different experiences. Smaller inclined rings are located on the waterfall creating a surreal experience,

he mountain is the main inspiration for the design. Due

where the horizon line of the viewer is inclined. The

to its location and the unique qualities of the site, a lot of

project can be extended in the future in the same manner

care was taken to have the least impact on the surface

by the addition of platforms that can be used for a variety

of the mountain. Bekhal becomes a place of solace and

of different functions. This is possible due to the modular

respite by the viewing of its exhibits.

nature of the platforms.The platforms closest to the road are ac-cessible by ramps.

“Nothing in Nature is random. A thing appears random only through the incom-pleteness of our knowledge.”

The further you go down the circulation is by stairs due to

- Baruch Spinoza

the nature of the project and its steep slope. A main ramp is added to the project so everyone can go down to the

Bird’s eye view: The architecture merging into it’s context and natural landscape. Melting into it. Blurring the lines

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Inside the mountain (tunnels) Water slowing down area

Restaurants

The line between what is nature and what is architecture is blurred. The waterfalls water cascades down on the mountainside and the architectural elements.

The waters seems like it´s coming out from the mountain and the architecture

Car parking + shops and restaurants

Waterfall area: the architecture allows for the waterfall to be viewed safely unlike before.

Inclined circular rings provide a different viewing of the surrounding. The horizon line is inclined as a result and provide a surreal experience

Views to the waterfall

Waterfall area:views up close Platforms melding with nature

Main circular ring (tunnel): people are embedded Platforms in and out of the mountain. Different spaces of outside, semi- out and inside

Night view with an array of lights

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Fashion House project A fashion house that would unite all the great experienced designers and the young talents create an

job which pushes people away from pursuing this career path.

environment to revive the fashion industry activities and fashion profession in general in Iraq.

•The financial crisis in Iraq after the war which lead to no money being invested in fashion industry.

Reasons for selecting the project: Aims of the project : •Lack of this kind of project in the country. No fashion

• Providing opportunities of design, creation, and showing

house except in Baghdad which is mostly not used

fashion designs and collections a place where all the

leading to the lack of a place for shows for example

designs can come to reality and be able to be shown

Baghdad Fashion Week hosted local designers and

to the public with even the chance of purchasing them

models in the Babylon Hotel in downtown Baghdad.

providing financial support as well.

•The deterioration of the cultural industry and the lack of

• To create a social and cultural space this strengthens

a sufficient support.

the

experience

of

exchanging

knowledge

and

communication.

• The fact that there is no building like it in the city that merges workshops, fashion shows, and retail all at the

• Create momentum for Iraq’s fashion culture, help the

same place.

media value fashion and advocate the sense of style and aesthetics.

• Lack of government subsidies, raw materials and the absence of new technologies.

• Provides references to the fashion industry professionals and researchers.

• The low salaries in the fashion industry that drive many people away. Consequently, there are only a few fashion

• Enhances communication through exhibitions of

shows, either by the Iraqi House of Fashion or a few

designers; archives and builds the Iraqi fashion history

personal efforts by individual designers.

as a means of storytelling marketing.

• To provide support for those who work in this sector,

• Terrorism many models and designer threatened to

encourage them to find profitable investments and

death by extremists they fear their lives while doing their

protect their production and designs .

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• Encourage young talents to work in this profession.

Main departments in the project total built up area is 14000 m2:

• Leading cultural renewal in Iraq.

•A building that acts as an attraction point for visitors through its iconic form and enriches its neighborhood with value and live through the activities available in addition to the added impact on the city level where international events can be held and people can visit the city due to that.

Site: site in Erbil city plan

site surrounding

site plan

G45 Design process in a single fashion house office (there is 6 of them in the project) :

Bubble diagram of relations between spaces :

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Ground Floor Plan

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First Floor Plan

Basement Floor Plan

G48 Secondary entrance

Interior of the cafe over looking the courtyard

Main entrance

Courtyard seating

Arcade in the courtyard

Courtyard used in a fashion event

Exterior public spaces

The courtyard curves enter the cafe walls blurring the lines between indoor and outdoor

The curve bending and building up creating a cave like space

Interior - cafe

G49 Birds eye view with sites surrounding context

Section A-A

Section B-B

West elevation (main)

South elevation

East elevation

H1

Exhibition - Morphology in Architecture

VSB - Technical University of Ostrava Faculty of Civil Engineering Architecture Department

executives

architecture, interior design and various cultural events

of services to reap the intellectual property of previous

since the time they first appeared in the 1960s by the

generations.

world-famous German architect and engineer Frei Otto.

Architects and They

are

engineers are studying,

improving

and

discovering. They are the creators of new spaces, forms and structures that are constantly improving. This

At present, light constructions are designed

creative activity connects architects and engineers on

and constructed independently of the geographic

their way to the art of “

location. They transform the space and have so subtle Prof. Frei Otto.

and elegant quality. In addition to providing basic functions such as shading and shutdown, they are an

Lightweight structures used in various forms

important and functional element in the construction of

and variations can be seen in broad spectrum use on

amphitheatres, sports stadiums, airports, courtyards,

the current market. These structures, developed over the

building facades, parks, seafront and interiors.

years, together with advances in material engineering and technology, continue to progress and are now an integral part of architectural creation.

Designing lightweight constructions to meet all criteria is a complex task. Every part is visible and constructive, relying on the proper functioning of all

Architectural lightweight structures can now be

parts. For example, diaphragm fabrics are developed

seen in different shapes and sizes. They may be internal,

to meet the requirements for high tensile strength,

external, permanent, temporary, large, small, supported,

long life with a high modulus of elasticity. The surface

membranes filled with air or stretched. New subgroups

layer applied to the material ensures fabric resistance

of these constructions - shell structures, tensile-

against weathering and dirt, provides resistance to UV

integrity structures - are also very current. These unique

radiation and has non-combustible properties.

forms have played an important role in contemporary Sabah Shawkat

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Exhibition - Morphology in Architecture

CTU- Czech Technical University Faculty of Civil Engineering Architecture Department

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Other books by Sabah Shawkat 1. Design of reinforced concrete members (2000) 2. Železobetónové konštrukčné sústavy (2002) 3. Deformation behaviour of reinforced concrete beams (2011) 4. Konštrukčné projekty (2014) 5. Structural design I (2014) 6. Structural design II (2015) 7. Architektonika (2015) 8. Structural design III (2015) 9. Structural projects (2016) 10. Element design to shape a structure I. (2016) 11. Element design to shap e a structure II. (2017) 12. Inžinierske drevené konštrukcie (2017) 13. The art of structural design (2017) 14. Lightweight steel structures (2018) 15. The art and engineering of Lightweight Structures (2019) 16. Art in/of Nature (2020) 17. Application of structural system in building design (2020) 18. Structural icons for architects (2021) 19. Construction in architecture (2022) 20. Lightweight structures from the perspective of formfinding geometry (2022)

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Construction in Architecture ©

Sabah Shawkat I Salahaddin Yasin Baper I Richard Schlesinger I Dlman A.Mohammed 1. Edition ISBN 978-80-570-2956-4