Pozdišovce • 700 Years

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POZDIŠOVCE The POTTeRY-MAking TRADiTiOnS AnD The LiVing PReSenT HISTORY OF THE VILLAGE THE THREE CHURCHES THE HISTORY OF POT TERY-MAKING

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HISTORY OF THE VILLAGE 1315 First written mention. Charles I of Hungary donates the settlement of Pozdych to Michael of the House of Ákoš for his merits in the war against Matthew III Csák, especially in the Battle of Rozhanovce on June 15th 1312.

The battle also marked the defeat of the House of Omodej which had ruled over Košice until that the time.

1334 A church with a parsonage already exists.

1365 In the village mentioned as Pazdych (or Pazdycz) is a castle. Seven surrounding villages are included.

1403 Sigismund of Luxemburg donates the castle, the village of Pozdišovce and the surrounding villages to four landlords. A part of Pozdišovce still belongs to the king.

1416, 11th Oct. First written mention of pottery in the village as well as in the area which is now Slovakia.

1450? The Sacking Brethren (a branch of the Hussites) leave the village.

1514? A manor-house is built in the village part called Hvizda. It is later called the Weinberger manor-house.

1522? The Reformation begins in the Zemplín region.

1598 The former Catholic church is used by the local Calvinists – the followers of John Calvin (1509–1564).

The principle of Whose realm, his religion (Latin: Cuius regio, eius religio) applies → Peace of Augsburg in 1555. The rulers/landlords could dictate the religion of their vassals and peasants. The Thirty Years War (1618–1648) put an end to this principle in 1647 although its subtle variations persisted.

1604 Beginning of the uprisings againt the Habsburgs which lasted over 100 years. The final one (1703–11) was led by Ferenc II Rákóczi.

1640 The village is now property of the House of Szirmay until the disintegration of Austria-Hungary in 1918. Some of the property was owned by some minor Houses.

1646/47 Founding of the Lutheran school. The Teacher of the Nations John Amos Comenius visited the institution in 1650? → see the chapter Comenius and Pozdišovce.

1648 Peter Szirmay, the lord of the Shire of Zemplín as well as the progenitor of the local Szirmay branch erects a manor-house which becomes the family residence.

HISTORY OF THE VILLAGE

1697 The inhabitants loot the manor-house as a result of terrible hardship.

1698–1701 A house for the servants is built. Today, the municipal office and the memorial room are located here.

It was reconstructed in 2000 and 2010–2011.

1711 Treaty of Szatmár. End of the uprisings. Strength-ening of the Habsburg Monarchy and reinforcement of the Counter-Reformation.

1743 Melichar Szirmay founds a pottery guild → chapter The history of pottery. In the same year, a “higher” Protestant school is set up as a counterbalance to the freethink-ing (liberal) school of Sárospatak.

1749 During the visitation by Ferenc Barkóczy, the Bishop of Eger and later the Archbishop of Esztergom, the following population data is recorded : “105 Catholics and 56 children, 157 Rusyns and 76 children, 96 Lutherans and 30 children, 14 Calvinists. All speak Slovak (omnes utuntur idiomate Slavonico)... The Lutherans use the former Catholic church”. Source: Peter Zubko, ‘Zemplínski a abovskí uniati v Barkócziho vizitácii’, Gréckokatolíci v záznamoch latinských biskupov z 18. storočia IV., 1. vyd.

Ružomberok 2013, p. 88.

1813 Closing of the “higher” school. A few decades later, the nationalists Samuel B. Szereday and Jonáš Záborský enter the village → chapter Matica slovenská and Pozdišovce.

1869 A record number of 1409 inhabitants live here!

The second largest estate owner is the Weinberger family.

A Jewish school is establishedi in the family manor-house.

The village also has a notary office.

1902 A state school is built due to lack of capacity of the Lutheran school.

1900–10 Extensive emigration to the United States. 1209 people live here in 1910.

1918, 28th Oct. First Czechoslovak Republic established.

1919 Aristocratic estates divided into local ownership.

1940 52 of the 1237 inhabitants are Jewish. The great majority of them perish in the concentration camps between 1942 and later.

1944, 29th Nov. Liberation of the village.

1948, 4th March Fire consumes 18 houses with the adjacent outbuildings. Three persons die.

1949 Private land ownership is abolished and local collective farming is created.

1959 Construction of the Benzina factory (from 1969 on called Benzinol). It stores the state reserves and distributes fuels across the Zemplín region.

1993, 1st Jan. Establishment of the Slovak Republic.

1993 Restoration of the Szirmay manor-house begins.

Construction of the House of mourning.

2000 Installation of the public sewer system.

2014–2015 Reconstruction of the public lighting.

THE THREE CHURCHES 1334 A Catholic church with a parsonage already exists.

1517 Martin Luther (1483–1546) publishes 95 theses in Wittenberg (halfway between Berlin and Leipzig).

1522? The Reformation reaches the Zemplín region.

The theological basis of the Lutheran church is constituted in the Augsburg Confession (Lat. Confessio Augustana). It was presented for the first time at the Reichstag in Augsburg, Bavaria, on June 25th 1530 to Charles V and the members of the Imperial Diet in German and subsequently delivered to the emperor in Latin. The Confessio Augustana consists of 28 articles. Its principal author was Philipp Melanchthon (1497–1560). /Confessio is Latin for confession; Augusta Vindelicorum = Lat. name of the city of Augsburg, founded in 15 BC./ 1598 The church falls into the possession of the Calvinists.

1650 Establishment of the Lutheran parish in the village.

1720 The church is now used solely by the Lutherans.

1762, 16th May Fire in the church building. Ten years later it was reconstructed and extended through the side aisles.

1779–81 New roof and windows.

1881, 1906, 1936, 1947/48, 1985 and 2008 Further repairs.

The church has a Gothic presbytery (Greek for sanctuary). Tombstones and epitaphs are from 1723–1776, the pipe organ from 1784.

The white Baroque/neo-Classical altar dates back to 1763 and is 5.8 m tall / 3.5 m wide.

It depicts the crucified Jesus and the kneeling St. Mary Magdalene above the Latin inscription Amor meus crucifixus est = My love is crucified.

The statues of St. Peter and St. Paul stand at the sides.

THE GREEK CATHOLIC CHURCH

The exterior design was inspired by the late 18th century Byzantine/neo-Classical style of church buildings. It was owned by the Russian Orthodox Church from 1950 to 1993.

The altar artwork depicts the patrocinium (Latin for dedicated to the patron) – the Divine Heart of Jesus.

Pozdišovce was under the jurisdiction of the Laškovce parish until Feb. 6th 2001 when the Greek Catholic parish was established.

THE ORTHODOX CHURCH This “youngest“ Church of Transfiguration was consecrated on Oct. 2nd 1994.

THE THREE CHURCHES

was built opposite to the manor-house in only one year – 1927 (!)

The land was donated by Isabel Neundorf, née Szirmay.

THE HISTORY OF POTTERY-MAKING The village of Pozdišovce is famous for its pottery trade well beyond Eastern Slovakia. Its prominence can be attributed to the enterpreneurial spirit of its people as well as the four sites of high-quality clay found in the area.

As mentioned in chapter History of the village, the first written mention of the local as well as Slovakia-wide pottery trade dates back to Oct. 11th 1416.

1743, 8th Jan. The local landlord Melichar Szirmay founds a pottery guild according to the document „Punkta a Poradek Remesla Harčzarskeho, to gest Pozdisowskych Harčzaruw“ from March 20th of the same year.

The 18 guild rules are also called articles. There are 39 master pot-ters and their sons listed.

Rule 18 requires literacy of the gentlemen interested in this craft (!)

The guild establishment mattered to the potters as it equated them with other town craftsmen, blocked internal competition, protected them against wandering craftsmen and enhanced the overall product quality.

Johannes Amos Comenius devotes a chapter of his renowned textbook ORBIS SENSUALIUM PICTUS (Visible World in Pictures) to the topic of pottery-making → chapter Comenius and Pozdišovce.

1774, 8th Aug. Teresian rent-roll of the vassals’ obligations towards the village landlords. In 1867 an remarkable all-time high of 61 village potters was recorded! Their competitors predominantly came from Uzhhorod (42 km) and Sárospatak (62 km). In order to trade at the then-famous market in Humenné (30 km), the merchandise had to be spread over 20–25 carts!

1872 Abolition by law of the guilds.

1924, 22nd Nov. Reestablishment of the guild which counts 35 crafts-men. As a result of the developing crisis, nearing emigration and finally World War II, the craft wanes.

1947, 20th Apr. Founding of a pottery group. 41 members focus on producing decorative and figural ceramics. The quality is greatly enhanced due to the electric drive of the pottery wheels as well as the electric kilns.

1950s Pozdišovská karička (circle dance) comes to dominate as decoration.

1958 World exhibition in Brussels. The Pozdišovce pottery is richly represented.

1961, 24th Jan. Merging of the local group Svojráz with the group Michalovce Production Cooperative.

In the late 1960s, the foremost local potter Michal Parikrupa-Šipar opens his workshop and works here with his wife and two sons.

1983 Another notable craftsman Ján Kiselovič and his wife also open their workshop.

1985 Completion of the Novex factory which employs around 100 people (!) The factory switches owners a few times in the mid-90’s, and was finally closed in 2006. The building is located outside of the village in the direction of Michalovce, to the left of the road.

The following craftsmen gained special recognition in the village in the 20th century: Pavol Andrejko, Andrej Antal, Michal Čenčarik, Andrej Čižmárik, Ján Čižmárik, Andrej Danko, Juraj Drábik, Juraj Jurko Sr., Ján Kiselovič, Andrej Kráľ, Michal Kráľ, Andrej Lešňanský Jr., Andrej Lukáč Jr., Juraj Magura-Vojačok, Andrej Mihalčin, Michal Paľo, Dušan Parikrupa, Ján Parikrupa, Michal Parikrupa-Šipar (1909–1995) – the most renowned potter of Pozdišovce, Michal Polaško, Michal Polaško-Garbar, Ján Poprik and Pavol Poprik.

The glory of the craftsmanship can be sensed in the Memorial Room, located at the Municipal Offices, which was set up in 2005.

More of master Parikrupa’s works

THE HISTORY OF POT TERY-MAKING

Ján Parikrupa (*1942) and his products

COMENIUS AND POZDIŠOVCE Omnia sponte fluant, absit violentia rebus Let everything flow spontaneously and without external intrusion – Motto of J. A. C. The bust with the cross is located in the sacristy of the Lutheran church.

Praeceptor mundi – The Teacher of the Nations – is well-known throughout the world by his Latin name of Comenius (1592–1670). His most renowned publication, the Orbis Sensualium Pictus (Visible World in Pictures) – also called the World in Pictures – is the first children’s picture book. The term Orbis Pictus is used to this day.

The initial Latin-German version was printed in Nuremberg in 1658.

Comenius most likely stopped off in the village in 1650 on his way from the Polish town of Leśno – then one of the centres of the Reformation; today with 65,000 inhabitants and located north-east of Wrocław, approx. 650 km from Pozdišovce – to the Hungarian town of Sárospatak (13,000 inhabitants and 62 km from Pozdišovce) where he was on an assignment from the House of Rákóczi residing there, to work on the education reforms in Transylvania, which the House controlled.

It was in Sárospatak where he created the manuscript of his masterpiece.

He devoted chapter 70 to the craft of pottery and described the activities in the following way: FIGULUS – The Potter Figulus (1) format ex argilla (3) super rota (2) sedens ollas, (4) urceos, (5) tripodes, (6) patinas, (7) vasa testacea, (8) fidelias, (9) opercula, (10) & c.

Postea excoquit in furno (11) & incrustat lithargyro.

Fracta olla dat testas. (12)

The potter (1) sitting over a wheel (2) maketh pots (4), pitchers (5), pipkins (6), platters (7), pudding-pans (8), juggs (9), Lids (10) &c. of potter’s clay (3) afterwards he baketh them in an oven (11) and glazeth them with white lead. A broken pot affordeth pot-sheards (12).

figulus, -i (m); argilla, -æ (f); rota, -æ (f); olla, -æ (f) urceus, -i (m); tripus, -odis (m); patina, -æ (f) vasa, -orum (n); fidelia, -æ (f); operculum, -i (n) furnus, -i (m); lithargyrum, -i (n); testa, -ae (f) Latin source: JOH. AMOS COMENII, ORBIS SENSUALIUM PICTUS Neu bearbeitet von Uvius Fonticola, Friedrich Verlagsmedien, D – Frankfurt am Main, 3., korrigierte Auflage 2012, Caput LXX – Figulus – Der Töpfer, Pages 144–145, without the diacritics.

English source: ORBIS PICTUS of J. A. Comenius, Edited by Charles William Bardeen, www.gutenberg.org

MATICA SLOVENSKĂ AND POZDIĹ OVCE Establishment on Aug. 4th 1863 in TurÄ?iansky SvätĂ˝ Martin, the Matica slovenskĂĄ was closely tied to the Cyrillo-Methodian tradition. The tradition was predominantly developed by Anton BernolĂĄk (1762–1813) and his codification of the Slovak language in 1787, by JĂĄn HollĂ˝ (1785–1849) through the ode to Svätopluk in the epic Cyrilo-MetodiĂĄda (1834), but mostly through the Ĺ tĂşrovci movement. In the revolution years of 1848–49, they added the Byzantine cross to the Slovak flag, thereby declaring their view-point and beliefs.

The first chairman was Štefan Moyzes (1797–1869), the bishop of Banskå Bystrica. The first executive vice-chairman was the Lutheran superintendant and prolific writer Karol Kuzmåny (1806–1866). Štefan Moyzes resumed the activities of the magazine Cyrill a Method one year after his appointment as a bishop (1851). At the same time, he contributed considerably towards the transfer of our patron-saints’ tradition from Feb. 14th (for Cyril) / Apr. 6th (for Methodius) to July 5th – mostly due to the need for organising pilgrimages before the harvest.

On Nov. 12th 1875, Matica Slovenskå was abolished and its property confiscated by the Hungarian government, thereby forcibly interrupting its activities until their resumption on Jan. 1st 1919. During this time, the female association of Živena had to substitute extensively for MS. Another milestone in spreading the message of the Brothers of Thessaloniki was the Pribina celebrations in Nitra in 1933 on the occasion of the 1,100th anniversary of the birth of the Great Moravian Empire. The local branch of Matica slovenskå was founded on March 19th 1991.

Three of our national activists working in PozdiĹĄovce are commemorated since Sept. 22nd 1996 in the park outside the Municipal Offices: t ,BSPM 4BNVFM #FOKBNĂ“O 4[FSFEBZ op

t +POĂˆĂ? ;ĂˆCPSTLâ op

t +ĂžMJVT #BSĘŠ *WBO op

In 2013 we celebrated the 1150th anniversary of the arrival of St. Cyril and Method to the area of Great Moravia.

THE LOCAL FOLK TRADITION Music, dancing and singing have always been a major part of rural life. A rarity among the villagers of Pozdišovce is their centuries-long connection to pottery-making. Since 1991, folk celebrations have been organised and since 1995, a distinctive festival has taken place at the local amphitheatre on a yearly basis.

The male group HARČARE was founded in 1982. They regularly perform at regional and national events. The photo is from 2008.

The children group HARČARIK has been performing since 2007.

Photo: Ján Poprik The women of Pozdišovce created in 2011 the group HARČARKI which will participate in the 5th edition of the CHANGSHU INT’L FOLKLORE FESTIVAL in China on Sept 19th–25th, 2015.

THE LOCAL SPORT TRADITION The humble beginnings date back to the pre-WWI era when in 1912 Pozdišovce beat Michalovce 6:0!

Football gained in popularity in the 1930s, and in 1941 and 1942 the local team signed up for the Prešov County competition and gained an honourable 3rd place. Due to wartime events the competition was cancelled.

In 1946, Iskra Pozdišovce was founded and began competing in the local and regional tournaments. The 51st year of the contest, “O Putovnú pozdišovskú vázu“, is the oldest adult football tournament in the Zemplín region.

The locals led by Mikuláš Benetin prepared its debut shortly before the season of 1965/66. The sportsmen won under the team name of ČH Benzina.

Pozdišovce won the tournament 6 times at home (’72, ’73, ’78, ’91, ’95, ’97). The most notable win was, however, the 3rd place in the I. B category in the regional tournament of 1975/76 and the one the year after.

The local players in 1971 with team manager Mikuláš Benetin and coach Ján Pavlík.

The pupil football tournament, ‘Memoriál Mikuláša Benetina’, took place between 1982 and 2004. In 2005, a teenage tournament bearing the same name replaced the former one.

Photo from May 31st 2015 Upper row from the left: M. Kohút, D. Gombita, S. Andrišov, M. Hirko, Š. Faťol, R. Andrišov, B. Šamuľak, P. Krištovčik, M. Pavlov.

Lower row from the l.: P. Feneš, J. Banom, P. Novák, O. Novák, M. Urban

, Today s adult team name, OcŠK, was introduced in July 2001.

Chess is also popular among the inhabitants and there is a tournament every year.

THE SURROUNDING COUNTRY Pozdišovce lies on both sides of the stream Lipovec which flows to the river Duša outside the village. A section is located next to route E58 which connects Košice (55 km), Michalovce (5 km) and Vyšné Nemecké (to the border with Ukraine, 37 km). The elevation is 122 m, and the nearby hills reach a max. of 210 m. The most common trees in the Pozdišovce downs, north of the village are oak and hornbeam.

How does Duša reach the Danube? The river Duša is 40 km long and flows near the village of Veľké Raškovce into the river Laborec, which flows into the Latorica near Oborín. The Latorica rises in Ukraine. It joins the Ondava near Zemplín and Svätá Mária to create the Bodrog, near the Hungarian town of Tokaj, feeding into the Tisza which itself reaches the Danube in the Serbian province of Vojvodina (near Novi Sad).

29 local hunters are organised in the union Srnec and there are 5 beekeepers in the village.

The fauna includes the pheasant and various kinds of forest animals such as the (fallow) deer and the wild boar.

The fishpond was built 1.2 km north of the village in 1986 and spreads over 8 hectares. The depth reaches 10 m at the outlet.

More attractions: The oxbow lake of the Duša and the wetland forest TOVIK (which covers just 400 m2) are adorned by marsh marigold. The locality is popular with the locals for strolling with children.

A rarity is Kosťo’s Ranch (1.5 km right of the village, near the fishpond and the forest) where among other things you can ride “hucul” (mountain) horses → contact on the back page.

THE LOCAL WALKING AND CYCLING TRAILS FESTINA LENTE! = Make haste slowly! in Latin The surrounding countryside offers excellent opportunities for enjoying easy walking/cycle trails.

Ondava 2T

fishpond 1T

Vinianske jazero

Hrádok

Morské oko

1C

2C

Pozdišovce Michalovce

Kaluža (Zemplínska šírava)

3C

CHKO Latorica / Latorica Landscape park

1T

Pozdišovce (municipal office) – fishpond Trail length: 1.2 km | duration: 20 min | difficulty: easy 2T

Pozdišovce (municipal office) – fishpond – Moravany – river Ondava Trail length: 6 km | duration: 1 h. 45 min | difficulty: easy 1C

Pozdišovce (municipal office) – Michalovce (Hrádok) Trail length: 8 km | difficulty: medium; 2C

Pozdišovce (municipal office) – Michalovce – 7JOJBOTLF KB[FSP (17 km) | difficulty: medium; – ,BMVäB ;FNQMÓOTLB ÝÓSBWB (16.5 km) | difficulty: easy; – Morské oko (42 km) | difficulty: medium 3C

Pozdišovce (municipal office) – Laškovce – Ložín – Bracovce – Falkušovce – Kačanov – Malčice – Oborín – (CHKO) Latorica / Latorica Landscape park Trail length: 25 km | difficulty: easy We also recommend the map SHOCart Dolný Zemplín (Lower Zemplín), No. 235, 1:100 000.

POZDIĹ OVCE 200 km 400 km 600 km

Distances in km: Michalovce–5; Koťice–55; HumennÊ–30; VyťnÊ NemeckÊ (border with UA)–37; Village information → www.pozdisovce.sk Historical names: No. of inhabitants: 1280 Pozdych–1315; Pazdych a Pazdycz–1335; Pozdissowcze–1773; Pazdissowce–1786; Pozdiťovce–1920

The municipal office building originated between 1698–1701.

The author took the liberty of contributing to the village anniversary by creating this pure Latin chronogram. The sum of the red characters symbolises the publication year.

DCC 700 VICVS POZDYCH The village of POZDIĹ OVCE FIGVLI AC HISTORIA ILLVSTRIS The potters and the illustrious past LAVS! Glory!

ARX, ECCLESIÆ The manor-house, the churches ATQVE NATVRA and the landscape – VENI VIATOR! Come visit, traveller! Σ = 10xI+ 9xV +1xX +5xL +7xC +2xD +0xM= 2015 The pottery on the title page can be found in the Mem. Room of the Mun. Offices.

Main brochure info source: village of PozdiĹĄovce.

Financed through the Programme of village restoration 2015

Stop by KosĹĽo’s Ranch – VladimĂ­r KostovÄ?Ă­k ☎ +421 907 944 538 | www.ranc-u-kosta.webnode.sk Š Jozef SoroÄ?in | www.issuu.com/VydSorocinJ Š Photos: Jaroslav MihaÄžko | jaroslav.mpp@minet.sk Š Layout+Transl.: Jozef SoroÄ?in, Jr. | www.about.me/sorocin Š For the village of PozdiĹĄovce, SK-072 01 PozdiĹĄovce 144, ☎ +421 56/6472203, www.pozdisovce.sk issued by: Jozef SoroÄ?in JSL, RĂĄzusova 6, SK-071 01 Michalovce | sorocin23@gmail.com Š Printed by: Rotaprint, s. r. o. #BSĘŠJBOTLB 4, ,PĂ?JDF t