MEP _ Vương Thị Khánh Vy _ D1910G1

CAFFEINE MAGAZINE

Everything you need to know about coffee beans Benefit of drinking coffee, Based on science

Top 10 Coffee Brands In The World World’s Best Cafes For Coffee Lovers

MAY 25 | VOLUME 1, ISSUE 01

CONTENTS

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History of Coffee Beans

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Different Characteristics of Coffee Beans

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13 Healthy Benefits of Coffee, Based on Science

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Top 10 Best Tasting Coffee brands

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World’s best cafes for coffee lovers

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Credits

HISTORY The earliest credible evidence of either coffee drinking or knowledge of the coffee tree appears in the late 15th century, by Sufi Imam Muhammad Ibn Said Al Dhabhani who is known to have imported goods from Ethiopia to Yemen. Coffee was first exported out of Ethiopia to Yemen by Somali merchants from Berbera and Zeila, which was procured from Harar and the Abyssinian interior. According to Captain Haines, who was the colonial administrator of Aden (1839-1854), Mocha historically imported up to two-thirds of their coffee from Berbera-based merchants before the coffee trade of Mocha was captured

by British-controlled Aden in the 19th century.

Thereafter, much of the Ethiopian coffee was exported to Aden via Berbera.

Sufis in Yemen used the beverage as an aid to concentration and as a kind of spiritual intoxication when they chanted the name of God. Sufis used it to keep themselves alert during their nighttime devotions. A translation of Al-Jaziri’s manuscript traces the spread of coffee from Arabia Felix (present-day Yemen) northward to Mecca and Medina, and then to the larger cities of Cairo, Damascus, Baghdad, and Constantinople. By 1414, the plant was known in Mecca, and in the early 1500s was spreading to the Mameluke Sultanate of Egypt and North Africa from the Yemeni port of Mocha. Associated with Sufism, myriad coffee houses grew up in Cairo (Egypt) around the religious University of the Azhar. These coffee houses also opened in Syria, especially in the cosmopolitan city of Aleppo, and then in Istanbul, the capital of the Ottoman Empire, in 1554. In 1511, it was forbidden for

its stimulating effect by conservative, orthodox imams at a theological court in Mecca. However, these bans were to be overturned in 1524 by an order of the Ottoman Turkish Sultan Suleiman I, with Grand Mufti Mehmet Ebussuud el-İmadi issuing a fatwa allowing the consumption of coffee. In Cairo a similar ban was instituted in 1532, and the coffeehouses and warehouses containing coffee beans were sacked. During the 16th century, it had already reached the rest of the Middle East, the Safavid Empire and the Ottoman Empire. From the Middle East, coffee drinking spread to Italy, then to the rest of Europe, and coffee plants were transported by the Dutch to the East Indies and to the Americas.

Similarly, coffee was banned by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church some time before the 18th century. However, in the second half of the 19th century, Ethiopian attitudes softened towards coffee drinking, and its consumption spread rapidly between 1880 and 1886; according to Richard Pankhurst, “this was largely due to Emperor Menelik, who himself drank it, and to Abuna Matewos who did much to dispel the belief of the clergy that it was a Muslim drink.”

The earliest mention of coffee noted by the literary coffee merchant Philippe Sylvestre Dufour is a reference to bunchum in the works of the 10th century CE Persian physician Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi, known as Rhazes in the West, but more definite information on the preparation of a beverage from the roasted coffee berries dates from several centuries later.

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CHARACTERISTICS There are four primary types of coffee beans we’ll be discussing here: Arabica (Coffee arabica), Robusta (Coffee caniphora), Liberica (Coffee liberica), and Excelsa (Coffee liberica var. dewevrei). Let’s discover what differences define these various types of coffee.

Arabica Arabica is the most common (and certainly most heavily marketed) type of coffee in North America. That’s because it actually has a sweeter, more delicate flavor and the coffee itself tends to be less acidic. Arabica beans are farmed in areas with high elevations above sea level, particularly those where rain is plentiful. In fact, Brazil, known for its lush rainforest, is the world’s foremost exporter of Arabica beans. The plants themselves are fairly delicate, requiring a fair amount of pruning and constant attention to environmental factors. The Coffee arabica species is particularly prone to disease so farming in great quantities is a challenge. This drives up the cost of the bean considerably in the global market, but many coffee drinkers around the world are happy to pay the difference because of the softer, sweeter taste.

One point to note about the popular but sensitive bean is that its taste has a reputation of being diminished a bit when it is served cold or blended with milk or creamer.

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While that may be the case, it’s fair to say the difference probably won’t be noticeable when you’re adding some additional flavor to the drink anyway.

Robusta When it comes to global production, Robusta coffee beans are second on the list and the most popular in Europe, the Middle East and Africa. Its name does this bean justice, as it is known for its strong and often harsh flavor profile.

Robusta coffees have extremely high levels of caffeine, which makes the plant far more resilient than the Arabica species. That’s because the caffeine acts as natural insect repellent, eliminating a major threat to the tree. The coffee caniphora species is also particularly tolerant of its environment, so it can be grown in any number of altitudes

and climates. Because of its reputation for tasting burnt or rubbery, robusta is not generally a very popular coffee commodity, except where very strong coffee is a cultural norm. However, because it’s so much easier to grow and harvest than Arabica beans, many farmers do tend to reap higher profits when they can sell Robusta. So where is it going? Robusta might be used for discount lines like instant coffees and is sometimes used as a filler in dark roasts. By using 3 parts Arabica to 1 part Robusta in a given batch, a roaster might save up to 20% on the cost of raw beans. However, if this looks to you like sacrificing product quality for the bottom line, you’d be right.

There are some instances, though, of delicious, hiqh quality Robusta coffees finding their way onto grocery store shelves. These are generally single-origin coffees made from craft, small-batch roasters. The very best Robusta coffee beans will have hints of chocolate and rum within their flavor profile, but in all reality, are not always readily available. At the end of the day, if your main interest in a cup of coffee is getting a daily dose of caffeine, you’d probably do just as well going with a standard cup of Robusta and cutting the flavor with cream and sugar.

Liberica Liberica coffee beans are a rare treat. They’re grown in very specific climates with production being far too scarce for farmers to scale their operations to truly satisfy a global marketplace. Even still, the beans are considered a pleasant surprise. Many who’ve tried the coffee liken the aroma to fruit and flowers and describe the flavor as having a somewhat “woody” taste.

There was a time when Liberica coffee was incredibly popular. Near the end of the nineteenth century, a plant disease now known as “coffee rust” had set in and eliminated almost all of the Arabica plants across the entire planet. Because coffee was such a huge commodity, even at that point, farmers and government bodies both set out to find suitable substitutes. The Philippines were the first to harvest and sell the Liberica plant at a noteworthy volume and as the sole supplier the nation saw its economy grow tremendously. At this point, the Philippines was a U.S. territory but as its economy grew the nation declared its independence. As a result, the U.S. imposed steep economic sanctions and cut off supplies to the country. This ultimately led to the downfall of the Liberica coffee bean in the global marketplace, as no

other nations were ever able to step up and match the production that the Philippines had once pioneered.

Excelsa The final type of coffee bean we introduce today is Excelsa.

Excelsa is technically a member of the Liberica family, but its species is actually incredibly distinct. Like the Liberica coffee described above, Excelsa is grown primarily in Southeast Asia and represents only a small fraction of the world’s coffee production. Excelsa does boast a tart, fruitier flavor and is known for showing attributes of both light and dark roast coffees to create a unique profile that is frequently sought out by coffee enthusiasts.

How to choose what to buy We’ve said it before and we’ll say it again, drinking coffee is about finding what you enjoy and sticking with it.

Knowing that Arabica and Robusta the most prevalent and affordable options you’ll encounter on a regular basis, think about how you actually like to drink your coffee - hot, iced, with/without creamer? Typically, if you’re more of a coffee purist who enjoys a simple fresh, hot, black coffee then a light Arabica bean like our Ethiopian Yirgacheffe product would be an ideal choice. If you generally prefer pouring your coffee over ice or enjoying it with some additional flavor add-ins, then we might recommend giving our Knockbox Espresso a shot.

The main thing to remember is that it’s all about finding what works for you, so try different things and enjoy the process!

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Heathy Benefits of Coffee, Based on Science Coffee is one of the world’s most popular beverages. Thanks to its high levels of antioxidants and beneficial nutrients, it also seems to be quite healthy. Studies show that coffee drinkers have a much lower risk of several serious diseases.

Here are the top 13 health benefits of coffee.

caffeine can specifically increase fat burning by as much as 10% in obese individuals and 29% in lean people.

However, it’s possible that these Coffee can help people feel less tired and effects diminish in long-term coffee increase energy levels. That’s because drinkers. it contains a stimulant called caffeine — the most commonly consumed psychoactive substance in the world. 3. Can Drastically Improve After you drink coffee, the caffeine is Physical Performance absorbed into your bloodstream. From Caffeine stimulates your nervous there, it travels to your brain. In the system, signaling fat cells to break brain, caffeine blocks the inhibitory down body fat. But it also increases neurotransmitter adenosine. When epinephrine (adrenaline) levels in this happens, the amount of other your blood . This is the fight-or-flight neurotransmitters like norepinephrine hormone, which prepares your body and dopamine increases, leading to for intense physical exertion. Caffeine enhanced firing of neurons. Many breaks down body fat, making free controlled studies in humans show fatty acids available as fuel. Given these that coffee improves various aspects effects, it’s unsurprising that caffeine of brain function — including memory, can improve physical performance mood, vigilance, energy levels, reaction by 11–12%, on average. Therefore, it makes sense to have a strong cup of times and general mental function. coffee about half an hour before you head to the gym.

1. Can Improve Energy Levels and Make You Smarter

2. Coffee Can Help You Burn Fat

4. Contains Essential Caffeine is found in almost every Nutrients

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commercial fat-burning supplement — and for good reason. It’s one of the few natural substances proven to aid fat burning. Several studies show that caffeine can boost your metabolic rate by 3–11%. Other studies indicate that

Coffee contains several important nutrients, including riboflavin, pantothenic acid, manganese, potassium, magnesium and niacin.

Though this may not seem like a big deal, most people enjoy several cups

per day — allowing these amounts to quickly add up.

5. May Lower Your Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Type 2 diabetes is a major health problem, currently affecting millions of people worldwide. It’s characterized by elevated blood sugar levels caused by insulin resistance or a reduced ability to secrete insulin.For some reason, coffee drinkers have a significantly reduced risk of type 2 diabetes. Studies observe that people who drink the most coffee have a 23–50% lower risk of getting this disease. One study showed a reduction as high as 67%. According to a large review of 18 studies in a total of 457,922 people, each daily cup of coffee was associated with a 7% reduced risk of type 2 diabetes.

6. May Protect You From Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia Alzheimer’s disease is the most common neurodegenerative disease and the leading cause of dementia worldwide. This condition usually affects people over 65, and there is no known cure. However, there are several things you can do to prevent

the disease from occurring in the first place. This includes the usual suspects like eating healthy and exercising, but drinking coffee may be incredibly effective as well. Several studies show that coffee drinkers have up to a 65% lower risk of Alzheimer’s disease

7. May Lower Your Risk of Parkinson’s Parkinson’s disease is the second most common neurodegenerative condition, right behind Alzheimer’s.

It’s caused by the death of dopaminegenerating neurons in your brain. As with Alzheimer’s, there is no known cure, which makes it that much more important to focus on prevention.

Studies show that coffee drinkers have a much lower risk of Parkinson’s disease, with a risk reduction ranging from 32–60%. In this case, the caffeine itself appears to be beneficial, as people who drink decaf don’t have a lower risk of Parkinson’s.

8. May Protect Your Liver

drank 4 or more cups of coffee per day had a 20% lower risk of becoming depressed. Another study in 208,424 individuals found that those who drank 4 or more cups per day were 53% less likely to die by suicide.

10. May Lower Risk of Certain Types of Cancer Cancer is one of the world’s leading causes of death. It is characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in your body. Coffee appears to be protective against two types of cancer: liver and colorectal cancer. Liver cancer is the third leading cause of cancer death in the world, while colorectal cancer ranks fourth. Studies show that coffee drinkers have up to a 40% lower risk of liver cancer. Similarly, one study in 489,706 people found that those who drank 4–5 cups of coffee per day had a 15% lower risk of colorectal cancer.

have elevated blood pressure. That being said, studies don’t support the idea that coffee raises your risk of heart disease. On the contrary, there is some evidence that women who drink coffee have a reduced risk. Some studies also show that coffee drinkers have a 20% lower risk of stroke.

12. May Help You Live Longer Given that coffee drinkers are less likely to get many diseases, it makes sense that coffee could help you live longer.

Several observational studies indicate that coffee drinkers have a lower risk of death. In two very large studies, drinking coffee was associated with a 20% reduced risk of death in men and a 26% decreased risk of death in women, over 18–24 years. This effect appears particularly strong in people with type 2 diabetes. In one 20-year study, individuals with diabetes who drank coffee had a 30% lower risk of death.

11. Doesn’t Cause Heart Disease and May Lower Stroke Risk

13. The Biggest Source of Antioxidants in the Your liver is an amazing organ that Western Diet carries out hundreds of important It’s often claimed that caffeine can increase functions. Several common diseases primarily affect the liver, including hepatitis, fatty liver disease and many others. Many of these conditions can lead to cirrhosis, in which your liver is largely replaced by scar tissue.

Interestingly, coffee may protect against cirrhosis — people who drink 4 or more cups per day have up to an 80% lower risk.

your blood pressure. This is true, but with a rise of only 3–4 mm/Hg, the effect is small and usually dissipates if you drink coffee regularly. However, it may persist in some people, so keep that in mind if y o u

For people who eat a standard Western diet, coffee may be one of the healthiest aspects of their diet. That’s because coffee is quite high in antioxidants. Studies show that many people get moreantioxidantsfromcoffeethanfromfruitsand vegetables combined. In fact, coffee may be one of the healthiest beverages ontheplanet.

9. Can Fight Depression and Make You Happier Depression is a serious mental disorder that causes a significantly reduced quality of life. It’s very common, as about 4.1% of people in the US currently meet the criteria for clinical depression. In a Harvard study published in 2011, women who

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Best Coffee Brands In The World

TANZANIA PEABERRY COFFEE

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H AWAII K ON A COF F EE

Grown on Mt. Meru and Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania Peaberry coffee beans are a bright Arabica coffee with a medium body and delightful fruit-toned acidity. The best Tanzania coffees have a taste that is deep and rich, often revealing hints of black currant which soften to chocolate and then blend into the coffee’s lingering, sweet finish.

The best Hawaiian Kona coffee beans are grown at about 2,000 feet above sea level on the fertile slopes of Mauna Loa and Hualalai Volcanoes on the Big Island of Hawaii, Kona coffee is known for its rich yet light and delicate taste with a complex aroma. Different farms will have slightly different coffees under their own brand, but shouldn’t be a blend.

Best Roast: Medium

Best Roast: Medium

A medium roast provides an aroma that is floral and complex, often exhibiting hints of pineapple, citrus, or coconut. The flavor is delicate, sometimes revealing winey notes and a velvety feeling on the palate.

Well-balanced with a medium body, it is clean in the cup with a bright and cheerful acidity. Kona coffee often reveals buttery as well as spicy qualities and subtle winey tones with an excellent aromatic finish.

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NICARAG UA N COFFEE

A new arrival to the list this year is Nicaragua, which has developed a number of highly rated coffees. The best coffees from this top-rated central american country typically exhibit notes of chocolate (dark, almost cacao-like) and fruits like apple and berries.

Best Roast: Dark Darker roasts bring compliment the chocolate and fruity flavors.

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SUMATRA MANDHELIN G COFFEE

Exhibiting a full body and low acidity, Sumatra Mandheling beans are best known as a smooth drinking coffee. It is also known for its sweetness and herbacious, earthy flavor, and complex aroma. The coffee is grown in the Lintong region in north central Sumatra near Lake Toba.

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S UL AW E SI T OR AJ A COF F EE

This multi-dimensional coffee is grown in the southeastern highlands of Sulawesi. Known best for its full body and rich, expansive flavor, Sulawesi Toraja coffee beans are very well balanced and exhibits tasting notes of dark chocolate and ripe fruit. The acidity is low-toned yet vibrant, with less body than a Sumatran coffee though slightly more acidic, and with more earthiness than a typical Java Arabica coffee.

Best Roast: Dark Toraja’s rustic sweetness and muted fruit notes create a deep and brooding taste with a pungent spicy quality similar to the best Sumatran coffees. Toraja coffee is processed using the Giling Basah wet-hull method, which produces chaff-free green coffee beans. For Toraja coffee a dark roast is recommended.

Best Roast: Dark The caramelizing that happens in a dark roast helps to mediate the earthy, herby flavor.

Sumatran coffees are known for being full bodied and having little acidity, making them perhaps the best lowacid coffee option here.

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MOCHA JAVA COFFEE

Perhaps the most famous blend of coffee beans, Mocha Java includes Arabian (Yemen) Mocha coffee and Indonesian Java Arabica coffee, two coffees with complementary characteristics. The best Yemen Mocha coffees exhibit a lively intensity and pleasant wildness which complements the clean and bright smoothness of the Java coffee. The traditional blend of Mocha and Java coffee beans creates a complex and yet well-balanced brewed cup.

Best Roast: Medium Edgy and bold, Ethiopian Harrar displays a complexity of spice tones including cardamom, cinnamon, apricots, blueberry jam, and compote. Some Harrars exhibit tones of very rich, dark chocolate.

Note: Ethiopian Harrar is currently not available on the market, so we recommend the Ethiopian Sidamo instead.

Best Roast: N/A (this is a blend) See the World’s Best History of Coffee to read about how sailing ships arriving from Java Island arrived in the the great Yemen port of Mocha [Mokha] where the two types of beans became mixed in the wooden hulls of the ships creating the favored blend, a happy accident of history.

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ET H IOPI A N Y IR GAC HE F F E COF F EE

Fragrant and spicy, the best Yirgacheffe coffee beans are known for their sweet flavor and aroma with a medium to light body. The coffee is wet processed and grown at elevations from 5,800 feet to 6,600 feet above sea level.

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E THIOPIAN HARRAR COFFEE

Spicy, fragrant, and heavy-bodied, Ethiopian Harrar coffee is a wild and exotic coffee bean that is dry-processed (natural) Arabica coffee grown in southern Ethiopia at elevations from 4,500 and 6,300 feet above sea level. The dry-processing creates a fruity taste likened to dry, red wine, a power house coffee exhibiting a bold taste that resonates in the cup.

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Ethiopian Yirgacheffee displays a bright acidity along with an intense, clean flavor and a complexity of floral notes in the aroma, perhaps a hint of toasted coconut, along with a vibrant aftertaste and perhaps a slightly nutty or chocolaty quality. Yirgacheffe coffees are hightoned, floral and citrusy in contrast to the wild and jammy Ethiopian Harrars.

Best Roast: Medium-Dark If you prefer your coffee heavy and sweet then choose a medium-dark roast or dark roast, though a medium roast allows the coffee beans’ delicate qualities to shine and enhance the bright acidity.

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G UATEMALA N ANTIG UA COFFEE

Grown at elevations more than 4,600 feet above sea level, the grade of Guatemala Antigua coffee beans is known as Strictly Hard Bean and include the Arabica varietals Catuai (Coffea arabica var. catuai), Caturra (Coffea arabica var. caturra), and Bourbon (Coffea arabica var. bourbon).

K EN YA A A COF F E E

Clearly one of the world’s best premium coffee beans, this is listed last but certainly isn’t the least of the best coffees in the world. Kenya AA coffee is grown at more than 2,000 feet above sea level on Kenya’s high plateaus.

The AA refers to the biggest screen size in the Kenya coffee grading system with specifications that the beans are just a little more than one-fourth inch in diameter.

Best roast: Medium The best Kenya AA coffees exhibit a full body and strong, rich taste with a pleasant acidity that some say provides the world’s brightest coffee. The aroma of Kenya AA is fragrant with floral tones while the finish is winey with berry and citrus overtones.

An exceptional premium coffee, Antigua exhibits the best Guatemala coffee qualities of a full body (heavier than the usual Central American coffee) and spicy taste often rich and velvety.

Best Roast: Medium Guatemalan coffees are naturally smooth and delicious, and work great in a medium roast. However, it also works well with a dark roast that creates a pleasing smoky taste in the brewed cup of coffee.

-HON O RAB L E M EN T I O N JAM AIC AN B L U E M OU N TA I N C O F F E E Coffees from Jamaica’s Blue Mountain region are often named the “Best Coffee in the World”, but when it comes to price vs. quality, it’s an overhyped coffee.

Is there any way to possibly quantify that Jamaican Blue Mountain is twice as good as a Kona (being twice the price)? or 4x as good as Kenya AA (at 4x the price)? No: it’s nowhere near that astronomical of a difference.

Feedback from regular coffee drinkers (not coffee snobs) indicates that it’s a good cup of coffee, but falls on the mild side with subtleties most won’t appreciate for a daily drinker.

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World’s Best Cafes For Coffee lovers

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Cafe To r to n i , Bueno s Air e s

As Argentina’s oldest cafe, this historic hangout has been a gathering spot for artists, politicians and musicians since the late 1800s. You can’t leave without ordering the local favorite -- chocolate con churros, crunchy fried dough dipped into thick hot chocolate.

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Ca fe Ce n t r a l , Vienna

A Viennese institution since 1876, this palatial coffeehouse has been a meeting place for some of the world’s greatest minds, from Sigmund Freud to Leon Trotsky. True to Viennese cafe culture, you’ll want to linger for hours in this grand cafe.

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Sant’Eustac hi o i l Caffe, Ro m e

Founded in 1938, this small stand-up cafe is a landmark in the heart of Rome, near the city’s iconic Piazza Navona. Drinking espresso standing up is the equivalent of to-go coffee for Italians. No matter how much time you have, order the local favorite “gran caffè speciale,” a shot of sweetened espresso.

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La Cafeo thequ e , Paris

While many cafes in Paris focus on atmosphere more than the coffee, this spot is one of the exceptions. Coffee aficionados, Parisian hipsters and tourists alike all gather at this cafe for the best beans from all over the world, which are roasted in-house.

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W i nk e l , Amst e r d a m

A favorite of locals and tourists alike, this charming corner cafÊ is known for its appeltaart (Dutch apple pie). But it’s also a great spot to sip on coffee, especially because of the outdoor seating, with its front-row view of the bustling farmers market nearby.

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To ma Cafe, Madrid

To keep up with this high-energy city, you’ll need plenty of caffeine. The locals head to this tiny bustling cafÊ to refuel with favorites such as cafe con leche (espresso with milk) and alfajores (caramel biscuit sweet).

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Kaffeine, L o ndo n

While the caffeinated beverage of choice in London is tea, coffee (good coffee, too) can still be found in this city.

Inspired by the cafes in Australia and New Zealand, this independent coffee spot is always packed with those in search of an expertly brewed cup of java.

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Caffe V ita, Seattle

Virtually anywhere you go in Seattle, you’re an arm’s length away from a great cup of coffee. So if you ask a Seattleite where to find the best coffee, be prepared for a lengthy list in response. A local favorite, this cafe specializes in smallbatch coffee roasting and even offers the general public a chance to learn the secret to its artisanal brewing with its Public Brewing School.

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Reslau, Auckland

New Zealand invented and perfected the country’s signature coffee drink -- the flat white, a shot of espresso blended with steamed milk, no froth. This award-winning cafe is one of the best spots in Auckland to enjoy an expertly crafted flat white topped off with a home-baked treat.

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D o u b l e Ta l l , Japan

While you might think that the Japanese drink green tea all day, coffee is becoming more and more popular in this country, especially with the younger generations. While the iconic vending machine is a popular way to get your caffeine fix to-go, there is a small band of quality coffee shops in Tokyo, with Double Tall leading the pack. Known for its latte art, the coffee’s presentation -- and taste -- will wow you.

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CREDITS Resources https://districtroasters.com/blogs/news/types-of-coffee-beans https://espressocoffeeguide.com/best-coffee-beans/#what-is-the-best-tasting-coffee https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/top-13-evidence-based-health-benefits-of-coffee#section14 https://www.travelchannel.com/interests/food-and-drink/photos/worlds-best-cafes-for-coffee-lovers https://www.pngguru.com/

Creator

Full name: Vuong Thi Khanh Vy Class: D1910G1 _ ARENA NDC Subject: MEP