WATER & WETLANDS A DOCUMENTATION OF WATERWAYS & WETLANDS IN NEW ZEALAND
CONTENT
1
1.0
WATER IN CANTERBURY REGION & CHRISTCHURCH CITY, NZ
1.1
- Canterbury’s BRAIDED Rivers
1.2
- Christchurch Waterway TYPOLOGY
1.3
- Christchurch WETLANDS - Now and Then
1.4
- DRAINAGE & WATER MANAGEMENT in Christchurch
2.0
WETLAND PRECEDENTS
2.1
- TRAVIS Wetland, Christchurch, NZ
2.2
- WAITANGI Park, Wellington, NZ
2.3
- BARRY CURTIS PARK, Auckland, NZ
2.4
- KOPUPAKA RESERVE, Auckland, NZ
Photo credit : ©Andre Ermolaev
WATER STORY 1.0 WATER IN CANTERBURY REGION & CHRISTCHURCH CITY, NZ Canterbury is a region of braided rivers with wide stony beds. They originate from glaciers, snow melt or rainfall in the mountains. Braided rivers provide unique environment for a variety of wildlife and habitat, particularly birds. Islands formed by the rivers provide protected areas for settlements. They have little vegetation, so visibility is good and they are close to good supply of food in the river. Canterbury’s braided rivers include the Clarence, Conway, Waiau, Hurunui, Ashley/Rakahuri, Waimakariri, Rakaia, Ashburton/ Hakatere, Rangitata, Opihi and Waitaki.
Diagram showing the process or formation of waterways in Canterbury region.
3
Diagram illustrates land formation through braided rivers for settlement http://www.cleanwaterways.org.nz/pdf/waitaha-wai-waterways-chch.pdf
70,000 million m³ rain fall
30,000 million m³ water evaporates
40,000 million m³ runs through the Canterbury Plain
• The Canterbury plains lie in the rain shadow of the Southern Alps. • Mountains intercept the north-west winds, causing large amounts of rain and snow. • 70,000 million cubic meters of snow, rain, and hail fall each year in Canterbury. • 30,000 million cubic meters of water evaporates back into the atmosphere each year. • 40,000 million cubic meters of surface and groundwater flow through the region’s waterways to the coast each year. • Most of the rain that falls on the plains drains into the ground, with little direct run-off into the rivers.
WATER STORY 1.1 CANTERBURY BRAIDED RIVERS
Rivers of the Canterbury Plains
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Movement of the braided Waimakariri River has shaped the Christchurch area and the surrounding Canterbury Plains. The river’s interaction with the coastline and the volcanic rock of the Port Hills formed a landscape of large freshwater and saltwater wetlands, meandering waterways, sand dunes, and old gravel beds. In the subtle interplay between contours, groundwater levels, and soil types, swamps occupied the lowest and wettest areas. Slightly higher regions are vastly covered with flax and toe toe or mixed grass communities. Tidal parts of rivers and the edges of estuaries supported salt and river marshes. A multitude of bird, fish, and invertebrate species thrived in the waterways and wetlands of Christchurch.
https://www.ccc.govt.nz/assets/Documents/Environment/Water/waterways-guide/Water-An-important-natural-resource.pdf
THE WAIMAKARIRI RIVER
WATER STORY 1.2 CHRISTCHURCH WATERWAY TYPOLOGY
Most of the waterways in Christchurch are springfed that makes it one of the biggest spring-fed river networks in New Zealand. Christchurch was once a mosaic of wetlands and small waterways formed by the Waimakariri River and its underground aquifers.
from the coast to about 6-15 km inland which marks the beginning of many of smaller streams and rivers, such as the Avon River/Ōtākaro and the Heathcote River/Ōpāwaho.
Groundwater In Christchurch, the source of drinking water and the water use for washing or gardening comes from groundwater or aquifers. The water in the aquifers under Christchurch is very pure; some of the highest quality water in the world. However, ground water can become contaminated as rain on the surface percolates through the ground and carries pollutants while recharging the aquifers and their springs.
Surface water & stormwater Springs and rain are the source of surface water in Christchurch. Rain falls out on the plains soaks into the ground and slowly drains into rivers and lakes. However, rain that falls onto the hard, impermeable surfaces of the city cannot percolate into the ground and during heavy rain event it runs quickly off into the streams and rivers as stormwater. Christchurch’s stormwater system takes water into many drains and streams and then out to sea, without being treated and through four main river systems – the Halswell/Huritini to the south, the Avon River/Ōtākaro and the Heathcote River/Ōpāwaho, and the Styx River/Pūrākaunui to the north.
Springs Aquifers are also important sources of Christchurch’s surface water. Around Christchurch the water becomes confined, or trapped, by layers of mud or clay that seal the water in. If the water in a confined aquifer suddenly runs into barriers such as the rocks of Banks Peninsula or a wall of clay, the pressure builds up and forces the water up to the surface in the form of springs. The confined aquifers below Christchurch cover an area 7
http://www.cleanwaterways.org.nz/pdf/waitaha-wai-waterways-chch.pdf
Wastewater All of the wastewater from Christchurch City goes into the sewer system and is pumped to Bromley, where it is processed and purified through the sewage treatment plant and discharged out to sea.
WATER STORY 1.3 CHRISTCHURCH WETLANDS: NOW & THEN
also allocated portions of waterways for rituals and travel. Later, European settlers sought greater control of natural drainage patterns to develop the land and improve living conditions. Since 1850, most of the wetland “sponges” have been drained and cleared as Christchurch city has grown. Furthermore, to achieve hydraulic efficiency, waterways were
Black Map 1850 - 1860 showing swamps and waterways in Christchurch. Source: Land Drainage Circa 1855, CCC
Much of Christchurch used to be wetlands covered with harakeke and raupo. The wetlands provided a buffer against floods and droughts by acting a like a sponge, which soaks up water at times of high rainfall and releases it slowly after the rain has stopped while during drier months they hold and store water that can feed the springs. For Maori inhabitants wetlands carries important historical and cultural significance. For Maori settlers wetlands are considered as a site for “Mahinga Kai” (a site for traditional food and natural resource gathering). They 9
Wetlands as Mahinga Kai site for Maori settlers in the past
Habitat logo: https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/environment
piped or turned into channels, often with steepened banks to hasten water flow and to maximize land use for development and further urbanization. Overtime urbanization leads to new housing developments that are built with many impermeable surfaces which causes rapid water runoff. During heavy rain fall water that can’t penetrate or get down to the streams results in flooding, especially during winter season. To deal such problems, water retention areas and wetland reserves are being developed in Christchurch over the last few years to store and better manage storm-water. These wetlands are generally dry over the summer months but can hold a lot of water during the winter. The water retention areas not only stores storm-water but also filter out pollutants before water enters into the streams and rivers. Wetlands provide attractive landscapes and potential habitat for insects and birds. While there are problems in the winter months with too much water, there are problems with not enough water during the dry summer months. Once the many wetlands stored water and slowly released it into the streams over the drier months, now there are few wetlands left to hold flood waters back. Also, fewer springs are feeding the streams over the dry months. As a result Christchurch waterways are more prone to flooding in times of heavy rain and to drying out during the summer.
PAST
WET SEASON
WETLANDS CAN HOLD + SLOW RUN-OFF
WETLANDS CAN STORE + FEED SPRINGS
DRY SEASON
PRESENT
URBANIZATION OVERTIME: DRAINING WETLANDS
RAPID RUN-OFF THROUGH IMPERVIOUS SURFACE
FREQUENT FLOODING IN WINTER, DRIER WATER WAYS IN SUMMER
WATER POLLUTION + HABITAT LOSS
WATER STORY 1.4 DRAINAGE AND WATER MANAGEMENT IN CHRISTCHURCH
Local Maori and early settlers got their drinking water from the rivers and streams which were very clean and pure. But as Christchurch was so flat and swampy, the surface water started to get polluted with wastewater due the urbanization and the population increase over time. To response to this situation wells were drilled deeper looking for cleaner water which later led to the discovery of the underground aquifers. Until now these aquifers are the main source of water for Christchurch. Another important initiative responding the situation was the early development of the separated storm-water and wastewater disposing system. Until 1999, Christchurch focused mainly on preventing flooding in terms of managing their waterways and wetlands. This led to a drainage system that got excess water out of the City efficiently and as quickly as possible. With the pressure of urbanization and population influx Christchurch City Council recognized that water is a multi-value finite resource and that needs to be manages efficiently for future uses. In 1999, City Council adopted a vision to manage waterways as resources for local ecology, landscape, recreation, heritage and culture as well as drainage. One recent change in water management is the move towards integrated catchment management recognizing the need for understanding human actions that affect these waterways in order to minimize impact on them. Many initiatives have been taken so far to achieve this overall vision, such as • Reshaping or widening the existing streams or opening up underground drains to expose them to light helped improving the water quality for habitat, plants and animals so that the waterways become their home. • Re-planting the banks of the streams with native plants, which provide shade and shelter for fish and aquatic invertebrates, and help to keep the water cleaner • Naturalizing streams also make parks and riversides into attractive landscape features for people to engage and enjoy. 11
www.cleanwaterways.org.nz/pdf/waitaha-wai-waterways-chch.pdf
HERITAGE Includes sites and activities of historical (structures, remains, etc.) and natural significance (landforms, remnants, etc.)
CULTURE The self sustaining processes and inter-relationship among plants, animals and insects
Community’s perception of a resource and it’s values, indicated by community involvement in management, celebration of past events, and planning for future.
LANDSCAPE
DRAINAGE
Includes special character of sites and places, their aesthetic qualities and their meaning to the community
Includes inter-relationships between ground water and surface water, natural flow regimes and management of storm events
ECOLOGY
RECREATION Includes active and passive recreation, play, and the structures that support these activities
SIX WATER MANAGEMENT VALUES CHRISTCHURCH, NZ
PRECEDENT STUDY 2.0 2.1 TRAVIS WETLAND, CHRISTCHURCH, NZ
Travis wetland is a modified swamp in the middle of the city of Christchurch focused on mainly conservation and restoration of wetland that was once predominant on this site. This natural swampy looking landscape have been engineered to provide a framework to protect and restore wetland habitats and native vegetation. Other goals include providing recreational public access and developing educational value at the reserve. History • 1960’s & 70’s - developers came up with schemes to fill in the Travis swamp for housing and recreational boating • 1980’s - Local residents and conservation groups protested to save the swamp • 1992 - Travis Wetland Trust formed to protect 130 hectares of diverse ecosystem • 1994 - A petition signed by 7000 people to protect the swamp. Some of the land purchased by the City Council. • 1997 - purchase of the remainder land and gazetting 119 hectares of area as natural heritage park. A Reconstructed landscape Ponds and waterways were excavated in the beginning of the project to supplement the existing wetland habitats. North-south linear drains were altered to form more natural waterways and others were filled into swales or deeper depressions. A 2.5 hectare lake was excavated to provide maximum distance form nearby urban areas, so that nesting birds are not disturbed. Native plants such as NZ Flax, Tussock Sedges and Raupo were planted to form bird habitats and absorb nutrients. This also helped maintain water quality and prevent algal blooms. As Travis Wetland lies close to the sea level, there is little outfall at the Avon river. A system of simple weir has been applied to harness pressure from tidal water coming up the river. This pressure is used to hold 13
Travis Wetland Walk - A field Guide by Travis wetland Trust
CONSERVATION & RESTORATION Travis wetland ecosystem supports 60-70% Christchurch’s former fresh-water biodiversity.
Cabbage Tree Travis wetland retained a series of lowland swamp - dune soil
Travis wetland retained 80% remnant vegetation which are now rare in Canterbury plains.
Pukeko Travis wetland supports 77% of low-land Canterbury’s native fresh-water wetland bird species.
Interpretive center adding recrational and educational value to the site
PRECEDENT STUDY 2.0 2.1 TRAVIS WETLAND, CHRISTCHURCH, NZ
fresh water in the swamp while manipulating its water levels. During winter water levels water levels are maintained to protect nesting habitat and provide ephemeral dabbling pools. From mid December onwards, water levels are gradually lowered to expose muddy margins which helps boost invertebrate populations providing much needed protein-rich diet for residing habitats in the wetland.
Maori Cultural History of Travis Wetland The site has strong tribal identity and cultural history. Around 750 years ago when Maori first settled in the coastal Canterbury, Travis swamp was used as a rich Mahinga Kai site; a source of many foods and fiber plants. The swamp was surrounded by Raupo and harakeke (NZ Flax), Waterfowl and Eels (Tuna) and bush birds like Kereru (NZ Pigeon) and grassland birds like Weka was abundant nearby. Ngai Tahu traditions has tell of Sharks being caught in this swamp which suggests the outlet to the sea was still open at past and that brackish water attracted some saltwater creatures. One of the important Maori settlements named Oruapaeroa used to camp their Mahinga kai and designated staging posts during the appropriate seasons on this site.
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Travis Wetland Walk - A field Guide by Travis wetland Trust
Excavation of the land
Top right: Diagram showing key points of attractions Top left: a digram illustrating the broader context of Travis wetland and its connection to major water systems in Christchurch. Bottom right: A plan of Travis wetland Bottom left: Diagrams showing key strategies used for restoration and conservation of Travis Wetland.
Retain and planting native vegetation such as Raupo and harakeke (NZ Flax)
Weir to control and manipulate the tidal water levels in different seasons
PRECEDENT STUDY 2.0 2.2 WAITANGI PARK, WELLINGTON, NZ
Waitangi Park transformed a former industrial area known as the Chaffers area along Wellington Harbor into a vibrant 6-hectare urban park. A key design feature of the park is a daylighted historical Waitangi stream that had been piped underground, treating the polluted storm-water runoff that the stream collects from nearby urban development. The park offers public amenities such as waterfront promenade, paths, a skate park, a children’s play area, lawns, event space, and a beach. The park was completed in 2006 by Wraight + Associates, Ltd., partnered with a multidisciplinary team of coastal, ecological and wetland engineers, surveyors, and planners with an intension to improve water quality, unify the different activity spaces together and provide important ecological services. Waitangi stream drains the largest urban basin in Wellington that discharges into Wellington Harbor. Over half of the 448-hectare basin is covered in impervious surfaces. This results higher sediments around the outfall containing heavy metals and hydrocarbons. Waitangi Park provided an opportunity to address this issue by developing storm-water treatment solutions to improve water quality and restoring a stream that was historically valuable to the local Maori stream community. Moreover, improving water quality can also benefit the important the marine ecosystem of the harbor. Linear Wetland System The water quality treatment system called a linear wetland. The system include a series of water quality mechanisms. Waitangi stream is pumped from below ground through an oil-grit separator into a subsurface wetland as the first water quality treatment. Then it is exposed to a UV filter to remove bacteria, and then pumped up to the surface to daylighted to the public. The stream is then filtered through a succession of reed beds utilizing vegetation as a filtration mechanism to remove the remaining pollutants. Finally, the water flows into an open cistern 17
http://greenfutures.washington.edu/images/publications/WSS_2_CaseStudies.pdf
Waitangi Park offers five key features: the activity zone; the promenades; the cultural and historical overlays; the field and a program of highly integrated environmental infrastructure © Neil Price
URBAN AMENITY CULTURAL OVERLAY ECOLOGICAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Polishing wetlands © Neil Price
Children play ground
Path through sub-surface wetlands
PRECEDENT STUDY 2.0 2.2 WAITANGI PARK, WELLINGTON, NZ
pool, or lagoon, where it is stored for irrigation of the field. Excess cleaned storm-water is discharged into Wellington Harbor. Storm-water run-off is also treated from surrounding streets and park surfaces through tree pits and street bulbouts. The paths for pedestrians and cyclists are interwoven through this water treatment system to provide linkages to other parts of the waterfront.
1. From urban area to sub-surface wetland
2. From sub-surface wetland to the stream and to the storage
3. From the stream through the terraced garden towards the harbor
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http://www.landezine.com/index.php/2016/10/waitangi2/
Top: Plan of the Waitangi Park by Wraight Athfield Landscape + Architecture Bottom: A conceptual diagram illustrates the water treatment mechanism
1. Storm-water collection (off-site) 2. Sub-surface wetland 3. Stream 4. Polishing wetland 5. Storage Pond 6. Stream discharge point 7. Terraced garden 8. Graving dock 9. Street-side promenade 10. Field 11. Children’s play ground 12. Petanque court 13. Skate park 14. Canoe landing beach
Terraced garden
Polishing wetland
PRECEDENT STUDY 2.0 2.3 BARRY CURTIS PARK, AUCKLAND, NZ
The Barry Curtis Park is one of the largest urban park in New Zealand, designed by Isthmus with professional consultants. It covers 94 hectares are which incorporates 55km of protected natural stream and gully areas to create a network of ‘green fingers’ that connects nearby residential areas of Flat Bush with the park. The park is named after long-serving mayor Barry Curtis. The park is embedded into land with a town center growing around it. The park is inspired by natural and cultural patterns, such as volcanic geology, historical pā and defensive fortifications, and the stone walls and planting that once occupied the site. The park has Planned as a place for sports, events and recreation, but also accommodates restored waterways integrated with green infrastructure. Design Features Barry Curtis Park sits at a confluence of streams. Thus one of the key goal of the park’s development is the ecological rehabilitation of water corridors through extensive planting and re-vegetation initiatives that has been degraded by many years of farming. Wide riparian buffer zones and these planted corridors along the stream has improved water quality, created freshwater and riparian habitat. Recreational paths are also integrated carefully to follow the existing contours, streams and the overall landscape. Boardwalks and concrete weir structures enable park users to engage and interact with the stream corridors and the ecological restoration processes. An ecological ‘Wetland Neighborhood Play Park’ is designed to evoke children’s interest in wetlands and storm-water ponds through interactive features, play elements and sculpture. The wetland play space contains oversized native plant and bird shaped sculptures, made from corten steel reflecting the ecological theme. Also, a cone mound used as the entrance feature to 21
http://isthmus.co.nz/project/barry-curtis-park/
CONTEXT RESPONSIVE DESIGN GEOLOGY, HISTORY & CULTURAL OVERLAY The park is inspired by natural and cultural patterns, such as volcanic geology, historical pÄ and defensive fortifications, the stone walls and planting of the farms that once occupied the site.
The restored stream corridor with ensuring safety, creating a buffer, boardwalks to experience the ecolo
significant planting along the edges, and improving water quality. Inviting gical restoration process
Green infrastructure
Flood protection
PRECEDENT STUDY 2.0 2.3 BARRY CURTIS PARK, AUCKLAND, NZ
the park that recalls the volcanic heritage of the site. Connecting places with strong cultural and educational axis are key to Barry Curtis Park’s success. The park’s main thoroughfare is a formal, linear promenade, anchored at one end by the town center and orientated towards other end to the volcanic field, through various civic and natural spaces. Its ceremonial entranceway faced with tree-fern logs and surrounded by a stepped, disc-like earthwork forms a strong landmark for visitors. Another route is the Education Axis, which is framed by tall poplars and distinctive drystack stone walls common to Auckland’s older parks and neighborhoods. This axis is a softer connection, repeatedly connecting with the stream corridor that provide visitors and opportunity to access varied habitats and ‘signature gardens’.
Linear pathways link the parks key activity nodes through softer steps The stone walls and planting that once occupied the site
The axial walkway
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Walking paths
Wetland play space - mirrored by a constructed wetland
http://content.aucklanddesignmanual.co.nz/resources/case-studies/barry-curtis-park/Documents/Case%20study_Barry%20Curtis%20Park.pdf
The overall plan of the 94-hectare park by Isthmus. Programs include 1. Cultural Axis; 2. Educational Axis; 3. Wetland Play space; 4. Skate-park; 5. Festival Lawn; 6. Sports fields; 7. Signature Gardens; 8. Stream corridor; 9. Constructed ponds and wetlands.
2. Strom-water infrastructure along the axis
3. Clean water enters the stream
1. Urban discharge to wetlands
Diagram showing the water treatment and restoration process
Conceptual diagram illustrating contextual relationship and the design idea
PRECEDENT STUDY 2.0 2.4 TE HAUAURU PARK / KOPUPAKA RESERVE, AUCKLAND
Kopupaka Reserve is a hybrid park that illustrates how urban growth can be managed with ecological restoration, high quality public spaces and creating a strong sense of place informed by Māori cultural values. The park is a result of innovative design-led approach combined together with cutting edge engineering solutions, ecological and cultural values to create a significant public space for the rapidly developing area of Westgate in north-western Tāmaki Makaurau. “Kopupaka” is an ancestral name relating to the meeting point of the Tōtara and Waiteputa Streams, located slightly downstream from the Reserve. Design Features The design of Kopupaka Reserve is based on four major themes: ecology, culture, community and engineering. A collaborative design-led process conducted to ensured that these themes are interwoven into the design, from concept right through implementation on site. The Kopupaka Reserve is the key feature of the Westgate Town Centre master-plan, designed to restore the degraded rural Tōtara Creek catchment and to manage storm-water of the new development. The surrounding area has a long history of farming and growing market produce, most recently industrial scale strawberry production. Long-term runoff and nutrient overloading from the site meant the existing water quality and watercourse condition of Totara Creek, Sakaria Stream and other minor tributaries was highly degraded and heavily weed infested. The project has restored the local stream network, and created a number of storm-water and flood attenuation wetland ponds to filter and manage storm-water run-off and the effects of development. The large re-vegetated areas and riparian plantings have restored native species to the site that were absent before. The planting helps to manage and naturally improve water quality and significantly improve habitat across the new ecological corridor created.
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http://isthmus.co.nz/project/kopupaka-park/
CULTURAL, SOCIAL & ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE Kopupaka Park integrates community amenities with engineering and ecology
Cultural Infrastructure: Corten-steel panels for environmental education and interpretation.
Environmental infrastructure: storm-water headwalls, outfalls and concrete retaining structures
Social infrastructure: Seating, bike and pedestrian pathways
Curving timber ‘baskets’ into the edges of wetland ponds, refereing harakeke (flax) woven into kete (baskets) and hīnaki (eel pots)
PRECEDENT STUDY 2.0 2.4 TE HAUAURU PARK / KOPUPAKA RESERVE, AUCKLAND
The design of the main wetland ponds includes a playground, a botanical weaving garden and a skate park. Cycleways and shared paths are weave between the streams, leading to the confluence of the waterways, wetlands and community gathering places. The ponds, wetlands and control structures of the storm-water reserve are community resources, and the main wetlands are the park’s primary gathering spaces. The central pond is the main civic open space, with crib walls housing a botanical garden of weaving plants. Design of the Town Centre also include streets featuring permeable paving, rain-gardens and swales integrated with a broader green infrastructure network. The Reserve provides the backbone of this infrastructure for the attenuation and detention of storm-water run-off from the streets and buildings of the nearby development. Inspiration - Restoring Maori Cultural Values The site has traditional Maori history of Mahinga Kai or food gathering such as tuna (eel) gathering in the wetlands below the confluence of Tōtara Creek and Sakaria Stream within the site. This cultural narrative and knowledge encouraged the design team to place restoration of the site’s natural resources such as streams, local native vegetation and ecological habitats as the first priority that once dominated the site. The design of Kopupaka Reserve features extensive site planting with native vegetation to contribute to the restoration of the environment, which includes garden areas containing a rich variety of traditional Māori weaving plants. Restoring the site’s stream network specifically minimizes the risk of erosion to riparian edges. Structures and edge planting have been designed to provide shade for native fish, and pond outlet structures features fish ladders to encourage ‘natural’ movement to occur and ensure that the ecological vitality of the catchment is maintained.
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https://www.waternz.org.nz/Attachment?Action=Download&Attachment_id=672
a hybrid park typology has been created to improve water quality and reinterpret the site’s pre-existing horticultural practices while celebrating MÄ ori values regarding resource gathering and healthy water. Programs include wetlands as storm-water reserve, urban park, botanical weaving garden, playground and skate park.
Water quality improvement 1. Urban area discharges polluted water into the reserve 2. Restoring Totara Stream from high nutrient overloading and weed infestication through a number of storm-water and flood attenuation wetland ponds to filter and manage storm-water runoff from nearby development. 2. Treatment and filtration through green infrastructure network (permeable paving on ped+bike paths, rain-gardens and swales) 5. Using native vegetation for filtration and edge plantings to provide shade for native fish in order to restore the ecological vitality of the catchment
Wetlands are the primary
gathering place
SOURCES Water in Canterbury region & Christchurch City, NZ http://www.cleanwaterways.org.nz/pdf/waitaha-wai-waterways-chch.pdf
CANTERBURY braided rivers https://www.ccc.govt.nz/assets/Documents/Environment/Water/waterways-guide/Water-An-important-natural-resource.pdf
Christchurch waterway typology http://www.cleanwaterways.org.nz/pdf/waitaha-wai-waterways-chch.pdf
Christchurch wetlands: now & then https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/environment
DRAINAGE AND WATER MANAGEMENT IN CHRISTCHURCH www.cleanwaterways.org.nz/pdf/waitaha-wai-waterways-chch.pdf
TRAVIS WETLAND, CHRISTCHURCH, NZ Travis Wetland Walk - A field Guide by Travis wetland Trust
WAITANGI PARK, WELLINGTON, NZ http://greenfutures.washington.edu/images/publications/WSS_2_CaseStudies.pdf http://www.landezine.com/index.php/2016/10/waitangi2/
BARRY CURTIS PARK, AUCKLAND, NZ http://isthmus.co.nz/project/barry-curtis-park/ http://content.aucklanddesignmanual.co.nz/resources/case-studies/barry-curtis-park/Documents/Case%20study_Barry%20Curtis%20Park.pdf
Te HauAuru PARK / KOPUPAKA RESERVE, AUCKLAND http://isthmus.co.nz/project/kopupaka-park/ https://www.waternz.org.nz/Attachment?Action=Download&Attachment_id=672
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WATER & WETLANDS A DOCUMENTATION OF WATERWAYS & WETLANDS IN NEW ZEALAND