Chapter 22 Lecture PowerPoint
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Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology Twelfth Edition
Shier Butler Lewis Chapter 22 Reproductive Systems
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22.1: Introduction • Male and female reproductive systems are connected by a series of organs and glands that produce and nurture sex cells and transport them to sites of fertilization • Male sex cells are sperm • Female sex cells are eggs or oocytes • Sex cells are produced by a special type of division called meiosis • Meiosis includes two successive divisions , called the first (meiosis I) and second (meiosis II) meiotic divisions
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Second meiotic division
First meiotic division (23 chromosomes, each with 2 chromatids)
Paired homologous chromosomes
(46 chromosomes, each with 2 chromatids)
(23 chromosomes, each with 2 chromatids)
(23 chromosomes, each chromatid now an independent chromosome)
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First Meiotic Division • Meiosis I separates homologous (the same, gene for gene) pairs • They may not be identical because a gene may have variants • There are four phases in this division • Prophase I • Metaphase I • Anaphase I • Telophase I
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(a)
(b)
(c)
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Second Meiotic Division • Meiosis II begins after telophase I • This division is similar to mitosis • There are four phases in this division: • Prophase II • Metaphase II • Anaphase II • Telophase II • This division completes with each sex cell having one set of genetic instructions, or 23 chromosomes (compared to two sets (46 chromosomes) in other cells)
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Parent cell
Maternal chromatids
Paternal chromatids Gene for blood type Gene for eye color Gene for hair color
Result of crossing over
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22.2: Organs of the Male Reproductive System Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Ureter Urinary bladder Superior pubic ramus (cut) Ductus (vas) deferens
Large intestine Seminal vesicle Ejaculatory duct Prostate gland
Urethra Corpus cavernosum
Bulbourethral gland
Corpus spongiosum
Urogenital diaphragm
Penis
Anus Epididymis
Glans penis Prepuce
Testis Scrotum
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Testes Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Ureter Urinary bladder Ampulla Seminal vesicle Ejaculatory duct Bulbourethral gland
Prostate gland Bulb of penis Crus of penis
Root of penis
Ductus (vas) deferens
Epididymis Testis Penis Urethra Glans penis (b)
Body of penis
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Descent of the Testes Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Abdominal wall Testis Lower abdominal cavity Developing penis
Rectum Gubernaculum Symphysis pubis
(a) Peritoneum
Testis Vaginal process (cavity)
Inguinal canal Gubernaculum
(b)
Ductus deferens Tunica vaginalis Scrotum (c)
Spermatic cord Testis Gubernaculum
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Structure of the Testes Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Basement membrane
Rete testis
Spermatogenic cells Spermatogonia Plane of section
(a)
Seminiferous tubule Lumen of seminiferous tubule
Tunica albuginea Testis
Sperm cells
Interstitial cells (cells of Leydig)
Basement membrane
Seminiferous tubules Interstitial cells (Cells of Leydig)
Sperm cells
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
Spermatogonia
(b)
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Formation of Sperm Cells Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Secondary spermatocyte
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Second meiotic division
Primary spermatocyte
First meiotic division
Changes in chromosome structure
(23 chromosomes, each with 2 chromatids)
Spermatozoa (Sperm cells, 23 chromosomes, 1 chromatid per chromosome)
Paired homologous chromosomes
Nucleus of sustentacular cell
Lumen of seminiferous tubule
Spermatids Sperm cells
(46 chromosomes, each with 2 chromatids)
(23 chromosomes, each with 2 chromatids)
Spermatid (23 chromosomes, 1 chromatid per chromosome) Meiosis II Secondary spermatocyte (23 chromosomes, 2 chromatids per chromosome) Primary spermatocyte (46 chromosomes, 2 chromatids per chromosome)
Meiosis I
Tight junction between sustentacular cells (blood-testis barrier)
(23 chromosomes, each chromatid now an independent chromosome)
Daughter cell in late interphase ( T ype B spermatogonium, 46 chromosomes 2 chromatids per chromosome) Spermatogonium mitosis
Daughter cell in late interphase (New type A spermatogonium, 46 chromosomes 2 chromatids per chromosome)
Basement membrane
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Wall of seminiferous tubule
Developmental sequence
Sustentacular cells
Structure of a Sperm Cell Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Flagellum
Nucleus Mitochondria Golgi apparatus
Excess cytoplasm Excess cytoplasm and most organelles lost
Tail
Mitochondria Centriole
Midpiece
Head
Acrosome (a) Acrosome Nucleus
Head
Midpiece (with mitochondria)
© Brand X Pictures/CORBIS
Tail
14 (b)
Male Internal Accessory Organs • The male internal accessory organs include: • Epididymides • Ductus deferentia • Seminal vesicles • Prostate gland • Bulbourethral glands
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Ureter Urinary bladder
Ampulla
Seminal vesicle
Ejaculatory duct Bulbourethral gland
Bulb of penis Crus of penis
Prostate gland
Root of penis
Ductus (vas) deferens
Epididymis Testis Penis Urethra Glans penis
Body of penis
(b)
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Epididymides Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Tightly coiled tubes • Connected to ducts within the testis • Promote maturation of sperm cells
Epithelial cells Nonmotile cilia Sperm cells
16 © Image Source
Ductus Deferentia Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Are muscular tubes • About 45 centimeters each • Extends from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct
Lumen Epithelium Smooth muscle
(a)
Sperm in lumen of ductus deferens
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium Smooth muscle
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(b) © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
Seminal Vesicles • Attached to the vas deferens near base of the urinary bladder • Secrete alkaline fluid • Secrete fructose and prostaglandins • Contents empty into the ejaculatory duct
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Ureter Urinary bladder Ampulla Seminal vesicle Ejaculatory duct Bulbourethral gland
Prostate gland Bulb of penis Crus of penis
Root of penis
Ductus (vas) deferens
Epididymis Testis Penis Urethra
Body of penis
Glans penis (b)
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Prostate Gland • Surrounds the proximal portion of the urethra • The ducts of the gland open into the urethra • Secretes a thin, milky, alkaline fluid • Secretion enhances fluid mobility • Composed of tubular glands in connective tissue • Also contains smooth muscle
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Secretory cells of the prostate gland Smooth muscle
Lumen of urethra
Manfred Kage/Peter Arnold
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Bulbourethral Glands • Inferior to the prostate gland • Secrete mucus-like fluid • Fluid released in response to sexual stimulation
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Ureter Urinary bladder Ampulla Seminal vesicle Ejaculatory duct Bulbourethral gland
Prostate gland Bulb of penis Crus of penis
Root of penis
Ductus (vas) deferens
Epididymis Testis Penis Urethra
Body of penis
Glans penis (b)
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Semen • The fluid the urethra conveys to the outside during ejaculation is called semen • Semen consists of: • Sperm cells • Secretions of the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands • It is slightly alkaline • Contains prostaglandins • Contains nutrients • Volume is 2-5 milliliters of semen per ejaculation • Average 120 million sperm cells per milliliter of semen 21
22.1 Clinical Application Prostate Enlargement
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22.2 Clinical Application Male Infertility
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Male External Reproductive Organs • Includes the: • Scrotum (and two testes) • Penis
Urinary bladder
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Ureter
Large intestine
Superior pubic ramus (cut)
Seminal vesicle
Ductus (vas) deferens
Ejaculatory duct Prostate gland
Urethra Corpus cavernosum
Bulbourethral gland
Corpus spongiosum
Urogenital diaphragm
Penis
Anus Epididymis
Glans penis Prepuce
Testis Scrotum
(a)
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Scrotum • Pouch of skin and subcutaneous tissue • Dartos muscle – smooth muscle in subcutaneous tissue; contracts to cause wrinkling of the scrotum • Medial septum divides the scrotum into two chambers • Each chamber is lined with a serous membrane • Each chamber houses a testis and epididymis
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Penis • Conveys urine and semen • Specialized to become erect for insertion into the vagina Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Superficial dorsal vein Deep dorsal vein Dorsal nerve Dorsal artery Deep artery Corpora cavernosa Skin Subcutaneous tissue Connective tissue (fascia) External urethral orifice (a)
Tunica albuginea Urethra Corpus spongiosum Prepuce Glans penis (b)
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Erection, Orgasm, and Ejaculation • The erection: • Parasympathetic nerve impulses • Blood accumulates in the erectile tissues • The orgasm: • Culmination of sexual stimulation • Accompanied by emission and ejaculation • The ejaculation: • Emission is the movement of semen into the urethra • Ejaculation is the movement of semen out of the urethra • This is largely dependent on sympathetic nerve impulses 27
Erection, Orgasm, and Ejaculation Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Sexual stimulation
Parasympathetic neurons release nitric oxide, causing dilation of small arteries to penis
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Culmination of intense sexual stimulation
Veins are compressed, reducing blood flow away from penis
Blood accumulates in the vascular spaces within erectile tissues of penis
Sympathetic impulses contract smooth muscle
Peristaltic contractions in testicular ducts, epididymides, ductus deferentia, and ejaculatory ducts
Rhythmic contractions in erectile columns of penis
Rhythmic contractions in bulbourethral glands, prostate gland, and seminal vesicles
Emission—semen moves into urethra
Penis swells and becomes erect
Ejaculation—semen is forcefully expelled from urethra
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22.3: Hormonal Control of Male Reproductive Functions • Hormones secreted by the hypothalamus, the anterior pituitary gland, and the testes control male reproductive functions • Hormones initiate and maintain sperm cell production and oversee the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics
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Hypothalamic and Pituitary Hormones • The hypothalamus controls maturation of sperm cells and development of male secondary sex characteristics • Negative feedback among the hypothalamus, the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, and the testes controls the concentration of testosterone
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Male Sex Hormones • The male sex hormones are called androgens • Interstitial cells in the testes produce most of them, but small amounts are made in the adrenal cortex • Testosterone is the most important
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Actions of Testosterone • Increased growth of body hair • Sometimes decreased growth of scalp hair • Enlargement of the larynx and thickening of the vocal cords • Thickening of the skin • Increased muscular growth • Thickening and strengthening of the skeletal bones
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Regulation of Male Sex Hormones Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Hypothalamus GnRH –
+
– Pituitary gland
FSH
Bloodstream
Inhibin
Androgens stimulate the development of male secondary sex characteristics and maturation of sperm cells Testosterone and other androgens Release into bloodstream
+ LH stimulates interstitial cells to secrete androgens (primarily testosterone)
Androgens prevent oversecretion of LH Inhibin prevents oversecretion of FSH
LH
FSH stimulates meiosis in primary spermatocytes to form immature sperm cells; FSH stimulates secretion of inhibin by supporting cells
Androgens prevent oversecretion of GnRH
Stimulation Inhibition
+ Testes
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22.4: Organs of the Female Reproductive System Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Uterine tube
Fimbriae Rectouterine pouch Fornix Cervix
Ovary
Level of section
Coccyx
Uterus Rectum Urinary bladder
Inferior gluteal vein and artery Gluteus maximus m. Sciatic nerve
Symphysis pubis
Vagina
Urethra
Rectum Levator ani m.
Femur Ureter
Uterus
Ischium
Urinary bladder
Femoral nerve, artery, and vein
Symphysis pubis
Clitoris Labium minus Labium majus
Anus
Vaginal orifice Anterior (b) (a)
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Ovaries Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Suspensory ligament of ovary
Fimbriae of uterine tube
Uterine tube (retracted) Ovarian ligament Round ligament of uterus
Left ovary
Uterus
Broad ligament
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Ovary Attachments • Several ligaments hold each ovary in position • The largest is called the broad ligament and is attached to the uterine tubes and uterus • The suspensory ligament holds the ovary at the upper end • The ovarian ligament is a rounded, cord-like thickening of the broad ligament
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Ovary Descent • Like the testes in the male fetus, the ovaries develop from masses of tissue posterior to the parietal peritoneum, near the developing kidney • They descend to locations just inferior to the pelvic brim where they remain attached to the lateral pelvic wall
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Ovary Structure • The tissues of an ovary can be divided into an inner medulla and an outer cortex • The ovarian medulla is mostly composed of loose connective tissue and contains many blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers • The ovarian cortex consists of more compact tissue and has a granular appearance due to tiny masses of cells called ovarian follicles
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Primordial Follicles • During prenatal development of a female, oogonia divide by mitosis to produce more oogonia • The oogonia develop into primary oocytes • Each primary oocyte is closely surrounded by a layer of flattened epithelial cells called follicular cells, forming a primordial follicle
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Oogenesis Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• The process of egg cell formation Secondary oocyte
Second meiotic division
Zygote 46 chromosomes, 23 from sperm cell and 23 from egg cell (each chromatid now an independent chromosome)
Fertilization
First meiotic division Primary oocyte
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. (23 chromosomes, each with 2 chromatids)
Sperm cell (23 chromosomes)
Sperm nucleus Second polar body degenerating
(46 chromosomes, each with 2 chromatids)
(b) or (a)
First polar body (23 chromosomes, each with 2 chromatids)
Courtesy of R.J. Blandau First polar body degenerating
Second meiotic division
41 Polar bodies degenerating
Follicle Maturation • At puberty, the anterior pituitary gland secretes increased amounts of FSH, and the ovaries enlarge in response • With each reproductive cycle, some of the primordial follicles mature Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Theca externa Theca interna Granulosa cells Fluid-filled antrum Corona radiata Zona pellucida
Primordial follicles
Secondary oocyte
Primary oocyte (a)
Maturing follicle
(b) b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
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Follicle Maturation • As many as twenty primary follicles may begin maturing at any one time • One dominant follicle usually out-grows the others • Typically only the dominant follicle fully develops and the others degenerate
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Ovulation Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• As a follicle matures, its primary oocyte undergoes meiosis I, giving rise to a secondary oocyte and a first polar body • The process of ovulation releases these cells from the follicle
Uterine tube
Secondary oocyte Ovary
© 2007 Landrum B. Shettles
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Ovulation Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Corpus albicans
Corpus luteum
Ovulation
Time
Uterine tube Time
Secondary oocyte Primordial follicle Zona pellucida
Primary follicle Ovary
Corona radiata
Follicular cells
Primary oocyte
Follicular fluid
First polar body
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Female Internal Accessory Organs • The female internal accessory organs include: • Uterine tubes • Uterus • Vagina
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Uterine tube
Fimbriae Rectouterine pouch Fornix Cervix
Ovary Uterus Rectum Urinary bladder
Symphysis pubis Vagina Urethra
Clitoris Labium minus
Anus
Labium majus Vaginal orifice
(a)
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Uterine Tubes Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Suspensory ligament with ovarian blood vessels and nerves Uterine tube Ovary Ovarian ligament Body of uterus
Infundibulum Round ligament
Fimbriae Secondary oocyte
Broad ligament Uterine blood vessels
Follicle Endometrium Myometrium Perimetrium
Ureter Cervix Cervical orifice Vagina
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Uterine Tubes Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Cilia Cytoplasm Nucleus Basement membrane Connective tissue layer
(a)
(b) a: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer; b: © Mediscan/Visuals Unlimited
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Uterus Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Lumen
Endometrium Cilia Cytoplasm Nucleus Basement membrane
Myometrium
Connective tissue layer Perimetrium
(a)
(b) a: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer; b: © Mediscan/Visuals Unlimited © McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Carol D. Jacobson, PhD., Dept. of Veterinary Anatomy, Iowa State University
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Vagina • A fibromuscular tube that conveys uterine secretions, receives the penis during intercourse, and provides an open channel for offspring Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Clitoris Mons pubis
Urethral orifice
Labium majus Vestibule Labium minus
Vaginal orifice
Opening of vestibular gland Perineum Anus
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Female External Reproductive Organs • The female external reproductive organs surround the openings of the urethra and vagina and is known as the vulva, and include:
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Clitoris Mons pubis
Urethral orifice
Labium majus Vestibule Labium minus
• Labia majora
Vaginal orifice
Opening of vestibular gland Perineum
• Labia minora
Anus
• Clitoris • Vestibular glands 51
Labia Majora • Rounded folds of adipose tissue and skin • Enclose and protect the other external reproductive parts
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Clitoris Mons pubis
Urethral orifice
Labium majus Vestibule
• Ends form a rounded elevation over the symphysis pubis
Labium minus Vaginal orifice
Opening of vestibular gland Perineum Anus
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Labia Minora • Flattened, longitudinal folds between the labia majora
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Clitoris Mons pubis
• Well supplied with blood vessels
Urethral orifice
Labium majus Vestibule Labium minus
Vaginal orifice
Opening of vestibular gland Perineum Anus
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Clitoris • Small projection at the anterior end of the vulva
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Clitoris Mons pubis
• Analogous to the male penis • Composed of two columns of erectile tissue • Root is attached to the sides of the pubic arch
Urethral orifice
Labium majus Vestibule Labium minus
Vaginal orifice
Opening of vestibular gland Perineum Anus
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Vestibule • Space between the labia minora that encloses the vaginal and the urethral openings • The vestibular glands secrete mucus into the vestibule during sexual stimulation
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Clitoris Mons pubis
Urethral orifice
Labium majus Vestibule Labium minus
Vaginal orifice
Opening of vestibular gland Perineum Anus
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Erection, Orgasm, and Ejaculation Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Sexual stimulation
Arteries in the erectile tissue dilate; vagina expands and elongates
Parasympathetic nerve impulses from the sacral portion of the spinal cord
Sexual stimulation intensifies
Vestibular glands secrete mucus to lubricate
Engorged and swollen vagina increases friction from movement of the penis
Orgasm-—rhythmic contraction of muscles of the perineum; muscular walls of uterus and uterine tubes contract 56
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22.5: Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Functions • Hormones secreted by the hypothalamus, the anterior pituitary gland, and the ovaries control development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics, maturation of female sex cells, and changes during the monthly reproductive cycle
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Female Sex Hormones Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Hypothalamus
+ GnRH
Pituitary gland
FSH, LH (gonadotropins)
– Estrogens inhibit oversecretion of gonadotropins
Breasts develop
Accessory reproductive organs enlarge
Bloodstream
Gonadotropins
+
Increased vascularization of the skin
Estrogens
Increased deposition of adipose tissue in breasts, thighs, and buttocks
Stimulates endometrium of uterus to thicken
Release into bloodstream Ovaries
Stimulation Inhibition
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Female Reproductive Cycle
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Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Plasma hormonal concentration
Ovarian activity
FSH
LH
Ovarian events
FSH Developing follicle
Mature follicle
Follicular phase Days
1
Early corpus luteum
LH
Regressive corpus luteum
Ovulation 14
7
Corpus albicans
Luteal phase 21
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Plasma hormonal concentration
Uterine activity Estrogens Progesterone
Thickness of endometrium
Progesterone
Days
Estrogens
1
3
Menstruation
5
7
9
11
Proliferative phase
13
15
17
19
21
23
Secretory phase
25
27
1
3
Menstruation
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Menopause • Usually occurs in the late 40s or the early 50s • The reproductive cycles stop • The ovaries no longer produce as much estrogens and progesterone as previously • Some female secondary sex characteristics may disappear • It may produce hot flashes and fatigue • Migraine headaches, backaches and fatigue is possible • Hormone therapy may prevent effects on bone tissue
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22.3 Clinical Application Female Infertility
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22.6: Mammary Glands • The mammary glands are accessory organs of the female reproductive system specialized to secrete milk following pregnancy
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Location of the Glands • Located in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior thorax within the breasts • Composed of lobes • Estrogens stimulate breast development in females Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Clavicle Rib
Adipose tissue Intercostal muscles
Alveolar glands Lactiferous duct
Pectoralis major m.
Areola Nipple
Pectoralis minor m.
Ampulla Alveolar duct Alveolar duct
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(b)
Structure of the Glands • A mammary gland is composed of fifteen to twenty irregularly shaped lobes • Each lobe contains glands (alveolar glands), drained by alveolar ducts, which drain into a lactiferous duct that leads to the nipple and opens to the outside • Dense strands of connective tissue form suspensory ligaments that support the breast
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Development of the Breasts • The mammary glands of males and females are similar • As puberty is reached, ovarian hormones stimulate development of the glands in females
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22.4 Clinical Application Treating Breast Cancer
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22.7: Birth Control • Birth control is the voluntary regulation of the number of offspring produced and the time they are conceived • This control requires a method of contraception
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Coitus Interruptus • The practice of withdrawing the penis from the vagina before ejaculation, preventing entry of sperm cells into the female reproductive tract
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Rhythm Method • Requires abstinence from sexual intercourse two days before and one day after ovulation
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Mechanical Barriers • Mechanical barriers include the use of a: • Condom • Diaphragm • Cervical cap • Spermicidal foams or jellies
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Chemical Barriers • Chemical barriers include: • Spermicides
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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
a,b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Jill Braaten, photographer; c: © Photolink/Getty Images; d: © Don Farrall/Getty Images; e: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Jill Braaten, photographer
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Combined Hormone Contraceptives • These deliver estrogen and progesterone to prevent pregnancy • Various methods are used to deliver hormones including: • A flexible chemical ring (Nuvaring) • A plastic patch (Ortho Evra) • The pill orally (Similar to these combined hormones is the “minipill” which contains only progestin)
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Injectable Contraception • An intramuscular injection of Depo-Provera protects against pregnancy for three months by preventing maturation and release of a secondary oocyte
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Intrauterine Devices • An intrauterine device, or IUD, is a small, solid object that a physician places in the uterine cavity • An IUD interferes with implantation of a blastocyst
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Surgical Methods Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Cut and ligated uterine tubes
Path of egg
Path of sperm
Ovary Uterus
(a)
Cut and ligated ductus (vas) deferens
Cervix
Scrotum
Vagina (b)
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22.8: Sexually Transmitted Diseases • These are silent infections • Most are bacterial and can be cured • Herpes, warts, and AIDS are viral and cannot be cured • Many cause infertility • AIDS causes death • Symptoms of STDs include: • Burning sensation during urination • Pain in the lower abdomen • Fever or swollen glands • Discharge from the vagina or the penis • Pain, itch, or inflammation in the genital or the anal area • Sores, blisters, bumps or rashes • Itchy, runny eyes 81
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Important Points in Chapter 22: Outcomes to be Assessed 22.1: Introduction State the general functions of the male and female reproductive systems. Outline the process of meiosis and explain how it mixes up parental genes. 22.2: Organs of the Male Reproductive System Describe the function(s) of each part of the male reproductive system. Outline the process of spermatogenesis. Describe semen production and exit from the body. Describe the structure of the penis, and explain how its parts produce an erection. 83
Important Points in Chapter 22: Outcomes to be Assessed 22.3: Hormonal Control of Male Reproductive Functions Explain how hormones control the activities of the male reproductive organs and the development of male secondary sex characteristics. 22.4: Organs of the Female Reproductive System Describe the function(s) of each part of the female reproductive system. Outline the process of oogenesis. 22.5: Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Functions Explain how hormones control the activities of the female reproductive organs and the development of female secondary sex characteristics.
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Important Points in Chapter 22: Outcomes to be Assessed Describe the major events that occur during a reproductive cycle. 22.6: Mammary Glands Review the structure of the mammary glands. 22.7: Birth Control Describe several methods of birth control, including the relative effectiveness of each method. 22.8: Sexually Transmitted Diseases List the general symptoms of sexually transmitted diseases.
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Quiz 22 Complete Quiz 22 now! Read Chapter 23. 86