Chapt22 reproductive system

Chapter 22 Lecture PowerPoint

1 Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology Twelfth Edition

Shier Butler Lewis Chapter 22 Reproductive Systems

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2

22.1: Introduction • Male and female reproductive systems are connected by a series of organs and glands that produce and nurture sex cells and transport them to sites of fertilization • Male sex cells are sperm • Female sex cells are eggs or oocytes • Sex cells are produced by a special type of division called meiosis • Meiosis includes two successive divisions , called the first (meiosis I) and second (meiosis II) meiotic divisions

3

Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Second meiotic division

First meiotic division (23 chromosomes, each with 2 chromatids)

Paired homologous chromosomes

(46 chromosomes, each with 2 chromatids)

(23 chromosomes, each with 2 chromatids)

(23 chromosomes, each chromatid now an independent chromosome)

4

First Meiotic Division • Meiosis I separates homologous (the same, gene for gene) pairs • They may not be identical because a gene may have variants • There are four phases in this division • Prophase I • Metaphase I • Anaphase I • Telophase I

5

Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

(a)

(b)

(c)

6

Second Meiotic Division • Meiosis II begins after telophase I • This division is similar to mitosis • There are four phases in this division: • Prophase II • Metaphase II • Anaphase II • Telophase II • This division completes with each sex cell having one set of genetic instructions, or 23 chromosomes (compared to two sets (46 chromosomes) in other cells)

7

Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Parent cell

Maternal chromatids

Paternal chromatids Gene for blood type Gene for eye color Gene for hair color

Result of crossing over

8

22.2: Organs of the Male Reproductive System Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Ureter Urinary bladder Superior pubic ramus (cut) Ductus (vas) deferens

Large intestine Seminal vesicle Ejaculatory duct Prostate gland

Urethra Corpus cavernosum

Bulbourethral gland

Corpus spongiosum

Urogenital diaphragm

Penis

Anus Epididymis

Glans penis Prepuce

Testis Scrotum

9 (a)

Testes Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Ureter Urinary bladder Ampulla Seminal vesicle Ejaculatory duct Bulbourethral gland

Prostate gland Bulb of penis Crus of penis

Root of penis

Ductus (vas) deferens

Epididymis Testis Penis Urethra Glans penis (b)

Body of penis

10

Descent of the Testes Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Abdominal wall Testis Lower abdominal cavity Developing penis

Rectum Gubernaculum Symphysis pubis

(a) Peritoneum

Testis Vaginal process (cavity)

Inguinal canal Gubernaculum

(b)

Ductus deferens Tunica vaginalis Scrotum (c)

Spermatic cord Testis Gubernaculum

11

Structure of the Testes Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Epididymis

Ductus deferens

Basement membrane

Rete testis

Spermatogenic cells Spermatogonia Plane of section

(a)

Seminiferous tubule Lumen of seminiferous tubule

Tunica albuginea Testis

Sperm cells

Interstitial cells (cells of Leydig)

Basement membrane

Seminiferous tubules Interstitial cells (Cells of Leydig)

Sperm cells

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

Spermatogonia

(b)

12

Formation of Sperm Cells Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Secondary spermatocyte

Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Second meiotic division

Primary spermatocyte

First meiotic division

Changes in chromosome structure

(23 chromosomes, each with 2 chromatids)

Spermatozoa (Sperm cells, 23 chromosomes, 1 chromatid per chromosome)

Paired homologous chromosomes

Nucleus of sustentacular cell

Lumen of seminiferous tubule

Spermatids Sperm cells

(46 chromosomes, each with 2 chromatids)

(23 chromosomes, each with 2 chromatids)

Spermatid (23 chromosomes, 1 chromatid per chromosome) Meiosis II Secondary spermatocyte (23 chromosomes, 2 chromatids per chromosome) Primary spermatocyte (46 chromosomes, 2 chromatids per chromosome)

Meiosis I

Tight junction between sustentacular cells (blood-testis barrier)

(23 chromosomes, each chromatid now an independent chromosome)

Daughter cell in late interphase ( T ype B spermatogonium, 46 chromosomes 2 chromatids per chromosome) Spermatogonium mitosis

Daughter cell in late interphase (New type A spermatogonium, 46 chromosomes 2 chromatids per chromosome)

Basement membrane

13

Wall of seminiferous tubule

Developmental sequence

Sustentacular cells

Structure of a Sperm Cell Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Flagellum

Nucleus Mitochondria Golgi apparatus

Excess cytoplasm Excess cytoplasm and most organelles lost

Tail

Mitochondria Centriole

Midpiece

Head

Acrosome (a) Acrosome Nucleus

Head

Midpiece (with mitochondria)

© Brand X Pictures/CORBIS

Tail

14 (b)

Male Internal Accessory Organs • The male internal accessory organs include: • Epididymides • Ductus deferentia • Seminal vesicles • Prostate gland • Bulbourethral glands

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Ureter Urinary bladder

Ampulla

Seminal vesicle

Ejaculatory duct Bulbourethral gland

Bulb of penis Crus of penis

Prostate gland

Root of penis

Ductus (vas) deferens

Epididymis Testis Penis Urethra Glans penis

Body of penis

(b)

15

Epididymides Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

• Tightly coiled tubes • Connected to ducts within the testis • Promote maturation of sperm cells

Epithelial cells Nonmotile cilia Sperm cells

16 © Image Source

Ductus Deferentia Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

• Are muscular tubes • About 45 centimeters each • Extends from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct

Lumen Epithelium Smooth muscle

(a)

Sperm in lumen of ductus deferens

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium Smooth muscle

17

(b) © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

Seminal Vesicles • Attached to the vas deferens near base of the urinary bladder • Secrete alkaline fluid • Secrete fructose and prostaglandins • Contents empty into the ejaculatory duct

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Ureter Urinary bladder Ampulla Seminal vesicle Ejaculatory duct Bulbourethral gland

Prostate gland Bulb of penis Crus of penis

Root of penis

Ductus (vas) deferens

Epididymis Testis Penis Urethra

Body of penis

Glans penis (b)

18

Prostate Gland • Surrounds the proximal portion of the urethra • The ducts of the gland open into the urethra • Secretes a thin, milky, alkaline fluid • Secretion enhances fluid mobility • Composed of tubular glands in connective tissue • Also contains smooth muscle

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Secretory cells of the prostate gland Smooth muscle

Lumen of urethra

Manfred Kage/Peter Arnold

19

Bulbourethral Glands • Inferior to the prostate gland • Secrete mucus-like fluid • Fluid released in response to sexual stimulation

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Ureter Urinary bladder Ampulla Seminal vesicle Ejaculatory duct Bulbourethral gland

Prostate gland Bulb of penis Crus of penis

Root of penis

Ductus (vas) deferens

Epididymis Testis Penis Urethra

Body of penis

Glans penis (b)

20

Semen • The fluid the urethra conveys to the outside during ejaculation is called semen • Semen consists of: • Sperm cells • Secretions of the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands • It is slightly alkaline • Contains prostaglandins • Contains nutrients • Volume is 2-5 milliliters of semen per ejaculation • Average 120 million sperm cells per milliliter of semen 21

22.1 Clinical Application Prostate Enlargement

22

22.2 Clinical Application Male Infertility

23

Male External Reproductive Organs • Includes the: • Scrotum (and two testes) • Penis

Urinary bladder

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Ureter

Large intestine

Superior pubic ramus (cut)

Seminal vesicle

Ductus (vas) deferens

Ejaculatory duct Prostate gland

Urethra Corpus cavernosum

Bulbourethral gland

Corpus spongiosum

Urogenital diaphragm

Penis

Anus Epididymis

Glans penis Prepuce

Testis Scrotum

(a)

24

Scrotum • Pouch of skin and subcutaneous tissue • Dartos muscle – smooth muscle in subcutaneous tissue; contracts to cause wrinkling of the scrotum • Medial septum divides the scrotum into two chambers • Each chamber is lined with a serous membrane • Each chamber houses a testis and epididymis

25

Penis • Conveys urine and semen • Specialized to become erect for insertion into the vagina Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Superficial dorsal vein Deep dorsal vein Dorsal nerve Dorsal artery Deep artery Corpora cavernosa Skin Subcutaneous tissue Connective tissue (fascia) External urethral orifice (a)

Tunica albuginea Urethra Corpus spongiosum Prepuce Glans penis (b)

26

Erection, Orgasm, and Ejaculation • The erection: • Parasympathetic nerve impulses • Blood accumulates in the erectile tissues • The orgasm: • Culmination of sexual stimulation • Accompanied by emission and ejaculation • The ejaculation: • Emission is the movement of semen into the urethra • Ejaculation is the movement of semen out of the urethra • This is largely dependent on sympathetic nerve impulses 27

Erection, Orgasm, and Ejaculation Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Sexual stimulation

Parasympathetic neurons release nitric oxide, causing dilation of small arteries to penis

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Culmination of intense sexual stimulation

Veins are compressed, reducing blood flow away from penis

Blood accumulates in the vascular spaces within erectile tissues of penis

Sympathetic impulses contract smooth muscle

Peristaltic contractions in testicular ducts, epididymides, ductus deferentia, and ejaculatory ducts

Rhythmic contractions in erectile columns of penis

Rhythmic contractions in bulbourethral glands, prostate gland, and seminal vesicles

Emission—semen moves into urethra

Penis swells and becomes erect

Ejaculation—semen is forcefully expelled from urethra

28

29

22.3: Hormonal Control of Male Reproductive Functions • Hormones secreted by the hypothalamus, the anterior pituitary gland, and the testes control male reproductive functions • Hormones initiate and maintain sperm cell production and oversee the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics

30

Hypothalamic and Pituitary Hormones • The hypothalamus controls maturation of sperm cells and development of male secondary sex characteristics • Negative feedback among the hypothalamus, the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, and the testes controls the concentration of testosterone

31

Male Sex Hormones • The male sex hormones are called androgens • Interstitial cells in the testes produce most of them, but small amounts are made in the adrenal cortex • Testosterone is the most important

32

Actions of Testosterone • Increased growth of body hair • Sometimes decreased growth of scalp hair • Enlargement of the larynx and thickening of the vocal cords • Thickening of the skin • Increased muscular growth • Thickening and strengthening of the skeletal bones

33

Regulation of Male Sex Hormones Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Hypothalamus GnRH –

+

– Pituitary gland

FSH

Bloodstream

Inhibin

Androgens stimulate the development of male secondary sex characteristics and maturation of sperm cells Testosterone and other androgens Release into bloodstream

+ LH stimulates interstitial cells to secrete androgens (primarily testosterone)

Androgens prevent oversecretion of LH Inhibin prevents oversecretion of FSH

LH

FSH stimulates meiosis in primary spermatocytes to form immature sperm cells; FSH stimulates secretion of inhibin by supporting cells

Androgens prevent oversecretion of GnRH

Stimulation Inhibition

+ Testes

34

22.4: Organs of the Female Reproductive System Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Uterine tube

Fimbriae Rectouterine pouch Fornix Cervix

Ovary

Level of section

Coccyx

Uterus Rectum Urinary bladder

Inferior gluteal vein and artery Gluteus maximus m.

Sciatic nerve

Symphysis pubis

Vagina

Urethra

Rectum Levator ani m.

Femur Ureter

Uterus

Ischium

Urinary bladder

Femoral nerve, artery, and vein

Symphysis pubis

Clitoris Labium minus Labium majus

Anus

Vaginal orifice Anterior (b) (a)

35

Ovaries Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Suspensory ligament of ovary

Fimbriae of uterine tube

Uterine tube (retracted) Ovarian ligament Round ligament of uterus

Left ovary

Uterus

Broad ligament

36

Ovary Attachments • Several ligaments hold each ovary in position • The largest is called the broad ligament and is attached to the uterine tubes and uterus • The suspensory ligament holds the ovary at the upper end • The ovarian ligament is a rounded, cord-like thickening of the broad ligament

37

Ovary Descent • Like the testes in the male fetus, the ovaries develop from masses of tissue posterior to the parietal peritoneum, near the developing kidney • They descend to locations just inferior to the pelvic brim where they remain attached to the lateral pelvic wall

38

Ovary Structure • The tissues of an ovary can be divided into an inner medulla and an outer cortex • The ovarian medulla is mostly composed of loose connective tissue and contains many blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers • The ovarian cortex consists of more compact tissue and has a granular appearance due to tiny masses of cells called ovarian follicles

39

Primordial Follicles • During prenatal development of a female, oogonia divide by mitosis to produce more oogonia • The oogonia develop into primary oocytes • Each primary oocyte is closely surrounded by a layer of flattened epithelial cells called follicular cells, forming a primordial follicle

40

Oogenesis Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

• The process of egg cell formation Secondary oocyte

Second meiotic division

Zygote 46 chromosomes, 23 from sperm cell and 23 from egg cell (each chromatid now an independent chromosome)

Fertilization

First meiotic division Primary oocyte

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

(23 chromosomes, each with 2 chromatids)

Sperm cell (23 chromosomes)

Sperm nucleus Second polar body degenerating

(46 chromosomes, each with 2 chromatids)

(b) or (a)

First polar body (23 chromosomes, each with 2 chromatids)

Courtesy of R.J. Blandau First polar body degenerating

Second meiotic division

41 Polar bodies degenerating

Follicle Maturation • At puberty, the anterior pituitary gland secretes increased amounts of FSH, and the ovaries enlarge in response • With each reproductive cycle, some of the primordial follicles mature Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Theca externa Theca interna Granulosa cells Fluid-filled antrum Corona radiata Zona pellucida

Primordial follicles

Secondary oocyte

Primary oocyte (a)

Maturing follicle

(b) b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

42

Follicle Maturation • As many as twenty primary follicles may begin maturing at any one time • One dominant follicle usually out-grows the others • Typically only the dominant follicle fully develops and the others degenerate

43

Ovulation Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

• As a follicle matures, its primary oocyte undergoes meiosis I, giving rise to a secondary oocyte and a first polar body • The process of ovulation releases these cells from the follicle

Uterine tube

Secondary oocyte Ovary

© 2007 Landrum B. Shettles

44

Ovulation Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Corpus albicans

Corpus luteum

Ovulation

Time

Uterine tube Time

Secondary oocyte Primordial follicle Zona pellucida

Primary follicle Ovary

Corona radiata

Follicular cells

Primary oocyte

Follicular fluid

First polar body

45

Female Internal Accessory Organs • The female internal accessory organs include: • Uterine tubes • Uterus • Vagina

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Uterine tube

Fimbriae Rectouterine pouch Fornix Cervix

Ovary Uterus Rectum Urinary bladder

Symphysis pubis Vagina Urethra

Clitoris Labium minus

Anus

Labium majus Vaginal orifice

(a)

46

Uterine Tubes Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Suspensory ligament with ovarian blood vessels and nerves Uterine tube Ovary Ovarian ligament Body of uterus

Infundibulum Round ligament

Fimbriae Secondary oocyte

Broad ligament Uterine blood vessels

Follicle Endometrium Myometrium Perimetrium

Ureter Cervix Cervical orifice Vagina

47

Uterine Tubes Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Cilia Cytoplasm Nucleus Basement membrane Connective tissue layer

(a)

(b) a: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer; b: © Mediscan/Visuals Unlimited

48

Uterus Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Lumen

Endometrium Cilia Cytoplasm Nucleus Basement membrane

Myometrium

Connective tissue layer Perimetrium

(a)

(b) a: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer; b: © Mediscan/Visuals Unlimited © McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Carol D. Jacobson, PhD., Dept. of Veterinary Anatomy, Iowa State University

49

Vagina • A fibromuscular tube that conveys uterine secretions, receives the penis during intercourse, and provides an open channel for offspring Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Clitoris Mons pubis

Urethral orifice

Labium majus Vestibule Labium minus

Vaginal orifice

Opening of vestibular gland Perineum Anus

50

Female External Reproductive Organs • The female external reproductive organs surround the openings of the urethra and vagina and is known as the vulva, and include:

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Clitoris Mons pubis

Urethral orifice

Labium majus Vestibule Labium minus

• Labia majora

Vaginal orifice

Opening of vestibular gland Perineum

• Labia minora

Anus

• Clitoris • Vestibular glands 51

Labia Majora • Rounded folds of adipose tissue and skin • Enclose and protect the other external reproductive parts

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Clitoris Mons pubis

Urethral orifice

Labium majus Vestibule

• Ends form a rounded elevation over the symphysis pubis

Labium minus Vaginal orifice

Opening of vestibular gland Perineum Anus

52

Labia Minora • Flattened, longitudinal folds between the labia majora

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Clitoris Mons pubis

• Well supplied with blood vessels

Urethral orifice

Labium majus Vestibule Labium minus

Vaginal orifice

Opening of vestibular gland Perineum Anus

53

Clitoris • Small projection at the anterior end of the vulva

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Clitoris Mons pubis

• Analogous to the male penis • Composed of two columns of erectile tissue • Root is attached to the sides of the pubic arch

Urethral orifice

Labium majus Vestibule Labium minus

Vaginal orifice

Opening of vestibular gland Perineum Anus

54

Vestibule • Space between the labia minora that encloses the vaginal and the urethral openings • The vestibular glands secrete mucus into the vestibule during sexual stimulation

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Clitoris Mons pubis

Urethral orifice

Labium majus Vestibule Labium minus

Vaginal orifice

Opening of vestibular gland Perineum Anus

55

Erection, Orgasm, and Ejaculation Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Sexual stimulation

Arteries in the erectile tissue dilate; vagina expands and elongates

Parasympathetic nerve impulses from the sacral portion of the spinal cord

Sexual stimulation intensifies

Vestibular glands secrete mucus to lubricate

Engorged and swollen vagina increases friction from movement of the penis

Orgasm-—rhythmic contraction of muscles of the perineum; muscular walls of uterus and uterine tubes contract 56

57

22.5: Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Functions • Hormones secreted by the hypothalamus, the anterior pituitary gland, and the ovaries control development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics, maturation of female sex cells, and changes during the monthly reproductive cycle

58

Female Sex Hormones Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Hypothalamus

+ GnRH

Pituitary gland

FSH, LH (gonadotropins)

– Estrogens inhibit oversecretion of gonadotropins

Breasts develop

Accessory reproductive organs enlarge

Bloodstream

Gonadotropins

+

Increased vascularization of the skin

Estrogens

Increased deposition of adipose tissue in breasts, thighs, and buttocks

Stimulates endometrium of uterus to thicken

Release into bloodstream Ovaries

Stimulation Inhibition

59

Female Reproductive Cycle

60

61

Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Plasma hormonal concentration

Ovarian activity

FSH

LH

Ovarian events

FSH Developing follicle

Mature follicle

Follicular phase Days

1

Early corpus luteum

LH

Regressive corpus luteum

Ovulation 14

7

Corpus albicans

Luteal phase 21

28

Plasma hormonal concentration

Uterine activity Estrogens Progesterone

Thickness of endometrium

Progesterone

Days

Estrogens

1

3

Menstruation

5

7

9

11

Proliferative phase

13

15

17

19

21

23

Secretory phase

25

27

1

3

Menstruation

62

Menopause • Usually occurs in the late 40s or the early 50s • The reproductive cycles stop • The ovaries no longer produce as much estrogens and progesterone as previously • Some female secondary sex characteristics may disappear • It may produce hot flashes and fatigue • Migraine headaches, backaches and fatigue is possible • Hormone therapy may prevent effects on bone tissue

63

22.3 Clinical Application Female Infertility

64

22.6: Mammary Glands • The mammary glands are accessory organs of the female reproductive system specialized to secrete milk following pregnancy

65

Location of the Glands • Located in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior thorax within the breasts • Composed of lobes • Estrogens stimulate breast development in females Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Clavicle Rib

Adipose tissue Intercostal muscles

Alveolar glands Lactiferous duct

Pectoralis major m.

Areola Nipple

Pectoralis minor m.

Ampulla Alveolar duct Alveolar duct

66 (a)

(b)

Structure of the Glands • A mammary gland is composed of fifteen to twenty irregularly shaped lobes • Each lobe contains glands (alveolar glands), drained by alveolar ducts, which drain into a lactiferous duct that leads to the nipple and opens to the outside • Dense strands of connective tissue form suspensory ligaments that support the breast

67

Development of the Breasts • The mammary glands of males and females are similar • As puberty is reached, ovarian hormones stimulate development of the glands in females

68

22.4 Clinical Application Treating Breast Cancer

69

22.7: Birth Control • Birth control is the voluntary regulation of the number of offspring produced and the time they are conceived • This control requires a method of contraception

70

71

Coitus Interruptus • The practice of withdrawing the penis from the vagina before ejaculation, preventing entry of sperm cells into the female reproductive tract

72

Rhythm Method • Requires abstinence from sexual intercourse two days before and one day after ovulation

73

Mechanical Barriers • Mechanical barriers include the use of a: • Condom • Diaphragm • Cervical cap • Spermicidal foams or jellies

74

Chemical Barriers • Chemical barriers include: • Spermicides

75

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

a,b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Jill Braaten, photographer; c: © Photolink/Getty Images; d: © Don Farrall/Getty Images; e: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Jill Braaten, photographer

76

Combined Hormone Contraceptives • These deliver estrogen and progesterone to prevent pregnancy • Various methods are used to deliver hormones including: • A flexible chemical ring (Nuvaring) • A plastic patch (Ortho Evra) • The pill orally (Similar to these combined hormones is the “minipill” which contains only progestin)

77

Injectable Contraception • An intramuscular injection of Depo-Provera protects against pregnancy for three months by preventing maturation and release of a secondary oocyte

78

Intrauterine Devices • An intrauterine device, or IUD, is a small, solid object that a physician places in the uterine cavity • An IUD interferes with implantation of a blastocyst

79

Surgical Methods Copyright Š The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Cut and ligated uterine tubes

Path of egg

Path of sperm

Ovary Uterus

(a)

Cut and ligated ductus (vas) deferens

Cervix

Scrotum

Vagina (b)

80

22.8: Sexually Transmitted Diseases • These are silent infections • Most are bacterial and can be cured • Herpes, warts, and AIDS are viral and cannot be cured • Many cause infertility • AIDS causes death • Symptoms of STDs include: • Burning sensation during urination • Pain in the lower abdomen • Fever or swollen glands • Discharge from the vagina or the penis • Pain, itch, or inflammation in the genital or the anal area • Sores, blisters, bumps or rashes • Itchy, runny eyes 81

82

Important Points in Chapter 22: Outcomes to be Assessed 22.1: Introduction State the general functions of the male and female reproductive systems.

Outline the process of meiosis and explain how it mixes up parental genes.

22.2: Organs of the Male Reproductive System Describe the function(s) of each part of the male reproductive system.

Outline the process of spermatogenesis.

Describe semen production and exit from the body.

Describe the structure of the penis, and explain how its parts produce an erection.

83

Important Points in Chapter 22: Outcomes to be Assessed 22.3: Hormonal Control of Male Reproductive Functions Explain how hormones control the activities of the male reproductive organs and the development of male secondary sex characteristics.

22.4: Organs of the Female Reproductive System Describe the function(s) of each part of the female reproductive system.

Outline the process of oogenesis.

22.5: Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Functions Explain how hormones control the activities of the female reproductive organs and the development of female secondary sex characteristics.

84

Important Points in Chapter 22: Outcomes to be Assessed Describe the major events that occur during a reproductive cycle.

22.6: Mammary Glands Review the structure of the mammary glands.

22.7: Birth Control Describe several methods of birth control, including the relative effectiveness of each method.

22.8: Sexually Transmitted Diseases List the general symptoms of sexually transmitted diseases.

85

Quiz 22 Complete Quiz 22 now!

Read Chapter 23.

86