DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
WS 2008-2009
Wan Da
Urbanism_sem_I Prof. Dr. Ing. Andrea Haase
Wan Da
wanderspace@hotmail.com
DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
WS 2008-2009
Wan Da
14.10. Lecture, Part Urbanism: Current tasks of Urbanism – Spatial Planning in Europe Exercise: Define urbanism relative to your culture of origin. Discuss the role of tradition for it. What is urbanism? In my own opinion, it is a game. As a planner or an urban designer, we like a group of people to make rules of this game. When the game started, the people who on the specific color have to carry out activities in accordance with the arrangements and the order have been given. A series of things like dominoes one after another happened. If has had the pause, possibly was the position which we placed presented the deviation, or we arranged the succession presented the mistake. But the real world is far more complex than it. Market economy's operation far exceeds the scope of control. It is a profound subject to its own complexity and interrelatedness. In addition, internal factors also tend to become barriers of activities. Therefore, we may no longer be simply to formulate the rule, but adapt to the changes, and guide the change. In the Chinese culture history, the Confucianism and Taoism as the important component of China traditional culture are affecting the Chinese culture respectively by the different cultural characteristic. At the same time, the fusion of these is playing an important role in the development of Chinese culture. In these two cultures, the Confucianism is the mainstream of China traditional culture development. Confucian hierarchy and the Doctrine of the Mean of thought can be fully reflected in the architectural design and layout. China's social system, which reflected in the architecture design and urban plan, is based on blood for the vertical to horizontal family ties to organize. In the aspect of architecture plan, China's traditional architecture is very good at organizing the group relations, and reflecting the relationship of social organization. It makes the north-south axis as the important line and east-west axis as the auxiliary line. Architectures at different points on the coordinates, which arranged with the axis of symmetry, directly reflect the master's social status. Axis-symmetric is the concentrated expression of the ideas of hierarchy in Chinese Confucian thought. The design of the National Palace Museum is a typical embodiment of Confucian ideas. National Palace Museum was designed clearly with different hierarchies of space following the Chinese tradition's Confucianism hierarchical system strictly. It was divided into two parts.
DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
WS 2008-2009
Wan Da
The former part is a place-government deal with the emperor; the latter half is the place for Emperor or the Queen's personal life. The organizational relationship of the National Palace Museum is rigorous and orderly. In the north of china, these principles are still followed in the design of Siheyuan(a sort of residential architecture). The Chinese element is also embodied in Confucian thought as the local modernism. Taoism is China's native religion. It is not only the convergence of Buddhist thought and metaphysics factions of thinkingďźŒbut also the fusion of China's cultural philosophy. Taoism is an important part of China's religion culture as soon as Confucianism. Taoism believes that "Tao" is the origin of the universe. Taoism advocate nature, yearn nature. Taoism believes that the beauty of nature does not lie in its formation, but lies in its utilization. Therefore appears a sort of botanical garden which takes the natural fairyland as the artistic theme. These gardens have complete body waterscape. The design, which linked with rockery, water and the buildings, not only embodies a complex, penetrated relation among the rockery, water, construction and plant landscape, but also embodies the purpose of "Tao following nature". The ideas of Confucian and Taoism take an important and far-reaching effect to the urban planning in China. "Zhou Li" which booked in about 700 BC is an important book of Confucianism. "Zhou Li-Kao Gong Ji" described the layout of the capital of Zhou Dynasty: Architects used to map out the city with the length of 500 meters at the edge of the plane and set up three gates. The streets which can accommodate nine carriages at the same time are divided into nine vertical and nine transverse. The Temple and the Sajik Altar are located at the both side of the palace separately. Meetings are always holding in the front of the palace and behind it there is a market. This book also described different hierarchies in the site area, road width, gate number, wall height of different level cities following the feudal hierarchy. This book reflects the far-reaching impact on capital planning by ancient Chinese philosophy. China's traditional residential areas were mainly influenced by the Confucian hierarchy and Moderate. The north-south axis symmetrical layout mode, which used in yard group plan, was further extended to the city planning. In the other hand, the concept of harmony between human and nature make planners had to taking the geological, geographical, and geomorphologic into account. Thus, walls may not necessarily be square. Axis may not necessarily be straight either.
DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
WS 2008-2009
Wan Da
Traditional Chinese culture, which make the Confucianism and Taoism as the mainstream thinking, not only play a decisive role to the traditional design, but also has a profound impact on modern design. Confucianism and Taoism culture are extended and developed by the combination of modern features and technologies. From another perspective, these two kinds of historical culture have been transplanted by the modern design. The modern society set a higher request to the designers and planners from individual construction design to the community organization, from garden design that follows the nature to the symbiotic harmony between human and nature, from landscape design which reflects the outlook on life to interior design that looks forward to the epiphany of life and moderately life values.
DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
WS 2008-2009
Wan Da
21.10. Lecture, Part Urbanism: Space – structures and elements Exercise: Visualize space, spatial structures and elements of spatial structures (4 sketches, format 10x10 sqcm)
DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
WS 2008-2009
Wan Da
DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
28.10. Lecture, Part Urbanism: Urban Changes Exercise: Define periods and phenomena of urban changes for your town of origin (text/ sketches 10x10 sqcm) Jinan, which I raised in, is a sub-provincial city and the capital of Shandong province, China. The area of present-day Jinan has played an important role in the history of the region from the earliest beginnings of civilization and has evolved into an important administrative, economic, and transportation hub. â—? Jinan has more than 2100 years since Qi set up a "Lixia City" in the Spring and Autumn Period. The ancient city base formed in the Yuan Dynasty, while the Wall of the city was being built. The city adjacent to Ming Lake in the north, close to mountains in the south and is surrounded by four springs. It is the model of full using of the natural landscape to the urban construction in ancient China. In Qing Dynasty, Jinan has developed into the largest city between Beijing and Nanjing, and the major industrial and commercial city of China. Jinan has set up the "Neo-Mechanical Bureaux" and other modern arms industry and other school facilities and higher modern cultural facilities with the Rise of the Westernization Movement in Late Qing Dynasty. â—? Jinan urban form has changed dramatically since the opening of Jiaoji Railway in 1904. German colonial forces developed to the west from Qingdao, and transfer Jinan to a trading port. Road network arranged
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DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
vertically grid. Jinan became a transpot hub after the opening of the Jinpu Railway in 1911, and commercial port area developed rapidly. ● After the outbreak of the WWI, the Japanese imperialists replace the rule of Germany in Shandong. This forced the capital tranfered to the mainland from the coastal areas along the railway. Jinan had opened up comprehensive shopping malls, eg. Xishichang, Daguanyuan. Urban form had become to alinear situation with the old city and commercial port areas side by side. From 1945 to liberation in 1949, Jinan urban layout had changed little. The equal development of old city and the commercial port area was maitained. The city was formed linear situation of east and west long, north and south narrow. ● Jinan published a "Plan for the City of Jinan" after the founding of the RPC. It determines extending the existing roads of the old city to form a grid road network framework, and opening up Lishan Road in the eastern cities inorder to create conditions for the expansion of cities in the east. Many industrial projects started quickly when Freat Leap Forward began in 1958. eg. Jinan Iron and Steel Plant, Fertilizer Plant, Jinan Iron Works. The building of these industrial areas had played a positive role to protect the environment of the Old City, to improve urban land nervous condition and to expand the urban space. ● In the new era, "Jinan City Master Plan (2006 -2020 years)" continues the pattern of urban linear form. East-west wings of the city developed more
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DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
and more quickly. Throughout the central city, it is about 60 km in east-west. The size of the urban population reached 4.3 million, land size of 410 km2.
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DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
WS 2008-2009
04.11. Lecture, Part Urbanism: Legibility - Permeability - Variety - Robustness Exercise: Visualize the qualities of these criteria on appropriate maps (1: 1000, 4x 10x10 sqcm) Legibility
Permeability
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DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
Variety
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Robustness
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DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
WS 2008-2009
Wan Da
11.11. Lecture, Part Urbanism and Part Spatial Planning: Relationship with time and space II Exercise: Answer questions about space 1. What are the components of “space”? ● Districts ● Axis ● Squares ● Paths & streets ● Borders ● Nodes ● Landscape ● Constructions to form the space ● Historical zones ● Light environments 2. What are the meanings of “space”? ● As a physical environment and man-made environment, urban space is not only a core of spatial order, but also the core of the social order. Geo-spatial organization is the result under the context of specific cultural, social, economic and technology. Also, I think space is a material product, related to the product of other substances - including humans - and involved in the 'historical' decisions in society. And these social relations give the meaning of form, function and social significance to space. In this sense, the space form created by the human - cities, is a “social performance" and a "crystallization of the time." ● As a structured existence, space is not only a physical space, but also action space and social space, not only a place for implementation of human behavior and human behavior to maintain a continuous path, but also a district for maintain, strengthen or remodeling the existing social structure and social relations. ● As a culture of display mode, space is also a psychological, sense space.
DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
WS 2008-2009
Wan Da
3. What are the structural conditions for urban renewal? ● The most important of "Urban Renewral" is rebuilding the function of the city. And to enhance the survival efficiency is the most important to plan the city. Proper zoning is necessary in the process of rebuilding the city, eg. Biotope ，business district and so on. There must keep some relationship between new buildings and old buildings which must be mutual support but not extrusion with each other. ● "Urban Renewral" is an eternal topic and will never become mechanical. The most important is to put the urban organism into order so that the city will operate healthy. People are often pride to the history and the cultural of their city but not the buildings. The subject of the urbanization is people oriented and let people to participate in the urbanization can protect the history and context of the city. ● We must make a good deal with the contradiction between conservation and development and also the relationship between tradition and innovation. We also have to pay attention to the maintenance of character and personality of the city. 4. What is relevant for the dialectic relationship between global influences and local conditions? ● In the modern context, "globalization" has become a highly expansionary forces of "modernity" concept. In a sense that it even is emerging key words as a expression of the modern value purpose. So it not only has an increasingly universal truth of the descriptive and explanatory power of the economy, but also increasingly been given a value of the beyond-economy and the power of cross-cultural discourse. ● In the modern context, "globalization" has become a highly expansionary forces of "modernity" concept. In a sense that it even is emerging key words as a expression of the modern value purpose. So it not only has an increasingly universal truth of the descriptive and explanatory power of the economy, but also increasingly been given a value of the beyond-economy and the power of cross-cultural discourse. ● In the field of architecture, a typical performance of globalization is the internationalization of architectural culture and the universal of urban space and forms. ● However, the convergence are compared with the difference, especially in terms of geographical differences. As long as the geographical conditions and cultural differences still exist, the so-called "universal" will ever be only a relative meaning. So we can not put "universal" as a principle of creation athe pursuit of goals.
DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
WS 2008-2009
Wan Da
As my own opinion, globalization is firstly the globalization of modernity. Localization is a universal phenomenon, but globalization is only an endless course, its last trend will not be the unification of contemporary culture, but the multivariate which leads to the coexistence of various local cultures. 5. Which forces support urban renewal locally? ● The people are unable to tolerate globalized this kind of mediocre not wonderful civilization more and more. Not only they found themselves are “in groups" closing to one kind of consumer culture, moreover “in groups” stopping in a sub-culture level. ● People under the specific geographic areas and cultures strengthen the sympathy of the local culture and space forms - with a conscious concern for local culture. When a nation's or local cultural strong enough on its own culture, it will consciously resist the universal.
DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
WS 2008-2009
Wan Da
18.11. Lecture, Parts Urbanism and Spatial Planning: Spatial implications of Modern Movement – Three periods Exercises: Conclude about The meaning of Modern Movement relative to the idea of Minimum (literature study included, 500 words summary). Modern Movement refers to a movement of a group of architects and theorists exploring a new aesthetic in the beginning of 20th century. For the majority holding that the practice of aesthetics is concerned, it is not just style, but a belief. The main characteristics of Modernism are rationalism, as well as from the 19th century, the sudden rise of the objective spirit. Another addition modernism Key words are: 'form follows function'. The slogan reflects the rational and orderly way of modern design. Modern designers want through the exercise of large-scale production finally come to oppose the decorative style with pure geometric forms. A representative of the most distinctive design is the Bauhaus School. Their commitment to engage in the latest concepts and the most advanced design. They emphasize one kind of single design method of modern movement. Peter · Behrens, who is the representative of German Manufacturing Union, designs the product pays great attention the function, simplicity, simple and practical. His thought had a significant impact to the Bauhaus. Bauhaus put forward the view of "New Unified of Art and Technology/ Design carry out following the laws of nature ", while also had a wide range of attempts in the functional design areas. Minimalism put function as one of the most important major aspects. Functionalism design is the basic characteristics of modernism. It is built on the basis of large-scale industrial production. Its emergence and development of motivation come from the progress of modern science and technology and people's aesthetic demands. The “machine aesthetics” produced when “the housing is the housing machine” declared by Le Corbusier in 1923. Mies van der Rohe advocated the "Less Is More" in 1928. This put him as a representative of functionalism. The basic idea of functionalism can not be removed from the design related to the essence of design. "The functional requirements to meet the people" will eventually is the first guideline of design. Thus modernism still has important practical significance. Modernism is in conformity with the current highly developed technical and commercial requirements.
DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
WS 2008-2009
Wan Da
Modernist thought of "function" also has been fully reflected at post-modernism. For example, new modernism insists the funtionalism and rationalism of modernism and improves the limitations of modernism. It refused the "international style" of modernism. "Form follows function" in the new modernism developed into a "user needs" aesthetic. Modernism is not out of date but will achieve greater development. Today's "modernism" design thought should be in line with the sustainable development of human society's request. It also should coordinate the relationships between the development of science and knowledge-based economy, resource utilization and environmental protection, human revival and development. This brought not only the development and opportunities, but also new challenges to Modern Movement.
DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
02.12. Lecture, Part Urbanism: Places, Districts, Zones, Breaks Exercise: Show digital photos about the 4 categories (3/ category) Places
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DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
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DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
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DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
Districts
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DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
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DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
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DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
Zones
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DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
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DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
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DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
Breaks
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DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
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DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
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DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
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09.12. Lecture, Part Urbanism: Characteristics of building space – cores and inner and outer edges, types of compact and of multi-core-fragmented cities Exercise: Take digital photos of 5 inner/ outer edges of your town of srtudying (Dessau/ Bernburg)
DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
WS 2008-2009
Wan Da
DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
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DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
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DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
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DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
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16.12. Lecture, Part Urbanism: Between preservation and destruction – needs for spatial planning in Germany Exercise: -
Take digital photos of 5 situations and classify them concerning their appropriateness for transformation (Dessau/ Bernburg)
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Take digital photos of 3 examples of good infillings/ landscape design (Dessau/ Bernburg)
Renovation
DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
Preservation
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DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
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DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
Invention
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DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
Coordination
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DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
Confrontation
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DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
Examples of good infillings/ landscape design
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DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
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DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
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DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
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DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
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13.01. Lecture, Part Urbanism: Public Spaces Exercise: Distinguish 3 dominant types of public spaces (digital photos, key notes) in your town of studying (Dessau/ Bernburg) by the following aspects- Period of establishment - Conditions of built form arrangement - Separation/ connection of public/private - Old Market in City Centre of Dessau with Rathaus 1. Medieval 2. Good condition. Clear and legible arrangement with many possibilities to create mixed public spaces. 3. Lot of entries create well-connected public space to allow different access points to other spaces.
DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
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DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
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DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
- Lidiceplatz 1. 1948 2. The built forms define one edge of the shape. And the other edges prohibit traffic by using metal posts. 3. The public and private spaces are clearly defined, allowing no physical or visual connectivity to the private courtyards.
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DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
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DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
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DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
- HauptbahnHof Platz of Dessau 1. 1874 - 1876 2. A huge plaza to be the traffic centre of Dessau with bus station, train station. Clear arranged every traffic accesses and circulation. 3. A pure public space which well-defended from private space around it. Also have several access from different path.
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DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
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DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
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DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
20.01. Lecture, Part Urbanism and Spatial Planning: The Plot and Membranes Exercise: Characterize 5 principle types of separation/connection between private and public spaces. Take 5 photos of existing “membranes” in settled areas and 5 in landscaped areas. _“membranes” in settled areas 1. Membrane with physical separation, glass wall, high visibility, low accessibility. 2. Membrane with physical and maintaining visual connection. Clear gated entranceway, high accessibility. 3. Membrane with physical separation using landscape and maintaining visual connection, medium accessibility. 4. Membrane using landscape with physical and visual separation, low accessibility. 5. Membrane change in elevation to create physical separation, maintaining clear visual connection, medium accessibility.
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DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
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DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
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DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
_“membranes� in landscaped areas 1. Membrane with physical separation, maintaining visual connection, medium accessibility. Membrane with visual and physical separation. High walls, low accessibility. 2. Membrane using landscape with visual and physical separation. Clear entranceway, green walls, low accessibility. 3. Physical connection, maintaining visual connection, high accessibility. 4. Membrane with physical and visual separation. Clear entranceway, high fence, low accessibility. 5. Membrane using different elevations to create physical separation, maintaining visual connection. Clear entrance path with change in elevation, medium accessibility.
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DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
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DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
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DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
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DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
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DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
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27.01. Lecture, Part Urbanism and Spatial Planning: Situative Urbanism among other theories Exercise: Define 5 principles of Situative Urbanism ● Urban planning following the local natural environment Urban construction following the local natural environment is entirely possible, without any destroy. Urban facilities can take full advantage of the natural ecological factor, without having to destroy and reconstruct. Urban green space can constructed with natural forests, rivers, wetlands, without having to destroy and reconstruct the man-made landscape. ● Related to local culture The key of urban beauty is to have their own cultural identity. Local culture has been integrated with the local natural ecology. Urban development planning should be injected into local culture to achieve a harmonious urban culture. Urban development planning should focus on the characteristics and culture of the region, attracts foreign and contemporary cultural at the same time, and integrates them into the local culture rather than simple paste or stuffing. ● Building a conservation-minded city First of all, we should establish the concept of saving. Integrate the concept of saving into the urban planning and construction. Second, improve the urban construction planning supervision laws and regulations. Third, plan the urban material flow and energy flow efficiently. ● Building a humane city Limit the height of city buildings; reduce the pipeline underground or in the sky, integrate the design and installation of pipelines; long-distance stations, railway stations, transit stations, airports integrate in a region to facilitate the passengers and cargo transit,
DIA URBANISM I - PROF. DR. ING. ANDREA HAASE
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minimize energy consumption, environmental pollution caused by the movement; develop public transport, restrictions on the use of cars. â—? Building green city Make full use of the streets, so that runs through the city streets become a park, to become the ecological zone of urban waste digestion, noise and dust, to become the backbone of framework for maintaining the regional ecological environment security.