The Broken Rifle, 76

No 76, Nove m be r 2007

Supportantim ilitaris ts in Turk e y 1 De ce m be r: Pris one rs forPe ace Day In January 2006, th e Europe an CourtofH um an Righ ts (ECH R) in Stras bourg de cide d on th e cas e ofTurk is h cons cie ntious obje ctor O s m an M uratÜl ke,wh o be tw e e n 19 9 7 and 19 9 9 s pe nt2 ½ ye ars in m il itary pris on on num e rous ch arge s of„dis obe die nce “. Th e courtrul e d: „Th e num e rous crim inalpros e cutions agains tth e appl icant, th e cum ul ative e ffe cts ofth e crim inalconvictions w h ich re s ul te d from th e m and th e cons tantal te rnation be tw e e n pros e cutions and te rm s ofim pris onm e nt, toge th e r w ith th e pos s ibil ity th ath e w oul d be l iabl e to pros e cution for th e re s tofh is l ife , [...] w e re m ore cal cul ate d to re pre s s ing th e appl icant’s inte l l e ctualpe rs onal ity, ins piring in h im fe e l ings offe ar, anguis h and vul ne rabil ity capabl e ofh um il iating and de bas ing h im and bre ak ing h is re s is tance and w il l . Th e cl ande s tine l ife am ounting al m os t to “civilde ath ” w h ich th e appl icant h ad be e n com pe l l e d to adoptw as incom patibl e w ith th e punis h m e nt re gim e ofa de m ocratic s ocie ty.“ In concl us ion th is am ounte d to a viol ation ofArticl e 3 ofth e Europe an Conve ntion on H um an Righ ts .

So far, s o w e l l , one coul d s ay.

Afte r m ore th e n s e ve n ye ars , th e cas e final l y com e s to an e nd.

H ow e ve r, th is unfortunate l y is not th e cas e . O s m an M uratÜl k e is s til ll iving th e cl ande s tine l ife th e Europe an Courtcom pl aine d about, al th ough h e re ce ive d com pe ns ation from th e Turk is h s tate .

And in June 2007 h e re ce ive d a ne w arre s tw arrant, orde ring h im to s e rve outs tanding pris on tim e from 19 9 9 . W h e n O s m an M urat Ül k e 's l aw ye r appe al e d agains t th e arre s tw arrantto th e Es k is e h ir m il itary court, th e courtde cide d th ate ve ryth ing is fine w ith th e arre s tw arrant, be caus e th e ECH R did notorde r a re trial , and th e re fore th e e arl ie r s e nte nce s are s til l e nforce abl e , e ve n th ough th at m igh tam ountto a viol ation ofArticl e 3.

Th is bl atantaffrontto th e ECH R by a Turk is h m il itary court is nota coincide nce : th rough th e ir cons cie ntious obje ction, obje ctors attack th e ve ry h e artofTurk is h m il itaris m .

M il itaris m as s tate doctrine

M il itaris m is th e m ain founding principl e ofth e Turk is h Re publ ic, onl y to be m atch e d by l aicis m , of w h ich th e m il itary is th e s e l f-appointe d guardian. Th e Turk is h Re publ ic w as form e d by M us tafa K e m alAtatürk on 23 O ctobe r 19 23, fol l ow ing four ye ars of“w ar ofinde pe nde nce ”, l e ad by Atatürk . Th e ne w Turk is h s tate im pl em e nte d a s e rie s ofre form s to bre ak th e pow e r ofIs l am , and to “m ode rnis e ” – “w e s te rnis e ” – Tur-

Antim il itaris tprote s tin Turk e y k e y: adoption ofth e Europe an cal e ndar (19 26), ch ange from th e Arabic to a Latin bas e d al ph abe t (19 28), ne w civiland pe nalcode s bas e d on th e Sw is s and Ital ian code s (19 26), am ong oth e rs .

H ow e ve r, th e ne w Turk is h s tate w as far from be ing de m ocratic: “From th e prom ul gation ofth e Law ofM ainte nance ofO rde r in M arch 19 25, Turk e y's gove rnm e nt w as an auth oritarian one -party re gim e , and, notto puttoo fine a pointon it, a dictators h ip” (Z ürch e r).

H ow e ve r, th e s e re form s w e nt h and in h and w ith th e cre ation of a “m yth ofa m il itary nation” (Al tınay), w ith obl igatory m il itary s e rvice for m e n as a ce ntre pie ce .

As s oon as practical l y pos s ibl e – w ith th e firs tce ns us of19 27 – th e ne w Turk is h Re publ ic introduce d unive rs alcons cription, boos ting m il itary s tre ngth from around 78,000 in 19 22 to 800,000 in 19 39 /40. Al ong w ith th is w e ntth e cre ation ofth e m yth “e ve ry (m al e) Turk is born a s ol die r” – s om e th ing today de e pl y ingraine d in th e dom inantTurk is h cul ture .

Th e Turk is h m il itary untilnow pl ays an im portantrol e in Turk e y's publ ic and pol iticall ife .

Since th e be ginning ofth e Turk is h Re publ ic, th e m il itary took pow e r th re e tim e s (19 60, 19 71, 19 80), and s tage d “s il e ntcoup's ” s e ve ral tim e s , forcing its w il lonto th e civil ian pol iticale l ite . According to th e Turk is h cons titution, th e Ge ne ral Staffis notaccountabl e to th e M in-

is try ofDe fe nce – itonl y h as to coordinate w ith it.

Th e e ve nts ofth is ye ar around th e e l e ction ofth e ne w Turk is h pre s ide ntAbdul l ah Gül– m e m be r ofth e m ode rate Is l am ic Jus tice and De ve l opm e ntParty (AK P) – notonl y h igh l igh te d th e pow e r s truggl e be tw e e n th e m il itary, guarding w h atitinte rpre ts as Atatürk 's principl e s – and an incre as ingl y pow e rfulm ode rate and m ode rnis e d Is l am in Turk e y, but al s o th e pow e r s truggl e be tw e e n th e m il itary and civil ian pol iticalins titutions in ge ne ral .

form e d and re gaine d s tre ngth .

Th e re ce ntattack s w ith in Turk is h te rritory, and th e capture ofTurk is h s ol die rs by PK K gue ril l as , w h o ope rate outofK urdis h north e rn Iraq , s park e d te ns ions be tw e e n Turk e y and Iraq – and s ubs e q ue ntl y be tw e e n Turk e y and its NATO al l ie s , e s pe cial l y th e USA and Britain.

W h il e th is is s ue ofth e Brok e n Rifl e is going to pre s s , Turk e y h as am as s e d 100,000 troops atth e borde r to Iraq , re ady to invade , to “rootoutte rroris m ”. Firs tair s trik e s on Iraq i te rritory al re ady took pl ace . Initial l y, th e AK P govTh e K urdis h is s ue e rnm e nth ad be e n oppos e d to a K e m al is tTurk is h national is m m il itary s ol ution, butth e pow e r of is atodds w ith th e m ul ti-e th nic re al - th e m il itary in Turk e y force d itto ity in Turk e y. In re ce ntm onth s , e m brace th e pos ition ofth e m il itth e is s ue ofth e Arm e nian ge noary – or to be ignore d and s ide cide in 19 19 , and th e re -e m e rl ine d by th e m il itary drive n ge nce ofth e K urdis h gue ril l a of age nda. Now , th e gove rnm e ntis th e K urdis tan W ork e rs Party publ icl y tak ing an abs ol ute (PK K ) m ade th e ne w s . h ardl ine pos ition. As w e go to Since 19 80, PK K w age d a pre s s , th e Turk is h gove rnm e nt gue ril l a w ar agains tth e Turk is h h ad jus tre je cte d an Iraq i s tate , firs tw ith th e aim ofK urdis h propos alto s ol ve th e confl ict. inde pe nde nce , now aim e d at Andre as Spe ck autonom y w ith in a Turk is h s tate .

Th e Turk is h m il itary re s ponde d Lite rature : w ith ful l -outw ar in th e K urdis h Ayşe GülAl tınay: Th e M yth ofth e province s , a s tate ofe m e rge ncy M il itary-Nation. M il itaris m , and a pol icy ofe th nic cl e ans ing.

Ge nde r, and Education in Turk e y.

In 19 9 9 , Turk e y s e iz e d Abdul l ah Ne w York , 2004 Ö cal an, th e n l e ade r ofth e PK K , Erik Jan Z ürch e r (e d.): Arm ing th e w h o w as s ubs e q ue ntl y s e nte nce d State : M il itary Cons cription in th e to de ath , w h ich w as com m ute d to M iddl e Eas tand Ce ntralAs ia l ife -l ong aggravate d im pris onm e nt.

1775-19 25. London and Ne w W h il e th is w as a m ajor bl ow to York , 19 9 9 PK K , th e gue ril l a h as s ince re -

Editorial

Wel com e to th e s pe ciale dition ofTh e Brok e n Rifl e for Pris one rs for Pe ace Day – 1 De ce m be r. Th is ye ar w e focus on th e s ituation in Turk e y. W e m ade th is de cis ion be fore th e pre s e nte s cal ation ofth e Turk is h -K urdis h confl ict, w h ich again h igh l igh ts th e pow e r of th e m il itary in Turk is h s ocie ty and pol itics : itis th e ins titution w h ich s tands above e ve ryth ing – th e gove rnm e nt, th e cons titution, inte rnationalh um an righ ts s tandards .

W h il e pre s e ntl y – to our k now l e dge – no cons cie ntious obje ctor or oth e r pris one r for pe ace is s e rving a pris on te rm in Turk e y, th is can ch ange any day. M ore th an 60 individual s publ icl y de cl are d th e ir cons cie ntious obje ction s ince 19 89 (th is num be r doe s notincl ude Je h ovah 's W itne s s e s or oth e r re l igious obje ctors ), and num e rous activis ts and journal is ts pote ntial l y face pris on s e nte nce s for s pe ak ing outagains t m il itaris m – or re porting on th e ir activitie s and opinions . Tw o cons cie ntious obje ctors – H al il Savda and Enve r Ayde m ir, a M us l im obje ctor – s pe nttim e in pris on th is ye ar and are pre s e ntl y "fre e ", butofficial l y de s e rte rs . O th e r obje ctors – O s m an M uratÜl k e , M e h m e tBal , Me h m e tTarh an, to m e ntion jus ta fe w – are in a s im il ar s ituation of"civilde ath ". And al lde cl are d cons cie ntious obje ctors coul d be im pris one d by pol ice atany tim e , and h ande d ove r to "th e ir" m il itary unit.

In th is s ituation of"civil de ath " for cons cie ntious obje ctors , inte rnationals upportis urge ntl y ne e de d. Pre s s ure is e ve n ne e de d s o th atTurk e y im pl e m e nts a de cis ion ofth e Europe an CourtofH um an Righ ts , and e ve n m ore pre s s ure w il lbe ne e de d for Turk e y to final l y re cognis e th e h um an righ ts ofcons cie ntious obje ctors and antim il itaris ts .

W ar Re s is te rs ' Inte rnational h as accom panie d and s upporte d Turk is h w ar re s is te rs s ince th e ve ry be ginning. W ith your hel p w e w il lcontinue to do s o.

Andre as Spe ck

Th e Brok e n Rifl e Th e Brok e n Rifl e is th e ne w s l e tte r ofW ar Re s is te rs ' Inte rnational , and is publ is h e d in Engl is h , Spanis h , Fre nch and Ge rm an. Th is is is s ue 76, Nove m be r 2007. Th is is s ue of Th e Brok e n Rifl e w as produce d

by Andre as Spe ck . Spe cial th ank s go to al lth os e w h o provide d inform ation for th e Pris one rs for Pe ace H onour Rol l . Ifyou w ante xtra copie s of th is is s ue ofTh e Brok e n Rifl e, pl e as e contactth e W RI office , or dow nl oad itfrom our w e bs ite .

W ar Re s is te rs ' Inte rnational , 5 Cal e donian Road, London N1 9 DX, Britain te l+ 44-20-7278 4040 fax + 44-20-7278 0444 info@ w ri-irg.org h ttp://w ri-irg.org/pubs / br76-e n.h tm

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Pris one rs for Pe ace

Th e Brok e n Rifl e No 76, Nove m be r 2007

Pris one rs for Pe ace H onour Rol l2007 H ow th e l is tw ork s Firs tare pris one rs ' nam e s (in bol d), fol l ow e d by th e ir s e nte nce , th e n th e ir pl ace ofim pris onm e ntw ith + and, final l y th e re as on for th e ir de te ntion.

Inform ation aboutcountrie s w h e re pris one rs h ave h ad th e ir s e nte nce s s us pe nde d, or w h e re s e nte nce s h ave be e n s e rve d or com pl e te d during th e ye ar, are in ital ics .

Arm e nia Al th ough Arm e nia pas s e d a l aw on cons cie ntious obje ction in 2004, th e country continue s to im pris on cons cie ntious obje ctors . M any cons cie ntious obje ctors al so re fus e to s e rve s ubs titute s e rvice , as it is control l e d by th e M inis try of De fe nce . An am e ndm e nt to th e l aw on cos ncie ntious obje ction now provide s for th e pros e cution of obje ctors w h o re fus e to pe rform s ubs titute s e rvice .

In M ay 2006, Je h ovah 's W itne s s e s CO s appl ie d to th e Europe an Court of H um an Righ ts , s tating a viol ation of th e ir h um an righ tto cons cie ntious obje ction.

De ce m be r gave pe rm is s ion to publ is h th e ir nam e s .

M atias Sil m une n (01/10/07— April08) + K äyrän vank il a, Pappil antie 36, 21370 Aura k k , Finl and K ris tian Val k one n (28/08/07— 09 /02/08) + Satak unnan vank il a, H uittis te n os as to, PL59 , 32701 H uittine n, Finl and Pe rtti M ajande r (25/06/07— 26/12/07) + Vil ppul an vank il a, K otinie m e ntie 67, 35700 Vil ppul a, Finl and Jani As ik aine n (10/07/07— 30/01/08) + Naarajärve n vank il a, PL1, 76851 Naarajärvi, Finl and Tatu M arttil a (04/09 /07— 20/03/08) + Jok e l an vank il a/avo-os as to, PL20, 05401 Jok e l a, Finl and

Is rae l Is rae lcontinnue s to im pris on draft re s is te rs for th e re fus alto e nl is t in th e Is rae l i m il itary.

H ow e ve r, th e Is rae l i practice of im pos ing dis cipl inary s e nte nce s of up to 5 w e e k s re pe ate dl y m ak e s it im pos s ibl e to pre dict now w h o w il lbe in pris on on 1 De ce m be r.

Pl e as e ch e ck W RI's w e bs ite for update s and ne w al e rts ath ttp://w ri-irg.org/ne w s /al e rts .

Eritre a Paul os Eyas s u (24/09 /19 9 4— ) Ne ge de Te k l e m ariam (24/09 /19 9 4— ) Is aac M ogos (24/09 /19 9 4— ) Aron Abrah a (09 /05/2001— ) M us s ie Fe s s e h aye (June 2003— ) Am bak om Ts e ge z ab (Fe bruary 2004— ) Be m ne tFe s s e h aye (Fe bruary 2005— ) H e nok Gh e bru (Fe bruary 2005— ) + aS aw a Pris on, Eritre a

Pue rto Rico Jos é Pére z Gonz ál e z (21519 -069 ) (five ye ars – out15/01/08) + CCM M iam i, Com m unity Corre ctions O ffice , 401 N. M iam i Ave ., M iam i, FL33128, USA H as be e n s e nte nce d for cons piracy, dam age to fe de ral prope rty, and/or probation viol ation on 01/05/03 for re s is ting th e US m il itary bom bardm e nt of Vie q ue s , Pue rto Rico.

Am anue lTe s fae ndrias (M arch 2005— ) + W ia Pris on, Eritre a Al ltoge th e r nine Je h ovah 's W itne s s e s are im pris one d for cons cie ntious obje ction to m il itary s e rvice . Th re e Je h ovah 's W itne s s e s Rus s ia are im pris one d s ince 24 Se pte m be r 19 9 4, for re fus ing to pe rform m il itary s e rvice . Al l Igor Sutyagin (15 ye ars ) s k ;Ul . Piros ovaya, d. th re e h ave ne ve r be e n ch arge d for th e ir + 163050, Ark h ange l 27;FGU IK -1, 5 otryad;Rus s ia "crim e ".

Th e m axim um pe nal ty for Im pris one d s ince 27/10/19 9 9 , now cons cie ntious obje ction is th re e ye ars . convicte d of e s pionage for re s e arch ing publ ic nucl e ar w e apons inform ation – s e nte nce d 07/04/04.

Finl and

Al th ough unde r pre s s ure from th e UN and oth e r inte rnational ins titutions , Finl and continue s to im pris on totalobje ctors , and re fus e s to bring its l aw on s ubs titute s e rvice in l ine w ith inte rnationals tandards . O n 1 O ctobe r, 20 totalobje ctors w e re in pris on, but onl y five w h o w il l s til lbe in pris on on 1

m ajority of th e m Je h ovah 's W itne s s e s . In Nove m be r 2006, th e Unite d Nations H um an Righ ts Com m itte e de cide d th at not to provide for cons cie ntious obje ction is a viol ation of Articl e 18 of th e Inte rnational Cove nant on Civiland Pol iticalRigh ts . Stil l , CO s continue to be im pris one d in South K ore a.

K im Ch is oo (No. 349 8, 13/09 /07— 13/03/09 ) + Se oulJail , Box 20 P.O . Gunpouch e guk Gye onggi-do, K ore a, 437-702 Yoo M ins e ok (No. 1535, 17/08/07— 17/02/09 ) + Ye oju Pris on /Box 30 P.O . Ye ojuuch e guk Ye oju-e up, Ye oju-gun Gye onggi-do, K ore a, 469 -885 Jung Jae h oon (No. 2542, 22/05/07— 22/11/08) + Ye ongde ungpo Jail/Box 164 P.O ., Se oul ge um ch e onuch e guk , K ore a, 152-707 K im Doh yung (No. 9 06, 26/01/06— e nd/12/07, re l e as e on parol e) + Ye ongde ungpo Pris on /Box 165 P.O .

Ge um ch e onuch e guk Se oul , K ore a, 152-707 Park Ch ul(No. 2426, 07/11/06— 07/05/08) + Ye ongde ungpo Jail/Box 164 P.O .

Se oul ge um ch e onuch e guk , K ore a, 152-707 Song Inw ook (No. 9 07, 23/11/06— 23/05/08) + Ye ongde ungpo Pris on /Box 165 P.O .

Ge um ch e onuch e guk Se oul , K ore a, 152-707 Park K yungs oo (No. 19 74, 14/12/06— 14/06/08) + Se ongdong Jail/Box 177 P.O .

Songpauch e guk Se oul , K ore a, 138-709

Turk e y Pre s e ntl y, no non-re l igious obje ctor is in pris on. But W ar Re s is te rs ' Inte rnational k now s of s e ve ral cas e s of Je h ovah 's W itne s s e s , im pris one d for re fus ing m il itary s e rvice bas e d on th e ir re l igious be l ie f. Çağl ar Bul du is pre s e ntl y in th e m il itary pris on of Afyon. From 28 April2005 to 13 Jul y 2006 h e s pe nt 15 m onth in pris on. H e w as arre s te d again on 24 Se pte m be r 2007, and w il lprobabl y be im pris one d in Afyon until20 Nove m be r. H e is th e n l ik e l y to be trans fe rre d to a civil ian pris on to s e rve a re m aining s e nte nce of 43 days .

Unfortunate l y W RI doe s not h ave an addre s s for h im .

Bariş Görm e z w as arre s te d on 22 O ctobe r, w h e n h e re porte d to th e re cruitm e nt office .

South K ore a

H e is pre s e ntl y unde r arre s t at th e Is tanbul M as l ak City Ge ndarm e Com m ande rs h ip, and it is e xpe cte d th at h e w il l s oon be trans fe rre d to h is unit in Antal ya. It is pre s e ntl y not k now h ow l ong h e w il lbe in pris on.

Turk m e nis tan In 2007, Turk m e nis tan again im pris one d Je h ovah 's W itne s s e s for th e ir cons cie ntious obje ction to m il itary s e rvice – m os t re ce ive d s us pe nde d pris on s e nte nce s .

Afte r an am ne s ty in O ctobe r 2007, tw o cons cie ntious obje ctors s til lh ave to s e rve th e ir s us pe nde d s e nte nce s , w ith re s trictions on th e ir fre e dom ofm ove m e nt.

Not fre e d unde r am ne s ty w e re Je h ovah 's W itne s s e s Bayram As h irge l dyye v and Be ge nch Sh ak h m uradov. Both are s e rving tw o-ye ar s us pe nde d s e nte nce s im pos e d th is s um m e r.

USA H el e n W oods on (03231-045) (106 m onth s ― out09 /09 /11) + FM C Cars w e l l , M ax Unit, PO B 27137, Ft. W orth , TX 76127 Anti-w ar prote s t at th e fe de ralcourth ous e , K ans as City, M is s ouri, on 11/03/04 in viol ation of parol e fol l ow ing re l e as e from pris on on 03/09 /04. Pl e d guil ty to viol ation and four ne w ch arge s on 18/06/04.

Jos e ph Donato (40884-050) (27 m onth s — out 31/01/08) + CCM Ph il ade l ph ia, 2nd Ch e s tnutSt., Ph il ade l ph ia, PA 19 106, USA Convicte d in De ce m be r 2004 for re fus alto pay w ar taxe s on re l igious grounds RafilDh afir (119 21-052) (22 ye ars — out26/04/22) + FCI Te rre H aute , POB 33, Te rre H aute , IN 47808 Convicte d for providing h um anitarian and financialaid to Iraq is in viol ation ofUS s anctions , Fe bruary 2005 Louis Vital e (25803-048) (5 m onth s — out 14/03/08) Ste ph e n K e l l y (00816-111) (5 m onth s — out 14/03/08) + c/o th e Nucl e ar Re s is te r, POB 43383, Tucs on, AZ 85733, USA Praye rfultre s pas s to de l ive r l e tte r in prote s t of official torture pol icy at US Arm y Inte l l ige nce H e adq uarte rs , Ft. H uach uca, Sie rra Vis ta, Ariz ona, 6 Nove m be r

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Action

O n 1 De ce m be r, putas ide atl e as tone h our and w rite atl e as tfour cards to pris one rs ; Ge tyour pe ace group or cl as s or m e e ting pl ace to organis e a card-w riting s e s s ion; Se tup a s tal lin your tow n ce ntre , pe rform a bitofs tre e tth e atre , or do w h ate ve r el s e ittak e s to attractatte ntion and inte re s t.

In 2004, th e country's Supre m e Court and Cons titutionalCourt rul e d agains t th e righ t to cons cie ntious obje ction. Th e re are about 1,000 cons cie ntious obje ctors in pris on, th e gre at •

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Se nding cards and l e tte rs •

Al w ays s e nd your card in an e nve l ope ; Incl ude a re turn nam e and addre s s on th e e nve l ope ; Be ch atty and cre ative : s e nd ph otos from your l ife , draw ings ; Te l lpris one rs w h atyou are doing to s top w ar and w ar pre parations ; Don'tw rite anyth ing th atm igh tge tth e pris one r into troubl e; Th ink aboutth e s ortofth ing you'd l ik e to re ce ive ifyou w e re in pris on; Don'tbe gin, "You are s o brave , I coul d ne ve r do w h atyou h ave done "; Don'te xpe ctth e pris one r to re pl y; Re m e m be r— ne xtye ar itcoul d be you ...

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22/03/08 — NATO Gam e O ve r: Re s is tM il itary Gl obal is ation!

Five ye ars afte r th e Iraq w ar s tarte d: an inte rnationalaction w e e k e nd atNATO 's h e adq uarte rs in Brus s e l s , Be l gium .

Fol l ow e d by th e s e m inar organis e d by Bom bs potting and W ar Re s is te rs ' Inte rnational "M il itary gl obal is ation and nonviol e ntre s is tance in Europe ".

Inte re s te d?contact: inte rnational @ bom bs potting.be h ttp://vre de s actie .be / h ttp://w ri-irg.org

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Supportour future w ork

For 49 ye ars , W ar Re s is te rs ' Inte rnationalh as publ icis e d th e nam e s and s torie s of pris one rs ofcons cie nce . H e l p us k e e p up th e tradition. Se nd in a s pe cialPfP donation to W RI to h e l p fund ne xtye ar's re s e arch .

Se nd contributions to: W ar Re s is te rs ' Inte rnational , 5 Cal e donian Rd, London N1 9 DX, Britain (te l+ 44-20-7278 4040;fax 7278 0444;e m ailpfp@ w ri-irg.org).

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Th e Brok e n Rifl e No 76, Nove m be r 2007

Pris one rs for Pe ace

3

Cons cie ntious obje ction in Turk e y "Patriotic s e rvice is a righ tand duty for e ve ry Turk is h citiz e n", s tate s articl e 72 ofth e Turk is h cons titution. M il itary s e rvice is th us a s e e m ingl y ine vitabl e partofa Turk is h m an's l ife , and th e th ough t th ata m an w h o is notph ys ical l y unfitw oul d nots e rve in th e country's m il itary can al m os tnot be voice d in publ ic. Turk e y as a m il itary-nation and th e m yth th at "e ve ry Turk is born a s ol die r" h as be e n care ful l y crafte d s ince th e e arl y tim e s ofth e ne w Turk is h re publ ic, and onl y re ce ntl y doe s th is m yth be gin to s h ow crack s .

A cons cie ntious obje ction m ove m e nt

Lis tofde cl are d Turk is h cons cie ntious obje ctors 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62

19 89 , De ce m be r 19 9 0, Fe bruary 19 9 3, January 16 19 9 3, January 16 19 9 3, January 16 19 9 3, M arch 19 9 4, M ay 17 19 9 4, M ay 17 19 9 5, Se pte m be r 1 2000, M ay 15 2000, M ay 15 2000, M ay 15 2001, O ctobe r 27 2001, O ctobe r 27 2003, January 22 2003, January 24 2003, January 24 2003, January 24 2003, January 24 2003, M ay 15 2003, M ay 15 2003, Nove m be r 20 2004, M ay 15 2004, M ay 15 2004, M ay 15 2004, M ay 15 2004, M ay 15 2004, M ay 15 2004, M ay 15 2004, M ay 15 2004, M ay 15 2004, June 28 2004, June 28 2004, Se pte m be r 5 2004, Se pte m be r 5 2004, Se pte m be r 5 2004, Se pte m be r 5 2004, Se pte m be r 5 2004, Se pte m be r 5 2004, Se pte m be r 23 2004, O ctobe r 4 2004, O ctobe r 28 2004, Nove m be r 26 2004, De ce m be r 18 2005, January 3 2005, M ay 14 2005, M ay 14 2005, M ay 14 2005, M ay 14 2005, M ay 14 2005, M ay 14 2005, M ay 14 2005, M ay 14 2005, M ay 14 2005, M ay 14 2005, Augus t3 2005, Augus t3 2006, M ay 15 2006, Nove m be r 15 2007, April19 2007, M ay 13 2007, M ay 20

Tayfun Gonul İSTANBUL Ve datZ e ncir IZ M IR Erk an Cal pur IZ M IR Atil l a Ak ar IZ M IR Yus ufDogan IZ M IR Yavuz Atan İSTANBUL Gök h an De m irk ıran İSTANBUL ArifH ik m e tIyidogan İSTANBUL O s m an M uratÜl k e IZ M IR Uğur Yorul m az İSTANBUL Tim uçin K ız ıl ay İSTANBUL H as an Cim e n İSTANBUL M e h m e tTarh an İSTANBUL Erde m Yal cink aya İSTANBUL M e h m e tBal M ERSIN Erk an Ers oz İSTANBUL Se rtac Girgin İSTANBUL Em ir Une r İSTANBUL M us tafa Se yh ogl u İSTANBUL Sam i Se rk an K az ak İSTANBUL Ah m e tCe m O z turk İSTANBUL Tugk an Tug IZ M IR M ah m utEl k us İSTANBUL Ce m alK arak us İSTANBUL Ers an Ugur Gor İSTANBUL Yas ar O ne r İSTANBUL Inci Agl agul İSTANBUL Ebru Topal İSTANBUL Yonte m Yurts e ve r İSTANBUL Naz an As k e ran İSTANBUL H urriye tSe ne r İSTANBUL Dogan O z k an İSTANBUL Sinan Dundar İSTANBUL O m e r Se z e r ANK ARA Im datSanl i ANK ARA Is m ailSabanci ANK ARA Sal ih Arik an ANK ARA H as an Ak yure k ANK ARA Le ve ntDuranyan ANK ARA Ce yl an O z e re ngin İSTANBUL Sah in O z bay İSTANBUL Ne cde tO z ak tin İSTANBUL H al ilSavda CO RLU Ve l i Ak dag IZ M IR Ne cati Bal bay LULEBURGAZ Fe rda Ul ker IZ M IR Ayte n De m ir IZ M IR Yah s an Catak IZ M IR H il alDe m ir IZ M IR Bul e ntBe k tas IZ M IR Ays e Girgin IZ M IR M e h m e tO d IZ M IR Fik re tYe tis e ne r IZ M IR Eyl e m Baris IZ M IR Ercan Ak tas IZ M IR Fige n İSTANBUL Erk an Ye rtutan İSTANBUL Ah m e tO z de m ir ANK ARA İs m ailSaygı İSTANBUL Gök h an Aydın K O CAELI Ah m e tAs l an İSTANBUL Özl e m M ol l am e h m e toğl u İSTANBUL

In De ce m be r 19 89 , Tayfun Gönülw as th e firs tpe rs on to publ icl y de cl are h is cons cie ntious obje ction, s oon to be fol l ow e d by Ve datZ e ncir in Fe bruary 19 9 0.

Both cas e s re ce ive d q uite a l otof publ ic atte ntion, and in De ce m be r 19 9 2 th e firs tTurk is h W ar Re s is te rs As s ociation w as s e tup in Iz m ir – th e be ginning ofw h at can m aybe be cal l eda cons cie ntious obje ction m ove m e nt.

In th e fol l ow ing ye ars , s e ve ral young m e n de cl are d th e ir cons cie ntious obje ction, and in 19 9 3 th e Inte rnational Cons cie ntious O bje ction M e e ting (ICO M ) in Ö re n in Turk e y inje cte d al otofe nth us ias m and e ne rgy into th e young m ove m e nt.

Initial l y, th e m ove m e ntm ainl y face d pros e cution unde r Articl e 155 (now 318 – s e e Articl e on page 4), butno cons cie ntious obje ctor w e ntto pris on for h is obje ction. Th is onl y ch ange d w ith th e arre s tofO s m an M uratÜl k e on 7 O ctobe r 19 9 6 (s e e righ tcol um n).

H ow e ve r, e ve n during th e tim e of O s m an's im pris onm e ntth e Turk is h gove rnm e ntavoide d to im pris on oth e r de cl are d cons cie ntious obje ctors , al th ough s om e trie d to provok e th e ir arre s t.

In M arch 19 9 9 O s m an M urat Ül k e w as re l e as e d from pris on, back to a cl ande s tine l ife . Since th e n, s e ve raloth e r cons cie ntious obje ctors s pe nttim e in pris on –

H al ilSavda, M e h m e tBal , Me h m e t Tarh an – onl y to be re l e as e d afte r s e ve ralm onth s into a l ife am ounting to "civilde ath ".

Ne ve rth e l e s s , up to now m ore th an 60 pe opl e h ave publ icl y de cl are d th e ir cons cie ntious obje ction, de m anding a righ tth at Turk e y doe s notw antto re cognis e .

Progre s s ?

Initial l y, th e ECH R judge m e nt in th e cas e ofO s m an M uratÜl ke rais e d h ope th ats oon th e s ituation coul d be re s ol ve d. H ow e ve r, re ce ntde ve l opm e nts are l ess pos itive – e s pe cial l y th e obs tructive be h aviour ofth e Turk is h s tate w h e n itcom e s to th e im pl e m e ntation ofth e ECH R judge m e ntin th e cas e ofO s m an M uratÜl ke.

ButÜl k e 's cas e is notth e onl y ne gative indicator: in th e cas e ofa Je h ovah 's W itne s s obje ctor, th e M il itary CourtofCas s ation in Ank ara rul e d on 29 M ay 2007 th at re pe ate d punis h m e ntfor 'pe rs is te ntdis obe die nce ' is l aw fulagain in com pl e te ignorance ofth e judge m e ntofth e ECH R in th e cas e ofO s m an M uratÜl k e . Th e courtdoe s note ve n s e e a ne e d to argue its cas e agains tth e ECH R judge m e nt.

H ow e ve r, in its com m unication w ith th e CouncilofEurope on th e im pl e m e ntation ofth e ECH R judge m e nt, th e Turk is h gove rnm e nts aid th ata l aw is unde r pre paration th atw il lputan e nd to th e viol ation ofh um an righ ts th atÜl k e and oth e r cons cie ntious obje ctors face d and s til lface . Nobody k now s th is draft l aw ye t, and ith as to be note d th at now h e re doe s th e Turk is h gove rnm e ntm e ntion th atth is w il l re cognis e th e righ tto cons cie ntious obje ction. Itm igh t tak e m ore ECH R judge m e nts to convince Turk e y th at cons cie ntious obje ction is a h um an righ t...

M ore inform ation:

h ttp://w ri-irg.org/co/turk cam paigne n.h tm

Th e cas e of O s m an M uratÜl ke

O s m an M uratÜl k e de cl are d h is cons cie ntious obje ction and burne d h is cal l -up pape rs on 1 Se pte m be r 19 9 5 in Iz m ir. H e w as arre s te d m ore th an a ye ar l ate r – on 7 O ctobe r 19 9 6 – on ch arge s ofArticl e 155, "al ie nating th e pe opl e from th e m il itary". O nce in th e h ands ofth e m il itary, h e al s o w as trans fe rre d to h is m il itary unit, w h e re h e re fus e d to obe y any orde rs , and w as re pe ate dl y ch arge d w ith "dis obe die nce ", l e ading to w h atth e Europe an Courtof H um an Righ ts l ate r cal l eda "cons tantal te rnation be tw e e n pros e cution and te rm s ofim pris onm e nt", w h ich l as te d until h is re l e as e 2½ ye ars l ate r, s til l official l y obl ige d to pe rform m il itary s e rvice , and th us de s tine d to l ive a cl ande s tine l ife .

O n 24 January 2006, th e ECH R rul e d th ath is tre atm e nt am ounte d to "civilde ath " and a viol ation ofArticl e 3 ofth e Europe an Conve ntion on H um an Righ ts , s e nte ncing Turk e y to pay com pe ns ation. H ow e ve r, w h il e O s m an re ce ive d th e com pe ns ation, th e s ituation did notch ange . In June 2007, h e re ce ive d a ne w arre s tw arrant for th e re m ainde r ofa s e nte nce dating back to 19 9 9 . Turk e y is th us de fying th e Europe an CourtofH um an Righ ts .

Th e CouncilofEurope e m ph as iz e d in a m e e ting in O ctobe r 2007 th atECH R judge m e nts "h ave dire ctappl icabil ity in Turk is h l e galorde r by virtue ofArticl e 9 0 ofth e Turk is h Cons titution", and urge d Turk e y to final l y putan e nd to th e viol ation ofO s m an's righ ts . Th e cas e s til lcontinue s ...

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4 Pris one rs for Pe ace

Th e Brok e n Rifl e No 76, Nove m be r 2007

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Articl e 318: Sil e ncing dis s e nt Th e Turk is h m il itary's nots o s e cre tw e apon agains tantim il itaris ts Eve r s ince th e be ginning of th e antim il itaris tm ove m e ntin Turk e y, Turk is h antim il itaris ts did not onl y h ave to w orry aboutpe rs e cution for re fus ing to join th e m il itary, bute ve n for s pe ak ing out agains tm il itaris m . In fact, m os tif th e firs tpros e cutions ofTurk is h antim il itaris ts w e re unde r th e th e n Articl e 155 Turk is h Pe nalCode , titl e d “al ie nating th e pe opl e from th e m il itary”. Re ce ntl y, as partof th e ove rh aulofth e Turk is h Pe nal Code to com pl y w ith de m ands from th e Europe an Union, th e articl e h as be e n re num be re d: itnow is Articl e 318. H ow e ve r, th e conte ntdid notch ange s ignificantl y.

W h e n Tayfun Gönüland Ve datZ e ncir firs tde cl are d th e ir cons cie ntious obje ction back in 19 89 , th e y w e re notpros e cute d and s e nte nce d for re fus ing m il itary s e rvice , butunde r Articl e 155.

Sim il arl y, th e firs tCO activis ts , CO s th e m s e l ve s , and journal is ts w h o inte rvie w e d th e m w e re pros e cute d and ofte n s e nte nce d unde r Articl e 155. An im portant e arl y cas e w as th e cas e ofErh an Ak yıl dız and Al i Te vfik in 19 9 3.

Both w e re trie d be caus e th e y inte rvie w e d Ayte k Ö z e l , ch air ofth e SK D and a CO , for th e TVch anne lH BB on 8 De ce m be r 19 9 3.

Th e produce r Erh an Ak yıl dız and th e re porte r Al i Te vfik Be rbe r w e re arre s te d on orde r ofth e Ch ie fofStaffand trie d ata m il itary court– th e firs ttim e civil ian w e re trie d in a m il itary court. Arre s tw arrants w e re is s ue d for Ayte k Ö z e land th e CO . Erh an Ak yil diz and Al i Te vfik Be rbe r re ce ive d th e m inim um s e nte nce of tw o m onth s ' im pris onm e nt, and Ayte k Ö z e l , w h o s urre nde re d to th e m il itary courtin Ank ara on 8 Fe bruary 2004, w as s e nte nce d to one ye ar, 15 days ' im pris onm e nt.

Th e im portante l e m e ntofth is cas e w as th e factth atafte r th e s tate s e curity courth ad rul e d not to be com pe te nt,th e w ay w as ope ne d for civil ians to be trie d at m il itary courts .

Al s o in th e cas e ofO s m an

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Articl e 318: (1) Pe rs ons w h o give ince ntive s or m ak e s ugge s tions or s pre ad propaganda w h ich w il l h ave th e e ffe ctofdis couraging pe opl e from pe rform ing m il itary s e rvice s h al lbe s e nte nce d to im pris onm e ntfor a te rm of s ix m onth s to tw o ye ars .

(2) Ifth e actis com m itte d th rough th e m e dium of th e pre s s and m e dia, th e pe nal ty s h al lbe incre as e d by h al f.

M uratÜl k e , th e firs tTurk is h cons cie ntious obje ctor to be im pris one d for h is cons cie ntious obje ction, th e firs ttrial s h e face d – and th e firs ts e nte nce s pas s e d on h im – w e re in re l ation to Articl e 155. Th e firs ttrialh e face d afte r h is arre s ton 7 O ctobe r 19 9 6 w as aboutArticl e 155 – al ie nating th e pe opl e from th e m il itary th rough h is publ ic burning ofh is draftpape rs and h is de cl aration as cons cie ntious obje ctor.

M ore re ce ntl y, s ince th e s ocal l e d “pe nalre form ”, th e re h ave be e n s e ve ralcas e s ofpros e cution unde r now Articl e 318. Cas e s incl ude : • Dogh an Ö z k an, an activis tof th e CO pl atform ofth e Is tanbulbranch ofth e H um an Righ ts As s ociation (IH D) gave a publ ic addre s s to th e pre s s on 12 De ce m be r 2004, and w as s ubs e q ue ntl y s e nte nce d to 5 m onth s im pris onm e nton 20 Se pte m be r 2006. Th e s e nte nce w as com m ute d to a fine of3000 YTL. An appe alis s til l pe nding.

• Pe rih an M agde n w as ch arge d w ith viol ation of Articl e 318 for an articl e “cons cie ntious obje ction is a h um an righ t”, publ is h e d in Ye ni Ak tue lon 27 De ce m be r 2005. Sh e w as acq uitte d on 27 Jul y 2006, be caus e th e courtuph e l d th e righ tto

fre e dom ofs pe e ch and e xpre s s ion.

• BirgulO z baris , a journal is t for th e ne w s pape r O z gur Gunde m , w as ch arge d w ith s e ve n s e parate accounts ofviol ating Articl e 318. In total , s h e is facing up to 21 ye ars ofim pris onm e nt.

• Gök h an Ge ncay, a journal is t w ith Birgün ne w s pape r, w as ch arge d w ith viol ation ofArticl e 318 for an inte rvie w w ith cons cie ntious obje ctor Erk an Bol at, publ is h e d on 10 O ctobe r 2005. H is cas e w as dis m is s e d by th e H igh Crim inal Court, th ough .

• H al ilSavda notonl y face s ch arge s for h is cons cie ntious obje ction, butw as al so ch arge d unde r Articl e 318, be caus e h e re ad outa s ol idarity s tate m e ntfor Is rae l i cons cie ntious obje ctors in frontofth e Is rae l i cons ul ate in Is tanbul .

Itis obvious th atArticl e 318 (and pre vious l y Articl e 155) are be ing us e d to s il e nce dis s e nt.

Any criticis m ofth e Turk is h m il itary can pote ntial l yl e ad to pros e cution and a pris on s e nte nce unde r Articl e 318. Th us , an ope n de bate aboutth e rol e ofth e m il itary in Turk e y's s ocie ty is al m os t im pos s ibl e.

Articl e 318 s tipul ate s an uppe r l im itof2 ye ars ' im pris onm e nt, and th re e ye ars in cas e s w h e re th e “crim e ” is com m itte d via th e pre s s . H ow e ve r, in June th is ye ar, Articl e 318 w as brough tw ith in th e com pas s ofth e Turk is h Anti-Te rror-Code , l abe l l ing cons cie ntious obje ction an “organis e d crim e ” and “dange r”, and e ffe ctive l y incre as ing th e pote ntialpris on te rm s up to 4.5 ye ars im pris onm e nt.

Turk is h antim il itaris ts h ave now s tarte d a cam paign agains t Articl e 318, de m anding Articl e 318 to be abol is h e d, and al l pe nding trial s to be im m e diate l y dis m is s e d. Supportfor th is cam paign is ve ry w e l com e .