Promote your business during Protect Your Groundwater Day, page 14
JOURNAL
August 2013
A PUBLICATION OF THE NATIONAL GROUND WATER ASSOCIATION
Well Rehabilitation Follow these best practices, page 21 Also inside: — Praying for Rain, page 17 — Spotlight on Suppliers, page 29
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JOURNAL
Vol. 67, No. 8 August 2013 www.waterwelljournal.com
A PUBLICATION OF THE NATIONAL GROUND WATER ASSOCIATION
FEATURED ARTICLES 17 Praying for Rain By Jennifer Strawn
Severe drought conditions in parched areas of the country are taxing water systems and groundwater resources. 21 Well Rehabilitation: Part 1 By Mike Schnieders, PG, PH-GW
Best practices step by step 25 Field Notes By Raymond Straub
Part 2: Aquifer types Spotlight on Suppliers 29 Good Relationships By Lana Straub
The key to a good relationship between contractors and suppliers is all about trust. Page 25
32 Water Well Journal Q&A By Lana Straub
IN EVERY ISSUE
Greg Esborg, Preferred Pump & Equipment LP
6 Editor’s Note A Reinvention Worthy of a Movie
DEPARTMENTS In This Issue Industry Newsline The Log Web Notes Coming Events Newsmakers Featured Products Classified Marketplace Index of Advertisers Closing Time
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About the cover Pumps are installed for a potato farm in Elmira, Michigan, by a crew from Raymer Co. Inc. Raymer is located in Grand Rapids, Michigan. The photo is by Keith Kipen and submitted by Gerry Neubecker of Raymer Co.
®
The Water Well Journal (ISSN #0043-1443) is published monthly by the National Ground Water Association, 601 Dempsey Rd., Westerville, OH 43081. Printed and mailed at Beaver Dam, Wisconsin, and additional mailing offices. Postal acceptance: Periodical (requester subscription circulation) postage paid at Westerville, Ohio, and at additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Send address changes to Water Well Journal, 601 Dempsey Rd., Westerville, OH 43081. Canada Post/ Publications Mail Agreement #40739533. Return address: 4960-2 Walker Rd., Windsor, ON N9A 6J3.
Twitter @WaterWellJournl
Water Well Journal August 2013 3/
JOURNAL A PUBLICATION OF THE NATIONAL GROUND WATER ASSOCIATION
Advancing the expertise of groundwater professionals and furthering groundwater awareness.
Chief Executive Officer Kevin McCray, CAE kmccray@ngwa.org NGWA President Dan Meyer, MGWC, CVCLD Director of Information Products/Editor Thad Plumley tplumley@ngwa.org Water Well Journal Editorial Review Board Art Becker, MGWC, CPG; Tom Christopherson; Don Harvard; Dan Milan; Roger Renner, MGWC; John Schnieders, Ph.D., and Robert Sterrett, Ph.D. Senior Editor Mike Price Copyeditor Wayne Beatty
FEATURED COLUMNISTS mprice@ngwa.org
wbeatty@ngwa.org
Production and Design Janelle McClary jmcclary@ngwa.org Advertising Shelby Fleck Vickie Wiles
Page 29
sfleck@ngwa.org vwiles@ngwa.org
Circulation Coordinator Katie Neer kneer@ngwa.org Contributing Writers Ed Butts, PE, CPI; Donald W. Gregory; William J. Lynott; Julie Hansen; Christine Reimer; Al Rickard, CAE; Ron Slee; Lana Straub; Jennifer Strawn; and Alexandra Walsh Editorial, Advertising, & Publishing Offices 601 Dempsey Rd., Westerville, OH 43081 (800) 551-7379 Fax: (614) 898-7786 Selected content from Water Well Journal is indexed on Ground Water On-Line™ at www.NGWA.org/gwonline ©Copyright 2013 by the National Ground Water Association. All rights reserved.
An APEX award winner 10 consecutive years with 22 total awards, most in the groundwater industry.
34 Safety Matters by Victor J. D’Amato, CIH, CSP Bloodborne Pathogens Standard You need to know about the standard that can apply to the drilling industry.
36 Engineering Your Business by Ed Butts, PE, CPI Wellhead Terminations Part 1
40 Your Money by William J. Lynott A Thief in the Company Your company can be like family, but be careful as theft among employees is common.
42 The After Market by Ron Slee What Does Doing a Good Job Look Like? Defining performance standards improves employee satisfaction.
44 ACT Like a Sales Pro by Julie Hansen A Tale of Two Expectations Expand your expectations and you’ll expand your sales.
46 The Water Works by Ed Butts, PE, CPI Engineering of Water Systems Part 10(c)—Hydrodynamics, Part 3 The views expressed in the columns are the authors’ opinions based on their professional experience.
4/ August 2013 Water Well Journal
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EDITOR’S
NOTE
A Reinvention Worthy of a Movie oing to the movies is full of so many decisions nowadays. A few years ago, after picking your film the toughest choice was whether to go for a large popcorn or the extra large that looked similar to those huge buckets draped over the heads of horses at feeding time. Compare that to what I encountered recently when I saw “Man of Steel.” First choice: Do I want to see the “regular” version or the one in 3D? Hmmm, 3D costs extra, but the flying scenes could be great. Second choice: Do I want to see my selection on a regular screen or the monstrous IMAX screen the size of a basketball court? Oh, wait, there is IMAX 3D too? Hold on. Third choice: Do I want to see the film in a “regular theatre” like what we’ve had for years, or do I want to take in the movie in one of the “Fork and Screen” theatres where the ticket costs more but there are waiters serving prepared food? You know, a drink might be nice too. Perhaps I watch the superhero in a “Cinema Suites” theatre where I’ll pay even more, but I can have my food washed down with an adult beverage— or two; it is a long movie after all. So many choices—and I haven’t even had anyone rip my ticket yet. Thank goodness I wasn’t thinking about seeing “World War Z” earlier this summer. In five cities around the country there was the choice of purchasing a $50 ticket that enabled you to see the movie days before its national release—on an IMAX 3D screen of course—as well as giving you a copy of the film, a poster,
G
3D glasses, and a large popcorn. Now, think about this: At the end of the day, the essentials of the product, a motion picture viewed in a theatre for entertainment, is the same as nearly 100 years ago when people were donning suits and dresses to go to “talkies.” But man, how today’s entertainment providers are selling us on a reinvention of the movie-going experience. Don’t roll your eyes and say you’ll wait for things on HBO. Learn from the movie studios and theatres. And then steal their ideas! How can you reinvent what you do? How can you upsell special features? You’re a service provider wanting customers just like theatre owners. So follow their lead. Look at your business in a new light. Do you offer maintenance contracts? That’s great; you should have been doing so for years now. But how about working a maintenance package into the price of the water system? Sell that the extra service is built into your products unlike your competition. That’s just one small idea. But know there are countless ways to add features, benefits, and packages that will make your customer feel like they aren’t doing business with a typical groundwater contractor, but a special one that exudes professionalism. Start brainstorming for ideas. Just don’t do so after an extra-large popcorn and a few drinks.
Thad Plumley is the editor of WWJ and director of information products at the National Ground Water Association. He can be reached at tplumley@ngwa.org and on Twitter @WaterWellJournl.
Advertise your products and services to the groundwater industry’s most influential readership. Call Shelby Fleck and Vickie Wiles in the NGWA sales department at (800) 551-7379. ● ● ●
Shelby Fleck
Approximately 25,000 readers every month. More than 19,000 are groundwater contractors. Approximately 4000 reside in professions also allied to the field. Readers reside in every state, Canada, and other international locations.
Disclaimer Water Well Journal and the National Ground Water Association provide information for guidance and information purposes only. This publication is not intended to provide investment, tax, or legal advice. The information contained herein has been compiled from sources deemed reliable and it is accurate to the best of our knowledge and belief; however, Water Well Journal and the National Ground Water Association cannot guarantee as to its accuracy, completeness, and validity and cannot be held liable for any errors or omissions. All information contained herein should be independently verified and confirmed. Water Well Journal and the National Ground Water Association do not accept any liability for any loss or damage howsoever caused in reliance upon such information. Reader agrees to assume all risk resulting from the application of any of the information provided by Water Well Journal and the National Ground Water Association. Trademarks and copyrights mentioned within Water Well Journal are the ownership of their respective companies. The names of products and services presented are used only in an educational fashion and to the benefit of the trademark and copyright owner, with no intention of infringing on trademarks or copyrights. No endorsement of any third-party products or services is expressed or implied by any information, material, or content referred to in the Water Well Journal. Subscriptions/Back Issues For questions, changes or problems with your subscription call Katie Neer. Subscriptions: Water well contractors and other qualified groundwater industry personnel in U.S. and Canada — free; others in U.S. — $115 per year; $15 per copy. Canada – $135 per year; $24 per copy. International: $150 per year; $35 per copy. Subscriptions available through NGWA offices only. We reserve the right to refuse subscriptions to anyone not directly engaged in the groundwater industry. Claims for missing issues must be made in writing within three months of publication and will be subject to the availability of back issues. Advertising Disclaimer Advertisers and advertising agencies assume liability for all content (including text, representation, and illustrations) of advertisements printed and also assume responsibility for any claims arising therefrom made against the publisher. The publisher reserves the right to reject any advertising that it believes is not in keeping with the publication's standards or is deemed unsuitable or misleading.
Vickie Wiles
6/ August 2013 Water Well Journal
waterwelljournal.com
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IN THIS
T
ISSUE
he August 2013 issue of Water Well Journal focuses on well rehabilitation and has multiple stories that can help you when at the job site.
The issue also features a special section dedicated to the groundwater industry’s suppliers. The section contains two stories all about suppliers and how they impact our industry every day. Both articles on suppliers were authored by freelance writer Lana Straub. In the first, “Good Relationships� on page 29, she talks about how contractors are dependent on suppliers and the key to having a good relationship between contractors and suppliers comes down to one thing—trust. Straub spoke with industry professionals as well as management experts, and all agree trust is critical. She writes when both parties are honoring Lana Straub their relationship by delivering products and services on time and paying on time, a trust develops and this often leads to friendships as well as successful businesses for both. The other article in the suppliers section is a Water Well Journal Q&A on page 32 with Greg Esborg of Preferred Pump & Equipment LP in Tacoma, Washington. Esborg, the National Ground Water Association’s 2012 Supplier of the Year award winner, has been involved in the groundwater
’T N O D S MIS ! OUT
industry for more than 25 years and has been with Preferred since 2008. He told Straub a key for him in building relationships with his customers is to put himself “in their shoes� and adding, “If they call at night or on the weekend, it’s important to them, so it’s important to me.� The first feature article focusing on well rehabilitation was authored by Michael Schnieders, PG, PH-GW, and is the first of a two-part series. The cover story “Well Rehabilitation: Part 1� on page 21 focuses on the steps that should be taken to improve a well’s efficiency and the water produced by it. Schnieders says for years rehab jobs often only happened after a well failed. Michael However, the rising cost of replacing wells is Schnieders, PG, PH-GW making well maintenance more critical than ever today. Schnieders then details best practices for well rehabilitation. Among those are identifying the problem by collecting all the information possible, inspecting the well, documenting the well’s condition, collecting water samples and sending them to a laboratory, and then taking all the results, deducing the problem, and developing an appropriate treatment plan. Freelance writer Jennifer Strawn put together a feature story that is timely for many people throughout the country as it focuses on the impact drought can have on well systems.
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IN THIS In “Praying for Rain” on page 17, she points out that last year was one of the 10 driest on record in the United States and by last September at least 80% of the country had experienced some level of drought conditions. The article then goes over how drought can impact groundwater and water systems as Strawn talked to several contractors who have seen the effects of drought.
ISSUE
Jennifer Strawn
The August issue also contains the second installment of the Field Notes series by freelance writer Raymond Straub. This installment, starting on page 25, focuses on “Aquifer Types.” Straub says it is critical as a groundwater professional to understand and recognize the different types of aquifers as this can aid you as you work with your customers’ water systems. Decisions on how deep to drill a well and how much water can be produced Raymond Straub over the life of the system are all determined by knowledge of aquifer types. Straub’s article provides an overview of aquifers, discussing the differences in their types and going over some of their basic hydraulic characteristics. He details perched, unconfined, and confined aquifers.
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Water Well Journal August 2013 9/
INDUSTRY
NEWSLINE
Georgia Groundwater Levels Decline During 2010-2011 Georgia’s groundwater levels showed a general decline between 2010 and 2011 in response to low rainfall and increased pumping, according to a recent U.S. Geological Survey publication. The greatest declines in the aquifers were in the southwestern part of the state where groundwater levels dropped as much as 18 feet in the Upper Floridan aquifer, 22 feet in the Claiborne aquifer, 30 feet in the Clayton aquifer, and 17 feet in the Cretaceous aquifer system. The USGS, in cooperation with numerous local, state, and federal agencies, operates a monitoring network to help water officials address problems related to water supply, water use, and water quality. Data from the monitoring network in Georgia indicate groundwater levels declined in 158 of the 168 wells monitored during 2010-2011. “Data from the USGS network are essential for water resources assessment and management,” explained John Clarke, USGS hydrologist. “Water-level measurements from observation wells are the principal source of information about the hydrologic stresses on aquifers and how these stresses affect groundwater recharge, storage, and discharge. This information can be used to develop management plans for groundwater withdrawal in areas where problems have or may develop.” The report, written for Georgia’s water resource managers, should be useful for anyone interested in the state’s water quality and availability. It includes hydrographs showing monthly mean groundwater levels and trends, together with maps showing groundwater-level trends during 2010–2011. In addition to continuous water-level data, the report includes maps showing groundwater levels and flow directions for the Upper Floridan aquifer in Camden, Charlton, and Ware counties; the Brunswick-Glynn County area; and the Albany-Dougherty County area. Similar maps were also constructed for the Cretaceous aquifer system in the AugustaRichmond County area. In general, water levels in these areas were lower 10/ August 2013 Water Well Journal
during 2011 than during 2010, but groundwater flow directions in each of the areas showed little change. Changes were also noted in groundwater quality in the Upper Floridan aquifer in parts of the state. In the Albany area, nitrate as nitrogen concentrations monitored near a public supply wellfield generally decreased during 2010-2011, with most wells within U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking-water standards. Concentrations in two of the wells, located about half a mile from the wellfield, remained above the EPA drinking-water standard. In the Savannah area, data from two wells indicate chloride concentrations in the Upper Floridan aquifer showed little change during calendar years 2010 through 2011 and remained within drinking-water standards. In the Brunswick area, the chloride concentration in the Upper Floridan aquifer remained above the drinking-water standard in nearly a two-square-mile area. However, chloride concentrations in 2011 were lower than in 2010 in more than 70% of the wells sampled. Groundwater levels, permitted water use, and groundwater quality throughout Georgia were summarized in the recently released report, Groundwater conditions in Georgia, 2010-2011 at http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5084.
Ohio Groundwater Forum Highlights Regional Concerns Presentations at the NGWA Ohio Groundwater Forum: Protecting and Managing Groundwater for the Future, held June 19 in Columbus, Ohio, highlighted regional concerns of general water quality, protecting groundwater resources in areas of hydraulic fracturing, and evaluating data pertaining to sustainable well production. The importance of proper well cleaning and development was raised with regard to the initial construction and the impact on well rehabilitation data. Keynote speaker E. Scott Bair, Ph.D., provided an entertaining and technically astute presentation of “High-Yielding Wells in Ohio’s Newburg Zone” and the influence on a large-scale geothermal project at Ohio State University.
2013 NGWREF McEllhiney Lecturer John Jansen, Ph.D., PG, supported other presentations with “Keeping the Pump Primed: Aquifer Sustainability.” Alex Bandar, Ph.D., PE, challenged attendees to “build” their ideas in his talk of “When Engineers Meet Artists and Entrepreneurs.”
Wyoming Will Lead Further Investigation of Water Quality Concerns Outside of Pavillion The state of Wyoming announced it will further investigate drinking water quality in the rural area east of Pavillion, Wyoming. This will be done with the support of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality and the Wyoming Oil and Gas Conservation Commission will lead the scientific investigation and will seek to address water quality concerns by evaluating the water quality of certain domestic water wells, the integrity of certain oil and gas wells, and historic pits in the Pavillion area. Wyoming intends to conclude its investigation and release a final report by September 30, 2014. The state’s investigation seeks to clarify water quality concerns and assess the need for any further action to protect drinking water resources. Wyoming will continue its work to assure residents have a clean source of drinking water available. At the request of citizens living outside of Pavillion who reported objectionable taste and odor in their well water, the EPA began working with Wyoming and the Northern Arapaho and Eastern Shoshone Tribes in 2009 to identify the source and extent of impacts on domestic well water quality. To date, after five phases of sampling, the EPA’s domestic water well sampling results have documented constituents of concern, but a source of those constituents has not been determined. The EPA efforts to evaluate potential migration pathways from deeper gas production zones to shallower domestic water wells in the Pavillion gas field are as yet inconclusive.
waterwelljournal.com
Wyoming, through its Oil and Gas Conservation Commission and the Department of Environmental Quality, will conduct a comprehensive review of all relevant data and initiate an additional science-based investigation. The sampling data obtained throughout the EPA’s groundwater investigation will be considered in Wyoming’s further investigation. The Oil and Gas Conservation Commission and the Department of Environmental Quality will retain the services of an independent expert or experts to assist staff with the reviews, investigations, analyses, and preparation of final reports. The EPA and Encana Oil and Gas (USA) Inc. will have the opportunity to provide input to Wyoming and recommend third-party experts for the state’s consideration.
and international experts at a recent conference that it is important to develop a national groundwater monitoring network similar to what the United States is attempting to set up. “There are technologies for making groundwater visible and options for internalizing costs. We need to embrace these tools,” Struzik said in his paper and presentation, “Underground Intelligence: The need to map, monitor, and manage Canada’s groundwater resources in an era of drought and climate change.”
“If we continue to treat groundwater with a lack of respect, we do so at our peril.” Struzik’s presentation took place at a program session on water issues hosted by the University of Toronto’s Munk School of Global Affairs. His presentation was webcast and the session included panel discussions and questions by participating experts and the live and Internet audience. The event included a presentation of NASA photos showing changes in
NEWS/continues on page 12
Northwest Iowa Considers Deeper Water Wells The Associated Press reports that despite an unusually wet spring, groundwater levels have not returned to normal in much of northwest Iowa, leaving some cities to consider deeper wells. In Sheldon, officials will spend $350,000 this summer to drill a second deep well that will increase pumping capacity for its water wells. Residents also are under a water watch aimed at conservation. “It was kind of always in the back pocket, but it never really pressed us,” said Sheldon City Manager Scott Wynja about the drought’s impact on moving up the drilling. Sheldon has had to rely on its lone deep well that goes 600 feet into a separate aquifer because the aquifer that feeds into nine shallow wells has not risen back to its normal level. Since last fall, its pumping capacity has dropped by 300 gallons per minute. Heavy rains in late May did help, but officials said it is unclear what will happen with groundwater levels. “If we get regular rains throughout the year, we’re sitting pretty,” Wynja said.
Canadian Paper Recommends National Groundwater Monitoring Network Ed Struzik, an award-winning environment writer, told leading Canadian Twitter @WaterWellJournl
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Water Well Journal August 2013 11/
NEWS/from page 11 groundwater levels across North America. In both his paper and presentation, Struzik noted better mapping and monitoring—which can assist in better management—are possible thanks to these kinds of advances in research and technology.
Satellite Indicated Potential of Alberta Floods Weeks Prior The Globe and Mail in Toronto reported that weeks before rising floodwaters devastated Calgary and other municipalities along the Bow River, a glimpse of the impending disaster was seen from a pair of NASA satellites. The story states observations by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) show groundwater in the region has been at progressively higher levels than average—leaving the land with little extra capacity to take up additional water coming in from rainfall and melting snow. The find underscores a crucial relationship between changing groundwater levels and flood potential, and suggests groundwater monitoring
12/ August 2013 Water Well Journal
needs to be at a higher priority so that officials can include it in their planning. “The role of groundwater is often overlooked, in particular when it comes to flooding and drought,” said Jay Famiglietti, Ph.D., a hydrologist at the University of California, Irvine, and a member of the GRACE science team. In June, Famiglietti published data that showed groundwater levels dropping across much of the southwestern United States, where drought and extensive use of aquifers for irrigation have collectively taken a toll on the amount of water below the surface. In contrast, groundwater in the northern region of the country, particularly around the upper Missouri River basin, has shown a marked increase because of more rainfall, a predicted byproduct of climate change. Famiglietti, who spoke at NGWA’s 2012 Groundwater Summit and 2012 Emerging Issues Conference, was one of several experts discussing groundwater issues at the University of Toronto’s Munk School of Global Affairs.
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NSF International Opens Abu Dhabi Office to Meet Growing Demand of Services NSF International, a global independent public health organization that writes standards, and tests and certifies products for the water, food, health sciences, and consumer goods industries, has opened an office in Abu Dhabi to better meet the growing demand for testing, certification, auditing, consulting, and training services in the Middle East and North Africa. NSF International has been active in the Middle East for more than 25 years, working with more than 1000 companies in the region. Establishing the NSF Middle East office will help NSF better meet the needs of its clients. NSF Middle East provides auditing and product certification services for the water and food industries, as well as quality and environmental management systems certification.
waterwelljournal.com
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THE
LOG
NEWS FROM THE NATIONAL GROUND WATER ASSOCIATION
14/ August 2013 Water Well Journal
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
General exams
5
6
11
6
8
Drilling categories exams
3
2
9
11
0
Pump categories exams
1
2
2
0
2
Specialty categories exams
1
1
0
1
1
CSP exams
0
1
0
0
0
CVCLD exams
0
0
3
0
0
Total certification exams taken
10
12
25
18
11
Total certification exams passed
3
6
14
8
4
Licensing Exams
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
General exams
14
6
15
20
41
Drilling categories exams
14
3
9
7
19
Pump categories exams
5
3
2
9
22
Specialty categories exams
3
1
3
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
Total licensing exams taken
36
13
29
36
83
Total licensing exams passed
20
7
12
14
38
Total certification and licensing exams taken
46
25
54
54
94
CVCLD exams
tor Cliff Treyens at (800) 551.7379, ext. 554, or e-mail ctreyens@ngwa.org.
NGWA Adds 160 Members in May The National Ground Water Association added 160 members in May. Of the total, 116 were scientists and engineers, 24 were contractors, 11 were students, and nine were manufacturers. A total of 603 members renewed their membership as well. To learn more about NGWA and how to become a member, visit www.NGWA.org.
ABILITY EXPERIENCE KNOWLEDGE
CLD CV
Six Join Ranks of NGWA Certified in May
national ground water association
CERTIFIED VERTICAL Six industry proCLOSED LOOP DRILLER fessionals joined NGWA’s Voluntary ABILITY Certification Program EXPERIENCE KNOWLEDGE in May. CERTIFIED All are now certified well drillers and three hail from one company, Wragg
D
It’s never been easier to promote your business and the source of your livelihood—groundwater—leading up to Protect Your Groundwater Day (PYGWD) on September 10. Start planning now. Simply go to the following link to access a variety of easy-to-use promotional tools at https:// ngwa.sharefile.com/d/s5f1dcbfa1b64 a63a. As you promote groundwater protection to members of the public, you are promoting and showcasing your own business as an expert who cares about their well-being. You can make people aware of these informational tools through your Web site, Facebook page, e-mail, desktop-printed cards, presentations, or any other way you communicate with the public. Be creative, and make sure you direct people to your company Web site, Facebook page, etc. The purpose of PYGWD is to educate members of the public about what they can do to preserve and protect groundwater to meet human and environmental needs. This is an important message—not just for household well owners who rely on privately owned and managed water wells for safe drinking water—but also for people on public water systems whose daily habits have an impact on groundwater quality. There’s another reason to promote PYGWD. It highlights the importance of the groundwater industry to this country’s way of life and economy. It’s an opportunity to remind private well owners and many people on public water systems about who helps bring life-giving water to their taps. To learn more about Protect Your Groundwater Day, visit www.NGWA .org/PYGWD. If you have questions about how to promote PYGWD, or to get feedback, contact NGWA Public Awareness Direc-
Certification Exams
CW
Promote Your Business During Protect Your Groundwater Day
national ground water association
Brothers of Vermont Inc. in Ascutney, Vermont. Representing the firm are Gregory Wragg, CWD, Jay Wragg, CWD, and Steve Meeker, CWD. Also joining the ranks are Brandon R. Creasy, CWD, of Creasy Geothermal & Well Drilling in Hahira, Georgia; Joe Hockberger, CWD, of Mersino Dewatering Inc. in Trevor, Wisconsin; and Alan Linstruth, CWD, of Paragon Environmental Construction in Canastota, New York. Creasy’s company was founded in 1962 by Franklin Creasy, Brandon’s grandfather. The firm, which serves Lowndes County and surrounding counties in southern Georgia, provides drilling services for residential, agricultural, commercial, and geothermal well systems. If you have any questions about the NGWA certification programs, contact Jessica Rhoads, NGWA industry practices administrator/certification coordinator, at jrhoads@ngwa.org, or call (800) 551-7379, ext. 511. If outside the United States, call (614) 898-7791, ext. 511. waterwelljournal.com
WEB
NOTES
FIND IT ON THE NGWA WEB SITE, NGWA.ORG
Secure Booth Space at 2013 NGWA Groundwater Expo and Annual Meeting
The online booth selection database for the 2013 NGWA® Groundwater Expo and Annual Meeting, December 3-6 in Nashville, Tennessee, is up and running for industry manufacturers and suppliers at GroundwaterExpo.com. With the online process, you can request your booth space, complete the exhibit application, and pay for the space with a credit card. The Expo trade show dates are December 4-5. These days give you the opportunity to gain direct access to thousands of groundwater professionals. You can meet a year’s worth of contacts in just two days and showcase your products at the most prestigious show within the groundwater industry. Attendees at the Expo are there to inspect and compare products and equipment vital to their livelihood. If you have questions about a booth, contact NGWA’s Vickie Wiles at vwiles @ngwa.org, or call (800) 551-7379, ext. 593. You can also contact Shelby Fleck at sfleck@ngwa.org, or call (800) 5517379, ext. 523. If outside the United States, the number to call is (614) 8987791.
NGWA Provides Industry Best Practices on Issues with Water Quality and Treatment NGWA has a variety of industry “best suggested practices” for issues with water quality and treatment, including: • Reduce and Mitigate Problematic Concentrations of Stray Gases in Water Well Systems • Reducing Problematic Concentrations of Arsenic in Residential Well Systems • Reducing Problematic Concentrations of Boron in Residential Well Systems
• Reducing Problematic Concentrations of Fluoride in Residential Well Systems • Reducing Problematic Concentrations of Iron and Manganese in Residential Well Systems. NGWA’s BSPs are designed to aid groundwater professionals at industry job sites. They are not standards, but practices that have been demonstrated to show superior results. They are prepared by a consensus of groundwater professionals from around the country. NGWA members can download all BSPs for free as a member benefit under the “Member exclusives” section at www.NGWA.org. Nonmembers can buy the BSPs at $75 each.
NGWA Seeks Comment on Draft of Water Well Construction Standard Public comment on the substantive changes to the draft of the ANSI/NGWA -07-13 Water Well Construction Standard will be accepted through the close of business on August 25. Comments received will be considered in the final water well construction standard to be submitted for approval to ANSI (American National Standards Institute).
A “standard” is a formal technical document for generally accepted processes, procedures, and policies. NGWA is seeking establishment of standards to protect groundwater resources and public health, and to help ensure capable professionals by establishing a benchmark for water well construction. Part of the ANSI standard development process involves posting any substantive changes for public comment. The document up for revision only contains the changes that have been made since the last public review. Among those encouraged to comment are stakeholders in the groundwater industry including contractors, regulators, scientists, engineers, suppliers, and manufacturers, as well as consumers such as private water well owners. Interested parties should download the drafted amendments, as well as the comment form located at www.NGWA .org, or contact NGWA Industry Practices Administrator/Certification Coordinator Jessica Rhoads for these documents; comments will only be accepted via the approved form and must be received by e-mail, fax, or postal mail on or before 5 p.m. ET August 25. For further information, contact Rhoads at jrhoads@ngwa.org or (800) 551-7379 (614-898-7791), ext. 511.
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Water Well Journal August 2013 15/
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Praying for Rain
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Severe drought conditions in parched areas of the country are taxing water systems and groundwater resources.
he drought last summer ranked as one of the top 10 droughts in U.S. history. Also, according to the National Climatic Data Center, it was the most extensive drought to hit the country since the 1950s. By September 2012, nearly 80% of the continental United States experienced some level of drought conditions. Unfortunately, conditions have not improved much this year, if at all, for some parts of the country. Spring rains helped in some areas, but the U.S. Seasonal Drought Outlook issued by the National Weather Service still forecasts persisting drought through September for much of the western half of the nation, particularly in the High Plains and Texas. In June, the U.S. Drought Monitor showed “D4” drought —the most severe intensity—in parts of Texas, New Mexico, Colorado, Kansas, and Nebraska.
The effect of drought on groundwater
These extreme drought conditions are stressing groundwater supplies. Farmers, ranchers, and homeowners Jennifer Strawn was the associate editor of Water Well Journal from 2004 to 2007. She is currently in the internal communications department at Nationwide Insurance in Columbus, Ohio. She can be reached at strawnj2 @gmail.com.
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By Jennifer Strawn
Farmers, ranchers, and homeowners are increasing their water usage in order to compensate for the drier than normal conditions.
are increasing their water usage in order to compensate for the drier than normal conditions. In Texas, the High Plains Water District in Lubbock, Texas, reported in August 2012 that the 2011-2012 drought caused groundwater levels in its service area to have the largest annual decline recorded in the last 25 years. The groundwater levels dropped an average of 2.56 feet, which is more than triple the annual average in the last 10 years. Charlie Waller, CPI, owner of Uvalde Pump Service in Uvalde, Texas, says the aquifers in his area haven’t recharged since 2002. The last major recharge, he says, was in 1998. “Since then, the rivers haven’t flooded or run at the levels it takes to recharge our aquifers,” he says. “We can get these little inch, inch-and-a-half rains every once in a while to keep everything green, but we can’t recharge our aquifers, and that’s our main water source for all the homes, municipalities, and irrigation.” At the same time, farming practices and even oil and gas production is putting additional stress on groundwater.
“Crops require so much water and we’re getting no help from rain,” says Alan Eades, CWD/PI, CVCLD, partner with Eades Drilling & Pump Service in Hobbs, New Mexico. “So, groundwater supplies are being used more heavily by agriculture. That’s not really affecting water levels as much as the drought, but the drought just amplifies the need for water.” Farmers in New Mexico have long used cover crops to prevent soil erosion, but now these cover crops are harvested as feed for local dairies. Farmers then plant their usual crops, and both crops need to be irrigated. “It hasn’t doubled the water usage, but it’s pretty close,” Eades says.
Drought’s effect on water systems
Increased use without proper recharge has caused wells to dry up for many homeowners near Waller. “We have a large portion of people outside the city limits who have a really nice house with a nice yard, but no water,” Waller says. “You get a service call and you basically have to pull the pump, run a camera down there, and show them they only have 6 inches of water in their well. They’re shocked.” Many people have been taking water for granted for years. And it’s a rude wake-up call when homeowners find out they are out of water.
DROUGHT/continues on page 18 Water Well Journal August 2013 17/
The solution isn’t always to drill a new well. For some, the cost of a new well is out of reach. For others, a new well isn’t an available option—even if they can afford to do so. “Some of them can’t drill a new well because there’s not anything underneath where they are,� Waller says. “You can drill a new well, but unless you target a different aquifer or water source, all you’ve done is drill a dry posthole, and an expensive one at that.� If a well is “weak� but not yet dry, Waller says a storage tank can be used so they have plenty in the reservoir to operate the house. “It’s just a depressing deal,� Waller says. “The farmers are running out of water, too. Every farmer I know has had to lower his irrigation well. Some of them have lowered them twice.� Farther north, lack of aquifer recharge is less of a problem. Instead, increased use during droughts can cause problems for those homeowners with marginal systems. “Our aquifers aren’t really affected
The season drought outlook for the United States from the National Weather Service Climate Prediction Center.
by drought from a standpoint of recharge because they’re deeper and it takes a little while for the water to get down there,� says John Pitz, CPI,
president of N.L. Pitz Inc. in Batavia, Illinois. “People use more water, and some people have marginal systems that won’t support that water use.�
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18/ August 2013 Water Well Journal
Circle card no. 7
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Homeowners with marginal wells will often blame the drought, Pitz says, but it’s their water use that’s the problem. “They abuse the system,” he says. “If they have a marginal system and keep pumping it down, it will eventually clog up and fail. Or, they’ll burn the pump up.” To prevent these problems, sizing the system to account for future water use is important. But even that provides no guarantee if a homeowner’s or farmer’s water usage changes drastically. “Farmers now irrigate from late January through September pretty much nonstop,” he says. Homeowners with lawns in the Southwest have always had to irrigate, but it’s more frequent now than ever before. “It used to be that you’d get a rain or two, you might go a couple weeks without irrigating, but now if you go two weeks without irrigating and you have a lawn, it dies,” Eades says. “Our systems have always been designed to handle irrigation, but not quite so intense.” Pump savers can be added to the pumps so that it will detect “no loads” and prevent the pump from burning up. The pump can also be choked back to make them pump less water. “But for us, though, it’s kind of like asking someone how their car motor’s running,” Waller says. “It runs great when I put gas in it. And the water system runs great if there’s water in the well.”
Conservation matters
People need to change their habits in order to protect the groundwater— even if they aren’t affected by drought conditions. On Protect Your Groundwater Day, the National Ground Water Association reminds the public about the importance of conserving and protecting groundwater resources. Protect Your Groundwater Day is September 10. Groundwater contractors can help by educating homeowners on ways to reduce their water use. Tips to reduce outdoor water use are especially important, as outdoor water usage increases during drought conditions. Outdoor water use varies across the country. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 44% of household water use in California is outTwitter @WaterWellJournl
The National Ground Water Association’s Web site for homeowners using well systems, www.Wellowner.org, has a page that answers key questions well owners may ask in times of drought. Make sure the page, www.Wellowner.org/groundwater/ drought, is one your customers know about. Also make plans to participate in Protect Your Groundwater Day on September 10. There are countless ways to do so. Find out more at www.NGWA.org/PYGWD. doors. In Pennsylvania, outdoor water use accounts for 7% of household water use. In general, homeowners should: ● Check their well pump periodically. If the automatic pump turns on and off while water is not being used, they could have a leak. ● Plant native or drought-tolerant grasses, ground cover, shrubs, and trees. Once established, they don’t need water as frequently and usually will survive a dry period. ● Install irrigation devices that are the most water efficient for each use. Micro and drip irrigation and soaker hoses are two examples of efficient devices. ● Use mulch to retain moisture in the soil. If the homeowner has a lawn, they should:
mist. Mist can evaporate before it reaches the lawn. ● Raise the mower blade to a higher level. A higher cut encourages grass roots to grow deeper, shades the root system, and holds soil moisture.
Severe drought conditions, like those the Southwest are experiencing, are proof that groundwater is a finite resource worth protecting. “We’ve been preaching it for years,” Waller says. “Now, homeowners are starting to realize it. Water really is our most valuable resource.” WWJ The National Ground Water Association has a position paper on groundwater sustainability. Go to www.NGWA.org/ Advocacy-Awareness/positions/Pages/ default.aspx to find it and papers on other industry-related topics.
● Avoid overwatering the lawn. A heavy rain eliminates the need for watering for up to two weeks. Most of the year, lawns only need one inch of water per week. ● Water in several short sessions rather than one long one, in order for your lawn to better absorb moisture. ● Position sprinklers so that water lands on the lawn and shrubs and not on paved areas. ● Avoid sprinklers that spray a fine
Circle card no. 11
Water Well Journal August 2013 19/
Without quality wire, it’s just another hole in the ground. How fast a hole becomes a well sometimes depends on a shipment of quality water pump cable. With distribution centers conveniently located across the US, Southwire is committed to providing quicker shipments and better customer service. Call 1-800-OEM-Wire/1-877-636-9473 or visit www.southwire.com for ordering info.
Š 2012 Southwire Company. All Rights Reserved.
Circle card no. 30
(COVER STORY)
Well Rehabilitation: Part 1 Best practices step by step By Michael Schnieders, PG, PH-GW
ell rehabilitation is a broad term that is used to explain all manner of work performed on wells in an effort to improve their efficiency and the quality of water produced. Well rehabilitation accounts for everything from simple chlorination with the pump in place downhole to full cleaning and reconstruction. Typically, well rehabilitation is conducted in a reactionary manner after problems are discovered and generally not in a proactive, preventive maintenance manner. The old adage “Out of sight, out of mind” certainly holds true today for most well owners.
W
Michael Schnieders, PG, PH-GW, is a hydrogeologist and lead consultant for Water Systems Engineering of Ottawa, Kansas. He has an extensive background in groundwater geochemistry, geomicrobiology, and water resource investigation and management. He specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of fouled well systems. He can be reached at mschnieders @h2osystems.com.
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With increased regulatory testing, biological issues are being identified earlier as an indication of potential problems. So why do we clean wells? As noted, most well cleaning is performed after the well has failed. This could mean the well did not pass its monthly total coliform test, the pump motor overheated and quit, or any number of issues that impact efficiency, operation, and water quality. With rising energy costs, a number of municipalities that use groundwater are paying closer attention to well efficiency and the cost to operate their wells. Heavy scale encrustation or biomass plugging of intakes can result in the pump having to work harder and longer to move the same volume of water, resulting in higher operation costs and increased wear and tear on the pump and motor.
A water sample with paperwork await evaluation at a lab. Taste and odor complaints often drive cleaning efforts, especially on smaller well systems. Although typically an aesthetic issue, such occurrences can indicate chemical and biological problems developing downhole. With increased regulatory testing and more sensitive laboratory capabilities, biological issues are being identified earlier as an indication of potential problems. This will often result in disinfection efforts at a minimum, and in some cases cleaning and structural repair. Another driving factor in well maintenance is the rising cost of replacement. While costs have impacted all facets of the industry, new well construction remains an expensive endeavor, especially when one looks at all the parts and pieces that are needed. Casing, screen, gravel pack, column pipe, land, permitting, infrastructure, and access—not to mention the cost to drill the well and complete it.
WELL REHABILITATION/continues on page 22 Water Well Journal August 2013 21/
Fouled perforations at 299 feet are visible in this potable well exhibiting a declining specific capacity and intermittent bacteria problems.
Scale collected from a well exhibiting both calcium carbonate and iron oxide precipitation trapped in a biofilm matrix.
A submersible pump being pulled from a well exhibiting iron oxide, iron bacteria, and biofilm.
WELL REHABILITATION/from page 21
treatment process to target the problem. So with knowing that, the first step is investigation. Begin by collecting all available information on the well including construction diagrams, operational history, recent operator notes, and previous water analysis. Sadly, all too often this information is widely dispersed. Once you’ve collected your data, visit the well site and inspect the wellhead and immediate surroundings. Collect a current static and pumping water level. Document the well’s condition, noting any signs of vandalism, wear, erosion, corrosion, damage, spills, etc. Look for any sign of impact to the well, associated infrastructure, and the environment around the well site. When you’ve conducted your preliminary site investigation, collect water samples and submit them to a laboratory for evaluation. The goal of this analysis is to get current chemical and biological data to compare the current conditions with previous analysis and look for any evidence of change. Some of the information to look for or request from the laboratory:
• Does the sample contain any turbidity or sediment, and if so, what is it?
Typically more of an industrial mindset, many well owners are beginning to see regular monitoring and maintenance leads to increases in longevity and efficiency with fewer costly repairs and extended downtimes. Wells foul for a number of reasons, but typically the fouling falls into one of three categories: chemical, biological, or mechanical. More often than not, a well experiences some combination of the three. Chemical fouling accounts for the development and accumulation of hard scale, typically reflecting the water chemistry and the contributing formation. Biological fouling or “biofouling” is often the result of a specific bacterial occurrence such as coliforms or the buildup of significant amounts of biofilm. Mechanical fouling generally reflects the accumulation of fine-grained sediments that have migrated towards the borehole and are mechanically blocking producing zones. Corrosion within the well system typically reflects in some manner all three of these areas, including aggressive water chemistry, microbial-induced corrosion, or physical abrasion due to sanding.
Developing a Plan The first step in successful well rehabilitation is to identify the problem. Unfortunately, the water well industry has yet to develop a “silver bullet” for well fouling, and as such, it is a case of the more you know what is happening downhole, the better you can develop a 22/ August 2013 Water Well Journal
• Is water scale forming? • Is it corrosive? • What are the concentrations of iron, calcium, manganese, or other known issues in your area? • What is the total bacterial population present? • Are there any anaerobic organisms present? • Are there any nuisance organisms present such as iron oxidizing bacteria or sulfate-reducing bacteria?
Oftentimes it is beneficial to collect two samples, one when the well is actively pumping and a second when the well has been sitting idle overnight. This type of testing can be beneficial in identifying fouling issues, especially in deeper well systems. After the samples have been submitted to the lab, it is often advisable to have a current pump test and video survey conducted. Pumping tests help gauge the well’s current capacity and efficiency and let us know exactly how much the well is being impacted by any fouling that is identified during testing. A video survey is beneficial in evaluating the structural integrity of the well, monitoring questionable areas previously identified within the well, and locating areas of heavier fouling that may require more focus during treatment efforts. It is advisable that the pump and column pipe be removed from the well for successful rehabilitation. In addition to allowing more room for chemical and mechanical cleaning efforts, this allows for cleaning and repair of the pump and piping. Now that you know the problem impacting your well, you can begin developing an appropriate treatment plan. We have found the most successful rehabilitation programs not only bring all the information together, but also all of the involved parties. In this effort, each of the strengths of the members of your team will help guide the project. This should include input from the contrac-
waterwelljournal.com
tors, engineers, consultants, laboratory, operators, and owner. Typically, proper well cleaning involves the use of chemicals with some means of mechanical agitation. When choosing chemicals, select a chemical that targets the fouling mechanism, make sure the products are NSF Standard 60 certified for potable well use, and be sure the products are compatible with the well construction. Calculate a proper dosage based on the well design (full standing well volume, including a calculated porosity of the gravel pack if present), well completion, and the manufacturer’s recommended dosage for the type of problem and degree of impaction identified. One mistake that can occur is the undertreatment of wells in an effort to target one specific zone, thereby discounting the influence of an entire column of water on the selected products. Chlorine is the most common chemical employed in well rehabilitation. Acids, caustics, acid enhancers, dispersants, surfactants, and inhibitors are also used in various combinations, depending on the identified fouling mechanisms Each chemical has a different effective strength, weight, and other properties that define its use and compatibility with other products. Chlorine, for example, is available in multiple concentrations, forms, and trade names, with each having different strengths and disadvantages. In addition to evaluating the NSF approval, take time to evaluate the selected chemicals and make sure they are appropriate for the job at hand. With your chemicals selected, secure the necessary material safety data sheets (MSDS) to have onsite during the application and use of the products. The amounts of chemicals used and the type and level of mechanical efforts employed should be based on the results of the diagnostic efforts conducted prior to treatment. The investigation efforts should also govern the amount of contact time and the need and type of monitoring required. Typically, we recommend monitoring pH and conductivity in addition to visual monitoring of turbidity during treatment. The chemicals selected will also dictate the requirements for monitoring and neuTwitter @WaterWellJournl
Useful Resources Available on Well Rehabilitation To find out more information on well rehabilitation, head to the NGWA Web site and go to the online bookstore. There are multiple titles as well as NGWA’s Best Suggested Practices. Among the titles are: Chemical Cleaning Disinfection by John H. Schnieders. This book details how microorganisms and minerals can inhabit and accumulate in water wells, along with the most effective cleaning methods to use. Current disinfection methods and case studies are also explored. Sustainable Wells by Stuart A. Smith and Allen E. Comeskey. The reference examines the challenges that come with maintaining well performance. It is a summary of performance maintenance, problem prevention, and rehabilitation. Water Well Rehabilitation and Reconstruction by Georg Houben and Christoph Treskatis. This is an all-in-one guide to monitoring, identifying, and solving problems related to aging water wells. It is filled with examples from around the world. NGWA has published 15 Best Suggested Practices. Among the topics are residential well cleaning, water well system inspection, reducing problematic concentrations of iron and manganese, and more. The BSPs are not standards, but practices that have been demonstrated to show superior results. They are prepared by a consensus of groundwater professionals. Go to www.NGWA.org for more information. tralizing on the surface following treatment. The design of the well, its age and condition, and the type of problem will help dictate what mechanical methods are available for use. Mechanical cleaning efforts are generally used as a means of pretreatment to remove bulk material, and agitation during treatment to disperse chemical solutions throughout the well column and into the borehole and near-well formation. Mechanical cleaning tools vary widely and are oftentimes a product of invention within the contractor’s yard. Common tools include nylon and wire brushes, surge blocks, and bailers. Other methods include airlifting, water jetting, and high pressure gas injection. As noted, mechanical cleaning efforts are also used in several stages during the cleaning process. As a means of pretreatment, brushing or swabbing of the well column can be beneficial at removing bulk debris. By dislodging and removing this material prior to application of the chemicals, you reduce some of the neutralization that typically occurs, allowing for more effective chemical cleaning throughout the well. Once this disrupted material is removed, you can begin the combined chemical and mechanical cleaning efforts.
Chemical cleaning should be conducted in a safe manner, with careful attention placed on the handling and administration of the chemicals into and out of the well. The investigation efforts conducted prior to treatment should help, and will act to focus the treatment into areas needing more aggressive efforts or longer contact times. Monitoring of the cleaning efforts downhole during treatment will help track the reaction and cleaning procedure. Periodic monitoring and evaluation of the site will help in maintaining a safe working environment. Proper prior planning with regards to materials handling, neutralization procedures, containment equipment, and safety precautions will help ensure a safe work site during treatment. Once cleaning efforts are completed, the chemical solution and disrupted material should be fully evacuated from the well system. The well should be purged of debris, with the materials collected above ground for monitoring, neutralization, and disposal. During the evacuation process, monitor pH and conductivity of the discharged solution to be sure all chemicals and disrupted materials have been evacuated from the well. Never neutralize downhole!
WELL REHABILITATION/continues on page 24 Water Well Journal August 2013 23/
WELL REHABILITATION/from page 23 Disposal of the spent cleaning solution depends on local, state, and federal regulations and should be mapped out prior to beginning the cleaning process.
Back to Service Following cleaning, a disinfection procedure is often required prior to returning the well to active service. Disinfection should also include careful monitoring of the chemical reaction to assure an active chlorine concentration and effective pH range is achieved during treatment. The type and strength of chlorine used should be chosen based on the water chemistry and identified fouling problems. The same diagnostic efforts that guided our choices in rehabilitation efforts should also be used to plan the disinfection procedure. The procedure should include, at a minimum, an adequate treatment volume to flood the borehole and near-well aquifer; a targeted chlorine concentration during application, treatment, and evacuation; and establishing the need for any means of enhancing the treatment such as
through the use of chlorine enhancers, surfactants, or other chemicals. The disinfection solution should be blended on-site above ground and introduced into the well. Efforts should be made to disperse the disinfection solution evenly throughout the well. Agitation during disinfection is always beneficial to ensure dispersion throughout the well column and screened zones. Allow for sufficient contact time, depending on the chlorine concentration used and the fouling problem. Following this period, begin evacuation of the well from the bottom, working upwards, until a minor residual is present and all debris has been evacuated from the well. At this time, the permanent pump and column pipe can be placed back into the well and used to purge the remaining chlorine solution. Once the chlorine solution has been purged from the well, samples can be collected and submitted to a regulatory agency per requirements. Following disinfection, it is often advised a pump test (a few hours while water levels are periodically measured, for example) be conducted to establish a new baseline for the well. Once the
test is completed, the well should be returned to an active operating schedule as soon as possible. After the well has stabilized and been in service for several weeks, it is recommended that a water sample be collected and submitted to a laboratory. This information can be used to evaluate cleaning efforts and establish a new baseline of water quality data to guide use and operation of the well. Lastly, information from the process should be collected to document the cleaning process, its effectiveness, and lessons learned. The information collected during treatment can be used to develop future maintenance efforts, establish guidelines for monitoring, and used to maintain a more efficient well system, helping to avoid “crisis mode” reactions and allowing for more proactive well operations. WWJ
Water Well Journal will feature Part 2 of this two-part series next month and will review in detail a recent well cleaning prompted by a loss of production and concerns over water quality.
STAND OUT from your competition! Become a Certified Sales Professional. Attention manufacturers and suppliers: Demonstrate your commitment to enhancing industry professionalism and providing the best in customer service. Become an NGWA Certified Sales Professional! For more information, visit www.NGWA.org/CSP or call NGWA at 800 551.7379 (614 898.7791). To schedule your exam, call PSI LaserGrade, the administrator of NGWA’s certification exams, at 800 211.2754 (360 896.9111).
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Field Notes
This flowing spring in Comanche Trails Park in Big Spring, Texas, is an example of a potentiometric surface.
Part 2: Aquifer types
For a formation to be considered an aquifer, it must contain openings or pore spaces that are filled with water and these openings must be interconnected enough to transmit water at a useable rate to a well (Sterrett 2007). When discussing aquifers, it is useful to understand there are several types. Most aquifers can be divided into one of three categories: perched, unconfined, and confined aquifers.
Raymond L. Straub Jr., PG
Perched Aquifers
lmost every groundwater professional can attest to having been asked these two specific questions: How deep will it be? How much water is it going to make? For the customer and the groundwater professional these are important questions, but for two different reasons. To the customer, the first question is relative to how much they will have to pay. The second question is relative to the rate of return to their investment. For the groundwater professional, how deep is relative to which aquifer system is targeted. How much it will make is a function of the hydraulic characteristics of a specific location within the targeted aquifer system. It is up to the groundwater professional to determine the aquifer system in which they
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are operating and the potential production values for the given area. We will discuss the major differences in aquifer types and some of their basic hydraulic characteristics. It is important as a groundwater professional to understand and recognize the different types of aquifers. It is equally important to understand the mechanics of groundwater within these aquifer types.
Introduction to Aquifers What is an aquifer? Willis Weight in his book Hydrogeology Field Manual, Second Edition states: An aquifer is a formation, part of a formation, or group of formations that contain sufficient saturated permeable material to yield significant quantities of water to wells and springs.
Perched aquifers are generally local subsurface saturated zones that exist above the regional aquifer system (Figure 1). Perched aquifers are typically found on top of localized zones of low permeability such as clay or dense rock formations where percolating surface waters are intercepted on their way down to the main aquifer system (Sterrett 2007). Weight in his book summarizes the perched aquifer production capabilities by saying that perched aquifers may be capable of sustaining enough water for a few residences, but generally not enough for many residences or longterm production. An example of a perched aquifer is groundwater collected within the confines of a concave clay or silt lens in the upper section of a sand and gravel alluvial deposit. Perched aquifers can oftentimes be seen as mounding of a particular area on a groundwater contour map.
FIELD NOTES/continues on page 26
Raymond L. Straub Jr., PG, is the president of Straub Corp. in Stanton, Texas, a Texas-registered geoscience firm and specialized groundwater services firm. He is a Texas-licensed professional geoscientist and holds master driller licenses in Texas and New Mexico and a master pump installer license in Texas. He can be reached at raymond@straubcorporation.com.
Water Well Journal August 2013 25/
FIELD NOTES/from page 25
Figure 1. Aquifer systems.
Unconfined Aquifers Unconfined aquifers are systems exposed to atmospheric pressure where groundwater flows from a position of higher total head to lower total head (Sterrett 2007). When water interacts with the land through gravity, it is carried downward until it encounters a zone of low permeability or a confining unit. A confining unit is a formation that resists the downward migration of water. With sufficient amounts of water, the area above the confining unit can become saturated as water literally stacks on top of and spreads out along the confining unit. The measured height of the stacked-up water is called the saturated thickness. The top of this saturated area is called the water table. When the water table is in communication with atmospheric pressure through the porosity of the overlying formation, the aquifer is considered an unconfined aquifer (Weight 2008). Viewing the principal aquifer systems from the National Atlas of the United States (Figure 2), the large blue area in the central United States is the Ogallala Aquifer. This is an example of a large unconfined aquifer system.
Confining Units Aquifers are defined by their area extent, ability to produce water, level of confinement, and interaction with confining units. A confining unit is a formation that resists the downward migration of water, best defined by the degree in which water migrates through a specific unit.
Confined Aquifers Confined aquifers, which are sometimes called artesian aquifers, are waterbearing zones generally confined to a zone from above and below by an aquitard. Groundwater recharge is generally achieved by infiltration of water in recharge zones. Recharge zones typically exist in a permeable region that is at a higher elevation and is interconnected to the confined aquifer system. When water enters the system from the recharge zones, it applies pressure to the 26/ August 2013 Water Well Journal
Figure 2. Principal aquifers of the United States. U.S. Department of the Interior.
system through the weight of the water known as head pressure. When a well is installed into a confined aquifer and the water level in the well rises above the bottom of the confining layer, the well is considered an artesian well (Weight 2008). Ralph Heath clearly states in his U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2220 the definition of an artesian well: Wells drilled into confined aquifers are referred to as artesian wells. The water level in artesian wells stands at some height above the top of the aquifer but not necessarily above the land surface. If the water level in an artesian well stands above the land surface, the well is a flowing artesian well.
In unconfined aquifers, the level of the water in the aquifer is referred to as the water table. In confined aquifers, the elevation that water rises within wells that penetrate a confined aquifer is
known as the potentiometric level. The potentiometric surface is an imaginary line connecting the potentiometric level in wells and represents the total potential head throughout the confined aquifer system (Sterrett 2007). Flowing springs can often be found where the potentiometric surface of an aquifer rises above the land surface. The water table in perched and unconfined aquifers and the potentiometric surface in confined aquifers both rise and fall based on changes in storage of water through recharge, discharge, and withdrawal of water.
Parting Words Recognizing the various aquifer types while in the field can be challenging. It is important to do your research prior to field activities. Even experienced field personnel can be caught by surprise. Ken Cooper, partwaterwelljournal.com
ner and master driller with Harrison and Cooper of Lubbock, Texas, says: We have seen where drillers knew about a perched layer of water and drilled through it to the regional aquifer, sand packed through both, only to find out later that the upper zone was impacted with gasoline. Over a short period of time the gasoline was in the lower zone.
The accidental commingling of perched aquifers of lower quality to regional aquifers can degrade the overall system and can have serious environmental and financial consequences. Unintentional intersection of confined aquifers can cause aquifer waters to go out of zone, causing loss of water from the aquifer. If confined aquifers of lower quality are commingled with unconfined aquifers of higher quality, the poor quality water from the confined aquifer can substantially degrade the unconfined aquifer. The environmental impact could go unnoticed for decades, with irreparable consequences. WWJ
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References Cooper, Ken. Personal interview by the author. May 30, 2013. Heath, Ralph C. 1983. Basic ground-water hydrology. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2220. Reston, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey. Sterrett, Robert J. 2007. Groundwater & Wells, Third Edition. New Brighton, Minnesota: Johnson Screens, a Weatherford Company. Weight, Willis D. 2008. Hydrogeology Field Manual, Second Edition. New York, New York: McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.
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Good Relationships The key to a good relationship between contractors and suppliers is all about trust. By Lana Straub
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s groundwater contractors, our suppliers are the lifeblood of our business. Simply put, we cannot get our jobs done without suppliers. We depend on them for the specialty products we need to complete our jobs in a timely manner. Relationships between contractors and suppliers are like a marriage. Sometimes there has to be a lot of give and take and compromise to make the relationship work. “How hard can it be?” you say. You need a product to get the job done, so you call a supply company and order it. Simple as that. Unfortunately, things once simple aren’t so simple anymore. Contractor-supplier relationships have become so complicated over the past few years that a concept called “supplier relationship management” has Lana Straub, with a background in the legal and financial aspects of small business, is the office manager of Straub Corp., Stanton, Texas, an environmental and water well drilling firm owned and operated by her family for more than 50 years. She can be reached at Lana@StraubCorporation.com.
Twitter @WaterWellJournl
Businesses succeed and fail because of the relationships between the humans who interact with one another. been developed. It is defined in the Wikipedia as “the discipline of strategically planning for and managing all interactions with third-party organizations that supply goods and services to an organization in order to maximize the value of those interactions.” It would be nice if relationships between contractors and suppliers could be broken down into a simple definition. But it’s harder than that. We work in industries that employ real people, and while there may be formulas out there to help us figure out which supplier is more cost effective and which contractor is more likely to pay on time, the key to relationships is interaction between people. I think good contractor-supplier interactions can be seen in long-term relationships and trust. It’s the relationships between the people at the companies—
whether they’re on the supply side of the equation or the contractor side of the equation—that make or break the relationship. You can do business and have a great relationship with a company for 20 years. But if something happens, the company downsizes, and your 20-year representative and longtime friend is no longer on the other end of the phone line, that 20-year relationship between companies has changed. Why? The people changed—and thus the relationship changed.
The Human Element
While computer models can help us plan, they cannot eliminate the human element. Businesses succeed and fail because of the relationships between the humans who interact with one another. If you want to maintain a good relationship with your suppliers, you have to work at it. I recently polled several contractors and suppliers to find out what realworld industry professionals thought were the most important keys to good business relationships.
RELATIONSHIPS/continues on page 30 Water Well Journal August 2013 29/
RELATIONSHIPS/from page 29
Allan Hicks, the president of Pro Pump and Equipment Inc./ADT Inc. in Laurel, Montana, said what the keys were: “Suppliers should have adequate inventory to meet demand, fair pricing, and delivery in timely manner. Contractors should have loyalty and pay bills on time.” Kamran Choudhri, a project manager at Hydro Drill in Karachi, Pakistan, feels money spent and invested by the client should equal the product and services received from the supplier. When this exists, they both gain confidence. Obviously, both want the contractor to get value for their dollar and the supplier to get confidence and loyalty from their contractor. And they are not alone. When you ask most anyone about what makes supplier-contractor relationships long lasting, the word stated most is “trust.” Stephen Hackler, Jeff Israel, and Laurent Couturier give a good definition of business trust in their report, “Building Trust in Key Customer-Supplier Relationships,” where they maintain trust is the most essential ingredient of the supplier contractor relationship: When a high level of trust exists, each party is convinced the other is committed to mutual success. This feeling is strengthened by the fact that their successes are often independent. A customer with a high level of trust is a customer that tends to increase purchases. A supplier that does well has the resources and commitment to produce a quality product of value for the customer. Both companies win when they create and sustain a climate of cooperation and trust.
Sherry Gordon is president of Value Chain Group LLC and defines herself as a supplier performance and supplier relationship management expert. She states in her article “Customer-Supplier Relationship Quality Can Drive Success” that by good relationships with suppliers, contractors and suppliers are able to help each other with problems as they arise through these methods:
● Developing common and simple communications ● Developing a common understanding of each other’s needs ● Sharing business strategies in order to develop in the same direction 30/ August 2013 Water Well Journal
● Understanding and overcoming differences in quality systems and IT systems ● Mutual involvement in innovation and product design ● Uncovering areas of risk through better knowledge of suppliers’ businesses.
New Relationships
We live in difficult economic times. Customer payment times are getting slower. Customers who used to pay in 30 days might stretch it out to 90 or even 120 days. As contractors, cash flow issues make it hard to do business. Our suppliers need to be paid sooner than that, many within 30 to 45 days to avoid being cut off from the supply chain. How do we keep good relationships in these trying times? If your favorite salesperson and 20-year connection to your supplier has changed jobs, retired, or was downsized, you may have to get to know a new supplier. Don’t be intimidated by the prospect of new supplier relations. It’s still your business. You have to do what’s best for your business and that sometimes means forging new relationships. Pacesetter Consulting Inc. in its article “Three Keys to Maintaining a Good Relationship with Suppliers” gives examples you should keep in mind when trying to find a new supplier. “Know your supplier,” advises Pacesetter. “Knowledge can be power when it comes to establishing a relationship with a supplier.” This includes making sure the supplier has the financial backing to meet supply obligations. Contractors fill out credit applications for suppliers all the time, but they don’t often check the financial strength of the supplier. Dun & Bradstreet is a firm that offers this type of service for contractors who want to check the creditworthiness of their suppliers or customers. Pacesetter also advises contractors need to clarify their expectations about the kind of service they expect. Remember, pricing is important, but the key to a long-term contractor-supplier relationship is about more than just price. Pacesetter suggests you get clarification on the following areas:
Suppliers Saying Thanks The National Ground Water Association’s Supplier Incentive Program is a collaborative effort between NGWA and its supplier members. It allows suppliers to register their customers for the NGWA Groundwater Expo at a reduced rate, providing a cost-effective opportunity for suppliers to share the benefits of attending the Expo while showing appreciation for their customers’ loyal business. NGWA thanks the following supplier companies for participating in the 2012 Groundwater Expo. Ask your supplier how you can participate and attend the 2013 Expo, December 3-6 in Nashville, Tennessee.
2M Co. Inc. A.I. McDermott Co. Austin Pumps & Supply Co. Bitco Inc. Burdick & Burdick Fletcher Pump Distributing Gicon Pumps & Equipment Midland Implement Co. Milan Supply Co. Northwest Pipe Fittings Preferred Pump & Equipment LP Premier Pump & Supply Roberts Pump & Supply Co. Warren Pump & Supply • Price structure, including any discount or other incentives (say, for early payment) • Shipping methods, cost, and delivery time • Payment mode and period • Handling of returns • Customizing orders or dealing with other special needs.
None of these areas really matter until there is a problem. But it’s good to get a good understanding before there is one. Keeping good faith is the last point that Pacesetter stresses. “Good communication can take the relationship beyond just working effectively with your supplier. Suppliers who trust their customers are likely to give them that little extra care that can be so important.” waterwelljournal.com
The National Ground Water Association’s 2012 Supplier of the Year, Greg Esborg of Preferred Pump & Equipment LLC in Tacoma, Washington, agrees. “There’s so many customers that I consider friends first and then customer. After 25 years you build a strong relationship with each other; it’s a type of bond. Trust goes without saying.” Trust seems to be the key ingredient to maintaining long-term contractorsupplier relationships. Even in these trying economic times, it’s the relationship between individuals and the trust that they have between each other that keeps the relationship strong. “I know I sound like a broken record,” Esborg adds, “but treat people the same way you want to be treated. This is my trademark.” And it should be the trademark of all of us. WWJ Become a Certified Sales Professional The NGWA Certified Sales Professional designation is specifically intended for supplier and manufacturer owners, operators, and employees. Earning the CSP demonstrates your commitment to providing good customer service. Find out more at www.NGWA.org by clicking “Certifications and Exams.”
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Water Well Journal August 2013 31/
WATER WELL JOURNAL Q & A
Greg Esborg, Preferred Pump & Equipment LP reg Esborg has been in the groundwater industry for more than 25 years. A year ago, the Preferred Pump & Equipment branch manager in Tacoma, Washington, was honored by the National Ground Water Association when he won its Supplier of the Year award at the Groundwater Expo in Las Vegas. He got into the industry in 1987 with Mitchell Lewis and started PumpCo North in the basement of the family boat business in 1990. He ran PumpCo while working for industry manufacturer Jacuzzi Brothers at the same time during the 1990s. He joined Preferred, a wholesaler of pumps and water-related products with 48 branches across the country, in 2008. He appreciates all of the friends he has made in the industry and his trademark is to treat everyone as he wants to be treated. He feels this has led to his success. Esborg, who has been married to his wife Patty for nearly 30 years, has two
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Lana Straub, with a background in the legal and financial aspects of small business, is the office manager of Straub Corp., Stanton, Texas, an environmental and water well drilling firm owned and operated by her family for more than 50 years. She can be reached at Lana@StraubCorporation.com.
32/ August 2013 Water Well Journal
children and two grandchildren. Here’s some of his other advice for succeeding in the groundwater industry.
Water Well Journal: What do you think were the key elements of your business practices that led to your being named Supplier of the Year in 2012? Greg Esborg: First and most important is building relationships with your customers—put yourself in their shoes. If they call at night or on the weekend, it’s important to them, so it’s important to me. My grandfather always told me, “Treat people the same way you want to be treated.” This is true in life and in business and it’s advice I keep close to me. I’m also involved in the industry as the first non-contracting president of the Washington State Ground Water Association. It has put me in the middle of all aspects of the water well industry in Washington state.
WWJ: How has the pump industry changed since your company’s inception in 1982? Greg: I’ve been in the industry for more than 25 years and what I’ve seen is manufacturing changes—companies closing, merging, or selling. Back in the 90s I worked for Jacuzzi Brothers and pump distributors at the same time, wearing two hats, so I saw how things
Greg Esborg (left photo) has been with Preferred Pump & Equipment LP since 2008. He is the first not-contracting president of the Washington State Ground Water Association (center). Esborg and his wife, Patty, (right ) have been married for nearly 30 years. work on both sides of the fence. Since then, Jacuzzi sold to Franklin Electric and Franklin got into the pump market which then set the wheels in motion for another motor manufacture to start up and supply motors for other pump manufactures.
WWJ: What industry trends do you see coming to the groundwater industry? Greg: Variable frequency drives are what we’re seeing a lot of on larger systems. Power companies give rebates back and most will pay for themselves over so many years. We’ve been selling smaller units for years; they have a smaller footprint and all you need is the controller and a small tank on the wall. WWJ: What do you think are the key elements of maintaining a good contractor-supplier relationship? Greg: Working together. You’re building a relationship, so you need to be available 24-7 in case of an emergency.
waterwelljournal.com
We rely on each other; we’re not used car salesmen. We don’t go for the sale today. We look years down the road and we put ourselves in their shoes. It does not take long for some contractors to go sideways, but working with them through the tough times means a lot more to them than when things are going good.
WWJ: What has been the biggest obstacles to market sustainability over the past three decades? Greg: The economy has been like a rollercoaster. At times it feels like you’re waiting for the ride to start or you’re hanging on for dear life. Local and state regulations along with Indian tribes will always be obstacles. They just have a hard time working together and we’re stuck in the middle. I see contractors putting liens on jobs to assure they get paid. It’s a domino effect because if they don’t get paid we don’t get paid. Water is a hot topic at any state capitol. I’ve experienced it here in Olympia for many years; most lawmakers don’t want to put their name on anything to do with water. Most people don’t understand that you can own land, but in most states you don’t own the water underneath. We’ve (Washington State Ground Water Association) been trying for years to get a bill to be heard called Peoples’ Right to Water, but lawmakers are afraid to put their name on it. WWJ: Have you seen any major changes in legislation or regulations that have affected the industry? Greg: In Washington state we’ve seen a lot of changes. The Department of Ecology has put restrictions on many regions of the state, starting with the Upper Kittitas five years ago. In some of these regions homeowners have to buy water rights from senior water right holders in order to get a permit to drill a well. The DOE is trying to do what’s best for the state. Right now our hot potato is in the Skagit Carpenter Fisher Basin where the county, state, tribes, and landowners are all at odds over water rights. This case was argued at the state supreme court last year and we’re waiting to hear what they have to say. This could set a course for future water right claims and will settle a power struggle between the Twitter @WaterWellJournl
DOE and local tribes. This is just one example of what’s going on in Washington; other states have similar stories. Water is a precious resource and we need to work together in order to balance our water needs for the future.
WWJ: What do you think are the key factors that have made Preferred Pump an industry leader over the past three decades? Greg: The most important key is our owner, Randy Lyne. He knows that if it wasn’t for our customers we wouldn’t be in business, so he started his dealer award program. We offer gifts to fivestar vacations. Every year in Las Vegas he dresses up like Santa Clause and hands someone a briefcase full of cash. We give out 300 chances to win this through our open houses, which is another thing that sets us apart. Our branches have big parties to show our appreciation. In Tacoma we roasted a pig with ribs, chicken, and all the fixin’s. Randy has told me you got to have fun at what you do and we have fun at Preferred Pump.
WWJ: How important of a role do you think product education plays in proper pump design and placement? Do you feel it should be included as part of groundwater continuing education courses? Greg: It’s important. We rely on our manufacturers to supply us with classes,
especially on new product lines. Most states have to take classes to keep their pump installers license; it’s nice when we can put these together so they can get educated and get credit at the same time.
WWJ: What do you think are the critical issues facing those working in the water well industry? Greg: We’re not seeing a lot of younger people getting involved. There are many family-run businesses in this industry, and let’s face it, this is hard work. Whether you’re running a pump hoist or a drill rig, you’re going to feel it later. In our groundwater association it’s hard to find younger people wanting to get involved. This concerns me and I wonder where we’ll be in the next 10 to 20 years. Getting people to start in the industry is tough. It takes years of working the trade and the investment of owners to properly license your pump installers and well drillers. We also need to educate the people making decisions on our behalf. When it comes to water-related issues, some of these people don’t have a clue how water gets from point A to point B and many seem to think it comes from their faucet. We have an annual event called Day on the Hill; it’s where we meet at the state capitol and have meetings with our state legislatures and go over current water-related issues. WWJ
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By Victor J. D’Amato, CIH, CSP
Bloodborne Pathogens Standard You need to know about the standard that can apply to the drilling industry.
loodborne pathogens are infectious microorganisms present in blood that can cause disease in humans. These pathogens include the:
B
• hepatitis B virus (HBV) • hepatitis C virus (HCV) • human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes AIDS. Workers exposed to bloodborne pathogens are at risk for serious or lifethreatening illnesses. All the requirements of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s bloodborne pathogens standard can be found in Title 29 of the Code of Federal Regulations at 29 CFR 1910.1030.
The Bloodborne Standard The standard’s requirements state what employers must do to protect workers who are occupationally exposed to blood or other potentially infectious materials, as defined in the standard. That is, the standard protects workers who can reasonably be anticipated to come into contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials as a result of doing their job duties. While the standard does not apply to construction work as such, it does apply to employees performing maintenance activities that involve making or keepVictor D’Amato, CIH, CSP, is the director for Atrium Environmental Health and Safety Services, a consulting firm in Reston, Virginia. He has 25 years of experience in conducting employee exposure evaluations in industries involving metal fabrication, including the military, transportation, maritime, and the construction industries.
34/ August 2013 Water Well Journal
It is the employer’s responsibility to determine which tasks and procedures involve occupational exposure. ing a structure, fixture, or foundation in proper condition and who experience occupational exposure to blood or other potentially infectious materials while performing their job. It is the employer’s responsibility to determine which job classifications or specific tasks and procedures involve occupational exposure. If OSHA determines enough evidence of reasonably anticipated exposure exists among employees performing maintenance work, the employer will be held responsible for providing the protections of 29 CFR 1910.1030 to those employees with occupational exposure. Having someone available who is certified to render first aid on water well drilling sites, especially if a hospital or medical clinic is not within reasonable distance, is covered under OSHA standard 1926.50. Those employees designated as responsible for providing first aid or medical assistance are afforded protection under several construction standards as well as the General Duty Clause. Any employee who is assigned to provide first aid has a potential for exposure to bloodborne pathogens and must be protected under the OSHA bloodborne pathogens standard. OSHA standard 1926.21(b)(2) requires the employer to instruct each employee in the recognition and avoidance of unsafe conditions and the regulations that apply to their work environment to
control or eliminate any hazards or other exposure to illness or injury. Under this provision, the employer is required to train first-aid providers in the hazards of bloodborne pathogens. And under the General Duty Clause requiring employers to furnish a workplace free of recognized hazards, OSHA may require providing the hepatitis B vaccine to any employees, such as those designated to provide first aid, who have occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens.
How the Standard Applies to the Water Well Industry In general, the provisions of OSHA’s bloodborne pathogens standard that apply most directly to the water well drilling industry require employers to do the following. 䊱
Establish an exposure control plan.
This is a written plan to eliminate or minimize occupational exposures. The employer must prepare a list of job classifications in which all workers have occupational exposure and a list of job classifications in which some workers have occupational exposure, along with a list of the tasks and procedures performed by those workers that result in their exposure. 䊱
Update the plan annually.
This update should reflect changes in tasks, procedures, and positions that affect occupational exposure. In addition, employers must annually document in the plan that they have considered and begun using appropriate, commercially available, and effective medical devices waterwelljournal.com
designed to eliminate or minimize occupational exposure. 䊱
Implement the use of universal precautions.
This means treating any and all human blood and other potentially infectious materials as if they are known to be infectious for bloodborne pathogens. 䊱
Provide personal protective equipment.
Personal protective equipment includes clothing and equipment to be worn by workers during activities that may result in exposure to bloodborne pathogens. For example, gloves, goggles, safety glasses, face shields, and face masks. 䊱
Make hepatitis B vaccinations available.
This especially applies to all workers with occupational exposure. This vaccination must be offered after the worker has received the required bloodborne pathogens training and within 10 days of initial assignment to a job with occupational exposure. 䊱
This evaluation and follow-up must be at no cost to the worker and includes:
covers all elements of the standard including, but not limited to:
• Documenting the routes of exposure and the circumstances under which the exposure occurred • Identifying and testing the source individual for HBV and HIV infection, if the source individual consents or the law does not require consent • Collecting and testing the exposed worker’s blood, if the worker consents • Offering post-exposure measures to preserve health • Offering counseling • Evaluating reported illnesses.
• Information on bloodborne pathogens and diseases • Methods used to control occupational exposure • Hepatitis B vaccine • Medical evaluation and postexposure follow-up procedures.
The health care professional will provide a limited written opinion to the employer and all diagnoses must remain confidential.
Employers must offer this training on initial assignment, at least annually thereafter, and when new or modified tasks or procedures affect a worker’s occupational exposure. Workers must have the opportunity to ask the trainer questions, which can sometimes be challenging if the training is being conducted online. Also, training must be presented at an educational level and in a language that workers understand.
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Provide information and training to workers at risk of exposure.
Employers must make sure their workers receive regular training that
Regardless of the standard, this is a good business practice that should be done by all companies. WWJ
BOREHOLE GEOPHYSICAL LOGGING SYSTEMS
Use labels and signs to communicate hazards.
For Ground Water Applications
Anything that comes into contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials, such as soiled clothing or gloves worn in giving first aid, must be put into a bag and affixed with a biohazard warning label and disposed of at a health care facility or provider. Bloodborne pathogen spill kits usually have gloves along with a red bag with a biohazard label. 䊱
Maintain workers’ medical and training records.
*Aquifer Properties* *Screen Location*
*Deviation* *Video*
*Flow* *ELog*
Make post-exposure evaluation and follow-up available.
This applies to any occupationally exposed worker who experiences an exposure incident. An exposure incident is a specific eye, mouth, mucous membrane, or skin contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials. Cuts, punctures, abrasions, and other injuries where the skin is broken by materials that may be contaminated with blood or infectious materials are also exposure incidents. Twitter @WaterWellJournl
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Water Well Journal August 2013 35/
By Ed Butts, PE, CPI
Wellhead Terminations Part 1
f all the components that help to make up an effective, efficient, and safe well pump installation, one of the most critical and diverse elements has to be the wellhead termination. Although they may be called well seals or well plates, this category includes all the various parts and pieces as well as the numerous methods used to provide a sanitary seal at the top of the well. At the same time, these parts are also supporting the weight of the entire pumping unit and providing a transition and connection point between the vertical well pump riser pipe exiting the well, the drop pipe for submersible pumps or column pipe for vertical turbine pumps, and the horizontal offset or delivery pipe to the water’s ultimate destination. Not necessarily included in every installation, additional components such as drop cable for submersible pumps, airlines or electronic probes for measuring water well levels, well low level cutoff probes, and various other devices used for specific applications, such as aquifer storage and recovery projects, also require inclusion in this category. Without receiving much fanfare, the wellhead termination is undoubtedly one of the most critical components needed to protect the sanitary aspects of the well and aquifer, as it is the only point relatively easy to access between the contamination-prone ground surface
O
Ed Butts, PE, CPI, is the chief engineer at 4B Engineering & Consulting, Salem, Oregon. He has more than 35 years experience in the water well business, specializing in engineering and business management. He can be reached at epbpe@juno.com.
36/ August 2013 Water Well Journal
It is one of the most critical components to protect the sanitary aspects of the well and aquifer.
and the interior of the well for most installations. As you would expect in an industry with so many creative and independent thinkers, the various types of wellhead terminations used run the gamut. There is everything from the established and simple cast iron well seals supplied by many water well industry manufacturers to the elaborate and complicated custom assemblies produced in the shops of drillers and pump installers. In this and next month’s column, I will review many of the most common methods used for wellhead termination and transition as well as introduce some of the least known but effective variations. There are definite differences in the style and design of wellhead terminations. But to be effective, a wellhead termination must be capable of providing the following functions. • It must suspend the weight and operating thrust of the well pump in use as well as all additional support equipment such as drop cable and any other ancillary devices. • It must provide a transition in the direction of the water route, usually 90 degrees, between the true vertical riser pipe exiting the well and the horizontal discharge direction. • It must provide access openings in the well for drop cable, airlines, pressure transmitters, probe conductors,
and any other devices exiting or entering the well. • It must provide adequate venting into and from the well to prevent excessively low pressures within the wellbore that could result in sand pumping or other damaging effects on the well. • It must provide an effective sanitary sealed barrier to separate the two distinct environments between the interior and exterior of the well. This simply means the method used to separate the inside and outside of the well must prevent introducing or transmitting sources of contamination into the wellbore itself. This can be accomplished through the use of seals, gaskets, O-rings, rubber packers, acceptable grouts, or other sealing mediums.
The Basic Elements Modern wellhead terminations in the water well industry can basically be divided into two primary categories: factory built and shop built. Factory-built wellhead terminations include the most commonly used type for submersible well pump installations, sanitary well seals, and discharge heads for vertical turbine pumps. Shop-built terminations can be manufactured for virtually any type of well pump. A typical sanitary well seal assembly for submersible well pump installations, as shown in Figures 1 and 2, is the most common factory-built method in use today. A typical sanitary well seal, more commonly referred to simply as a well seal, is generally comprised of three basic elements: the top plate, the rubber packer or seal, and the bottom plate. waterwelljournal.com
Figure 1. Typical well seal assembly.
Scale: N.T.S.
Figure 2. Sanitary well seal.
packer. This causes the packer to expand and seal tightly against the well casing on the perimeter, the pump riser pipe through the center of the seal, and any other components that might be passing through the remaining openings. To be effective as a sealing method, it is imperative that the well seal bolts be fully and evenly tightened to compress the packer against the well casing, drop pipe, and all other components. Just as important as the compression of the rubber packer is the installation of the well vent. To be fully effective, the well vent should: • Extend well above the top plate • Include a turned-down elbow and screening to stop the entrance of insects, dust, and debris into the well • Have sufficient size to allow unimpeded passage of air in and out of the well to prevent the potential for negative pressures within the wellbore during rapid drawdown that can lead to sand pumping in extreme cases.
Scale: N.T.S.
Figure 3. Typical wellhead termination for offset submersible pump installations.
Scale: N.T.S.
Depending on the size and style, it is usually provided with at least three openings that are aligned through all three components: • The primary opening is usually located in the center and is used for passage of the pump riser pipe from the well to the surface. • The second opening, generally of ¾inch pipe size on smaller well seals (less than 6-inch well casing size), is used for passage of the drop cable. Twitter @WaterWellJournl
• The third opening, generally of ½inch pipe size, is typically used for venting of the well. Mechanically, operation of a well seal is a simple device. The rubber packer is situated between the top and bottom plates and the assembly is held together using four bolts that are uniformly situated through the assembly. Tightening the bolts from the top plate draws the two plates together, creating a compressive force against the rubber
Support and suspension of the well pump assembly is provided from a small protrusion on the top plate perimeter that spans the well casing wall. Even though most smaller well seals were formerly made from cast iron plates, high-strength steel and even ABS plastic is now used on many well seals. Steel well seals are especially useful for heavier, deeper, or larger well diameter pump settings. They provide much greater strength and far less chance of cracking or breaking the top plate from the stress caused by water hammer. In fact, as a result of the relatively high failure rate experienced in the past from the use of cast iron well seals on larger well installations, steel well seals are typically recommended for use on pump settings with drop pipe sizes larger than 2 inches and well diameters larger than 8 inches. Since steel is usually the material of choice for a modern well seal, Table 1 can be used to determine the maximum loading capacity.
Tricks of the Trade The wellhead termination for an installation using a sanitary well seal is often a customized procedure that varies from firm to firm and each pump in-
ENGINEERING/continues on page 38 Water Well Journal August 2013 37/
Table 1. Maximum loads for steel well seals
Well Diameter
Drop Pipe Size
4 inches 5 inches 5 inches 6 inches 5-6 inches 8 inches 8 inches 8 inches 8 inches 8 inches 10 inches 10 inches 10 inches 10 inches 10 inches 12 inches 12 inches 12 inches 12 inches
1-2 inches 1-1½ inches 2 inches 1-2 inches 1-3 inches 1-1½ inches 2 inches 1-2½ inches 3-4 inches 3-4 inches 1-2 inches 2½-4 inches 2½-4 inches 4-5 inches 6 inches 2-2½ inches 3-4 inches 5-6 inches 3-4 inches
ENGINEERING/from page 37 staller seems to have their own favorite little tricks. Without trying to appear preachy, I would like to suggest a few of my own little tricks I have developed myself or “stolen” from other pump people. Figure 3 represents a typical pump installation common to many locations around the country and includes various components you may wish to consider adding to your own installations. • The drop pipe includes a pipe coupling installed just under the well seal. There are two distinct advantages when using this inexpensive addition. The pipe coupling helps in freeing up those sticky well seals that always seem to jam in the well after years of service. As the coupling engages the bottom plate of the well seal, it will apply uniform pressure on the seal and help to pull it from the well. And anyone who has ever had an unsecured well seal slide down the pipe to slam into their 38/ August 2013 Water Well Journal
Thickness Top Plate Thickness 3
/16 inch /16 inch 3 /16 inch 3 /16 inch 3 /8 inch 1 /4 inch 1 /4 inch 3 /8 inch 1 /2 inch 5 /8 inch 3 /8 inch 1 /2 inch 5 /8 inch 3 /4 inch 3 /4 inch 1 /2 inch 5 /8 inch 3 /4 inch 1 inch 3
fingers already knows the second advantage. • Placing the wellhead check valve in the vertical position as shown on the drawings helps to prevent the accumulation of sand in the valve as debris tends to be flushed out of the valve during operation. Placing the valve in this location also provides a method of preventing the return of water from the system during repair of the well pump. • Placing the pressure relief valve at the top of the well has several advantages over the garage. The obvious advantage is any worrying about flooding the garage is removed. Secondly, if the offset line into the house was to freeze or become plugged, the relief valve will still be able to respond to high pressure events to protect the well pump. • The location of the union itself, although often overlooked, can be an important factor. As shown in the figure, the union is located just off the
Maximum Suspended Load Maximum Suspended Load
2000 pounds 1500 pounds 1100 pounds 1100 pounds 9000 pounds 1700 pounds 2000 pounds 7000 pounds 12,000 pounds 27,000 pounds 3800 pounds 8300 pounds 16,000 pounds 32,000 pounds 36,000 pounds 6600 pounds 12,000 pounds 21,000 pounds 15,000 pounds edge of the well casing. This provides sufficient clearance from the well to help ensure the union will not catch on the well seal or riser pipe during pulling of the pump. During my days in the field, I experienced several times when the union would catch on the well seal during the initial pulling of the pump and would rip the offset pipe out of the ground before I could react fast enough. Placing the union away from the wellhead helps prevent this. All of the above suggestions are intended to be just that—suggestions— although I hope you can find a way to work some of these ideas into your pump installation procedures. This concludes the first part of this two-part series on wellhead terminations. Next month we will delve into pitless adapters for submersible pumps and typical wellhead terminations for larger subs and vertical turbine pumps. Until then, work safe and smart. WWJ waterwelljournal.com
Circle card no. 8
By William J. Lynott
A Thief in the Company Your company can be like family, but be careful as theft among employees is common. t’s only natural for small business owners and company employers to place a lot of trust in their employees. “We’re like one big happy family” is a refrain often heard in entrepreneurial ranks. That’s as it should be—but be careful. The harsh truth is that employee theft is a national problem of major proportion these days. According to one study, for every $1 worth of merchandise lost to shoplifters, employees steal $15 worth. Further, the average thief is a longterm employee well regarded as loyal and honest until the truth comes to light. A sobering thought, and one every employer would do well to keep in mind. While you don’t want to allow yourself to become overly suspicious, it doesn’t pay to be a Pollyanna either. The truth is that some employees do steal, and too frequently the thefts are large enough to destroy the business involved.
I
The Right Circumstances As far as honesty is concerned, most experts suggest there are three types of people. First, there are the thoroughly honest people. No employer need ever worry about them because no likely circumstances could ever tempt them to steal. Then there are the dedicated thieves. These people will steal from anyone anytime they can. There probably is no Bill Lynott is a management consultant, author, and lecturer who writes on business and financial topics for a number of publications. His book, Money: How to Make the Most of What You’ve Got, is available through any bookstore. You can reach him at wlynott@ cs.com or through his Web site: www.blynott. com.
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The average thief is a long-term employee well regarded as loyal and honest until the truth comes to light. system capable of protecting you from a dedicated thief already on your payroll. Your best form of protection here is a proactive policy of carefully screening applicants, including a pre-employment background check. Fortunately, though, dedicated thieves make up only a tiny minority of our population. The vast majority of people fall in between these two extremes. They are the third type—the people who are inherently honest and decent, but perhaps lack the iron will determination that would prevent them from stealing under any circumstances. In other words, given the right circumstances, a pressing need, or the right opportunity, they are capable of stealing. Most of these people, kept out of the way of strong temptation, will stay honest throughout their lives. Since they make up the huge majority of our population—and of your employees—they are the ones you need to be concerned with. They are the ones most likely to be influenced by the environment you have created in your workplace.
Inviting Dishonesty The opportunity to steal with little likelihood of being caught is a powerful temptation. Operating systems that do not incorporate reasonable safeguards against employee dishonesty create a temptation too strong for some people to resist. During my years as a manage-
ment consultant, I saw many workplaces with systems that literally invited dishonesty. It’s understandable, employers want to trust their employees and not appear cynical and suspicious. For that reason, too many employers completely ignore the possibility of employee theft. When that happens, trouble is likely to follow. Every workplace is different, so simple formulas for security won’t apply to all. But there are a few sound basics you can use as guidelines. A system that provides tight security of supplies and inventory is paramount. Laxity here invites theft. Another area that has proven to be especially vulnerable in many workplaces is local purchases of supplies and inventory. Local purchases should always require initialing by someone other than the person who makes the purchase and receives the goods. Local suppliers should be notified of this requirement and there should be no exceptions. The movement of goods and supplies into and out of inventory must always be supported by proper records.
Stealing Cash Then there is cash. Obviously, this is the biggest temptation of all, so handling cash demands careful attention. If there is a cardinal rule in business, it’s this one: “Never allow the person who handles the actual cash do the bookkeeping.” Taking care of the cash and doing the bookkeeping are two jobs that should be separated wherever possible. This may be difficult in small operations, but there are some steps that any employer can take to minimize the chances of loss. For example, mail queries sent to customers on a random basis can be effective. waterwelljournal.com
Stealing Time Finally, don’t forget the theft of time. Time wasted or stolen is a major problem in some workplaces, especially in this age of Internet activity. Particularly problematic is the employee who spends personal time on the Internet with the employer’s computer. While this may seem harmless to the employee, or even some employers, it is a form of theft that can be costly. At the least, this topic should be directly addressed and employees made to understand that it cannot be tolerated. You will probably never be able to completely eliminate the theft or waste of time in your operation. But to ignore it or write it off as “normal� is a virtual guarantee that you will pay a big price for it. Arguably, the most practical approach to this problem is an open discussion explaining that wasted or stolen time is a form of theft that is harmful and costly to the operation, and demeaning to the employees who practice it. Will establishing reasonable security measures upset your employees? Not if you explain that your systems are intended for the protection of the employees themselves as well as the business. A clearly defined set of reasonable rules combined with firm but equal enforcement is one policy that is never a mistake. WWJ
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Circle card no. 25
Water Well Journal August 2013 41/
By Ron Slee
What Does Doing a Good Job Look Like? Defining performance standards improves employee satisfaction. here is an old story told about a company operating in the steel industry back in the 1980s in Pittsburgh. The night shift came in to find the number “22” written in yellow chalk on the floor of the shipping docks. The crew looked at each other, not knowing what it meant. They finally decided it must be the number of pallets of steel the day shift produced. The workers didn’t find this particularly challenging, so they went to work with a goal—to produce more than 22 pallets. Well, they did, producing 28. Someone wiped out the “22” and wrote “28” in its place. Of course, the day shift came in and thought about it and came to a similar conclusion. After about 10 days the number of pallets produced had risen to exceed “44” on each shift! The side story is that this plant was going to be shut down because it was not productive enough. But had both shifts been able to deliver 44 pallets consistently, the plant never would have closed. Everyone lost, didn’t they? The company, the employees, and all of the customers lost because there had never been a production standard developed.
T
Ron Slee is the founder of R.J. Slee & Associates in Rancho Mirage, California, a consulting firm that specializes in dealership operations. He also operates Quest Learning Centers, which provides training services specializing in product support, and Insight (M&R) Institute, which operates “Dealer Twenty” Groups. He can be reached at ron@rjslee.com.
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Everyone wants to do a good job. It’s a fundamental truth. Yet how do we know when we’re doing a good job?
So What Is a Good Job? In all my training classes I now ask: “How do you know when you’re doing a good job?” The answers I get are troubling. Few people have clearly defined roles and responsibilities and fewer still have performance standards. Don’t you find that disturbing? I believe that everyone wants to do a good job. It’s a fundamental truth. Yet how do we know when we’re doing a good job? In his book The Three Signs of a Miserable Job, Patrick Lencioni lists the three signs as anonymity, irrelevance, and immeasurability. And don’t go looking up that last word, because he made it up. There is actually another fundamental truth. Most people leave their jobs because of the boss. That’s right, the boss. Not money, not working conditions, not anything else—the boss. Most bosses are also trying to do a good job. They recognize management and supervision is a responsibility and not just a privilege. They also recognize you don’t manage people, but you lead people while managing processes.
But how well do bosses know each employee? How anonymous do the employees feel? How irrelevant do they feel their jobs truly are? Or do they understand where their job function fits into the overall scheme of things? And then we come to the magic question: How can employees measure their own individual performance on a daily basis? It’s really quite simple. Everyone needs to feel a sense of accomplishment. Everyone needs to feel they make a difference. They make a mark. So if that’s what employees want— to feel good about themselves and their work—why don’t we give it to them? Well, too many people think it’s too complicated. So let’s start at the beginning. Businesses are in place to satisfy a customer need and to do it better than the other people who are already doing it. Sometimes they create something new and exciting. But for most of us, it is a job. On the Web site www.TED.com there is a wonderful talk by Simon Sinek, “How great leaders inspire action.” He talks about why people do what they do, and it is not about money, which is a result of working. He says we need to inspire people to work. So how do we do that? There are financial measures, gross revenue, gross profit, expenses, and operating income. These things are important, but I wonder if they move people to do a better job. Then there are asset measures such as inventory turnover or fill levels and return on capital. waterwelljournal.com
There are production measures such as productivity, sales per employee, and lost time. There are measures everywhere if we just look.
Ask the Employees So where do you start? How about sitting down with your employees and having a discussion about what they believe is important. They know the work better than anyone else. And if they don’t know the job, I wonder who does. Asking them what is important is a critical step in leadership. After you do so, open it up for the rest of the discussion. Talk about how different people define success at things they do. Involve everyone. How will employees know when they are ultimately doing a good job? Frankly, they should be smart enough and knowledgeable enough as a group of people to be able to define their work and the measures of success. Now you have the beginnings of performance standards. Once everyone has arrived at a correct understanding of what needs to be done, it should be easy for everyone to be committed to getting it done. If you have written job descriptions and performance standards, and each employee can measure their own contribution to the success of the venture—congratulations! But if you don’t, start getting down to business. You and your employees will all be the better for it. And even more important, your customers will notice and respond positively to you. The time is now. WWJ
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Circle card no. 21
Water Well Journal August 2013 43/
By Julie Hansen
A Tale of Two Expectations Expand your expectations and you’ll expand your sales.
e never know what’s going to happen next in life, but we almost always have expectations about it. Almost everything we do and say is based on our expectations. We turn on the faucet and expect water to come out. We wake up the baby and expect to hear a cry. We call our mother and expect to hear how we never call our mother. Are we surprised sometimes? Sure! Sometimes the water doesn’t come out, or the baby doesn’t cry, or our mother doesn’t make us feel guilty.
W
What we expect affects how we act But our expectations—right or wrong—almost always affect our actions. And our actions affect our results. This fact has significant implications for those of us in sales. Let’s look at an everyday situation like starting your car. 1. Your car has been running just fine. When you slide behind the wheel, you think about where to stop for coffee and make a mental note to pick up a package that’s waiting for you at the post office. You put the key in the ignition, adjust the radio, and check your rearview mirror as you back out of the garage, and the rest of your morning goes according to plan. Julie Hansen is a professional sales trainer, speaker, and author. She authored the book ACT Like a Sales Pro in 2011 and has been featured in Selling Power, Entrepreneur, and Sales and Service Excellence magazines. She can be reached at julie@actingforsales.com and www.actingforsales.com.
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Anticipate that each new prospect would be thrilled to hear how you can solve their problem, improve their business, or become a valuable resource. 2. You’ve had problems with your car’s starter recently and expect it may need to be replaced soon. You sit at the wheel with a slight sense of dread, wondering if you’ll have to call a tow truck and just how late you’ll be for your meeting if you do. All of your attention is focused on placing the key in the ignition “just right.” You turn it, listening for that telltale click, and look to see if the engine light comes on. You breathe a sigh of relief as you make your way out of your garage, reminding yourself to get the starter checked before the warranty expires, and in the process . . . you completely forget about picking up your package. The car starts easily in both the instances, but an entirely different set of behaviors and results come from your contrasting expectations.
What do we expect to happen? In sales, as in life, you really don’t know what’s coming, so the expectations are absolutely yours to imagine. Why not make them work for you instead of against you? Evaluate your expectations. Ask yourself what you expect to happen when you pick up the phone to call a
prospect, set up a booth at a home show, or speak before a civic group. Is it going to be positive or negative? Be honest. How often do you make a phone call, walk into a meeting, or start canvassing with a negative expectation about how you’ll be received or what the outcome will be? Do any of these sound familiar? • • • • •
They’re going to be annoyed. They hate sales pitches. They’re not interested in what I sell. They probably can’t afford it. This is a waste of time.
You’re defeated before you even get in the door!
How to change our expectations What’s worse is that anything that supports our expectation—a curt response on the phone or a prospect’s quick retreat at a home show—we often use to support our case. We magnify its significance and make broad generalizations like “Everyone is too busy to talk.” or “No one is interested.” But walk through this self-fulfilling prophecy with me. You get a prospect on the phone who sounds rushed and automatically assumes you’re an unwelcome interruption. In response, your tone turns apologetic and you rush through your call. The prospect seizes the first opportunity to get off the phone. Why? Because they certainly have something more important to do than listen to some jumbled hyper-pitch! So instead of jumping to the negative, ask yourself . . . What is the bestcase scenario? Customers calling you so that you never have to prospect again? waterwelljournal.com
Let me know if you ever find that job! Seriously, let’s try the second best-case scenario. You call a prospect or meet someone who expresses interest in your product or service, has a need for it, and would like to learn more about it? If that is your expectation, even if the person sounds hurried, instead of taking it personally, you might assume that your prospect is dealing with an important family matter or a heavy workload. Maybe he just hung up with his attorney. Or perhaps she is on her way home to deal with a sick child. Don’t be so quick to assume the other person’s state of mind has something to do with you—when you haven’t even met the person yet! Anticipate that each new prospect would be thrilled to hear how you can solve their problem, improve their business, or become a valuable resource. Heck, you could even make a new friend!
Expect something positive Try this experiment the next time you make a call, stop by a new home development, or exhibit at a show. Here’s what you do. Expect that you will meet people you can help who will be happy to talk to you. Notice the difference in your tone, your attitude, your behavior—and ultimately, your results. Start expanding your expectations. Soon you will be expanding your business. WWJ
Circle card no. 28
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Circle card no. 26
Water Well Journal August 2013 45/
By Ed Butts, PE, CPI
I
Engineering of Water Systems Part 10(c)—Hydrodynamics, Part 3
n the last installment of The Water Works, we continued a three-part outline on the study of fluids in motion, or hydrodynamics, as it relates to the engineering and design of groundwater systems. We first introduced the basic physical laws associated with this science in the April 2012 issue of Water Well Journal. In the May 2012 issue, we viewed two equations commonly used to calculate the specific friction loss of a closed or open conduit or flow path. We also included head loss tables and correction factors for various types and pressure classes of pipe, all intended to assist a designer with determining the friction loss of their own individual system design. In this the final article, we will conclude with a discussion on the friction losses associated with the various types of components used in a fluid transmission system, specifically the fittings and valves.
System Head Loss
As a quick review, the head loss (H f ) of a piping system is a measurement of the reduction or loss in the total head of the fluid as it travels through a closed or open system and is unavoidable in real fluids. The head loss of a system includes all of the losses associated with the elevation head, velocity head, fluid vapor pressure, and the sum of all friction losses. The sum of friction losses is the total of all friction between the fluid and the surface walls of the conveyance means (conduit or open channel), the friction between the adjacent fluid molecules as they move relative to each other, and the turbulence resulting from all changes of direction and velocity including pumps, entrances and exits, valves, fittings, and other similar components. When using the Bernoulli equation, the individual components of head loss within a specific system include the sum of the difference of elevation head (Z1 – Z 2 ), the velocity head, and the total friction loss (H f ) of the entire system including all pipe, fittings, and valves. Ed Butts, PE, CPI, is the chief engineer at 4B Engineering & Consulting, Salem, Oregon. He has more than 30 years experience in the water well business, specializing in engineering and business management. He can be reached at epbpe@juno.com.
46/ August 2013 Water Well Journal
In the second part of this series, we outlined the friction losses associated with the conduits or piping. We will discuss the energy losses involved in fittings and valves in this article.
Friction Loss Introduction
The head loss from friction forces in a piping system is the result from the resistance of a fluid to flow. It is commonly referred to as friction or head loss. Typically, it is measured as head loss in feet of head, or in pressure drop or loss in pounds per square inch (psi). For purposes of unit consistency, the use of feet of head loss is a universal term that is generally preferred over loss in psi, for maintaining engineering accuracy. There are means available to determine this loss of head for virtually all types of liquids and conveyance methods. These can be adjusted for the specific fluid’s viscosity, the characteristics of the surface and smoothness of the conveyance method, and the length of travel. Head losses across junctions are often referred to as minor losses, implying they are small compared to other losses in the system (pipe friction, equipment items, and static head), but this is not always the case. For example, head losses on the suction side of a pump may need to be precisely calculated to determine the NPSH available (compared with NPSH required by the pump), but on the discharge side such precision may not be needed (or may not be achievable because other data might be imprecise, like the roughness of pipes). This means when designing a system, the relative importance of the various losses within the entire system should be kept in mind. With long pipes and large static heads, the head loss across a junction might indeed be quite insignificant, especially with the type of piping networks found in most water systems.
Pipe Fittings and Valves
Elbows, tees, valves, and other fittings are necessary to connect a piping system to a pump and to the overall network. As with the pipeline itself, the pipe fittings and valves in a fluid transmission system disturb the normal flow of liquid, causing additional head loss due to friction. This head loss is additive to the losses created by the fluid flow in the conduit. There are three basic methods currently waterwelljournal.com
Table 1. “K” and Cv values for commonly used check and control valves.
in use to predict the head loss in pipe fittings and valves. They are interrelated in their formulas and are referred to as the “K” factor method, the “equivalent length” of pipe in linear feet procedure, and the flow coefficient or “Cv” method.
“K” Factor Method
The fittings used for fluid flow such as elbows, tees, strainers, valves, and reducers have all been hydraulically flow tested and assigned specific values known as resistance factors, or more commonly “K” factors. “K” factors are based on Twitter @WaterWellJournl
the actual head loss measured through them at a singular flow rate. The “K” value is actually a modifier that is used to adjust the velocity head loss (V2/2g) through a specific fitting or valve to the internal geometry and roughness of that fitting. Although sometimes laborious and time-consuming to use, the resulting values generally produce the most accurate engineering value of head loss for a specific flow rate. The “K” values for individual fittings and valves are normally found in pump and hydraulic handbooks, including the Hydraulic Insti-
WATER WORKS/continues on page 48
Water Well Journal August 2013 47/
Table 2. “K” values for commonly used fittings and valves.
Table 2---Head Losses in Pipe Fittings & Valves Resistance Coefficient ³ K´ (for use in Formula: HI= KV²/2g) Nominal Pipe Size (inches) Fitting
L/D ½´
¾´
1´ 1¼´ 1½´ 2´ 2½/3´ 4´
6´ 8/10´ 12-16´ 18-24´
³.´ Value Angle Valve
55 1.48 1.38 1.27 1.21 1.16 1.05 0.99 0.94 0.83 0.77 0.72
0.66
Angle Valve
150 4.05 3.75 3.45 3.30 3.15 2.85 2.70 2.55 2.25 2.10 1.95
1.80
Ball Valve
3 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04
0.04
0.86 0.81 0.77 0.68 0.63 0.35
0.30
8 0.22 0.20 0.18 0.18 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.12 0.11 0.10
0.10
Butterfly Valve
Gate Valve Globe Valve
4.4
4.1
Plug Valve-Branch Flow
90 2.43 2.25 2.07 1.98 1.89 1.71 1.62 1.53 1.35 1.26 1.17
1.08
Plug Valve-Through Valve
18 0.48 0.45 0.41 0.40 0.38 0.34 0.32 0.31 0.27 0.25 0.23
0.22
Plug Valve 3-Way Thru-Flow 30 0.81 0.75 0.69 0.66 0.63 0.57 0.54 0.51 0.45 0.42 0.39
0.36
Standard Elbow
340 9.2 8.5 7.8 7.5 7.1 6.5
6.1
5.8 5.1
4.8
90°
30 0.81 0.75 0.69 0.66 0.63 0.57 0.54 0.51 0.45 0.42 0.39
0.36
45°
16 0.43 0.40 0.37 0.35 0.34 0.30 0.29 0.27 0.24 0.22 0.21
0.19
Long Radius 90° 16 0.43 0.40 0.37 0.35 0.34 0.30 0.29 0.27 0.24 0.22 0.21 0.19 Close Return B end
50 1.35 1.25 1.15 1.10 1.05 0.95 0.90 0.85 0.75 0.70 0.65
0.60
20 0.54 0.50 0.46 0.44 0.42 0.38 0.36 0.34 0.30 0.28 0.26
0.24
h 60 1.62 1.50 1.38 1.32 1.26 1.14 1.08 1.02 0.90 0.84 0.78 Thru-Branch
0.72
Thru-Tee Standard Tees
r/d=1
20 0.54 0.50 0.46 0.44 0.42 0.38 0.36 0.34 0.30 0.28 0.26
0.24
r/d=2
12 0.32 0.30 0.28 0.26 0.25 0.23 0.22 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.16
0.14
r/d=3
12 0.32 0.30 0.28 0.26 0.25 0.23 0.22 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.16
0.14
r/d=4
14 0.38 0.35 0.32 0.31 0.29 0.27 0.25 0.24 0.21 0.20 0.18
0.17
r/d=6
17 0.46 0.43 0.39 0.37 0.36 0.32 0.31 0.29 0.26 0.24 0.22
0.20
r/d=8
24 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.53 0.50 0.46 0.43 0.41 0.36 0.34 0.31
0.29
r/d=10
30 0.81 0.75 0.69 0.66 0.63 0.57 0.54 0.51 0.45 0.42 0.39
0.36
r/d=12
34 0.92 0.85 0.78 0.75 0.71 0.65 0.61 0.58 0.51 0.48 0.44
0.41
r/d=14
38 1.03 0.95 0.87 0.84 0.80 0.72 0.68 0.65 0.57 0.53 0.49
0.46
r/d=16
42 1.13 1.05 0.97 0.92 0.88 0.80 0.76 0.71 0.63 0.59 0.55
0.50
r/d=18
45 1.24 1.15 1.06 1.01 0.97 0.87 0.83 0.78 0.69 0.64 0.60
0.55
Fabricated 90° Bends, Pipe-Bends,
Flanged Ells, Butt-Welded Ells (r/d = Rad./Dia.)
WATER WORKS/from page 47
tute Data Book, and are derived from the following formula: K = 894d2 Cv2 where: d = inside diameter of Sch. 40 steel pipe (in inches) Cv = flow in U.S. gpm at 1 psi differential at 60°F 48/ August 2013 Water Well Journal
To use this method: • Find the appropriate chart pertaining to the fitting. • Determine the “K” factor for the diameter of the fitting. • Determine the velocity of the fluid traveling within the pipe/fitting by referencing a table or by using the formula Q = V × A, where Q = flow quantity in cubic feet/second (CFS, ft3/sec), V = velocity in feet per second (FPS), A = area of fitting or valve, in square feet (ft2). waterwelljournal.com
Table 3. Equivalent length values for commonly used fittings and valves.
Table 3²Head Losses in Pipe Fittings & Valves--Method 2-in Equivalent Length of Pipe (Based on equivalent feet of straight pipe @ H-: ³&´ ) Diameter (Inch)
Inside Diam.
Angle Gate Std. Std. Valve Valve 90° 45° fully Ells Ells open
(Inches)
½´ ¾´ 1´ 1¼´ 1½´
.622 .824 1.049 1.380 1.610
7.78 10.3 13.1 17.3 20.1
.67 .90 1.14 1.50 1.75
2´ 2½´ 3´ 4´ 5´ 6´ 8´ 10´ 12´ 14´ 16´ 18´ 20´ 24´ 30´ 36´ 42´ 48´
2.067 2.469 3.068 4.026 5.047 6.065 7.981 10.02 11.938 13.124 15.00 16.876 18.814 22.628 28.5 34.5 40 46
25.8 30.9 38.4 50.3 63.1
2.25 2.67 3.33 4.36 5.47 6.57 15.3 7.10 8.65 20.2 9.40 10.9 25.3 11.8 12.9 29.9 14.1 14.2 35.0 16.5 16.3 40.0 18.8 18.3 45.0 21.2 20.4 50.0 23.5 24.5 61.0 28.2 30.9 76.0 35.3 37.4 91.0 42.4 43.3 106.0 49.4 49.8 121.0 57.6
75.8 99.8 125 149 164 188 210 235 283 --------------
1.70 2.10 2.60 3.50 4.10 5.20 6.20 7.70 10.2 12.7
.83 .97 1.23 1.60 1.90 2.40 2.90 3.60 4.70 5.90
Std. Tee thru Run
1.11 1.40 1.80 2.30 2.70 3.50 4.20 5.20 6.80 8.50 10.2 13.4 16.9 20.2 23.5 26.9 30.0 34.0 40.0 50.0 61.0 71.0 81.0
Std. Silent Swing Tee Check Check thru Valve Valve Branch full open Globe 3.30 4.30 4.20 Pattern 5.30 5.30 Ļ Ļ 6.80 7.00 8.90 8.10 10.4 13.4 10.4 17.3 15.9 12.4 20.6 19.8 15.5 25.6 26.0 20.3 33.6 33.0 25.4 42.1 39.0 31.0 50.5 52.0 40.0 66.5 65.0 51.0 83.5 77.0 61.0 100 90.0 71.0 110 81.0 91.0 101.0 121.0 151.0 181.0 212.0 242.0
͞ ͟ sĂůƵĞ ŽƌƌĞĐƚŝŽŶ 80 = x1.51Ͷ--90 = x1.22 110 = x.838---120= x.713 130= x.615----140= x.536 150 = x.468
125 140 157 189 238 288 333 383
This approximates the head loss through that fitting. Continue this procedure for each fitting and valve in the system and then add all of the individual fitting losses to the calculated head losses for the pipe and to estimate the total head losses due to friction for the entire system.
Using a separate process, all pipe fittings and valves were hydraulically tested and values assigned for the actual head loss measured through them. Instead of assigning a factor related to the velocity head, as in the “K” factor method, an “equivalent length of pipe in linear feet” value was assigned. This means a particular fitting will have a head loss equal to a given length of straight pipe of the same size. These tables are found in pump and hydraulic handbooks. The formula for finding the equivalent length of pipe is: L = Kd 12f Twitter @WaterWellJournl
232.0 271.0 310.0
22.5 25.3 28.2 34.0
Ball Butterfly Control Valves Valve Valve fully open full open Globe Angle .520 .688 .875 1.15 1.35 43 30 6.90 1.75 44 32 8.25 2.10 74 53 10.2 2.55 102 74 3.40 13.5 N/A N/A 4.20 16.9 163 123 5.10 20.2 240 154 26.7 6.65 304 197 8.40 33.5 393 194 9.95 40.0 363 213 43.7 10.9 447 231 12.5 50.0 750 550 14.1 56.3 N/A 500 15.7 62.6 350 600 18.9 75.0 N/A 1100 95.0 N/A 1450 115.0 N/A N/A N/A N/A
Miter
45º
90º
2.00 2.40 3.00 3.90 4.90 5.90 7.70 9.70 11.6 12.8 14.7 16.7 18.6 22.5 28.3 34.0 40.0 46.0
3.10 3.70 4.70 6.10 7.70 9.20 12.1 15.2 18.2 20.1 23.1 26.2 29.0 35.0 44.0 53.0 63.0 72.0
Angle Ptrn. X .66
• Insert the fluid velocity into the following formula to determine the velocity head: V2/2g where 2g = 64.4. • Multiply the velocity head times the “K” factor.
Equivalent Length of Pipe in Linear Feet Method
104.0 116.0 129.0 155.0 193.0
Plug Valve fully open .933 1.25 1.50 1.88 2.42 3.00 3.75 4.50 6.00 7.50 9.00 12.0 15.0 18.0 19.7
where: L = equivalent length of pipe K = resistance coefficient (“K” factor) d = inside diameter of Sch. 40 steel pipe (in inches) f = friction factor for Sch. 40 steel pipe (see Table 3)
To use this method: • Find the fitting you wish to use in the appropriate table. • Find the pipe size and record the equivalent length. • Continue this for all the fittings in the system. • Add the fitting equivalent length values to get a total equivalent length of pipe. • Find the pipe diameter, appropriate flow rate (gpm), and head loss per 100 feet in the tables. • Add the total fittings equivalent length of pipe to the total actual length of pipe. This gives you a total effective length of pipe. • Divide the total effective length of pipe by 100 and multiply the result by the head loss per 100-foot value from the table. The total number estimates the head loss due to friction for the system.
WATER WORKS/continues on page 50 Water Well Journal August 2013 49/
WATER WORKS/from page 49 The Flow Coefficient (Cv) Method
The flow coefficient (Cv) of a device is a relative measure of its efficiency at allowing fluid flow. It describes the relationship between the pressure drop across an orifice, valve, fitting, or other assembly and the corresponding flow rate. Mathematically, the flow coefficient can be expressed as: Cv = F √SG ΔP
where: Cv = flow coefficient or flow capacity rating of valve F = rate of flow (U.S. gallons per minute) through fitting or valve SG = specific gravity of fluid (water = 1 at 60°F) ΔP = pressure drop across valve (in psi)
In more practical terms, the flow coefficient (Cv) is the volume (in U.S. gallons) of water at 60°F that will flow per minute through a valve with a pressure drop of 1 psi across the valve. The use of the flow coefficient offers a standard method of comparing valve capacities and sizing valves for specific applications that is widely accepted by industry. The general definition of the flow coefficient can also be expanded into equations modeling the flow of liquids, gases, and steam.
So Which to Use?
The decision as to which method to use for an individual hydraulic piping network must be largely that of the designer and their personal preference and experience. Although the “K” value method is usually a more timeconsuming and tedious calculation that can only be applied to singular flow rates per calculation, it also produces the most accurate value of head loss and is readily adaptable to various fluids. This can be a critical factor when working with a system requiring detailed and accurate head analysis, such as those for axial flow (propeller pump) dewatering projects, applications pumping fluids other than water, or those with low overall head. For the typical water system with a total head of 100 feet or more, using the equivalent length method is generally an easier and faster method, particularly since the method is usually applied with the Hazen-Williams equation, which is a simple, popular, and relatively easy formula to use with cold water flow in closed conduits. In addition, the outcome margin of error is usually well within the tolerance of head variation expected in a higher head application. The overall calculated length can also be easily applied for varying flow rates common to water system designs without having to recalculate individual fitting losses. These factors make the equivalent length method the preferred method of calculating fitting and valve losses for most water system designs. The flow coefficient method is usually used to compare the hydraulic efficiencies and relative capacities through various types of valves. Since the resulting value is based on the equivalent of 1 psi (2.31 feet of head) of head loss through a valve, it provides an excellent way to compare the hydraulic 50/ August 2013 Water Well Journal
efficiency and relative capacities of different types and manufacturers of check, control, and throttling valves.
Using the Tables
As an aid to designers, I have included three tables for your use. Table 1 includes “K” and Cv values for the most commonly used types of check and control valves from ½-inch up to 12 inches. When possible, I have placed the “K” and Cv values for each type of valve adjacent to each other to allow for easy comparison. Table 2 includes the “K” values for the most commonly used fittings and valves in pipeline and hydraulic system design between ½-inch to 24-inch sizes. This table includes “K” values for gate, ball, and butterfly valves as well as standard tees, ells, and mitered fittings. Table 3 provides equivalent length values for the most common fittings and valves used in water system design between ½-inch up to 48 inches. It must be noted that the individual items are based on the equivalent length comparative to pipe size only. Correction for the internal roughness value (the H-W “C” value) must be conducted only after the full inventory of pipe length and number of valves/fittings has been made and the combined values converted to a total equivalent length. Converting the total length of pipe to the appropriate friction factor is thereafter performed. One important word of caution must be given towards the use of these tables. Although I have researched the values for each parameter carefully and tried to use the most common value for each type of component, there will be obvious differences in the Cv, “K”, and equivalent lengths between many of the tabular values shown here and other references you may use. It is critical that the designer employ prudent caution— and when necessary, verification—that the values used for an individual design are correct and moreover appropriate for the application. To summarize, please use the values shown on the three tables as guidelines and estimating values only and not as final design values. When possible, the use of published manufacturers’ engineering data should always be used, particularly for applications with critical or low head design values. This concludes this mini-series on the hydrodynamics of pipeline systems. The next installment of The Water Works will continue our look at the engineering of large water systems. Until then, keep them pumping! WWJ
Learn how to engineer success for your business Engineering Your Business: A series of articles serving as a guide to the groundwater business is a compilation of works from long-time Water Well Journal columnist Ed Butts, PE, CPI. Visit NGWA’s online bookstore at www.NGWA.org for more information.
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COMING
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August 6–9/ International Mine Water Association 2013 Annual Conference: Reliable Mine Water Technology/ Golden, Colorado. Web: csmspace.com/ events/imwa2013 August 12–14/ 2013 Florida Rural Water Association Annual Training and Technical Conference/ Daytona Beach, Florida. Web: www.frwa.net/training/AC/13AC/ 13AC.htm
October 1–3/ National Rural Water Association H2O-XPO/ Louisville, Kentucky. Web: www.h2o-xpo.org
August 28–29/ 2nd Annual LatAm Mine Water Conference/ Santiago, Chile. Web: www.fleminggulf.com/conferenceview/ LatAm-Mine-Water-Conference/272
October 10–11/ NGWA Conference on Groundwater and Food Production/ Dallas, Texas. PH: (800) 551-7379, Fax: (614) 898-7786, E-mail: customerservice @ngwa.org, Web: www.NGWA.org
September 10/ Asset Management for Groundwater-Based Public Supply Systems short course/ Altamonte Springs, Florida. PH: (800) 551-7379, Fax: (614) 898-7786, E-mail: customerservice @ngwa.org, Web: www.NGWA.org September 10/ Protect Your Groundwater Day/ PH: (800) 551-7379, Fax: (614) 8987786, E-mail: customerservice@ngwa.org, Web: www.NGWA.org September 12–13/ Texas Desal 2013/ Austin, Texas. Web: www.texasdesal.com/ events/opportunities-and-obstaclesconference September 14/ Georgia Association of Groundwater Professionals Well Show/ Savannah, Georgia. PH: (678) 646-0379, Fax: (866) 267-3792, E-mail: bruce @brucewidener.com, Web: www.georgia drillers.com September 16–20/ Ohio Section of the American Water Works Association 75th Annual Conference/ Toledo, Ohio. Web: www.ohiowater.org/oawwa
October 5–9/ WEFTEC 2013/ Chicago, Illinois. Web: www.weftec.org October 8–9/ Biennial Groundwater Conference and Groundwater Resources Association Annual Meeting/ Sacramento, California. Web: www.grac.org/am13.asp
October 11–12/ Empire State Water Well Drillers Association Fall Meeting/ Hunter, New York. Web: www.nywelldriller.org October 13–15/ Alabama-Mississippi Section of the American Water Works Association Conference/ Tunica, Mississippi. Web: www.almsawwa.org/ default.asp?ID=248&pg=conf October 17/ Women in the Geosciences Webinar/ PH: (800) 551-7379, Fax: (614) 898-7786, E-mail: customerservice @ngwa.org, Web: www.NGWA.org October 24–26/ California Groundwater Association Annual Convention and Trade Show/ Reno, Nevada. Web: www.groundh2o.org/events/index.html October 26/ South Carolina Ground Water Association Fall Meeting Beach Blast/ North Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. PH: (803) 356-6809, Fax: (803) 356-6826, E-mail: scgwa@sc.rr.com, Web: www.scgwa.org
September 17–18/ The Water Expo/ Miami Beach, Florida. Web: www .thewaterexpo.com
October 27–29/ 2013 Georgia Rural Water Association Fall Training Conference/ Lake Lanier Islands, Georgia. Web: www.grwa.org/grwa_conference.html
September 22–25/ Ground Water Protection Council 2013 Annual Forum/ St. Louis, Missouri. Web: www.gwpc.org/ gwpc-2013-annual-forum
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September 23–24/ NGWA Conference on Groundwater in Fractured Rock and Sediments/ Burlington, Vermont. PH: (800) 551-7379, Fax: (614) 898-7786, E-mail: customerservice@ngwa.org, Web: www.NGWA.org
October 30/ 2013 Eastern South Dakota Water Conference/ Brookings, South Dakota. E-mail: trista.koropatnicki @sdstate.edu
September 26/ Bay State Groundwater Forum/ Brookline, Massachusetts. PH: (800) 551-7379, Fax: (614) 898-7786, E-mail: customerservice@ngwa.org, Web: www.NGWA.org
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November 7–8/ NGWA Pillars of Groundwater Innovation Conference/ Phoenix, Arizona. PH: (800) 551-7379, Fax: (614) 898-7786, E-mail: customerservice @ngwa.org, Web: www.NGWA.org November 8–10/ Theis Conference/ Phoenix, Arizona. PH: (800) 551-7379, Fax: (614) 898-7786, E-mail: customer service@ngwa.org, Web: www.NGWA .org December 1–5/ 2013 Florida Section of the American Water Works Association Fall Conference/ ChampionsGate, Florida. Web: https://m360.fsawwa.org/event .aspx?eventID=47884 December 3–6/ 2013 NGWA Groundwater Expo and Annual Meeting/ Nashville, Tennessee. PH: (800) 5517379, Fax: (614) 898-7786, E-mail: customerservice@ngwa.org, Web: www .NGWA.org December 5/ Asset Management for Groundwater-Based Public Supply Systems short course/ Nashville, Tennessee. PH: (800) 551-7379, Fax: (614) 898-7786, E-mail: customerservice @ngwa.org, Web: www.NGWA.org December 6/ Drilling Fundamentals for Hydrogeologists short course/ Nashville, Tennessee. PH: (800) 551-7379, Fax: (614) 898-7786, E-mail: customerservice @ngwa.org, Web: www.NGWA.org December 6/ Groundwater Sampling and Environmental Monitoring short course/ Nashville, Tennessee. PH: (800) 5517379, Fax: (614) 898-7786, E-mail: customerservice@ngwa.org, Web: www.NGWA.org *Dates shown in red are National Ground Water Association events. *Dates shown with are events where the National Ground Water Research and Educational Foundation’s McEllhiney Lecture will be presented. Lecture schedules are subject to change. Check www.NGWA.org for the latest information.
November 7/ 2013 Ohio Water Well Association Annual Convention and Trade Show/ Columbus, Ohio. Web: www.ohiowaterwell.org
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NEWSMAKERS NEW ADDITIONS Wilo USA, a provider of pumps and pump solutions for water management, building services, and groundwater, has named Ricky Flores as its new northeast regional sales manager for its water management group and Yates Timmerman as western regional sales manager for building services. Flores previously was a national accounts sales representative for James Hardie Building Products, a manufacturer of fiber cement siding and backerboard, and as a distribution sales representative in the Mid-Atlantic region for Fluke, a manufacturer and distributor of electronic test tools and biomedical equipment. Most recently, he was a technical sales representative for Houston Wire & Cable, an electronic cable, fiber optics, instrumentation, cable, and asset management program provider. Timmerman comes to Wilo from Keenan Supply, a piping and heating system wholesaler in Denver, Colorado. As an outside sales representative for Keenan, he provided HVAC/PVF/ plumbing solutions to contractors, facilities, and municipalities, and worked alongside manufacturers, including Wilo, to drive business by educating the market on their product solutions. BUSINESS
Following Franklin Electric’s recent acquisition of Cerus Industrial, the company announced plans to rebrand the subsidiary as Franklin Control Systems. Based in Hillsboro, Oregon, Franklin Control Systems will lead the company’s efforts in the design and production of electronic drives and controls for water pumping, HVAC, and industrial systems. This rebranding emphasizes Franklin Electric’s desire to strengthen the entrepreneurial core that bolstered the success of Cerus Industrial, while at the same time providing a solid infrastrucTwitter @WaterWellJournl
ture to promote its sustainability. A new Franklin Control Systems logo blends elements from both Franklin Electric and Cerus Industrial to underscore the new direction. Products made by Franklin Control Systems will carry either Franklin Electric or Franklin Control Systems branding, depending on the market channel for which they are intended. Many of the individual components within those products, however, will continue to carry the Cerus brand. The company Web site will be changed to www .franklin-controls.com, but the former www.cerusindustrial.com address will continue to work indefinitely.
representative agencies at its manufacturing headquarters located in Detroit Lakes, Minnesota. Standard control products including float switches, alarms, and control panels were the focus of the training. The course included a float/alarm overview, basic electrical theory with multi-meters, component overview, control panel overview and configuration, hands-on control panel assembly, operation and troubleshooting, best installation practices, and a tour of the SJE-Rhombus production facility. In addition to the training, attendees enjoyed a lakeside fish fry and fishing on a lake.
CERTIFICATION National Pump Co., a Glendale, Arizona, manufacturer of vertical turbine and submersible pumps and packaged pumping systems with six locations throughout the United States, has announced after rigorous testing and analysis its vertical and submersible turbine pump bowl assemblies are certified to the NSF/ANSI 61-G and NSF/ANSI 372 safety standards, complying with the lead-free requirements of the Safe Drinking Water Act, which We still manufacture goes into effect and stock DeepRock January 2014. style equipment from NPC will continue swivels to drillpipe. to participate in ongoing auditing programs to ensure continued compliance. TRAINING SJE-Rhombus, a manufacturer of control solutions for water and wastewater applications, conducted training for 16 attendees representing a variety of distributors, installers, and manufacturer’s Circle card no. 27
Water Well Journal August 2013 53/
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It offers much more than the ability to match pump speed to varying system loads. Grundfos is the only manufacturer to offer a variable-speed electronically commutated motor (ECM)-based circulator that uses an integrated logic algorithm to “learn” the varying energyusage patterns of an application over time, enabling the software to automatically determine the lowest possible operating efficiency point to meet everchanging demand. By continuously fine-tuning power consumption and flow rates to meet the dynamic needs of the system, this Autoadapt function saves both energy and money. From its improved hydraulics and rotor system to a built-in differential pressure sensor, every detail of Magna3 is designed to boost efficiency. The Magna3 consumes 20% to 40% less energy than most models in the current Magna line. In developing the Magna3, Grundfos committed to achieving the European Energy Efficiency Index of 0.20, which exceeds the efficiency ratings of any circulators now on the market in North America. Circle card no. 41
Xylem Extends Mobile Access with Goulds Water Technology Catalog iPhone App
Goulds Water Technology, a brand of Xylem Inc., a global water technology company focused on addressing the world’s challenging water issues, is expanding its mobile application offerings with the launch of a product and literature catalog application for iPhone, iPad, and Android. The mobile app enables industry professionals to gain onetouch access to brochures, submittals, performance curves, drawings, applications, part lists, and installation and operation manuals for Goulds pumps and package systems for the residential and commercial buildings markets. The Goulds Water Technology mobile product and literature catalog gives engineers, consultants, and designers
real-time access to the brand’s complete product portfolio in a simple interface. The iPhone app underscores efficiency through features including quick search functionality, automatic updates, easy to navigate app design, simple view and sort, and in-app view and e-mail capabilities. The Goulds Water Technology Catalog app is free and is available for download from the iTunes Store or the Google Play Store. Circle card no. 42
SJE-Rhombus Makes Pump Control Panel Available
SJE-Rhombus and its engineered control panel companies now offer a wall-mount enclosure and additional enclosure sizes for the innovative, multiple-compartment Arc Armor Pump Control Panel enclosure. This enclosure reduces the risk of injury resulting from arc flash and electric shock. The control and power circuitry are isolated in separate compartments, preventing unnecessary exposure to arc flash or arc blast by municipal system operators. Other features include patented enclosure design manufactured by an ISO 9000-certified company; integrated multiple-compartment design; single wall construction; small footprint to reduce installation costs; single sheet drip cap with rolled edge drip loops on freestanding models; 304L stainless steel construction; high finish white color to reduce heat buildup from solar radiation heat; positive ventilation to further reduce heat buildup; three-point lockable latches; and free-standing, pole-mount, wall-mount and front-loaded enclosure models. Arc Armor enclosures are suitable for a wide range of pump applications. Circle card no. 43
waterwelljournal.com
FEATURED
Conductivity Datalogging from Solinst Includes Memory for 16,000 Sets of Readings
The LTC Levelogger Junior from Solinst allows datalogging of water conductivity along with water level and temperature all in one instrument. It combines a datalogger, memory for 16,000 sets of readings, and a five-year battery in a small ⅞-inch × 7.5-inch waterproof, stainless steel housing. The conductivity sensor is simple to calibrate, providing 2% accuracy of readings from 500 to 50,000 µS/cm. Compatible with Levelogger Software and accessories, it has all the advantages of the Levelogger Edge Series, with ease of programming, deployment, and data management. LTC Levelogger Junior can communicate using a Leveloader data transfer device, is SDI-12 compatible, and can integrate into a Solinst STS Telemetry System. The LTC Levelogger Junior is ideal for monitoring salinity in road salt and saltwater intrusion studies, agricultural and stormwater runoff monitoring, tracer tests, and providing a general indication of water quality. Circle card no. 44
Hütte Introduces New Self-Contained Hydraulic Crawler Drill
Although the HBR 202 shares the same undercarriage and telescoping mast as the HBR 203, that is where the similarities end. The new HBR 202 features unique kinematics resulting from an upper structure that rotates 140 degrees left and right and extends fore and aft 350 mm. Another addition is a new threespeed Hütte HG28 low profile rotary head that provides 21,000 foot-pounds of torque with a clearance to the front face of less than 12 inches. The HBR 202 is radio remote controlled to allow better and safer operation in confined spaces. Circle card no. 45
Neoprene Sweat Jackets Added to Water-Right’s Product Offering
Water-Right Inc., a leading manufacturer of water treatment equipment, announced the addition of neoprene sweat jackets to its product line. These sleek, black sweat jackets are available for tanks ranging in size from 9 inches × 48 inches to 14 inches × 65 inches. The jacket is easily fastened around the tank with a full length zipper on the backside, which holds it securely in place. The jackets are delivered without any branding, so dealers have the opportunity to take them to a local screen printer to apply their own logo and contact information. Circle card no. 46
GammaTech Durabook TA10 Rugged Tablet Is Now Available
Hütte Bohrtechnik has introduced a self-contained, fully hydraulic crawler drill rig model. Similar in size to its HBR 203 model, the Hütte HBR 202 comes with an onboard electric or diesel motor, without need for a separate power supply. Twitter @WaterWellJournl
GammaTech announced its Durabook TA10 rugged tablet, designed and engineered for demanding industrial and field applications, is now available. The high-end industrial tablet features an ultra-high bright 10.4-inch LCD display with LED backlight, resistive multitouch panel with tempered glass, sunlight-readable panel, digitizer with active stylus, an Intel Ivy Bridge proces-
PRODUCTS
sor, Bluetooth and WiFi wireless connectivity, and two six-cell battery packs. The unit meets Military Standard 810G for drop and shock resistance as well as salt and fog protection, and IP65 for dust and water resistance. To keep work safe in the field, security features include TPM 1.2 data security technology, a Kensington Lock connector, and Intel anti-theft technology or Computrace asset management and data protection. Optional features include a UHF RFID reader, barcode scanner, fingerprint scanner, smart card reader, internal GPS, and more. Circle card no. 47
Henry Pratt Unveils Series 300 Plunger Valve
Henry Pratt Co. introduced its Series 300 Plunger Valve—a flow control valve that reduces cavitation and stagnant water creation to help water systems improve operational safety, efficiency, and flow control. Henry Pratt is a division of Mueller Co. and is a provider of high-quality valves, valve actuators, and control systems for water distribution, water treatment, nuclear, fire protection, and power generation markets worldwide. Traditionally, water system operators partially close control valves to help reduce water flows—ultimately creating cavitation that can significantly reduce the valves’ operational lifespan and cause damage to pipe walls and fittings. Circle card no. 48
Water Well Journal August 2013 55/
JOURNAL
2013
A PUBLICATION OF THE NATIONAL GROUND WATER ASSOCIATION
is looking . . . . . . for a few good pictures!
Do you have any high-quality color photos that depict water well or pump work? Photos of any step in the design and installation of a water system are welcomed. The selected photos will appear on the covers of upcoming issues of WWJ. Look through your files and mail in your best photos today! Name ____________________________________________________________________________ Company name ____________________________________________________________________ Address __________________________________________________________________________ City, State, Zip ______________________________________________________________________ Phone __________________________________________ Fax ______________________________ E-mail ______________________________ Enclosed you’ll find ______ photos for Water Well Journal. I understand that these photos become the property of the Water Well Journal, and will not be returned. If any photo is selected for use on a WWJ cover, I further understand that I will be paid $250 and my photo credit will appear on the issue’s contents page. Signed ______________________________________________________ Date ________________ Instructions: Mail to WWJ Photos, 601 Dempsey Rd., Westerville, OH 43081-8978. Please enclose glossy prints, slides, or send high-resolution digital photos to tplumley@ngwa.org. Please include a description of the activity taking place in the photo.
®
Classified Advertising/Marketplace 15 Bits Bits, subs, stabilizers, hole openers, etc. Over 10,000 bits in stock.
R L C Bit Service Inc. 8643 Bennett Rd. P.O. Box 714 Benton, IL 62812 www.rlcbit.com
ƨȯȺȻȳɀΎƚȷɂΎƛȽȻȾȯȼɇΎȽˎȳɀɁΎ ȶȷȵȶΎȿɃȯȺȷɂɇΎȲɀȷȺȺȷȼȵΎȰȷɂɁΎȴȽɀΎȯΎ ɄȯɀȷȳɂɇΎȽȴΎȯȾȾȺȷȱȯɂȷȽȼɁΎ˱Ύ ȲɀȷȺȺȷȼȵΎȱȽȼȲȷɂȷȽȼɁ˷Ύ ͻ ƠȷȵȶΎƩɃȯȺȷɂɇΎ ͻ ƫɃȾȳɀȷȽɀΎƨȳɀȴȽɀȻȯȼȱȳ ͻ ƜɃɀȯȰȷȺȷɂɇ ͻ ƮȯɀȷȳɂɇΎȽȴΎƙȾȾȺȷȱȯɂȷȽȼɁ ͻ ƚȷɂΎƪȳɅȽɀȹΎƫȳɀɄȷȱȳɁΎ
Call us Today! 1-800-421-2487 www.palmerbit.com sales@palmerbit.com
18 Breakout Tools
Ph: (618) 435-5000 Cell: (618) 927-2676 Cell: (618) 927-5586 Fax: (618) 438-0026
3 Appraisals Equipment Appraisals Nationally recognized and accredited equipment appraisals for water well drill rigs and well drilling equipment for banks, lenders, mergers, accountants, estate planning, IRS, and auctions. Experienced, knowledgeable, and recognized worldwide in the water well drilling industry. Accurate and confidential appraisal reports.
SALVADORE AUCTIONS & APPRAISALS 401.792.4300 www.siaai.com
Jason Corn E-mail: rlcbit373@frontier.com Rick Corn E-mail: rlcbit77@frontier.com
22 Business Opportunities WELL DEVELOPMENT: AirBurst Technology, LLC is seeking qualified individuals or businesses to partner with ABT, in select areas of the country, to represent ABT and perform AirBurst well development services. Target customers are drillers and pump installers, municipalities, industry, irrigators and livestock farmers. Applicants must have an ongoing related water well industry business or previous experience, have an excellent working knowledge of water wells, have existing relationships with drillers and pump installers. A small investment is required. AirBurst will provide equipment and maintain ownership of equipment. Training will be provided at your USA site at minimal cost. Please visit our website at www.airbursttech.com and complete the AirBurst Partner Form at “contact us”.
BREAKOUT TOOLS SEMCO Inc. All Hydraulic Hydrorench S110H In Stock 1-10 Four Rollers Breaks Pipe Make Pipe to Torque Specs 800-541-1562 Twitter @WaterWellJournl
Add a color to your display classified ad for only $49. Please call Shelby to make arrangements 1-800-551-7379 ext. 523
Water Well Journal August 2013 57/
57 Direct Push Supplies
60 Down Hole Inspection Water Well Inspection Systems
(&7 Manufacturer of Pre-Pack Screens � 4� ID Pre-Pack NOW AVAILABLE � Standard Pre-Pack When You Would Set A Traditional Well � Economy Pre-Pack When Cost Is A Factor � 20% Open Area High Yield Pre-Pack For Use In Low Yield Wells � All Stainless Steel Pre-Pack For Aggressive Groundwater Environments � Non-Metal Pre-Pack When Metal Components Are Not Compatible � Annular Seals Foam Bridges, Bentonite & Quick-Sleeves � CUSTOM INJECTION Pre-Packs ***A Johnson Screens Distributor*** **We Stock GeoprobeŽ Compatible Supplies & Tooling** *ProactiveŽ Pumps Master Distributor*
Toll Free 1-888-240-4328 Phone: 1-609-631-8939 Â? Fax: 1-609-631-0993 ectmfg.com Â? proactivepumps.com Â? torquerplug.com
Portable, truck or trailermounted Retrofit your existing vehicle New Zoom feature for 2013 360° side wall viewing color cameras Inspection depths up to 5,000 feet
75 Electric Motors EQUIPMENT WANTED: Electric motors wanted. Vertical hollow shaft pump motors. 20 to 500 hp good or bad, will pick up. PH: (800) 541-1562.
Contact us at: Toll Free: (800) 671-0383 (559) 291-0383 ext.111 Fax: (559) 291-0463 Email: jim.lozano@ariesindustries.com Or visit us at: www.ariesindustries.com
80 Employment
98 Generators
DRILLING EQUIPMENT
02%,/( *(1(5$7256 1(: 86(' 5(17$/6 ‡ 4XLHWHVW 0RELOH RQ WKH 0DUNHW ‡ 5XJJHG 5HOLDEOH ‡ +LJK 3HUIRUPDQFH ‡ +RXU &DSDFLW\ )XHO &HOO ‡ 7LHU (PLVVLRQV &RPSOLDQW
Driller/Drilling Crew
For temporary hire With or without drill rig Willing to travel 30+ years experience 484-225-8729 610-791-9500
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See what you’re missing . . .
Rig transportation also available.
71 Drilling Equipment
58/ August 2013 Water Well Journal
waterwelljournal.com
76 Elevators J & K To o l C o m p a n y I n c .
Kwik Klamps 1 & 2 (adjustable 1 –2 or 21⠄2 – 4 ) NEW – Kwik Klamp 3 (for 6 PVC) Elevators for PVC well casing (sizes 1 –16 ) Heavy Duty PVC Elevators (sizes 4 –8 ) Flush Joint PVC Pipe Clamps (sizes 4 –24 ) www.jktool.com sales@jktool.com Tel 320-563-4967 Fax 320-563-8051
SkyRex Water Well Elevators 2 thru 36 Also lightweight PVC elevators Now Available!
“Complete Reverse Circulation Drill Strings�
Rex McFadden
90 Equipment
7931 19th Lubbock, TX 70407
New Low Prices
Low yield well? Get more water without overpumping.
Ph (806) 791-3731 Fax (806) 791-3755 www.rexmcfadden.com
www.wellmanager.com ✔ Use on wells yielding as little as 0.10 gpm. ✔ Turn-key collection and delivery system. ✔ Fits through 24� doors. ✔ Good money from bad wells. For more information, log-on or call 800-211-8070. Š Reid Plumbing Products, LLC
1 – 16 Elevators All steel with safety latch. SEMCO of Lamar 800-541-1562 Fax 719-336-2402
Credit Cards Accepted
Standard Manufacturing
Largest water well pipe elevator manufacturing company in the United States.
WellGrouters Manager 101 Classified Display Ad â&#x20AC;&#x153;Overpumpingâ&#x20AC;? Water Well Journal 0$.( <285 *(27+(50$/ *5287,1* B&W 2 col 4.25â&#x20AC;? x 2â&#x20AC;? $ 21( 0$1 23(5$7,21 1-2-12 1570 WM
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Twitter @WaterWellJournl
Phone:
(936) 336-6200 (800) 337-0163 Fax: (936) 336-6212 E-Mail: StandardManufacturing @yahoo.com Web site: www.standardmfg.com
Dealers Wanted
Didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t find what you were looking for? Try NGWAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Career Center at www.careers.ngwa.org for more opportunities. Whether you are looking for the right job or the right employee, the NGWA Career Center can provide you with an industry-specific listing to hone your search. Questions? Call Rachel at 800 551.7379, ext 504, or e-mail rjones@ngwa.org. Water Well Journal August 2013 59/
105 Injection Pumps
115 Mud Pumps Hydraulic drive mud pumps â&#x20AC;&#x201D;small and lightweightâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;
3 #; + ; / 8 7 , / 0 1 . 0 1 ,, 2 #"" 1 " 3 4
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71/2 10 duplex pump â&#x20AC;˘ Fits in the place of a 5 6 â&#x20AC;˘ Pumps 300 GPM at up to 800 PSI â&#x20AC;˘ Weighs 1000 lbs. less than a 5 6 â&#x20AC;˘ Single and three cylinder models also available
Centerline Manufacturing U.S Pat. #6,769,884 and others pending
106 Installation Accessories
903-725-6978
www.centerlinemanufacturing.com
Heat Shrink from B&B Wholesale "We are the heat shrink people" - Heat shrink kits for #14 to 4/0 wire - Volume pricing - Custom kits made to order - Private labeling available - Quick shipping - Four types of heat shrink tubing in stock - Large selection of installation accessories including pressure gauges, tapes, valves and tank ďŹ ttings packages Supplying "Made in USA" heat shrink tubing to pump and well installers since 1994. 800-593-9403
137 Services REPAIRS: Eastman deviation survey clocks (mechanical drift indicators) repaired. We also have three, six, and twelve degree angle units, charts, and other accessories in stock. Call Downhole Clock Repair, (325) 660-2184.
60/ August 2013 Water Well Journal
Get Safety Resources Online You can never be too safe, so take advantage of safety resources online. Go to the Web site of the National Ground Water Association and check out the resources it has available at www.NGWA.org/ Professional-Resources/safety/ pages. Also while youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re at the Web site, make sure to check out NGWA Pressâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; newest safety item, Safety Meetings for the Groundwater Industry, a set of 52 sheets that provide information so companies can hold weekly safety meetings on topics specific to their industry.
waterwelljournal.com
125 Pump Hoists 2013 Ford Trucks Available
S4,000 Pump Hoist, 8,000# cap., 35 telescoping mast, 30 gal. oil tank, hydro pump, 5T safety hook, hydro controls and variable speed engine control . . . . . . . . . . . . $14,245
S6,000 Pump Hoist, 16,000# 3L cap., 35 telescoping mast, 30 gal. oil tank, hydro pump, 5T safety hook, hydro controls and variable speed engine control . . . . . $16,445
S8,000 Pump Hoist, 22,000# 3L cap., 36 telescoping mast, 30 gal. oil tank, hydro pump, 7T safety hook, hydro controls and variable speed engine control . . . . . $20,845
S10,000 Pump Hoist, 30,000# 3L cap., 40 telescoping mast, 30 gal. oil tank, hydro pump, 9T safety hook, hydro controls and variable speed engine control . . . . . $28,545 S12,000 Pump Hoist, 48,000# 4L cap., 44 telescoping mast, 6000# tail out line, 72 gal. oil tank, hydro pump, 11T safety hook, hydro controls and variable speed engine control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $32,945 S15,000 Pump Hoist, 60,000# 4L cap, 48 telescoping mast, 6000# tail out line, 72 gal. oil tank, hydro pump, 13T safety hook, hydro controls and variable speed engine control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $40,645 S20,000 Pump Hoist, 80,000# 4L cap, 40 telescoping mast, 6000# tail out line, 72 gal. oil tank, hydro pump, 13T safety hook, hydro controls and variable speed engine control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $53,845 S25,000 Pump Hoist, 100,000# 4L cap, 40 telescoping mast, 6000# tail out line, 100 gal. oil tank, hydro pump, 15T safety hook, hydro
control and variable speed engine control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $61,545 S30,000 Pump Hoist, 120,000# 4L cap, 40 telescoping mast, 6000# tail out line, 100 gal. oil tank, hydro pump, 15T safety hook, hydro control and variable speed engine control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $76,945
FOR SALE: 3T Smeal, 2001 F550, 6 spd., 7.3, 4 4, utility box, 84 - CA $22,500 and 5T Smeal, 2004 F550, auto., 6.0, 4 4, utility box, 84 - CA $32,500. Call (800) 288-9355.
Equipment in Stock
5T Smeal, PR, bed, toolboxes, 2004 Ford F-650, Cummins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $34,950
S6,000 SEMCO, 35 derrick, PTO 16,000# cap., 2 spd., RC, PR, oil cooler, light kit, SB, toolboxes, bumper w/rec. hitch, 2013 Ford F-550, diesel, 6 spd. auto. . . . . . . . . $77,935
128 Pump Pullers
S8,000H SEMCO, 36 , 2 spd., RC, 2-PR, aux., SB w/platform, w/1998 International 4700 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $48,950 S12,000H SEMCO, 44 , HS PTO, oil cooler, SR, BO, 2 spd., aux., PR, BC outriggers, light kit, 16 bed, toolbox, 2006 International 4300, auto., yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $87,039
Upcoming Trades
S6,000, 44 , 2 spd., 16,000# cap., RC, 2-PR, 11 bed, rec. hitch, toolbox, w/Dodge truck
SEMCO Inc.
P.O. Box 1216 7595 U.S. Highway 50 Lamar, CO 81052 (719) 336-9006 / (800) 541-1562 Fax (719) 336-2402 semcopumphoist@yahoo.com www.SEMCOoflamar.com See our ad on page 16.
129 Pumps
860-651-3141
fax 860-658-4288
133 Rig Parts Enid Drill Systems Inc www.eniddrill.com Enid Drill Systems Inc 580-234-5971 www.eniddrill.com Fax 580-234-5980 580-234-5971 Fax 580-234-5980
DEPENDABLE WATER...WHEREVER YOU ARE
Reliant Solar/Electric Water Pump™
Rugged, Simple, Affordable
www.artisanpumpco.com
Twitter @WaterWellJournl
4510 E Market, Enid, OK 4510 E Market, 73701 Enid, OK USA 73701 USA
x New rigs—custom designs x x New rigs—custom designs Quality rig repair service x x Quality rigused repair service needs New and equipment x x New and used equipment needs “Transfer of Technology” - the x “Transfer Technology” - the must haveofbook for all drillers! must have book for all drillers!
Water Well Journal August 2013 61/
JOURNAL
135 Rigs A PUBLICATION OF THE NATIONAL GROUND WATER ASSOCIATION
!! ??? ;15+7,:144 +75 ?I\MZ ?MTT /MW\PMZUIT /MW\MKPVQKIT -V^QZWVUMV\IT 8ZWJQVO
There is no discount for multiple runs.
FOR SALE: (2) 2005 Marl sonic drill rigs, Sonicor 50k drill heads, mounted on 2005 Western Star tri-axle trucks. (5) 2007 Fraste FS-250 track-mounted, remote controlled mud rotary drill rigs, (3) Tibban Mud Puppy MP-170s, and misc. support equipment. Call (310) 217-4022, drillrigsforsale@gmail.com
Drill Faster, Cheaper, Smarter. # *
$% + (, -
www.sonic-drill.com
SONIC DRILL CORPORATION Suite 190, 119 N. Commercial St, Bellingham, WA 98225 1.604.792.2000 (ext 104) or 1.604.306.3135
139 Slotting Machines . , $
. /2
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J & K To o l C o m p a n y
PVC Screen Slotting Machines
PVC Threading Machines
Perforating Machines Affordable, easy to operate automated machines with touch screen programming.
$, ( 14/ &
78 /4 , / '
9 / $5/ /9 8 : 7 / (' / ,
www.jktool.com sales@jktool.com Tel 320-563-4967 Fax 320-563-8051
Add a color to your display classified ad for only $49. Please call Shelby to make arrangements 1-800-551-7379 ext. 523
62/ August 2013 Water Well Journal
Line Classified Ads
(2 â &#x201E;4 columnâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;approx. 39 letters and spaces per line): $8 per line, $32 minimum (4 lines) 1
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Classified Advertising Rates
No new equipment advertising accepted in line advertisements.
Display Classified Ads
Single column 21â &#x201E;4 inches wide OR Double column 411â &#x201E;16 inches wide (per column inch â&#x20AC;&#x201C; min. depth 2 column inches): 1 month: $60 per inch 3 months: $58 per inch 6 months: $55 per inch 12 months: $49 per inch
Add a spot color to your display classified advertisement for $49 per insertion.
Deadlines: First day of the preceding publication of magazine (December 1 for February issue). No guarantees after that date. This applies to renewals, cancellations, and any revisions. All classified ads must be prepaid by check or credit card. Commission rates do not apply to classified ads. Current monthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s classified ads are posted on our Web site at www.ngwa.org/pdf/classify.pdf for no extra charge. To place a classified advertisement in Water Well Journal, please send ad text to Shelby Fleck by e-mail at sfleck@ngwa.org or fax to 614 898.7786. Upon receipt, you will be contacted and provided a quote. Thank you! waterwelljournal.com
176 Water Level Measurement
Ground Water Monitoring Instrumentation Geokon, Inc. manufactures high quality hydrological instrumentation suitable for a variety of ground water monitoring applications.
Phone: 760-384-1085
Fax: 760-384-0044
Geokon instruments utilize vibrating wire technology providing measurable advantages and proven long-term stability. The World Leader in Vibrating Wire Technology Geokon, Incorporated 48 Spencer Street Lebanon, New Hampshire 03766 | USA
TM
1 • 603 • 448 • 1562 1 • 603 • 448 • 3216 info@geokon.com www.geokon.com
www.wellprobe.com Sonic Water Level Meters Since 1978 Time Tested & Customer Approved 303-443-9609
Waterline Envirotech
180 Water Trucks
Water level indicators made in the USA for over 30 years.
360-676-9635 www.waterlineusa.com
Specializing in quality custom built epoxy coated Flattanks any gallon or tank length sizes with or without material handling IMT cranes. All tanks are sandblasted and painted with polyurethane paint. Many options available. Engineered for convenience and durability, allows the user to operate at any type of drilling operation. Our drill site Flattanks support trucks are built with simplicity and functionality. Call us for our used truck – new tank inventory list.
NORTHWEST FLATTANKS Steve Wipf (406) 466-2146 E-mail: steve@northwestflattanks.com
Twitter @WaterWellJournl
Cell (406) 544-5914 www.northwestflattanks.com
160 Trucks 30-Freightliner Trucks 6 6, 60 Series Detroit, HT740, Allison Trans., Rockwell Axle, 68KGVW, 315/80 R22.5 Michelin, Low Miles SEMCO, Inc. Phone (800) 541-1562
Water Well Journal August 2013 63/
184 Well Packers
185 Well Rehab
Packers
& Replacement Elements for
Water Well Hydro-Fracturing Durable & fast deflating - so you can get on with the next frac! 4.33” OD and 4.75” OD standard Custom sizes on request Visit our website for our full line of downhole tools
ENVIRONMENTAL SERIES
3/4-inch 1-inch 1.25-inch 1.5-inch 2-inch
duraFRAC@inflatable-packers.com
1-406-446-9940
Inflatable Packers International, LLC
www.inflatable-packers.com
Advantages of Surge Block Method
178 Water Treatment
Most effective way to develop any well Produces more water, less color and turbidity Only the surge block method “back washes” the well screen, removing clay bridge, sands and silts Flexible wiper creates suction and pulls water into the screen (not available with other methods) Constructed of inert long-lasting materials Capable of lifting water over 50 feet Removable ball valve prevents water from flowing back into well and will not clog with sediments Fast, effective and saves time and money
PRODUCTION SERIES
4”,5”
6””
For more information visit: www.welldeveloper.com 850.727.4427
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Coming in September Look for the September issue of Water Well Journal as it will focus on conservation and green technology. Among the feature stories will be one on water reuse and another focusing on new laws in Kansas promoting conservation. Part two of the two-part series on well rehabilitation will also be featured and contain an overview of a recent well cleaning. ®
Put your company’s message here! Classified advertising is a great way to reach the water well industry. Call Shelby to make arrangements at 1-800-551-7379 ext 523. 64/ August 2013 Water Well Journal
It’s an issue you don’t want to miss, so look for it soon!
waterwelljournal.com
185 Well Rehab
184 Well Packers â&#x20AC;˘ CUSTOM BUILT PACKERS
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186 Well Screens Well screen manufacturer: stainless steel, galvanized and carbon steel. Sizes: 0.75" to 24.0" OD. Rod base, pre-pack and pipe base screens. Environmental flush joint monitor pipe, T&C stainless drop pipe, drive points, etc. Contact: Jan or Steve 18102 E. Hardy Rd., Houston, TX 77073 Ph: (281) 233-0214; Fax: (281) 233-0487 Toll free: (800) 577-5068 www.alloyscreenworks.com ®
Did you know? Water Well Journal classified advertisements appear online (at no additional cost) each month at www.waterwelljournal.com.
Check it out!
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Save time by shopping at the NGWA Bookstore. National Ground Water Association’s
Lexicon of Groundwater and Water Well System Terms
drill collar
heat sink percent water
well development filtrate
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slug test tremie line
monitoring well
loop field water budget induced infiltration aquifer
zone of saturation
recharge
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groundwater hydrogeology water table hollow-stem auger abandoned well vertical closed loop borehole recharge bailer
NGWA Press
The NGWA® Bookstore is your one-stop shop for all of your groundwater literature needs. It contains more than 200 titles from all the major science publishers, as well as NGWA Press, at prices that beat those of major publishing houses. Visit the online bookstore today at www.NGWA.org.
NGWA members save even more— an average of 20%!
www.NGWA.org/Bookstore t 800 551.7379 t 614 898.7791 66/ August 2013 Water Well Journal
Circle card no. 37
waterwelljournal.com
INDEX OF Card No./ Page
Card No./ Page
A.Y. McDonald Mfg. 1 5 (800) 292-2737 www.aymcdonald.com Ashland Specialty Ingredients 2 51 www.ashland.com/dispersiblecmc Baroid 3 13 (877) 379-7412 www.baroididp.com Central Mine Equipment 4 1 (800) 325-8827 www.cmeco.com Cotey Chemical 5 15 (806) 747-2096 www.coteychemical.com Eno Scientific 6 41 (910) 778-2660 www.enoscientific.com GEFCO/ King Oil Tools 7 18 (800) 759-7441 www.gefco.com Geoprobe ® Systems 8 39 (800) 436-7762 www.geoprobe.com Givens International Sales 9 9 (270) 533-6378 www.givensinternational.com Grundfos Pumps 10 IFC (913) 227-3400 www.us.grundfos.com
Harwil 11 19 (805) 988-6800 kwik-ZIP USA 12 27 (866) 629-7020 www.kwikzip.com Laibe/Versa-Drill 13 2 (317) 231-2250 www.laibecorp.com LAKOS 14 43 (800) 344-7205 www.lakos.com Little Beaver 15 11 (800) 227-7515 www.littlebeaver.com Lorentz Solar Water Pumps 16 OBC (888) 535-4788 (866) 593-0777 www.lorentz.de MARL Technologies 17 12 (800) 404-4463 www.marltechnologies.com Merrill Mfg. 18 27 (712) 732-2760 www.merrillmfg.com Mount Sopris Instruments 19 35 (303) 279-3211 www.mountsopris.com
ADVERTISERS
Card No./ Page
NGWA/Bookstore 37 (800) 551-7379 www.ngwa.org NGWA/Certification 20 (800) 551-7379 www.ngwa.org NGWA/ ConsensusDOCS 21 (800) 551-7379 www.ngwa.org NGWA/ Groundwater Expo 22 (800) 551-7379 www.ngwa.org NGWA/Membership 23 (800) 551-7379 www.ngwa.org NGWA/NGWREF 24 (800) 551-7379 www.ngwa.org/ngwref NGWA/Protect Your Groundwater Day 25 (800) 551-7379 www.ngwa.org NGWA/Water Well Journal Web site 26 (800) 551-7379 www.waterwelljournal.com North Houston Machine 27 (800) 364-6973 nhmi2@earthlink.net
66
24
43
8
7
Card No./ Page
Premier Silica (800) 947-7263 www.premiersilica.com SEMCO (719) 336-9006 www.semcooflamar.com Southwire (770) 832-4590 www.southwire.com Star Iron Works (814) 427-2555 www.starironworks.com Wyo-Ben (800) 548-7055 www.wyoben.com
28
45
29
16
30
20
31
IBC
32
9
SPOTLIGHT ON SUPPLIERS 67
41
45
53
2M 33 (800) 336-4631 www.2mco.com Austin Pump and Supply 34 (800) 252-9692 www.austinpump.com Barrett Supply 35 (800) 364-2124 www.barrettpumpstop.com Toney Drilling Supplies 36 (800) 432-6193 www.toneydrilling.com
28
31
33
31
Congratulations to our 2013 NGWREF Assante Scholarship and Farvolden Award winners—the future of our groundwater industry! We wish you continued success in your studies and welcome you to our industry! Assante Scholarship winners
Farvolden Award winners Si Gou Texas A&M University David H. Ju Baylor University Ranjani Ravi University of Cincinnati
Joshua Olson University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire Past President Award
Clayton Reichart Hanover, Pennsylvania Ora Lyons Award
Amy Allbritton Western State Colorado University
Alexandra Iezzi Connecticut College
Natasha Krell Smith College
Brennan PetersonWood Colorado College
Matthew Shroll Boise State University
Ryan Sullivan University of Rhode Island
Kevin Townsley University of Idaho
Lindsey Yazbek Trinity University
Donations to NGWREF make it possible to assist those studying in groundwater-related fields. You can help keep the future of the industry moving forward by making a donation today— visit www.NGWA.org/NGWREF or call 800 551.7379 (614 898.7791). Twitter @WaterWellJournl
Circle card no. 24
Thomas Robert Institut national de la recherché scientifique
Operated by NGWA, NGWREF is a 501(c)(3) public foundation focused on conducting educational, research, and other charitable activities related to a broader public understanding of groundwater.
Water Well Journal August 2013 67/
CLOSING
TIME
Siam S.A., a drilling firm located in Bogotá, Colombia, uses its SIMCO 2400 SK-1 in a prospecting job near Bogotá. Driller Oscar Torres and his team were prospecting for gravel.
Siam S.A. also drilled on a remediation job at a refinery in Cartagena, Colombia. It used its SIMCO 2400 SK-1 and a hollow stem auger system. “Closing Time” is the page of Water Well Journal that showcases— you! It will always feature a few pictures of people at work at job sites around the world. Please send in photos and brief descriptions and you just may be the subject on the last page of an issue of WWJ. And remember, if your photo is selected as the cover image of WWJ, you receive $250. If your photos are selected, you will be asked to fill out a photo disclaimer form that grants the National Ground Water Association the royalty-free right to display the photos. Please send highresolution digital photos to tplumley@ngwa.org.
68/ August 2013 Water Well Journal
The refinery is located in the north coast of Colombia in an area often referred to as the Caribbean Coast Region. Its walled city, port, and fortress are designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. All photos submitted by Jamer Zuñiga of Siam S.A. waterwelljournal.com
257 Caroline St. 257 Caroline St.
Circle card card no. Circle no.7546 Circle card card no. Circle no.7546
Circle card no. 31
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