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u .o.oKrpuHaM paHHero !leru-

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no.o.o6HO PIIIMilf/HaM, KJ.1Tat:i~bl TaJOKe IIICnOJib30B8JJM pe<JHb/e l/>IIOTMJI/11/11 Ill

Ha Hea,D.eKBaTHOM nOHMM8HMM POilU yCOBepweHCTBOB8HHb/X MeTaTe!lbweHcrBoBaHut:i 8 BOOpy)l(eHMM U 3KM-

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328

YnA)J.OK PV1MA V1 B03BbiWEHV1E KABA.JlEPV1V1. 200- 400 rr.

EBPOIIA II CPE)UI3EMHOMOPbE IlOllbiTKH (<,1\0llOJIHHTh MHpOB)'IO

PHMCKAH HMIIEPH.H 200-235 22.

HMn epHIO MHpOBO~ pe.JIHrHett» Ae.JiaJIHCi> H paHi>We. If CeiiTHMHtt Ceuep, H KapaKaJIJi a n oKpOBH're.Jl i> CTBOBa.JIH

193-211 rr. LJ,APCTBOBAH~E CEnT~M~SI CEBEPA. 211-217 rr. LJ,APCTBOBAH~E KAPAKAJlJl bl ( n epso Ha'l an bHO Cenn1MIMI 5accl!laHa, snoc n e.llCTBI!II!I MapKa Aspeni!ISl Cesepa AHTOHI!IHa, CbiHa Cemi!IMI!ISl Cesepa). 111Mnepwo oH Hac.ne.aoea.n BMecre c 6paTOM, ny6.nueM CenTMMJ19M le rorli, o.aHaKo ro.a cnycrR{212 r.) yMepreu.n 6para, 'lT06bl crarb e.auHo.aep)KaBHbJM aerycroM. KaK .nu'lHOCTb, RBflRR co6or/i 3.n06H09 'lY.tJ.O BJ11.1..19, OH 6bJ.n, O.ll.HBKO, CnOC06HbiM u y.aa'l.nMBbJM no.nKoeo.al.leM, nony.nRPHbJM e.ao6aeoK cpe.au co.n.aar, nOCKOflbKY HBMHOIO yee.nM'lJ1fl MM )Ka.noeaHbe. OH ycnewHo orpasu.n erop)KeHue a.neMaHoB u xerroe Ha rpaHMl.le Me)I(JI.y BepxHerli lepMaHMerli J1 Pel.lMerli {212 r.); OTOIHa.n 38 Cpe.tJ.HMrli )J.yHarli BTOPIWMXCR IOTOB { 214 r. ); BHOBb 0 TBO eea.n y nap<J> J1J1 ApMeHMIO, Ocpo9HY u Meconora MM/0 {216-217 rr.). Bo BP6MR no.aIOTOBKM K BTOp)KeHM/0 B n ap<j>M/0 OH 6bJ.n y6ur B Kappax 3aroBOPI.LIMKa MM, B03maB.nReMb/MJ1 npe<J>eKTOM npeTOPJ18Hl.jeBMapKOM0nne.nMeM MaKPMHOM, craewuM 3areM, npae.aa, HeHa.ao.nro, ero npeeMHMKOM {217 r.).

217-218 rr.

BOCTO<JHhiM COJIHe <JHhiM K)'Jli>TaM; MHOrHe 6JIH3KHe K HHM «TeOpeTHKH» cmpa.JIHCI> AOKa3aTh, <JTO aepxoBHhiM H AIDKe e,l\HHCTBeHHhiM 6oroM SIBJI$1eTCR COJIHI.Ie . Ho B HapoAe 11 B aottcKe, HeCMO'IpSI Ha pacnpocTpaHeHne BOCTO<JHhiX Ky.JII>TOB, 6biJia CHJII>Ha npHBR3aHHOCTb K MeCTHI>IM llJieMeHHhiM 6oraM, K HapOAHOM)' fepaKny, K JI.OMawHHM nap aM H K IOnurepy, oJIHUeTBOpSIBWeMY Mom~> PuMa. 3aMeHHTb BCe 3TH 6o:>KeCTBa Ma.JIOH3BeCTHh1M H <JHCTO CHpH~C KHM 3Jiara6aJIOM 6b1JIO HeB03MO:>KHo. Cupu~cKne o6pRAh1 , KOTOpble HMnepaTop HCllOJI-

CenTIIIMIIIili Ceaep ny'-'lllili

eM HeecreCTBeHHOro pa3BpaTa HJIH

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npRMOI"O 6e3)'MHR, aero 6paK C BeCTa.JIKOtt OCKOp6H're.Jli>Hi>IM KomyHCTBOM. PaCTO<Jifrelli>HaR pocKOWI> HMnepaTopa onycTowHJia H 6e3 Toro Tomyro KaJHy.

I10 ,WYf1Th.1 HCTO<JHHKaM, llOBOAOM K yc1paHeHHIO MaKpnHa nocJiy:>KHJio TIIJKeJioe nopax<eHue, HaHeceHHoe e!'.1)' nap<}l.smaMn u ero noni>ITKa llOHH3HTh )fCU(OBaHHe COJI,l\lmlM.

LJ,APCTBOBAH~E

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llORBJIRJIHCI> HOBble llpeTeHAeHTbl Ha

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KapaKanna

EBPOnA V1 CPE,lJ.V13EMHOMOPbE 218-222 rr. 1...\APCTBOBAHIIIE 3JlAfA6AllA (11111111 fEJ11110fA6AJ1A). npoB03maweHHbJW IIIMneparopoM apM111ert 111 eeHaTOM, MapK Aepenlllw AHTOHIIIH npii1HWIII1M>~3nara6ana, e111p111?1eKoro 6ora eonHL.J,a. H111K'leMHbJW npaBIIIrenb, OH 6bJJI y6111r nperoPII18HeKOW reap,a111etf, KOropafl B03Bena Ha rpoH ero .aeOFopo.aHoro 6para, AneKeaHtJ.pa Ceeepa (222 r:). 222-235 rr. 1...\APCTBOBAHIIIE AllEKCAH.Q,PA CEBEPA. CaMow 6onbWOW OWII16KOW noreH~IIIBnbHO xopowero eoeHa'lanbHIIIKa 111 npae/11ren>~ AneKeaH.apa 6bJn orKa3 or eoeeroe 111 no.a.aep)I(K/11 rpeKa no npo!11exo)l(f1eHII1FO, aeropa eoebMIII.aee>~ rlllroMHoro !11erop!11'leeKOIO rpy,aa, PIIIMeKOIO eeHaropa, H8MeerH/11K8 HeeKOnbKIIIX npOBIIIH~IIIW 111 KOHeyna (229 r:) ,ll,111oHa Kaee111>~ KoKKe>~Ha. AfleKeaH,ap nlll'lHO BO,allln PIIIMeK'jFO apMIIIFO B MeeonoraM/1110 111 ApMeH/1110 (231-233 rr:) .an>~ orp8)1(eHII1f1 Hana.aeH/11>1 Ap.aaw111pa I, oeHoearen>~ HOeow CaeaHIII.aeKOW IIIMnep/11111 B nepe/11111. Bo3o6HOBII1BW!I1ee>~ Ha6erll1 aneMaHHOB 'lepe3 eepxoBbfl PewHa np111Ben111 AfleKeaH,apa B /ann11110 111 /epM8HII110, r.ae OH eOBMeerllln yeneWHYIO BOeHHYIO K8Mn8HII110 e npoHIII~arenbHOW .a111nnoMar111ew. Bo epeMfl 9rOW KBMnBH/11111 Heno.aaneK'j or eoepeMeHHoro ropo.aa MawH~a OH 6bJJI y6111r rpynnotf 3810BOP1.1..1111KOB, B03mBBnfleMb/X eBIIIpenbJM rpll16yHOM I. J0n111eM BepoM MaKeiiiM/11HOM - 6e3rpaMOrHbiM cpp8K/11WeK/11M KpeerbflHIIIHOM 111118HreKOIO poera.

XAOC B HMIIEPHH 233-268 22. 3ro 6bmo epeM>~ n10row 111 BMeere e reM YTOMIIIrenbHOW 6opb6bJ MHOIO'lllleneHHbJX eonepHIII'lBFOll..IIIIX npereH.aeHroe Ha r111ryn aeryera. Tor cpaKT, 'lro 111Mnepll1f1 eee )l(e He pyxHyna, ene.ayer np111n111earb llleKnFO'l/11renbHO oerarK'j BOeHHOIO 111eeyeerea 111 BOIIIHeKOW BbJY'lK/11 PII1Mnf1H; HeB3111paf1 Ha o6mee na.aeHIIIe Hpaeoe 111 eee 3Jloynorpe6neHII1f1, OH/11 no-npe)I(HeMY npeeoexo,a111n111 B 9rii1X OTHOWeH/11>IX eBOIIIX 6onee 9Heplll1'lHbJX, HOMe-

ropAI'l3HI

ropAI'laH 111

ropAI'l3H II

Hee yMenbJX eoee.aew. O.aHaKo noerpa.aana 111Mnepll1>! )l(eeroKo. KaK n/11ean 3.ayap.a l11166oH, « ... noene roro KBK /11e'le3nll1 Bef1K/11e ,apyr111e .ao6po.aerenll1, ,a111e~111nn111H8 neriiiOHOB oeraBanaeb e.aMHereeHHOW onopow roey.aapereeHHoro een/114111>1; HO 111 oHa 6bma noKone6neHa 'leeron106111eM 111n111 oena6neHa Mano.aywllleM 111Mne-

329

IIIMneparopOB 6bJJIII1 y6111rbJ nperopii18HeKOW reap,a111etf, 111 rBKIIIM o6pa30M /op.a111aH Ill eraniiiMneparopoM (238 r.). Bo epeMR BOWHbJ e nepeaM/11 OH 6bJJI y6111r O,aHIIIM 1113 eo6erBeHHb/X ocp111~epoe, MapKoM J0n111eM 4:>111nlllnnoM Apa6oM, KoropbJW 111 38XB8rll1n rpOH (244 r:).

paropoe.6e3onaeHoerbrpaHII1~,Ko

IIP:WUIHOfi 3TOit 6opb6hl 6hiJia

ropy10 o6eene'l/11Banll1 He eronbKO yKpenneHIIIfl, eKOnbKO B0/11HeK/11e .ao6neerll1, Mano-noMany erana HeHa,ae)I(HOW, 111 eaMbJe ny'lWIIIe npOBIIIH~111111 e.aenan/11 eb )l(eprBOIO an'lHOer/11111 'leeronF06111f1 BapeapOB, eKopo npii1Mer/11BWII1X yna,aOK PIIIMeKOIO MOryll..leerBB».

IIOJIHTHKaMaKCHMHHa, KOTOphlit 6blJI

BHyTpeHHHe paatJop&J

235-244 rr. MAKCIIIMIIIH Ill fOP.Q,IIIAHbl. BoweKa B lepMBH/11111 11136pan111 HeBe)l(eereeHHoro MaKe/11MIIIHB IIIMneparopOM. CeHar H83Ban B K8'leerBe npereH,aeHrOB ,aBOIIIX 1113 eeo111x eo6ereeHHbJX <meHoB- MaKe/11MB 111 6anb6111HB. BA¢p111Ke nerllloHbJ o6bf1BII1nii1111MnepampoM BO-nerHero MapKa AHrOHIIIfl lop.a111aHa I ( 238 r:). O.aHaKo HeeKonbKIIIM/11 He.aenRM/11 no3)1(e ero ebJH, MapK AHTOHIIIW /op.a111aH II norepnen nop8)1(eH!I1e B 6111ree np111 KapcpareHe 111 6bm y6111r npllleep)l(eH~aM/11 MaKeiiiMIIIHB, a npeerapenbJW npereH.aeHr Ha npeeron eoeepw111n eaMoy6111wereo. Tor.aa BOWeKB HeMe.[lfleHHO npOB03mBell1nll1 IIIMnepampoM ero BHyKa, MapKa AHroHIIIfl /op.a111aHa Ill. Me)l(f1y reM eo epeMR oea,abJ AKB111ne111 MaKeiiiMIIIH nan or pyK eo6ereeHHbJX eon.aar, .aeoe npoeo3maweHHbJX eeHaroM

HMrrepaTopoM B

235- 238 IT. BhiB-

IIIHit <}>paKHitCKHH rracryx, OH 6h!JI B3SIT B apMHIO H BhiABHHYT CerrTHMHeM CeBepoM 3a HCKJIIOqHTeJihHYIO CHJIY, xpa6pOCTh H JIOBKOCTh B BOeHHhiX yrrp3)£(HeHHJIX. llpH AJieKCaHApe oH 6h!JI YiKe cTapiiiHM JierHOHHhiM 1pH6yHOM H BeAaJI o6yqeHHeM peKpyTOB. Ero rrorryJIJipHocn B AYHattcKott apMHH 6hiJia oqeHh BeJIHKa, ero IIpaBJieHHe HOCHJIO xapaKrep pe3KOit aHTHCeHaTCKOit peaKI.IHH. CeHaTOphl cpaBHHBaJIH ero co CrrapTaKOM. HeKOTOphle HCTOpHKH IlhiTaiOTCJI H306pa3HTh MaKCHMHHa BO:>K)l.eM 3KCrrJiyaTHpyeMhiX CJIOeB HaCeJieHHJI. 0AHaKO 3'1'0 He COOTBeTCTByeT AettCTBH'reJihHOCTH. HarrpoTHB, HMeHHO IIpH HeM 6h!JIO ycTaHOBJieHO, ~0 3a oco6o cepbe3Hhle rrpocryrrKH pa6hl H «MaJieHhKHe JIIOAH» MOryT 6h!Th CO)fOKeHhi Ha KOCTpe. 3eMJIH, B MaCCOBOM IIOpli)J,Ke KOH<}>HceyeMhle y 3HaTH, H B03pOCIIIHe HaJIOrH IIIJIH Ha COAep)£(3.HHe apMHH H Ha 3eMeJihHhie pa3AaqH Be-repaH<Th-t. Bo3MO:lKHO, qm K rrpaBJieHHIO MaKcHMHHa OTHOCHTCJI B3)£(H0e HOBOBBeAeHHe, COrJiaCHO KOTOpoMy, BO H3MeHeHHe CTaporo IIpHHI.IHIIa, 3eMJieBJia.ZJ..eJiel.l, :lKHBIIIHit BHe ropoAa, He cqHTaJICJI ero :lKHTe-

330

YnA)J.OK PlllMA 111 B03BbiWEHII1E KABAJlEPII1111. 200-400 rr. BCIIhiXHYJI M.liTe)K rrpeTOpHaHUeB, BOJIHOBaJic.a rrJie6c. MaKCHMHH,

oc~aBIIIHtt Ha ceBepe HTaJIHH ropoAAKBHJieiO, 6hiJI y6HTCOJI.LJ,aTaMH. B

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III (238-242 rr.). I IpH HeM a<P-

pHKaHCKHe MarHaThl pacrrpaBHJIHCh co CBOHMH rrpoTHBHHKaMH. TpeTHJ:i ABrycmB JierHoH 61>m pac<PopMHpoBaH, 3eMJIH y ero BeTepaHOB H COJI.LJ,aT 6hmH OTH.liThl, BhiCTYIIJieHHe Kap<PareH.liH IIO.LJ,aBJieHO.

JieM H He 6hiJI 06.ll3aH eM)' IIOBHHHOCTJIMH. 3Ta Mepa 61>ma rrp.aMo rrpoTHBOIIOJIO)KHa IIOJIHTHKe HMIIepaTOpoB I-II B., cTapaBIIIHxc.a rrpHrrHcaTh MaKCHMYM 3eMJIH H HaCeJieHH.ll K ropo.LJ,aM. 3aTO OHa 6hiJia BhlrO.LJ,Ha COJI.LJ,aTaM H BeTepaHaM, IIOJiyqaBIIIHM Ha)J,eJihi B CeJiax, H HMeJia TaK)Ke ueJlhiO c6epe"lh CB060.LJ,HOe CeJihCKOe HaCeJieHHe KaK pe3epB AJI.ll apMHH. Bee BpeM.a cBoero rrpaBJieHH.ll MaKCHMHH rrpoBeJI BHe PHMa, B Bol:tHax Ha Pel:tHe H .IJ:yHae, KoTOphle BeJIHCh HM AOBOJihHO ycrreiiiHO. Ho ero IIOJIHTHKa qpe3Bhl"laJ:tHO o60C1pHJia HeHaBHCTh K HeM:y apHCTOKpaTHH. Ha IOre pHMCKol:t A<PpHKH HeCKOJihKO «3HaTHhiX IOHOIIIeJ:i», BOopy)KHB pa60B H KOJIOHOB H3 CBOHX JiaTH<l>YHAHJ:i, y6HJIH c6opiiiHKa Ha.JIOrOB, IIO.LJ,H.liJIH BOCCTaHHe H IIpOB03rJiaCHJIH HMIIepaTOpaMH rrpecTapeJioro HaMeCTHHKa A<PpHKH 3HaTHOro H 6oraTOro rop.LJ,HaHa Hero ChiHa. lhBeiiieHHhiJ:i o6 3TOM ceHaT c pa,!l,OCThiO YTBepAHJI HX H otTh.liBHJI MaKcHMHHa HH3JIO:;KeHHhiM. Haqa.Jiach rp3.)f()J,aHcKa.a BOJ:iHa. IIpOTHB rop.LJ,HaHOB BhiCTYIIHJI CTO.liBIIIHJ:i B HyMHAHH 1peTHJ:i ABrycmB JierHOH H KaP<t>areH.liHe, B pe3yJihTaTe qero CTOpOHHHKH o60HX HMIIepaTOpOB 6hiJIH pa36HThl, a CaMH OHM norH6JIH. MaKCHMHH c AYHal:tcKott rpaHHUhl roTOBHJIC.ll K rroxo.LJ,y Ha PHM. CeHaT co6Hpa.JI no HTa.JIHH peKPYTOB, HaHHMa.JI repMaHUeB. B PHMe

244-268 rr. q>L-1Jli-1nn, AEU.L-1'-'1, f AJlJl, 3ML-1Jli-1AH, BAllEPL-1AH L-1 fAJ1JlL-1EH. 3ro 6bm nepvto.a 6ecnpeCT8HHbiX BHyTpeHHMX p83.l10POB, MHTpvtr M y6MMCTB, KOr,aa BOeHaqanbHMKM qepe,aof;i CMeHRflM .apyr.apyra Ha vtMneparopcKOM npecrone. B npaeneHvte rannvteHa conepHuqecreo crano cronb pacnpocrpaHeHHbJM, qro 9TM ro,abl nonyqunu H83B8HMe «BeKB TPM.l1~8TM rvtpaHOB» (259-268 rr.). KaK nuwer TOT )l(e ru660H, «HeT Hvtqero Y.llMBMTeflbHOTO B TOM, qro, KOT,a8 6p83.l1bl npaeneHMRH8XO.l1MflMCbBT8KMXCfl86b!X pyKax, B npoevtH~MRX noRBnRnocb MHO)I(ecreo y3ypnaropoe, He npvt3H8B8BWMX HB.ll C06010 BflBCTM BanepvtaHoea CbJHa. 4ucno ux.aoeo.aurcR B «tlfCTOpvtvtABryCTOB» .110 3H8MeHMTOrO qucna TPM.l1~8Tb, BepORTHO M3 )l(enaHMR npu.aarb 6onbwe MHTepeca paccKa3y conocraeneHMeM TPM.l1~8TM PMMCKMX TMPBHOB C rpu.a~aTb/0 alj>vtHCKMMM. Ho raKoe cpaeHeHvte eo ecex omoweHMRX npoM3BOnbHO M HeocHoearenbHO. Pa3ee MO)I(HO HBMTM K8KOe-Hvt6y,ab CXO,aCTBO Me>K;ay COBeTOM M3 TPM.l1~8TM qenoeeK, coe.avtHMBWMXCR Me>Kay co6oFO ,aflR roro, qro6bJ yrHeTBTb O.l1MH ronbKO ropo.a, M Heonpe.aeneHHbJM qVfCflOM CBMOCTORTeflbHb/X qecTOn106~eB, TO B03Bb/W8BWMXCR, TO norvt68BWMX 6e3 BCRKOM npaBMflbHOM npeeMCTBeHHOCTM HB 06WvtpHOM npOCTPBHCTBe rpOMB.llHOM MMnepvtvt? l1 .aa)l(e, qro6bJ .aocrvtrHyrb ~ulj>pbl

rammeH rpu.a~arb, npuwnocb 6bJ BKJifOqvtrb B queno TMPBHOB rex )l(eHll..IMH M,aeref;i, KoropbJe 6bmvt y.aocroeHbJ MMneparopcKoro ruryna. B ~apcreo BBHvte rannvteHB 6blfl0 TOflbKO ,aeBRTH8.l1~8Tb npeTeH,aeHTOB HB npecron: Kupua.a, MaKpvtaH, 6anucra, O,aeHBT M 3eH06MR HB BOCTOKe; nocryM, flonnvtaH, BvtKTOPMH M ero MBTb BvtKTOPMR, Mapuw M TerPMK B rannMM M B 3Bna,aHbiX npOBMH~MRX; l1HreHyw, PerunvtaH M Aepeon B t1nnvtpMM M HB .l1YHBMCKOM rpaHM~e; CarypHMH B noHre; Tpe6ennvt8H B llfcaepvtvt; nvt30H B ctJeCC8JIMM; BaneHT e Axawe; 3MvtnvtaH e Erunre M L(enbc e Alj>pvtKe».

IIOCTIE CMepTH .lJ:eUH.ll CMeHHJIOCh HeCKOJihKO HMIIepaTOpOB . .lJ:oJihIIIe Apyrnx YAa.JIOCh yAep)KaTh BJiacTh IIy6JIHIO

TIHUHHHIO

BanepHaHy

(253-260 rr.) Hero CMHY raJIJIHeHy (253-268 rr.), KOToporo oH CAeJia.JI corrpaBHTeJieM. Ba.JiepHaH rrpHHa,LJ,Jie)Ka.JI K CeHaTOpCKOJ:i 3HaTH H IIpHHHMa.JI yqacTHe B yrrpaBJieHHH rocy.LJ,apCTBOM em:e IIpH .lJ:eUHH. IIoJio)KeHHe HMnepHH rrpH Ba.JiepHaHe 61>mo em:e 6oJiee Hanp.a)KeHHhiM, "leM IIpH ero rrpe.LJ,IIIeCTBeHHHKaX. Pel:tH nepeiiiJIH repMaHCKHe IIJieMeHa- <l>paHKH H a.JieMaHhl; roThl rrepeiiiJIH .lJ:yHatt H .LJ,OIIIJIH AO rpaHHU AxaJ:tH; Ha a<l>PHKaHCKHe rrpoBHHUHH HaiiaJIH MaBpHTaHCKHe IIJieMeHa;

EBPOnA V1 CPE,lJ.V13EMHOMOPbE

331

HaBocToKe Hacryrra.JIH rrepchi. BaJie-

fOThl COBepillaJIH OIIYCTOillHTeJihHhle

pHaH IIOCJla.Jl CBOero ChlHa faJIJIHeHa

Ha6erH Ha ropoga, pacrroJio)f(eHHhle

xogHBillHM H3 AHHaCTHH CacaHHAOB. ApraKcepKc, HJIH ApgarnHp, rrpHHJIJI

Bfa.JIJIHIO AJIJI 3alllHThi peitHCKHX rpa-

ITO eBporreitCKOMY H MaJIOa3HaTCKO-

THT)'Jl IJ:apJI uapeit H IIO.LJ,qHHHJI CBO-

HHU, caM JKe HarrpaBHJICJI Ha BocTOK

MY rro6epe-A<hJIM: B pHJIH 3<J:>ec, a B

263 r. OHH pa3o267 r. 3axBaTHJIH

eit BJiaCTH BCe o6JiaCTH IfpaHa, BXO-

AJIJI 6op1>6hl c rrepcaMH.

.LJ,HBillHe B cocTas IIap<J:>.!!HCKoro uap-

IIpH BaJiepHaHe Haqanoch HOBoe

A<J:>HHhl H pa3rpa6HJIH gpyrHe Ba)£(-

HacryrrJieHHe rrepcos: OHH 3aHJIJIH

HeHrnHe rpeqecKHe ropoga(KopHH<J:>,

IIpHxog K BJiacTH CacaHHAOB 6hlJI

ApMeHHIO, BToprJIHCh B rrpegeJihl

Crrapry). A<J:>HHCKHit HCTopHK ,Il;eK-

03HaMeHOBaH IIOJIHOit peoprnHH3auH-

PHMCKoit HMrrepHH H 3axBaTHJIH AH-

cHrrrr HaHeC IIOpa)f(eHHe O.LJ,HO:rvty H3

eH BCeit crpyKT)'phl UeHTpaJihHOI'O H

THOXHIO. BaJiepHaH OTBOeBaJI AHTH-

sapsapcKHX orp.!!AOB. llo3.LI,Hee rrpH-

MeCTHOI'O arrrrapaTOB IfpaHCKOI'O ro-

OXHIO, HO B CTOJIKHOBeHHH C rrepca-

6hlJI CaM faJIJIHeH H pa36HJI BparoB

cygapcTBa; HOBhle IIpaBH'reJIH CTpe-

MH, OCIDK.LJ,aBillHMH 3geccy, 6hlJI

BO <l>paKHH. llO.!!BJieHHe HOBOI'O y3yp-

MHJIHCh BepHyThC.!I K TeM 06hlqaJIM H

IIaTOpa 3aCTaBHJIO ero BepHyThCJI B

IIOp.!!.Ll,KaM, KaKHe cyiUeCTBOBaJIH BO

3axsaqeH B rrJieH

(260

r.). B rrJieHy

BaJiepHaH H yMep.

268 r. faJIJIHeH 6hlJI y6HT

BpeMeHa AxeMeHHAOB H 6hlJIH 3a6hl-

3arosopiUHKaMH, a HMrrepaTopoM

Thl B 3rroxy AprnaKHAOB. Bhm rrpose-

6hlJI rrpoBo3rJiarneH MapK AspenHit

geH p.!!.Ll, pe<J:>opM, KOTOphle C03.LJ,aJIH

ilTaJIHIO. B

259-274rr. OTJJ,EJlEHl-'IE fAJlJll-'ll-1 OT l-'!MnEPl-'ll-1. MapK KaccMaH nocTyM flaTMHCKMiii ( O,LJ.MH M3 ••TPM,LJ.Ll8TM TMPBHOB»), OnMp8RCb H8 OKpenwy/0 npOBMHLIM8flbHYIO apMC-

CTBa.

KJiaB.LJ,Hit.

6oJihrnyiO ueHTpaJIH3aUHIO rocygapCTBeHHOH BJiaCTH. B 3rroxy II03AHHX

BoMHbl c nepcHeM. 803BbiWeHHe flan&MHpbl

AprnaKHAOB BJia)J.e'reJihHhle KHJI3h.!l H IIpaBH'reJIH carparrHit IIOJlh30BaJIHCh

TOKPBTMIO, YCTBHOBMfl KOHTPOflb H8,11.

,Il;llHACTilH CacaHHAOB B IIep-

60JihillOit CaMOCTOJITeJlhHOCThiO H

I annMeiii. BbJCTOflB npoTMB I annMeHa,

CHH. IIepesopoT B IIap<J:>HH, rrpoHc-

Hepe.LJ,KO BOCCTaBaJIH IIpOTHB UeHT-

OH B 260 I. nO,LJ.4MHMfl ce6e 6pMT8HMIO

rnegrnHit B 226 r., HMeJI 6oJihrnoe 3Ha-

paJihHOit BJiaCTH. BaccaJihHhie KH.!I-

M VfcnaHM/0 M PYKOBO,LJ.Mfl M3 CBOeiii

qeHHe He TOJlhKO .LJ,JIJI BHyTpeHHero

31>11 (rnaxH) COXpaHHJIH CBOIO BJiaCTh

pacnono)l(eHHoiii B KenbHe pe3M,LJ.eH-

IIOJICfiKeHHJI BeJIHKOI'O BOCTQqHoro ro-

H IIpH HOBOH .LJ,HHaCTHH, HO OHH B

Me~yHapog

6oJihrneit cTerreHH, qeM rrpe)f(ge,

LlMM o6opOHOiii peiiiHCKOiii rpaHMLlbl

cygapcTBa, HO

npOTMB HBna,LJ.eHMfii repMBHl..leB, nOK8

HhlX oTHorneHHH Toro speMeHH. IIap-

274 r:

He norM6 B paiiioHe coepe-

H AJIJI

<J:>.!!HCKHit rrpasH'reJih ApTa6aH

61>m

6hlJIH rrogqHHeHhl BeJIHKOMY rnaxy. HapJIAY c soitcKaMH, gocTaBJIJIBillH-

or pyK Mfl-

CBeprnyT CBOHM BaCCaJIOM rrepCH.LJ,-

MHC.!I BaCCaJiaMH, 60JihillOe 3Haqe-

Te)I(HbJX COfl,LJ.BT. Ha MIHOBeHMe ,LJ.OC-

CKHM uapeM ApraKcepKcoM, rrpoHc-

HHe IIpHo6peJIH HaeMHhie COJI.LJ,aThl

MeHHoro ropo,11.a MaiiiHLIB

TMIHYB 60flbWeiii CT86MflbHOCTM, He)l(enM MerpononMR, ero cenaparHafl l8JiflbCK8fl MMnepMR BCKOpe pyxHyna (274

r.).

IIOCJIE mro KaK BaJiepHaH 6hlJI 3axsaqeH B rrJieH rrepcaMH, ChlH ero IIy6JIHit JlHUHHHit 3rHauHit faJIJIHeH cqHTaJICJI e.LJ,HHOJIHqHhlM IIpaBH'reJieM HMIIepHH. faJIJIHeH 6hlJI qeJioBeKOM o6pa30BaHHhlM, o6JiagaJI 3Hepmeit, crpeMHJICJI 3alllHTHTh rocygapCTBO OT BHelUHeit OIIaCHOCTH H BOCCTaHOBHTh ero BHyTpeHHIOIO MOIUh. 06pa3UOM AJIJI ce611 cqHTaJI oH AsrycTa, rroJIHTHKe KOToporo XOTeJI cJiegoBaTh. Ho OH 6hiJI 6eCCHJieH yKpeiiHTh .LJ,HCUHIIJIHHY B BOitCKax. faJIJIHeH BhlHy)K)J.eH 6hlJI BeCTH BOitHhl KaK C y3yprraTopaMH, TaK H C HacryrrasrnHMH sapsapaMH. B TO spe-

MJI KaK Ha3arra,u.e HaCT)'IlaJIH repMaHCKHe IIJieMeHa <J:>paHKOB H aJieMaHOB, Ha CeBepO-BOCTOKe COBeprnaJIH MOpCKHe Ha6ern rOThl H pa3JIHqHf>Ie IIpHIIOHTHitCKHe HapO.Ll,hl, KOpa6JIH KOTOphlX rreperrJihlBaJIH llepHoe Mope.

BanepwaH nepe.r:\ WanypoM. Pent.ect>

332

YnA)J.OK PlllMA 111 B03BbiWEHII1E KABAJlEPII1111. 200-400 rr. Ml1Hl10HaMl1 Ha BOCTOKe. Yrpo3a, KOropyJO RB.nR.no co6otli eotlicKo O.n.eHaTa, no BCetli Bl1.ll.l1MOCTY1, 3aCTaBM.na Wanypa orotlirM or Kanna.n.oKMM Ha BOCTOK (261 r.). 3ana.n.Hee peKM Eecppar O.n.eHar 11 ero He6o.nbwaR apMMR 3acra.n11 epacn.nox 11 pa3rpoMM.nl1 nepcoe, Be3Wl1X 6oraretliw11e rpocpeM 113 AHTMOXMM 11 Ma.notli A3l1l1. 6pOCl1B 66.nbWYIO 48CTb Harpa6.neHHOTO, OHM 6e)l(afll138 peKy, npec.ne.n.yeMbJe .nerKotli Kaea.nepMetli O.n.eHara.

262 r. OAEHAT VI fAJJJJVIEH. 1..\apb Wanyp Ill H TII)KeJlrul KaBaJiepHll, COC'nlRJieHHrui H3 3HaTH, IIO,LJ,<JHHeHHOit Herrocpe,LJ,CTBeHHO uapiO. Hapll)l.y c rroJIHTH<JecKoit ueHTPaJIH3auHeit rrpoBe,LJ,eHa6h1JiaH peJIHrH03Hall peipopMa. lh Bcex peJIHrH03HJ>lX 're<JeHHi:i, pacrrpOCTPaHeHHI>lX B llpaHe, rrpe,LJ,rroq'reHHe 6J>mO amaHO peJIHrHH 3opoacTpa, cTasiiieit c 3TOro BpeMeHH rocy,LJ,apcTBeHHOit peJIHrHeit. Ilepexo,LJ, BJiaCTH K CacaHHAaM 6J>m CBll3aH C B0306HOBJieHHeM arpecCHH llpaHa Ha3arra,LJ,e. ApAaiiiHp MeqTaJI 0 BOCC'nlHOBJieHHH rpaHHU uapCTBa AxeMeHHAOB. IlocJie cMepTH ApAaiiiHpa ero ChlH Illarryp III rrpoAOJI:>KaJI BHeiiiHIOIO IIOJIHTHKY CBOero OTUa.

241-244 rr. nEPBOE nEPCVIACKOE BTOP)I(EHV!E. 258-261 rr. WAnYP VI BAJlEPVIAH. B 3.n.ecce nepcM.n.cKMIIi uapb pa36M.n 11 3axear11.n B n.neH pMMCKOro MMneparopa, 3aTeM pa3rpa611.n CMPMJO, KM.nMKMJO 11 Kanna.n.oKMJO.

259-261 rr. B03BbiWEHVIE OAEHATA nAilbMVIPCKOfO. npaBMre.nb na.nbMl1Pbl CenTMMMIIi O.n.eHaT 6bJ.n poMaHl13l1POBaHHb/M apa60M 11, o4eBM.ll.HO, npe.n.no4Mra.n pMMCKoe rocno.n.creo nepcM.n.cKOMY. noc.ne n.neHeHMR Ba.nepMaHa OH MOT 6bJ nonpo6oearb .n.o6MTbCR 6.naroCK!IOHHOCTM nepCM.ll,CKOTO uapR, HO .n116o ycM.nMR ero oKa3a.nMcb HanpacHbJMM, .n1160 OH nonpocry Bbll1TpbJBa.n BpeMR, C06MpaR HOBYIO Pl1MCKOapa6CKYJO apMMJO, 4T06bJ ocnopMTb e.nacrb Wanypa Ha.n. pMMCKMMM.n.o-

3areM O.n.eHar o6pywM.ncR Ha KBMera KMpMa.n.a, o.n.Horo 113 «TPM.ll.UBTM Tl1P8HOB», l1fll1 y3ypnaropOB, nbJTBBWeTOCR y4pe.n.Mrb B CMPMM co6creeHHbJtli npecro.n, pa3rpoMM.n ero l1 Ka3Hl1fl. L(apCTBOB8BWl1W TOT.ll.B Cb/H Ba.nepMaHa, l1Mneparop ny6.nl1tli f1l1Ul1Hl1W 3rHaUMW la.n.nMeH, B Harpa.n.y HB3HB4M.n O.n.eHara r.naBHOKOMaH.D.YJOil..IMM l1 cpaKTM4eCKl1M conpaBMTe.neM Ha BOCTOKe C Tl1TYfl8Ml1 aerycra 11 DuxOrientis (BO>K.ll.b BocroKa).

262-264 rr. BTOP)I(EHVIE OAEHATA B nEPCVIIO. no.ny4MB CYil..leCTBeHHOe no.n.Kpen.neHMe OT la.n.nMeHa, O.n.eHar c apMMetli, coCTBB.neHHOW r.naBHb/M o6pa30M 113 .nerKMX neWMX .ny4Hl1KOB, TR>Keflb/X KBTacppaKTapMeB l1 KOnbeHOCUeB l1 Hepery.nRpHotli .nerKotli apa6cKotli KaBa.nepl1l1, BTOpTCR B norepRHHb/e pMMCKMe npoBMHUMM, .ne)l(aBwMe K eocroKy or Eecppara. OrorHaB nepCM.ll.CKYJO apMMIO, OC8)1(.ll,8BWYIO 3.n.eccy, oH eepHy.n 3areM HMcM6Mc (coep. ropo.n. Hycatli6MH Ha rypeuKO-cMpMIIicKotli rpaHMUe) 11 KappbJ (262 r.). Ha npoTR)I(eHMM.ll.Byx c.ne.ll.YJOil..IMX .ner oH rpeBO)I(Yf.n ApMeHMJO 11 npoeo.n.M.n my6oKMe petli.n.bJ B MeconoraMMJO, nOCTORHHO HaHOCR nopa)l(eHMR Wanypy 11 ero eoeHa4a.nbHMKaM l1 .ll,B8)1(.ll,b/ 38XB8TbJBaR cro.nMJ..W CacaHM.ll.OB KrecMcpoH. 04eBM.ll.HO, B noxo.n.axO.n.eHara conpoeo>K.ll,a.na npeKpacHaR 11 ra.naHr.nMBaR )l(eHa 3eHo6MR. B KOHUe KOHUOB Wanyp 3anpocM.n MMpa (264 r.).

266 r. OAEHAT nPOTVIB fOTOB. O.n.eHar npe.n.npMHR.n ycnewHYJO Kapare.nbHYIO 3KCne.ll,l1Ul110 npo-

TMB roroB, onycrowaewMx ror.n.a Many10 A3MJO. BcKope noc.ne 3Toro OH 6bJ.n y6MT B 3Mece, l1 eMy Hac.ne.n.oea.n CbJH Ba6a.n.nar. O.n.HaKO cpaKTl14eCKOW npaBMTe.nbHMUetli na.nbMl1Pbl, a reM C8Mb/M l1 Pl1MCKl1X BOCT04Hb/X .ll,OMY1Hl10HOB, RBflR.naCb ero e.n.oea 3eHo6MR.

267 r. HE3ABVICVIMOCTb 3EH06VIVI. He 6y.n.y4M yeepeHHbJM B flORflbHOCTYf 3eH06l1l1, /a.n.nMeH noc.na.n Ha BOCTOK apMMIO, 4T06bJ yrBep.ll,M Tb B .ll.OM l1Hl1 OHBX l1Mn epCKMW KOHTpO.nb. npl1 nOMOil..ll1 CBOeTO no.nKoeo.n.ua 3o6.n.bJ 3eHo6MR HaHec.na pMM.nRHaM nop8)1(eHMe, a 3areM no.n.reep.n.M.na CBOJO cpaKTM4ecKYJO He3aBMCMMOCTb, 3aeoeeae Emner.

HawecTBHR sapsapos lepMaHCKMe eapeapbJ He 3aMe.n..nM.nl1 BOCnO.nb30BaTbCR CMTYBUMetli BHyrpeHHMX BOWH BBTYCTOB. Cpe.n.M n.neMeH, npMHMMaBwMx y4acr11e B no4Tl1 HenpecraHHbJX Ha6erax 4epe3 rpaHMUbJ MMnepMM, 6bJ.nl1 K BB.ll.bl, capMaTbJ, repy.nbJ 11, KaK npaBM.no, 4epe3 MOpe - CBKCbl. Ho r.naBHYIO po.nb B oc.na6.neHl1l1 OCHOB l1Mnepl1l1 Mrpa.nl1 B 3TO BpeMR Tpl1 repM8HCKl1X Hapo.n.a - cppaHKYf, a.neMaHb/ l1 TOTb/.

236-258 rr. OnYCTOWEHVISI, n POVI3BOAV!MbiE <PPAHKAMVI. nepenpaB.nRRCb 4epe3 Hl130BbR PetliHa, OTPR.ll.bl cf>paHKOB- co6Mpare.nbHoe Ha3BBHMe .n..nR eapeapoe, 06MTaBWl1X K BOCTOK}I OT HM)I(Hero PetliHa, - npaKTM4eCKl1 6e3 noMex X03RWHY148J/l1 B t8J/fll1l1; HeKOTOpbJe 113 Hl1X .ll,B)I(e npOHl1K8fll1 4epe3 nl1peHel1l1 rpa611.n11 UcnaHMJO, orK}I.n.a Hepe.n.Ko, 3axBaTbJBaR Kopa6.nM, nepen.nbJBa.nM Cpe.n.M3eMHoe Mope, 4T06bJ npe.n.aearb pa3opeHMJO ueeTYil..IYJO MaepMTaHMJO. npl1 6e3ycneWHOW nonbJTKe no.ll,8Bl1Tb l1 H8K838Tb cppaHKOB B /a.nfll1l1 norepne.n nopa)l(eHMe MMneparop ny6.nl1tli f1l1Ul1Hl1W Ba.nepMaH (256 r.). B ro.n.bJ cy1.1..1ecreoeaHMR /a.n.nbCKOW l1Mnepl1l1 no eTyMa ( CM . Bb/We), cppaHKYf 6bJ.nl1 Bb/Hy>K.ll,eHbl BpeMeHHO orpaHl14l1TbCR Cp8BHl1Te.nbHO He3Ha4MTe.nbHb/Ml1 norpaHl14Hb/Ml1 Ha.neT8Ml1 (259-268 rr.).

333

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,[(euMI!t npMKa3aJI raJIJIY CHJiaMH

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crynMJIH Ha cesep K Occycy AJI.si co-

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poKHHYTh npOTMBHHKa O,LJ,HMM MOI.l.I-

JierMOHaMM llO,LJ, KOMaH,LJ,OBaHMeM

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Eepoa CKM4lhl npo,LJ,OJI)KaJIM csol!t Maprn K <f>MJIMllllOllOJIIO M COe,LJ,MHMJIHCh C 01p.si,LJ,OM, OCa)K)J.a:BlllHM ropO,Ll,. Teneph cooTHorneHMe CHJI pe3KO M3MeHHJIOCh B llOJih3Y CKH4IOB, 'ITO OTpHI.IaTeJihHO CKa3aJIOCh Ha MOpaJihHOM COCTO.siHMM o6opOH.siBlllMXC.si. BcKope MJIMnnonoJih 6MJI 3aHJIT CKH4laMH, B "!eM HeMaJIYIO pOJih ChirpaJia M3MeHaiipHCKa. ropOA 6hlJI pa3rpa6JieH, )KHTeJIM qacThiO nepe6MThl, qacThiO nneHeHhl. Ba)KHhli!t C1paTerMqecKHI!t nyHKT OKa3aJIC.si B pyKax CKH«Pos; O,LJ,Ha:KO 3TO He ,LJ,e3opra:HM30BaJIO pMMCKYIO o6opoHy, Ta:K Ka:K apMH.si llO,LJ, KOMa:H,LJ,OBa:HMeM raJIJia y,LJ,ep)KHBaJia Occyc. Ena:ronpHHTHO AJIH pHMJiliH pa3BMB3JIMCh M BOeHHhle ,LJ,ei!tCTBM.si B ,[(a:KHM.

PyKOHTb Me'fa H OOpTYne~HbleCK06bl H3CnOHOBO~ KOCTH.

11-111 BB.

336

YnA)J.OK PlllMA 111 B03BbiWEHII1E KABAJlEPII1111. 200-400 rr. M 3arepiiiMJIH MX oKp)')KeHMe. B 6o10

HHJiaCb AaJKe npM Hey)\a<Jax (HMKO-

rrorn6 ,[{eUMlt, HO raJIJI C qacTbiO CMJI

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BblpBaJICH M3 OKPYJKeHMH.

CKMe OTPJJAhl xopoiiio MaHeBpMpoBaJIH

6o10 npH A6pMTre pMMCKMe MCTOpH-

Ha reaTpe B0eHHblX )\ei!ICTBMlt M B3a-

KH cqHTa:IOT M3MeHy raJIJia, KOTOpbllt

MMO)\eltCTBOBaJIM

celtqac :;y.e rrocJie 6oH 6b1J1 rrpoBo3-

B cJiyqae HeyAaqM OHM csoespeMeH-

Me:IKAY co6olt.

maiiieH MMIIepaTOpOM M HaqaJI MMp-

HO BblXO)\HJIM M3 6o.si M COXpaHHJIM 6o-

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eCIIOC06HOCTb. lliMpOKO MCIIOJ1b30Ba-

<DaKTHqecKH :IKe OCHOBHOlt IIpH''IHHOlt

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P11MCKVIH napaAHbiH Kaaanepi1HCKVIH wneM. 11-111 aa.

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JIO eMy ycTOI!l<JHBOCTb M CIIOC06HOCTb

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rrponyCTHTb CKH<!>OB CO BCelt A06b]qej;j

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3a,[{yHalt M 3a OTKa3 MX OT HOBbiX Ha-

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IIa)\eHMlt HaPMMCI\)'10 MMIIepHIO eJKe-

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ro)\HO BhliiJiaqHBaTb MMAaHh. Ha3THX

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paiKeHMH pMMJIHH 6b1JIM BeJI MKM.

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BbiHBMJiacb cJia6ocTb PHMCKoro ro-

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CTBHlt CKH<!>OB aHTH"'Hbie MCTOpMKM

252-268 rr.

3M~JU1AH ~

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cyAapcTBa, rOCIIO)\CTBOBaBIIIero He-

rrorepH AJIH rocyAapcTBa>>.

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KJlABA~Pi HA AYHAE. no4T!II cpa3Y )l(e HBPYWIIIBW/Iie comaweHMe TOTbl 6blfllli 6bJCTpO Ill peWMTeflbHO pa36111Tbl 3MMJI/118HOM, HOBb/M neraTOM Me3MIIi (252 r.). 0H BCKOpe OT6bm, 4T06bl BCTynMTb B 6opb6y 38 rpoH. Ero npeeMHMK, MapKABpenuw ICnBB.ll.IIIW, COXPBHIIIJI KOM8H.l1.0B8H/Iie HB .ll.YHBWCKOW rpaHIIII.~e npu cne.n.yIOU..l/IIX MMneparopax - BanepuaHe 111 lannueHe. Ero 9HepruR 111 yMeHue y.n.ep)l(8fllli TOTOB OT .f1.8JibHeWWIIIXnonb/TOK nepenpaBbl 4epe3 peey.

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M3MOTaJia JierMOHepoB.

HaxO)\MJI IIOMepiKey CO CTOpOHbl 3HaqMTeJ1bHblX CJIOeB HaCeJieHMH

3aKJIIOqH'reJlbHOM 3Tarre 6oH co-

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OHM JierKO rrpo-

pMMCKMX IIpOBMHUMlt.

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BoltHa co CKH<!>aMM noKa3b1BaeT,

OIIpOKHHYTa, B6JIM3M 60J10Ta IIOHBM-

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ll'I)'T ,[{eUMlt ITO COBe'I)' raJIJia- M.L{I'M

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253-268 rr. PEPIAbl roT-

qepe3 60JIOTO- He 3HaH MeCTHOCTH,

ycToltqMBbl IIpM IIOMep:IKKe IIOJieBblX

CK~X MOPCK~X PA360PIH~KOB.

HeOCMOTpM'reJlbHO IIpOM3BeJI Haiia)\e-

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HMe M YBH3 B 60JIO're CO BCeM BOltCKOM.

B3JIM, orrMpaHcb Ha KperrocTM. B rro-

Tenepb caMbJM nerKMM nyreM K 6e33BI.l.IMTHbJM 6eperaM Me3MM, 4JpaKuu 111 ceBepHow 4acru Manow A3uu npe.n.craBnRnocb roraM 4epHoe Mope. BanepuaH npe.n.npMHRn HeCKOflbKO nonb/TOK OCT8HOB/11Tb 9TIIi nupaTCK/Iie Ha6eru, HO BHeCKOflbKIIIXBOOpy;KeHHb/X CTOJIKHOBeHMRX, npOMCWe.D.WIIIX B pa3HbJXT04KBX4epHoMopcKoro no6epe)l(bR, BCRKIIIW pa3 He MOT .lJ.06/IITbCR CKOflbKO-HM6Y.l1.b CYI.l.leCTBeHHOTO ycnexa ( 257-258 rr.). BMecre C npMCOe.ll.MHIIIBWIIIMIIICR K HIIIM PO.ll.CTBeHHb/M/11 repynaMM roTbl pacwupunu c<j>epy CBOIIIX MOPCKIIIX Ha6erOB Ill nocreneHHO H848fllli npOHIIIK8Tb

ITopiDKaeMbllt co scex cTOpoH MeTa-

JieBoM :IKe 6010 pMMCKMe JierMOHbl

TeJibHhlMM CHapH,!\aMM BapBapoB, OH

repneJIM rropiDKeHMH (Bepoa, A6pMT-

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(<DMJIMnrrorroJib ). Boesolt rropHAOK

TY raJIJia,

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He MMeJI Tai\'THqecKOI!l rJiy6MHb1, He

MeCTHOCTM. B6JIM3M OT6oJIOTanoHBM-

MMeJI )\IDKe pe3epBa, II0'3TOMY pHM-

JIMCb «HeMHOrHe M3 TpeTbelt JIMHHM»

CKHe JierHOHbl He MOrJIM npeO)\OJieTb

IIpOTMBHMI\'a,)J,JIH aTaKH KOTOpblX ycT-

COIIpOTMBJieHMH IIpOTHBHMKa M npo-

peMMJIMCb BIIepeA JierMOHbl M CTaJIM

THBO)\eltCTBOBaTb ero MaHeBpy.

TOHYTh B 6oJiore. B 3'1'0 BpeMH mas-

CKM<!>hi B soltHe c PMMCKolt MMrre-

Hble CMJlbl TpeTbelt JIMHMH CKH<!>OB

pMelt IIOKa3aJIM BblCOKYIO 6oecnoco6-

KOHrpaTaKOBaJIM pMMJIHH C <!>JiaHroB

HOCTb CBOMX BOI!ICK, KOTOpaH coxpa-

337

EBPOnA V1 CPE,lJ.V13EMHOMOPbE ece .tJ.anbwe e my6b cywM. 3axeaTMB 6eperOBb/e 6a3bl, OHM pb!CKaflM no Man ow A3MM, KaeKa3y M rpy3MM, 3aTeM npopeanMcb 4epe3 Goclj>op M rennecnoHT M BbJWnM e 3rewcKoe Mope. OHM pa3rpa6MnM MOHMWCKMW ropo.tJ. 3lj>ec, YHM4TO)I(MB 3HaMeHMTb/W xpaM Jl,MaHbl, O.tJ.HO M3 ceMM 4Y.tJ.ec ceera(262 r.). npo.tJ.BMTaf!Cb no rpe/..lMM, OHM 3aXBaTMflM Mpa3rpa6MnM Al/>MHbJ, KoPMHl/>, Cnapry, Aproc M .ll.PYTMe ropo.tJ.a (265-267 rr.). Cepbe3HbJMM noMeXaMM MX.tJ.eWCTBMf!M OKa3aflMCb TOflbKO 0.tJ.eHaT M alj>MHCKMW MCTOPMK, aBTOp XPOHMKM epeMeH .ll.Maf10XOB M «CKMl/>MKM», HO BMeCTe C TeM M TanaHTnMBb/W BOeHa4anbHMK ny6flMW 3peHHMW Jl,eKCMnn, KOTOpb!W ororHan repynoe Ha ceeep or L(eHTpanbHOW rpe/..lMM (267 r.). K KOH/..lY /..lapCTBOBaHMfi rannMeHa TOTb/ M rePYflbl cranM lj>aKTM4eCKMMM xo3aeeaMM 6accewHa 3rewcKoro Mopa; e.tJ.MHCTBeHHb/M MCKfl/04eHMeM OCTaeanacb rpe/..lMfl.

Ha<JaJihHMKOM KOHHMUhi ABpeoJioM. IIo<JTM Bee OHM 61>IJIM He3HaTHhlMM M He6oraThlMM ypo)freHUaMM ,qyHai:teKMX npOBMHUMJ:t, e,qeJiaBIIIMMM Kap~>epy B apMMM. ITo3TOMY MX o6hl'IHO Ha3hiBaIOT «MJIJIMpMJ:teKMMM MMnepaTOpaMM».

268-270 rr. L.I,APCTBOBAH&IIE KJlABA&iiSI II. Ha.tJ.e)I(HO M slj>lj>eKTMBHO npMKpb!BaBWMW .ll.YHaWCKY/0 rpaHMI..lY npM rpex MMneparopax MapK AepenMw KnaB.tJ.MW, MnnMpMel..l no npoMCXO)I(.tJ.eHM/0 (ypo)l(eHel..l Jl,anMal..lMM), renepb no e.tJ.MHO.tJ.YWHOMY BbJ6opy apMMM M HapO.tJ.a CaM B30Wen Ha PMMCKMW npeCTOfl. 4T06bJ ynpo4MTb co6creeHHoe nono)l(eHMe, eMy npe)l(.lJ.e ecero npMwnocb O.tJ.ep)l(aTb no6e.tJ.y Ha.tJ. conepHMKOM e 6opb6e 3a rpoH, AepeonoM M3 Me.tJ.MonaHa, Koroporo KnaB.tJ.MW pa36Mn B cpa)l(eHMM, a nOTOM Ka3HMfl (268 r.).

268 r. 6&11TBA Y 03EPA 6EHAK

ll0h'a3a.JIM, 'ITO B03pO)K)J,eHMe MMnepMM

(COBp. 03epo fapJla). no4TM cpa3y )l(e KnaB.tJ.MW CTOflKHYflCfi C HOBb/M aneMaHCKMM BTOp)l(eHMeM B VfTaflM/0 M Haronoey pa36Mn eapeapoe, 04eBM.ll.HO, B npe.tJ.rOpbf!X Anbn, Ha 6eperax 03epa rap.tJ.a. 3aTeM OH .tJ.BMHynca eo ct>paKM/0, 4T06bJ pa3o6parbca c rorcKow yrpo3ow. Y3Hae 0 npM6flM)I(eHMM MMnepaTOpCKOW apMMM, eapeapbl nonbJTaflMCb, M36e)I(8B BCTpe4M C HeW, npOWTM B VfranM/0.

Ha eTapoJ:t 6a3e HeB03MO:>KHO M 'ITO

269 r. 6&11TBA nP&il HA&IICCE

npaBMTeJiheTBo ,qoJI:>KHo 6oJiee, qeM,qo

(COBp. ropOJl HIIIW B Cep6111111). npecne.tJ.yfl TOTOB, KnaB.tJ.MW HBHeC MM pewMrenbHoe nopa)l(eHMe Ha peKe HMwaea 6nM3 ena.tJ.eHMa ee B peey

B03PO.iK,[J;EHHE IIPH HMIIEPATOPAXHJIJIHPHM~ 268-305 22. COBhiTilH BpeMeHM ra.JIJIMeHa

eMX nop, e<JMTaTheSI e npOBMHI.IMa.JlhHOJ:t 3eMeJihHOi:t 3HaThiO. OHM noKa3aJIM, 'ITO 3Ta 3HaTh )"Ke ,qoeTaTO'IHO

/O)I(Haa Mopaea. 3areM oH .tJ.BMHynca H8 lOT, 4T06bJ 3aXB8TMTb M MCTpe6MTb B lj>eccanOHMKCKOM nopTy TOTCKMW lj>noT. 3TM no6e.tJ.b/ npMHeCnM B J0ro-80CT04HYIO Eepony OTHOCMTeflbHb/W MMP- BnepBb/e 38 TpM .tJ.eCf!TMfleTMfi- M.tJ.OCTaBMflM KnaB.tJ.M/0 no4eTHoe npo3BM~e rorMK. OH yMep B CMpMMM, npM BCnbJWKe 4YMbl, BO epeMa peopraHM38/..lMM npM.tJ.YHBWCKMX npOBMH/..lMW M KaMnaHMM no npMHY.ll.MTeflbHOMY 38CeneHMIO noKOpeHHb/MM TOTBMM 6e3fl/O.ll.Hb/X PMMCKMX TeppMTOPMW (270 r.). MHOr01lilCJIEHHhiE nJieHHhie 6hiJIM o6pameHhl B KOJIOHOB, BOeHHhiX noeeJieHI.IeB M pMMeKMX eoJI,qaT. 3-ra llOJIMTMKa, HeyKJIOHHO npo,qoJI:>KaBIIIaSieSI BeeMM noeJie,I1_YIOII.IMMM MMnepampa:MM, 6hmao,qo6peHaeeHaTOM, yKpenMJia KpynHoe 3e?vVIeBJia,qeHMe M M3MeHMJia apMMIO B yro,qHOM 3eMeJihHOJ:t 3HaTM HanpaBJieHMM. HaeJie,qHMKOM KJiaB,qMSI eTa.JI ero 6paT, KOTOphli:t He eMOr )?J.ep:>Ka:Th BJI3CTh.

270-275rr. UAPCTBOBAH&IIE ABPEJl&iiAHA. ApMMa npoeo3macMna MMneparopoM.tJ.pyroro ranaHmMeoro nonKOBO.ll.l..lB-MflflMPMWI..la M 6nM3KOTO CnO.tJ.BM)I(HMK8 KnaB.tJ.Mfi flYI..lMfi Jl,oMM/..lMfi AepenMaHa.

270 ~ B0306HOBJ1EH&IIE BOJ71Hbl C fOTAM &II. Y3H8B o CMepTM KnBB.ll.Mfl, TOTbl BHOBb nepewnM Ha 3ana.tJ.HbiW 6eper Jl,yHaa. AepenMaH Bb/CTynMn npOTMB HMX M nOflHOCTb/0 M3rHan eapeapoe M3 Me3MM, r.tJ.e paccenMn 3aTeM 6onbWMHCTBO Bb/)I(MBWMX PMMCKMX KOflOHMCTOB

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338

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273 r. BOCCTAHHE B ErHnTE.

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noK8 W/la BTOpaR Oe8,ll8 n a/lbM/IIpbl,

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271 r. BO~ HA C All EMAHAMH .

A11eM8Hbt eosepw/1111/11 o'-/e-

pe,llHOM pei1,ll '-lepe3 BepXH/IIM JJ.yHBM , HaMepesaReb pa3rpa6/11Tb naHHOHitfiO /II CesepHyiO IIIT811/IIIO.

HBKitftA npeTBH,llBHT no /IIMBH/11 <J:>MpM o6bfiB/1111 ee6R /IIMnepaTopoM ErMn-

OTeTynM/111 Ha eesep, O,llHaKO ,lla/leKO yi1T/II /liM He y,lla/loeb - e,[lsa n/11

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,ll0/1/IIHY

H/llna , no,llaS/1111 soeeT8H/IIB /II Ka3H/1111

273- 274 rr. BO~HACTETPH足

nas/1111.

271 - 276

rr. nEPECTPO~KA

KOM.

Tenepb Aape!1/llaH o3a6oT/1111-

Aspe/1/llaH pa36/1111 /IIX IO)I(Hee Jl.yHafl, O,llHaKO 66/lbWaf/ '-/aeTb sapsapOS

CTEH PHMA. Aspel1/llaHXOTel16btTb ysepeHHbiM, '-ITO eep,llu,e /IIMnep/11/11 s

yeK0/1b3HYI18 /113 - 3a He6pe)I(HOeT/II

e/1B,llYIOtl.llt1M p83 He OKa)l(eTef/ 6e3-

paT/IIeTeKOTO per/IIOHa, SK/110'-/aswe-

11eraT8. npee/le,llyBMble no nRTaM

38tl.I/IITHbiM nepe,ll Ha6eroM sapaa-

TO bp/IITaH/1110 , /llenaH/1110 /II /a/1/1b-

/IIMnepaTOpOM, OH/11 HanpaS/1111/IIeb S

poa. CTapbte eTeHbl 6btl1/ll soeeT8-

eKy10 MMnep/1110 , KOTopou noe11e

/IITa/1/1110. Be'-lepoM, Kama PMMeKaR

HOB/1BHbl, a KPOMe TOTO B03,llS/IITHYT8

eMepT/11 MapKa Kaee/llaHa noeTyMa

K0110HH8 Btl.IB HaXO,ll/11/laeb H8 Mapwe , a/leMaHbt aTaKosa/1/11 Aspe/1/lla-

HOSafl - TaK Ha3btsaeMaR Aape/1/lla-

f1aTMHeKoro npaB/1111 TeTp/IIK. Aspe-

Hosa eTeHa,llf1/IIHOM18, 8 KM, eoxpa-

11/llaH HaHee eonepH/IIKY, 'Ibe eonpo-

Ha, O,llHaKo /IIMnepa mp eyMe/1 one-

HitfBWa f/ef/,llO e/IIX nap.

paTMSHO nepeeTpO/IITb soi1eKa

271-273 rr. BO~HA nPOTHB

ef/ np/lleOB,ll/IIHBH/IIBM K /IIMnep/11/11 B,ll/IIHeTBBHHOTO OeT8SWeroef/ eena-

T/IISfleH/IIB 6bt/10 ,llOSOflbHO SflflbiM, nopa)l(eH/IIe

6MTBe Ha KaTaflayH-

6oesbte nopR,llKM; noe11e O)l(eeTo-

3EH0EiHH .

b011bWit1HeTSO aoeTO'I-

eK/IIX nonRx Ha Tepp/IITOP/11/11 eospe-

'-IBHHoro epa)l(eH/IIfl, sowe,llwero s /lleTOplttiO KaK 6MTSa np/11 n/laLJ,eH-

HbiX ,ll0Mit1Hit10HOS /IIMnep/11/11 see Btl.IB

MBHHOtA Cesepo-BoeTO'IHOtA 4:>paH-

OeTaS8/11t1eb no,ll SflaeTbiO npeKpae-

LJ,It111 (KoHeu. 273 r.) ; TeTp/IIK np/11-

LJ,/11/11, p11M11f/He eyMB/1/11 0Tpa3/11Tb

HOM S,llOBbt O,lleHaTa. Aspe11/llaH no-

HY>KtlBH 6bl/1 e,[laTbef/. B HeeKOflbKO

Hana,llBH/IIB, XOTfl S KOHB'-IHOM e'-/e-

sen apM/1110 Ha BOeTOK /II S O)l(eeTO-

MeeRu,es Aspe11/118H ,ll06/11!1efl no,ll-

Te /liM Itt npMW/IOeb OTeTyn/IITb. no-

'-IBHHOM 6/IITBe np/11 iiiMMaX, OK0/10

e'-//IIT8S ee6R no6e,ll/IITB11fiM/II, a/1e-

AHTMOXItt/11, Ha Hee nop8)1(BH/IIB 3eH0-

'-1/IIHBH/IIfl a eex Tpex npos/IIHLJ,/IItA, soeeTaHOB/118 T8K/IIM o6pa30M B,ll/IIH-

M 8 Hbt Hanpas/1111/lleb K PM MY, O,llHaKo

6/II/II /II ee nonKOSO.llU.Y 3o6,lle ( 271 r.).

eTSO /IIMnep/11/11.

Aspei1/118H eo6pa11 /II neperpynn/11-

n aflbM/IIpeKafl apM/IIfl opraH/1130S8H-

274-275

posa/1 soikKa /II npo,ll0/1)/(/11/1 npe-

c nEPCHE~.

efle,lloSaH.Me. OH ,llOTHB/1 sap sapos

HO oTerynMna, HO Aspei1/118H nyeT/1111ef/ S npee/IB,llOSaH/IIB /II SHOSb pa36/1111

ee S peW/IITBI1bHOM6/IITSe np/11 3Me-

3eHo6/ll/ll, a TaK)I(e soenonb3os8/1aeb

ee ( 272 r.) . 3eHo6/IIR BbtHy>K,lleHa

3aHRToeTbiO Aapen/llaHa SHYTPBHH/11-

YM6PM/II , 611/113 peK/11 MeTasp ( eosp. peKa Memypo} , /II pa36/1111 /IIX

rr.

nllAHbl BO~Hbl

CaeaH/II,lleK8fl /IIMne-

P/IIfl OK83btsana HBKOTOpyiO noMOtl.lb

EBPOnA V1 CPE,lJ.V13EMHOMOPbE MM ,aenaMM, 'lT06bJ aHHeKCMPOBaTb PMMCKY/0 MeconoraMM/0 M yKpenMTb CBOM n03M~MM BApMeHMM. tOTOBf/Cb K eowHe, AepenMaH HanpaBMncf! Ha BOCTOK. Bo BpeMf/ npe6bJBaHMfl BO <t>paKMM, oKono BM3aHTMfl, rpynna 3aTOBOP11.1MKOB, He,aOBOJibHaf/ BBe,aeHHOW MM CTPOTOW .[1MC~MnfiMHOW, y6Mna ero. ABpenMaH 6blfi9HeprM'lHbJM M HeCOMHeHHO o,aapeHHb/M nonKoeo.a~eM, MY.f1PbJM M no'lMraeMbJM npaBMreneM, a ra/OKe 'lenoeeKOM npMMepHOTO JIM'lHOTO noBe,aeHMfl. OH BnonHe 3acny)I(MBan no'leTHoro TMryna «PecraBparopa MMpa» («Restitutor orbis»), Koroporo y.aocroMncf! nocne no6e,abJ H8/1. TerpMKOM.

275-276 rr.

UAPCTBOBAH~E

faJIJIMM BHOBb npM3BaJI MMnepaTOpa-BOMHa B 9TY npoBMH~M/0. OH cpa3y )l(e HaHec nopa)l(eHMe BO)I(,aRM BOCCTaHMfl, C06CTBeHHb/M JleraTaM bOHOCY M npoK!ly, TeM CaMb/M enepBbJe 6onee 'leM 3a cronerMe npMHeCR B MMnepM/0 nOJIHb/W MMP (280 r.). 4ro6bJ apMMR He npe6b!Bana B npa3.[1HOCTM, OH 3aHf/JI co.n.a.ar 0611.1eCTBeHHb/M CTPOMTeflbCTBOMnpoKna.a.Kow .aopor, ocyweHMeM 6onorM r.n. He.aoBOflbHbJe KaK 9TMM, TaK M BBe,aeHHOW MM B BOWCKaX CTPOTOW .[1MC~MnfiMHOW, COJI,aaTb/ y6MJIM ero BO BpeMf/ MHCneK~MOH HOW noe3,aKM (281 r. 1).

281-283 rr.

npoo

TAU.~TA. CeMM.aecf!TMnf!rMnerHMW

ye8)1(aeMbJW M 6oraTbJW ceHarop M3 MHTepaMHbJ ( coBp. ropo.a TepHM) B YM6pMM, KOHcyn B 273 r., MapK KnaB.aMw Ta~MT 6bm nocne cMeprM ABpeJIMaHa M36paH CeHaTOM M apMMeW MMneparopoM. Cpa3y no eocweCTBMM Ha npeCTOJI OH no Bell BOWCKa B Many10 A3MIO, 'lT06bJ noKOH'lMTb c np0.[10JI)I(af011.1MMMCfl TaM rpa6e)l(aMM TOTOB M anaHOB. HeCMOTpfl Ha npeK!lOHHbJe ro,abJ oH npoeen 9HepTM'lHYIO KaMnaHM/0 M pa3TPOMMJI eapBapoB B KMnMKMM (276 r.). O.aHaKo nocne WeCTMMeCf/'lHOTO ~apCTBOBa HMfl 3a6onen M yMep ( MJIM 6blfl y6MT).

276-281 rr. UAPCTBOBAH~E nP06A. E11.1e 0.[1MH nOJIKOBo.ae~ po.aoM M3 CMpMMM B MnnMpMM, MapK ABpenMW npo6, nocne CMepTM Ta~MTa npoBo3maweHHbJW apMMew MMneparopoM, nepBbJM .aenoM M36aBMJICR or <t>nopMaHa, Mna.awero 6para Ta~Mra, KoropbJW ra/OKe npereH.aoean Ha rpoH. CMeprbABpenMaHa noo11.1pMna eapBapoe K B03o6HOBneHM/O HaJieTOB Ha MMnepM/0. B cepMM KaMnaHMW, r.ae MMneparop OTJIM'lMJICfl KaK 6neCTfi11.1MM nOJIKOBO,a'leCKMM MCKYCCTBOM, TaK M JlereH,aapHOW JIM'lHOW xpa6pOCTbiO, npo6 HaHeC MM COKPYWMTeflbHbJe nopa)l(eHMR. OH M3rHan M3 fannwri cppaHKOB, 6ypryH.[10B - BOCTO'lHOrepMaHCKOe nneMR, nepBOHa'laJibHO 06MTaBwee B paWOHe YCTbfl peKM O.aep, a no3)1(e nepecenMBweecR B .aonMHY peKM MawH, - M

339

JIMTYPOB 1 (276 T. 2), 3aTeM BTOpTCfl B fepMaHM/0, r,ae, He BCTpe'laf/ cepbe3HOTO conporMeneHMR, npowen.ao caMow 9nb6bJ ( 277 r.). no ero npMKa3y 6blfl nepecrpoeH crapb!W M .aaBHo noKMHYTbJW nMMec or PewHa .[10 )J.yHaf!, OTHbJHe Ha BCeM npOTf/)/WHMM npe.acraBnRBWMW co6ow cnnowHy/0 KaMeHHY/0 creHy. OH .aeRrenbHO Kapan eapBapoB 3a Ha6erM M3-3a)J,yHaR Ha reppMropM/0 MnfiMPMM (278 r.). noKa npo6 pewan npo6neMy repMaHCKMX BapBapOB, KOMaH,aOBaBWMW BCeMM PMMCKMMM CMJiaMM Ha BOCTOKe CarypHMH no,aHf/JI Mf/Te)l( M 06bf!BMJI ce6R MMneparopOM. 6e3npoMe.n,neHMwompaBMBWMCb B Many/0 A3MIO, npo6 pa36Mn CarypHMHa, KoropbJW 6blfl y6Mr (279 r.). O'leBM,aHo ror.aa )l(e npo6 no,aaBMJI 3aTRHYBWeeCf/ BOCCTaHMe CBMpenbiX MCaBpMWCKMX rop~ee e L(eHrpanbHow Manow A3MM. O.aHaKo o'lepe.aHow MRTe)l( B 1 J1Hrypbl- .!{peBHHe IIJleMeHa, BO BTOpOM TbicllqeJieTHH .!{O P.X. HaCeJillBWHe o6wHpHyiO TeppHTOpHIO OT IlHpeHeeB ,1{0 Anbll, 3ana,!{ C~ sepHoll llTaJIHH H OCTPOB KopcHry. B rrepsoM TbicllqeJieTHH .!{O P.X. 6blJIH OTrecHeHbi .!{pyrnMH rrJieMeHaMH B palloH IlpHMopcKHX AJibll H cesepo-3alla.!{HYIO qacTb ArreHHHH- perHoH, IIOJI)"iHBWHll coxpaHHBweecl! no cell .!{eHb HaHMeHoBaHHe JIHrypHH. IIocJie Bropoll IlyHHq~ CKOl! BOl!Hb!6blJIH OKOHqaTeJibHO IIOKOpeHbl PHMOM. He COBCeM IIOHSITHO, OTK)',!{a OHM B3llJIHCb B faJIJIHH B III B. OT P.X. 2 ,[(pyme HCTOqHJ.lKH OTHOCSIT rrepsoe CTOJIKHOBeHHe pHMJlliH C 6ypryH.!{aMH K 279 r.

UAPCTBOBAH~E

KAPA. Xom Ha npecpeKTa nperopMR B ~apCTBOBaHMe MapKa ABpeJIMfl npo-

6a, MapKa ABpenMfl Kapa( o'lepe.aHoro MflfiMpMw~a) Mna.a.ana MHor.aa reHb (B03MO)I(HO, JIO)I(HOTO) no,ao3peHMfl B TOM, 'lTO MMeHHO OH cnpOBO~MpOBan CMepTb npo6a, 0.[1HaKO Cfle,ay/Oil.IMM MMneparopoM HOPMKCKMe M pe~MW CKMe BOWCKa npOB03maCMJIM MMeHHO ero. PewMB BTOPTHYTbCfl B nepcwo, 'lT06bJ eepHyrb MeconoraMM/0 MApMeHM/0, OH OCTaBMJI CTapwero Cb/Ha, KapMHa, B Ka'leCTBe pereHTa M ~e38pfl ynpaBJif/Tb 3ana,aHOW 'laCTb/0 MMnepMM, ror.aa KaK caM 'lepe3 MnnMPMIO ornpaBMJICfl Ha BOCTOK, pa36MB no .aopore KBa.acKMe M capMarCKMe nneMeHa. 282-283 rr. BO'-"HA C nEPC~ E'-". B MeconoraMMM Kap HaHec nopa)l(eHMe BOWCKaM GaxpaMa I nepCM.[1CKOTO. 3areM .[1BMHYJICf/.[18nbWe M BHOBb pa36MJI nepCOB OKOJIO MX CTOJIM~bl, KrecMcpOHa, KOTOPbiW M 38XBaTMJI. no TOM OH HanpaBMJICfl Ha BOCTOK OT Turpa, B03MO)I(HO, HaMepeBaf/Cb noKopMTb BC/0 CacaHM.aCKY/0 MMnepMIO, O,aHaKO BCKOpe yMep npM BeCbMa 3aT8,ll,O'lHb!X o6CTOf/TeflbCTB8X- npe,anOJIO)I(MTeJibHO, 6blfl y6MT MOJIHMeW, HO, B03M0)1(HO, M nonpocry y6MT. PMMJif/He, Be,aOMb/e Tenepb MJia,aWMM Cb/HOM Kapa, MapKoM ABpenueM HyMepueM HyMepMaHOM, KOTOPOTO B Ha'lane noxo.aa MMneparop Ha3Ha'lMfl ~e3apeM, orcrynunu 3a Turp. 1

ITo .!{pyrHM HCToqHHKaM, Ilpo6 rrorH6 B

282 r.

340

YnA)J.OK PlllMA 111 B03BbiWEHII1E KABAJlEPII1111. 200-400 rr.

283-284 rr. HA TPOHE KAPL-'IH L1 HYMEPL-'IAH. Bo epeMR o6paTHoro

I1oJIHOCThlO 3TO fiOJIHTH'!eCKoe npo-

paTlU.1H H «BeCh MHp, KaK 6hl pa.3)J,e-

THBOpet:IHe 06HapYiKHJIOCh BO BTOpO~

JieHHhl~ Ha ,qBa npOTHBOUOJIOiKHhlX

Mapwa apMMM B Eepony HyMepuaH oceHb/0 284 r. 6nu3 XanKe.aoHa BucpMHCKoro 6blfl y6MT - 0'-leBM.lJ,HO, npecpeKTOM nperopuR ApueM AnepoM. KapuH, .ao Koroporo eecrb o CMepTM OTI..I8 .lJ,OWfl8 B PMM C On03.lJ,8HMeM, He 38Me.lJ,flMfl 06bRBMTb ce6R MMneparopoM.

noJIOBHHe

284 r. L-'!MnEPATOPOM L136PAH AL10KJ1ETL1AH. no CMepTM

III

narepa, 3aJIHT KpOBhiO». Be3onac-

,[lJIJI TOro, '!T06hl 3ai.I.IHI.I.IaTh CBOH H AJIJI TOro, '!T06hl UOMepiKHBaTh

BHyTpeHHH~ nopa,qoK, PHMCKaa HM-

Hhle CHOIIIeHHll Me~y npOBHHUHliMH.

nepHa ,qoJiiKHa 6hlJia co,qepiKaTh 3Ha"'HTeJihHYIO apMHIO. I1pouecc npoBHHUHaJIH3aUHH H BapBapH3aUHH apMHH, Hat:IaBIIIH~ca co BpeMeH A,qpHaHa, ycyry6naeTca nocne pe<J>opM CenTHMHll CeBepa, B pe3yJihTaTe KO-

284-285 rr. fPA)I(AAHCKAS1

npOB03rJiaiiia.JIH HMnepaTOpOM CBOe-

BO~HA ME>KAY KAPL-'IHOM L1 AL-10KJlETL-'IAHOM. KapMH BbiCTynun

ro fiOJIKOBOAUa, '!T06hi 3aHliTh 'reM

nporue)J,uoKneTMaHa. ApMMM ecrperunucb e Me3MM, u raM, e nepeoM cpa)l(eHMM, KapMH o.aep)l(an no6e.ay. O.aHaKo pewa101.1.1aR 6urea pa3eepHynacb Ha peKe Mapr ( coep. peKa Mopaea). no6e.aa BHOBb CKflOHRfl8Cb H8 CTOPOHY KapMH8, KOT.lJ,8 OH 6blfl y6MT O.lJ,HMM V13 C06CTBeHHb/X ocf>t-tl..lepoe. )J,uoKneruaH cran npaeureneM MMnepuu (285 r.).

:lKeHHe B HMnepHH.

TOphlX O'IJl,eJihHhie rpynnhl JierHOHOB npHo6peJIH CaMOCTOli'IeJihHoe 3Hat:IeHHe. BoHHCKaa AHCUHITJIHHa nana, BCliKaJI fiOfihlTKa BOCCTaHOBHTh ee BCTpeqana conpoTHBJieHHe. Kor,qa co3,qaBaJIHCh 6naronpHliTHhle ,qna TOro ycJIOBHll, JierHOHhl BhlXOAHJIH H3 fiOA"'HHeHHll npaBlii.I.IeMy MOHapxy H

CaMhlM npHBHJiernpoBaHHOe

fiOJIO-

CJIYiK6a B pHMCKO~ apMHH 01phlBana BOHHa OT TOrO COUHaJihHOrO CJIOJI, K KOTOpOrvty OH npHHa,IJ.Jie'A<aJI. Bo Bpe?vm Mew-,Aoyco6HhiX BO~H H BapBapCKHX HaiiieCTBH~ HaCeJieHHe MHoro 1epneno OT no6opoB, nocToeB H HaCHJIH~ Bo~cK. BMec'Ie c 'reM rocy-

UH~

oxpaHhl

HHTepecoB

pa6o-

H CO BTOpo~ CBoe~ <J>yHKUHe~ -

C 3a-

I.I.IHTO~ rpaHHU OT BHeiiiHHX Hana,~J.eHH~.

XpHCTHaHCKH~ nHcaTeJih

III

TopoB- xapaJ<TepHoe JIBJieHHe pHM-

COBpeMeHHHKOB Ha TO, '!TO ,qoporH

cnyt:I~Hoe, OHO 6hlJIO OTpiDKeHHeM

Kaewu/A ce6e naepoe nonKOBO.tJ.I..IB, )J,MOK!IeTM8H .lJ,OCTOMH CPBBHeHMR C AerycroM KaK nonMTMK Vi rocy.aapcreeHHbltA .aeRrenb. Ero I..IBPCTBOBaHMe, eocnonb3oeaeweecR nno.aaMM eoeHHbJX ycnexoe ceoux npe.awecreeHHMKOB- KnaBP.MR, AepenuaHa, npo6a M Kapa- 6bmo, 6eccnopHO, H8M6onee B8)1(Hb/M cpaKTOPOM Bb/)I(MB8HVIR PuMcKoiA MMnepuu Ha npOTR)I(eHMVI cne.lJ,y/0/.l.IMX .ll.BYX CTOneTV!tA. OH npoeen 6onbwoe '-/Mcno B8)1(Hb/X nonMTM'-/eCKMX, 8.lJ,MMHMCTP8TVIBHbiX Vi eoeHHbiX pecpopM. OH nonHOCTb/0 or.aenun eoeHHY/0 opraHM3BI..IMIO OT CVICTeMbl TP8)1(.tJ.8HCKOTO ynpaeneHMR, u enepBbJe eoeHa'-lanbHMKM H8 MeCT8X OK838flV!Cb nO.lJ,'-IMHeHb/ perMOH8flbHb/M npaBMTeflbCTBeHHb/M '-IMHOBHMKBM. OH nonHOCTb/0 peopraHM3oean apMMIO, pewurenbHO yMeHbWMB pa3MepbJ

BJia,IJ.eJihUeB. fuoxo cnpaBJiliJIOCh OHO

KHnpHaH npHBOAHJI iKa.JI06hl CBOHX

III B. 3-ro JIBJieHHe He-

284-305 rr. UAPCTBOBAHL-'IE AL10KJ1ETL1AHA. Hu pa3y HM CHMC-

,qapcTBo He BhlfiOJIHliJIO CBOHX <J>yHK-

ITOCTO.HHHA.H cMeHa HMnepa-

cKo~ iKH3HH B

I H II BB., cHoBa 6hlJia yTpat:IeHa III B. 3m paccTpaHBa.JIO HopMaJih-

TaJI B

HyMepM8H8 KOMBHP.MP MMneparopCKOtA ne/A6-reap.auu, TO)I(e u.nnupuel..l no npOMCXO)I(.lJ,eHM/0 (Cb/H BOflbHOOTnY/.l.leHHVIK8 M3)J,8JIM81..1MV1), /a/A AepenMIA BanepMIA )J,uoKneruaH 6bm M36paH apMueiA MMneparopoM. nepBb/M .lJ,OflTOM OH C8MOflM'-IHO noKOH'-IMfl c AnepoM, npe.anonaraeMbJM y6MIAI..IeiA HyMepMaHa.

Ponb apMIIIIII B PIIIMCKOiii IIIMnepllllll BTOpoiii nonOBIIIHbl/11 B.

HOCTh ny1e~ C0061.1.1eHHll, AOCTHrHy-

rpaHHUhl OT HaCTYUJieHHll BapBapoB

c,qeJiaJIHCh onacHhl H3-3a 6ect:IHHCTBa

pa360~HHKOB, MOpll HaBOAHHJIHCh UH-

BHyTpeHHHX npouecCOB, KOTOphle onpe,qeJIJIJIHChXOAOM pa3BHTHJI PHM-

cKo~ HMnepHH. Ma1epHaJihHO~ ocHoBO~ HMnepaTopcKoro npaBH'IeJihCTBa

61>IJIO BO~CKO, fiOXOiKee Ha apMHIO JiaH,qCKHeXTOB. rpa:>K)J,aHCKaJI BO~Ha

68-69 IT., a TaJOKe co6hlTHJI 193197 IT. fi0Ka3a.JIH, Kalx)'IO pOJih MOryT HrpaTh BO~CKa, npH3BaHHhle 3ai.I.IHI.I.IaTh H oxpaHJITh PHMCKYIO HMnepHIO. ApMHH Ha3Hat:IaJIH H cMei.I.Ia.JIH HMnepaTopoB; 6op1>6a Mew-,Ay npe'IeH,qeHTatvtH Ha HMnepaTOpCKH~ 1pOH npHBOAHJia K rp3)19l.aHCKHM BO~HaM, ocna6JIJIBIIIHM PHMCKoe rocy,qapcTBo.

TapaHH3H «'lepenaxa» rereTopa Blll38HTIIl£'iCKOro

EBPOnA V1 CPE,lJ.V13EMHOMOPbE ner111oHa. B To )l(e epeM>~ oH 3Ha4111TenbHO YCII1flll1fl CII1CTeMy norpaHII14Hb/X yKpenneHII1iii, cepbe3HO nocTpa.n.aBWY/0 B nocne.£J.H111e .£J.eC>ITII1fleTII1>1 6ecnpepbiBHb/X BapeapCKII1X BTOp)l(eHII1fii. K KOHJ..W ero uapcTBOBaHII1>1 Bapeapbl Hawnll1 npaKTII14eCKII1 HeB03MO)I(Hb/M npOHII1KHOBeHII1e CKB03b uenb cpopToB, narepeiii 111 o6HeceHHbJX CTeHaMII1 norpaHII14Hb/X KOflOHII1fii.

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YnA)J.OK PlllMA 111 B03BbiWEHII1E KABAJlEPII1111. 200- 400 rr.

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pfl opraHM3a~uM u BbJY'lKe .o.a)l(e He6onbwaf! apMUfl Morna .o.ewcreeHHO BblnOnHf!Tb OCHOBHb/e 060pOHMTenbHb/e </>YHK~UM. ,[J,nfl MMnepMM C HaceneHMeM, .O,OCTMTa/0/.J..IMM nfiTU.O,eCf/TU MMnnMOHOB 'lenoBeK.o,a e11..1e npM 06MnMM BHeWHMX BparOB 3a paCTfiHYTb/MM rpaHM~aMM, BOWCKO B 300 Tb/Cfl'l 'lenoeeK «no.o. p'Y)I(beM» npe.O,CTaBnf!eTCf/ManeHbKUM. VfTeM He MeHee, OHO 6bmo enonHe a.o.eKearHo CTOfl/.l..IMM nepe.o, HMM 3a.O,a'laM o6opoHbl rpaHu~ M no.a.o.ep)l(aHMfl BHyTpeHHero cnOKOWCTBMfl. Aerycr, a enocne.o.crBMM M no.o.aenf!JOI.l..lee 6onbWUHCTBO ero npeeMHMKOB, xopowo noHMMan ror acneKT 9KOHOMMKM BOOpy)l(eHHb/X CMn, KOTOpbJW Tenepb 'laCTO Ha3b/BaiOT «~eHOW 9</></>eKTMBHOCTM». ,[J,a)l(e Kor.o.a rpaHU~bJ no.o.eepranMcb HaM6onee cepbe3How yrpo3e, ece npaeurenu- M coeepweHHO cnpaee.o.nMBO - OCTaBanUCb yeepeHHb/MM, 'lTO PMMCKOe BOeHHOe MCKYCCTBO o6ecne'lMT no6e.o.y Ha.o. nJ06bJM, CKOnb YTOP.HO npeBOCXOP.fl/.l..IUM 'lMCneHHO npOTUBHMKOM, TeM CaMb/M .o,enaf! HeHy)I(Hb/M MaCCOBb/W npu3b/B B P.OPOTOCTOfll.l..IUe M OTHOCMTenbHO He9</></>eKTMBHbJe onon'leHqecKMe eowcKa. O.o.HaKo no Mepe yeenM'leHMfl BHewHero .o.aeneHMfl

poe M pa3Mep .o.ewcTBYJOI.l..lew apMMM. Ho .o.a)l(e B cepe.o,MHe IV B. o6l.l..lafl 'lMCneHHOCTb PMMCKMX BOOpy)l(eHHb/X CMn MO)I(eT C'lMTaTbCfl ManeHbKOW no CTaH.o,apTaM n106oro npe.o.wecTBYJOI.l..lero MnM nocne.o,yJOI.l..leroeeKa. 3Ta nonMTMKa BOeHHOW 9KOHOMMU no3BOnf!na uMnepuu M36erarb .o.oporocrof!l.l..lero ~eHrpanbHoro pe3epea. 3a MCKnJO'leHMeM 10 Tb/Cf/'4 nperopMaH~eB, KOTOpbJe, no KOH~en~UU Aerycra, npe.o.Ha3Ha'lanucb 6onbwe .o,nfl no.a.o.ep)l(aHMfl BHyrpeHHero nopfl.o,Ka B crpaHe, He)l(enM .o,nfl nM'lHOW oxpaHbJ uMneparopa, - ece BOOpy)l(eHHb/e CMnbl rocy.o,apCTBa 6bmu pa3Mel.l..leHbl ucKnJO'lurenbHO e.o.onb rpaHu~. OreeroM Ha yrpo3bl mo6oMy pemoHy Morna nocny)I(MTb nepe6pocKa ry.o.a coe.o.uHeHMW c .o.pyrMx yqacrKoB rpaHM~bJ- npeKpacHaf! CeTb .o,opor, CBf/3b/Bai011..1UX npOBUH~UM, a Ta/OKe npurpaHM'lHb/X poKa.O,Hb/X .o,opor f/BUnaCb npo.o,yMaHHOW 38MeHOW ~eHTpanbHOTO pe3epBa. Jler111oH AsrycTa. Aerycr YHM</>M~Mpoean 'lMCneHHOCTb nerMOHa, c.o.enae ee paeHow 6 TbJCf!'laM qenoBeK. flerMOH COCTOfln M3 10 KOTOpT; nO-BMP.MMOMY nepBaf/ 14 .O,eCf/Taf/ KOropTb/ HaC'lMTb/Banu no OP.HOW Tb/Cf/qe 'lenoeeK, a ocranbHbJe - no 500 'lenoBeK. 0.o,HaKO BnOnHe B03MO)I(HO, 'lTO BCe 10 KOTOPT HaC'lMTb/BanM no 600 'lenoeeK K8)1(P.afl. KoMaH.o.oBaHMe, no 6onbwew qacrM, 6bmo opraHM30BaHO TaK)I(e, KaKBOBpeMeHa I_Je3apfl. B pacnopf!)l(eHMU Aeryera MMenOCb 25 TaKMX nerUOHOB. B cpe.o.HeM nerMoHepbJ, 3a HeKoropbJMM MCKnJO'leHUf/MM, Bep6oBanMCb Ha 20 ner. Tpy.o,Hocrew c peKpyTMpOBaHUeM, O'leBUP.HO, He B03HUKano: B 6onbWUHCTBe CBOeM HOB06paH~b/ f!BnflnMCb Cb/HOBbf/MM eerepaHoB. Xom Aerycr M 3anpel.l..lan con.o.araM )l(eHMTbCfl, B ero HaMepeHUfl OTHIOP.b He BXOP.MnO MeWaTb MM 063aBOP.UTbCfl CeMbf/MM. 3a6ora o con.o.arcKMX ceMbfiX, )I(UBWMX, KaK npaeMno, 6nu3 maBHbJX narepew nerMOHOB, 6bma npo.o.yMaHHow 14 opraHM30BaHHOW, XOTfl neranM30BanMCb CeMeWHb/e CBf/3M nMWb nocne OTCTaBKU BeTepaHa.

4aCTb ero neHCMM 06bNHO COCTaBnfln 3eMenbHbJW Ha.o.en, pacnono)l(eHHbJW B OKpeCTHOCTf/X TOTO norpaHU'lHOTO nocra, r.o.e OH Hec cn'Y)I(6y, u enocne.o.crBMM CbJH 'lal.l..le BCero 3aBep60Bb/BanCfl B 'laCTb, r.o,e npe)l(.o.e cn'Y)I(un ore~. Mopanb nemoHoB no.o..o.ep)I(UBanM esprit de corps 1, crporaf! P.MC~Mn nMHa u cypoeaf! npo<f>eccuoHanbHaf! wKona. YKpenneHMJO 9Toro esprit de corps n106oro coe.o,MHeHMfl B HeManow Mepe cnoco6creoeano ro, 'lTO OT.O,enbHb/e COn.O,aTb/ C03HaBanM CBOIO npMHa,lJ,ne)I(HOCTb KO MHOTOBeKOBOW M HeU3MeHHO no6e.O,OHOCHOW opraHM3a~MM, B CnMCKBX repoeB KOTOPOW, CKOpee BCero, 3Ha'laTCfl MUX npe.o.Ku. Ha npoTf!)l(eHMM BeKoB craH.o.apTbJ con.o.arcKow BbJY'lKM u.o.uc~unnM HupoeaHHOCTM Kone6anMcb, a B 6onee no3P.HMW nepMo.o., 6eccnopHo, na.o.anM. TeM He MeHee, .o.a)l(e B caMbJe xy.o.wue epeMeHa HUKTO M3 npoTMBHMKOB He npM6nM)I(anCfl K 9TMM pUMCKMM CTaH.o,apTaM; MMeHHO OHM po)I(P,anM- 6onbwe, He)l(enu n106ow .o,pyrow </>aKTOp-P.OCTaTO'lHO Bb/COKMW, KaK npaBMnO, ypoBeHb PMMCKOro BOeHHOTO npeBOCXOP.CTBa HaP, BCeMU BparaMM. BcnoMoraTenbHbte cHnbt. )J,nfl no.o..o.ep)l(aHMfl pa36pocaHHbJX e.o.onb rpaHu~ 25 nerMOHOB Aerycr co.o.ep)l(an npMMepHO CTOnbKO )l(e BCnOMOrarenbHb/X eowcK: ny'lHUKOB, npa/.1..1HMKOB, nerKOW neXOTb/ M KaBanepUM- BCero OKOnO 150 Tb/Cf/'4 'lenoBeK. no 6onbWeW 'laCTU OHM Ha6MpanMCb M3 BapeapCKUX MnM nonyBapeapCKUX nneMeH, 06MTaiO/.l..IMX 3a npe.o.enaMM uMnepMM. nnaTMnM con.o,aTaM BCnOMOraTenbHb/X BOWCK MeHbWe, 'leM neruoHepaM, a cpoK MX cn'Y)I(6bJ o6bNHO cocraenf!n 25 ner. nocne 9Toro OHM MOrnM O)I(U.O,aTb aBTOMaTM'leCKOTO nony'leHMfl pUMCKOTO rpa)I(P,aHCTBa MHe ecer.o.a nonaraewewcf! eerepaHaM BbJnnaTb/ 3eMneW M .O,eHbTaMM, 1Esplit de corps ( <j>paHlj.)- Koprropannr HbtJ;t ~yx, <J:YBCTBO 06l.l.lHOCTll JIIO~eJ;t, llp!!H~ JielKal.l.lliX K o~HoJ;t C0!1llaJibHoJ;t !!Jill rrpo<j>ecCliOHaJibHoJ;t rpyrrrre; J~ecb - ~yx qacTll, rro~pa3~eJieH!Ill.

EBPOnA V1 CPE,lJ.V13EMHOMOPbE

345

cpaBHMMOW C TaK0/0 )l(e, npwmTa/0-

3epTMpb! He TOflbKO npMHMManM aK-

l.l..leWCR BeTepaHaM-nerMOHep8M.

TMBHOe y</aCTMe B Ha6er8X <!epe3

</aCTM -

noHa<lany60flbWMHCTBY BCnOMO-

rpaHM~y, MHOTP.8 tJ.a)l(e cf>opMMPYR

TMflO 6b! conP.8T. CKopee 9TM coopy-

raTeflbHb!X <~acTew 6bmo p83peweHo

C06CTBeHHb/e OTPRP.bl no PMMCKOMY

)l(eHMR npetJ.OCT8BflRflM 3a/.l..IMTY M

COXp8HRTb MCXOP.HY/0 nneMeHHY/0

o6p83~y, -

BapBapb! MHOTOMY Ha-

YKPbiTMe PMMCKMM norpaHM<IHb!M

opraHM38~M/O M C06CTBeHHb/X BO)I(-

Y<IMflMCb Ha onb!Te 6MTB npoTMB

n8TpynRM M 3aTPYP.HRflM BapBapaM

P.eW. 3a MCKn/0'-leHMeM cne~ManbHb/X

PMMCKMX </>OPMMPOBaHMW. npo-

Tae1Hoe nepece<~eHMe rpaHM~bl. E1.1.1e

no.o.pa3P.eneHMW, TaKMX KaK flY<IHMKM

P.Ofl)l(aBweecR 38 C<leT 9TOTO Onb!Ta

Ba)I(Hee TO 06CTORTeflbCTBO, <ITO OHM

M npa/.l..IHMKM, KOTOpb!e 06b!</HO npo-

COBepweHCTBOBaHMe B8pBapCKMX

npenRTCTBOBanM nerKOMY 6ercTBy

MCXOP.MflM M3 BOCTO</Hb/X perMOHOB MMnepMM, nepBOHa<laflbHO BCnOMO-

MeTOP.OB BeP.eHMR BOWHbl Cb!rpano CB0/0 POflb B KOHe<IHOM nop8)1(eHMM

BapBapCKMX OTPRP.OB, MHOTMe M3 KO-

raTeflbHb/e BowcKa cny)I(MflM B Tow

PMMa. To, <ITO 9Toro He cny<~Mnocb

HaCTMTHYTb/ M nepe6MTbl npecne.o.y-

MeCTHOCTM, r.o.e 6b!flM Ha6paHbl.

paHbWe, 06bRCHReTCR MCKfl/0</M-

10/.l..IMMM MMnepCKMMM BOWCKaMM.

£11HOTP.a 9TO npMBO.ll.MflO K BOCCTaHM-

TeflbHO PMMCKMM nonMTM<IeCKMM

RM MflM MRTe)l(aM, B XOP.e KOTOpb!X

MCKYCCTBOM, a TaiOKe

opraHM3a~M

3aTPYP.HMTb BapB8PCKMe BTOp)l(e-

OHM 06beP.MHRflMCb C MeCTHb!MM

OHHb/MM M KOMaHP.Hb!MM cnoco6HO-

HMR- AtJ.pMaH yBeflM</Mfl )J,yHaWCKY/0

nneMeHaMM. no9TOMY nocne ~ap

CTRMM Bb/P.a/0/.l..IMXCR PMMCKMX non-

M PewHcKy/0 pe<!Hb!e <f>noTMnMM, a

CTBOBaHMR ABrycTa B8pBapCKMe

KOBOP.~eB.

TaK)I(e pa3BMn M pacwMpMn y)l(e cy-

BcnoMoraTenbHb!e

HoaoaaeAeHHg AApHaHa, MapKa AapenHg H CenTHMHg Ceaepa. HecMOTPR Ha npeMMYI.l..le-

l.l..leCTBOBaBWY/0 pa3BeP.b!BaTenbHYIO

perMOHbl, r.o.e MX OP.HOPOP.Hb/W nneMeHHOW COCTaB H8MepeHHO pa36aB-

cTBeHHO o6opOHMTeflbHb/W xapaK-

pMM.

Tep BOeHHOW nonMTMKM ABryCTa M

Cny)l(a npMMepoM MMnepcKoro

flRflCR nOtJ.KpenneHMRMM M3 P.PYTMX

ero npeeMHMKOB, 3a cToneTMe noc-

pyKOBOP.CTBa M pa3yMHoro npMno-

nneMeH. Ko BpeMeHM TpaRHa 9Ta nonMTM-

ne ero CMepTM MMnepMR 3aMeTHO Bb!pocna. 0TKa3b/BaRCb OT HeKOTO-

ABpenMw npoM3Ben Mano nepeMeH.

K8 npetJ.OTBP81.1.1eHMR BOCCT8HMW

pb!X M3 BOCTO</Hb/X 3aBOeB8HMW CBO-

TeM He MeHee, oH yBenM<~Mn .o.ew-

nown8 .o.a)l(e .o.anbwe, M BO BcnoMo-

ero npe.o.wecTBeHHMK8 TpaRH8,

A.o.-

CTBYIOI.l..IY/0 8PMM/O H8 P.Ba nerMOH8

pMaH peWMfl, <ITO 9Ta 9KCnaHCMR

M e1.1.1e 6onbwee KonM<~ecTBo Bcno-

<~acTM,

KaK np8-

BMno, nepeMel.l..laflMCb M3 CBOMX POP.Hb!X MeeT B .o.pyrMe norpaHM<IHb!e

raTenbHb!X

<~acTRX

nneMeHa ne-

RHHO p8CKBapTMpOBaHbl PMMCKMe .ll.flR 9TOTO apMMM He XBa-

TOpb!X MMeHHO nOP. CTeHaMM 6b!flM

npecne.o.yR Bee TY )l(e ~enb -

CeTb, paCKMHYTYIO Ha B8pBapCKMX TeppMTOPMRX 3a npe.o.en8MM MMne-

)l(eHMR nonMTMKM K cTpaTerMM, MapK

.ll.Ofl)I(Ha OCT8HOBMTbCR; MMnepMR

MoraTenbHb!X BOWCK. T enepb pMM-

nneMeHHb!e BO)I(.lJ.M He RBflRflMCb

y)l(e CflMWKOM BeflMKa, </T06b! 9</>-

CKMe BOOp'Y)KeHHb/e CMflbl HaC<IMTb!-

peMeWMBaflMCb

nOflHOCTb/0,

6onbwe oqm~epaMM. Cne.o.oBa-

cf>eKTMBHO nOP.P.aBaTbCR nOflMTM</e-

BanM, BepORTHO, 6onee 350 Tb/CR'-1

TenbHO, M Ha CMeHy nneMeHHOMY

CKOMY MflM BOeHHOMY ynpaBneHM/0.

<~enoBeK.

9HTY3Ma3MY P.Ofl)l(eH 6b!fl npMWTM

B pe3ynbTaTe oH 3aMeHMn

esprit de corps, <ITO, B CB0/0 o<~e

~M/0 ABrycTa o6opoHbl 38 c<~eT M06MnbHOCTM nporpaMMOW )l(eCTKOW

pe.o.b, norM<~ecKM Beno K o6pa3oBa-

KOH~en

HM/O HeKMX nOCTORHHb/X </>OpMMpO-

oxpaHbl rpaHM~.

BaHMW, COnOCTaBMMb!X C KOTOpTaMM

OTHIOP.b He BXOP.MflO M3MeHRTb npM-

nerMOHOB. BceM MM 6bmM npMcBo-

CYI.l..IY/0 nerMOHY nOP.BM)I(HOCTb MflM

ero HaMepeHMR

eHbl HOMepa, OTKYP.8 M nowno MX

ero TaKTM</ecKy/0 rM6KOCTb. CKo-

Ha3BaHMe «HyMepMM» (naT. numeri).

pee, OH CTpeMMflCR B03P.BMTHYTb

3To npM.o.ano BcnoMor8TenbHb!M

PYKOTBOPHb/e nperp8tJ.b!, KOTOpb!e

</aCTRM 60flbWYIO perynRpHOCTb M

3aMeHMflM 6b! ecTeCTBeHHb/e py6e-

Ha npoTR)I(eHMM

III-IV BB.

3aMeTHO

COKp8TMflO M 6e3 TOTO cna6e101.1.1Me

)I(M -

peKM M ropb!. 3TO P.Ofl)I(HO

6b!fl0 3aTPYP.HMTb OptJ.aM BapB8POB

p83flM<IMR Me)l(tJ.Y poMaHM3MpoBaH-

npOHMKHOBeHMe Ha TeppMTOPM/0

HbiMM BapBapaMM BCnOMOTaTeflb-

MMnepMM M o6ner<IMTb PMMflRHaM

Hb/X BOWCK M HeyKnOHHO B03pacTa-

6opb6y c HMMM, He npM6eraR K ne-

/OI.l..IMM BapBapCKMM KOMnOHeHTOM

pe6pocKe no.o.KpenneHMW M3 o.o.Ho-

nerMOHOB.

ro norpaHM<!Horo perMoHa B .o.pyrow

Y)l(e BO BpeMeHa ABrycTa npo<f>eccMoHanbHoe o6y<~eHMe M BO-

MflM npoBeP.eHM/0 60flbWMX KaMn8HMW BHYTPM MflM BHe rpaHM~.

opy)l(eHMe C</>OpMMPOBaHHb!X M3

flMMeC B (epMaHMM M AtJ.pMaHOB

BapBapoB no.o.p83P.eneHMW Mcnonb-

Ban B bPMTaHMM npetJ.CTaBflRflM C0-

30Banocb MHOTP.a npOTMB CaMOTO )l(e

6oe1 Bb/COKMe 3eMflRHb!e HaCblnM,

PMMa. )J,eMo6MnM30BaHHb!e con.o.8-

yBeH</aHHb/e 6peBeH<IaTb/MM nanM-

Tbl BcnoMoraTenbHbiX <18CTew M .o.e-

Cql18MM. B.o.onb HMX He 6bmM nocTo-

Opy)f(l.'le nerl.'loHepa: rnaAI.'IYC (Me-t) B HO)f(H8X 1.1 KlfH)f(8J1 C HO)f(H8MI.'I

346

YnA)J.OK PlllMA 111 B03BbiWEHII1E KABAJlEPII1111. 200-400 rr.

CenmMI1iii Ceeep np116ae11n ewe

,aBI1)1(eHI1W KOM611HI1POBaHHbiX BOWCK

CTKI1MI1 MepaMI1 Aepen11aH, r7po6 11

TPI1 neri10Ha, O,ai1H 113 KOTOPbiX 6b!fl

Ha .aanbHI1e paCCTOf!HI1fi.

Kap BHOBb no,aHfinl1 BbiY4KY 11 ,ai1C-

paCKBapTI1POBaH B VfTBnl111, COCTaB-

Pe<J>opMbt ,[J.HoKneTHaHa H KoHcTaHTHHa. B xaoTI14ecKoe epeMf!

~11nni1HY .ao YPOBHfi, no KpaiiiHeiii Mepenpl16nl1)1(aewerocf!KpaHHei1M-

nfifi nepBbliii M0611nbHbliii pe3epe 11MnepcKoiii apMI111.

B ero epeMf! nonHaf!

cepe.ai1Hbl

Ill

e. cTano o4eBI1,aHbiM,

nepcKoMy.

C TeMI1 Cl1naMI1,

KOTOpb!-

•mcneHHOCTb eoiiicK .aocTI1rana, ee-

4TO BCfi noni1TI1Ka AerycTa, B a,aMI1-

MI1 pacnonaran11, OHI1 113rHanl1 rep-

pof!THO, 400 Tb!Cf/4 4enoeeK. K.poMe Toro, Ceeep yny4wl1n ycnoBI1fi )1(113-

HI1CTp8TI1BHOW, noni1TI14eCKOW 11 BO-

MaHCKI1X eapeapoe 11 npoy411n11

eHHOW o6nacmx, nycTb,a8)1(e Mo.aep-

nepcoe.

HI1 con.aaT, BK!I/04af! pa3peweHI1e

HI1311poeaHHaR 11 npi1MeHeHHaf! K

3aKOHHOTO 6paKa. r7pOI13Ben OH 11 He-

COBpeMeHHbiM 06CTORTenbCTBaM ero Hacne,aHI1KaMI1, HY')I(.ll,aeTCfi B peWI1-

KOTOpb!e nepeMeHbl B CI1CTeMe KO-

O.aHoiii 113 maBHbiX npi1411H .ae3opraHI13a~l111

PI1MCKI1X eoopy)l(eHHbiX Cl1n 6b!fla CTapaR CI1CTeMa CHf!TI1fi

MaH,aOBaHI1fi, Hai160nee Ba)I(HOW 113

TenbHOM nepeCMOTpe. rlp11 OTCYT-

4aCTeiii C KaKOTO-ni160 113 yqaCTKOB

HI1X f!BI1nocb pa3.aeneHI1e KpynHeiii-

CTBI111 ~eHTpanbHoro pe3epea norpa-

WI1X norpaHI14HbiX COe,ai1HeHI1W, 4TO

HI14HYIO o6opOHI1TenbHYIO CI1CTeMy

rpaHI1~bl .anfl nononHeHI1fi apMI1iii, 3aHf!TbiX B 6onbWI1X eoiiiHax. EcTe-

yMeHbWano 11CKj'WeHI1e 11 B03MO)I(-

6bmo Tpy.aHo np11cnoco611Tb K cl1Ty-

CTBeHHO, B03MO)I(HOCTb C no.ao6HOW

HOCTI1 peri10HanbHbiX KOMaH,al1pOB

a~l111,

~enb/0 113bRTb 113 o6opOHHOW CI1CTe-

Kor.aa 11Mnepl1fi BbiHY)I(.aeHa

BOCCTaBaTbnpOTI1B~eHTpanbHOWBna

6bma npoTI1BOCTORTb ece 6onee

Mbl ~enbliii ner11oH 11n11 xom 6b! 6onb-

CTI1. 0H Ta/OKe BHeC 113MeHeHI1fi eCre-

onacHbiM Ha6eraM coeepweHCTBYIO-

wy/O ero 4aCTb npe.acTaenf!nacb pe.aKo, nOCKOnbKj'9TO onaCHbiM o6pa30M

B CeeepHoiii 6pi1TaHI111 e

W11XCfi poMaHI1311POBaHHbiX eapea-

ero ~apcTeoeaHI1e 6bma eo3ee.aeHa

poB, paBHO KaK 11 yrp038M YCI1ni1B-

oron11n0 6b! TOT 11n11 11HOW y4aCTOK

HaAn,pl1aHOBOM eanyB3aMeH 6peeeH-

weiiiCfl

r7epCI111.

rpaHI1~bl. OTc10.aa nor114ecK11 Bb!Te-

4aTOTO nan11ca,aa KaMeHHaf! CTeHa,

rlpOCTOTO HapaW11BaHI1fi Cl1n np11 OT-

Kano peweHI1e: 113b!MaTbHe6onbwl1e

Bb!COTOW 5 M 11 TOnW11HOW 2,5 M.

CYTCTBI111113MeHeHI1W B 11X opraHI138-

no.apa3.aeneHI1fil13pa3ni14Hb!Xnerl1-

HYAn,p11aHa.

BOI1HCTBeHHOW

r7pi1MepHO B 9TO BpeMf! Ba)I(HY/0

~111111 onepaTI1BHoiii KOH~en~l1116bmo

oHoe, KOTOpT 11 HyMepl1iii 11 cpopMI1pO-

ponb e pi1MCKoiii apMI111 Ha4ana 11r-

f!BHO He.aocTaT04HO. O.aHaKo 11MeHHO

BaTb 113 HI1X OTPfmbl OC06oro Ha3Ha-

CBf/311 c 9TI1M

9TO f!BnfinOCb e,ai1HCTBeHHbiM pecyp-

4eHI1R, 11MeHyeMble

Hel136e)I(H0 nOf!BI1naCb 11 KOHHaf!

COM paHHI1X11MnepaTopoe-11nnl1pl1iii-

(nar. vexillatio oT vexillium- 6oeeoe

paTb Kaeanepi1R.

BeKCI1nnfi~l1f!MI1

nexoTa, o6ecne411BWaf! nexoTHbiM

~ee,

4aCTRM 6onbWYIO no,aBI1)1(HOCTb, a

JJ,nfi peopraHI13a~l111, -

Ta/OKe B03MO)I(HOCTb 6b!CTpb!X nepe-

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,aaHHble apMI111 Ha TeaTpe eoeHHbiX

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347

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348

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349

EBPOnA V1 CPE,lJ.V13EMHOMOPbE K Ha4any IV B. pMMn>IHe o6ecne4MnM Hafl!ll4!11e 60flbWe O.l(HOtli KErranynbTbl, 6annMCTbJ MnM oHarpa Ha Ka)l(,abJe 100 qenoBeK B nerMoHe. KpoMe roro, oKono nonoBMHbJ neWMX BCnOMOrarenbHb/X BOWCK COCTaBfl>lfllll, 04eB!II.l(HO, ny4HIIIKIII lllfllll npaLUHIIIKIII, a 3Ha4!11TeflbHOtli 4aCTb/O KaBanep!ll!ll >IBfl>lfl!IICb KOHHb/e RY4H!IIKlll a3MarcKoTo o6pa3~a. O,aHMM 1113 pe3ynbraroB 9Toro pacqera, B nepBY/0 oqepe,ab, Ha MersrenbHbJe cHaP>14bl TOTO lllfllii!IIHOTO po,aa >IB!IIflOCb ro, 4TO neTMOH renepb3aMeTHO pe)l(e CXO.l(lllflC>I CnpOTIIIBHIIIKOM BpyKonawHYIO, ma.aM>~MM pewa>IMcxo.a cpa)l(eHM>I.

PMM M BAPBAPbl

305-400

22.

305-306 rr. nYTAHL1U.A B nPECTOJlOHACJlE,O.lo1lo1. ,D,MoKneTlllaHy 111 MaKCMMMaHy Hacne.aoBanM - renepb y.>Ke KaK aBryCTbl - KoHCTaH~!IItli Ha 3ana,ae Ill ranep!lltli Ha BOCTOKe. HOBb/Mlll ~e3ap>IMIII 6bJnlll Ha3Ha4eHbJ <PnaBMtli Banep111tli CeBep, nony4111BW!IItli KOHTPOflb HB.a Acf>PIIIKOtli Ill t.1Tan!lletli, Ill Banep!lltli ranep!lltli MaKCMMMH ,D,atli>I. Hey .aen np111 9TOM OCTafl!IICb ,l(Ba MOflO.l(b/X qenoBeKa, 0)1(111,l(aBWIIIX9TOtli Bb/COKOtli qeCTIII, - <PnaB111tli Banep111tli ABpenMtli KoHcraHTMH, orqy)l(,aeHHbJtli CbJH KoHcraH~111>1, 111 MapK ABpen111tli BanepMtli MaKceH~Mtli, CbJH MaKCMMMaHa. BcKope nocne TOTO, KaK B 11110ne 306 r. BO BpeM>I noxo,aa npOTIIIBn111KTOB Ill CKOTTOB yMep B 36opaKyMe ( coBp. ropo.a t7/opK) KoHcraH~111tli, nemoHbJ 6pMraHM111111 rann111111 o6b>IBMnM KoHcraHTMHa Hacne,aHMKOM ero mryna aBrycra. ranep111tli HeoxorHo comac111nc>1 c M36paHMeM KoHcraHTMHa, o.aHaKo n111wb B Ka4ecrBe ~e38p>l, Hacra111Ba>I, 4TO aBrycTOM .aon)l(eH CTaTb CeBep. np111MepHO B TO )l(e BpeM>I npeTOp111aHCKa>l rBap.aM>~ B P111Me npoBo3macMna aBrycroM MaKCeH~lll>l. nocne,aH!IItli, Bnpo4eM, comacMnc>I npMH>ITb ronbKO TIIITyn ~e3ap>1, C TeM 4T06b/ aBryCTOM BHOBb CTan ero BeCbMa OX04111W KTOMyore~.

306-307 rr. rPA:>KAAHCKASI BOl'IHA CEBEPA C MAKCL1Mlo1AHOM lo1 MAKCEHU.L1EM. ro.a pa3.aopoB 3aKOH4Mnc>I Ka3Hb/O CeBepa, Ha3Ha4eHMeM KoHcraHTMHa Mna.aW111M aBrycroM 111 np1113HaH111eM MaKCMMMaHa CTapWIIIM. Ho np1113HEffb B MaKCMMMaHe 111 KoHcraHT111He paBHbJX ce6e aBryCTOB ranep!lltli KaTerop!114eCKIII OTKa3aflC>I.

307 r. BTOP:>KEHL1E rAJlEPL1SI B lo1TAJllo110. ApMMM MaKC111MMaHa 111 ranep111>1 OCTOpO)I(HO MaHeBp111pOBafllll, npe6bJBa>I B nsroBoM nono)l(eHMM. BMeCTO Ka3HeHHOro CeBepa ranep!lltli Ha3Ha4111n aBrycroM Banep111>1 f1111~111H!IIaHa f1111~111Hlll>l, a 38TeM, KOr,aa ero nneM>IHHIIIK,il,atli>l B03MYT!IIflC>I, nonara>I, qro 6y,ayq111 ~e38peM MMeer npeMMYLUeCTBeHHOe npaBO CTaTb aBryCTOM, ranep111tli pacnpocrpaH!IIfl 9TOT TIIITYfl Ill Ha Hero Ta/OKe (308 r.). ABTycroB raKMM o6pa3oM crano n>ITb. TeM BpeMeHeM MaKceH~Mtli np111 no.a.aep)I(Ke nperopMaH~eB CBepr C TpOHa CBOero OT~a MaKC!IIM!IIaHa 111 ra/OKe np111H>In mryn aBrycra. 0TKa38BWIIIWC>I 0Tpe%C>I OT mryna MaKCMMMaH 6e)l(an B rann11110 K KoHcraHTMHY.

308 r. KAPHYHTCKL1lll KOHrPE CC ( COBp. ropo,n Xai1H6ypr B ABCTplillil ). nocpe,l(H!II4eCTBO ,il,MOK!IeT!IIaHa np111Beno K comaweHM/0 Me)l(.l(y nfiTb/0 1113 WeCTIII npen111pa/OLU111XC>I aBryCTOB. MaKCMMMaH BbiH}')KIJ,eH 6bm orpe%C>I, ocraBWIIICbnp111,aBope KoHcraHTMHa. MaKceH~111tli He 6bm npMmaweH B KapHyHr. O.aHaKo f1111~111HMtli He ocnapMBan ero BnacrM Ha,a t.1ranMetli, raK KaK6bm BnonHe y,aoBnerBopeH .aocraBwetlic>I eMy np111 pa3,aene ccf>ep npaBneH111>1 t.1nn111p111etli.

310 r. nEPEBOPOT MAKCL1Mlo1AHA. Bocnonb30BaBWMCb orcyrcrBMeMKoHcraHT111Ha,ornpaBMBweroc>1 B noxo.a Ha cf>paHKOB, npecrapenbJtli MMneparop CHOBa nonbJTanc>I 3axBaT111Tb peanbHY/0 Bnacrb. KoHcraHT111H HeMe.aneHHO noBepHyn BotlicKa Ha3a,a, nporHan MaKC111MMaHa 1113 Apenara ( coBp. TOpo.a Apnb BO <PpaH~MM) B Mapcenb, a raM 3axBarMn cBoeTo npecrapenoro conepHMKa 111 recr>I B nneH, n/06e3HO pa3peW!IIB eMy COBepW111Tb caMoy6MtlicrBo. Ha cne,ay/OLUMtli ro.a

nepBbl£1 XpHCTH3HCKH£1 HMnepaTOp KOHCT3HTHH

B H!IIKOMe,l(!lllll CKOH4aflC>I OT paKa ranep!lltli (311 r.). Tenepb OCTaBafl!IICb qerbJpe aBrycra: KoHcraHTMH, MaKceH~111tli, J1111~111H111tli 111 ,D,atli>I.

311-312 rr. rPA:>KAAHCKASI BOl'IHA MAKCEHl.U'1SI C KOHCTAHTl1HOM. nonb3Y>ICb ratliHotli no.a.aep)I(Kotli ,D,atli111, MaKceH~Mtli BO rnaBe apMIIIIII, HaC4111Tb/BaBWetli OKOflO 170 Tb/C>/4 qenoBeK, np!IITOTOB!IIflC>I qepe3 Pe~111/0 BTOPTHYTbC>I B rann!ll/0. KoHcraHTMH pacnonaran npM6nM3MrenbHO CTOTb/C>14HbiM BOWCKOM, 6onbwe nonoBMHbJ KoropoTo 6bmM 3aH>ITb/ oxpaHOtli petliHCKOtli 111 Kane.l(OHCKOtli rpaHM~. Y3HaB o HaMepeH111>IX MaKceH~M>I, oH pew111n nepexBaTMTb 111HM~MaTMBY. Ewe .ao nonHoTo ra>IHM>I cHeroB B Topax KoHcraHTMH npoBen copoKErrbJC>14HYIO apMM/0 nepeBanoM MoH-CeHM (312 r.) 111 no.a Cy3otli, TypMHOM 111 MMnaHoM o.aep)I(Bfl no6e.l(bl H8.l( npeBOCXO.l(>ll.UIIIM111 C!llflaM!II no,a KOMaH,l(OBaH!IIeM nO.l(4111HeHHb/X MaKceH~M>I. B 6MTBe np111 Typ111He KoHcraHTMH 6necr>~we npo.aeMoHcrpMpoBan CBOe 111CKYCCTBO raKTMKa- T>l)l(ena>I KaBanepM>I MaKceH~M>I 6bma pa3rpoMneHa, 111 ero apM111111 c 6onbWMMM norep>IM111 npMwnocb orcryn111Tb no.a 3aLU111TY ropo.aCKIIIX CTeH. BcrpeT!IIB 3aTeM apMIII/0 no,a KOMaH,l(OBaH!IIeMnyqweTO 1113 BOeHa4aflbH111KOB MaKceH~M>I, PypM~M>I

PHMCKAR HMIT.EPHR n PH KOHCTAHTHHE (306- 337 rr. )

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6oeBb/e nop~.ll,KM OCa)l(.tJ,aiOil.(MX M npueen Ha no.aMory no.aKpenneHue, O.tJ,HaKO Ha nO.tJ,XO.tJ,e K ropo.ay OHO 6b/fl0 npaKTM'leCKM noronOBHO MCTpe6neHO BOMHaMM rannbCKMX nerMOHOB KoHcraHTMHa; B 3TOM 6010 nonemu Tb/C~4M MTanMilll..leB, B TOM 4MCne M noMne~H. nocne ru6enM nonKoeo.a1..1a oca)l(.ll,eHHa~ BepoHa c.aanacb. 312 r. 6&1TBA Y M&o1JlbB&o1EBA MOCTA. Co6upa~ no .aopore no.aKpenneHM~, KoHcraHTMH 6bJcrpo npo.aeuranc~ Ha 10r. Ko epeMeHM, KOT.tJ,a OH .ll,OCTMT OKpeCTHOCTeill PuMa, yHero, eepo~rHo, 6bmo oKono 50 TbJC~'l 'lenoeeK, ror.aa KaK MaKceHl..IMill pacnonaran .an~ 3ai1.(MTbl CTOnM/..Ibl 75 Tb/C~'laMM 'lenoBeK. ComacHo nereH.ae, MMeHHO 3.tJ,ecb KoHcraHTMH y3pen B He6e Kpecr u no6eA3 KOHCT3HTHH3 I H3A MaKOeH~HeM.XYAO~HHKA.PaM6y

ycnbJWan cnoea: «In hoc signo vinces!» 1 ,aae o6er B cnY4ae no6e.ll,bl npuH~Tb xpucruaHcreo, KoHcraHTMH BCTynun B 6MTBY Ha 6epery Tu6pa, oKono MunbBMeea Mocra, u o.aep)l(an pewurenbHYIO no6e.ay. MaKceHl..IMill yroHyn npu nonbJTKe K 6ercrey. Boill.as:~ B cronMl..IY, KoHcraHTMH nepBbJM .aenoM pacnycrun OCT8TKM npeTOpMaHCKOilt TBap.tJ,MM, a 3aTeM 06b~BMn 0 CBOeM o6pal1.(eHMM B XpMCTMaHCTBO. f1Ml..IMHM~ OH npM3Han aerycroM BocroKa. 313 r. fP.A)t()VdiCKASI BO"'HA AA"'&o1 C Jl &1l..\&1 H&o1 EM. nb!Ta~cb 38XBaTMTb BnaCTb H8.ll,O BCeilt BOCT04HOi11 'laCTbiO MMnepMM, ,[1ai11R Bb/Wen M3 Cupuu c ceMu.aec~TMTbJCR4Hoi11 apMMeill, HaMepeBaRCb BTOprHyrbC~ B Eepony. B 3ana.aHoi11 Manoill A3MM ero BCTpeTMn 6nM3 /epaK!IeM noH1In hoc signovinces (JJaT.)- «<loA3Tl!M 3HaMeHeM rrooeAl!Wb». CorJJacHo xpHCTl!aHcKoMy rrpeAaHHro, cooomaeMoMy Escesl!eM Kecap!!i'tCKl!M (<DKHTHe KoHCTaHTl!Ha»,I, 28), HaKaHyHe cpa)f(eHl!ll c MaKceHl.ll!eM KoHcTaHTl!H YBl!AeJJ BO CHe KpecT C BbiWellpHBeAeHHOi't HaAIJHCb!O, TpaAHl.lHOHHO rrepeBOAHMOi't rrpocTO «Cl!M IIOOeAl!WH».

351

TMiiiCKOilt flMl..IMHMill BO maee 30 Tb/C~'l 'lenoBeK, BeTepaHOB .tJ,yHaiiiCKMX KaMnaHMill npOTMB BapeapOB, M B 6uree npu L(upane 6nu3 A.apuaHonon~ o.aep)l(an no.a HMM nonHyiO no6e.ay. ,£1ailts:T6e)l(an, HO BCKOpe yMep. Tenepb flMl..IMHMill 6bm HeocnopuMbJM npaeureneM BocroKa. 313 r. <t>PAHKCK&o1"' HA6Er HA fAJ1Jl&o110. Ocraeue t1ranu10, KoHcraHTMH 6bJCTPbiM MapweM Bb/Crynun cppaHKaM HaBCTpe'ly, pa36Mn eapeapoe u M3rHan 3a npe.aenbJ /annuu. 314 r. fP.A)I(AAHCKASI BO"'HA Jl&o1l..\&1H&o1SI C KOHCTAHT&o1HOM. Y3HaB, 4TO flMl..IMHMill opraHM30BbJBaer nporue Hero 3aroeop, KoHcraHTMH C .tJ,Ba.tJ,l..laTMTb/C~'lHOilt apMMeill BHe3anHO BTOprcR B BOCT04HYIO 'lacrb MMnepuu. nocnewHo co6paewui1135 TbJC~'l 'lenoeeK unnupuillcKMX BeTepaHOB flM/..IMHMill BCTpeTMn MX B JOro-80CT04HOi11 naHHOHMM. 314 r. 1 6&1TBA nP&o1 l..\&16AJ1AX. Pacnono)l(eHHbJe B yll.(enbe cunbJ KoHcraHTMHa 6bmM araKoBaHbl eo ill1

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352

YnA)J.OK PlllMA 111 B03BbiWEHII1E KABAJlEPII1111. 200-400 rr. 315 r. OnEPAUVIVI nPOTVIB fOTOB. Bocnonb3oeaewMcb TeM, 'lTO pMMnRHe nomoweHbJ rpa)l(.tJ.aHcKow eowHow, roTbJ nepenpaeMnMcb 'lepe3 _ayHaW l1 BTOpmMCb B HOBble ena.n.eHMfl KoHcTaHTMHa. ToT oTpa3Mn MX, a 38TeM caM nepewen ,ayHaw, 'lT06bJ HaKa3aTb eapeapoe e 6bJewew HeKor.n.a pMMCKow npoeMH~Mew _aaKMM.

323

B0306HOBnEHVIE BOliiiHbl nV~UVIHVISI C KOHCTAHTVIH OM. He npeKpamaiOWM ecR pa3HOmaCMfl MMnepaTOpOB CHOBa BblflMflMCb B OTKPbiTY/0 BOWHy. K.a)l(.lJ.biW !.13 HMX co6pan 3Ha'lMTeflbHbJe cyxonyTHbJe M MOpCKMe CMflbl.

3 Hto11SI 323 r. nEPBASI 6VITBAnPVI .AAPVIAHOnOnE. no.n.KoCKaMM f1M~MHMfl, O.tJ.HaKO OT6Mnl1 aTaKy l1 Bb/WflM Ha paBHMHy. neperpynnMpOBaB BOWCKa, f1M~MHMW B0306HOBMfl HaCTynneHMe. f1l1'-IHO eo3maBMB aTaKy npaeoro Kpbma, KoHcTaHTMH o6paTMn MnnMpMw~ee e 6ercTeo. B 9TOM cpa)l(eHMM f1M~M HMW noTepHn .n.o 20 TbJCfl'l ny'lWMX con.n.aT. H0%10 OCTaTKM ero BOWCKa CKpbJTHO nOKMHYflM narepb l1 opraHM30BaHHO oTcTynMnM e CupMM/0.

314 r. 1 6VITBA nPVI MAPAVICE. KoHcTaHTMH nocnan nHTMTbJCR'lHbJW OTPfl.ll. B o6xo.n. lf>naHra f1M~MHMR l1 Ha'lan HaCTynneHMe 011.-

HOBpeMeHHO no lf>pOHTY l1 C TbJna. Clf>opMMpoeae .n.eowHy/0 nMHM/0, MflflMPMWCKMe BeTepaHbl, HeB3MpaR Ha cepbe3HbJe noTepu, CTOWKO .n.ep)I(BflMCb 11.0 HaCTynneHMfl HO'lM, KOT.n.a flMWMBWMWCfl B 9TOT .n.eHb HeCKOflbKMX Tb/CR'l ny'lWMX CBOMX BOMHOB f1M~MHMW CKOMaH.tJ.OBBn OTXO.tJ., M ero eowcKa, coxpaHflfl 6oeBbJe nopfl.tJ.KM, OTCTynMnM K ropaM MaKe.n.oHMM. Pe3ynbTaT onRTb oKa3ancH cnopHbJM. TeM He MeHee f1M~MHMW 3anpocun MMpa l1 B nocne.n.oeaewMx neperoeopax comacMncR ycTynMTb l1nnupu10 M (pe~M/0, OCTaBMB 3a C060W A3MIO, EmneT u ct>paKM/0. 1

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315 r.

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MaH.n.oeaHMeM KoHcTaHTMHa Haxo.n.Mnocb 120 TbJCR'l 'lenoeeK, y f1M~MHMR - 165 Tb/Cfl'l. llfCK}'CHb/M MaHeepupoeaHMeM KoHcTaHTMH BbJMaHMfl f1M~MHMR !.13 yKpenneHHOTO narepR Ha OTKpbJTY/0 MeCTHOCTb, r.n.e TOT 6bm pa36MT Haronoey, nocKonbKY ero Heo6cTpenRHHbJe HOB06paH~bl OKa3aflMCb 6ecnoMO/.UHb/MM nepe.n. BeTepaHaMM npOTMBHMKa, npMMeHMBWero, K TOMY )l(e, M3nl06neHHbJW KoHcTaHTMHOM 06XO.tJ.HOW MaHeBp. KoHCTaHTMH u Ha 9TOT pa3 flBMn RPKMW npMMep flM'lHOW .n.o6neCTM, 803maBflflR lf>poHTanbHY/0 aTaKy. Bo epeMR M nocne 6MTBbJ, Kor.n.a 6bm B3RT WTYPMOM ero yKpenneHHbJW narepb, f1M~MHMW noTepRn oT 35 TbJCfl'l .n.o 50 TbJCR'l 'lenoeeK. npae.n.a, .n.pyrue MCTO'lHMKM C'lMTa/OT 9TM cee.n.eHMR npeyeenM'leHHbJMM M Ha3b/Ba/OT 34 Tb/CR'lM 'leflOBeK B Ka'leCTBe CYMMapHb/X noTepb o6eMX CTOPOH. f1M~MHMW 6e)l(afl B BM3aHTMW, OCa)l(.tJ.eHHbJW BCKOpe KoHcTaHTMHOM. Vito11b

(?) 323

6VITBA nPVI

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18 ceHTS16pSI 323 r. 6VITBA nPVI XPVICOnOnE (coBp. ropo.n CKYTaplll). f1M~MHMW ece ewe 6bm e COCTORHMM Bb/CTaBMTb apMM/0 11.0 60 TbJCR'l 'lenoeeK. B xo.n.e 3aTR)I(HOW 1.1 KpoeonponMTHow 6MTBbJ KoHcTaHTMH HaHeC npOTMBHMKY COKPYWMTeflbHOe nopa)l(eHMe. f1M~MHM?i6e)l(an, no3)1(e c.n.ancR, 6bm cocnaH e ct>eccanoHMKM, a 'lepe3 ro.n. Ka3HeH (324 r.).

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OT BOeHHOJit; rrpe<J:>eKTbl rrpeTOpH.ll

re-

6hiJIH rp~aHCKHMH AOJDKHOCTJIMH,

ErHrreTCKHM xJie6oM cHa6:;KaJIH

rreph He PHM, a HOBYIO CTOJIHU:y.

apMH.liMH

ilMrrepaTop IIOKpOBHTeJihCTBOBaJI

magistr:i militum. IlpH HeM :>Ke 6h1Jla

KOMaH,AOBaJIH

OC06ble

XpHCTHaHaM, HO He IIOpBaJI eme C

3arepiiieHa H pe<J:>opMa apMHH: AeJie-

TP3AHU:HHMH cTapolit penHrnH. HapH-

HHe BOJitCK Ha rrorpaHH'IHble 'IaCTH H

AY c xpHCTHaHCKHMH xpaMaMH B KoH-

IIO,ABH:;KHYIO apMHIO, cpe,AH KOTOpolit

CTaHTHHorroJie IIOCTpOeHhl 6blJIH H

pa3JIH'IaJIHCh comitalenses H rrpHBHJie-

.ll3bl'IeCKHe, H3 KOTOpbiX OC06eHHO

rHpoBaHHaH rpyrrrra palatini. BMecTo

353

CK!IIe3eMnlll, KoHcraHTIIIH no.acrpeKHyn TOTOB B0306HOBIIITb BOWHY Ill cro11n B cropoHe, Kor.aa HOBbJW rorCKMW l.l8Pb re6ep!IIK COKPYWIIIfl l.lBPR capMaroe BM3yMapa. 3areM KoHcraHTIIIH pa3pewun Yl.leneew!IIM nocne Y4111HeHHOVt TOTBM/11 pe3HIII C8pM8T8M - OKOflO 300 Tb/Cf/4 'leflOBeK- OCeCTb B IIIMnep/11111 ( 334 r.).

337-340 rr.

HACJlEAH~K~

Bhl,AeJI.liJIC.ll xpaM <J>opryHhl. rpoMa,A-

IIpeTOpHaHCKOJit rBap,AHH, yMeHhiiieH-

Ha.ll CTaryH renHOCa H306pa:;KaJia ca-

HOJit B 'IHCJie IIpH ,[{HOKJleTHaHe, IIO.liB-

KOHCTAHT~HA. KoHCTBHTIIIH pa3-

MOro KoHCTaHTHHa. TeM CaMhiM OT-

Jl.liiOTC.ll oco6ble ABopn:oBhle qacTH

AaBaJiach ,AaHh KYJII>l)' Herro6e,AHMoro

(domestici, protectores).

.aenllln IIIMnep/1110 Me)I(JJ.Y CBOMMM rpeMf! Bb/)1(/IIBWIIIM/11 Cb/HOBbRM/11, XOTf! JJ. 0 CBMOW CMepTIII ( 337 r.) Y.ll. ep)I(YfBan 38 co6ow eepxoeHoe pyKoeo.acreo. KoHCTBHTMH II nony'lllln 6p!IIT8HIIIIO, rannM/0 Ill VfcnaH/1110; KoHcraHr - t.1nnlllplll10, t.1ran11110 u Alf>pm<}'; KoHCTBHl.liiiW - 4>paKIIIIO, rpeJ..lM/0 Ill BocTOK. no'lT/11 cpa3y )l(e KoHcraHTIIIH II eroprcf! e t.1ran11110, r.ae no.a AKeuneew 6bm y6111r 1113 3acaJJ.bJ (340 r.), aero ena.aeH!IIf! HeMe.aneHHO 3axear111n KoHcraHr. 3aHf!TbJW BOWHOW c nepc!lleVt KoHCT8Hl.liiiVt BOene'leH e 91)' 6opb6y He 6bm.

CoJIHU:a, AOJiro correpHH'IaBIIIeMY c XpHCTHaHCTBOM.

i l BO BHeiiiHelit rroJIHTHKe KoHCTaHTHH 6hiJI IIpO,AOJI:;KaTeJieM ,[{HO-

PenHrH03Hhllii Borrpoc B 6op1>6e 3a

KJleTHaHa. Ha3arraAe rrpH HeM BeJIHCh

BJiaCTh Me~y KoHCTaHTHHOM H ero

ycrreiiiHhle AJIH pHMJI.liH BOiiiHhl c

COIIepHHKaMH HrpaJI HeMaJIOBa:;KHYIO

<J:>paHKaMH, Ha ,[{yHae OH Cpa)f(aJIC.ll C

poJih. KoHCTaHTHH, xoTJI oH He 6blJI

rOTaMH, IIOMep)f(HBaH capMaToB.

eme XpHCTHaHHHOM, IIOKa3aJI ce6.ll HOBOJit peJIHrHH, H XpHCTHaHCTBO CO

332-334 rr. BMEWATEJlbCTBO B BO'-"HY ME :>KAY fOTAM~

BpeMeHH MHJiaHcKoro 3AHh'Ta o'IeHh

~ CAPMATAM~. KoHcraHmH BbJC-

6blCTpO H3 penHrHH rOHHMOJit rrpe-

rymm e noxo.a, 4T06bJ noMo% capMaraM. OH Haronoey pa3rpoMun ror-cKoro l.lBPR ApapuKa, KoropbJW nepenpaevmcf!'lepe3,llyHai1, 4T06bJ eroprHyrbcf! e Me3MFO (332 r.). Kor.aa )l(e He6naro.aapHbJe capMBTbJ BCKOpe nocne 9TOTO C8MY1 npMH$1fl/IICb coeepwarb Ha6er!ll Ha IIIMnep-

IIOCJie,AOBaTeJihHhiM

IIOKpOBHTeJieM

BpaTHJIOCh B penHrHIO roCIIO,ACTByIOI.l.IYIO. XpHCTHaHCKaH n:epKOBh ocB.liTHJia rropHAKH PHMCKoro rocy,AapcTBa, CBOHM aBTOpH'reTOM OIIpaB,AblBa.ll HMIIepaTOpCKYIO BJiaCTh. C ,Apyrolit CTOpOHhl, H n:eHTpaJihHa.ll BJiaCTh y:;Ke co BpeMeH KoHCTaHTHHa

337-350 ~ nEPC~ACKA~ BO'-"HA KOHCTAHU~~. 343 r. BAPBAPCK~E HAbEr~ B 6P~TAH~~. 03a6o4eHHb!Vt Y48CTMBWIIIMIIICfl H86er8MIII n!IIKTOB Ill

Ha'IaJia rrpHHHMaTh ,Ae.liTeJihHoe yqaCTHe B n:epKOBHhiX ,AeJiax. KoHCTaHTHH BO MHOroM 6hiJI rrpoAOJI:;KaTeJieM ,[{HOKJieTHaHa, HO 6oJiee peiiiHTeJihHhiM H CMeJihiM. ITo CJIOBaM IOJIHaHa OTCryrrHHKa, oH 6blJI HHHn:HaTopoM BC.liKHX rrepeBOpOTOB (novator et turbator omnium rerum).

Y KoHCTaHTHHa He

6h1Jlo Toro pHM-

cKoro KOHCepBaTH3Ma, KaKOJit IIpHCYI.l.l 61>IJI ,[{HoKJieTHaHy. XoTH 3aKOHOAaTeJihCTBO ero B HeKOTOpbiX BOIIpocax OTJIH'IaJIOCh ryMaHHOCThiO, HO yrrpaBJl.liJI HMIIepHelit OH ,AeCIIOTH'IeCKH, :>KeCTOKO pacrrpaBJI.ll.liCh CO BCer.tH, h'TO CTOHJI Ha IIYTH. B 'IHCJie :;KepTB ero :;KeCTOKOCTH 6blJI ero ChiH KpHcrr, :>KeHa <DaycTa ():l.o% MaKcHMHaHa) H MHoro 6JIH3KHX APY3elii. TeM He MeHee IIpH3HaTeJihHa.ll XpHCTHaHCKa.ll n:epKOBh o61>HBHJia KoHcTaHTHHa, rrpHH.liBIIIero KpemeHHe rrepeA caMolit CMepThlO OT eiiHCKOIIa-apHaHHHa, CB.liThiM H paBHOaiiOCTOJlhHhiM. IlpH KoHCTaHTHHe rp3)l()l.aHCKaH BJiaCTh OKOH'IaTeJihHO 6blJia Ol}l.eJieHa

Aptta KoHCTaHTHHa

354

YnA)J.OK PlllMA 111 B03BbiWEHII1E KABAJlEPII1111. 200-400 rr.

IOnHaH II OTc-rynHHK

CKOTTOB4epe3A.aplllaHOB Ban, a TaK)I(e rpa6e)l(aM!II, 4/IIHIIIMbJM/11 n!llparaM!II-caKcaM/11 Ha no6epe)l(b>IX 6p!llraHIIIIIIIII rann111111, KoHcraHr ompae!llnc>~ e CeeepHyJO 6p!IITaH!IIJO, 4T06bJ HaeeCT/11 nop>!.O.OK.

0KOJ10 350-376 rr. 803BbiW EH!f1E OCTrOTCKoro I..V\PCTBA 3PMAHAP!f1XA (lf1Jllf1 rEPMAHAPif1XA). npecrapenbJW OCTrOTCKIIIW npaeii!Tenb 3pMaHap!llx - e 350 r. eMy npe.o.nono)I(!IITenbHO 6bmo oKono 80 neT - 06be.O.!IIH/IIfl OCTrOTOB Ill eecrroroe e MomHoe ~apcreo 111 nyreM HenpepbJBHb/X 3aBOeBaH!IIW 1113 .o.on!IIHbJ )l,Henpa nocreneHHO pacnpocrpaH!IIn CB0/0 BflaCTb Ha 06W!IIpHYJO II!Mnep!IIJO, npOCT!IIpaBWYJOC>I OT '-lepHoro MOP>! .o.o 6anTIIIKIII - o6nacrb, np!ll6n!II3!11TenbHonoKpbJBaJOmyJO repp!IITOP/11111 coepeMeHHbJX YKpa!IIHbJ, nonbW/11, !JenopyCC/11111, eeponeC1cKoC14acr!ll Pocc!ll!ll, PyMbJH/11111, CnoeaK/11111111 fliiiTBbJ.

350 r. nEPEBOPOT MArHEHl.llf1SI. BoeHa4anbHIIIK no !liMeHill MarHeH~!IIC1 ocymecre111n e rann111111 ycnewHbJC1 nepeeopOT. nbJTaBWIIIWC>I 6e)l(aTb e VfcnaHMJO KoHcraHT 6bm y6111r, 111 MarHeH~MC1 o6bRB!IIn ce6R IIIMneparopoM.

BIIITbC>I C y3ypnaropoM, KOTOPbiW y6111n ero 6para. B Vfnn!llpllllll oH y3Han, 4TO nO)I(MflOW BOeHa4aflbHIIIK BerpaH!IIW ero co6creeHHOC1 cecrpoc:t KoHCTaHTIIIHOW6blfl KOPOHOBaH e Ka4ecree aerycra 111 ecryn111n e co103 c MarHeH~!IIeM. He .o.oeo.o.R .o.eno .o.o npRMoro eoopy)l(eHHoro cronKHOBeH!IIR, KoHcraH~!IIC1 y6e.o.111n BerpaH!IIR orpe%CR 111 np!llcoe.o.IIIH!IIn MflflMPIIIWCKYJO apM/1110 K C06CTBeHHOW. TeM epeMeHeM MarHeH~!IIC1 co6pan MHOr04MCfleHHbJe BOWCKa Ill BbJcrynllln Haecrpe4y KoHcraH~MJO e H!II)/(H/010 naHHOH/1110. '-llllcneHHO npOT/IIBOCTORm!lle apMM!II6bJnM np!ll6n!II3/11TeflbHO paBHbl- Ka)l(.ll,a>l HaC4/11Tb/Bana OKOflO f 00 Tb/CR4 4enoBeK. nocne.o.oeanM OCTOpO)I(HbJe MaHeBpbJ, e xo.o.e KoropbJX MarHeH~MC1 o6pen He3Ha4!11TenbHoe npeIIIMymecreo.

351 r. 61f1TBA nPif1 MYPCE (cosp. ropo.n Ocl!leK B XopsaTI!IIil). ApMMR KoHcraH~IIIR npM HecKonbKO MeHbweC1 4/llcneHHOCT/11 1 o6na.o.ana HeKOTOpbJM npe!IIMymecTBOM B nerKOW/11 B T>!)l(eflOW KaBanepMM, a TaK)I(e BO BCnOMOraTeflbHb/X BOWCKaX (nY4H!IIKax 111 npamHIIIKax). Cpa)l(eH!IIe 6bmo O)l(ecro4eHHbJM. Cnepea KoHcraH~!IIC1 nocnan nerzy10 KaeanepMJO e o6xo.o. neeoro lj>naHra MarHeH~MR, 4T06bJ B MOMeHT rnaBHOTO y.o.apa C Tb/fla aTaKOBaTb nopR.O.K/11 npOTIIIBH!IIKa, a 3aTeM TR)I(eflaR KaBanep!IIR e pewa10meC1 araKe npopeanacb 4epe3 paccrpoeHHbJe PR.O.bl rannbCKIIIX ner!IIOHOB. 06e cropoHbl noHecn!ll orpoMHbJe norepM. MarHeH~MC1 norepRn oKono 30 TbJCf/4 4enoeeK, KoHcraH~MC1 no4TIII CTOflbKO )l(e2 • MarHeH~IIIW OTCTynllln e VfranMJO. 351 r. 61f1TBA nPif1 nABif11f1. 3.o.ecb MarHeH~!IIC1 HaHec nopa)l(eH!IIe Heocropo)I(HO npecne.o.oeaeWMM ero c&-~naM KoHcraH~!IIR. Ho MTBnMWCKOe HaceneH!IIe nO.O.HRflOCb, np!IIHRB cropoHy KoHcraH~M>I, 111 Mar1

CorJiacHo HeKoropblM HCTO'lHHKaM, no,!{

350-351 rr. BOVIHA MAr-

KOMaHI{OBaHHeM KoHcTaHI.lHll Haxo,I{HJIOCb

HEHL..llf1SI C KOHCTAHU!f1EM. 3a-

80Tb1Cll'l 'leTIOBeK npOTHB npH6JIH3HTenbHO

KnJ04111B epeMeHHbJW MIIIP c WanypoM II nepCM.O.CKMM, KoHCTaH~IIIW .O.BIIIHYflCR Ha 3ana.o., 4T06bJ pacnpa-

100 TblCll'l 'leJioBeK y MarHeHI.lHll. 2 ITo l{pyrHM HCTO'lHHKaM, noTepH MaP. HeHI.lHll COCTaBHJIH

24 TblCll'lH 'leJIOBeK, KoH-

CTaHI.lHll- 30 TblCll'l.

HeH~IIIW BbiHY>KP.eH 6blfl OTCTyn!IITb B

rann11110. O.o.HaKo 111 3P.ecb eMy nplllwnocb CTOflKHYTbCR CB03MymeH!IIeM MeCTHOTO HaceneHMR Ill OTKpbJTb/M HenOBIIIHOBeH/IIeM C06CTBeHHb/X con.o.ar. B pe3ynbrare MarHeH~MC1 COBepWMfl CaMoy6!11WCTBO, OCTaB!IIB KoHcraH~M>I e.o.!IIHoenacTHbJM MMneparopoM.

351-355 rr. BHYTPEHH!f1E lf1 norPAHif14HbiE 6ECnOPSIAKif1. no BCeW Blll.ll.IIIMOCT/11 no.o.KynoM cnpoeo~MpoeaHHbJe Ha 9TO KoHcraH~!IIeM exo.o.e rp8)1(.ll,aHcKoC1 eoc:tHbl c MarHeH~!IIeM, repMaHcKoe eapeapbJ coeepwan111 pa3op!llrenbHbJe Ha6er!ll Ha reppMTOP/1110 rann/11111. OH/11 HaWfl/11 9TO 3aHRT/IIe CTOflb np!IIRTHbiM, 4TO He nO)I(enan/11 OCTaHOBIIITbCR, KOT.O.a rpa)l(.ll,aHCKaR BOWHa 3aKOH4/IIflaCb. Eme 6onbwe ocno)I(H!IIn C/I!Tya~M/0 B fann/11111 HenpO.O.Ofl)I(MTeflbHbiW MRTe)l( BOeHa4aflbHMKa C!llnbeaHa ( 355 r.). B re )l(e ro.O.bl KoHcraH~MC1 6bm BbJHy)l(.ll,eH 3aH!IIMaTbC>I!IIcnpaeneH!IIeM rpy6bJX ow!ll6oK e ynpaeneH/11111 rocy.o.apcreoM 111 3aTOBOpOM CBOero .O.BOIOPO.O.HOTO 6para ranna, ocraeneHHoro npae/11reneM Ha eocroKe. rann 6bm cMemeH Ill Ka3HeH.

355-358 rr. KOHCTAHUif1VI HA AYHAE. Tenepb 66nbwaR 4aCTb epeMeHM KoHcraH~MR 6bma nomomeHa orpa)l(eH!IIeM Ha6eroe KBa.tJ.OB Ill capMaTOB, XOT>I OH OKa3aflCR B COCTORHMM COBepWIIITb C /On!llaHOM He.ll.Oflr!IIW noxo.o. e.o.onb PeC1Ha (358 r.; eM. H!ll)l(e). l1Mneparop o6pyw&-~ncR Ha BTOPTW!IIXC>I BapeapOB Ha 6eperax BepxHero M Cpe.o.Hero )l,yHaR, a 3aTeM npoeen ycnewHyJO KaparenbHYJO 9KCne.O.M~III/O B my6b MX C06CTBeHHb/X3eMenb(357 r.). noTOM OH .O.BIIIHYflCR Ha /Or BH/113 no Te4eHMIO )l,yHaR, no.o.aen>~>~ .o.pyr&-~e eapeapCKMe 6ecnop>~.O.KM.

355 r. IOJ11f1AH CTAHOB!f1TCSI UE3APEM. HecKonbKO HeoxorHo KoHcraH~MC1 npoeo3mac111n ceoero y4eHoro PO.O.!II4a, ct>naB!IIR KnaB.O.IIIR IOn!llaHa, CbJHa /On!IIR KoHcraH~IIIR 111 nneMRHH!IIKa KoHcraHT!IIHa I Ben!IIKOro, ~e3apeM 38na.tJ.Hb/X npOBIIIH~MW C pe3!11P.eH~MeC1 e rann!IIM. K een!IIKOMY Y.O.MBneH/11/0 111 HeManoC1 rpeeore !IIMneparo pa .o.ea.o.~aT!II4eTbJpexneTHMW

355

EBPOnA V1 CPE,lJ.V13EMHOMOPbE JOnuaH oKa3ancR Bbl.f1BIOLW1MCR nonKoeo.aueM.

356 r. nEPBASI

PeMH M CBM coeepwun KOPOTKMM Ha6er Ha npaeo6epe)l(be. 3aTeM OH .11BMHYflCR H8 ceeep, npOTMB cppaHKOB, M .ao HacTynneHMR 3MMbl nonHOCTb/0 04MCTMn neebJM 6eper PewHa or eapeapoe.

KAMnAH~SI

IOJl~AHA. Ha4anacb oHa He6naro-

npMRTHO- C nopa)l(eHMR OT aneMBHOB 6nu3 PewMca. O.aHaKo JOnuaH 6bJCTpo onpaeuncR oT nopa)l(eHMR, pa36Mn eapeapoe M npu6nM3MncR K PewHyyKenbHa. 3.aecb oH.aewcTeoean COBMeCTHO C KOHCTBHUMeM, KOTOPbiM HacTynan M3 Peuuu eeepx no npaeoMy 6epery PewHa, e TO epeMR KBK JOnuaH .aewcTeoean 38na.aHee. KpynHb/X Cp8)1(eHMM B 9TOM KBMnaHMM He 6bmo, M JOnuaHynpe.acTaeunacb npeeocxo.aHaR B03MO)I(HOCTb Y3H8Tb KOe-4TO 0 BOMHe KBK OT npoTMBHMKOB, TBK M OT CBOero MHOIOOnb/THOTO .11BOIOPO.f1HOIO 6p8T8. no3,aHee B TOM )l(e ro,ay, H8XO.f1RCb H8 3MMHMX KeapTupax e CaHce, oH nepe)I(Mfl M 0Tp83Mfl BHe3BnHOe RpOCTHOe Hana,aeHMe aneMBHOB.

357 r. IOJJ~AH nPEAnP~H~ MAET HACTYnJlEH~E. B HaMe4eHHOM KaMnaHMM JOnuaH, onupaRcb Ha 6a3bl e VfTanuu M Peuuu, .aon)l(eH 6bJn ,aeMCTBOB8Tb COBMeCTHO C 0.11HMM M3 BOeH848flbHMKOB KOHCTBHUMR, 6ap6auueM. Kor.aa e pawoHe COBpeMeHHOTO 3nb38C8 apMMR JOnuaHa c6nM3Mnacb c eapeapaMM aneMaHcKoro BO)I(.f1R XHo.aoMapa, BOMCKO bap68UMR HanpBBflRflOCb Ty,aa )l(e C BOCTOK8. Ho BMeCTO TOTO, 4T06bJ coe,aMHMTbCR C OTPR.l18MM

BCTYilllTb B 6ott HeMe,qJieHHO, C Maprna, nOTpe60BaJIH pHMCKMe COJI,qaTbl. 3TO Tpe60BaHHe llOMep)KlU(H BhlCliiMe qMHhl. O,qHH H3 HHX 3asiBHJI OTOM, qm XOTII HeMe,qJieHHOe BC'I)'llJieHMe B 6oit H pHCKOBaHHO, HO OHO HMeeT cephe3HOe npeHMyl.l.leCTBO, 700

700

TaK KaK «BapBapbl» CTO.llT B rycTblX

400 M

KOJIOHHax, a eCJIH OHM pacceJOTC.ll,

6o£:i npH ApreHropaTe a 357 r.

«TO npH CBOitCTBeHHOit COJI,qaTaM CKJIOHHOCTH K B03Myl.l.leHH.llM, He y,qep)Kll.Th HX OT 6yHTa: OHM B03Hero-

6p10xo. O.aHaKo neruoHepbJ cToRnM TBep,ao, M JOnMBHY M ero KOMBH,aMpaM y,aanOCb BHOBb cnnOTMTb K8B8nepMIO. B KOHe4HOM c4eTe aneMBHbl 6e)l(8flM, noHeCR TR)I(eflb/e noTepM (p83Hb/e MCT04HMKM H83b/B8/0T OT 6 Tb/CR4 .110 12 Tb/CR4 4enoBeK), a ux BO)I(.f1b X!to.aoMap nonan e nneH. PuMnRHe noTepRnM 4eTeepbJX Tpu6yHoe M 243 con.aaTa. Yueneewux eapeapoe JOnuaH M3rHan 38

AYJOT Ha TO, ~o no6e,qa BhlpBaHa y HHX M3 pyK, H MOryT ,qoitTM AO KpattHHX llOC'I)'llKOB». 3TOT3llH30A rOBOpHT 0 CJia6oit BOHHCKOit AMCUHllJIMHe B pHMCKott apMHM

B.; pHMCKHe

K B03Myl.l.leHHliM H 6yHTaM, M llOJIKOBO,qeu, npHHHMali perneHHe, AOJiiKeH 6i>IJI cqMTaThC.ll C 3TMM. BoeBott nopHAOK aJieMaHoB cocmHJI H3 recHhiX KJIMHheB. Ha npasoM

ue38p~b8p6auuweHe3anHonoeep

Hyn u y.aanuncR, npe.aocTaeue JOnuaHy C ero He60flbWMM TPMH8.11U8TMTb/CR4Hb/M BOMCKOM npOTMBOCTORTb no.a ApreHTopaToM ( coep. ropo.a Crpac6ypr) XHo.aoMapy, e pacnopR)I(eHMM KOTOporo H8X0.11Mfl0Cb OKOflO 35 TbJCR4 4enoeeK.

AarycT 357 r. 6~TBA nP~ APrEHTOPATE. PMMflRHe 8T8KOB8flM no3MUMM repMaHuee He3a.aonro .ao HBCTynneHMR H04M, npaKTM4eCKM npRMO c .aonroro M Tpy.aHoro Mapwa. E~e B CBMOM H848fle 6MTBb/ TR)I(efl8R KBBBnepMR J0nMBH8 y,aapMfl8Cb e naHM4ecKoe 6ercTeo 04eBM.11HO, 9TOMY HeMBJIO cnoco6CTBOB8fl8 T8KTMK8 aneMBHOB nOCb/fl8Tb nerKoeoopy)l(eHHbJX n10.aew no,aKp8.f1b/B8TbCR K flOW8.11RM M BCn8pbJB8Tb MM He38~M~eHHOe

COJI,qaThi B TO BpeMli 6b1JIH CKJIOHHhi

BecTroTCKHe npHlKKI1

356

YnA)J.OK PlllMA 111 B03BbiWEHII1E KABAJlEPII1111. 200-400 rr. "'HBaSI ee OTKphrrhll!t 4?naHr. Bcne.LJ, 3a

HhlX a.JieMaHCKHX BOMHOB, KOTOphll!t

3TMM pMMJISIHe aTaKOBaJIM rrexory

IlhlTa.JICSI rrpopBaTh UeHTp pHMCKOit

a.JieMaHOB, «3aCa,JJ,hl» KOTOphlX He Bhl-

rrexOThl. 3TOT OTPSIA my6:>Ke ocTa.Jih-

IIOJIHMJIM csoero Ha3Ha<JeHMSI. Bott

HhiX Bpe3a.JICSI B C1pOI!t pHMJISIH H .LJ,O-

IIIeJI c rrepeMeHHhlM ycrrexoM. KoHHMUa

aneMaHoB aTaKosana

pMMCKHX BCa,JJ,HMKOB, KOTOphle BHaqa-

rropSIAKa, r.LJ,e scTpeTMJI oco6eHHO

Jie BI>J)J,ep:>Ka.JIM y.LJ,ap, a 3a'reM IIOA Ha-

yrropHoe corrpOTMRJieHMe. AneMaHhi

THCKOM IIpOTHBHHKa CTaJIM MCKaTh

ApomynM M o6paTMJIMCh B 6ercTBo.

«crraceHHSI B 6ercTBe». ITpashll!t 4?naHr

PHMJISIHe rrpecne.LJ,OBa.JIM MXAoPel!tHa.

pHMCKOI!t IIeXOThl 0Ka3a.JICSI 06Ha:>KeHHhlM. ITpM6JIH:>Ka.JICSI KpM3MC 6oSI.

repMaHcKast npstlKKa

IlleJI AO «JierMoHa rrpMMaHOB», T. e. AO TpeThel!t JIMHHH pHMCKoro 6oesoro

Tal.."rn<JecKaSI MHMUHaTHBa B 6o10 rrpM ApreHmpare HaxO.LJ,MJiach B py-

ITocne Toro KaK a.JieMaHhl pacce-

Kax a.JieMaHOB, KOTOphle HaHOCHJIH

SIJIM KOHHMUY pMMJISIH, OHM aTaKosa-

y.LJ,aphl KOHHHUeit M 01pSI)J.aMM M3 OT-

JIH rrpaBhli!t tPJiaHr MX neXOThl, HO

6opHhlX M 3HaTHhiX BOHHOB. KoHHMUa

Kphlne 61>ma pacrrono:>KeHa rrexoTa;

BC1peTHJIM 3.LJ,eCh yrropHoe COIIpOTMB-

pMMJISIH OKa3a.Jiach Ma.JIO 6oecrroco6Hott, oHa He BhJAep:>Ka.Jia yrJ,apa repMaH-

« ... Bapsaphl YCHJIMJIH CBOit rrpaBhlit

JieHHe IIpHKphlBIIIHXCSI ll.IHTa:lviH rrexo-

tPJiaHr XMTpO IIpMKphlThlMH 3aCa,JJ,a-

THHUeB. B 3TO BpeMSI BOMHhl BTOpol!t

cKol!t KOHHHUhi M yKphmach 3acnMHOI!t

MM», pBaMM, CJIY:>KHBIIIHMH « ... IIpM-

JIHHHM pMMCKoro 6oesoro nopSIAKa

csoel!t rrexoThl, o6Ha:>KHB ee tPJiaHr.

KphlTHeM AJISI 3Ha"'H'reJihHoro "'MCJia

aTaKOBa.JIM so 4?naHr KOHHMUY a.JieMa-

Bol!t BeJia M BhlHrpa.Jia pMMCKaSI rrexo-

HeiipHSITeJieit: ITO HX BOeHHOMY IIJia-

HOB, KompyiO IIOMep:>Ka.JI OTPS!A 6a-

Ta, IIpOSIBMBillaSI yrropCTBO M CTOi!t-

HY OTT)'Aa AOJI:>KHhl 6hlJIH BHe3arrHo

TaBOB. ITo cnosa:rvt AMMHaHa, ryqel!t

KOCTh. OxsaT ee tPJiaHra rrapMposa.Jia

IIOSIBMThCSI 3a.JieriiiMe B 3aca,JJ,y M rrpo-

JleTa.JIM.Ll,pOTHKH M CTpeJihl, T. e. B 6010

BTopaSI JIMHHSI

M3BeCTM IIOJIHOe 3aMeiiia'reJihCTBO».

IIpHMeHSIJIOCh MeTaTeJihHoe opy:>KHe,

1peThSI JIMHHSI He II03BOJIMJiarrpopBaTh

6oesoro rropSIAKa, a

ITexoTa aneMaHOB rroTpe6osana oT

cpa:>Ka.JIMCh TaK:>Ke Me<JaMH M .LJ,a:>Ke

ueHTp pMMJISIH. XapaK'repHott oco6eH-

CBOMX BO:>K,Aeit, ~06hl OHM CIIeiiiM-

KHH:>Ka.JiaMM.

HOCThiO .LJ,ei!tCTBHI!t pMMCKOI!t apMMH

JIMCh, ~0 M 6hlJIO BhliiOJIHeHO. Jlesoe

ITocne mro KaK OTPS!AY 6aTasos

KphlJIO a.JieMaHOB COCTaBMJia KOHHM-

He YAa.JIOCh CJIOMHTh corrpoTHBJieHMe

cryiiJieHHe oHa ocyrn:ecTBJISIJia B 4?op-

ua. Bee sottcKo 6hlJio BhlTSIHYTO s JIM-

pMMJISIH, B 6ol!t scrynHJI OTPSIA 3HaT-

Me TaKTH<JeCKOI!t o6opOHhl.

SIRJISIJI OC h TO, qm CTparerH<JeCKoe Ha-

HMIO. Boesott rropSIAOK pMMJISIH TaK:>Ke COCTOSIJI M3 ABYX KphlllheB: rrpasoe KphlJIO- KOHHMUa, JieBOe KphlJIOrrexOTa. ITo cnosaM AMMMaHa, pMMJISIHe «BhlCTpOMJIM HeCOKpyiiiMr.tyiO CTeHY M3 JIIO.LJ,el!t rrepsott IIIepeHm, IIIepeHrH CO 3HaMeHaMH M CTapiiiMX B pSI.LJ,ax». 3TO 61>1Jia BHOBh B03pO)f(.LI,eHHaSI tPa.JiaHra. Ho B OTJIM"'Me OT cTapott 4?anaHrH IOnHaH C03Aa.JI BTopyiO M TpeThiO JIMHMM, KOTOphle Chlrpa.JIM B 6010 Ba:>KHYIO pOJih: BTOpaSI JIMHMSI COCTOSIJia M3 Be'repaHOB, 1peThiO JIMHMIO COCTaRJISIJI «JierHOH IIpMMaHOB», 3aHMMaBIIIMI!t II03MUMIO 3a UeHTpOM, Ha3hlBaBIIIYIOCSI «IIpeTOpMaHCKMM JiarepeM». BhlJI Bhl.LJ,eJieH He6oJihiiiOI!t o6IIIMI!t pe3epB B

200

BC3AHMKOB. Ta-

KMM o6pa30M, 6oesol;t IIOpSI.Ll,OK pMMJISIH MMeJI Tal..'TM"leceyiO my6MHY, qm AeJiaJio ero ycToi!t"'MBhlM. Jlesoe KphlJIO pMMJISIH ABMHYJIOCh BIIepe.LJ,, HO, IIpM6JIM3MBIIIMCh KO pBaM, OCTaHOBHJIOCh, IIO.LJ,03peBaSI BoeHHYIO XM1pOCTh rrpOTMBHHKa. IOJIMaH c orpSIAOM B

200

BCa,JJ,HMKOB IIOCIIeiiiMJI Ha

rroMOll.lh rrexoTe, repoSITHO, o6ecrre-

BeCTroTCKHe ~H6ynbl

EBPOnA 111 CPE,lJ,II13EMHOMOPbE 357-359 rr. IOJH.1AH HABOA111T noPSIAOK B rA1111111111. OTpasMa nocneJJ,HIOIO nonbtTKY rppaHKOB nepenpaalt!TbCfl 'lepes Peii!H, IOnMaH nOCBf/Tit!n ce6f/ BOCCTaHOBneHII!IO norpaHM'IHbiX yKpenneHMM 111 pit!MCKII!X a BaHnOCTOB K BOCTOKY OT Peiif-

3111Mb/ OH Ha6pan apMII!IO 'llt!CneHHOCTbiO JJ.O 95 Tb/Cf/'1 'lenoaeK- CaMb/M 6onbWOM3KCneJJ,It!LJ,It!OHHbiM KOpnyc, KOrJJ,a-nlt!60it!Cnonb30BaBWII!MCfl PMMOM Ha BOCTOKe.

363 r. BTOP>KEHII1E 1011111AHA B nEPCII110. B Ha'laneroJJ,a IOnlt!aH

357

363 r. nOXOA 1011111AHA OT KTECII1<1>0HA. YHM'ITO)I(It!B ¢ noT 111 ace n p Mna cbt, KOTOp bt e He c MornM yHeCTII! e ra n iOJJ,It! It! M an e H bKII!M BbiO'IHbtiil o 6 os, IOn Ma HJJ.BMHyncfl Ha BOCTOK. 0 JJ,Ha KO n epCbl nplt!MeHII!nlt!

JJ.OCTII!r Kapp, rJJ,e OTJJ,enMn 30 Tb/Cf/'1 'lenoaeK It! noJJ, KOMaHJJ,OBaHII!eM CBOII!X BOeHa'lanbHII!KOB npoKOnlt!f/111

Ta KTMKY Bbt)i()i(e HHoiii seMnM, a IOnMaH, 0 6 M aHyTb/M n peJJ,aTenbCTB OM nepCII!JJ.CKOrO a plt!CTOKp aTa, HeCKOn bKO JJ,Heiif 6n}?KJJ,an, Tepf/f/ ape-

358-363 rr. B0305HOB11E-

Ce6acTMaHa oTnpaaMn 111x Ha ceaepo-sanaJJ., a ApMeHMIO. Bepf/ o6eUI,a HMfiM apMf/HCKoro u,apf/ Tit!rpaHa , IOnMaH O)l(lt!JJ.an, 'ITO K era aoiiicKy

Mf/111 a c e 6 onbwe oTc maaf! aT yxoJJ.f/UI,e r o BOMCKa W a nypa. noHII!Mafl, 'ITO sanacoa JJ,n fl era a pMII!It! c TaHoBit!TCfl o n a cHo Ma na, MMne paTo p pe-

HII1EBO~HbiCWAnYPOM II nEPC111ACKII1M. nepCII!JJ.CKOe BTOp)l(eHit!e a PMMCKYIO MeconoTaMMIO

npit!COeJJ,It!Hit!TCfl apMf/HCKaf/ apMII!fl 'llt!CneHHOCTbiO 24 Tb/Cf/'1111 'lenoaeK It! 'ITO 3Tit! 06beJJ,It!HeHHb/e Clt!nbl BOC-

sacmaMno KoHCTaHU.It!fl eUI,e pas o6paTII!TbCfl Ha BOCTOK.

nMM, KOHCTaHLJ,It!M nplt!Kasan eMy OTOcnaTbny'IWII!enerlt!OHbl Ha BOCTOKJ],flf/

TO'IHb/M 6eperoM T111rpa JJ.BMHYTCfl 3aTeM BHII13, no HanpaaneHII!IO K nepCMJJ.CKoiii cmn111u,e KTecMrj)oHy TeM apeMeHeM caM IOnMaH c ocTanbHOM apMMeiii, conpoao)I(JJ,aeMoiii rpnomM 1113 1100 pe'IHbiX rpysoabtx cyJJ,oa 111 50 aoopy)l(eHHbiX

Wit!n oTc TynMTb Ha c eaep, aaepx no Tit!rpy, 'IT06 bl OCHOBaTb 6asy B ApMeHit!lt!. E;/:!Ba pit!Mnf/He 11!3Me HII!nlt! Ha n pa ane HII!e JJ.Bit!)l(eHII!fl, Ha Hit!X CTan lt!

y'la CTII!fl B BOMHe npOTII!B nepCII!It!. IOnMa H npoTecTo aan, oJJ,Ha Ko 6btn roToa noJJ,'IIt!Hit!TbCfl nplt!Ka3Y 3 aTo era nerlt!OHbl OTKa3anlt!Cb OCTa BII!Tb CBOe-

r a nep, aocTO'IHbtM 6eperoM 6 yJJ.eT npOJJ,Bit!raTbCf/ BHII!3 no Te 'leHII!IO EBrp paTa CO CKOpOCTb iO 30-35 KM B JJ, e Hb. )J.OCTII!r HyB M eCTa , rJJ,e o6e

ro 6n e cTf/UI,ero MonoJJ,oro npeJJ.BOJJ.It!Tenfl It! B 360 r. B fliOTe LJ,It!lt! n p OB03rnaclt!nlt! era MMnepaTopoM. n onbtTKa IOn Ma Ha JJ.OCTMr Hyrb cornaw e HII!fl c

p e KM 6 nlt!)l(e ace ro noJJ,XOJJ.fiT JJ.pyr K JJ,p yry, OH OCaJJ,It!T It! 3a XBaTII!T JJ,Ba cMn bHbiX rpopTa , oxpaHf/IOUI,M e noJJ, cTy n bt K KTecMrj)o Hy 3 aTeM o H no wn eT c a o111x n10JJ,e ii1 pa cwMpit!Tb Ka Hanbt M e :>K,D.y EarppamM 111 T111 rpoM, 'IT06 b!lt!MeTb B03M O)I(HOCTb nplt!Be CTII! CBOM rpnoT B KTeCII!rj)OH.

Ha. CJJ.enaa caoeiii maaHoiii KaapTMpoiii fliOTeU.MIO ( coap. napmK), oH Wlt!pOKO nOOUI,pf/n CTpOII!TenbCTBO B pasrpa6neHHbiX ropoJJ,ax 111 MecTe'IKax, no B03MO)I(HOCTII! nOCbtnaf/ B nOMOUI,b HaceneHII!IO CBOII! OTPfiJJ.bl.

360-361 rr. rPA>KAAHCKASI BO~HA 1011111AHA C KOHCTAHU111EM. 3a BMJJ.Yfl yenexaM IOnMaHa alan-

K o HcTa Hu,Me M 6 btna oTaeprHyTa. CTpeMMTe n bHbtM M a pweM IOn Ma H npo aen ca o10 a pMMIO 'lepes W aapu,a an b,IJ, 111 Peu,11110, nof/Bit!BWII!Cb a l1nnMPMM CTOn b He O)I(It!JJ, a HHO, 'ITO 6e3 6opb6 bt sax aaTMn a CMpMII!It! KoHcTaHLJ,Meaa n eraTa flyu,Mn Ma Ha. Ha nyr111 K KoHCTaHTII!HononiO oH n ony'IMn Ms a e CTII!e, 'ITO KOHCTaHLJ,It!M, B03BpaUI,aBWit!MCfl, 'IT06b! e My n pOTII!BOCTOf/Tb, yMep a M an oiii Aslt!M ( HOfl6p b 36 1 r. ). TeM apeM e HeM IOnMa H, OTHbtHe eJJ,MHoanacTHbtiil u,esapb MMn ep MM, oTpeKCfl OT Xplt!CTII!a HCTBa It! aepHyncf/ K f/3b/'leCTB y, BOMJJ.fl a MCTOPMIO noJJ. MMeHeM IOnMa Ha OTc rynHMKa.

363 r. 5111TBA nPII1 KTECII1<1>0HE. YsHa a , 'ITO aoiiicKo W anypa sa Hit!MaeT n p oTMaonono)I(Hbtiil 6eper T111rpa, IOnMa H n p 111 noMOUI,It! ¢ n ora ycn ewHo n ep en paaMncfl 'le p es peKy 111 p as6111n nepCMJJ.CKoro u,apf/ a fiPO CTHOM 61t!TBe noJJ, CTeHa MII! e r a CTOnlt!LJ,bl. C 'laCTbiO apMMII! W a n yp oTcTynMn Ha sanaJJ,, ocTanbHbte Haw n it! y 6 e)l(lt!UI, e B ropOJJ.C KII!X CTeHaX.

HanaJJ,aTb OTPfiJJ.bl n e rKo iii n e pcMJJ.c Ko iii KOHHII!LJ,bl . npMnaC bl Taf/nlt! C Ka:>K,D.b/M JJ,HeM, OJJ,HaKO apMII!f/ JJ.Bit!ranaCb 6 btcTpo, 111 IOnMa H pacc'llt!Tbtaan JJ,oCTMrHyrbApMeHMII! nplt!MepHO sa JJ,Be HeJJ,enM. B o ap eMfl HO'IHoro HanaJJ,e HII!fl Ha narepb np111 MapaHre IOn MaH caM noaen KOHTpa TaKy, a c n ewKe nosa6btB HaJJ,eTb naHu,Mpb. OH 6 btn cMepTe n bHO pa HeH 111 yMep HeCKOnbKII!Mit! 'laCaMII! n03)1(e.

0 KPY)KEHHbiti: 6JIH3KHMH, ormaIGIBaBIIIHMH ero 6 e3BpeMeHH)'IO rn6eJib, IOnHaH, no cnoBaM MapuenJIHHa, cKa3an rrepe.o: cMepTbiO: « 3aMOJI'IHTe , He Ha):(O OIIJiaKHBaTh r ocy.o:apH, KOTOpbiH YXO):(HT B He6 o, K 3Be3):(aM» .

363-364 rr. PA3rPOM 11108111AHA. Hacn eJJ,Hit!KOM IOn MaHa apMII!fl 27 lt!IOHfl 3 63 r. 11!36pana Ha'lanbHII!Ka nM'IHOiii oxpaHbtlt!MnepaTopa, C1Jna BMf!Kl1aBJJ.Mfll1oaMaHa. B cTpeao)l(eHHbtiil HeJJ,OCTaTKOM nplt!naCOB, cna6b!M It! HepeWII!TenbHb/M l10Bit!aH npit!Hf/n n peJJ.flO)I(eHMeWanypa If CacaHMJJ.a o Mlt!pHb/X neperoaopax, Ha HeCKOnbKO

362-363 rr. 1011111AH rOTOBII1TCSI K BO~HE C nEPCII1E~.

IOnMaH 6btn Kpa ii!He p aso'lapoaaH OTCYTCTBII! e M n poKOnlt!fl, Ce6aC Tbf/Ha 111 Tit!rpa Ha - o H He s Han, 'ITO ap Mf/ H CKII!M u,ap b OTKa3anCf/ OT

JJ.HeiiisaJJ,ep)l(aB JJ.flfi3TOro cao10 apMit!IO. KorJJ,a )l(e ace npMn acbt lt!CCfiKn M, l1o aMaHy HM'Ier o He ocTaaan ocb, KpoMe KaK noJJ,nMcaTb JJ,oro a op cpo-

npoBeJJ.fl nf/Tb MeCf/LJ,eB B KOHCTaHTit!HOnone, rJJ, e npolt!saen MHO)I(eCTBO nepeM eH nplt! JJ.BOpe , BBeJJ.f/ Ha c M eHy pacn yUI,eHHbtM HpaaaM apeMeH KOHCTa HLJ,It!fl HOBble cyp OBb/e nopf/JJ.KM, IOn Ma H oTnpaaMncf! a AHTit! OXII! IO. TaM 3a OCeHb It! Ha'lano

npeJJ,n onaraaw e r ocf! co10sa, a p it!MCKMe BOeHa'lanbHII!Kit! Hlt!KaK He M Oryr cornacoaaTb nna H coaM eCTHbiX JJ,eiiicTBMiii. IOnMaH pew111n OTKasaTbCfl OT OCaJJ,bl It! B3f/Tit!fl KTe CII!rj)OHa , npeJJ,nO'ITfl nocneJJ,oaaTb sa W anypoM B cepJJ,LJ,e n epCII!It!.

KOM Ha Tpit!JJ,LJ,aTb n eT, c ornaCVIBllilt!Cb Ha a ce )l(eCTKII!e ycn oBII!fl nepcoa : n o TepiO ne)l(aUI,MX aocTO'I Hee T111rpa npoalt!HU.Miii, HMcM6Mca 111 ocranbHbiX pit!M CKII!X yKpenneHHbiX ropoJJ,oa a M e con oTaMII!It!, a TaK)I(e OTKa3 OT ciOsepeHM Te Ta HaJJ. ApMe HMeiii 111

358

YnA.LJ.OK PV1MA V1 B03BbiWEHV1E KABAJlEPV1V1. 200- 400 rr.

BaneHTitHitaHI

.LtPYT111M111 KaBKa3CKII1MII1 perii10HaM111. C 111CTOLJ.IeHHb/MII1 OCTaTKaMII1 OTPOMHOW apMII1111, BBe.LteHHOW Ha BOCTOK /0!1111aHOM, VfOBII1aH B03Bpa TII1fiC~ B AHTII10XII1/0. B Ha4a!le c!le.Lty/OLJ.Iero ro.aa no .aopore e KoHcraHTII1HOnOflb oH yMep e Bw/>111HII1111 np111 38T81J.04Hb/X o6cro~reflbCTBBX.

364-378 rr. L\APCTBOBAH~E BAJlEHT~H~AHA ~

BAJlEHTA.

25 (j>eepafl~ 364 r. cnoco6Hb/W eoeHa48flbHII1K ft>!laeuw Ba!leHTMHMaH I 6blfl B03Be.LteH CTO~LLIMM/.1 B HMKee BOWCKaMM Ha onycreBWMW nOC!Ie cMeprll1 VfoeuaHa rpoH. OH HeMe.a fleHHO npoeo3macu!l ceoero 6para BafleHra aerycroM u ceouM conpa eure!leM B BOCT04HOW 4aCT/.1 MMne PII1111. BcKope o6a aeryera y)l(e 6blfiM 3aH~bl B0306HOB/.1BW/.1M111~ 111HTeHC/.1BHb/M/.1 Ha6eraMM eapeapoe u 8HyTpeHH/.1M/.1 6ecnop~.aKaMM.

365-367 rr. BO~HACAJlEMA HAM~.

s:lpocrb eapeapcKux Ha6ero8 3aCTaBII1fla 88fleHT/.1H/.1aHafi/.14HO803maBII1Tb noxo.a e r8JI!IMIO. Pa36M8 8fleMaHoe no.a Wa!IOHOM, oH nporH8fl ux o6parHo 3a PewH u o.aep)l(8fl KpynHy/0 no6e.ay npu Co!IMI..lMHM/.1 ( co8p. ropo.a Cy!lbTC-cy-ft>ope BrepMaHM/.1) H8 peKe HeKK8p(367r.). 3areMOH3aHR!lC~yK pen!leHueM o6opoHbl e.aoflb PewHa. 366 r. nEPEBOPOT nPOKOn~st HA BOCTOKE. 3ax8aTII1B 8flaCTb Ha.a KoHcraHTMHonofleM 111

6o!lbwew <Jacrb/0 npuflera/OLLIII1X 3eMeflb, npoKOnMW 06b~8/.1fl Ce6~ 111MneparopOM (365 r.). O.aHaKo ero apM/.1~ BCKOpe 6bl!la pa36/.1Ta eoeHa4aflbHMKaMM 88fleHra Ap6euueM 1.1 J7ynuuuHOM. Y3ypnarop 6blfl CXBa<JeH /.1 Ka3HeH. 367-369 rr. BO~HA C rOTAM~. noc!le no6e.Ltbl H8/.t npoKOn/.1eM OTp~ TOTCKMX HaeMHMKOB, Y<JaCTBOBaBWMX B rp8)t(.f.taHCKOW BOWHe Ha cropoHe }13ypnaropa, 6bm no.aBeprHyT TIOpeMHOMY 3aK!I/04eHII110. npecrapeflb/W TOTCKMW uapb 3pMaHapux 3a~BM!I nporecr u noc!lafl 4epe3 )J.yHaW apMM/0 nO.Lt KOMaH.LtOBaHMeM AraHapMK8. noKa c nepeMeHHb/M ycnexoM Wf/111 cpa)l(eHM~ 1.1 nyraHble neperoeopbl, 88fleHT oceo6o.aufl n!leHHMK08. Orpa3MB reM epeMeHeM HarucK AraHapuKa, eoeHa4aflbHMKM BafleHra BuKrop 1.1 ApuH(j>ew eropmucb Ha reppuropu10 eecrroroe, fle)l(aLJ..Iy/0 K ceeepy or )J,yHa~. 8 KOHI..le KOHI..lOB MMP 6blfl BOCCTaHOB!IeH.LtOTOBOPOM, npM3HaIOLLIMM)J.yHaw rpaHML.IeWMe)l(l{y PMMCKOW /.1 rorcKOW MMnepii1~M/.1. 368-369 rr. XAOC B EiP~TA H~~- Ha6em nupaT08-CaKcoe BKYne C BOCCT8H/.1~M/.1 CKOTTOB /.1 nMKTOB Ha ceeepe .aep)l(aflu GpuraHM/0 e co cro~HM/.1 CM~TeH/.1~. noc!laHHb/W 88fleHT/.1H/.1aHOM 80eHa4aflbH/.1K ft>eO.f.tOCMW e urore .Lt8YX xopowo npoee.aeHHbiX KaMnaHMW 80CCTaHOBII1fl nop~.aoK.

371-372 rr. q>~PMA.

BOCCTAH~E

Boccra8 nporu8 B!lacru PuMa, ft>upM e.a8a He M3TH8fl puMfi~H 1113 MaepuraH/.1111. O.aHaKo np1116b/B · WMW BCKOpe ft>eO.LtOCMW 6b1CTPO pa36Mfl BOWCKO 3TOTO Ma8pMTaHCKOTO BO)I(.f.t~, KOTOPbiW, 4T06bl M36erHyrb nfleHa, COBepW/.1!1 C8MOy6111WCTBO. 372-37 4 rr. nostBJlEH~E rYHHOB. nfleMeHa CIO HHY (1.1!1/.1 xyHHY), M3rHaHHble M3 MoHrofiMM KMTaW/..jaM/.1 .LtBYM~ 8eKaMM paHee, 04eBM.LtHO, ~Bfl~fi/.1Cb npe.aKaM /.1 CBMpenoro MOHTOf/01.1/.tHOTO Hapo .aa - ryHH08, KOTOpble OTHb/He BOWJ/111 B eeponeWCKY/0 MCTOPII110. Broprwucb e 3eM!IM po.acreeHHbiX capMaraM a!laH08 8 peruoHe Me)l(.ay Bo!lrow u )J.oHOM, ryHHbl o.aep)l(afiM pewureflbHY/0 no6e.ay e 6uree

Ha peKe TaHauc (373 r.), 1.1 MeHee 4eM 3a .Lt88 ro.aa uapCTBO a!laHOB 6bi!IO COKpyWe HO OKOH4aTeflbHO. '-laCTb OCT88WMXC~ B )I(/.1Bb/X 6blfl8 nomoweHa ryHHaMu, .apyme pacce~!IMCb no 3 eMfi~M TOTOB, a HeKO TOPble .ao6p8!1111Cb.f.ta)l(e .f.tO PMMCKMX npe.aeflo8, r.ae 8 Ka<Jecree ct>e.aeparoe Bfl/.1fll1Cb 8 P~.f.tbl MMnepcKOW Ka Ba!lepM/.1. 373-377 rr. BO~HA C nEPC~E~.

374-375 rr. BO~Hbl C KBAAAM~ ~ CAPMATAM~. nb!Ta~cb MMP-

HO pa3pewurb norpaHM4Hble cnopbl, ra6MHMW, 80)1(l{bKB81J.OB, 6blfl npe.aaTeflbCK/.1 y6MT PMMCKMM BOeHa4a!lbH/.1KOM MapueflfiMHOM. Pa3b~peHHble KB81J.bl HeMeJJ.!IeHHO BTOpr!IMCb /.1 onyCTOW/.1!1/.1 naHHOH/.110," BeCb perMOH BepxHero 1.1 Cpe.aHero )J.yHa~ nbmafl. n OKa fPeO.LtOCMW Mfla.LtWMW ( Cb/H no6e.aurefl~ f1>111pMa) y.aep)I(MB8fl no.aeepra/OLLIYIOC~ capMaTCKMM Ha6eraM Me3MIO, BafleHTMHII1aH, npu6b!B 1.13 r8!1!1/.11.1, pa36Mfl KB81J.OB /.1 OTOTH8fl MX 3a )J.yHaw. B nepBble .LtHM 375 r. oH yMep or anon!leKcu<JecKoro y.aapa, nflaHMPY~ KapaTeflbHY/0 3Kcne.aMLl/.1/0 Ha Ce8ep OT peKII1. AeryCTOM 38n81J.· HbiX np08/.1H/..ll1W C pe3M.LteHI..ll1eW B Tpupe 6blfl npoeo3maweH 17 ~Hea P~ 375 r. ero CbiH 1.1 conpaeure!lb fP!IaBMW rpau111aH, /OHOWa WeCTH81J.· l.laT/.1 !leT.

376 r. rYHHbl BTOPrAtoTCSJ B rOTCKYIO ~MnEP~IO. TwerHo nb/Ta~Cb OTP83/.1Tb BTOp)l(eHMe ryH HOB 4epe3 )J,Henp, npecrape!lb/W 3pMaHapMX He TO 6blfl y6MT, He TO coeepwufl caMoy6111wcreo. BcKope noc!le 3roro ra/OKe norepnefl nopa)l(eHue 1.1 6blfl y6ur ero npeeMHMK BuTMMep. OcrroTbl - M}')I(4MHbl, )l(eHLLIMHbl u .aeru, ee.aoMble renepb AflareeM 111 Ca(j>paKcoM, uwa y6e)I(MLl.la OT TyHHOB, ycrpeM/.1fi/.1Cb 4epe3 )J.Hecrp. BecrrorcKuw BO)I(l{b AraHaPMK npe.anoflarafl.aarb ornop Hawe CTBM/0, O/.tH8KO 60flbW /.1HCTBO ero Hapo.aa, 3apa)l(eHHOTO naHMKOW CBO MX OCTTOTCK111X co6parbeB, TaK)I(e nyCT/.1!10Cb 8 MaCCOBY/0 Mll1rpa/..l/.1/0 no Hanpa8fleHM/O K)J.yHa/0, npe.aeo.aure!lbCT8yeMoe ft>pururepHoM 1.1 AflaeueM. Ge)l(eHuee 6bmo or 700 Tb/C~4 /.tO Mll1flfiii10Ha 4e!IOBeK, 60!Iee

EBPOnA V1 CPE,lJ.V13EMHOMOPbE 200 Tb/C!rl'J M3 KOTOpb!X 6b!nM BOMHa-

TMrepH CKpb!THO Bb/Ben CBOMXnJOP,eVt <Jepe3 6onora M YCKOnb3Hyn. npoC:,-

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BaHCKMX necax.

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377 r. BHE3AnHOE HAlfAJlO BO~Hbl ME)f(AY fOTAMir11r1 Plr1M-

paTMBWMCb C npOCb60Vt 0 nOMOWM K rpa~MaHY, CBOeMynneM!rlHHMKYMCOnpaBMTen/0.

378 r. COI03 BAPBAPOB. VfnM B cMny cny<JaC1Horo coBnaP.eHM!rl, MnM - <Jro 6onee noxo)l(e Ha npae-

rpa14uaH ronoBHO. KorP.a OKOH<JarenbHa!rl no6eP.a roroe crana o<JeBMP.HOC1, flynM~MH 6e)l(an. f:PpMTMrepH )l(e COeP,MHMn

cMnbl c AnareeM M Ca<f>paKcoM B ,l1o6pyP.)I(e Me)I(P,y HM)I(HMM ,l1yHaeM M 4epHb/M MOpeM.

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P.Y - B CMny KaKO!O-TO HenMCaHHO!O comaweHM!rl Me)I(P,y repMaHCKMMM nneMeHaMM BC!rl eBponeC1cKa!rl rpaHM~a MMnepMM or ycrb!rl PeC1Ha P.O HM)I(Hero ,l1yHa!rl pa3oM B30pBanacb.

378 r. fPAL.tlr1AH HAHOC1r1T nOPA*EHir1EAJlEMAHAM.Co6Mpa!rl CMnbl B noMOWb BaneHTY, rpa~MaH BbiHY)I(P,eH 6b!n nepBb/M P.On!OM Bb/CTynMTb B rannMJO, 'JT06b! P.OCTOVtHO BCTpeTMTb cepbe3HOe BTOp)l(eHMe <f>paHKOB M aneMaHOB. B 6MrBe npM ApreHrapMM ( coBp. roPOP. KonbMap eo ct>paH~MM) oH pa36Mn BOVtCKO aneMaHOB, YHM'JTO)I(MB no<JTM 40 Tb!C!rl<J BapBapoB - MX BO)I(P,b npMapMC1 nan Ha none 6o!rl, M TOflbKO 5 Tb/C!rl'JaM <JenoBeK y~eneB足 WMX yP,anocb yC1rM 3a PeC1H. CMeno nepenpaBMBWMCb <Jepe3 peKY, rpa~MaH Tfrl)I(KO noKapan eapBapoB, ycMMPMB Ha HeKoropoe BpeM!rl ceeep-

J1S1 HAM Ill. He 3Ha!rl,

<JTo P. enarb c raKMM HanJ/b/BOM BapBapOB, PMMCKMe 'JMHOBHMKM BO 4JpaKMM nonb30BanMCb BC!rlKOVt B03MO)I(HOCTb/O nOP,BepraTb MX YHM)I(eHM!rlM M 9KCnnyara~MM. O<JeBMP.HO, ct>pMTMrepH MAnaBMW nblranMcb corpyP.HM<JBTb c npeP,nonaraeMb/MM nOKPOBMTen!rlMM, HO BCKOpe norep!rlnM repneHMe M BcrynMnM B nepeJOBOpb! C OCTJOTaMM, 'JT06b! BbiCTynMTb npOTMB PMMn!rlH eP,MHb/M <f>pOHTOM. i(poMe TO!O, PMMn!rlHe BO epeM!rl neperoBopoe npeP,arenbCKM HananM Ha BeCT!OTCKMX BO)I(P,eVt. AnaBMW 6bm y6m, HO ct>pMrwepH 6e)l(an M HeMe.aneHHO noBen CBOMX nJOP,eVt Ha pMMn!rlH flynM~MHa noP. Map~Ma足 HononeM( COBp. !OPOP. lliyMeH B GonrapMM). PMMn!rlHe norepnenM coKpywMrenbHoe nopa)l(eHMe, xor!rl6MnMcb P.O nocneP.Hero M nonemM no<JTM no-

359

'fe3eHCK3SI ci>H6yna

360

YnA)J.OK PlllMA 111 B03BbiWEHII1E KABAJlEPII1111. 200- 400 rr.

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TMaHa M lpaLtMaHa, BaneHT yma.aen 3.tJ.eCb B03MO)I(HOCTb KpynHOW no6e/1.bl, KOTOPYIO MO)I(eT O.tJ.ep)l(aTb He .aenacb cnaeow co cnewawMM Ha COe.tJ.MHeHMe C HMM /paJ..tMaHOM.

BTOPAH I>HTBA

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pbJe rOTCKMe KOHHMKM 3aTeM ycTpeMMnMCb CKB03b Bpa)l(eCKMW narepb, .tJ.pyrMe o6orHynM PMMCK}I/0 apMM/0, 'lT06bJ O.tJ.HOBpeMeHHO C BeCTTOTCKOW neXOTHOW KOHTpaTaKOW M3-3a narepHb/X yKpenneHMW C Tb/fla aTaKOBaTb ee KaeanepM/0 neeoro cpnaHra. PMMCKaa KOHHMLta o6paTMnacb B 6erCTBO, OCTaBMB Ha none TOnbKO nexo ry, ece ewe He enonHe pa3eepHYTYIO MHe pacnonara/OWY/0 MeCTOM .ana MaHeepa. Tenepb roTcKaa Kaeanepvta povtnacb BOKpyr cpnaHrOB M Tb/fla nerMOHOB, B TO BpeMa KaK neWMe eecTrOTbJ, BbJW,aa M3 narepa, PMHynMCb BHM3 no CKnOHY XOnMa Ha PMMCKMe nepe.tJ.OBbJe nMHMM. bMTBa o6epHynacb no6ouweM. BcKope

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umw K lOry )J,yHBfl. nonKOBOP,4eCKMM

Cfl 3aTeM ct>eoP.OCM/0 2 • BaneHTM-

BOCXOACTBOMHX B0eHHOro HCKYCCTBa,

MCKYCCTBOM &1 CMeJIOCTb/0, OCTOpO)I(-

HMBH

a HH3Kol:t 6oecrroco6HOCThiO JiernoHoB

HOCTb/0 &1 yrOBOPBMM 4JeOP,OCMW

BBX 8BryCT8 38n8P,Hb/X npOBMH/..lMW.

PHMCKol:t HMrrepHH.

YMMPOTBOPMfl HBKOHel.l 4JpaKM/O &1 Me3MIO. 3Ha4MrenbHoe 4Mcno roroe

387 ~ B0306HOBflEHVIE fOTCKVIX HA6EfOB. Bo3maBMB-

379-395 rr. u,APCTBOBAHVIE EO.O.OCVIS4 HABOCTOKE. lpal.lM-

6bmo M3rHaHo Ha ceeep, 3a)J,yHaw, a

wuw HOBOe BTOp)l(eHMe 4epe3 j],y-

e1.4e 6onbweMy 6bmo pa3peweHo

H8W Anarew 6bm no6e)I([J.eH M y6Mr

aH npM3Ban ct>eoP.OCMfl MnaP,wero,

ocecrb B 3P.eWHMX 3eM!If!X Ha npaeax

npoMOTOM. 4JeOP,OCMW 38TeM orpa-

CbJHa ranaHmMeoro nonKOBOP.l.lB Ba-

MMPHb/X rpa)I([J.BH MMnepMM.

HM4Uf1Cfl JleTKMMU MepaMM npOTUB

npoMOT,

6blfl BOCCT8HOBJieH B npa-

neHTMHMaHa I Me ceo10 o4epeP.b oP,a-

383 r. MS4TE>KMAKCVIMA. )f(ue-

peHHoro BOeH848J7bHMK8, B3f/Tb H8

wMw B bpMT8HMM He TO B P.06po-

ce6f! ynpaeneHMe eocro4HbJMM npo-

BOflbHOM &13TH8HMM, He TO B CCb/JIKe

390 r. nEPBOE nOS4BflEHVIE AJlAPVIXA. MonoP,ow eecrrorcKuw

roroe.

BMH/..lMf!MM. npMHf/B TMTYJI 8BTYCT8,

3eMflf!K ( TBK)I(e McnaHel..l no npoMc-

Koponb Anapux (oKono 370

ct>eoP,ocmli M36pan MecroM ceoero

XO)I(P.eHM/0), 6oeBOW TOBBPM/.4 &1

410 rr.) npeP,npMHflfl HeCKOflbKO H8-

npe6bJB8HMfl 4JeCC8JIOHMKM, 38HOBO

P.BBHMW conepHMK 4JeOP,OCMfl, He

6erOB 4epe3 )J,yHBW BO 4Jp8KUIO, HO

OTCTPOMJI yKpenneHMfl KpynHeWWMX

6e3 38BMCTM OTHOCMBWMWCfl K ero

BCKOpe 6blfl no6e)I([J.eH 4JeOP,OCUeM.

rpe4eCKMX &1 lj)paKMWCKMX ropOP,OB &1

B03Bb/WeHMIO, HO BMeCTe C TeM 4eJIO-

BOCCT8HOBMJI60eBOW P.YX &1 P.MCI..lMn-

BeK HeocnopMMb/X JIM4Hb/X P,OCTO-

JIMHY B YP.PY4eHHow nopa)l(eHMeM

MHCTB, MarH KneMHT MaKCMM pac-

npM AP.pMaHonone apMMM. T ecHo

KeaprMpoeaHHbJMM 3P,eCbfleTMOH8MM

THHHaH

IOpH~Ji!qecKoi't TOt,~KH 3peHHll, BaJieH-

B B03pacTe qeTblpex JieT 6b!JI npo-

B03rJiaWeH pHMCKHM HMnepaTOpOM e111e

B38MMOP,eWCTBYfl C lp8/..l&18HOM, 4Je-

6bm npoeo3maweH MMneparopoM M

OP.OCMW nOCb/fl8fl npOTMB TOTCKMX OT-

eroprcf! e I annM/0. I annbCKMe apMMM,

MaTepH HOMHHaJibHO ynpaBJil!JI H3 CBOei't MH-

Hol!6pl!

375

r. H no~ oneKoi't fpai:(HaHa H

Pf!P.OB He6onbwMe M06MflbHbJe Q>op-

BMeCTO TOTO 4T06bJ BOCnpenf!TCTBO-

JiaHCKOi't pe3H~eHI:(HH l!TaJIHei't, fuJIHpHei't H

MMPOBBHMfl. nocreneHHO (379-

BBTbnpOP,B&-J)I(eHM/0 MaKCMMa, ecrpe-

381 rr.) eMy YP.BfiOCb CHOB8 BHYWMTb

TMJIM ero npMBeTCTBeHHb/MM KJIMK8MM

Aq>pHKOi't. 2 3.fH660H B «liCTOpHH

PMMCKMM BOWCK8M yeepeHHOCTb B

&1 &13bf/BJieHMf/MM npeP,BHHOCTM. lpa-

C06CTBeHHb/X CMJIBX, &1 B XOP,e P,Byx

/..l&18H BbJCrymm &13 f110Tel.lMM H8BCTpe-

KBMnBHMW OH BOCCT8HOBMJI nopf!P,OK

4Y yrpo3e, OP.HBKO, norepnee He-

Ka3HeH ApSoracToM (eM. HH)f(e) JIH6o no npH-

e 6onbwew 48CTM ct>paKMM. Tenepb

CKOflbKO He3H84MTeflbHb/X HeyP,84,

Ka3y,JIH6o c Mont,~aJIHBoro corJiaCHll HMnepa-

OH n04YBCTBOB8fl ce6f! P.OCT8T04HO

6blfl nOKMHYT B f1yrP,yHyMe ( WIM f1yry-

Topa.

yna~Ka H Kpywe-

HHSI PHMCKOi't HMnepHH» YTBep)f(~aeT, t,!TO MaKCHM BMeCTe CO CBOHM Cb!HOM BHKTOpOM 6b!JI ~OCTaBJieH B Jiarepb <f>eo~OCHSI H 3aTeM

EBPOnA V1 CPE,lJ.V13EMHOMOPbE 3areM Anapm(y 11 ero n10,aRM 6bmo pa3peweHO npMCOe,aMHWbCR K PMMCKOW apMMM BKa4ecree <f>e.aeparoeTMnl14Hbli1 .anR 4>eo.aocMR np!IIMep CMeCM TBep,aOCTl1l1 npMM!IIpeH!IIR.

392-394 rr. nEPEBOPOT AP60fACTA ~ EBfEH~SI. nocne nopa)l(eHMR 11 m6en11 MaKCMMa PMMCKMi1 nonKoeo.aeu <f>paHKCKoro npoMCXO)/(/J.eHMR Ap6oracr no np!IIKa3y 4>eo.aocMR ycMMpMn lann1110 (388-389 rr.) l1 np!IIHRn Ha ce6R KOMaH,aOBaHMe 3al.l.ll1TOW pei1HCKOW rpaHMUbl. >IBnRRCb O,aHMM 113 nepBbiX n11u !IIMnepMM, a B lann!IIM o6na.aaR npaKTM4eCKM no4Tl1 HeorpaH!II4eHHoi1 BnaCTb/0, OH 6bm B03MYWeH BMewarenbCTBOM e.aena /OHoro BaneHTMHMaHall~oqeeM.aHo,opraHM-

30Ban ero y6111i1creo eo BbeHHe (392 r.), nocne qero aerycroM 3ana,aHbJX npOBIIIHUl1Wl1 npeeMHMKOM BaneHTMHMaHa npoeo3mac11n EereHMR 4>naBMR, npM.aeopHoro npeno.aaearenR pMTOPMKM. OcraBMB 38 co6oi1 np111.aeope ceoero cTaeneHH!IIKa Te )l(e .aon)I(HOCTM, KaKMe 3aHMMan npe)l(.ae, Ap6oracT npoeen .aee eecbMa ycnewHbJe KaMnaHMM npoTMB BTOpraBW!IIXCR !113-3a Pei1Ha <f>paHKOB. 0TKa3aBWl1WCR np!113HaTb y3ypnaropa 4>eo.aocMi1 c apMMei1, cocraeneHHoi1 maBHbJM o6pa3oM 113 TOTOB(l1 Aflap!IIXaB TOM 4l1Cne), ,aBMHynCR B noxo.a, 4T06bl OTOMCTl1Tb 3a cMeprb BaneHTMHMaHa II. Ap6oracr 11 EereHMi1 ecrperMn!ll ero B CeeepoBocro4Hoi1l1ran!ll!ll. 5-6 ceHTS16pSI 394 r. 6~TBA nP~ AKB~JlEE ~Jl~

Bo3MO;>KHO, 4TO !IIMeHHO ycnbJWaB ero MOnMTBbl, MHOT04l1CneHHbiW OTpR,a, nocnaHHbli1Ap6oracroM .anR oxpaHbl npoxo.aoe B Tbmy npoT!IIBH!IIKa, nepewen Ha cTopoHy4>eo.aocMR. Ha cne.aYIOWMi1 ,aeHb, BOCnOnb30B8BWl1Cb 9T!IIM HeO)I(l1,a8HHbiM no,aKpenneH!IIeM, a Ta/OKe pa3bJrpaewei1cR nbmbHoi1 6ypei1, KOTOpaR 611na B nMUO BOMHaM Ap6oracra 11 EereHMR 11 paccrpoMna !IIX pR,abJ, 4>eo.aocMi1 aTaKoean onRTb, 11 K eeqepy eroporo .aHR 6!11TBbl(B 6onbwoi1 creneHM6naro.aaPR crapaHMRM ceoero 6necmwero nonKoeo.auaCrMnMXOH~BaH.aanano

npoMCXO)/(/J.eHM/0) o.aep)l(an nonHy/0 no6e.ay. EereHMi1 nor116, a .aeyMR ,aHRM!II n03)1(e COBepwMn C8MOy6Mi1CTBO 11 Ap6oracT. l1MnepMR 6bma eoccoe.a!IIHeHa.

395-400 rr. B03BPALUEH~E XAOCA. CMepTb 4>eo.aocMR I RB!IInacb C!IITHBnOM KBOCCT8Hl1/0 BapBapOB nporMB ero He oco6o 6nMcraeWMXTanaHraMM CbiHOBeW, 17 RHBapR 395 r. OKOH48TenbHO pa3,aenl1BW!IIX rocy.aapcreo, ApKa.aMR 4>naB!IIR (377-408 rr.), nepeoro MMnepaTopa BocT04Hoi1 PMMCKOWMMnepMM, 11 ManoneTHero IOHOPMR 4>naBMR (384-423 rr.), nepeoro !IIMneparopa 3ana.aHoi1 PMMCKOWMMnepMM, .ao 408 r. HOMMHBnbHO BnBCTBOBBBWero no.a oneKoi1 Cr!llnMxoHa.

395-396 rr. AJlAP~XnPOT~B CT~Jl~XOHA.

Anap11x, no4Tl1 He BCTpe48R conpOT!IIBneHMR we,aWMW

4epe3 4>paK!II/O 11 /peU!II/0, pa3opRR BCe Ha nyTM, BCTpeTMn BpeMeHHY/0 nperpa.ayen11ue CTMnMxoHa, coeepW!IIBwero co ceoei1 apMMei1 MonHMeHOCHbJW Mapw l13l1Tan!lll1 B /peUM/0 (396 r.). Ho ApKa.aMi1, KoropbJW 6onbwe 3aBM.aoean ceoeMy 6pary 11 ero een!IIKOMY nonKoeo.auy, 4eM 6oRnCRTOTOB,HaCTORn,4T06bJCT!IInl1XOH ywen 113 npe.aenoe BocT04Hoi1 P!IIMCKOWMMnepMM. ToT HeoxorHo nOB!IIHOBanCR, l1 Hl14eM 6onee He c.aep)I(MBaeMbiW Anap!IIX B0306HOBl1n rpa6e)l(!ll. Tor.aa )l(e .aea .apymx MRTe)I(HbiX BO)I(,aR - OCTTOT Tpl16!11Tl1nb,a Ill BeCTTOT /ai1Ha, 6bJBW!IIW BOeHa4anbHl1K Pl1MCKOW apMl1l1 Teppopl13Mpoean!ll Many10 A3111/0 11 npMnera/OWMe K KoHcTaHT!IIHonon/0 Tepp!IITOPl1l1, B KOHUe KOHUOB BbiHY,aMB ApKa.aMR .aapoeaTb !liM nonHoe npoweHMe, 4T06bJ TeM npeKpar!IITb npo.aon)l(a/OweecR pa3opeH!IIe 3eMenb (399 r.) . /ai1Ha, npOl13Be,aeHHbiW B maBHOKOMBH,ay/OW!IIe cyxonyTHb/Ml1 C!llnaMM BocT04Hoi1 PMMCKOWMMnePMM, BCKOpe 6bJn XIIITPOCTb/0 ceeprHyr 11 no repnen nopa)l(eHMe or noRnbHOTO TOTCKOTO BOeH84anbH!IIK8 4>paBMTTbl, Kor.aa eo maee He6onbwoi1 apMMM nonbJTancR 6bmo nepenpaBMTbCR 4epe3 lennecnoHr. C OCTaTKaMM CBOMX n10,aei1 OH 6e)l(an Ha ceeep, eo 4>paKMIO, r.ae BCKope norepnen nopa)l(eH!IIe B cpa)l(eHl1l1 C BOMHaMM TYHHCKOTO uapR Ynb,aMHa 111 nan Ha none 6oR (400 r.).

395-400 rr.

<W~r~足

AYCE (cosp. peKa B111naKKO, npli!TOK peKI!! V130HUO). flerKOMbiCneHHO araKOBaB TWaTenbHO BbJ6paHHble Ap6oracToM no3!11UIIIIII, 4>eo.aocMi1 noHec TR)I(enbJe norep11 11 6bm BbJHy)/(/J.eH orcryn!IITb, 11nMWb HacryrmeHMe reMHOTbl cnacno ero oT nonHoro pa3rpoM8. 5y,ay4l1 o6pa3UOBbiMXPIIICTl1aHMHOM, 4>eo.aoc!lli1 npoeen H04b ro norp}I)KBRCb B nnaMeHHble MOnMTBbl, TO 38H!IIM8RCb HaBe,aeH!IIeM nopR,aKa B CBOMX paCCTpOeHHbiX BOWCKBX.

CT~Jl~XOHA.

)f(eneaHblj;i pHMCKVIj;i wneM.

IVa.

363

B03BbiWEH~E

TonbKO c!llnbHbiW xapaKTep 11 cnoco6HOCTM CTMnMxoHa y.aep)l(an!IIMMnepM/0 Ha rpaH!II na.aeHMR. 0H BCeMM CMnaM!II no,aaep)l(l1Ban BnBCTb IOHOPMR; O,aHa 113 CaMbiX 6necTRWIIIX no6e.a 6bma o.aep)l(aHa MM B A<f>pMKe np111 no.aaeneHMM MRTe)l(a MaBp!IITBHCKOTO 80)/(/J.R flllfi.[J,OHa (396 r. ). K KOHUY BeKa Cr!llnMXOH no CYTM.aena RBnRnCR HeKOpOHOBaHHbiM npaeMreneM 3ana.aHoi1 PMMCKOWMMnepM!II.

364

YnA)J.OK PlllMA 111 B03BbiWEHII1E KABAJlEPII1111. 200- 400 rr.

IOr0-3AIIA)JJIAH A3IDI YIIA)];OK IIAPHH 200-226 rr. na.aem1e napcpRHCKOW MMnePMM, pa3pbJBaeMOW cepMRMM RpocTHbiX rpa)l(.tJ,aHCKMX BOWH, 6bmo ycKopeHonopa)l(eHMRMM,noHeceHHbJMM OT PMMCKMX MMneparopOB CenrMMMR CeBepa u KapaKannbJ. OnpaBMBWMCb or 9roro nocne.aHero pa3rpoMa, Apra6aH VB CB0/0 o4epe.ab pa36un apMMM cna6oro u KOne6fliOI.l..leTOCR PMMCKOTO MMneparopa OnnenuR CeBepa MaKpMHa npu Hucu6uce (217 r.), B03BparuB Bee reppuropuu, 3aHRTbJe ero npe.awecrBeHHMKOM KapaKannow. TeM BpeMeHeM Apra6aH 6bm nomol.l..leH ocna6nR101.1..1ew ~apcrBo rpa)l(.aaHcKow BowHow co cBOMM 6paroM Bonore3oM V, Koropy/0 3aBepwun, pa36MB(~B03MO)I(HO,y6MB)Bono足

re3a B JO)I(HOW BaBunoHMM (222 r.). Ho yMeHbWeHue napcpRHCKoro MOryl.l..lecrBa, nopo)l(.tJ,eHHoe ycunMRMM Apra6aHa o.aep)l(aTb 9TM no6e.tJ,bl, HeM36e)I(H0 npMBeno K B03HMKHOBeHM/O HOBow u e1.1..1e 6onbwew yrpo3bl ero rpoHy.

226 r. OCHOBAH~E ~MnEP~~ CACAH~AOB. 3axBaTMB napcpRH-

CKY/0 cronu~y KrecucpoH, Ap.aawup 06bRBMfl ce6R Hacne.tJ,HMKOM AxeMeHM.ll,CKOW .ll,MHaCTMM M 3aTeM cepuew MOflHMeHOCHb!XKaMnaHMW BHOBb yrBep.ll,Mfl nepCM.ll,CKOe rocnO.ll,CTBO Ha.ll, 60flbWMHCTBOM npe)I(HMX Bfla.tJ,eHMW Kupa u ,D,apuR. Pa36MB MaccareroB u .apyrux cKucpoB, ro u .aeno TpeBO)I(MBWMX CeBepHb/e rpaHM~bl napcpMM, OH pacnpocrpaHMfl CB0/0 BflaCTb Ha nnO.ll,OpO.tJ,HY/0 rupKaHM/0, ne)l(al.l..ly/0 K /Oro-BocroKY or KacnuwcKoro, MflM, KaK Hepe.tJ,KO Ha3b!BanM ero B Te BpeMeHa, rupKaHCKOTO MOPR u XopacaH (10r coBp. TypKMeHMM u ceBepo-3ana.a coBp. AcpraHMcraHa). 3aBoeBan oH u KYWaHcKue Bfl8.ll, eHMR - KaK fle)l(al.l..IMe B Me)l(.ll,ype%e 0Kca u >laKcapra, raK u B ropax coBpeMeHHoro AcpraHucraHa u 6enyJ])KucraHa. fluwb Ha 3ana.ae ero npMTR3aHMR C.tJ,ep)I(MBBnMCb nowar-

HYBWeWCR, HO BCe e1.1..1e rp03HOW CMnowPMMa. 230-233 rr. BO~HA APAAW~PA C P~MOM. Ap.aawup norpe6oBan, 4T06bJ PuM ywen M3 Be ex cBoux a3uarcKux npoBMH~Mw. Kor.aa)l(e9ro rpe6oBaHue 6bmo ocraBneHo 6e3 BHMMaHMR, OH BTOpTCR B Cupu10 u B ApMeHM/0 ( ynpaBnReMy/0 XocpoBoM, BaccanoM ApwaKM.tJ,OB u C0/03HMKOM PuMa). nepCM.ll,CKMe nepe.aoBb!e orpR.tJ,bJ BbJwnu K Cpe.tJ,M3eMHOMY MOPIO 6nM3 AHTMOXMM, a B ManowA3MM npo6panucb B ropbJ Kanna.aoKMM (230-231 rr.). AneKcaH.ap CeBep orBerun Ha 9TY yrpo3Y, co6paB B AHTMOXMM 60flbWYIO apMM/0 M WMPOKMM cppOHTOM .ll,BMHYBWMCb Ha BOCTOK. 0.tJ,Ha PMMCKaR KonoHHa HanpaBunacb B ApMeHM/0 Ha noMOI.l..lb XocpoBy, .apyraR- 6eperoM EBcppara 6bma nocnaHa B BaBunoH, rnaBHbJe)l(e cunbl no.a KOMaH.tJ,OBaHMeM CaMOTO AneKCaH.tJ,pa,

CACAHH)J;CKAH IIEPCHH 226-400 rr. 0Kono 208-226 rr. B03BbiI CACAHA

WEH~E APAAW~PA

(LI,eHTpanbHa51 nepC11151). no.aaBMB Bcex HenoKOPHbJX coce.aew B peruoHe BOKpyr nepcenonR, Ap.aawup (unu ApraKcepKc) 6pocun Bbi30B cna6eiOI.l..leW enacru Apra6aHa napcpRHCKoro(oKono220r.). CepMRKaMnaHuw 3aBepwunacb KpoBonponurHow 6MTBOW npM 0pMy3e (JO)I(Hb/W t1paH), B KoropowApra6aH 6bm y6ur (226r. 1).

,[(pyrHe

HCTOt,~HHKH OTHOCJIT rH6enb

ApTa6aHa VIIap<j>l!HCKoro H, coorseTCTBeHHo, OCHOBaHHe CacaHH,I{CKOJ;i llMI!epHH K 224 r. HJIH

227 r.

nepc11ACK1t~ BOI1H. Cepe6psrHoe 6n10AO nep110A8 CacaH11AOB

IOI0-3AnA,LJ,HA~ A3V1~ npoi1.aH 'lepe3 Kappbt M HMcM6Mc, OTBOeaanM PMMCKYIO MeconoTaMMIO. npM ace£1 HenonHoTe cae.aeHM£1 MO)I(HO npe,anonO)I(MTb, 'ITO KOOPAMHa~MH ,aei1CTBMM Me)l(,ay pMMCKMMM KOnOHHaMM 6biJ7a cna6o£1: Bb!Mrpaa ace cepbe3Hbte cpa)l(eHMH, pMMnHHe TaK M He cyMenM aocnonb30BaTbCH nno.aaMM co6cTaeHHbtX no6e.a. )J.ocTMrHya TMrpa, HO noHeCH npM 3TOM Tf1)1(enbte noTepill, AneKcaH.ap OTCTYnMn a PMMCKYIO MeconoTaMMIO, M aoi1Ha no o6t1.4eMy MOn'lanMBOMY cornaCMIO nonpocTy ocTaHOBMnacb (233 r.). B ApMeHMM OT,aenbHbte CTbi'IKM npo,aon)l(anMCb et1.4e HecKonbKO neT, HO c pMMCKo£1 noMOL1.4biO Xocpoa ycnewHo oTpa)l(an cnopa,aM'IeCKMe cacaHMACKMe BTOp)l(eHMH. 241-244 rr. nEPBASI BO~HA WAnYPA C PH MOM. He3a.aonro.ao CMepTMAp,aawMp B03Ben B paHrCOnpaBMTenH caoero CbtHa Wanypa (MnM Canopa). nepCbl pewMnM BOCnonb30BaTbCH BHYTPeHHMMM Tpy.aHOCTHMM PMMCKOM MMnepMM, M Wanyp ao3maaMn noxo.a a MeconoTaMMIO, Kor.aa era HaCTMrno M3aecTMe 0 CMepTM OT~a. npo,aOn)l(aH HaCTynneHMe, HOBbiM L(apb ~ape£1 3axaaTMn HMcM6 Mc ( coap. ropo.a Hycai16MH a IOro-BocTO'IH0£1 Typ~MM) M Kappbt ( coap . ropo.a XapaH) , a 3aTeMnpoHMKB CMpM10(242 r.). O.aHaKO a aepxoabHX peKM ApaKc MapK AHTOHM£1 lop.aMaH Ill c noMOL1.4biO caoero TeeTH I. r:!J. Ca6MHa AKBMnbt TMMecw:PeH HaHec Wanypy pewMTenbHOe nopa)l(eHMe a 6MTBe npM PeceHe (243 r.). O.aHaKo lop.aMaH nom6 Ha Eacj:JpaTe ( 244 r. ), He ycnea BOCnOnb30BaTbCH nno,aaMM 3TOM no6e,abt. Hacne.aoaaawM£1 eMy r:!JMnMnn Apa6 nocnewMn 3aKniO'IMTb MMp , B OCHOBHOM OCTaBnHBWMM pMMCKO-CaCaHMACKMe rpaHM~bl He M3MeHHbiMM M B ~enOM 6onee Bblro,aHbiM Wanypy OKano 250 r. BO~HA C KYWAHAMH. l.ae-To a 5aKTpMM MnM laH.axape Wanyp o.aep)l(an no6e.ay Ha,a BOMCKaMM KyWaHCKOrO npaBMTenH Bacya e.abt, nono)I(MB TeM caMbtM KOHe~ KyWaHCKOMY BnMHHMIO B L(eHTpanbHOM MnM /Oro-3ana.aHOM A3MM.

258-261 rr. BTOPASI BO~HA WAnYPA I C PHMOM. 0'lepe,aHbte pMMCKMe BHYTpeHHMe HeypH,aM~bl npe.aocTaaMnM Wanypy y.ao6Hbti1 cny'laM,anH B0306HOBneHMH BOMHbl. 0praHM3oaaa y6Mi1cTao Xocpoaa ApMHHCKoro, oH 3aaoeaan ApMeHMIO ( 258 r.), a 3aTeM, npo.aaMraHcb a rny6b CMpMM, 3axaaTMn M pa3rpa6Mn AHTMOXMIO ( 258 r. ). O.aHaKo acKope npM6btBWMi1 c 3ana.aa BanepMaH, no BCe£1 BMAMMOCTM, HaHeC Wanypy~e nbtM PHA nopa)l(eHMM- B He cnMWKOM 3Ha'IMTenbHbiX, npaa,aa, BOOp}?KeHHbiX CTOnKHOBeHMHX B L(eHTpanbHOM MBOCTO'IHOM CMpMM(259 r.). OH BbiHy,aMn nepCOB OCTaBMTb AHTMOXMIO M oTcTynMTb 3a EarppaT. O.aHaKo a 260 r. Wanyp HaHec BanepMaHy nopa)l(eHMe a 6MTBe npM 9.aecce ( MHa'le 5aM6MKa, MnM IMepanonb, coap. ropo,a Yprpa) M cyMen B CBOIO O'lepe,ab 3a6nOKMpOBaTb OCa)l(,aaBWMX ropo,a pMMnHH. noHeCH TH)I(enbte noTepM M OKa3aBWMCb B OKpy)l(eHMM, BanepMaH BbiH}?K,aeH 6blf7 BCTynMTb c WanypoM a neperoaopbt, a xo.ae KOTOpbiX OH 6btn npe,aaTenbCKM 3aXBa'leH B nneH. PMMCKaH apMMH c,aanacb, a BanepMaH 6btn oTnpaaneH a nepCMIO, r.ae M yMep. BHOBb aepHyB WMCb Ha pMMCKYIO TeppMTOPMIO, Wanyp npMHHncH onycmwaTb CMpMIO, CMnM~MIO M Kanna.aoKMIO. YnopHaH o6opoHa KecapMM Kanna.aoKMMCKo£1 ( coap. ropo.a Ket:icepM a Typ~ MM) pMMCKMM BOeHa'lanbHMKOM )J.eMOC cj:JeHOM CMOrna nMWb OTCpO'IMTb 3aXBaT M pa3rpa6neHMeropo.aa (261 r.) . Ka3anocb, PMM OKOH'IaTenbHO nMWMnCH BCeX a3MaTCKMX ana,aeHMM. O.aHaKo BHe3anHo B03HMKWaH yrpo 3a era paCTHHYTbfM nMHMHM KOMMyHMKa~MM 3aCTaBMna Wanypa nOKMHYTb Many10 A3MIO. 261-266 rr. BO~Hbl WAnYPA I

C OAEHATOM nAllbMHPCKHM. nepCbl 6btnM M3rHaHbl 1113 a3MaTCKMX npoaMH~M£1 PMMa.

264-288 rr. nEPCHACKASI OKKYnAUHSI APMEHHH. Wanyp 6btn ocna6neH HaHeceHHbtMM O.aeHaToM nopa)l(eHMHMM M nornot1.4eH nMKBM,aa~Me£1 6ecnopH,aKOB B ,apyrMX 'laCTHX CBOMX 06WMpHbiX BJ7a,aeHMM, M naTOMY a ApMeHMM B!7aCTb era 3aMeTHO ocna6na. OH Ha3Ha'IMn Ty.aa caoMM

365 caTpanoM HeKoero aecbMa 3ara.ao'IHoro 6emoro xaHbCKoro npMH~a MaMro, KOTOpbiM, OnMpaHCb Ha CBOIO KMTaMCKYIO Ka aanepMIO, B Te'leHMe HeCKOnbKMX neT y,aep)I(MBan HOMMHanbHbiM nepcM,aCKMM KOHTpOnb Ha,a HenOKOpHOM apMHHCKOM3HaTbiO ( OKOno 275-288 rr.).

282-283 rr. BTOP>KEHHE KAPA B MECOnOTAMHIO. 9TO 6btno o6ner'leHO AMHaCTM'IeCKOM aoi1Hoi1 Me)l(.ay CbtHOBbHMM Wanypa - 5axpaMoM I M era 6paTOM XopMM3AOM.

288-314 rr. UAPCTBOBAH HE THPHAATA Ill B APMEHHH. )J.MoKI1eTMaH pewMn BOCCTaHOBMTb pMMCKOe rocno.acTao Ha.a ApMeHMe£1 M nocnan TY.aa He6onbWYIO apMMIO BO maae c Hawe.awMM y6e)I(Ml1.4e a PMMe CbtHOM Xocpoaa, TMpM,aaToM. BcTpeTManoHa'lanyconpoTMBneHMe MaMro, TMpM.aaTMe,aneHHonpo.aaMrancH anepe.a, Kor.aa apMHHCKaH 3HaTb BOCCTana npOTMB nepCOB M MX KMTaMCKMX HaeMHMKOB. noHHB, 'ITO )l(.aaTb noMOL1.4M aT Wanypa He npMxo,aMTCH, MaM ro nepeMeTHyncH Ha cmpoHy TMpM.aam M noMor eMy aep HYTb anacTb Ha.a ApMeHMe£1 M M3rHaTb ocTaBWMXCH nepcoa. YKpenMBWMCb Ha TpoHe, TMpM,aaT BToprcH a AccMpMIO ( 293 r.).

294-295 rr. 3ABOEBAHHE nEPCHE~ APMEHHH. CaeprHya caoeronneMHHHMKa 5axpaMa Ill, HOBbt£1 nepcM.acKM£1 ~apb Hapcec pewMn npeno.aaTb ypoK TMpM,aaTy /113rHaa apMHH 1113 AccMpMM, OH BCKOpe OTBOeaan BCIO ApMeHMIO, M TMpM,aaT BbiH}?K,aeH 6btn BHOBb MCKaTb y6e)I(Ml1.4a a PMMCKOM MMnepMM. 295-297 rr. BO~HA nEPCHH C PHMOM. BTOp)l(eHMe aApMeHMIO M M3rHaHMe era cTaaneHHMKa TMp M.aaTa 3aCTaBMnO)J,MOKJ1eTMaHa 06bH BMTb BOMHY nepCMM. PyKOBOAMTb KaMnaHMe£1 oH nocTaaMn caoero npMeMHOrO Cb!Ha ( M OAHOBpeMeHHO 3HTH) ~e3apH lanepMH, K BOMCKaM KOTOporo C KOHTMHreHTOM apMHHCKMX M3rHaHHMKOB npMCOe,aMHMnCH TMpM,aaT Ill. TeM apeMeHeM Hapcec amprcH a PMMCKYIO MeconoTaMMIO. 80 rnaae OTHOCMTenbHO He6onbWOM apMMM lanepMM BbiCTynMn eMy Ha BCTpe'ly M Bb!Mrpan y OCTOpO)I(HbiX

366

YnA)J.OK PlllMA 111 B03BbiWEHII1E KABAJlEPII1111. 200- 400 rr. 337-350 rr. BO~HA KOHCTAHU,VIs:l VI WAnYPA II. Wanyp If

Anmteaa AOpora nepcoe l.lenbJtli pa.a MenKMX cpa)l(eHMtli(296r.).

296 r. 6VITBA nPVI KA.flJlVIHVIKE. 3.aecb, Heno.aaneKy or Kapp, Ha Mecre nop8)1(eHMfl Kpacca, laneputli onpoMeT41t1BO 8T8KOB8fl maBHbJe CMflbl nepCMJI.CKOW apM!t1Mit16bJn pa36MT. lanepmo 1t1 Tupu.aary c ocrarKaMM PMMCKMX BOWCK npMWflOCb nocnewHo orcrynurb, npu4eM orcrynneHMe eecbMa noxo.auno Ha 6erCTBO. r7y6nlt14HO ynpeKHYB BepHYBWerOCfl B AHTMOXMJO /anepMfl, /l,MOKneT!t18H TeM He MeHee He OCB060JI.!t1fl ero OT KOM8HJI.OB8Hit1fl. rlononHMB lt1 nepelj>opMMPOB8B apMMJO, TOT CHOB8 Bb/CTynun npOTMB nepCOB, TOr.aa KaK /1,!t1oKneruaH reM epeMeHeM or.aan npuKa3 CHf!Tb .aononHurenbHbJe 48CT!t1 C.ll.YHBWCKOW rpaHM/..lbl.

297 r. n06EAA fA.flEPVIs:l HAA HAPCECOM. /l,euraacb 4epe3/0)I(HYJO ApMeHMJO, .aea.al.larunarMTbJca4HbJtli KOpnyc /anepMfl CTOflKHYflCfl c apMuetli Hapceca, .aocruraewetli f 00 Tb/Cf/4 4eflOBeK. /.ae MMeHHO 9TO npO!t130WflO, T04HO CK838Tb Heflb3fl; B03MO)I(HO, Ha Turpe, Me)I(JI.Y AMM.aotli( coep. ropo.a,D,uap6aKbJP B Typl.lMM) 1t1 Hucu6ucoM. Haronoey pa3rpoMMB nepCOB BHe3anHOW 8T8KOW, laneputli3axearun 6oraretliwue rpolj>eu lt1 MHO)I(eCTBO nneHHbJX, BKflJ048fl ceMbJO 1t1 rapeM Hapceca. rlep-

cu.acKMtli MMneparop 3anpocun MMpa. 297 r. HVICVI6VICCKVI~ MVIP. Coe.aMHMB ceou apMMM B Hucu6uce, /1,!t1oKneruaH 1t1 laneputli npo.auKToeanu )l(eCTKMe ycnoeua. rTepcaM npuwnocb 386bJTb 0 CBOMX np!t1Tfi38Hit1f/X Ha PMMCKYJO MeconoraMMJO; ycrynMTb PMMY narb npoBMHI..lMtli, ne)l(aLW1X K ceeepo-eocroKY or Turpa; npu3H8Tb puMcKoe rocno.acreo Ha.ao eceM KBBK83CKMM peruoHoM, ApMeHMJO - PMMCKMM nporeKTOP8TOM, 8 Tupu.aara- ee npaeureneM. B38MeH Hapcec nony4an o6paTHo ceoMX)I(eH lt1 H8fl0)1(Hft1/..l. 3TOT MMp .ll.fllt1flCfl OKOno 40 neT, XOTfl B.ll.Oflb BOCT04Hb/X rpaHMI..l ApMeHMM npo.aon)l(anucb nepeMe)l(8f0/1.11t1eCf/ KOHl/JflMKTbJ, B 3H84MrenbHotli Mepe nopo)l(lJ.aeMbJe penMT!t103Hb/Mit1 p83HOrfl8Cit1f/Mit1 Me)l(ll.y xpucruaHcKotliApMeHuetli ( Tupu.aar Ill 6blfl o6pa11.1eH B XPMCT!t18HCTBO OKOflO 300 r.) lt1 nepC8Mit1-30p08CTPMW/..l8Mit1.

0Kono 320-328 rr. APA6CKVIE BO~Hbl. Tetlip, LlBPbApaeuu ( unu f1eMeHa) npe.anpMHfln ycnewHb!tli noxo.a B rTepcuJO. BoceMbJO ro.aaMM no3)1(e Wanyp If- eoceMHa.a/..lBTMneTHutli CbJH Wanypa I npoeen KaparenbHYJO 9Kcne.aMI..lMJO eApaBMJO, HaHeca nopa)l(eHue Tetlipy(328 r.).

BHe3anHO BTOprcfl B PMMCKYJO MeconOT8Mit110 (337 r.), B03MO)I(HO, cnpoBO/..llt1POB8HHbJW H8 9TO penMT!t103HbiMit1 pa3HomacMf!MM. KoHcraHTMH Ha4an npuroroeneHMfl K eotliHe, HO yMep npe)l(ll.e, 4eM cyMen BbJcrynMTb B noxo.a, B03rfl8Bit1fl KOTOpbJW y)l(e ero Cb!H, KoHCTBHI..lMtli. OH .aeuHynca B ApMeHMJO Haecrpe4y Wanypy, 1t1 9TO f/BMflOCb H848flOM 38Tfi)I(HOW eotliHbl, o4eHb Hea.aeKearHo onucaHHotli K8K COBpeMeHH!t1K8Mit1, T8K lt1 lt1CTOPMK8Mit1 nocne.ayJ0/1.11t1X BeKOB. Hau6onbWYJO M3BecrHocrb npuo6pena 6urea npu CuHrape ( coep. ropo.a CMHJI.)I(ap B l1paKe), KoropyJO .aarupyJOr 1t1 344, 1t1 348 rr. Pa3MecTMB rfl8BHbJe CMflbl H8 Bb/COT8X y CuHrapbJ, Wanyp 6pocun B araKy Ha PMMflf/H He60flbWOW OTPfl.ll. nerKOW neXOTbl, KOTOPYJO nerMOHepbJ orpa31t1fllt1 6e3 rpy.aa. O.aHaKo, yeneKWMCb npecne.aoeaHMeM, puMnf!He c HacrynneHMeM H04M pa36MnM narepb y nOJI.HO)I(ft1fl XOflMOB. rlo.a noKpOBOM reMHOTbJ Wanyp noeen B araKy Ha narepb npoTMBHMKa or6opHYJO Tfl)l(enyJO nexory 1t1 Haronoey pa3rpoMun puMnfiH, noHecwux orPOMHbJe (XOTf/M He lt13BeCTHbJe T04HO) norepu. /u66oH yreep)l(.aaer, 6y.aro KoHCTBHI..lMtli BCfiKMtli pa3 repnen nopa)l(eHMfl or Wanypa, o.aHaKO eCTb OCHOB8Hit1fl nonaraTb, 4TO naBpb! Me)I(JI.Y 9Tit1Mit1.ll.BYMfl T8fl8HTfllt1Bb/Mit1 nonKOBO.ll./..l8Mit1 .aenMflMCb JI.OCT8T04HO paBHOMepHO. (Y)I(e caMo pacnono)l(eHue CuHrapbJ Ha nepcu.acKotli cropoHe rpaHM/..lbl .aeyx MMnepMtli CBMJI.eTeflbCTByeT, 4TO PMMflf/He He noHeCnM K 9TOMY BpeMeHM cepbe3Hb/X repp!t1TOP!t18flbHb/X norepb.) Hau6onee xapaKTepHotli .aeranbJO 9TOW BOWHbl 6blfl8 Helt13MeHHO ycnewHafl o6opoHa puMcKotli Kpenocru Hucu6uc. Wanyp OC8)1(J1.8fl ee TPM)I(ll.bl (B 337, 344 lt1 349 rr.) 1t1 K8)1(JI.b!tli pa3 ecrpe4an .aocrotliHbJtli ornop CO CTOPOHbl PMMCKOTO BOeH848flbH!t1K8 flYI..llt1fllt18H8 . BotliHa 6bma 38KOH4eHa, unu, no KpatliHetli Mepe, npepB8H8 MMPOM, nocneWHO 38KnJ04eHHb/M .ll.BYMfl rocy.aapf/MM, OJI.HOBpeMeHHO OK838BWit1Mit1Cfl nepe.a flM/..lOM cepbe3Hb/X

IOI0- 3AnNJ,HA~ A3 V1~ yrp03 ,apyrMM perUOHaM CBOUX UMnepUM (350 r.).

349- 358 rr. CKIIICKIIIE HA6Erlll HA CEBEPO- BOCTO'-IHYIO nEPCIIIIO. OnycTOWUTeflbHbleBTOp )l(eHWl cKurj:Joa -Maccar ema u .apyrux a3uaTcKux nneMeH 3acraaunu W anyp a If n oToponMTbCf/ Ha BOCTOK, 'IT06b! BOCCTaHOBUTb MUp U nopR,aOK Ha ceaepO-BOCTO'IHbiX r paHUU.aX u.apCTBa . Hau6onee o.aapeHHbiM u HeoTcrynHbiM U3 ero npOTUBHUKOB 6blfl 3,aec b BO)I(,ab XUOHMTOB /pyM6a T (353 358 rr.). O.aHaKOBKOHU.eKoHu.oaWanyp He TOflbKO o,aep)l(afl Ha,a HUM no6e.ay, HO u 3aaep6oaan BO:>i<Af/ K04eBHMKOB U ero nerKy/0 KOHHMU.Y B nepcu.acKy/0 apMM/0.

358- 363 r r. B0306HOBJ1EHIIIE BO~Hbl C PIIIMOM . BoccTa HOBMB nopR,aOK B CBOUX BOCTO'IHbiX ana.aeHMRX, Wanyp aepHyncR K 6opb6e C PUMOM. C apMMeM, BKJI/0'IaBWeM Tenepb U XUOHUTOB /pyM6aTa, L(apb u.apeM BTOpr cR B /O)I(HY/0 ApMeHU/0, HO 6b!fl Ha,aonro OCTaHOBneH ,ao6neCTHOM o6opOHOM pUMCKOM KpenocTu AMu.aa ( coap. ropo.a ,ll.uRp6aKbiP a Typu.uu), KompaR c.aanacb TOflbKO nocne ceMu.aecRTM Tpex ,aHeM oca,abl, B xo.ae KOTOPOM nepcu.acKaR apMMR noTepRna oKono 30 Tb/Cf/'1 'lenoaeK(358 r. 1}. Pa3,apa)l(eHHbiM ynopCTBOM OCa)l(,aeHHbiX Wanyp npuKa3an noronoaHo ucTpe6uTb rapHM30H u )I(UTeneM ropo.aa, o.aHaKoHenpe.aau.aeHHaR3a,aep)I(Ka Bb!Hy.auna ero npuocraHOBMTb aoeHHble ,aeMCTBUf/,aO cne,ayiOUleM neTHeM KaMnaHMM. C Ha'lana cne,ay/0 Ulero ro.aa oH npo.aon)l(un 3axaaT pUMCKUX KpenocTeM, B3f/B CuHr apy U 5e3a6,ae (TOT rj:JaKT, 'ITO pUMflf/He ace eU~e ana.aenu 3TMM ropo,aoM, pacnono)l(eHHbiM a Ceaepo- BocTO'IHOM Accupuu K aocToKy oT Tur pa, f/Bnf/eTCfl eUle O,aHMM CBM,aeTeflbCTBOM, 'ITO KOHCTaHU.UM He noTepnen nopa)l(eHUR a npe,abl.ayUleM BOMHe c WanypoM). npu6b!BWUM c 3ana.aa KoHcTaHU.MM 6e3ycnewHo nonb!TanC71 BepHyrb 5e3a6,ae, HO, HaM,aR CBOU CUflbl CflUWKOM cna6b!MU ,aflfl cepbe3HOro KOHTpHacTynneHMR, nocnan 1,[ij)yrne HCTO'I}O{l(}! OTIIOCHT OCa)zy AMH):0>! K

359 r.

3a nOMOUlb/0 K CBOeMy ,aBOIOpO,aHOMY 6pary, IOnuaHy. 9m npuaeno K rpa)l(.aaHCKOM BOMHe Me)l(.ay KoHcTaHLJ.UeM u IOnuaHoM, KOTopaR pa3pewunacb cMepTb/0 KoHcTaHU.Mfl (36 1 r.).

362 - 363 rr. BTOP>KEHIIIE IOJliiiAHA B nEPCIIIIO. 363 r. n06EAA WAnYPA HAJJ, IIIOBIIIAHOM. 364- 373 rr. 60Pb6A 1113-3A APMEHIIIIII. npu noMOUlM npe.aa TenbCTBa Wanyp 3axaaTun u 3aKJIIO'IMn a TIOPbMY ApwaKa Ill ApMRHCKoro, KOTOPbiM acKope coaepwun CaMOy6UMCTBO. 3aTeM OH nonb!TaflCfl ycTaHOBUTb B CTpaHe nepcu,aCKY/0 anacTb. Ho apMRHCKa71 3HaTb no.a npe.aao,auTenbCTBOM OnuMnuu, a.aoabl ApwaKa, oKa3ana O)l(ecTo'leHHoe conpoTuaneHue. Tor.aa puMCKMM uMnepaTop BaneHT oKa3an no.a.aep)I(KY apMf/H8M1 TaMHO nOMO r aR napy- Cb!HY Apw aKa, KOTOpb!M opraHu3oaan <<npaauTen bCTBO a M3 rHaHMW> B Kanna.aoKMU noHTIIIMCKOM.

373- 377 rr. B0306HOBJ1EHIIIE BO~Hbl nEPCIIIIII C PIIIMOM. no.a.aep)I(Ka BaneHTOM napbl B HapyweHue .aoroaopa c IIToauaHoM oT 363 r. 3acTaauna Wanypa o6bRBMTb BOMHy. noKa caM BaneHT ocraaanCR B AHTUOXUU, ero nonKOBO,aU.bl pa36unu nepcoa a /Q)I(HOM ApMeHuu 111 no.a Hucu6ucoM. O.aHaKo puMcKoapMRHCKMM C0/03 6blfl OTMe'leH UHTpuraMU U BepOflOMCTBOM, U napa 6bln y6uT no npuKa3y piiiMCKoro aoeHa'lanbHUKa TpaRHa (374 r.). Wanyp Mano-noMany 6pan aepx a ApMeHuu, BaneHT a 3TO apeMR Bb!Hy)l(,aeH 6blfl KOHLJ.eHTpUpOBaTb 60flbWYIO 'laCTb BHIIIMaHUf/ Ha npu,ayHaMCKUX ,aenax, Ill BOMHa Tf/Hynacb, He npUHOCf/ OKOH'IaTeflbHOrO ycnexa HM O,aHOM U3 CTOPOH. noHUMaR, 'ITO HUKOr,aa He CMO)I(eT o,aep)l(aTb Ha,a pUMnf/H8MU peWUTeflbHOM no6e,abl, y,aoaneTBOpeHHbiM CBOUMU 3aaoeaaHMRMM a ApMeHuu Wa nyp 6bln C'laCTflUB 3aKJI/O'IUTb MUp, Kor.aa BaneHTY npuwnocb noToponuTbCR HaBCTpe'ly rOTCKOM yrpo3e so (])paKuu (377 r.). B ApMeHuu TO u .aeno acnblxuaanu 6ecnopR,aKII1, MeCTHaf/ 3HaTb 6ecnpecTaHHO, Ill C HeKoTopb!M ycnexoM, nb!Tanacb no -

367 ny'IMTb puMcKy/0 noMOUlb npoTua nepcuu.

390 r. PA3AEJ1EHIIIE APMEHIIIIII. 3amHyawuecR BOMHbl Me:>K,D.y PIIIMCKOM u CacaHu,acKoM uMnepiiiRMM 3aKOH'IMflMCb ,aorOBOPOM Me)l(,ay (])eo,aocMeM PMMCKMM M 5axpaMOM IV nepcM,aCKMM, pa3.aenMBWMM ApMeHM/0 Me)l(.ay .aayMR rocy.aapCTBaMM.

APABHH H AEHCCHHHH 200-400 zz. 220-400 rr. B03BbiWEHIIIE AKCYMCKOrO UAPCTBA. 9m rocy.aapcTao CO CTOflMU.eM B AKcyMe, 3aHMMaBwee TeppMTOPM/0 1 npM6nM3MTeflbHO coana,aaiOUlY/0 c coapeMeHHOM npoBMHU.MeM TMrpe a 9¢MonMM, pa36oraTeno oT npoxo,aMaweM 'lepe3 ero nopTbl ToproanM M KOHTpOnMpoaano 66flbWYIO 'laCTb coapeMeHHbiX 9¢MonMM, BocTo'IHoro Cy.aaHa "' ceaepHbiX paMoHoa CoManu, a TaK)I(e MuHeMcKoe M Ca6eMcKoe u.apcTaa Ha ApaBMMCKOM nonyocTpoae (TeppMTOPMR coap. 17/eMeHa). 0 Kono 3 25 r . 33AHA. 9TOTMOHapx B30Wen Ha a KCYMCKMM TPOH Me)l(.ay 320"' 325 rr. OH aHHeKcupoaan OCTaTKM ,apeBHero KYWMTCKOrO u.apcTaa Mepo3 Ha BepxHeM HMne, yKpenMn aKCYMCKoe BflMf/HMe B CTpa HaX ApaBMMCKoro nonyocTpoaa M cnoco6CTBOBan XpMCTMaHM3aU.MM u.apCTBa. YMep OH BCKOpe nocne 345 r.

0 Kono 350 r. AKCYM YH 111'-ITO>KAET MEP03. AKcyMcKMe aoMcKa pa3rpa6MnM MepoMTCKoe u.apcTao, y)l(e Ha npOTf/)l(eHMU HeCKOflbKMX cToneTuM Mano-noMany npMxo.auawee a yna.aoK, no Mepe Toro KaK Toproable nyrM nepeMeU~anMcb c Huna Ha KpacHoe Mop e . 0 Kono 37 5 r . CA6E ~ C KOE BOCCTAHIIIE . BoccTaHMe ca6eMu.ea-My,aaMCTOB B COBpeMeHHOM Ceaepo-BocTO'IHOM 17/eMeHe aocCTaHOBMno He3a BMCMMOCTb 3TOM TeppMTOpMM M o cna6Mn O BflMf/HMe AKcyMa a IOro-3ana.aHo M A3MM.

368

YnA)J.OK PlllMA 111 B03BbiWEHII1E KABAJlEPII1111. 200- 400 rr.

IO)I(HAH A3llll Ill eeK oT P.X. npe,acTaenf!eT co6oiii e~e o,auH ,aoca.aHbliii ceoeiii TyMaHHOCTb/0 nepuo,a B UCTOpUU l1H,l1UU - B03MO)I(HO, U3-3a TOIO, 'lTO Ha npOTfl)l(eHUU 3TOIO CTOneTUfl Ha UCTOpU'leCKOiii apeHe He npOU30Wno HU'leiO cy~eCTBeHHOIO.

P8.ll,)l(nYTaHe u Curt.ae; pacnono)l(eHHble )l(e Ha BOCTOKe U 1010 -BOGTOKe MenKue uH,auiiicKue 1ocy,aapcTBa npo,aon)l(anu CBOU HeCKOH'laeMble BOMHbl.

200-250 rr. YnAAOK KYWAHOB. KywaHcKafl ( unu CaKcKafl) .au-

nana, u Ha cMeHy eiii npuUJfla 3HepIU'lHaf! ,l1UHaCTUfl nannaBOB. no,a UX BnaCTb/0 Ha'lanacb OCTOpO)I(Hafl 3KcnaHCUfl BnUflHUfl AH.tJ.XPbl Ha BOCTOK, e J],eKaH; Ha ceeep, K raHry; u Ha 101B TaMUnbCKY/0 4ony.

HaCTUfl, OCHOBaHHafl KaHUWKOiii, Me,aneHHO YMUpana Ha npOTfl)l(eHUU nonycTOneTUfl, 'lT06b! OKOH'laTenbHO naCTb, KOI,aa cacaHU,l1CKUiii L(apb ~a足 peiii Wanyp I Halonoey pa31POMun KYwaHcKoro 1..1apf! Bacyee,ay- B03MO)I(HO, e 6aKTpuu unu B rart.axape ( oKono 250 r:). O,aHaKo BHyTpeHHUe nepCU,l1CKUe Heypfl,l1U~bl U o,aep)I(UMOCTb Wanypa u e1o Hacne,aHUKOB 6opb6oiii npoTUB PuMa y,aep)l(anu CacaHu,aoe oT cepbe3Horo pa3BUTUfl 3TOIO ycnexa, xoTfl B nocne,aHeiii 'leTBepTu cTOneTUfi oT,aenbHble cacaHU,l1CKUe nOXO,l1bl, no BCeiii BU,l1UMOCTU, u .aocTulanu 6acceiiiHa peKu l1H,a. B pe3ynbTaTe U31HaHUfl KYWaH U3 L(eHTpanbHoiii u 3ana,aHoiii A3uu l1H,l1Ufl noTepf!na ,l18)1(e HOMUHanbHble CBf13U C 3TUMU peiUOHaMU, HO B OCTBnbHOM nop8)1(eHue Bacyee,abl oKa3ano Mano enuf!HUfl Ha nono)l(eHue .aen e l1H,aocTaHe. CaKcKue ~apu ece e~e locno,acTeoeanu e neHJ1)1(a6e,

0Kono 230 r. nAAEH~E AHAXPbl. J],pflxnaf! ,auHaCTUfl AH,axpa

0Kono 300 r. B03PO:>KAEH~E MAfAAX~.

HoBbliii npaeuTenb ,apeeHeiii naTanunyTpbl BHOBb noeen Ma1a,axy K 1ocno,acTBY e .aonuHe (aHia - TaKOMY, KaK BO BpeMeHa MaypbeB. 4aH,aparynTa U3 naTanunYTPbl (4aH,apa rynTa, unu KaH,apa ryma) B03Bo,aun ceoiii po,a K eenuKOMY Te3Ke, OCHOBaTen/0 ,l1UHaCTUU MaypbeB. nocne MHOIO'lUCneHHbiX no6e,a, npuee,awux no.a e1o enacTb 6onbWYIO 'laCTb pemoHa Cpe,aHelo (aHia, OH KOPOHOBanCfl KaK 4aH,aparynTa I, L(apb ~apeiii. OH ocHoean ,l1UHaCTU/O (yma ( 320 I.).

330-375 rr. UAPCTBOBAH~E CAMYAPArYnTbl (CbiHA lfAHAPAfYnTbl). l..(enb/0 3TOIO eenuKolo nonKOBO,l1l..la U3 po,aa (ynTa 6b!fl0 BOCCTaHOBneHUe MO~U, cnaBbl U

Teppv1Topvm cTapoiii uMnepm1 MaypbeB. t1 OH no'lTU ,ao6uncfl ceoe1o, 3aeoeeae PamtmyTaHy, 6onbWYIO 'laCTb CeeepHolo J],eKaHa u npu6pe)I(Hbliii pemoH, ne)l(a~uiii Ha /OI03ana.a OT YCTbfl (aHia, nOKOpUB npu 3TOM nannaecKux ~apeiii AH,axpbl. j],o6uncfl OH U HeKOTOpoiii BnaCTU Ha,a HenanoM, AccaMOM, neH,a)l(a6oM u coce,aHeiii raH.axapoiii. CaMy,apa1ynTa coeepwun no KpaiiiHeiii Mepe o,auH ycnewHbliii noxo.a my6oKO B /O)I(HY/0 l1H,l1U/O. 06naCTb, HOMUHanbHO HaXO,l1UBWaf!Cfl no,a e10 BnaCTb/0, 6bma HeMHOIUM MeHbWe, 'leM ynpaenf!BWaf!cfl AwoKoiii; o,aHaKO e10 ,aeiiiCTBUTenbHafl BnaCTb npoCTUpanacb Ha 3Ha'lUTenbHO MeHbWUe TeppUTOpUU U 6b!fla He CTOnb 'leTKO Bb!pa)l(eHa OT'laCTU nOTOMY, 'lTO no npupo,ae ceoeiii f!Bnflnacb lj>eo,aanbHoiii, ,ae~eHTpanU30BaHHOiii U cna6o KOHTponupyeMoiii.

0Kono 350 r. BPEMEHHbllil 3AKAT BJU1SIH~SI nAJlJlABOB. nopa)l(eHue, HaHeCeHHOe CaMy,aparynTOiii, cepbe3HO ocna6uno pacTy~Y/0 cuny nannaeoe. B pe3ynbTaTe ycununucb MeCTHble KHfl)l(eCTBa B j],eKaHe; O,l1HO U3 HUX, IOCnO,l1CTBOBaBWee /0)/(Hee Ha1nypa, - eouHcTBeHHaf!,auHacTufl BaKaTaKa- f!BUnocb npu'luHoiii olpaHu'leHUfl 3KCnaHCUU (ynT ,aanee Ha 101.

375-413 rr. u,APCTBOBAH~E lfAHAPArYnTblll. Cb!H CaMy,aparymbl, 4aH,aparyma II, npueen UM-

KonoHHaAa BHY1P"' HHAHi1ctroroxpaMa. OclJ)OB Par.tecaapaM a IO}I(Hoi1111HAHH

nepu/0 K 3eHuTy Mory~ecTea. OH pa36Un CaKCKUX Bna,ab!K neHJ1)1(a6a, c,aenaB lj>aKTU'leCKUM 'lUCTO HOMUHanbHOe 1ocno,acTBo B 3TOM peluoHe ero OTI..Ia. CUMBOnU'lHO, 'lTO nocne 3Toiii no6e,abl oH ,ao6aeun K CBOeMy UMeHU BTOpoe - BuKpaMa,l1UTbfl, B naMf!Tb neleH,aapHolo aH,aXpCKOIO no6e,auTenfl paHHUX CUKXOB. KpoMe TOIO, OHaHHeKCUpOBBn Maney, CaypaWTPY u ry,a)l(apaT. no.a eiO MY.l1PbiM u npocee~eHHbiM npaeneHueM l1H,aocTaH nepe)l(un 30nOTOiii BeK UCKYCCTBa, nuTepaTypbl u HayKu.

369

BOCTOYHA~ A3V1~

BOCTOqHAH A3IDI /OfY OT RH/43bl,

222-280 rr. U,APCTBO Y. Oc-

BCe ell{e OTK83b/B8fl/11Cb np1!13H8Tb

HoaaHHaR CIOHb L1,10aHeM Jl.I!IHaCTI!IR

pei/IIOHbl, fle)f(8ll{/lle K

KIITAH

Bfl8CTb CeMb/11 Lf.ao Lf.ao, 6b/BW8R

RBflRfl8Cb nepaof!t /113 T8K H83b/Bae-

196-220 rr. nocnEAHVIE

I!IMnepi!IR XaHb pacnanacb Tenepb

Mb/X «WeCT/11 /],/IIH8CTI!Ii!t»

rOAbl XAHbCKOH AVIHACTVIVI.

Ha TP/11 maBHbiX mcy/l,apcTaa: Bai!t-

589 11.).

Y-

(220-

Lf.apcTao npocTI!Ipanocb

/1,ei!tcTBI!ITenbHbiM npaBI!ITeneM KI!I-

ceaepHee RHf43bl;

TaR Ha npOTR)f(eH/11/11 nocne/],Hei!t '-/eT-

TOKe; /II Wy- Ha /0/0-3ana/],e. Eec-

Hb/ Hl!l)f(Hei!t RHf43bl Jl.O ToHKI!IHCKO-

BepT/11 BeKa HOM/IIH8flbHOi!t Bfl8CT/II

npecTaHHble pa3/],0pbl Me)f(/],y H/IIM/11

/],/IIH8CT/II/II XaHb 6blfl BOeH8'-18flbH/IIK

yaenl!l'-1/llfl/11 B03MO)f(HOCTI!I aapaap-

CTOfll!lf4ei/t

Lf.ao Lf.ao.0/],H8KO 60flbW/IIHCTBO pe-

CKI!IX Ha6e/OB no 0Kp81!1H8M K/IITai!J-

ni!IKe MOiyll{eCTBa ( OKOflO

1/IIOHOB /O)f(Hee peK/11 RH/43bl OTK838-

CKOi!t

6blfl0

3TO npi!IMOpCKOe IOCYJ1.8PCTBO Ha-

fl/11Cb np1!13H8Tb e/O Bfl8CTb. nb/T8RCb

H8'-18flOM 3pbl aHapX/11/11, KOTOpaR

npaBflRflO TOpiOBb/e /II pa3Be/],b/B8-

pacnpOCTpaH/IITb f4eHTp8fl/1130B8H-

npo/l,Ofl)f(anacb, nepeMe)f(aRcb KpaT-

TeflbHb/e 3KCne/],/llf4/ll/ll B /ITH/1,/IIMCK/IIi!t

HYIO Bfl8CTb /],8flbWe Ha 101, OH no-

K/IIM/11 nepl!lo/],aM/11 Ml!lpa, no'-IT/11 Lfe-

OKeaH.

cnan aaepx no peKe aoeHHY/0 cj)no-

Tblpe CTOfleT/IIR.

TI!Ifl/1110, a 6/IITBe y KpacHoi!t CKanbl

(208

f4/IIB/IIfl/1138f4/ll/ll.

Ha 1010-Boc-

3TO

B/],Oflb MOpCK0/0 6epe1a OT /],Ofl/11-

3anl!laa ( coap. 3ani!IB EaK6o);

e1o

6blfl HaHKI!IH. Ha

250

1.)

234-264 rr. YnAAOK WY. noc-

220-234 rr. B03BbiWEHVIE

ne cMepTI!I '-IJKYI3 f7RHa f4apcTBo Wy

Me/],fleHHO KflOH/IIflOCb K 38K8TY /II B

OT cjJnoTa K08fl/llf4/ll/ll /O)f(Hb/X KHR-

CTOfl/llf4ei/t B lf3H/l,y( COBp. npOB/IIH/4/IIR

KOHf4e KOH/408 6blfl0 38BOeB8HO B3i!J-

)f(eCTB.

Cbi'-IY8Hb) 6blfl8 OCHOBaHa 1710 53eM,

CK/IIM nonKOBOJ1.f4eM Cb!Ma RHeM. noc-

220-280 rr. TPOEU,APCT-

nOTOMKOM 60KOBOi!t fl/IIH/11/11 CeMb/11

ne 3TO/O nopa)f(eH/IIR OCTaTK/11 apM/11/11

XaHb. BbiCWI!IX pac14BeTa /II MOryll{e-

illy, no acei!t B/11/1,/IIMOCTI!I, a

CTBa ( 223-234 II.) f48PCTBO

illy /1,0-

/],eH/11/11 ceMei!t, Lfepe3 TypKeCTaH 6e-

Hem /113 I!IMnepampoa XaHb /II o6bR-

CT/11/flO np/11 Befl/IIKOM nOflKOBO/],f4e /II

)f(8fll!l Ha 3ana,IJ,, a nepc/1110, no/1, npe/1,-

BI!In ce6R nepBbiM npaBI!ITeneM /1,1!1-

6neCTRU{eM npeMbep-MI!IH/IICTpe

BVIE.

1.) noTepneawy10 nopa)f(eHI!Ie

nocne cMepTI!I Lf.ao Lf.ao

CbiH Lf.ao nai!t H/113flO)f(l!lfl nocne/1,-

HacT/111!1 Bai!t

(220

1.). nocKOflbKY

OcaAa KpenocTI1. Cl.leHa anox11 Tpoe1.1apcTBI1S1. K11Tai1cKaSI KCI1110rpa11S1

WY./1,1!1HaCTI!IR Wy(Mn/11 WyXaHb)

lf)f(}'l3f7RHe

(181-23411.}.

noeA11HOKn01lKOBOAI.IeB.CI.IeHa anox11 Tpoe1.1apcTBI1S1. K11Tai1cKaSI KCI1110rpa11S1

conpoao)f(-

BOJl.I!ITenbcTBOM X8HbCKOIO npi!IH/48, BOWe/],We/0 B nepC/11/],CK}'/0 /IICTOp/1110

Cpa>KeHI1e Ha peKe SIH1.13bl. Cl.leHa anox11 Tpoe1.1apcTBI1S1. K11Tai1cKaSI KCI1110rpa11S1

370

YnA)J.OK PlllMA 111 B03BbiWEHII1E KABAJlEPII1111. 200- 400 rr.

KHTai:fCKHi:f reHepan BblcrynaeT H3 CTOnH!4bl no npHK33Y HMneparopa AIISI «YMHpOTBOpeHHSI» IOlKHbiX npOBHH!4HH

371

BOCTOYHA~ A3V1~ no/1, I!IMeHeM MaMro. OH/11 npeJVIOJK/11n/11 ycnym Wanypy

38XB8T/IIfl/ll /II y61!1fl/ll Jl.BYX K/IITai!JCK/IIX

KOTOPbli!t /!IX xo-

/IIMnepaTOpOB (311 1!1316 11.}.

317-420 rr. BOCTO'"IHASI AVIHACTVISI LI,3VIHb. 1/13/HaHHble 1!13

powo npi!IHRn. HecKonbK/IIM/11 ro/],aM/11 no3JKe Cb!Ma flHb, K 3TOMY apeMeH/11 YJKB I!IMnepamp KI!ITaR, Hanpaal!ln Wa-

CBO/IIX ceaepHb/X CTOfl/IIU,, U,3/IIHbCK/IIe

nypyTpe6oaaHI!Ie: nl!16o BbiJ1.8Tb MaM-

I!IMnepaTOpbl noKI!IHynl!l CeaepHbli!t

ro /II ero npl!laepJKeHu,ea, nl!16o roTO-

KI!ITai!t /II ocen/11 /OJKHee flHU,3bl, a HaH-

BI!ITbCR K K/IITai!JCKOMY BTOPJKBH/1110.

KI!IHe, OCHOB8B 3/],BCb BOCTOLfHY/0 /],/II-

Wanyp, KOTOpbii!t B npeJJ.aBBP/111!1 BOi!t-

H8CT/II/O L1,31!1Hb, Bfl8CTb KOTOpof!t O/-

Hbl C PI!IMOM XOTBfl COXpaH/IITb XOpO-

paH/IILf/IIB8fl8Cb IOJKHbiM KMTaeM.

W/IIe OTHOWBH/IIR C KI!IT8BM, npOCTO

317-589 rr. AHAPXVISI B CEBEPHOM KVITAE. CeaepHbli!t KI!ITai!t

omcnan MaMro /II ero fl/0/l,ei!t a ApMeH/1110, a 3aTeM I!IHcjJopMI!Ipoaan Cb!Ma

Tenepb OKOHLf8TBflbHO OK838flCR no/],

flHR, 'ITO Te nocnaHbl «Ha aepHy/0 ll!l-

anacTb/0 aapaapoa l!lfl/11 /!IX npRMbiX

c nono-

6enb» Ha «Kpaf!t CBBT8». 0'-IBB/11/],HO,

noTOMKOB 6onee '!eM Ha/],aa

BI!IHoi!t CTOflBT/IIR. 3TO 6blfl nep/110/],

anonHe YJl.OBneTaopl!lno KI!ITai!t-

cKoro I!IMnepampa.

xaoca, /],/IIH8CT/IILfBCK/IIX pa3/],0pOB,

265 r. nOSIBnEHVIE AVIHACTVIVI U,3VIHb.

6ecnpecTaHHbiX cpaJKeHI!Ii!t acex

3axaaTI!IB aai!tcKI!Ii!t

BCBM/11, npl!lfl/1188 BCe HOBb/X /II HOBb/X

TPOH, Cb!Ma flHb YLfPBJl.l!lfl Jl.I!IHaCT/1110

BOflH BapaapOB-KOLfBBH/IIKOB /II Lf8C-

L1,31!1Hb, 06bRB/IIB ce6R nepBb/M /IIMnepaTOpOM no/1, I!IMeHeM

Y /1,1!1.

TeM oH 3aaoeaan u,apcTBo

KOHLfi!ITb Tpoeu,apcTBI!Ie (280 1.}.

290-316 rr. B03BPAW,EHVIE CMepTb

Y /1,1!1

ana/],eHI!IR L1,31!1Hb. Cpe/1,/11 KOLfeBH/11-

LfT06bl

apeMeHHO o6be/1,/IIH/11Tb KMTai!t /II 3a-

K XAOCY.

Tb/X Ha6eroa Ha yu,eneawl!le /OJKHble

3a-

KOB noHaLfany npeo6na/],anl!l C/OHHY,

HaKaaaHI1e ceeepHbiX eapeapoe. Cl.leHa anox11 Tpoe1.1apcTBI1S1. K11Tai1cKaSI KCI1110rpa<J>I1S1

CKOe nneMR U,3RHb ( OKOflO 350 1.).

370 r. OTBOEBAHVIE Cbi'"IYAHVI.

cTana C/111-

HanoM K HOBOi!t BCnbiWKe lp8JK/],8H-

38TBM /],OM/IIHI!IpOB8Tb CT8fl0 T/116eT-

OK83b/B8fl0Cb YJKB H/IIK8KO/O conpo-

Ha'!ano o'!eHb Me/],neHH0/0 /II

nocTeneHH0/0 B03Bb/WBH/IIR BOC-

CK/IIX aoi!tH. Ha /Oro-3ana/],e o6pena

T/IIBflBH/IIR, /II BCKOpe OH/11 YJl.BPJK/1188-

TOLfHb/X lfi!IH 6blfl0 OTMBLfBHO 38BOe-

HB38B/IIC/IIMOCTb Cb/LfY8Hb ( 3041.); Ha

fl/11 66nbWYIO Lf8CTb CTpaHbl K ceaepy

B8H/IIBM CbNyaH/11 leHepanoM XyaH

ceaepe Ha6e/aM KOLfBBH/IIKOB He

OT flHU,3bl. /yHHbl nocne/],OB8TBflbHO

83HBM.

noXOA Ha CT011111.1Y B CMYTHOe BpeMSI TpOel.laPCTBI1SI

372

YnA)J.OK PlllMA 111 B03BbiWEHII1E KABAJlEPII1111. 200- 400 rr.

CbiMa 1.\ao, 3HaMeHHTbllii nontroBOAel.\ apeMeN TpoeuapCTBHSI, XHTpoCTbto cnacaeT ocaJKAeHHYIO IQ)enoCTb

383 r.

nOPA)f(EH~E l..l3SIHE~.

BroprweecR Ha reppwop11110 ~apcrea i.J3MHb eowcKo ~3RHew no.a npe.aeo.aMrenbcreoM npae111renR (J)y i.J3RHR norepneno pewMrenbHoe nop8)t(eHMe e 6111ree Ha peKe <P9w. Bcne.a 38 reM e CeeepHOM Kv!rae BOCCTBJI/11 npOTIIIB

~3RHew

111,apyme eapeapbJ-KO'IeBHMKM, 'ITO no'ITIII cpa3y)l(e np111eeno Kna.aeHM/0 IIIX pe)I(/IIM8.

386-534 rr. B03BbiWEH~E T06A. Bereb MOHronbcKoro 111!1111 TIOPKCKOTO nneMeH/11 CRHb6111, nneMR ro6a crano renepb rocno.acrey10-

11.1ew cMnow e CeeepHoM Kvirae. Ha3b!BBR ce6R ceeepHOW .fliiiHBCT!IIeW B9w, OHM y.aep)I(IIIBBJIIII no'ITIII eecb pemoH, ne)I(Bll.IIIIW K ceeepy or >lH~3bl, BK!110'18R 3H8'1111TeflbHb/e TeppiiiTOP/11111 coepeMeHHow MoHron111111 111 Cpe.aHew A3111111.

Cpa}f(eHHe KHTaliicKHx apMHiii snox11 TpoeuapcTBHSI

VII

PAHHEE CPEAHEBEKOBbE 400-600

22.

BOEHHhiE TEH;J:EHIUllf Ha 3TO a peMfl npuxo,D,MTCfl OJJ.MH

K nnefi,D,e aenMKMX nonKOBOJJ.I4eB.

1113 aenw~aiflwux n o aopoToa MMpo-

J],OCT8T04HO IIICKyWeHHbiM B npMMe-

BAPBAPbi-HAEMHHKH

aoifl MCTOPMM: pacna,D, pa3narai0-

HeHJIIIII 06be,D,JIIHeHHbiX pO,D,OB BOMCK

I.J..Ieiflcfl 3ana,D,Hoifl PuMcKoifl MMne-

Hapcec y4MflCfiMCKYCCTBY ae,D,eHMfl

8 H84ane VB. 80CT04Hafl Ill 3a -

aoifiHbl MMeHHO y Benu3apMfl, He-

na,D,H8fl PMMCKMe MMnepuu ace 4a1.1.1e

Cl4eHe 80CT04HOM B Ka4eCTBe e,D,JIIH-

B3upafl Ha TO napa,D,OKC8flbHOe 06-

111 wupe u cnonb3oaanu HaeMHMKOB.

CTBeHHOM xpa HJIITeflbHIIII4bl 3ana,D,-

CTOfiTeflbCTBO, 4TO 6 blfl n04Tlll Ha

HOMI4111Blllfllll3al4llllll. Yna,D,KY cTaporo

neT cTapwe nocne,D,Hero.

puu 111 nocne,D,y101.1.1ee fiBneHue Ha

l1x oxoTHO aep6oaanu so ace coKpa I.J..IBIOI.J..Ieecfl 4Mcno perynflpHbiX ap MeiflcKMX COe,D,MHeHIIIM lllfllll no,D,

rocy,D,apcTaa conYTCTaoaano 111 na-

C TunuxoH 111, o4eBMJJ.HO, Aa14Mifl

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377

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AJiapHx )l.ep)f(aJIC.ll CMHpHo.

6nei.LlYI.Lle/O OC06b!Miri.l1.8POB8HMRMM Hee, 6ecnpecraHHO rpeBO)I(a npo-

401-402 rr. CT"'Jl"'XOH C06"'PAET APM"'IO. B cepe.tJ.MHe

TMBHMKa 1r1 BCR4eCK/ri 38Me.tJ.flRR ero

3MMbJ CrMnMXOH npowen 3BCHe-

MMneparopa roHOPMR. TeM He Me-

npo.tJ.BM)I(eHMe, 4McneHHO ycryna/0-

)l(eHHbJMM 8flbnlritACKMM/ri nepeB8-

I.LlMe BOWCKY Anap1r1xa cMnbJ CrMnM-

fl8MM, 4T06bJ B Pe~MM 1r1 /O)I(HOIA

xoHa Bb/HY.ll.Mfllri IOTOB 383/riMOBBTb B CeBepHoiA VfranMM.

MBHCKMX l/>e.tJ.epaTOB. 0.tJ.HOBpe-

HCTOPHKH, 6mi3KHe no Bpe-

petAHCKMX 18PHM30HOB lr1 OTPR.ll.OB

repMaHMM Ha6parb BoiAcKa M3 repMeHHO OH npMK838fl 60flbWMHCTBY

MeHH K'reM C06hlTIIJIM, cqHTaJIH, qTQ

rannMM npMCOe.tJ.MHMTbCR K HeMy B

CTHJIHXOH rrpH rroMomH AJiapHxa

VfranMM.

KoHcyn CntnHXOH

378

PAHHEE CPE)J.HEBEKOBbE. 400-600 rr. npe)I(HeMy npecne.ayeMbJM pMMnRHaMM AnapMX OTCTynMn BBepx no peKe TaHap(coep. p. TaHapo)epai40H nonneHLIMM ( coep. ropo.a 6pa).

no.axo.aoe no Y3KMM M nerKo o6opoHReMbJM y4aCTKaM cywM.

6 anpem1 402 r. 6"'TBA nP"' nOJlJlEH PaHHMM nacxanb-

WMMCR OT npMCRrM BM3aHTMMCKOMY MMnepaTopy ApKa,aM/0 AnapMx 6bm Ha3Ha4eH lOHOpMeM(T.e. cpaKTM4eCKM CTMnMXOHOM) maBHOKOMaH,ay/0ll.lMM BOMCKaMM B l1.nnMpMM. nony4MB COOTBeTCTBYIOll.lMe cy6CM.[!MM, OH Tenepb B MHTepecax PMMa o6opOHRflKaK OT eapeapoB, TaK M OT apMMM BocT04Hol4 PMMCKol4 MMnepMM- 9TY npOBMHLIMIO, KOTOPYIO paHbWe y,aep)I(MBan .anR KoHcTaHTMHononR.

ll"'"'.

Hb/M YTPOM KOHHMLia CTMflMXOHa aTaKOBana rOTOB, 3aCTaBAnapMXa BpacnnOX. Bee )l(e eMyy.aanocb npMeecTM CBOM BOMCKa B 6oeBOM nopR.[!OK, M .[!MCLIMnflMHMPOBaHHaR TOTCKaR KaBanepMR nporHana c nonR anaHCKMX cf>e.aepaToB CTMnMxoHa, noHecwMx 3Ha4MTenbHbJe noTepM. O.aHaKo TeM BpeMeHeM PMMCKaR neXOTa OT6poCMna newMe 4aCTM npOTMBHMKa M eopeanacb B ero narepb, Y4MHMB no,anMHHY/0 pe3HIO M 3aXBaTMB MHO)I(eCTBO nneHHbiX, cpe,aM KOTOpbJX oKa3anacb M )l(eHa caMoro AnapMxa. nocne 9TOro AnapMX 4epe3AneHHMHbJ oTcTynMn B TocKaHy, o.aHoepeMeHHO BCTynMB B neperOBOpbJ CO CTMnMXOHOMMlOHOpMeM. nocne.aoean .aoroeop, comacHo KOTopoMy AnapMX comaCMflCR OCTaBMTb VfTaflM/0 M K 3MMe yi4TM B l1cTpMIO. "'IOHb 403 r. 6"'TBA nOA BEPOHO&tl. O.aHaKo AnapMx OTHIO.f!b He

Cral)ISI HMnepaTopa roHOpHH.

Va. <l>eapanb(?) 402 r. OCA,ltA M"'JlAHA. Co CBOMMM HOB06paHI..IaMM CTMnMXOH eepHyncR e l1Tanwo (Bo3MO)I(HO, 4epe3 CeH -loTap.a MnM CnmoreH), ocyll.leCTBMB YHMKanbHYIO 3MMHIOIO nepe6pocKy eol4cK, oco6o TPY.t:!HY/0 .[!flR KOHTMHreHTa a3MaTCKOM KaeanepMM. Coe.aMHMBWMCb c no.aowe,aWMMM M3l8nflMM 4aCTRMM, OH 6bJCTPO .[!BMHYflCR K 0C8)f(.[!eHHOM AnapMXOM cTonMLie loHOPMR - MMnaHy. AnapMx CHRn oca.ay M HanpaBMncR Ha 10ro-3ana.a ecne.a 3a loHopMeM, 6e)l(aBWMM B AcTy (coep. ropo.a AcTM). 04eBM.aHo, oH Ha.tJ,eWICR pa36MTb PMMflRH no 4aCTRM M 3aXBaTMTb MMnepaTopa npe)l(.ae, 4eM cyMeeT BMewaTbCR CTMnMXOH ( T04HaR nocne.aoeaTenbHOCTb co6bJTMI4, npe.awecTeoeaewMx 6 anpenR, HeRCHa).

MapT (?) 402 r. 6"'TBA nOA ACTO&tl. CTMnMXOH npecne.aoean AnapMxa M KaK6y.am o.aep)l(an eepx e 6MTBe no.a AcTol4, nocne 4ero no-

6bJn HaMepeH OTKa3b/BaTbCR OT BTOp)l(eHMR. E.aea ropHbJe nepeeanbJ oceo6o.aRTCR oT cHera, oH nnaHMpoean nepeeanoM 6peHHepa npoi4TM B Pel..IM/0, a ony.aa e lannMIO, rapHM30HbJ KOTOpOM 6bJnM 3aMeTHO ocna6neHb/. CTMnMXOH Y3Han o69TOM nnaHe, M r.ae-To ceeepHee BepoHbJ, B y3Kol4 .aonMHe peKM ATecMc ( MnM ATeCMH; coep. peKa A.aM.[!)I(e), roTbJ 6bJnM OCTaHOBfleHb/ nepe,aOBb/MM oTpR.aaMM apMMM CTMnMxoHa. CaM )l(e OH C maBHb/MM CMflaMM aTaKOBan npOTMBHMKa C Tbma, HaHeCR eMy COKPYWMTeflbHOe nop8)f(eHMe. Cy,aR no BCeMy, AnapMX TeM He MeHee OKa38nCR B COCTORHMM CnflOTMTb CBOM eol4cKa .aocTaT04HO, 4T06bJ opraHM30BaHHO OTCTynMTb Ha BOCTOK, 04eBM.[!HO, 4epe3 coepeMeHHbJe TpeHTO MnM 6accaHo-.aenb-lpanna. Bnpo4eM, He MCK!l/04eHO TaJOKe, 4TO OH 3aKn/04Mn co CTMnMXOHOM KaKoe-To comaweHMe. loHopMI4 TeM epeMeHeM nepeHeC CTOflMLIY !13 MMnaHa B cMnbHO yKpenneHHYIO PaeeHHY, Ha.ae)I(HO 3all.lMll.leHHYIO naryHaMM M 6onoTaMM - 3a MCK!l/04eHMeM .t:!BYX

404 r. nP"'M"'PEH"'E AJlAP"'XA CO CT"'Jl"'XOHOM. 0TKa3aB-

405 r. BTOP)f(EH"'E PAAAfA&tiCA. YcTpeMMBWMCb M3 6anTMMCKMX o6nacTel4 coepeMeHHbJX nonbWM, J7MTBbJ M PoccMM, xnbJHyna, 6bJTb MO)I(eT, caMaR 6onbwaR M30 ecex eapeapcKMX MMrPBLIMM. YXO.[!R OT HeBbJHOCMMOro ryHHCKOTO .[!8BfleHMR, repMBHCKMe nneMeHa 9TOTO perMOH8 o6be,aMHMnMcb no.a npe.aeo.aMTenbCTBOM OCTrOTCKOTO KOpOflR Pa.aaral4ca. To4Hoe 4Mcno yqacTeoeaewMx B 9TOM .[!BM)I(eHMM HeM3BeCTHO; B03MO)I(HO, OHO .[!OCTMrano nonyMMflflMOH8 4eflOBeK, .[!0 TpeTM !13 KOTOpbJX 6bJnM BOMH8MM. npeo6na,aanM cpe,aM HMX B8H.[!8flbl, CBeBb/ M 6ypryH.[!bl, O.[!HaKO HeMano 6bJnO M TOTOB, M 8n8HOB, M npe,acTaBMTenel4 .apyrMx nneMeH. AnbnbJ OHM nepeceK!lM, BM.[!MMO, n03.[!HO, M nOTOMY npoeenM 3MMY B .[!OflMHe peKM no. CTMflMXOH, He pacnonaraBWMM CMfl8MM, .[!OCT8T04Hb/MM, 4T06bJ M3TH8Tb B8pBapOB, BHMM8TeflbHO H86nfO,aan 38 HMMM. CTHJIHXOH onJITh Bhi3BaJI Ha UOMOII.Ih BapBapoB H3-3a AJihn. ryHHhi JIBHJIHCh UOA npeABOAH'reJihCTBOM YJihAHHa, rOTh!- Capa, a KpoMe HHX 6hiJIH TaJCKe H aJiaHhl. CTHJIHXOH CTJIHYJI B THUHH TPHAUaTh noJIKOB pHMcKoti apMHH.

406 r. PAAAfA&tiC AB"')f(ETCSI HA tor. OcTaBMB 48CTb eol4cKa Mno4TM BCeX HOHKOM6aT8HTOB Ha CeBepe, Pa.aaral4c eo maee npM6nM3MTenbHO nonOBMHb/ MflM TpeTM CBOMX BOMHOB - ecero .ao 70 TbJCR4 4enoeeK - HanpaBMflCR B 4eHTpanbHYIO l1TanMIO. CTMnMXOH, no.a KOMaH.ao-

379

EBPOnA V1 CPE,lJ.V13EMHOMOPbE B8Hl1eM KOTOPOIO H8XO.ll.l1fl0Cb Tenepb oKono

TbJCfl'l qenoBeK -

nocb npoBecrM CKB03b nopfiJI.Kl1 Ma-

HbJX oKonaMM 6noKray3oB. BcKope

noJI.l1CUMnnl1Hl1POB8HHbJX repM8H-

IOflO.ll. Bb/HY.ll.l1fl repM8HUeB C.l1.8TbCfl; Pa.aaraiiic 6bm K83HeH, aero oc-

Tb/Cfl'l nell10HepOB, IYHHCK8fl

UeB xopowo oxpaHfleMbJiii o6o3 c

KOHHMUa YnbJI.MHa 11 qacr11 anaHcKoiii

npoBl13l1eiii. BooJI.yweBneHHbJe no-

raBwMecfl B )Kl1Bb/X BOl1Hb/ npOJI.8Hb/

l1 IOTCKOiii K8Banepl1l1 -

.ll.Bl1HYflCfl

fiBneHMeM JI.e6noKl1PYJOll.leiii Pl1M-

Bpa6CTBO.

406 r. OCA/J,A. JJOPEHI...l"'"'·

)1(8fll1 CTOiiiKO 060pOHf/TbCfl, TOI.l1.8

BoiiicKa PaJI.araiiica ocaJI.MnMropoJI.,

K8K Crl1nl1XOH B CB0/0 O'lepeJI.b 6no-

l1 )Kl1Tenl1 H8XO.ll.l1fll1Cb }0/(e H8 IP8-

Kl1POB8fl B8PB8POB, no npl1Mepy

Ha6pan B CBOIO APY:>KHHY

Hl1 IOflO.l1.8, KOI.l1.8 CTl1fll1XOHY Y.l1.8-

L(e38pfl COOPY.ll.l1B fll1Hl110 CBfi38H-

qeJIQBeK, KOTOphle Ha3BaHbi

H8BCTpeqy B8pBapaM.

-----._____

1--

cKoiii apMl1l1 cpnopeHTMiiiUbJ npoJI.on-

Hanpa&lleHMA nepecueHMM M Ha6ero~

nne:-~eH

aHrlloe. ca~<coa M~'98

8eCTf0101

...,_ -

ath1HaHH08

-c==:::J

pyr~e a

~ · · • ••

oae.apo.s

ISiiH.QaiiOS

ceeaoe

..,.....-. lliHroOapaot

tceftbTOB: CKOTT06 H 6plllT08

~ CllaBSH\

~paHJtOB

~ HatpytMeB

CBEBbl A naubl

nn<~<•a

PaMOHtA apeMtHHOro oce.oaHMSI n.aeHeH

CBEB b l PaHOMbl

IC:::::I

IV e.

noaoro

p&ecer~eHMSI nAeHeH

8fta,J(:HMA f'fttHO& OpM ATTM ..

OK. 450

P~.MCKOA MMnep~tM a 395 r .

nneweH~

Thlc11q

0JIHM-

r===J

KtJibTW

rocyA8P<"T8tHHWt

t::::J

c=J c=J

Hil 3ana.aHyiO "

[==:J 6alltbl [==:J Becnorbl

Cuat:tuCt~He rille.Meha

OypryHAO•

repMattettMC:

•

...,.._

fpaHMUa pal.J.ella

oC::=:==J repy~oa

anaHoa

qHcna cAaB-

rpaHMU_bt P"MCKOM 11Nnep11M 8 kOKUC IV e.

f)'KH08 •

OClrOt08

H3 OrPO:MHoro

IIIHxc11 H B311ThlX B rrneH CTHJIHXOH

061),e30~HNII .Ha

teppMtOpMM OblaUtel\ PttMCKOA MMOti)MII I 454r.

soc:ro'IHaA PMMCKaA MMMPKA

KopoAeecno ueeoe {c 411 r.) K.opoAeacTeo aectroto& {e 418 r .)

C=:J

Kopolleacr&o ea)(tluo& (G 435 r.)

~ KopoJreaeJ&o a.UHOt (c •42 r.) c=J Koponeacrao OypryH.IIO& {e 443 r.) KopoJJeatTao CiHIK~o~ec.KMX q>paHI(Oa (c 4-46 r.)

~ Koponea.tno ocrroTOB (c 454 r.)

x 378

Mecta "roAw aalltHdwMA cpaHtetMA

Macw•aO 1:11 500 000 175

(ae3erort~~)

Oc.mnbl (ocrporotbl)

3anaw.u PH)oltkafl 'II.MneplUl

[==:J

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B~IO'fH).tO

e:1

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380

PAHHEE CPE)J.HEBEKOBbE. 400-600 rr. TilHHH BOi!ICKa OTKa3aJIHCb OT roHOpHSI H BhiCTaBHJIH OAHOro 3a APYrHM rpex rrpereHAeHTOB Ha HMnepaTopCKHI!I CaH. ,ll;Boe rrepBbiX 6hiJIH y6H-

Thi,aTpeTH~,KOHCTaHTHH,IIeperrpa BHJICSI C BOi!ICKaMH qepe3 IIpOJIHB B BoHOHHIO (ByJioHb), 6biJI rrpH3HaH HMnepaTopoM cHa<IaJia B CerepHo~ raJIJIHH, a 3aTeM H Ha IOre CTpaHhi.

407-408 rr. Y3YPnAU.IiiS1 KOHCTAHTIIIHA. KaK nvtwer rvt6-

repMaHCiate 33CTe:JKKH H 4>H6y.nbl IIHOAopa «OIITHMaTILMH». YHH<ITOiKeHHe opA P~ara~ca H ocso6o:K,LJ,eHHe JfTaJIHH OT CTpaniHOI!I OIIaCHOCTH yrrpo<IHJIO rroJIOiKeHHe CTHJIHXOHa, H oH IIOMhiiiiJISIJI Terrepb ocymecTBHTb CBOI!I AaBHHI!I IIJiaH -

SIBHThCSI B ilJI-

JIHpHIO H IIpHCOe):\HHHTb BCI03TY rrpe-

1Je~x--rypy K 3an~HOI!I HMIIepHH.

BenHKoe nepeceneHHe Hapo,qos

406-410 rr. MlilfPALU·1S1 BAPBAPOB 8 fAJJJlliiiO. OeraroK Pa.aaraweoBbiX non'lM~ orerynvtn 'lepe3 Anbnbl B /O)f(HY/0 repMBHM/0, .aBvtrafleb or.aenbHbiMM nneMeHaMM, eaMbiMM MHOTO'lMeneHHbiMM M3 KOTOpb!X 6b!fll1 eBeBbl, B8H.f18flbl, 6ypryH,abl M 8fl8Hbl. CronKHYBWMeb e npe.aBo.avtrenbeTByeMbiMM MapKOMMPOM <f>paHKBMM, 'l8eTb B8H.f18flOB norepnena eepbe3Hoe nopa)f(eHMe, a MX uapb ro.avtrvteK norvt6 B 6010. B noene.ay10~Me .aBa MnM rpM ro.aa Bee nneMeHa, BKfl/O'lBfl OeTBTKM B8H.f18flOB, nepenpaBMflMeb 'lepe3 BepXHMW PewH B ranflM/0, nOflO)f(MB H848fl0 onaeHOMy repMaHeKOMY BTOp)f(eHM/0 B 9TY npOBMHUM/0.

6oH, «y3ypnauvtfl KoHeraHTMHa, nony'lMBwero MMneparopeKy/0 MBHTM/0 OT6pMT8HeKMXnerMOHOB, 6b!fl8 yenewHa M, no-BM.l1MMOMY, xopowo o6eene'leHa. Ero rvtryn 6bm npvt3HBH H8 BeeM npoerpaHeTBe OT CreHbl AHTOHMH8 ,ao repKyneeOBbiX Cron6oB, M epe.avt o6~ew Heypfl,aMUbl OH rpa6Mn rannM/0 M tlfenaHM/0 BMeere e B8pBapeKMMM nneMeHaMM, KOTOpb!X }1)/(e He y,aep)f(MB8fll1 B MX onyeTOWMTeflbHbiX HBWeeTBMflX HM PewH, HM nvtpeHeM. 3anf/TH8B ee6fl KPOBb/0 o.aHoro M3 po.aerBeHHMKOB roHOPMfl, OH ,ao6vtnefl TOTO, 'lTO paBeHHeKMW .L1BOp, e KOTOPbiM OH eoeTOflfl B TBWHOW nepenvteKe, o.ao6pvtn ero MflTe)f(HM'leeKMe npMm3aHMfl. KoHeraHTMH .aan rop)f(eeTBeHHOe o6e~8HMe OeB060,aMTb t1ranvt/O or roroB, .aowen .ao 6eperoB noM, He OK838B HMK8KOW ey~e eTBeHHOW nOMO~M eBOeMy M8fl0.L1YWHOMY e0/03HMKY roHOPMIO, B03Bparvtnefl B eBow .aBopeu B Apne, 'lT06b! e HeMMOBepHOW poeKOWb/0 omp83.f1HOB8Tb eBOW T~eTHbiW M MHMMbiW TPMYM<f>». PaenpoerpaHflfl BnaeTb H8 rannM/0 M t1enaHMIO, KoHeraHTMH 386pan M3 bPMTBHMM <f>aKTM'leeKM Bee PMMeKMe rapHM30Hbl M nepeeeK fla-MaHW. C 'lBeTb/0 9TMX BoweK ero eb!H, KoHeraHe M BOeHa'lBnbHMK repOHTMW nOKOPMflM OTero MMeHM 60flbWYIO 'l8eTb t1enaHMM.

408 r. Y6lii~CTBO CTIIIJlliiXOHA. 3a y6vtwerBoM CrvtnvtxoHa, eoBepweHHbiM no MHMUMBTMBe )1(8)1(,aaBwero M36aBMTbefl or oneKM ena6oBonbHoro M eaMOfl106MBOTO roHOPMfl, noene,aOB8flO MaeeOBOe M36vteHMe npvtBep)f(eHUeB 6nvterarenbHoro nonKoBo.aua. BapBapeKMe BenoMorarenbHble BoweKa CrvtnvtxoHa noBepHynM opy)f(Me nporvtB MMneparopa, no6}')1(.aafl Anapvtxa BepHyrbefl B t1T8fll110, 'lT06b! 38~MTMTb MX M OTOMeTMTb 38 y6vtweTBO MX BO)I(JJ.fl. IIPOTIIB CTHJIHXOHa ycHJieHHO Ae~cTBOBaJia rrpH ABope HaUHO-

HaJibHaSI pHMCKaSI naprHSI, He MHpHBIllaSICSI c APYiK6ol!l K sapsapaM H B03BhiiiieHHeM HX 3Ha<JeHHSI 3a cqeT MeCTHOro 3JieMeHTa H B ymep6 eMy. CaMhiM BJIHSITeJibHhiM rrpH roHOpHH H3 <IHCJia sparos CTHJIHXOHa 6biJI rpeK 0JIHMIIHI!I, IIpOHCXOAHBIIIHI!I H3 MeCTHOCTei!l, IIpHJiera.BIIIHX K IloHry, H 3aHHMaBIIIHI!I TOr):\a BhiCOKOe npHABOpHoe 3BaHHe. YcHJieHHO HHTPH£YSI rrpoTHB CTHJIHXOHa, OH BHYIIIHJI roHOpHIO MhiCJib, 6yATO TOT HaMepeBaeTCSI IIOCa)\HTb Ha BOCTO"'Hhli!l rrpeCTOJI csoero ChiHa EsxepHSI. K qecTH CTHJIHXOHa H B orrposepiKeHHe 3TOI!I cnJieTHH, 3ocHM 3aMe<JaeT, qm CTHJIHXOH He C):\eJiaJI HH<Jero, qT06hi BhiABHHYTb csoero ChiHa (ToT 6hiJI B

rropy TpH6yHOM B COCTaBe):\BOpl.IOBOro HOTilpHaTil) . roHOpHI!I rrpH6bm B THUHH, qro6bi IIpHBeTCTBOBaTb apMHIO rrepeA rroxoAOM 3a AJibrrhi. Ho Ha qeTsepThii!I AeHb ero rrpe6hiBaHHSI B THUHHe IIpOH30llleJI crpaniHhli!l 6yHT. 30CHM IIpHIIHChiBaeT ero HHrpHraM 0JIHMIIHSI. CoJIAaThi 6pocHJIHCb H36HBaTb BCeX JIHI.I BbiCOKOro IIOJIOiKeHHSI, roHOpHI!I rrepeoAeJICSI B rrpocToe nJiaThe H 6eiKaJI OT 6yiiieBaBIIIHX COJI):\aT. HaxoAHBIIIHI!IcSI B BoHOHHH CTH-

II03)JJIEE, B VB., aJiaHbi oKa3bi-

407-450 rr. PliiMJlS1HE OC-

JIHXOH, Y3HaB o 6yHre, cosema.n:cSI c

BaiOTCSI Ha Cpe}\HeM reqeHHH Jiyaphi,

TABJlS110T 6PIIITAHIIIIO. Yxo.a KoH-

Ha<IaJibHHKaMH sapsapcKHX orpSIAOB,

Hx ueHTpoM cTa.n: ropoA AspeJIHaH

eraHTMHa 03H848fl <f>aKTM'leeKOe OeT8BfleHMe bPMTBHMM, o6perwew nonyHe3aBMeMMoerb no.a ynpaBneHMeM eBOMX MeeTHbiX, perMOH8flbHbiX 6pMT8HeKO-PMMeKMX flM,aepOB, ,aflfl 38~MTbl OT eaKeeKMX H86erOB npOBO.l1MBWMX eo6eTBeHHble peKpyTeKMe H860pb!.

KOTOphle 6biJIH IIpH HeM, 0 IIJiaHe ):\ei!I-

(OpJieaH). BHHY 3Toro HaiiieCTBHSI HCTOpHKH B03JiaraiOT Ha CTHJIHXOHa, KOTOphii!I HH<Jero He IIpeAIIpHHSIJI AJISI OrpaiKeHHSI Hana)\eHHSI CBOHX COIIJieMeHHHKOB. IJOSIBJieHHe BaH):\aJIOB, CBeBOB H aJiaHOB B raJIJIHH HMeJIO CBOHM IIOCJie):\CTBHeM TO, qTO B BpH-

CTBHI!I. BhiJio peiiieHo, ecJIH 6bi 6yHTOBI.l.IHKH IIOKYCHJIHCb Ha oco6y HMrrepaTopa, IIO~TH Ha HHX BOI!IHOIO, qro6hl HaKa3aTb HX H BOCCTilHOBHTb rropSIAOK. KofAa iKe BhiSICHHJIOCb, <ITO roHOpHI!I iKHB, CTHJIHXOH He C"'eJI B03MOiKHhiM H HYiKHhiM secTH CBOHX

EBPOnA V1 CPE,lll!13EMHOMOP6E

381

382

PAHHEE CPE.ll,HEBEKOBbE. 400-600 rr. Bo36y)K~J:eHo 6hmo paccJie):(oBaHIIe

ITOCJIOB C II3):(eBaTeJihCTBOM II CKa3aJI

o6 II3MeHe CTIIJIIIXOHa, ITPIIBJie'Ie-

Me)K):(y ITpO'IIIM, 'ITO Jier'Ie KOCIITh

Hhi K OTBery ero APY3hH, II, xoTH OHII

CT)'IO TpaBy, He)KeJIII peAKyro. OH 3aH-

He ):(aBaJIII HIIKaKIIX ITOKa3aHIIH 0 cy-

BIIJI, 'ITO XO'IeT B3HTh II3 PIIMa BCe 30-

rrreCTBOBaHIIII 3arOBOpa ITpOTIIB 3a-

JIOTO II Cepe6po, KaKIIe TaM IIMeiOTCH,

KOHHOrO IIMITepaTOpa, MHOriie ITO):(-

YTBaph II Bcex pa6oB BapBapcKoro

BeprJIIICh Ka3HII IIJIII KOH<lJIICKai(IIII

ITPOIICXO)K):(eHIIH. Ha BOITpoc OiJ:HOro

IIMyrrreCTBa.

II3 ITOCJIOB, 'ITO OH liM OCTaBIIT, AJia-

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BapBapoB Ha BOil:Hy ITponm ry3eMHhiX ITOJIKOB II HaiTpaBIIJICH B PaBeHHy. 0JIIIMITIIH, BCei(eJIO OBJia,l:leBIIIIIH BOJieH II pa3yMOM fOHOpiiH, ):(OCTIIr

)J,EMCTBIDI AJIAPIIXA IIPOTIIB PIIMA 409-410 u.

Toro, 'ITO B PaBeHHY ITpiirrreJI ITPIIKa3 apecToBaTh CTIIJIIIXOHa. Y3HaB o6 3TOM, CTIIJIIIXOH 6e)KaJI HO'IhiO B u:ep-

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409 r. BTOPOE BTQP}I(EHVIE AnAPVIXA B VITAnVIIO. OnRTb ne-

ropo):(a 'Iepe3 Bce ero Bopon, II HaceJieHIIe MaJIO-ITOMaJIY OITpaBIIJIOCh. OH

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cj)opcl!lp088fl peKy no 803fle KpeMO-

B J-rpypiiiO, a BapBaphl, HaXO):(IIBIIIIIe-

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EBPOnA V1 CPE,lJ.V13EMHOMOPbE HY/0 V1ram110. B .aeKa6pe Anapux yMep, roroBfl BTOp)l(eHue B Cu~unu10 111 B Acf>puey. Hacne.aoean eMy 3f1Tb Araynbcp ( 111n111 A.aonbcp). BO BPEM.H OC3Ahl B PnMe Haqa.JIca I'OJIO,A, H ,AeJIO ,AOillJIO AO KaHHH6aJIH3Ma. 0,AHa 6JiaroqecTHBall iKeHI.l.IHHa no HMeHH IIpo6a H3 cocrp3)1.aHHll K HecqacTHhlM IIpHKa3aJia CBOHM pa6aM OTKphlTf> HO<Jf>IO BOpOTa. 3TO cJiy<JHJI oc ~> 24 asrycTa 410 r.

AJiapux YBeJI cBoux rOToB H3 ropo,Aa, YB03ll B cBoJ;t Jiarep~> orpoMHYIO ,A06hl'I)' H 3HaTHYIO IIJieHHHUY, cecTpy lOHOpHll OT BTOporo 6paKa <l>eo,AOCHll, laJIJIY liJiaUHAHIO. AJiapux yMep B KoHceHUHH 34 JieT oT poAy. BoJKAf> roTOB 6h1JI rrorpe6eH C 60Jif>IIIHM rroqeTOM B MOrHJie, Bhlpf>ITOJ;i pa6aMH, B 60Jif>IIIOM <JHCJie HaxOAHBIIIHMHCll B ero CTaHe, Ha,AHe peKH Ey3eHT. IlocJie mro KaK MoruJia AJiapuxa CO MH())KeCTBOM COKpOBHI.l.l 6hlJia

383

3ap~>rra, peh'a 6hlJia B03BpameHaB cBoe pycJIO, a pa6hl, 3HaBIIIHe MeCTOH3X())K,AeHHe MOrHJihl, 6MJIH y6uru. IIpeeMHHK AJiapuxa, ero rrJiel'YUIHHHK ATayJii><f>, OTKa3aJICll oT 3aBOeBaHHll A<}lpHKH H rroBepHyJI B la.JIJIHIO. B ero pyKax 6hlJia liJiauHAHll, H oH ,Aepw.a.JI ee c rroqemM B Jiarepe, IIHTall Ha,Ae)IQJ,y Ha B03MO)KHOCTf> ,AOCTHrHyTh qepe3 Hee comarneHHll c lOHOpHeM.

384

PAHHEE CPE)J.HEBEKOBbE. 400-600 rr. /annMIIJ, ~eTblpbMR OCHOBHb/MM Y~BCTHMKBMIIJ KOTOpoiii RBflRfliiJCb

ATaynbcf> 111 ero eecTrOTbJ; no.a.aep)I(IIJBaeMbliii KOponeM 6ypryH.Il.OB lYHTMBpMeM M Bn8HCKIIJM /..lBpeM lOBpOM C8M03B8HHb/W IIJMnepaTOp VfoBIIJH, pMMCKIIJiii eoeHa~anbHMK 6oHMcf>Bl.lllliii (rpacf> 6oHMcpac), eapeap no npOIIJCXO)I(Jl.eHIIJ/0, Ill, HBKOHel.l, KoHCTBH/..liiJW. npiiJ38MIIJ B9TOiii 6opb6e 6bJniiJ BflBCTb H8,ll. lannMeiii M pyKa

I annbJ nnal.llll.ll.IIIM, e.aMHOKPOBHoiii cecTpbJ loHOPIIIR, Y')Ke o6ei.LIBHHoiii 111M KoHCTBH/..llll/0, HO KOTopyJO oH Tenepb B03HaMepMncR OTJl.BTb ATaynbcpy, eCfliiJ TOT OCB060Jl.IIJT lBnflM/0 OT OC-

ranna nnai.IIIIAIIIH. MeAanboH 1113 My3eSI 'iepT03bl

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C OCTBTKOM OH BepHyflCR B VfcnBHIIJ/0, r.ae BC06CTBeHHOM Jl.OMe 6bm OCB)I(Jl.eH IIJ3MeHIIJBWIIJMIIJ eMy COflJ1.8T8MIIJ 111 nocne noiiJCTMHe repomecKoiii 060p0Hbl, CTOIIJBWeiii )I(M3HM TpeM-

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412-414rr. BTOP)I(EHL"'E BECTfOTOB B fAJJJlL-110. nyTaHaR nofliiJTIIJKB lOHOPIIJR npiiJBena K e1.1.1e 0.11.HOW MHOTOCTOPOHHeiii 6opb6e B

TBflbHb/X BBPBBPOB. 0.aep)I(8B no6e.ll.Y HB.Il. VfOBIIJHOM (412 r.), ATaynbcp oTocnan ronoey y611JToro caM03BBHl.lB B no.aapOK «CBOeMy 6pary» lOHOPIII/0, nocne ~ero eecTrOTbJ 3BHRnM BC/0 /O)I(HY/0 lBflfliiJ/0 38 MCK!l/O~eHIIJ eM MaccMniiiM(coep. ropo.aMapcenb), KOTOPY/0 IIJMeHeM lOHOPIIJR ycneWHO 38/.l.IMI.l.IBfl bOHMcf>Bl.liiJW (413 r.). 3aTeM KoHCTBHl.lllliii HaHec nop8)1(eHMe ATaynbcpy, o.aHaKo BCKOpe eMy 6bJnO npMK838HO BepHyrbCR B t.1TanMJO. Bocnonb30BBBWMCb 9TMM, ATaynbcf> o6bRBIIIn, ~To lanniiJR B03BPBI.LieHa MMnepiiJIIJ, M )l(eHIIJflCR HB nnal.llll.ll.llllll(414 r.).

CMHrepMx, HO nocne ero cMepTIIJ CB060Jl.Hb/W BbJ6op H8POJ1.8 B03Ben Ha npecTon Bann11110. Pa3611JB anaHOB, CBeBOB Ill B8HJ1.8flOB, OH nporHan 111x B /anMCIIJ/0 (Ceeepo-3ana.aHaR VfcnaHIIJR), 38 ~To 6bm B03Harpa)l(.aeH loHopMeM perMOHOM AKBIIJTaHIIJIIJ, MnM Tyn-y3bJ-.Il.eRHIIJe, 03HaMeHOBaewee C03.11.BHMe nepeoro BBPBBPCKOTO KOponeBCTBB BHYTPIII cTapoiii IIJMnepMIIJ (419 r.). nocne cMepTM BannMM Teo.aop111x I, CbJH AnapMXB, CTBn KOponeM TYflY3CKIIJM (419-451 rr.). TeMepeMeHeMnnal.llll.ll.IIIR, B.ll.OBBATaynbcpa, Bb/Wfl8 38MY)I( 38 KoHCTBHl.liiJR ( 419 r.). CHHrEPHX Ka3HHJI Ae'relt ATa-

yn~><}>a oT rrepBoro 6paKa, JIHIIIHJI ITJial.IHAHIO Toro rrpHBHJiempoBaHHoro IIOJIOlfreHHJI, KaKHM OHa IIOJlh30BaJiaCJ> KaK BAOBa uapJI, H AepiKaJI ee KaK rrpocry10 rrneHHHI.IY. CKopo oH 6J>IJI y6HT; TOJ;i JKe yqacTH IIOABeprCJI H ero KpaTKOBpeMeHHhlli rrpeeMHHK, BOCCTaHOBHBIIIHli rrpasa ITJiauHAHH. TpeTHli nocne ATayJIJ><}>a uap1>, BanJIHJI, cqen 3a ny<JIIIee oTocnaTh ITnauHAHIO B PaBeHHY K roHOpHIO, KyAa oHa H 6hlJia rrperrpoBoJK)l.eHa KaK BAOBa roTCKOfO uapJI, C IIO<JeTHhlM fOTCKHM 3CKOpTOM, KOTOphlli ocTaJICJI rrpH Heli B PaseHHe Ha JIH<J-

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Holi ee cJiyJK6e

(416

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(418

6eJKa PHMa. KorAa y ITJiaUHAHH

o6JiaC'relt

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r.). 3a IIJITh JieT AO

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c HMrrepampcKHM AOMOM. Ho MJia-

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3Ta pHMCKaJI c1paHa pa3AeJIHJiacJ> Ha

(413

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qacTH, IIOJIY<JHBIIIHe xapatt'Tep HaUH-

415-419 rr. BTOP)I(EHL"'E BECTfOTOB B L1CnAHL110. no

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TOqHaJI IIpHMOpCKaJI o6JiaCTh H 3eMpi>Ie 6h1JIH yJKe 3aHJITI>I <}>paHK<Th1H . Ho CaM roHOpHli CM01peJI HHa<Je

417 r. oH 11-Jt pa3 H rroJIKOBOAI.Ia KoHCTaHUHJI- BO 2-Jt.

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385

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6e~ Hap, BparaMH. Ilo11aBIIIHit B 11JieH K KoHCTaHUHIO BO BpeMa 6ercTBa OT roTOB, Arran yKpacHJI 3TOT TpHyM<}> H 6hiJI 3aTeM cocJiaH Ha ocTpoB J1H11apy. roHopHit BepHyJicSI B PaBeHHY' H Me~y cecTpoit H 6paTOM ycTaHOBHJIHCh oqeHh 6JIH3KHe OTHOIIIeHHSI. B

418 r. y

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110JiyqHBIIIM HMSI roHOpHH, a

419

r. -

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421

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asrycToit. Ho

BH3aHTHitCKHit ~BOp OTKa3aJICSI 11pH3HaTh TPeTbero asrycTa, H B KoHCTaHTHHOI10Jie He 11pHHSIJIH 110pTpeTOB KoHcTaHUHa, 11pHCJiaHHhiX, 110 o6hi-

HOM BaneHTIIfHMaHOM Hawna y6e.IKMJ..Ue npllf KOHCTaHTIIfHOnOflbCKOM .ll,BOpe MMnepaTopa cJJeo.aoc!lffl. Kor.aa)l(e yMep loHopMifr, TPOH 3ana,aHoifr PMMcKoifr MMnepllfllf B PaBeHHe 6bm Y3YPnMpoBaH ero nepBb/M MllfHIIfCTpOM V/oaHHOM. I.JT06bJ CBeprHyTb ero C npecmna, rJJeo.aocMifr nocnan BoifrcKa no.a KOMaH.ll,OBaH!IfeM BOeHa<tanbH!IfKOB Ap.aa6ypllffl !If Acnapa (oTua !If CbJHa). r:DnoT Ap.aa6ypllffl 6bm paccefiH WTOpMOM, !If BOeHa<tanbHMK nonan B nneH. TeM BpeMeHeM Acnap cyweifr, <tepe3 AKBMne/0, .ll,OCT!Ifl OKpeCTHOCTeifr PaBeHHblllf CnOMOI._Ub/0 CBOIIfX CTOpOHHIIfKOB B ropo.ae 3aXBaT!Ifn CTOflllfLIY, CBepr M Ka3HIIffl V/oaHHa (425 r.). r:DopManbHO Ha TpOH 6bJn B03Be.IJ,eH BaneHTIIfHMa~ o.aHaKo ¢aKTM<tecKoifr npaBMTenbHMUeifr 3ana.aHoifr PMMcKoifr llfMnepllfllf CTana nnaU!If.ll,llffl, yCTynKOVr Vlnnllfpllfllf 3annaTMBWafl r:Deo.aoc!lf/0 3a nOMO/..Ub.

qaJO, roHOpHeM ~JISI BO~BopeHHSI HX B rJiaBHeitiiiHX ropo~ax HM11epHH.

IlpHBl>lKWHfi K CB060Ae B0eHHOfi JKH3HH, KoHCTaHUHit TSiroTHJica crecHeHHSIMH

HE )I{EJIA.H Jiaraa

BOitHhi H He pacl1o-

Hee BOeHHhiMH CHJiaMH, 11oaHH paccqHThJBaJI 11pHBecTH ~eJio ~!Ia

3THireTa; OH

K MHPY qepe3 TaKoro BaJKHoru 11JieH-

BCKOpe 3a6oJieJI H Ha ce~bMOM MeCSI-

HHKa, KaK Ap~a6ypHit, H co~epJKaJI

Ue CBoero uapCTBOBaHHSI yMep.

ero c 6oJihlliHM 11oqeTOM. Ap.na6ypHit

11pH~BOpHoro

BOCI10Jlh30BaJICSI CBOHM CB060~HhiM

420-428 rr. B03PO:>KAEH&IIE

110JIOJKeHHeM, qTo6bi 110~rOTOBHTh

BAHAAJ10B B HCnAHH&il. no.a BnaCTb/0 Koponfl lyH.tJ.e{JMxa BaH.aanbJ6bJcTpo onpammMcb oT HaHeceHHoro BecTrOTaMIIf nopa )l(eH!Iffl. OHM pa3611fnllf cnepBa CBeBOB, a 3aTeM !If HOBOIO maBHOKOMaHti.YFOJ..Uero pMMCKIIfMIIf CllfnaMMBVIcnaH!Ifllf KaCT!IfHa(421 r.), KO TOpb!Vr c no3opoM 6e)l(an B TappaKoH (coBp. ropo.a TapparoH), TeM caMbJM 3af/BIIfB o ce6e KaK maBHoifr cMne Ha 116epllfVrCKOM nonyoCTpOBe. no CMepTIIf lyH.aepMxa ( 428 r.) eMy Hacne.ll,OBan ero e.IJ,IIfHOKPOBHb/Vr 6paT /eifr3epllfX (428-477 rr.). no.a npe.IJ,BO.ll,llfTenbCTBOM /epMaHpllfXa CBeBbl npe.anpMHflnllf eJ..Ue o.aHy nonbJTKY CKIIfHYTb fiPMO BaH.aanoB, HO /eifr3ePIIfX pa3rpoMMn MX Ha peKe AHac ( coBp. peKa IBa.tJ.MaHa) B 6MTBe npllf MepM.ae ( 42 8 r.) .

H 3MeHy rapHH30Ha PaBeHHhi. 3ToT ropo~

cqHTaJICSI He11pHCTYI1HhiM, TaK

KaK 6hiJI OKPYJKeH Ha orpoMHOM 11pocTPaHcTBe He11poxo~HMhiMH 6oJIOTaMH, KOTOpbie SIBJISIJIHCh 6oJiee Hap,eJKHOit 3aiiiHToit, qeM CTeHhi. Ac11apy

y~anoch, o~HaKo, HaitTH 11poBo~HHKa

H 6Jiaroi10JiyqHo 11pOBeCTH BOitCKa qepe3 6oJioTa. OH oqyTHJICSII10~ creHaMH

ropo~a, KOr~a

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~aJI Harr~eHHSI. Ee3 6oa, BepoSITHO BCJie)J;CTBHe H3MeHhi, Ac11ap OBJiap,eJI ropO)J;OM, OCB060~HJI CBoero OTUa H cxBaTHJI 11oauHa. B 6Jiarol1oJiyqHoM

11epexo~e Ac11apa qepe3 6oJioTa coBpeMeHHHKH MOM

YBH~eJIH qy~o,

11pOBO~HHKe

110CJiaHHOI'O C He6a.

424-430 rr. B03BbiWEH&iiE A3U.HSI. Y3ypnaTOpa VloaHHa no.a.aep)I(MBan nonKoBo.aeu A3UIIfifr r:DnaBYIVr (390-454 1!.). Ha6paB apM/.110 llf3 BapBapoB, maBHbJM o6pa3oM ryHHOB, nocmBneHHbJX ero .apyroM, KoponeM PyacoM (Mnllf PymnacoM), OH llf3 naHHOHYIIIf npllfBen 3TO BOVrCKO B V!Taflllf!O( 424r.), npaB.IJ,a CflllfWKOM n03.ll,HO, <tT06bJ BbiPY411fTb V/oaHHa. Tor.aa A3UIIfifr HeMe.aneHHO 3aKn/O<tllfn Mllfp c nnauM.aMeifr !If BaneHTIIfH!IfaHOM M 6b!fl Ha::JHa4eH KOMaH,ay/0/..UMM pMMCKIIfMIIf cMnaM!If B lannMM. OH o.aep)l(an no6e.ay Ha.a Tyn}I3CKIIfM KOponeM Teo.aopMXOM npllf Apne (425 r.) !If TeM npeceK BeCTIOTCK'j/0 nonbrTKY 3aBOeBaTb npoBaHC. 3aKJ1/0'-/MBC Teo.aopMXOM Mllfp, oH B HecKonbKO KaMnaHMifr no.aaBMn ¢paHKOB !If .apyrllfe BTOpiW!IfeCf/ B npOBIIIHL.IIIf/0 nneMeHa, BOCCTaHOBIIfB PYIMCK'j/0 BnaCTb Ha.IJ,O BCeifr /ann/.1eifr, 3a llfCKn/O<teH!IfeM BecTroTcKoifr AKBIIfTaHIIfllf ( 430 r.).

423-425 rr. Y3YPnAU.HSI &IIOAHHA. nocne CMepTIIf KoHCTaHL.IIIffl ero B.aoBa nnauM.allffl 6bma oTCTpaHeHa OT CBOero 6paTa lOHOpllffl (421 !.) !If BMeCTe C MaflOfleTHIIfM Cb/-

a B ca-

11pH3HaJIH aHreJia,

611TBa pltMilSIH c aapaapaMit. Pena.e(j> capKO(j>ara l110AOBit31t

386

PAHHEE CPE)J.HEBEKOBbE. 400-600 rr. 432 r. 6"'TBA nP"' PABEHHE. Onacaacb pacry11.1ero Mory11.1ecTBa A9LIII1fl, nna~ll1.l1.111fl BO BpeMf/ OCE(l1bl l111nnoHa OT03Bana 6oHII1cf>aLIII1fl 1113 Acppii1KII1. Hanpaenf!BWII1WCfl 1113 l1Tanll1111 B lann11110 A9~111VI norepnen peWII1TenbHoe nopa)l(eHII1e or 111MneparopcKII1X Cll1n nOJJ. KOM8HJJ.OB8HII1eM bOHII1cpa/..1111fl 111 6blfl Bb/HY/KJJ.eH 6e)l(aTb B naHHOHII110, 'lT06bJ 111CKaTb y6e)I(II11..Ua y CBOII1X CTapbJX .ll.PY3eVt ryHHOB. 0JJ.HaKO bOHII1cf>aLIII1Vt B 9TOM Cp8)1(eHII1111 6blfl CMepTenbHO paHeH ( B03MO)I(HO, nll1'lHO A9~111eM) 111 BCKope yMep.

433-450 rr. B03BPAW.EH"'E A31..l"'SI K BJlACT"'. BepHyBWII1WCfl 1113 naHHOHII1111 BO maBe MHOTO'lii1CneHHOW ryHHCKow apMII1111, A9LIII1W BHOBb Bowen B Mll1nocTb 111 JJ.8)1(e nony'lll1n or nnaLIII1.l1.111111 TII1Tyn nBTPII1L1111fl. CraB cpaKTII1'leCKII1MnpaBII1TeneM 3anaJJ.HOWFMMCKOWII1Mnepii1~0H38Kn/O'lll1n

BaneHTHHHaH Ill, ranna nnai.IHAHSI"' roHopHSI. MHHH3T10p3 H3 30no~eHOM CTeKIIe

428 r. BOCCTAH"'E 60H"'<l>ALl"'SI. Bo BpeMf! KparKoro ~apcrBo足 BBHII1fl y3ypnaTOpa VfoaHHa bOHII1cpa~MI/i ocranca BepHbJM BaneHntHII1aHy

111 nnaLIM/1,111111, 3a 'lTO 6blfl B03Harpa)l(JJ.eH npaBneHII1eM B Acppii1Ke. 4yBcreya, 'lTO ero enll1f!HII1e Ha nnaLIII1.l1.111/0 noJJ.opeaHo A9~111eM, a ra/OKe ocKop6neHHbJW 111MneparopCKOW HeJJ.OOLieHKOW cBoew npeJJ.wecrBoeaewew cny)l(6bJ TPOHY, bOHII1cp8~111Vt BOCCTan, npii13BaB Ha nOMO/..Ub B8HJJ.ana lee13epii1X8. IIPABH1EJib A<}lpHKH BoHH<}laUHj;t IIOMep)KHBaJI ,u_o6pble OTHOIIIeHHli C IJJiaUH..U,Hej;t H CCY)KaJI ee ,u_eHhraMH, Kor,u_a oHa Bpa)K..U,OBaJia c roHOpHeM H BhlH)".tK,LJ,eHa6hmaompaBHThCli B KoHCTaHTHHOIIOJih.

429-435 rr. BTOP)I(EH"'E BAHJJ.AJlOB B A<l>P"'KY. no npll13biBY bOHII1cf>aLIII1flleVt3epii1X npii1Ben

B Acppii1K)I apMII110, - B03MO)I(HO, JJ.O 50 Tb/Cf/'l 'lenoBeK, - COCTOf/BWY/0 1113 B8HJJ.anOB 111 anaHOB. bOHII1cpa~111Vt, ycneBWII1W reM BpeMeHeM noMII1PII1TbCfl c nnaLIII1JJ.II1ew, nonbJranca OT03BaTb BaHJJ.anoB, HO 6e3pe3ynbTaTHO, 111 B 111TOre OKa3anCfl BOBne'leH B BOWHY C B8pBapaMII1, KOTOPbJX caM )l(e 111 np111mac111n e npoBII1H~II1/0. /eV/3epii1X JJ.B8)1(JJ.bl pa36111n ero BowcKa 6n1113 JJ.peBHero ropoJJ.a l111nnoHa Per111a ( coBp. ropoJJ. AHHa6a B An)l(ll1pe; 430 r.), a 3aTeM nocne 'leTblpHaJJ.LiaTII1MeCf/'lHOW OCaJJ.bl 3aXB8TII1n ropOJJ. ( 431 r.)- BO BpeMf/9TOWOC8JJ.b/ CKOH'lBnCfl CB. ( B npaBOCnaBII1111- 6na)l(eHHbJW) ABryCTII1H, enll1cKon l111nnoHCKII1W. Bocnonb30BaBWII1Cb BHyTpeHHII1MII1 nonii1TII1'leCKII1MII1 111 penll1rii103HbJMII1 pa3HomaCII1f!MII1, BaHJJ.BnbJ BCKOpe OBnBJJ.enll1 Bcew CeBepo-3anaJJ.HOW Acppii1KOW, 3a 111CKn/O'leHII1eM BocTO'lHOW HyMII1.l1.111111(coBp. TyH111C).

JJ.OTOBOp C /eV/3epii1XOM, nOJJ.TBepJJ.II1BWII1Vt BnacTb BaHJJ.anoB B CeBepo-3anaJJ.HOW Acppii1Ke, 3a 111CKn/O'leHII1eM oKpecTHocrew KapcpareHa ( 435 r.). 66nbWYIO 'laCTb BpeMeHII1 OH npOBOJJ.II1n, BOCCTaHaBnii1Baf/ 111 nOJJ.JJ.ep)I(II1Baf/ nOPRaOK B /ann111111 np111 nOMO/..UII1 apMII1111, COCTOf/BWeVt maBHb/M o6pa30M 1113 ryHHOB 111 anaHoe. OH noJJ.aBII1n BOCCTaHII1e 6ypryHJJ.OB(435 r. ); HaHeC nopa)l(eHII1e TeoJJ.opll1xy cnepBa noJJ. ApneM np111 HOBOW nonbJTKe BecrroTOB 38XB8TII1Tb npoBaHC, a 38TeM np111 Hap6oHe ( coep. ropoJJ. Hap6oHH; 436 r.). Cnopqall1'leCKII1e BecrrorcJ<Me BOWHbJ 3aeepw111n111cb noJJ.nll1caHHbJM A9~111eM 111 TeoJJ.OPII1XOM JJ.OroBopoM ( 442 r.). CrpeMf/Cb 3all.III1TII1Tb JJ.Onii1HY J7yapbl OT HOBb/X TOTCKII1X noKyweHII1Vt, A9LIII1W pa3MeCTII1n B OpneaHe KonoHII1/0 anaHoB. Ha npoTf!)l(eHII1111 HeCKOnbKII1X neT OH Ben KaMnaHII1111 npOTII1B canll1'leCKII1X cppaHKOB nOJJ. npeJJ.BO.l1.111TenbCTBOM XnOJJ.II10Ha - 111 nocne paJJ.a no6eJJ. pa3pew111n HaCTOW'lii1BbJM BapeapaM ocecrb K ceBePY or peKII1 CoMMbJ ( oKono 445 r.). KpoMe roro, A9~111VI noJJ.aBII1n Pfl.ll. KpeCTbf/HCKII1X BOCCTaHII1Vt, OJJ.HO 1113 KOTOPbJX HeJJ.onroe BpeMf! JJ.8)1(e yrpo)l(ano ero Bnacr111e lann111111(437r.).

435-450 rr. 3KCnAHC"'SI BAHAAJIOB nOJ].BJlACTbiO fEPI3EP"'XA. YKpenii1B CB0/0 BnBCTb HaJJ. Maep111TaH111ew 111 3anaJJ.HOW HyMII1JJ.II1-

EBPOnA Ll1 CPE.llLI13EMHOMOPbE eM W nocTpOMB MO~HbiM BOeHHbiM ¢noT, /e03epwx 3axaaTwn Kap¢areH w BocTO'lHY/0 HyMMAM/0 ( OKTf16p& 439 r.). Ha cne,lly/O~MM TOA OH npoM3Ben Ha6er Ha CMJ4Mnwto, TeM caMbJM nonO)f(MB H8'lano nwpaTCKOM cnaae 88H,ll8nOB, KOTOPbJe OTHbJHe 6YAYT Teppopw3oBaTb Cpe,[lM3eMHOMop&e Ha npoTfl)f(eHww 14enoro cToneTMfl. /ny6oKo yaf13WMM a TPYAHOpa3pewwM&JX npo6neMax /annww A3J4MM nonpocwn noMo~w y BocTO'lHOM PMMCKOM MMnepww. <PeO,llOCMM Hanpa awn K 6eperaM Cw14wnww ¢noT, H8Mepeaaf/Cb OT1}',ll8 BTOpTHYTbCfl B A¢pwey. 0AHaKo /e03epwx, 'ibM Moperne Ha6erw npwHecnw eMy 6oraTCTBO, ~e,[lpo 3annaTwn caoeMy co/03HMK}', ryHHCKOMY J48PIO Anwne, w TOT o6pywwncfl Ha t1nnwpw10 w([JpaKwto; 8 pe3yn&TaTe rf>nOT (/JeO,llOCMfl 6blfl He3aMe,llflMTenbHO OT0388H 8 KoHCTaHTMHonon&{CM. HM)f(e).

439-450 rr. CBEBOB B

B03PQ)f(,D,EH~E

~CnAH~~.

Yxo,ll aaH,llanoa npe,[lOCTaawn caeaaM ao3MO)f(HOCTb c6pOCMTb 6peMf/ ocna6eawero pwMcKoro npaaneHMfl. npe,[lBO,llMTenbCTByeMbJe KOponeM Pexwno0, OHM 3axaaTwnw MepMAY ( 439 r.) , Ceawn&/0 ( 441 r.) w 3aana,[lenw BCeM CTp8HOM, 38 MCKfl/0'-leHMeM npoaMHJ4MM TappaKoHcKafl t1cnaHMfl ( coap. KamnoHMfl). no CMepTM Pexwn&J{447r.). eroHacne,llHMKPexwapw0 non&Jmncfl 6&Jno 3aaoeaaT& Ceaepo-BocTO'lHY/0 t1cnaHMIO, HO noTepnen nopa)f(eHwe, KOr,lla no,[locnenw npwcnaHH&Je A3J4MeM noAKpenneHMR

BOCfOqHAH MMTIEPIHI 11 rYHHhi, 403-450 zz. 408r. CMEPTbAPKA,D,~S1. KorAa yMep ero oTe/4, ([Jeo,[locwto II 6&mo mn&Ko 7 neT, a noTOMY 6pa3AbJ npaaneHMfl 6&mw npwcaoeH&J ero cmpwe0 cecTpo0 nyn&xepwe0 wmnaHTnwa&JM BOeH848nbHMKOM, nperf>eKTOM npempwfl AHrf>eMweM. 409 r. BTOP)f(EH~E rYHHOB BO <t>PAK~IO. LJ.ap& ryHHOB Yn&AMH npwaen CBOMX CBMpenbJX BC8,llHMKOB so ([JpaKM/0, HO 6&m pa36MT AH¢e-

MMeM W BbiH}?KAeH OTC1}'nMTb o6paTHO 38 )J.yHaM. 421-422 rr. BOil! HAC nEPC~ Eill. npecne,llOB8HMfl XPMCTM8H nepC8MM-30P08CTPMMJ48MM npw SaxpaMe V npwaenw K BOMHe, KOTOP8fl 38KOH4Mnacb MMPHbJM ,llOTOBOPOM BCKOpe nocne TOTO, K8K BM38HTMMCKMe BOeH848nbHMKM Ap,[la6ypw0 W ero CbJH Acnap B&JMrpanw HecKon&KO MenKwx cpa)f(eHJIIM a MeconomMMM. nepcwfl cornacwnac& pa3peWMTb cao60AY aepowcnoae,[laHMfl xpwcTwaHaM, a TO apeMfl KaK KoHcTaHTMHonon& ,[lapoaan aHanorw'lHY/0 cao60AY 3opoacTpMI4J4aM. XPOHHCTbl coo6m:aroT, 'ITO Ap):(a6ypllii: BToprcH '!epe3 ApMemno B rrepclf)l;CKYJO o6nacTh Ap3aHeey H rrpoH3BeJI TaM CTPaiiiHhle orrycToiiieHIDI. TipoTHB Hero BhiCTYITHJI rrepclf)l;cKIDi: BC»K}:(b Hapcec (Mirh- Nerseh), HO rroTeprren rropalli:eHHe H, H3MeHHB cBo:H: Boe}{}{h[:i{ ITJiaH, rrepeiiieJI B MecorroTaMHJO. Ty):(a lli:e rrepe):(BHJIYJI CBOH BOHCKa H Ap):(a6ypllii:. Hapcec, He 'fYBCTBYH ce6H ):(OCTaTO'IHO CHJibHhiM, 3aHHJI Hncn6HH H yKpeiTHJicsr B 3TOH rrorpaHH'!Ho:H: KperrocTH. Ap):(a6ypllii: lli:):(aJI ITO):(KpeiTJielll1:i1, H KOr):(a C HOBhiMH CHJiaMH HBHJICSI Ha TeaTP Boifirhl TipoKoiTH:H:, o6nolli:HJI Hncn6HH H rrpHCTYITHJI K oca):(e ropo):(a, Ha'!aB cTpOHTh oca):(Hble MaiiiHHhl.

387

BaxpaM, ITOJIY'IHB H3BecTHe o Hey):(a'!HOM XO):(e ):(eJia, Bhl3BaJI Ha ITOMOIIU> nery'!He OTP5JW>I apa6oB, u:apeM KoTophlx 6hlJI AnaMYH):(ap, co6pan BOHcKo H):(BffHYJICSI caM B MecorrOTaMHIO. Y3HaB o TOM, 'ITO BaxpaM rrpHBeJI MHoro cnoHoB, Ap):(a6ypllii: cHHJI ocaJJY, Clli:er CBOH MaiiiHHhl H rrepeiiieJI Ha pHMcKyro TeppHTopnro. Ha 6epery EBcppaTa Bpa)K):(e6Hhle apMHH BCTPeTHJIHCh, H 6HTBa OKOH'IHJiaCh 'Ipe3Bhl'!aHHO y):(a'!Ho }l;JISI pHMJISIH. B rrepclf)l;CKOM narepe rrpoH30IIIJia rraHHKa, H l{eJihle OTpWJ.hl BOHCK 6pOCaJIHCh B peey B 6oeBoM BoopY*eHHH H TOHYJIH B BOJIHax. OcTaBIIIHecsr B rropH~J.Ke BOHCKa 6hlJIH OKpY*eHhl p:mvUUIJiaMH H rrOTeprreJIH TSI)KeJioe rropa)KeHHe. Tiorn6 ):(O e):(HHoro lJeJioBeKa OT6opHhlH OTpWJ., HOCHBIIIHH Ha3BaHHe «6eccMepTHhlX>>. CoKpaT onnchlBaeT rn6eJih «6eccMepTHhlX» TaK: «Kor):(a Y*e Ha'!aJIHCh rreperoBophl o MHpe, "6eccMepTHhle" rrpocHJIH u:apsr rro3BOJIHTh HM C):(eJiaTh 3aCa):(y. 0HH 0601IIJIH C ):(Byx CTOpOH O):(HH p:mvlcKJiii: QTPWJ., HO TipoKOITHH BOBpeMSI no):(ocrren Ha rroMOITI:h, oKpy)KHJI "6eccMepTHhlX", H onn rraJIH ):(O e):(HHoro lfeJioBeKa». Boennhle HpaBhl Toro BpeMeHH 3HaJIH rroe):(HHOK KaK 3aMeey 6osr u:eJihlX apMIDi:, H KOr):(a BOHCKa TipOKOITHSI BCTpeTHJIH u:apsr BaxpaMa, TO, no rrpeAJIO)KeHHJO rrocne):(Hero, 6hlJio ycnoBJieHo peiiiHTh

388

PAHHEE CPE)J.HEBEKOBbE. 400-600 rr. HaKOpMHTh H Bhlh)'IIHTI> IIJieHHhiX. liJiaH eiiHCKOIIa BCTpeTHJI O,LJ,06peHHe, H IIJieHHhle 6hiJIH OTOCJiaHbl Ha poAHHy. IIepcHACKH~ uap1> 6hiJI rropaJKeH 3THM rrocryrrKoM AKaKHJI H rrpHmacHJI ero K ce6e, qro6hl JIHqHO C HHM II03HaKOMHTI>CJI. C pa3pellleHHJI <Deo,LJ,OCHJI, AKaKH~ oTrrpaBHJICJI B IIepcHIO H rro6h!BaJI y BaxpaMa.

424-425 rr. nOXOAB ~An~IO nPOT~B ~OAHHA.

431 r. 3KCnEA~I..\~S1 BA<PP~足 KY. no npocb6e nnau.u.awr~ <1Jeo.aocm4 II u nynbxepufl nocnanu e noMOWb 38/.UM/.UBIOWeMy Al/>PMKY bOHMl/JBU.M/0 lj>nOT MMHOIO'-lMCfleHHb/W 3KCne.aMU.l10HHb/W KOpnyc C AcnapoM BO maee. npu6b!B B rMnnoH Peruw, o6be,aMHeHHbJe pMMcKo -BM38HTMWCKMe CMflbl no .a KOMBH,aOBBHMeM bOHMl/JBLJ.Mfl Bb!crynMflM nporue eaH.aanoe, HO norepnenu nopa)l(eHMe OT rew3epMX8, KOTOpb!W cpa3y )l(e B0306HOBMfl oca.ay ropo.aa. 5oHul/>au.Mw yexan B PuM, a Acnap eepHyncfl e KoHcraHTMHononb. ACIIAP OCTaBHJI B pyKax re~3e足 pHxa MHOrO IIJieHHhiX H B q!fcJie HX csoero AOMeCTHKa MapKHaHa, 6yAymero HMrreparopa. He BCTPeqaJI corrpOTHBJieHHJI, BaH,LJ,aJibl B3JIJIH H COJKrJIH KpeiiOCTh rHIIIIOH, H3 KOTOpolt HaceJieHHe pa36eJKaJIOCh 3apaHee, H IIpO.Ll,OJIJKaJIH IIO,LJ,qHHJITh ce6e CTpaHy. PaseHHCKHltABOp Haqan rreperosophl C relt3epHXOM, H B 3aKJIIOqeH ,LJ,orosop,

435 r.

6hiJI

no KoropoMy

HMIIepaTOp IIpH3HaJI BaH,LJ,aJIOB BJiaCTHTeJIJIMH 3axBaqeHHhlX HMH o6Jia-

CTe~, a re~3epHX o6JI3aJICJI Bblno11'fi1U43 ryHHOB

IIJiaqHBaTb qacTb B3HMaeMhiX C HaCeJieHHJI rro,LJ,arelt. Kap4>areH ocTaJI-

pHMCKO~

B CBJI3H c co6hiTHJIMH 3TO~ so~足

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POflbren~-taoBAp,aapm<, 6b!BWMiiinpaeoiii pyKoiii ArrMnbl np111 WanoHe, pa3rpoMMn eoiiicKo 111 y6111n Cb!Ha Arr111nb1 UnnaKa. ,Il,aKMR 6bma OKK}InMpoeaHa renM,aaM/11, naHHOHIIffl OCTTOTaM/11. no.a BJlaCTb/0 ,il,eHT/113/IfXa, ,apyroro Cb/Ha ATTII1Jlbl, OCTaTK/11 fYHHOB HeKOTOpoe epeMR ewe .aep)l(aflMCbHa ceoeiii reppwop/11111 K ceeepy 111 BOCTOKY OT,il,yHaR, HO /IfX Bfla.n, eH/Iffl npo,aOJI)I(afl/11 yMeHbWaTbCfl no Mepe TOTO, KaK BOCCTaBaflllfrepMaHCKIIfenneMeHa, a caM ,il,eH-

BaneHTHHHaH

Ill

TVJ3111X ecKOpe norepnen nop8)1(eHMe 111 6b!Jl y6111T B JO)I(HOiii fepMaH/11111 ( 469 r.). lfaCTb fYHHOB, Be,aOMb!X Mna,aWIIfM Cb/HOM ATTII1Jlbl, l!fpHaKOM, YWJI/11 B BOJITO-ypaflbCKIIfiii perllfOH, HO BCKOpe 6bmll1 raM no6e)l(,[l,eHbl, a 3areM 111 nomoweHbl aeapaM/11. fyHHbiii1C'ie3Jlll11113 eeponeiiicKoiii MCTOP/11111.

TEllEPb Ha cesepHoii rpaHHI.Ie HMnepHH HaCTaJIH HOBhle BpeMeHa, MeHee TIDKKHe, <JeM np~e, TaK KaK sapsapcKHe Hapoghl He 6hiJIH o6beAHHeHhi CHJibHOJ:i e.LJ,HHOJ:i BJiaCThiO, a npeeMHHKH H HacJieAHHKH ATTHJihi pa36HJIHCb Ha CBOH YJIYCI>I. rpo3HhlH o6pa3 ArrHJihl 61>1JI 3ane<JaTJieH B 3anHcSix COBpeMeHHHKOB H OCTaJICll JKHTh B npegaHHH repMaHCKHX Hapo.LJ,OB, KOTOphle C.LJ,eJiaJIH ero UeH1paJibHhiM JIHI.IOM CBOero HapO.LI,HOrO 3nOca. Y ArrHJihl nHpyiOT, c ATTHJioit cpiDKaiOTCll H rH6HYT HX repoH, .LJ,06hlBaSI 30JIOTO, KOTOpoe TaK )Ka,[I,HO co6HpaJI HCTOpH<IeCKHii ArrHJia.

61>1 oH npasoii pyKoH oTpy6HJI ce6e JieByiO. B <J:>espaJie cJiegyiOmero roga 3a A3l.IHSI OTOMCTHJIH gsa 6hlBillHX ero opy*eHocua, roThl OnTHJia H <f>paBCTHJia; 6ygyqH B3liThi Ha CJiy)£(6y K HMnepaTopy, OHH y6HJIH ero (16 MapTa 455 r. ).

455 r. CMEPTb BAI1EHTL1HL1AHA Ill. npi116Jlllf)l(eHHbliii 111 npoTe)l(e A9~111R nerpOHIIfiii MaKCIIfM, opraH/1130BaBWIIfiii y6111iiiCTBO 111Mneparopa, 38XB8TIIffl TPOH 111 np111Hy,a111n K3aM'Y)/(eCTBY e.aoey BaneHTMHMaHa Ee.aoKC/1110. Kor,aa OH OTKPblfl eiii CB0/0 BllfHOBHOCTb B y6111iiicree BaneHTMHMaHa, 06bfiCHf/R 9TO CTpaCTHOiii Jli060Bbl0 K He iii, rop.aaR,ao% ct>eo.a ocMR o6parMnacb 3a noMO/.Ub/0 K eaH,aany reiii3epMxy.

2-16

HIOHQ

455 r. PA3fPA6-

JlEHL1E PL1MA.

HeMe.aneHHO oro-

3BaBWII1Cb Ha npocb6y Ee.aoKC/11111, feiii3ep!11X npMBen CBOiii cpnoT K YCTb/0

454r. CMEPTbA3U,L1SI. As~111iii

Ti116pa. nb/TaBWIIfiiiCfl CKPb!TbCR MaK-

nor1116 np111 06CTOf/TeflbCTB8X, CXO)I(IIfX

CIIfM 6b!Jl y6111T C06CTBeHHb!MII1 Jl/O,ab-

oH 6bm

M/11, BaH,aanb/38XBaT/11Jlll1111,aBe He,ae-

C06CTBeHHOPY<iHO y6111T CBOIIfM 3aB/11-

c KOH'iMHoiii Cmn111xoHa, -

Jl/11 rpa6!11Jlll1 PMM. 3areM OH/11 OTnflb/Jl/11

CTJIII1Bb/M noeen111reneM BaneHTMH/11aHoM

If/.

KOmA HMnepaTop cnpocHJI noTOM ceHaTopa MaKcHMa, xoporno JIH oH cgenan, <ITO y6HJI A3l.IHSI, TOTeMY OTBeTHJI, 'IT03TO BCe paBHO, KaKeCJIH

B KapcpareH, B Ka'iecree 3BnO)I(HIIf~bl 3BXBBTII1B c co6oiii Ee.aoKC/1110.

BAH,[(AJihi nogsepmH PHM coKpyrnH'reJibHOM:Y pa3rpoMy, npH KOTOpOM norH6JIO H MHOrO UeHHeHillHX naM:JITHHKOB KYJihTYPhi. BOT no<JeM:y

395

C 3THX nop MaCCOBoe H 6eCCMhiCJieHHoe YHH<ITO:w..eHHe eyJihTYPHhlX ueHHOC'reit 3aBOeBa'reJISIMH noJiy<IHJIO Ha3BaHHe BaH.LJ,aJIH3Ma. reJ:t3epHX yse3 TaK*e H o6eHX goqepeii EsgoKCHH: EsgoKCHIO H ilJial.IH.LJ,HIO, a TaK*e H raygeHI.IHll, ChlHa A3l.IHSI. YgepJKHBaSI uapcTBeHHhiX nJieHHHI.I, reJ:t3epHX XO'reJI .LJ,06HThCH 6paKa Me'tf<AY CBOHM ChiHOM ryHepHXOM H BHY'IKOH <DeogOCHll, <JT06bi nopO.LI,HHTbCH C HMnepaTOpCKHM AOMOM. OH pacc<JHThlBaJI 'reM CaMhiM ycHJIHTb CBOe nOJIO)KeHHe B Hapo)f(,!J,aBillHXCH Me)K.LJ,yHapO.LI,HhlX OTHOilleHHHX, KaK B03JiaraJI Ha TO Hage)f9J,hl HeKorgaATayJII><):> H KaK XO'reJI TOro *e BeJIHKHii BOH'reJih ATTHJia. B PHMe 61>1na aHapxHH. 9 HIOJIH TOro *e 455 r. B Tyny3e, no comarneHHIO C BeCTrOTaMH, 6hlJI npOB03rJiailleH HMnepaTopoM 3HaTHhlii H 6oraThlH ceHaTop, ranJI no KpoBH, MapK MapUHJIHii ABHT. Mapl.IHaH, K KoTOpoMy ABHT o6paTHJICH c npoc1>6oii o noMOI.l.IH npoTHB reit3epHXa, orpaHH'IHJICH 'reM, 'ITO ompasHJI B A<):>pHKY nocJia c Tpe6oBaHHeM BhiAaTb uapCTBeHHhlX nJieHHHI.I. reJ:t3epHX OCTaBHJI 3TO Tpe6oBaHHe 6e3 BHHMaHHH. MapuHaH BTOpH'IHO npe.LJ,1>HBHJI CBOe Tpe6oBaHHe, OTnpaBHB nOCJIOM apHaHCKOro enHCKona bJiegy. Korga reH3epHX npeHe6pe)KH'reJihHO OTHeCCH K pe<Ia:tvf bJie.LJ,hl, TOT nepeMeHHJI TOH H CTaJI pe3KO Tpe6oBaTb B03BpameHHH nJieHHHI.I. Ho 3TO He noMOrJIO, H re83epHX OTnycTHJI uapcKoro nocJia HH c <JeM. TaK H ocTaJIHCh uapcTBeHHhle nneHHHI.Ihl B Kap<):>areHe go caMoit cMepTH Mapl.IHaHa. Ee~eiicTBHe MapUHaHa COBpeMeHHHKH OtThHCHSIJIH TOJ:i KJIHTBOJ:i, KOTOPYIO OH HeKornagaJI reH3epHxy, Korna 61>m y Hero B nJieHy. llo OTHOilleHHIO K gpyrHM BHeIllHHM sparaM noJIHTHKa MapUHaHa OTJIH'laJiaCb TBepgOCThiO H ysepeHHOCThiO B CHJiax HMnepHH. Korga Ha BOCTO'IHOJ:i rpaHHI.Ie MHp 6hlJI HapyIlleH BTop:w..eHHeM apa6os B CHpHIO, MapUHaH Ha3Ha<JHJI MarHcTpoM apMHH socToKa Apga6ypHSI, ChlHa Acnapa, CTII)KaBillero ce6e BoeHHoe HMH B 6opb6e C BapBapaMH BO <f>paKHH. Apga6ypHii pa36HJI apa6os 6JIH3 ,[laMacKa.

396

PAHHEE CPE)J.HEBEKOBbE. 400-600 rr.

456 r. B03BbiWEHIIIE PIIIU.IIIMEPA. nocne rll16em1 MaKCII1Ma rpoH 3ana.aHow P111MCKow 111Mnep111111 np111 no.a.aemKKe Teo.aop111xa II Tyny3cKoro HeHa.aonro 3aHf!n KOMaH.aYtol1.1111W BOWCKaMII1 B rannll1111 ABII1T. O.aHaKo maeHow qmrypow Ha 111Tanbf!HCKow apeHe cran renepb Bbl,aatol1.1111WCfi rocy,aapcreeHHbiW ,aef!renb 111 nonKoeo.ae~ ct>nae111w P111~111Mep ( 1113eecreH c 456 r., yM. 472 r.), Cb!H BO)I(,l1fi CBeBOB 111 ,ao4ep111 BO)I(,l1fi eecrroroe. OH o.aep)l(an no6e.ay HB.ll, BaH,aanaMII1 B MOPCKOM cpa)l(eHII1111 6n1113 Kopcii1KII1, a 38TeM 1113rHan 111x 1113 C111~111n111111 ( 456 r.), 3a 4TO nony4111n 3BaHII1e eoeHa4anbHII1Ka (magister militum). B oKm6pe roro )l(e ro.aa OH pa36111n Ae111ra e 6111ree np111 coepeMeHHOM ropo,ae nbf!'leH~e. ro,a cnyCTfi P111~111Mep cran narp111~111eM 111 ~aKTII14eCKII1Mnpaell1reneM 3ana.aHow P111MCKOW 111Mnepll1111. npii16JIII13111renbHO B TO )l(e epeMf! PII1MCKII1W BOeHa4anbHII1K Mawop111aH, 6b!BWII1W no,a4111HeHHbiWA3~111fi, HaHec nopa)l(eHII1e eroprwewcf! apMII1111 aneMaHOB e 6111ree np111 KaMn111-KaHHII1HII1 ( 6n1113 coep. ropo.aa 6ennii1H~oHa e .aon111He peKII1 TII14111HO e Weew~a足 P111111). 456 r. BTOP:>KEHIIIE BECTfOTOB B IIICnAHIIIIO. C o.ao6peHII1fi Ae111ra Teo,aop111x II eroprcf! e l1cnaHII1to. B 6111TBe npll1 Yp6111Ke B ranii1CII1111 OH pa36111JI BOWCKO KOPOJifi CBeBOB Pex111ap111f!, reM caMbiM nono)I(II1B KOHe~ ceeecKoMy rocno.acrey e l1cnaHII1111 (456 r.). 457-461 rr. LJ.A.PCTBOBAHIIIE MA1710PIIIAHA. noca)l(eHHbiW Ha rpoH P111~111MepoM, Mawop111aH orKa3ancf! 111rparb ponb Mapll1oHerKII1. Bo epeMf! o'lepe,aHoro Ha6era o.aep)l(aB no6e,ay HB.ll, BaH,aanaMII1 6JIII13 YCTbfi peKII1 f1111p111c ( coep. peKa ropll1nbf!Ho), OH peWII1JI, 'lrO nOKOH4111Tb Crpa6e)l(aMII1 MO)I(HO, JIII1Wb YHII14T0)1(111B 111X rHe3,ao e A~PII1Ke. Ho cHa'lana oH 3a,ayMan 06be,l1111HII1Tb 3ana,aHyto P111MCK'JIO 111Mnep11110. 3acHe)l(eHHbiMII1 anbnii1WCKII1MII1 nepeeanaMII1 npoee,af! BOWCKa B rann11110, OH, npo,aBII1raf!Cb Ha 3ana.a, e Ha'lane 458 r. ecrper111n Heno.aaneKy or Tyny3bl apMII1to Teo.aop111xa II, nocnewHo B03Bpall.jaBwerOCfi 1113l1cnaHII1111,l1flfi

He 6J>IJI <)>eAepaTOM HMnepHH, He HMeJI HHKaKHX pHMCKHX qHHOB H 3BaHHI!t, KaKAJiapHX HApyrue uapH repMaHCKHX llJieMeH, H <JYBCTBOBaJI ce6SI CB060AHhlM OT BCSIKHX o6SI3aTeJIJ>CTB B OTHOIIIeHHH HMnepHH. BaHAaJihl H CJIHBIIIHeCSI C HHMH aJiaHhl npeACTaBJISIJIH HapOA BOHHOB, KOTOphllit 6b1JI pa:3)J,erieH B HOBOI!t CTpaHe Ha 80 BOeHHhlX KOMaHAOBaHHI!t. TeppHTopHIO a<)>pHKaHCKHX npOBHHUHiit rel!t3epHX pa:3)J,eJIHJI Ha TPH qacTH B OTHOIIIeHHH llOAaTHOro o6JimKeHHSI. bH3aueHa, A6opHTaHa, reryJIHSI H <JaCTh Hy-

MaHopHaH

MHAHH cocTaBHJIH yAeJI caMoro rel!t3epuxa. 3eBrHTaHa 6hlJia npeAO-

3all.jii1Tb/ CBOeW CTOJIII1~bl, 111 B 3aBf!3aBWeMCfi cpa)l(eHII1111 HaHec nopa)l(eHII1e eecrrorcKoMy Koponto. Mawopll1aH npe.ano)I(II1JI Teo.aop111xy eenii1Ko,aywHble ycnoBII1fi Mll1pa, reM caMbiM o6ner4af! ce6e o6be,aii1HeHII1e rocy,aapcrea 111 eo3o6HoeneHII1e PII1MCKOW enacr111 Ha,a ocranbHOW rann111ei1111l1cnaH111ew( 458-460rr:). Tenepb oH npii1JIO)I(II1JI ece yc111n111fi K ,l10CT!I1)KeHII110 maBHOW ~en111- BTOp)l(eHII110 B KOponeBCTBO rew3ep111xa B A~pii1Ke, ,anfi 'lero nocrpo111n e KapraxeHe 6onbwow ~nor. Kor.aa npll1roroeneHII1fi Mawop111aHa cran111 npii16JIII1)1(aTbCf! K3aBepweHII110, 3epii1X nyreM no.aeyna Ha'lan cef!Tb 1113MeHycpe,aii1)1(111Tenew KapraxeHbl, 111 e pe3ynbrare npe.aarenbcreo no3BOnll1no ~JIOTY BaH,l18JIOB 3acrarb epacnnox 111 YHII14TO)I(II1Tb Kopa6nll1 Mawop111aHa npe>K,ae, 'leM re 6bmll1 10 TOBbl K Bb/XO,ay B MOpe ( 461 r.). He o6eceypa)l(eHHbiW 3TII1M pa3rpoMoM, OH Ha'laJI HOBble npii110TOBJieHII1fl, HO renepb B l1ran111111 BOCCran P111~111Mep. 0rKa3b!Baf!cb npaBII1Tb He6naro.aapHow Ha~111ew, Mawop111aH orpeKcf! 111 BCKOpe 6b!fl Ka3HeH no npii1Ka3y P111~111Mepa. TaK 3aeepw111ncf! nocne,aHII1W KOPOTKII1W B3!1eT BOII1HCKOW cnaBbl 3ana.aHow P111MCKow 111Mnep111111.

rew-

CTaBJieHa BOiitCK)', OCTaJII>HaSI reppHTOpHSI C<JHTaJiaCJ> npHHa,D.Jie)f(aiUelit HMnepaTopy, H rel!t3epHX 06SI3aJI CSI OTChlJiaTh B pHMCf..)'lO Ka3HY noJiyqaeMJ>le c Hee AOXOAhl. IIocJie cMepTH BaJieHTHHHaHa H Ha6era BaHAaJIOB Ha PHM BJiaCTI> rel!t3epuxa pacnpoCTpaHHJiaCJ> H Ha 3ry <JaCTh CTpaHhl. KoHTPOJIHPYSI orpoMHYIO 6eperoByiO JIHHHlO H ynpaBJISISI HaCeJieHHeM, H3AaBHa npHBhl<JHhlM K MOpeXOACTBY, rel!t3epHX oqeHJ> CKOpO npHyMHO)f(HJI CBOH MOpCKHe CHJII>l H CTaJI rp030iit AJISI Bcero CpeAH3eMHoro MopS! . 0C03HaBaSI CBOlO BOeHHYlO MOIUI>, rel!t3epHX He npeKpaiUaJI CBOHX MOpCKHX KaMnaHHI!t H yAep)f(HBaJI y ce6SI EBAOKCHIO c o6eHMH ee AO<JepJ>MH. KorAa eMy YAaJIOCJ> A06HTJ>CSI mro, qm EBAOKCHSI MJia)l.IIIaSI BJ>IIIIJia 3aMY)f( 3a ero BTOporo ChlHa, ryHepHxa, OH OTOCJiaJI ee MaTh H cecTpy IIJiaUHAHIO B KoHcTaHTHHonoJIJ>. 3TO C06hlTHe OTHOCHTCSI, no BCelit BepOSITHOCTH, K 462 r. IJJiaUHAHSI BhllllJia 3aMy)f( B KoHcTaHTHHonoJie 3a pHMCKOro CeHaTopa 0JIH6pHS1, C KOTOphlM 6J>1Jla llOMOJIBJieHa eme npH )f(H3HH OTUa. rel!t3epHX HMeJI reneph HOBhllit npeAJIOr npOAOJI)f(aTJ> CBOH rpa6e)f(H. OH Tpe6oBaJI oT 3ana,n.Horo ABOpa BhlAa<JH eMy BCero COCTOSIHHSI

CAMbiM onacHhlM BparoM PHM-

HMnepaTopa BaJieHTHHHaHa, a TaK-

cKol!t HMnepHH 6b1JI uaph BaHAaJIOB

)f(e H A3UHSI, ChlH KOToporo, rayAeH-

rel!t3epHX. CMeJihll!t H npeAnpHHM'IH-

UHI!t, HaxOAHJICSI y Hero. OT HMeHH

Bhllit, KHlleBIIIHI!t 3Heprn:el!t, cqacTJIH-

CBOelit HeBeCTKH EBAOKCHH OH Tpe-

BJ>llit BO BCeX CBOHX HaqHHaHHSIX, relit-

60BaJI TaK)f(e BhlAa<JH eMy HMYIUe-

3epHX C<JHTaJI A<J:>pury 3aBOeBaHHol!t

CTBa, npHHaAJieJKaBIIIero HMne-

CTpaHOI!t H opraHH30B3JI CBOe uapcT-

paTopcKoM:y AOMY B npeAeJiax Boc-

BO Ha HOBhlX Ha<JaJiax. 0H HHKOrAa

TO<JHOI!t HMnepHH .B JIHUe 0JIH6pHS1,

397

EBPOnA V1 CPE,lJ.V13EMHOMOPbE My:JKa IIJiaUHAHH, rei:t3epHX HMeJI CBOero KaH,LJ.H,LJ.aTa Ha pHMCKHi:t rrpeCTOJI H orrpaB,LJ.hlBaJI CBOH rpa6e:JKH HeBHHMaHHeM K cBoeMy poACTBeHHHh')'.

461-467 rr. P&.11..t&.1MEP- HEKOPOHOBAHHbiVI nPAB&.1TEJlb 3AnAJJ.HOVI P&.1MCKOVI &.1MnEP&.1&.1. YcraHOBMB .auKTaropcKyJO enacrb Ha.a CeeepHoii1 t1ram1eii1, Pu~uMep o.aHoepeMeHHO rocno.acreoean Ha.ao eceM nonyocrpoeoM 4epe3 MapvtOHeT04Hb/X MMnepaTOpOB. TaK, e 461 r. oH, u.a11 Haecrpe4y CeHaTCKOW apvtCTOKpaTMM, cnoco6CTBOBan B03Be,aeHMIO Ha npecron J7u6uR Ceeepa. Haxo.aunucb, npae.aa, u nbJTaewuecR conepHvt4aTb c HMM. Map~ennuH ( no.ao6Ho Maii1opuaHy npuHa.ane)l(aBWMW K 4MCJIY cno,aBM)I(HMKOB A9~MR) yreep.aun ce611 npaeureneM ,ll,anMa~uu u nocrpoun <t>nor, KoropbJii1 rocno.acreoean e A.apuaruKe. j],pyroii1 COnepHMK, BOeHa4aflbHMK no MMeHM 3rvt.a, CTBn <f>aKTM4eCKMM npaeureneM rannuu, 6y.ay4M npu3HaH B 9TOM Ka4ecree u eecrroraMM, u <f>paHKaMu. TeM epeMeHeM npo.aon)l(aJOu..mecR Ha6em eaH.aanoe Ha MTaflbflHCKMe 6epera Bb/Hy,aMJIM Pu~uMepa npocurb noMOJ..UM y KOHCTaHTMHOnOflbCKOIO MMnepaTOpa J7bea I. Map~ennuH npucoe.auHvtncR K COI03Y npOTMB reii13epuxa, vt3rHaB eaH.aanoe M3 Cap.avtHMM (468 r.). Bu3aHruii1cKue onepa~uu npoTMB reii13epuxa B A<f>pvtKe He yeeH4anucb ycnexoM, u Map~ennuH orcrynun B Cu~unu10, r.ae BCKope 6blfl y6ur areHTOM Pu~uMepa ( 468 r.). AH<t>eMuii1 - o4epe.aHoii1 B03ee.aeHHbJii1 Pu~uMepoM Ha rpoH vtMneparop ( 467 r.), craeneHHMK KOHCTaHTMHOnOflbCKOIO .aeopa, noccopunc11 c «.aenareneM Koponeii1». YKpenue ceo10 apMMJO cunaMM ceeeoe u 6ypryH.aoe, Pu~uMep nowen Ha PvtM u nocne rpexMeCR4Hoii1 oca,abJ wrypMoM B3Rn Be4Hblii1 ropo.a. AH<f>eMvtii1 6blfl Ka3HeH, a Ha onycreewuii1 rpoH Pu~uMep B03Ben CBOIO nocne,aH/010 MapvtOHeTKY Onu6pu11. BcKope nocne 9Toro oH yMep V1 CaM, OCTaBMB t1TaJIMIO npe6bJBaTb B COCTORHMM xaoca.

461-476 rr. 3KCnAHC&.1SI BECTfOTOB. nocne cMepru Maii1opvtaHa Teo.aopux II Tyny3cKuii1 pa3opean co103 c PvtMOM u 6bJcrpo 3aeoeean Hap6oH ( coep. ropo.a Hap6oHH), BbJee.aR raKMM o6pa3oM CBOM Bna.aeHMfl K Cpe,avt3eMHOMY MopJO. OH Heo.aHoKparHo u ycnewHO npoeo.aun KaMnaHMM npOTMB ceeeoe e L(eHrpanbHoii1 u Ceeepo3ana.aHoii1 t1cnaHuu; eropranc11 OH V1 B BocT04HYIO V1 L(eHrpanbHYIO ranJIMIO, HO ecrperun .aocroii1Hblii1 ornop 3ru.aa- cnepea no.a ApneM, a no roM no.a OpneaHoM. BcKope nocne 9Toro Teo.aopux 6bm y6ur, u eMy Hacne.aoean ero 6par, 3ii1pux ( 466 1.), npo,aOJI)I(VfBWMW 9KCnaHCMIO BeCTIOTOB V1 B rannMM, V1 B t1cnaHMM. O.aep)l(aB no6e.ay Ha.a eoii1cKoM ceeecKoro KoponR PeMucMYH.aa( 468 r.), 3ii1pux pacnpocrpaHvtn CBOIO BJiaCTb Ha BCIO t1cnaHMIO, npuee.a11 o6uraewux e ranucuu CBeBOB K BaCCaflbHOW npvtCflle. B rannuu 3ii1pux ycnewHo oro.aeuHyn BeCTIOTCKMe rpaHM~b/ K peKaM J7yape u PoHe.

nora, ypo)l(eHe~ naHHOHMM, narpu~uii1 u eoeHa4anbHMK (magister militum) Opecr B03Ben Ha npecron ceoero ManonerHero Cb/Ha Po Myna Aerycryna, coxpaHMB 3a co6oii1 nocr maBHOKOMaH.aYJOI..Uero eoopy)l(eHHbiMM CMJiaMM MMnepvtM. npae.aa, ero npaea Ha rpoH He 6bmvt npvt3HaHbJ HM Bocro4Hoii1 PuMcKoii1 vtMnepueii1, HM npaeureneM rannuu CuarpueM, HM npaBMBWMM B ,lJ,anMa~MM HenoroM.

476 r. BOCCTAH&.1SI OJJ.OAKPA. nocne roro, KaK Opecr u PoMyn Aerycryn OTKa3aJIMCb y,aoeneTBOPMTb Tpe6oBaHvte OTpfl,aOB BOCT04HOrepMaHCKMX HaeMHMKOB 0 BbJ,aeneHMM MM rpeTM MTaJIMWCKMX 3eMeflb, HaeMHMKM BOCCTaJIM V1 npOB031JlaCMJIM

461-477 rr. JJ.AJlbHEVIW&.1E YCnEX&.1 fEVI3EP&.1XA. Bee npu6pe)I(HbJe peruoHbJ Cpe.au3eMHOMOPbR crpa.aanu or onycrowurenbHbJX eaH.aanbcKux Ha6eroe, .aocruraewux Ha eocroKe <t>paKMM, Erunra, rpe~MM V1 .aa)l(e Manoii1 A3MM. Hau6onbWMM ycnexoM reii13epuxa 6bmo orpa)l(eHue ( 468 r.) o6be.auHeHHbiX cun Bocro4Hoii1 u 3ana.aHoii1 PvtMCKMX MMnepuii1 (eM. HM)I(e). Bcne.a 3a 9TMM OH BHOBb 3aBOeBan Tpunonu u Cap.avtHMJO (epeMeHHO BblpBaHHb/e y Hero COI03HMKaMvt; CM. HM)I(e ), a 3aTeM 3aBoeean Cu~unu10. B a<f>puKaHCKOM Koponeecree reii13epuxa He cruxanu penuruo3HbJe pacnpu - Ha npoTR)I(eHMM 60JibWeii14aCTM ~apCTBOBaHM$1 OH V1 ero BOMHbJ-apvtaHe )l(eCTOKO npecne.aoeanu Karonu4ecKoe HaceneHue. Ko epeMeHM CMepru reii13epuxa ( flHBapb 4 77 r.) MOPCKMe CMflbl BaH,aaJIOB npaKTM4eCKM 6e3pa3,aeflbHO rocno.acreoeanu Ha Cpe.au3eMHOM MOpe.

475 r. OPECT 3AXBATbiBAET BJlACTb B &.1TAJ1&.1&.1. CeeprHyB c npecrona MMneparopa JOnuR He-

PI!IMCKI!I~ BOI!IH.

IV-V BB.

398

PAHHEE CPE.ll,HEBEKOBbE. 400-600 rr. rOTOB, KOTOphie B

493 r.

OCHOBaJIII Ha

ArreHHIIHCKOM rroJiyocTpoBe cBoe KOpoJieBCTBO BO maBe c KopoJieM TeoAOPIIXOM. 3To KopoJieBCTBO c u:eHTpoM B PaBeHHe rrpocyiiieCTBOBaJio AO

555 r. PacrraA PIIMCKoil: IIMrrepiiii B TO 'lKe caMoe BpeMH 6hm Ha'IaJIOM CpeAHIIx BeKOB II o6pa30BaHIIH Ha piiMCKOH IIO'IBe rroey<lJeoAaJihHhiX rocyAapcTB, IIJIII KopoJieBCTB.

B Te'IeHIIe VB.

Ha pa3Ba-

JIIIHax 6hrniiieil: PIIMCKoil: IIMrrepiiii CJIO'lKIIJIIICh:

rQC)'AapCTBO BeCITOTOB B

faJIJIIIII II 11crraHIIII; 6ypryHAOB;

roCyAapCTBO

roCyAapCTBO <lJpaHKOB;

4) rocyAapcTBO aJieMaHoB; 5) rocyAapCTBO OCTrOTOB; 6) roCyAapCTBO 0AOaKpa B 11TaJIIIII II 7) roCyAapCTBO BaHAaJIOB B A<lJpiiKe.

B AaJihHeil:IIIeM Ka:lli,l:loe II3 Ha3BaHHhiX roCyAapCTB B CBOID O'IepeAh pa3Ap06IIJIOCh Ha 6oJiee MeJIKIIe IIOJIIITII'IeCKIIe TeJia. Ilpou:ecc o6pa3oBaHIIH HOBhiX 06IIIeCTB II roCyAapCTB rrpOAOJI'lKaJICH AO KpeCTOBhiX IIOXOAOB (KoHeu:

B.), KOrAa CJIO'lKIIJIIICh co-

BpeMeHHhle 3aiiaAHOeBpOIIeHCKIIe rocyAapcTBa.

BocroK

450-457 rr. U,APCTBOBA-

nAellfeKa II me..eKHbiC COf03bl

IOTbl

HIIIE MAPU,IIIAHA. 200

200

400 K..

nocne OTK838

npo/l,Ofl>K8Tb nn8TII1Tb J1.8Hb IYHH8M M8pU,II18H, cy/l,R no aceMy, flii1'1HO B031fl8BII1fl nOX0/1, npOTII1B KO'IeBHII1KOB, coaepW8/0ll{II1X H86e1111 H8 CII1B /],eMCTBII1TeflbHOCTII1 CTafl nepBb/M

PII110, E1111neT ( 452 1.) 111 ApMeHII1/0

CK0/0 Lf,8pR, 0/l,08Kp KOM8H/],OB8fl

lepM8HCKII1M BOeHHb/M np8BII1TeneM

( 456 1.).

OTpR/],OM lepM8HCKII1X H8eMHII1KOB B

111Mnep111111.

IYHHCKOe RPMO, M8pU,II18H npii1HRfl

cao111M U,8peM 0/l,08Kp8. Cb!H cKwP-

111Mnep8TOpcKoi!i IB8PJ1.111111. Bo3m8-

KOI/],8 OCT/OTbl c6pOCII1flll1

111X (nO/], KOM8H/],OB8HII1eM BO>K/],ei!f

BII1B MRTe>K npOTII1B 0peCT8, OH p83-

ro.n: HII3JIO'lKeHIIH PoMyJia ABry-

6111fl OCT8BWII1eCR BepHb/MII1 CBOeMy

CTyJia II o6pa30BaHIIH Ha IIO'IBe }JTa-

P8 -

lfl8BHOKOM8HJ1.YIOU{eMy BOMCK8 B

JIIIII rrepBOrO repMaHCKOrO KOpOJieB-

WII1X OCTIOTCKII1MII1 Cll1fl8MII1 ATTII1flbl

(23

88n8MII1p8, Teo/],eMII1P8 111 Bll1/l,eMII1Tp0111X 6p8TbeB, KOM8H/],OB8B-

8BIYCT8

CTBa C'IIITaeTCH rOAOM IIaAeHIIH

no/1, W8noHoM) a K8'1eCTBe cj)e/],e-

nocne KOpOTKOi!f OC8/],bl

3arraAHOH PIIMCKOH IIMrrepiiii II KOH-

P8TOB a BII138HTII1illcKy/O 8PMII1/0

OpecT 6blfl CXB8'1eH 111 y6111T; PoMyn

U:OM aHTII'IHOrO MIIpa. 06pa30BaHIIe

( 454 1.).

co-

repMaHCKOrO KOpOJieBCTBa B liTaJIIIII

'1111TeflbHb/M KOHTII1HieHT OCTIOTOB

6111TBe

np111

476 1.).

n8BII1111

AaryCTyn Hll13flO>KeH a P8BeHHe 111

npii1MepHO TOI/],8 >Ke 3H8-

cn8H H8 6b/BWYIO Bll1flflY f7yKyflfl8 B

HBJIHJIOCh 3aKJIID'IIITeJihHhiM aKKOp-

no/1, npeJ1.BOJ1.111TenbcTBOM Teo/],o-

K8Mn8HII1111.

AOM pac'IJieHeHIIH 3arraAHOil: PIIM-

PII1X8 CTp860H8 HenocpeJl.CTBeHHO

4 ceHTSI6pSI 476 r. nAP,EHIIIE 3AnAAHOH PIIIMCKOH liiMnEPiillil. 0/l,08KP He npii1HRn TII1Tyn

CKoil: IIMrrepiiii II pacrraAa Bcex

38Bep60B8flCR B 8pMII110, KOM8H/],O-

B03HIIKIIIIIX Ha aHTII'IHOH IIO'IBe CO-

B8HII1e KOTOpoi!/ OCyll{eCTBflRfl Ac-

U:IIaJihHO-IIOJIIITII'IeCKIIX II KYJihryp-

n8p (T8K>Ke nOflKOBO/],eU, /OTCK0/0

111Mnep8TOp8. C/JopM8flbHO oH no/1,'1111-

HhiX o6pa30BaHIIH, OIIpOKIIHYThiX

npOII1CXO>K/],eHII1R).

HII1ncR B

477 I.

KOHCT8HTII1HOnOflb-

CKOMY 111Mnep8TOpy 3eHOHY 111 np8BII1fl

BapBapaMII. 0AOaKp rrpaBIIJI 11TaJIIIeH B Te'Ie-

B IITT8flll1111 K8K H83H8'1eHHb/M 3eHO-

HIIe

HOM n8Tpii1LJ,111M 111 BOeH8'18flbHII1K, XOTR

BOeBaHa repMaHCKIIM IIJieMeHeM OCT-

JieT. 3aTeM cTpaHa 6hma 3a-

457-474 rr. U,APCTBOBAHIIIE nbBA I.

06R38HHb/M BOCWeCTBII1eM

H8 npecmn no/1,/],ep>KKe Acn8p8, flea

BCKOpe OT/],8flll1flCR OT CBOeiO

399

EBPOnA V1 CPE)J,V13EMHOMOPbE nonKoao/],u,a. CTpeMRCb ocna61!1Tb ani!IRHI!Ie Acnapa, I!IMnepamp 3aMeHI!In IOTCK/IIX TenoxpaH/IITenef!t /IICaapaMI!I.npeKpaT/IIacy6C/II/],/IIpOaaH/IIe OCT/OTCKI!IXcjJe/],epaTOa(461 1.}, }/)Ke Ha cne/l,y/Oll{l!li!t 10/l,flea 6bln ab/H}')K/1,eH a0306HOa/IITb abmnaTbl, KO//],a Teo/],eMI!IP (Tenepb e/1,/IIHoanacTHbli!t npaa/IITenb OCTIOTOa) npi!IHRnCR onycmwaTb IITnnl!lp/1110. nepaoe HawecTa/lle fYHHOa, Xflb/HyaW/IIX /113 fl.aK/11/11 'lepe3 Jl.yHai!t, 6blnO OTpa)f(eHO aoeHa'lanbH/IIKOM flbaa AHcjJI!IM/IIeM ( 466 1.}; cne/l,yJOU{ee - AHa/aCTOM ( 467 I.), nOCKOnbKY a Cl!lny comaweH/IIR Me)f(/],y flbaOM /II PI!IU,/IIMepoM nocne/],HI!Ii!t a 6nam/],apHOCTb 3a al!l3aHTI!Ii!tcKyJO nOMOU{b npOT/IIa aaH/],anoa ao3aen AHcjJI!IMI!IR Ha npecmn 3ana/],Hoi!t PI!IMCKoi!t I!IMnep/111!1.

AHI1MI1M cyMeJI IIOIJ:HHTh rrpeCTIDK IIMIIepaTOpCKOrO CaHa, BCTYIIIIJI B CHOIIIeHIIH C 3K):(III(IIeM, rJiaBOH raJIJihCKOH 3HaTII, OTCTaiiBaBIIIIIM piiMCKYID II):(ero, II rrpii6JIII3IIJI ero K ce6e, oKa3hman pacrroJIO)KeHIIe repMaHCKIIM u:apHM 11crraHIIII II faJIJIIIII II rrpiiHIIMaJI OT HIIX rrocoJihCTBa. C6JIII-

)KeHIIe AByx IIMrrepiirr 6hiJIO Bhi3BaHo rrpe)K):(e BCerO C03HaHIIeM He06XO):(IIMOCTII 06IIIIIX II COrJiaCOBaHHhiX BOeHHhiX rrpe):(IIpiiHTIIH rrpOTIIB BaH):(aJIOB. IlJiaH BOHHhi 6hiJI COCTaBJieH B KoHcTaHTIIHorrone. C MopcKIIM BJiaIJ:hiKorr HY)KHO 6hmo BOeBaTh rrpe)K):(e BCerO Ha MOpe. C 60JihiiiiiMII YCIIJIIIHMII, IIpiiBJieKaH pecypCbi Ka3Hhi, a TaK)Ke II JIII'IHhie cpeACTBa AH<lmMIIH, 6hiJI CHapH)KeH orpOMHhiH <lJJIOT, KOTOphiH HaC'IIIThiBaJI ThiCH<JY CTO TpiiHa):(I(aTh Cy):(OB.

468 r. BOHHA nPOTVIB BAHAAnOB. 3aKnJO'II!Ia npoTI!Ia lei!t3epl!lxa co103 c AHcjJI!IMI!IeM ( 1!1, cne/],oaaTenbHO, CTORU{/IIM 3a H/IIM PI!ILf,/IIMepoM) /II Mapu,enni!IHOM, flea I CHapR/1,/IIn /],aa 3KCne/],/IILI,/IIOHHb/X Kopnyca. MeHbWI!Ii!t 1!13 HI!IX, ao3maanReMbli!t /epaKnl!leM, 3axaaTI!In Tpl!lnon/11, 'IT06bl ony/l,a no cywe /],ai!IHYTbCR no HanpaaneH/1110 K KapcjJaleHy Ha COe/],/IIHeH/IIe C 6onbW/IIM KOpnycoM. 3TOT, no/], KOMaH/],OaaH/IIeM I!IMnepaTopcKo/o 3RTR Bacl!lnl!lcKa, /],OCT/11/an '1/IICneHHOCTb/0

10 Tb/CR'I 'lenoaeK (aepORTHO, aK}fne Cn/II'IHb/M COCTaaOM cjJnoTa). 0Tnnbla 1!13 KoHcTaHTI!IHononR, Bac/11nl!lcK coe/1,/IIHI!IncR c Mapu,enni!IHOM /II ab/Ca/],/llnCR 6nl!13 coapeMeHH0/0 IOpO/],a AHHa6a. nocne HeCKOnbK/IIX MenK/IIX CTb/'leK /ef!t3epi!IX 3anpoc/lln nepeMI!Ipi!IR, Ha KOTOpoe Bacl!lni!ICK Hepa3yMHO comac/llnCR. noKa OHO ocTaaanocb a cl!lne, /ei!t3epl!lx ycneWHO aTaKoaan C0/03Hbli!t cjJnOT 6paH/],epaM/II /II aceM/11 aoeHHb/M/11 Kopa6nRMI!I, KaK/IIM/11 pacnona1an, yHI!I'ITO)f(l!la a pe3ynbTaTe 6onee nonoai!IHbl. CyMe a nolpy31!1Tb Ha ocTaawl!lecR Kopa6nl!l He 6onee nonoai!IHbl caoe/O 3KCne/],/IILI,/IIOHHOIO Kopnyca, Bacl!lnl!lcK 6e)f(an a KoHcTaHTI!IHononb. /epaKn/1110 npl!lwnocb 'lepe3 nycTbiH/0 oTcTyni!ITb a ElM neT. flea Mcnonb3oaan 3TOT pa3IPOM a Ka'leCTae npe/],nO/a /],flR 06a/IIHeH/IIR Acnapa a 1!13MeHe -/II caM nonKoao/],eu,, /II em CbiH Ap/l,a6ypl!li!t 6bln/IIKa3HeHb1(471 1.}.

PA3fPOM

<PnoTa BaciiJIIICKa

06bHCHHJIII ero II3MeHOH ITO COrJiaiiieHIIID c AcrrapoM. TaKOBO CBII):(eTeJih-

Bapeapbl

400

PAHHEE CPE)J.HEBEKOBbE. 400-600 rr. :>KaJia HMnepH.ll. CoJI,AaTbl ,AecaHTa

C 3eHOHOM, KOTOpbiJ;i HaxO,AHJIC.ll BO

TaM 6ymeBaJI no:>Kap.IIorn6Jio orpoM-

BpeM.ll y6H~cTBa B XaJIKHAOHe. 3eHoH

Hoe BO~CKO H MHOro Bhl)l.aiOIUHXC.ll

crrac ero, AaB B03MO:>KHOCTh 6e:>Kan B

BOeHaqaJibHHKOB.

ilcaBpHIO, me OH :>KeHHJIC.ll Haero POA-

rH6eJib OipOMHOro 4lJIOTa H Kpy-

CTBeHHHn:e. IIocJie cMepTH JlbBa Ap-

IlleHHe o6mHpHb1X Ha,Ae'.K.,A, KOTOpble

MeHpHX BepHyJIC.ll B CTOJIHU:Y H :>KHJI KaK qacTHblJ;i <JeJIOBeK.

6b1JIH CB.ll3aHbl C 3THM IIOXO,AOM, Bbi-

TapaH 111 3TOnlllAbl plllMCKOro 6oeaoro Kopa6nst

OH HMeJI ,Ao6pbie JIH<JHbie OTHomeHH.ll

xpa6po OT6HBaJIHCb B Jiarepe, HO H

3BaJIH B CTOJIHU:e CTpalllHOe HerO,AO-

IIpegaTeJibCKoe y6HitCTBO BO ABOp-

BaHHe npOTHB BacHJIHCKa, H, B03Bpa-

n:e IIOCJI)I:>KHJIO IIOBO,AOM K IIp03BaHHIO

THBillHCb B KoHcTaHTHHOIIOJib, oH

JlbBa M.liCHHKOM. Bopb6a c AcnapoM

,AOJI:>KeH 6b1Jl HCKaTb cnaceHH.ll 6er-

O:>KHBHJia CTapbiit CIIOp IIpaBOCJlaBH.ll

CTBOM B n:epKOBb. BJIH.liTeJibHa.ll poA-

c apHaHCTBOM, H rro cMeprH Acnapa,

H.ll OTCTO.liJia ero, H OH :>KHJI 3a'reM B

a 6b1Th MO:>KeT H paHbllle, 6b1Jl H3AaH

cTBo <Deo,Aopa qren:a. B no3J(Helt!IIHX

IIOJIHOM OTCTpaHeHHH OT rocy,Aap-

3AHKT, rro KOTOPOMY apHaHaM B KoH-

BH3aHTH~CKHX o6pa6oTKax po,AHO~

CTBeHHblX AeJI B ropo,Ae repaKJiee.

HCTOpHH ,AeJIO npe,ACTaBJI.liJIH TaK.

CTaHTHHorroJie 6b1JIO 3arrpeiUeHO OT-

IIpoTHBOAe~cTBHe H HHTpHrH

npaBJI.liTh 6oroCJI)I:>KeHHe B CBOHX C0-

qecTomo6HBhl~ BacHJIHC K :>KeJiaJI

Acnapa BO BpeM.ll no,ArOTOBKH A4>pH-

6paHH.liX. Bopb6a c apHaHCTBOM JlbBa

cTaTh npeeMHHKOM Ha TpoHe JlbBa I,

KaHCKoro IIOXO,Aa 3aCTaBHJIH HMIIepa-

HMeJia H IIOJIHTH<JeCI-.')'10 CTOpoHy: OHa

He HMeBmero M)I:>KCKOro IIOTOMCTBa;

TOpa JlbBa HCKaTb 6oJiee TecHoro

6blJia OTBeTOM Ha rrpecJie,AOBaHH.ll,

B03Be,AeHHe Ha n:apCTBO JlbBa 6b1JIO

c6JIH:>KeHH.ll c HcaBpaMH. OH BbJAaJI

KOTOpbie 'rep!IeJIH IIpaBOCJiaBHbie B

AeJIOM Acnapa, H TOT:>Ke Acnap o6e-

CBOIO cTapmyiO AOqb ApHaAHY 3a

A4>pHKe OT BaHAaJIOB-apHaH.

IllaJI BacHJIHccy cBoe co,Ae~cTBHe B

HCaBpcKoro KH.ll3.ll TapacHKOAHccy,

Y6HitCTBO Acnapa HMeJio CBOH

,AOCTIDKeHHH TpOHa,eCJIH OH nory6HT

KOTopbl~ npHH.liJI HM.ll 3eHoHa. B roA

KpoBaBble nocJieACTBH.ll. ITo coo6me-

,AeJIO, BO rJiaBe KOTOporo 6b1JI IIOCTaB-

IIOXO,Aa IIpOTHB BaH,AaJIOB 3eHOH 6b1JI

HHIO MaJiaJihl, MCTHTeJieM 3a Acrrapa

JieH. TaK H CAeJiaJI BacHJIHCK.

Ha3HaqeH MarHCTpOM apMHH Ha BOC-

.liBHJIC.ll ero TeJIOXpaHHTeJib 0C1pHC,

,[{eJIO BaH,AaJIOB Ka3aJIOCb norn6IllHM. ¢JIOT BacHJIHCKa 6bm cHa6:>KeH

TOI-.'e, a B CJie,AyiOIUeM ro,Ay, KOr,Aa OH

BH,LJ,Hbiit yqaCTHHK BOitHbl C ryHHaJVIH

6bm YAOCToeH KOHCYJibCTBa, JieB no-

BCeMH ycoBepmeHCTBOBaHH.liMH TOr-

:>KeJiaJI HMeTb ero no6JIH:>Ke K ce6e H

MH BopBaJIC.ll BO ABopen:. IIpoH30lll-

,AalllHe~ 'reXHHKH MopcKoro AeJia H

AaJI eMY KOMaH,AOBaHHe BO <J>paKHH,

Jio 60JiblllOe KpOBOIIpOJIHTHe, HO

BOIIJiaMeH.li!OIUHMHC.ll COCTaBaMH.

IIOCTaBHB IIOA ero HaqaJibCTBO qacTh

rOTbl OKa3aJIHCb CJia6ee HCaBpOB H

Ho Bee AeJIO, cHap.li)KeHHoe c TaKHM TPYAOM, TaKHMH 6oJiblllHMH pacXOAaMH H TaK XOpOillO 06,AyMaHHoe,

469

r. 0H CO CBOHMH CTOpOHHHKa-

IIOJIKOB H3 apMHH, COCTO.liBille~ B Be-

6biJIH BblTecHeHhl H3ABopn:a. OcTpHc,

,AeHHH MarHcTpa in praesenti.

IIOCa,AHB ce6e Ha Ce,AJIO KpacaBHU:Y

B 471

r. JieB 3aMaHHJI Acrrapa H

roTKY, JII060BHHU:Y Acnapa, 6e:>KaJI BO

norn6JIO BCJie,ACTBHe IIOJIHO~ HeCIIO-

AByx ero CblHOBeJ;i BO ABOpen:, H TaM

<J>paKHIO B MeCTa paCIIOJIO:>KeHH.ll ro-

C06HOCTH rJiaBHOKOMaH,lWIOIUero HJIH

Ha HHX 6pOCHJIHCb C MeqaMH eBHyxH.

TOB. PemHTeJibHOCTb H CMeJIOCTb,

,AonymeHHO~ HM H3MeHbl. BMecTo

Acrrap H cTapmH~ ero CbiH, Ap,Aa6y-

KOTOphle rrpo.liBHJI OcTpHc, Bh13BaJIH

Toro qro6bi HeMe,AJieHHO 6paTb Kap-

pH~, 6b1JIH y6HThl, a IIaTpHKHJ;i, XOT.ll

K HeMY BCeo6mee CO<JYBCTBHe, KOTO-

4>areH, BacHJIHCK IIOMaJIC.ll

H 6b1JI paHeH, ycneJI y6e:>KaTb. TaK 3a-

poe cKa3aJiocb B noroBopKe: «HeT Apyra y MepTBoro, KpoMe OcTpHca>>.

yBeme-

BaHH.liM XH1pOro re~3epHXa H 3a,AeHb-

KaTHJiacb 3Be3J(a Acrrapa, H He yAa-

rH AaJI eMy nepeMHpHe Ha II.liTb AHe~.

JIOCb eMY ,AaTh HMnepHH HOBYIO AH-

lfCh')'IlleHHbl~ B MOpCKOM,AeJie re~3e

HaCTHIO BapBapcKo~ KpoBH. Ero

pHX BHAeJI, 'ITO re1ep 6JiaronpH.ll'reH

cTapmHJ;J ChlH, Ap,Aa6ypHJ;J, 6b1JI y:>Ke

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3acJiy:>KeHHblJ;i BOHH H eme npH Map-

AaHHH nepeMeHbl BeTpa OH IIO,AroTaB-

U:HaHe Ha3HaqeH 3a BOeHHhle ycrrexH

JIHBaJI CBO~ 4lJIOT, CHa6,AHJI ero or-

BO <J>paKHH MarHCTpOM apMHH BOCTO-

HeHOCHblMH cy,AaMH H, KOr,Aa Be'rep

Ka. IIpHcK, KOTopbl~ 3HaJI ero JIH<JHO,

nepeMeHHJIC.ll, OH, He Bbl)KH,Aa.ll cpoKa

coo6maer, 'ITO 3TOT BoeHHblH <JeJio-

cynJieHHoro HM nepeMHpH.ll, ABHHYJI-

BeK, npH 60JiblllOH CBoe~ xpa6pOCTH

C.ll Ha HMIIepCKH~ 4lJIOT, KOTOpbl~ He

H 3HeprnH, npe,AaBaJIC.ll CO ClpaCTh!O

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HO. BpaH,Aepbl re~3epHxa CAeJiaJIH

ropO,ACKOit :>KH3HH, O<JeHb JII06HJI 'rea-

CBOe ,AeJIO, Be'rep pa3AyJI IIO:>Kap, MO-

lpaJlbHbie 3peJIHIUa H II03BOJI.l1Jl ce6e

p.liKH npHJiaraJIH Bee ycHJIH.ll, 'IT06bl

BCeB03MO:>KHble H3JIHmecTBa. Eme B

BblBeCTH CBOH KOpa6JIH Ha my6HHY,

447 r.

BCe CMelllaJIOCb, H norn6 4lJIOT, KaKO-

TpeTHit CblH Acrrapa, ApMeHpHx, (HJIH

roeme HHKOr,Aa,AO CHX nop He CHap.ll-

ApMeHapHx) 6b1Jl KOHcyJioM B

OH AOCTHr KOHCYJibCKOro CaHa.

465

471-474 rr. OCTfOTCKI!1E PACnPI!1. Ka3Hb Acnapa eo36y,a&-ma CMflbHb/e BOflHeHM$1 cpe,aM rOTCKMX con,aaT BM38HTMWCKOW apMMM. flee nonbiT8flCS1 ycnOKOMTb MX, npM3H8B o,aHoro M3 BO)I(aelli, Teo.aop~r~xa Crpa6oHa, KoponeM roroe. 3ro B ceo10 o'4epe,abpa3bS1pMno Teo.aeM~r~pa, KOropbllli B OTMeCTKY npe,anpMHs:Tfl onyCTOWMTeflbHb/e H86erM H8 VfnnMpM/0 Mct>paKM/0. Bpel)t(aa Me)l(ay conepHM'48/0WMMM rorcKMMM .aoMaMM Crpa6oHoB MAManoe ece ewe npo.aomKanacb, Kor.aa cMepTb Teo.aeM~r~pa B03Bena ero Cb!Ha - Teo.aop~r~xa H8 TPOH rOTOB B naHHOHMM (474 r.).

EBPOnA V1 CPE,lJ.V13EMHOMOPbE flee I yMep B TOM )l(e ro,ay, MHB npeCTOfl Bocro4HOC1 PMMCKoet MMnepMM B3owen 3eHOH, crapaewMC1Cfl npoJUIMTb 6onee MnM MeHee ycnewHy/0 nonMTMKY nporMeonocraeneHMfl,apyr .apyry .aeyx conepHM'lB/O~Mx Teo.aoPMXOB. O.aHaKo rorcKMe Ha6erM Ha MMnepCKMe 3eMnM npo,aOfl)I(BnMCb.

MY o6hl<JaiO, JieB MJI3,l1.IIIH~ 6h1JI o6'hSIBJieH KOHcyJioM Ha nepBhl~ ro.LJ.

csoe~ BJiaCTH. Oreu MaJIOJieTHero HMIIepaTOpa,3eHOH, HMeJI 3BaHHe naTpHI.IHSI H 3aHHMaJI IIOCT MarHCTPaapMHH. ITo BHyiiieHHIO MarepH H 6a6yiiiKH, Jies o6'i>SIBHJI ero corrpasHreJieM, B03JIO:lKHJI Ha Hero HMnepaTOpCKH~ BeHeU BO BpeMS! O.LJ.HOrO BhlXO.LJ.a Ha HII-

TBep.LJ.hl~

IIO.LJ.pOM. Ha O.LJ.HHHaAUaToM MecSiue

no xapaxrepy, BOHH no npo<peccHH, h'a.K

csoero KOHCYJII>CTBa JieB Mna,l1.IIIH~

BJIAIUlffiCTHBhill H

H ero rrpe,l1.IIIeCTBeHHHK, HMnepaTOp

3a60JieJI H yMep. 3eHOH OCTaJICSI O.LJ.HH

JleB CTOSIJI IIO CBoeM:y o6pa30BaHHIO

Ha TpOHe H IIOJih30BaJICSI .LJ.OCTaBIIIHM-

HH)Y.e TOI'O ypoBHSI, KOTOphlit TOIJJ-a 61>m

CSI eMY IIOJIO:>KeHHeM B CBoe YAOBOJih-

o6hJ<IeH B 3Hai'HhiX ceMe~cTBax.

CTBHe, IIpe.LJ.aBaS!Ch BCSIKHM H3JIHIIleCT-

Hoy HCTOpHKaMaJixa coxpaHHJI-

BaM H paCTO"laSI Ha rn:e,l1.pi>Ie IIO,l1.apKH

cSI O.LJ.HH 3IIH30,l1., B KOTOpOM 3aCBH,l1.e-

APY31>SIM cpe.LJ.CTBa, cKorrJieHHhle B ro-

'reJihCTBOBaH ero HHrepec K.LJ.eJIY rrpo-

cy.LI.apcTBeHHO~ Ka3He Jli>BOM.

CBern:eHHSI. 0,l1.HIDK,!l.h1 JleB npHKa33JI Bhl):l,aTh KaKOMy-TO <t>HJioc<xt>y rn:e,l1.poe iKaJIOBaHhe; IIpHCYTCTBOBaBIIIH~ IIpH 3TOM,l1.BOpl.IOBh1~ eBHYX 3aMeTHJI, qro

BAPBAPCKHE ~PCTBA 476-600 22.

3TH ,l1.eHhrH CJie.LJ.OBaJIO 6h1 COXpaHHTh .LJ.JISI COJI,l1.aT. JleB CKa3aJI Ha 3TO: «0, eCJIH 6h1 B MOe IIpaBJieHHe ,l1.eHhrH Ha COJI.LJ.aT IIIJIH Ha y<JHTeJie~!» ITaMS!Th 0 Jli>Be, KaK 0 MHJIOCep,l1.HOM npaBHTeJie, paAereJie rrpaB.LJ.hl, COXpaHSIJiaCh .LJ.O II03)l.HHX BpeMeH B CTOJIHI.Ie HMIIepHH B CBSI3H C ero CTa-

/AranHR H OCTrOTbl.

476-553 rr•

476-493 rr. UAPCTBOBAHL"'E OAOAKPA. CeeprHyrbJC1 OpecroM MMneparop Henor o6bflBMn ce6fl npaeMreneM ,llanMa~MM. Kor.aa oH 6bm y6Mr ( 480 r.), O.aoaKp nocnan B ,[lanMB~M/0 BOC1CK8, 4T06bJ nOKBPBTb

y6MC1~

M BHHeKCMPOBBTb reppMTOpM/0 ( 481 r.). HecKonbKMMM ro.aaMM no3)1(e oH npoeen 4epe3 AnbnbJ apMM/0 B HopMK ( coep. 6aeapMfl M 'lBCTb AecrpMM K10ry or ,llyHafl), r.ae no6e.aMn B6010 MB3fln B nneH pyrMC1cKoro Koponflf1>aey( MnM ct>enecpefl). Boe1Ha c pyrMflMM 6bma 3BKOH'leHa B cne,ay10~eM ro.ay no6e.aoet 0Hynbcpa ( 6para O.aoaKpa) HB.a ct>pe.aepMKOM, Cb!HOM ct>aebJ. O.aoaKp BHHeKcMpoean HopMK(488 r.). 476-488 rr. B03BbiWEHL1E TEOAOPL"'XA OCTfOTA. 6opb6a 38 npecron Me>K,ay Teo.aopMXOM Crpa6oHOM MTeo.aopMXOM AManoM 38BepwMnacb co cMeprb/0 Crpa6oHa (481 r.) M npe,aarenbCKMM y6MC1CTBOM ero Hacne.aHMKa Teo.aopMXOM AManoM (484 r.). BcKope npeycneewMC1 Teo.aopMx noccopMncfl c 3eHOHOM, nocne 'lero noeen ceoet Hapo.a MeoetcKo BO 4Jp8KMIO, 4T06bJ B O'lepe,aHOC1 pa3 onyCTOWMTb 91Y npOBMH~M/0 (486 r. ). CrpeMf/Cb M368BMTbCfl OT 6ecnOKOC1HbiX OCTrOTOB, 8 380.[1HO MorpBHM'lMTb onacHo pacry~y10 MO~b O.aoaKpa, 3eHoH B03Ben Teo.aopMxa B narpM~MM l1ranMM M orocnan ero nonbJTBTbCfl 38XBBTMTb Koponeecreo O.aoaKpa.

rye~ Ha Mecre, Ha3h1BaBIIIeMCSI ITHTTaKHH.

:)ry CTaTYIO B03,l1.BHrJia B ero

qecTh ero cecTpa Es<t>HMHSI 6JIH3 cBoero .LJ.OMa. 0Ha He 6h1Jla 3aMY:lKeM H HMeJia perryTal.IHIO BeChMa 6Jiaropa-

3YMHO~ :>KeHll.IHHhi. ilMnepaTop rroceIllaJI ee KIDKAYIO He.LJ.eJIIO H npHHHMaJI IIpH 3TOM OT CTpa:>Ke~, IIpHCTaBJieHHhlX K cTarye, re rrpoiiieHHSI pasHhlX JIIO,l1.e~, KOTOphle KJiaJIH HX Ha Ilhe,l1.e-

CTaJI CTaryH. IT03)l.Hee JleB Ha"'HHaJI cBo~ .LJ.eHh pac CMOTPeHHeM A ocTaBJISI-

eMhlX eMy npoiiieHH~ H HeMe,l1.JieHHO HaKJia,l1.h1BaJI Ha HHX CBOH pe30JIIOI.IHH H OTChlJiaJI K CTOpO:lKaM 3TO~ CTaryH AJISI rrepe.LJ.a"'H rrpocHreJISIM. Jies yMep B rrpeKJIOHHOM B03pacre, .LJ.OCTHrHYB

73 JieT. My:lKcKoro rroTOMCTBa y

Hero

He 6h1Jlo. CTapiiiaSI ero .LJ.O"lh, ApHa,l1.Ha, 61>ma B 33M)':lKeCTBe 3a 3eHOHOM H HMeJia ChlHa Jli>Ba, a MJI3,ll,IIIaSI, JieOHTHSI, 6h1BlllaSI O.LJ.HO BpeMS! HeBeCTO~ ChlHa Acrrapa H Bhl):l,aHHaSI rroTOM 3aM:Y:lK 3a Mapl.IHaHa, ChlHa HMrrepaTOpa AH<t>eMHSI, HMeJia TOJihKO .LJ.O<Jepe~. JleB OCTaBHJI Ha TpOHe BHyKa, KOTOPOMY 6h1JIO

6 JieT. ITo cTapo.LJ.aBHe-

Maa30ne~

401

TeoAOPHXa

402

PAHHEE CPE,LJ,HEBEKOBbE. 400-600 rr.

488-489 rr. TEOAOPII1X BTOPrAETCs:l B li1TA1111110. noKM,aafl Hoay ( coap. ropoiJ. CBMWTOB B 5onrapMM), TeoAOPMXB3Hncco6oi4 acex nOJJ.aaHHbiX - OT 150 Tb!Cf/'-1 /1,0 200 Tb!Cf/'-1/l.YW, M3 KOTOpbiXOKOflO 50-70 Tb!Cf/'-1, B03MO)I(HO, f/Bflf/flMCb BOMHaMM. lenM/],bl nonbiTaflMCb OCTaHOBMTb era HaCTynneHMe, HO Te0/1,0pMX pa36Mn MX B 6MTBe npM CMpMMM ( coap. ropoiJ. CpeMcKa-MMTpoaMu,a B Cep6MM), 3aTeM npoiJ.Ofl)I(Mfl nYTb MnepeaanoM5MpH6ayMep-Banb1J.npoaen caoi4 HapoiJ. B V1TanMto (a arycT 489 r.).

489-493 rr. BO~HA TEOAOPii1XA c OAOAKPOM. 01J.OaKp BbiCTynMn HaBCTpe'-ly Hana/],aBWMM, HO 28 aarycm 489 r. 6btn pa36MT B 6MTBe Ha peKe COHLJ,MM(COBp. peKa Vf30HU,O). 0TCTYnMB,OHBCKOpeBHOBbnOTepnen nopa)l(eHMe B 6MTBe npM BepoHe (30 CeHrn6pH). 0/1,0aKP OTCTYnMn 3a HenpMCTYnHbte YJ<penneHMH PaaeHHbt, r11.e Teo/],opMx era M oca/],Mfl. npeiJ.npMHHB Bbtna3KY, 011.oaKP pa36Mn TeOIJ.OpMxa B 6MTBe 6nM3 COBpeMeHHOroropo,aa ctJaaHu,a(490r.). Teo/],opMx OTCTYnMn K naBMM, M TaM 6btn o6no)l(eH Q/1,oaKpOM B HaCKOpO B03Be/1,eHHOM yKpenneHHOM narepe. K 3TOMY BpeMeHM B flMrypMIO BTOpmMCb BOMCKa BeCTrOTOB M 6 ypryH/1,0B, '-ITO 3aCTaBMflO 0/1,0aKpa pa3/1,eflMTb CMflbl. Bocnonb30BaBWMCb aTMM, Teo/],opMx pa3rpOMMfl apMMIO Q/1,oaKpa B 6MTBe Ha peKe Aa.aa ( 11 aarycm 490 r. ) , nocn e '-!era 0AoaKp onHTb 6btn BbtHy)I(IJ.eH yKpbtTbCH3a cTeHaMM PaaeHHbt.

490-493rr. OCAAAPABEHHbl.

/1,ena B lannMM, 3aXBaTMB npoBaHC, HaHeCH nopa)l(eHMe 6ypryH/1,aM M3a6flOKMpOBaB npOIJ.BM)I(eHMe rppaHKOB K

YTBepiJ.MBWMX B aTOT nepM0/1. co6CTBeHHbte onopH bte nyHKTbt Ha 6eperax BocTO'-IHOM 5pMTaHMM, npeo6na-

Cpe1J.M3eMHOMY Mop to ( 507 r. ). 5yAy'-IM aosne'-!eHHbtM B BOMHY c BocT0'-1HOM PMMCKOM MMnepMeM, oH HaHec nopa)l(eHMe reHepany Ca6MHMaHy B 6MTBe npM Mapryce (508 r.). nocne HeCKOflbKMX He3Ha '-IMTeflbHbiX onepaU,MM BM3aHTMMCKMX BOMCK Ha 6eperax

/1,anM CaKCbl, npe/1,npMHMMaB11JMe nepabte Ha6erM Ha aTM 3eMnM no Kpai4Hei4 Mepe 3a IJ.Ba aeKa 11.0 Ha'-!ana aKTMBHOrO BTOp)l(eHMf/. To flM OHM

VfTaflMM 6btfl 3aKflto'-leH MMp, n0/1,TBep)I(IJ.aBWMM BflaCTb OCTrOTOB Ha/1, naHHOHMeM BnflOTb /1,0 CMpMMM Ha tore. BcKope nocne aToro npMXOIJ.fi~.J..~ee B ynaAOK BecTroTcKoe KoponeacTao rpaKTM'-IeCKM npM3Hano BflaCTb TeO/],OpMXa, KOTOpbiM Tenepb 6nM3KO nO/],OWen K BOCCTaHOBfleHMIO rpaHMU, 3ana/1,HOM PMMCKOM MMnepMM B 0/1,HOM 60flb11JOM rOTCKOM KOponeBCTBe. Bnpo'-!eM, KoponeacTBO aTo pyxHyno

cera cMepTbto (526 r.). TEO,[(OPHX 6wi ocropmKHb!M n yMHb!M IIOJIHTIIKOM n IJ.lliiJIOMaToM. B rrepmilll: rrepnop; cBoero u:apcTBoBaHIDI OH IIOKpOBHTeJThCTBOBaJI pllMCKOH CeHaTOpCKOH 3HaTII ll KaTOJIWieCKOH u;epKBll, XOTI! CaM, KaK ll 60JThiiillHCTBO rOTOB, llCIIOBe):(OBaJI XpllCTllaHCTBO B epeTH<J:ecKoH <iJopMe apnaHCTBa. Teop;opnx xOTeJI , <J:T06bl ero C'lllTaJIH rro'IHTaTeJieM ll HaCJie):(HllKOM aHTll'IHOH KYJibryphl, rrpHBJieKaJI K cBoeMy JJ:BOpy pHMcKnx rrncaTeJieH n <iJHJioco<iJoB (Eo3U:HH, Kaccnop;op a, CnMMaxa ) . Ilb!TaHCb rrop;pmKaTh Bn3aHTHHCKOH llMIIepllll, OCITOTCKllH KOpOJib BeJI, oco6eHHO B cBoeH croJinu;e PaBeHHe,

TeoAOPMX oca)I(IJ.an Pa aeHHY TPM c nonoBMHOM ro.aa -11.0 Texnap, noKa MopCKafl 6noKa/],a He BbtHy/1,Mna 0AoaKpa

6oJibiiioe CTPOHTeJThCTBO B cTHJie aHTWIHOH apXHTeKrypb!.

npocMTbMMpa. Bee e1.11e He yaepeHHbtM B ycnexe, TeoAOPMX Ha cnoaax comacMncH CHf/Tb OCa/],Y, 3aKOH'-IMTb BOMHY M pa3/],enMTb c 0AoaKpoM anacTb

534-553 rr. BO~HA rOTOB C IOCTII1Hii1AHOM. Mo~J..~b ocTroTOB

Hall. V1mnMei4 (27 ¢eapanH 493 r.). 0/1,HaKO /l.BYMH He/],eflf/MM n03)1(e OH npe/],aTenbCKM y6Mn conepHMKa Ha nMpY, CTaB HeocnopMMbiM npaBMTe-

11.ana nepabte Tpe~.J..~MHbt no11. y/1,apaMM BenM3apMH M, HaKoHeu,, nocne MCTOf.J..IaiOf.J..IeM, nO'-ITM /],Ba/],U,aTMfleTHeM BOMHbt6btna OKOH'-IaTeflbHO noaep)l(eHa nonKOBO/],U,eM /OCTMHMaHa HapcecoM B 6 MTBe npM flaKTapcKoM

neM VfmnMM ( 15 Mapm 493 r. ).

rope.

493-526 rr. LJ,APCTBOBAHII1E TEOAOPII1XA. OH npoBOIJ.Mfl o6wMpHbte KaMnaHMM 3a rpaHMLJ,aMM VfTaflMM, 3aaoeaaa Peu,Mto, HopMK M J].anMaU.Mto. no cne pa3rpoMa BeCTrOTOB XnoABMroM Te o/],opMx BMewancH B

5pHTaHHR. AHrn&l, caKe&/ H IOT&I 450-600rr. 0Kono 450-500 rr. BTOP>KEHii1s:l AHrnoB, CAKCOB 111 IOTOB. CpeiJ.M Tpex poiJ.CTBeHHbtX HapOIJ.OB,

nocenMnMcb 3/l.eCb no co6cTBeHHOM MHMU,MaTMBe, TO flM 6btnM npMrnaweHbl pMMCK0-6pMTaHCKMM BO)I(/],eM BopTMrepHoM IJ.flfl noMOI.J..IM B oTpa)l(eHMM onyCTOWaiOI.J..IMX Ha 6erOB nMKTOB M CKOTTOB - Hef/CHO. HaM6onee 3aMeTHbiMM rpMrypaMM cpe/],M nepBbiX npMwenbu,ea 6btnM 6paTbfl XeHMrcT M Xopca - He TO CaKCbl, He TO toTbt, o6ocHoaaawMecH B KeHTe HeCMOTPH Ha O)l(eCTO'-IeHHOe conpOTMBneHMe BopTMrepHa, a anocneACTBMM M era CbtHa BopTMMepa. Xopca 6btn y6MT B 6MTBe npM 9mecTpene ( OKO flO 455 r.Y Ko apeMeHM cMepTM XeHMrcTa aapaapbt nonHOCTbto osnaAenM KeHTOM ( 488 r.). TeM apeMeHeM Ha 6eperax Anb6MoHa npoMCXOIJ.MflM M APYrMe BbtCaAKM: caKcbt y/1,ep)I(MBanM no6epe)l(be BOKpyr YCTbfl TeM3bl M IOro-BocTO'-IHYto 5 pMTaHMto aT KeH Ta /1,0 OCTpOBa YaMT; IOTbl- '-!aCTb OCTpOBa Yai4T M coce/1,HMe npM6pe)I(Hbte pai4oHbt; aHrnbt - 6 e peroayto nono cy coapeMeHHOM AHmMM M 11.anee Ha ceaep, 11.0 caMoro XaM6epa (acTyaPMH ana/],atof.J..IMX B CeaepHoe Mope peK Y3 M TpeHT).

500-534 rr. AHrnOCAKCOHCKOE3ABOEBAHii1EBOCTO~HO~ 5Pii1TAHii11i1. 3a cmneTMe no'-ITM HenpepbiBHbiX HPOCTHbiX BOMH rep MaHCKMe npMwenbU.bt nocTeneHHO pacnpOCTpaHMflM CBOIO BflaCTb Ha IOro-BocTO'-IHYto M L(eHTpanbHYto 5pMTaHMIO. 8bt/1,aiOI.J..IMMCfl CaKCOH CKMM BO)I(/],eM 3TOrO nepMO/],a 6btn CepiJ.MK, BbtCaiJ.MBWMMCH 6nM3 coapeMeHHoro ropo/],a Cayn<eMnToHa ( 495 r.) M BBH3a BllJMMCfl B cepMIO f/pOCTHbiX M KpOBOnponMTHbiX, HO TaK M He npMBe/],llJMX K KaKOMy-nM60 KOHe'-IHO MY pe3yflbTaTY BOOpy;t<eHHbiX KOHrp 1 CornacHo 1\PYrHM HCTO'IIDIKaM, Xopca rrorn6 B 456 r. B cpaJKeHHH rrp11 3fi.JJ:c<jlopll;e (Aylesford), r)J;e B03rnaBJUieMLie HMH XeHHrcToM lOTh! 6HJIHCh C 6pHTTaMH IIO)J; KOMaH)J;DBaHHeM BOpTHrepHa 11, IIOHeCJI TIDKeJ!hle IIOTepH, TeM He MeHee Oil;eplKaJIM II06e)J;y.

EBPOnA V1 CPE)J,V13EMHOMOPbE mpo/],a HaHTai!ILf; 583 r:). /1,anbHei!twee caKcoHcKoe npo/],ai!I)J(eHI!Ie ocTaHOal!lnocb He TOflbKO /113-3a pacTyll.{e/0 conpOT/IIaneH/IIR 6pi!ITTOa, HO /II

a Cl!lflY aHYTpeHH/IIX pa3/],0poa Me)J(Jl.Y MeflK/IIM/11 CaKCOHCK/IIM/11 KOponeaCTaaM/11.

Kopollb Ap-ryp Ha 6epery oaepa. CpeAHeBeKoBaSI MI1HI1anopa, 111llliOCTPI1PYIOll.laSI 3ni130A nereHAbl Ap-rypoecKoro 1..111Kila

fl/IIKTOa c PI!IMCK0-6pi!ITaHCK/IIM aO)J(/],eM HaTaHneo/],oM. 0Kollo 516-537 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHVIE APTYPA. 3TOT nonyneleH-

/],apHbli!t Koponb pi!IMCKo-6pi!ITaHCKI!IX Hapo/],oa /O)J(HOi!t Epi!ITaH/11/11 RanRncR

B PE3YJihTATE HerrpephiBHhiX BOHH C MeCTIIhiM KeJihTCKIIM HaCeJieHIIeM K KOHI!Y VI B. Ha TeppiiTOpiiii EpmaHIIII o6pa30BaJIOCh ceMh BapBapCKIIX KopoJieBCTB: KeHT, C03JJ:aHHoe IOTaMII; Y3cceKc, 3cceKc II CycceKc, ocHoBaHHhie caKcaMII; BocTO'IHaH AHmmr, Mepcmr II HopryM6pmr, HaceJieHHhie B OCHOBHOM aHrJiaMII.

u,apcTaoaaHI!Ie Tyny3cKoe KoponeacTao /],OCT/11/flO ano/eR caoe/O MOryll{eCTaa. 506-507 rr. BOIIIHA C <l>PAHKAMVI. Anapl!lx II, noHaLfany ab/CTYnaawl!li!t C0/03H/IIKOM KOpOflR cafl/IILfeCK/IIX cjJpaHKOa Xno/],a/11/a, ano-

3KCnAHCVISI B IO>KHOIII VI U,EHTPAnbHOiil 5PVITAHVIVI. CI!IHPI!IK, Cb/H Cep/],I!IKa, npeO/],Oflea RpOCTHOe conpOT/IIaneH/IIe, npOH/IIK a my6b Teppi!ITOP/111!1 coapeMeHH0/0 lpacjJcTaa YMnTwl!lp, a Cl!lani!IH, CbiH CI!IHPI!IKa, ab/1!1/paa 6onbWYIO 6/IITay npl!l /1,1!1pXeMe (577 1.}, npo/],ai!IHYflCR /1,0 caMoi!t peK/11 CeaepH. TeM He MeHee, nb!TaRcb npo61!1TbCR a Yanbc, 3ana/1,Hee BepxHem CeaepHa, Cl!lani!IH noTepnen pewi!ITenbHoe nopa)J(eHI!Ie oT 6pi!ITTOa np/11 C/JaJJ.al!lfl/11 ( OKOflO coap.

HRfl/11 Ha/],fle)J(all{/IIX YCI!Ifll!li!t, LfT06bl y/l,ep)J(aTb 3aaoeaaHHOe, /II aCKOpe aeCTIOTbl aHOab oana/],efl/11 aceM/11 3T/IIM/II Teppi!ITOpi!IRM/11, 3a /IICKfl/OLfeH/IIeM HeCKOflbK/IIX np1!16pe)J(Hb/X /0pO/],Oa, K KOHU,y aeKa OCTaaaaW/IIXCR ell{e no/], anaCTb/0 KOHCTaHT/IIHOnOflbCK/IIX I!IMnepaTopoa. Caeabl 6blfl/ll HaKOHeU, /IICTpe6neHbl aeCTIOTCK/IIM KOponeM J7eoa/ll//llflb/],OM

(585 1.). 0/l,HOi!t /113 caMb/X TPYJl.Hb/X /II HeOTflO)J(Hb/X 6b/fla npo6neMa yc-

476-485 rr. 3KCnAHCVISI nOA nPEABOAVITEnbCTBOM 31/!PVIXA. 3i!tpl!lxynpOLf/llfl aeCT/OT-

/IIMeHHO OH KOMaH/],Oaan 6pi!ITaHU,aM/II a 3aaepwl!lawei!tcR no6e/l,oi!t Ha,IJ, Cep-

M/11) 3aaoeaanl!l OCTpoa Yai!JT. 534-600 rr. CAKCOHCKASI

aoeaan /O)J(HY/0 /II /Om-BocTOLfHY/0 /ITcnaH/1110, OKa3aflaCb KpaTKOapeMeHHOi!t. 81!13aHTI!Ii!JU,bl He npe/],np/11-

MI!IpeH/IIR HenOKOpHb/X KaTOfl/IIKOa -

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KOpnyc, C 3HTY3/IIa3MOM nO/],/],ep)J(aHHbli!t MeCTHb/M HaceneH/IIeM, 3a-

BecrroT&I. 476-600 rr.

maaHbiM npoTI!IaHI!IKOM CepJ1.1!1Ka /II Jl.PYII!IX caKCOHCKI!IX npl!lwenbu,ea. Eonee/],ayx/l,eCRTI!IneTI!Ii!tApTYP oTp8)J(an ace ( l!lfl/11 no'IT/11 ace) nonbiTK/11 caKcoa npoHI!IKHYTb a L/,eHTpanbHY/0 Epi!ITaH/1110. He I!ICKn/OLfeHo, 'ITO eMy /],a)J(e y/l,aflOCb OTaoeaaTb HeKOTOpble /113 Teppi!ITOpl!lf!t, 3axaa'!eHHb/X CaKCaM/11 Ha /Ole /II Ha aOCTOKe. 803MO)J(H0,

Jl.I!IKOM 6/IITae y MayHT-Ea,IJ,oH ( coap. Ea/1,6epl!l a 1pacjJcTae Jl.opceTwl!lp; OKOflO 5171.), a Ta/OKe /II a/],pymf!t, /],eCRTb/0 10/],aM/11 n03)J(e. TeM He MeHee, KO apeMeH/11 CMepT/11 Cep/],I!IKa ( 5341.)

403

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Cfle/],CTa/11/11 aaR3aflCR a aoi!JHy C H/IIM /II noTepnen nopa)J(eHI!Ie. ToT cjJaKT, 'ITO BecTIOTCKoe KoponeacTao aceTaK/11 ab/)J(/IIflO /11/],a)J(e COXpaH/IIflO HeKOTOPYIO onopy a /anfl/11/11, RaflRflCR Cfle/],CTa/lleM aMeWaTeflbCTaa Anapi!IXOaa TeCTR, OCTIOTa TeO/],Opi!IXa. 526-600 rr. CnVISIHVIE BECT-

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404

PAHHEE CPE.ll,HEBEKOBbE. 400-600 rr.

poMaH/1130BaHHb/X 1!16ep1!1Mf4BB, 1!1, B

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(5391.}.

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407-600rr.

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407-500 rr. 05bEAVIHEHVIE

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Pei1H a /ann/1110 nepenpaal!lnl!lcb 6ypIYH/l,bl ( 407-413 11.} 1!1, npe/],B0/1,/11-

ne'laTb X111lbAePI1Ka, KOPOilSI CaJ1114eCKI1X <l>paHKOB

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(488-481

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0Kono 450-481 rr. 05bEAVIHEHVIE <l>PAHKOB B AOnVIHE POHbl VI B CEBEPHOIII rAnnVIVI.

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405

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481-511 rr. UAPCTBOBAH"'E XJlOAB"'fA. nocne CMepru Xunb,aepMK8 I KoponeM canu4eCKMX cf>paHKOB cran ero CbiH Xno,aeur (po,a. 466 r.). O,aapeHHbiW con,aar, oH 6blfl BOCXM~eH PMMCKOW BOeHHOW CMCTeMOW M B CBOeW apMMM CyMen BHe,apMTb HBMHOTO 60flbWe nopfl,aK8 M,l1MCl..lMnflMHbl, He)l(eflM 9TO 6blfl0 npMHfiTO cpe,au cf>paHKOB. BcKope oH ecrynun e KOHcpnuKT c nocne,aHMM PMMCKMM HBMeCTHMKOM fannMM CuarpMeM, nocne na,aeHMfl 3ana,aHow PuMcKow MMnepuu npoeo3macueWMM ce6f/ He38BMCMMb/M npaBMTeneM row 4acru rannuu, Koropafl npocrupaercf/ K 3ana,ay or peK CoMMbl u Me3a u K ceeepy or flyaPbl. CMeprb eecrrorcKoro Koponfl 9wpuxa u Manonercreo ero Cb/Ha Anapuxa II Momu noKa3aTbCfl Xno.aeury o6crof/renbcreaMu, 6naronpMfiTCTBYIO~MMM Hana,aeHM/0 H8 no,a,aep)l(ueaeMoro .ao cux nop eecrroraMM Cuarpuf/. 3Hafl o ,aeu)l(eHMM Xno.aeura, Cuarpuw cMor no.aroroeurbcfl K ecrpe4e c KoponeM cf>paHKOB u ,aa)l(e, no ceu,aerenbcrey rpuropMfl TypcKoro, C8MOflM4HO BbJ6pan Mecro ,anfl 6y,ay~ero cpa)l(eHMfl. O,aHaKo Xno.aeur Haronoey pa36un ero e 6uree npu HoreHTe (coep. ropo,a CyaccoH; 486 r.). Cuarpu/0 OCT8B8fl0Cb flMWb Cn8C8TbCfl 1 Lebecq, Stephane. Les origines franques. V'-IX' si€de. Nouvelle histoire de Ia France moedievale. - Editions du Seuil, 1990.

6ercreoM, Koropoe npueeno ero e TynY3yKAnapuxy( cnaceHue oKa3anocb epeMeHHbiM, nocKonbKY nocne nepebJX )l(e yrpo3 Anapux BbJ,aan Cuarpufl Xno.aeury, He3aMe,anurenbHO nepe,aaeweMy ero e PYKM nana4ew). nocreneHHO Xno.aeur, npeo,aoneeaf/ ynopHoe conporueneHue MeCTHbiX ranno -puMnfiH, aHHeKcupoean eecb peruoH, ne)l(a~uw K ceeepy or flyapbl. OH 38Kfl/04Mn C0/03 C fyH,ao6a,aOM M fo,aerM3MflOM 6ypryH,l1CKMMM, )l(eHMBWMCb H8 MX nneMf/HHMl..le K.norunb,ae ( unu Xno,aexunb,ae). ct>paHKM e 9TO epeMfl e~e OCT8B8flMCb f/3b/4HMK8MM, TOr118 KBK 6ypryH,l1b/ }0/(e CT8flM XpMCTM8H8MM-K8TOflMK8MM. )(no,aBMT 38MeTMfl, 4TO OTHOWeHMfl Me)l(,ay 6ypryH,l18MM M ranno-pMMflf/HBMM o6ner4anucb ux o6~ew penuruew, ror.aa KBK y npueep)l(eHl..leB apuaHcrea BeCTrOTOB nOCTOf/HHO B03HMK8flM OCflO)I(HeHMfl C nO,l1Bfl8CTHb/MM H8POJ18MM H8 penMrM03HOW n04Be. be3 COMHeHMfl, 9TO o6ner4Mfl0 Kno-

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496 r. BOII'IHA C AllEMAHAM"'. PunyapcKue cf>paHKM nonpocunu y Xno.aeura noMo~u ,anfl orpa)l(eHMfl aneMaHcKoro erop)l(eHMfl e KynbHcKoeKoponeecreo. HaneeoM 6epery PewHa oH cnoMun cuny aneMaHoe, o,aep)l(aB pewurenbHY/0 no6e,ay e 6mee npu Tonb6bf/Ke ( coep. ropo,a i.JIOflbnMX B 35 KM K /OrO -3anqay OT KynbHa). 3,aecb e xo.ae O)l(ecro4eHHow CXBBTKM cpp8HKM H848flM 6blfl0 orcrynarb, HO Xno.aeur cyMen ocraHOBMTb M BHOBb co6p8Tb CBOM BOWCK8, 8 38TeM flM4HO noeen MX B KOHTp8T8K}', 38BepWMBWYIOCfl nOflHb/M pa3rpOMOM npOTMBHMK8. (EcnM BepMTb nereH,ae, B C8Mb/W KPMTM4eCKMW MOMeHT 9TOrO cpa)l(eHMfl OH

406

PAHHEE CPE)J.HEBEKOBbE. 400-600 rr. Ha Xno,aBMr pa3rpOMMfl apMM/0 fyH.ao6a.aa M, cnycKaRcb no .aonMHaM CoHbJ M PoHbi, no,acTynun K ABMHbOHY. VfCKYCHaR M 9HeprM~HaR 060poHa oca)l(lJ,eHHoro ropo.aa B KOH~e KOH~OB 3acTaeuna Xno.aeura no.anucaTb c fyH,ao6a,aoM MMP, He 3aKpennRBWMVt 3a HUM TeppMTOpManbHbiX 3aBOeBaHMVt, HO yTBep)l(,aaBWMVt HOMMHaflbHY/0 BaccanbHY/0 3aBMCMMOCTb 6ypryH,aOB OT cppaHKOB. no~TM cpa3y )l(e fyH,a06a,a BbJCTynMn npoTMB 6paTa, npucTynoM B3Rn npeKpacHo yKpenneHHbJVt ropo.a BbeHH M y6Mn ro.aerM3Mna. Xno.aeur, o,aHaKo, He cTan BMewuBaTbCR - B03MO)I(H0 nOTOMY, ~TO cHoBa 6bm nomo11.1eH eoVIHoVI caneMaHaMM, B KOHe~HOM C~eTe CflOMMB MX MOll.lb Ha BOCTOKe OT PeVIHa (506 r.).

507 r.

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B033Ban K 6ory Knonmb,abJ, M .aapoBaHHaR B OTBeT Ha MOflMTBY no6e,aa Cbirpana pewa/Oll.IY/0 ponb B nocneAY!Oll.leM o6pa11.1eHMM Xno.aeura B XpMCTMaHCTBO.) 3Ta no6e,aa pacnpocTpaHMna ero enacTb Ha 3eMnM BepxHero PeVIHa M c.aenana ero cpaKTM~eCKMM BO)I(lJ.eM KaK CanM~e CKMX, TaK M pMnyapCKMX cppaHKOB. 500 r. BO~HA ME:>KAY <WAHKAM~ ~ 6YPfYHAAM~. He.aaeHee 3aeoeeaHue l1Tanuu ocTroTaMu Teo,aopuxa, 3aeepwueweecR y6uwCTBOM O.aoaKpa, co3,aaeano yrpo3y B03HMKHOBeHMR e,aUHOrO O,aHopo,aHOro rOTCKOrO cppOHTa, npOTRHYBwerOCR oT AmaHTMKM .ao A,apuaTMKM M B03maBnReMoro TaKOVt CMflbHOVt flM~HOCTb/0, KaK OCTrOTCKMVt KOPOflb. O,aHo epeMR Xno.aeur pacc~MTbJBan Ha MMp C HMM, nonaraRCb Ha 3aMy)l(eCTBO ceoew cecTpbJ O.aocpne,abJ, cTaewew )l(eHoVI Teo.aopuxa, HO MaTPMMOHuanbHaR nonMTMKa nocne-

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EBPOnA lt1 CPE)J.lt13EMHOMOPbE TeJibHO MaJI04MCJI9HHb/X cJ>paHK08, XOTb M nOJJ.0.9P)t(M8a9Mb/X e.n.MHO8ep~aMU rannO -pMMnRHaMM, 8b/JIMJIMCb 8 npO.lJ.OJI)t(MT9JibHYIO cJ>paHKCKy/0 9KcnaHCMIO 8 rannuu u 8 lepMaHuu. Cne.n.yer aaMerurb, 4TO 9TH .n.etiiCT8MR - 8 OTIIM4Me OT MMT pa~utii 6onbWUHCT8a .n.pyrux 8ap8apcKux Hapo.n.o8 - no 6onbwelii 4acru npe.n.cra8nRnu co6o lii 80eHHbJe 9KCne.n.u~UM, He OTflTOJ..UeHHbJe CeMbRMU M .lJ.OMaWHMM CKap60M. Bnpo4eM, He MeHbWe 9Hepruu 6b!JIO nomOJ..UeHO M RPOCTHbiMM .lJ.MHaCTM4eCKMMU BOiiiHaMU, nopO)t(.lJ.eHHb/MM cJ>paHKCKMM 06bJ<taeM .n.eneHMR KOponeBCTBa Me)l(lly 8CeMU Hacne.n.HuKaMu no MY)t(CKolii nuHuu. TaK, no cMepru Xnon.8ura Kopone8CT80 6b!JIO pa3JJ.9JI9HO Me)l(lly <teTbJPbMR ero CbJH08bRMM. On.HaKo, HeCMOTPR Ha 9TO GypryHJJ.MR M npo8aHC 6b1JIM 3a8098aHbl cJ>paHKaMM (523-532 rr.), a cJ>paHKC/G1e apMuu <tacro 8Topranucb 8 /epMaHM/0, Vlranu10 u VlcnaHM/0. Xnorapb (unu K.norap) I, n.onbwe n.pyrux npo)t(M8wulii Cb/H XJIOJJ.8UTa, Ha KOPOTKOe 8peMR 06b6JJ.MHMJI C/JpaHKCKY/0 MMnepu/0 (558 - 561 rr.) B cepuu 60JibWMX cpa)t(9HUiii 8 L(eHTpanbHOiii /epMaHUM (562 r.) 9TO CbiH 08bR OCTaH08UJIU aana.o.Hy/0 Murpa~u/0 a8apo8.

BaH.qam~J.

476-534 rr.

477 r. CMEPTb rE"'3EPHXA. BenuKoMy Kopon/0 8aH.n.ano8 Hacne .ll.08an ero CbJH lyHHepux (477484 rr.), eoa6y.n.u8wulii K ce6e 8p8)t(.lJ.e6HOCTb KaTOJIU<teCKO!O acJ>poPUMCKO!O HaceneHMR !OHeHURMM Ha KaTOJIUKOB. npO.lJ.Ofl)l(aJIUCb OHM Mnpu ero npu8ep)l(eHHbJX apuaHCT8y Ha cne.n.HuKax - lyHraMyH.n.e ( 484496 rr:) u TpacaMyH.n.e ( 496-523 rr.). 3a 9TO 8peMR 8Jia.lJ.eHUR 8aHJJ.aJI08 8 AcJ>puKe u Ha ocrpo8ax Cpe.n.uaeMHOro MOPR HeCKOflbKO pacwupunucb u 06be.lJ.MHMJIMCb, a nupaTCT80 npo.l1.0JI)I(8JI0Cb, XOTR He CTOJib UHTeHCU8HO, KaK npu /eliiaepuxe.

531-532 rr. XHJlbAEPIAK lA rEJliAMEP. XMnb.n.epuK, CbJH lyHHepuxa u 6bJ8Welii uMneparpu~bJ E8.11.0Kcuu, 8TaliiHe ucno8e.ll.08a8wulii Karonu~M3M, npeKparun npecne.n.o8aHue acJ>po-pUMCJa1X KaTOJIMK08, <teM 8b/38an 803MyJ..UeHue 8aH.n.ano8-apuaH. Ero MJ1a,IJ.WMiii.ll.BOIOPO.lJ.Hbllii 6par, reJIUMep, C8epr XJ1flb.lJ.epuKa C TPOHa, 3aK!IIO<tUJI 8 TIOPbMY ( 531 r.) M BHOBb Ha<tan npecne.n.o8aHue KaronuKOB. 3aro<teHue CbJHa EJ:moKcuu u npecne.lJ.08aHURKaronuK083acra8unu K)cruHUaHa CHapR.lJ.UTb .ll.JIR 8TOp)t(eHMR 8 AcJ>puJ<Y 9Kcne.n.u~uoHHbJtii Kopnyc non. KOMaHP.08aHueM Benu3apuR.

407

533-534 rr. BO"'HA C BOCTOYHO"' PHMCKO"' IAMnEPIAE"'. Kopone8CT8o 8aH.n.ano8 6blno YHM<tTO)t(eHo. RoM6ap.q&l. 500-600 rr.

OKono 500-565 rr. rocnoACTBO 110M6APAOB B AOJliAHE CPEAHHO AYHASI. nocne roro, KaK pyruu 6b!JIM pa3rpoMneHbJ On.oaKpoM, noM6ap.lJ.bl ( unu naHro6apJJ.bJ- repMaHcKoe nneMR, po.n.CTB9HHoe C8e8aM, nep80Ha<taJibHO o6ura8wee 8 HU)I(HeM re<teHuu 3nb6bJ) .l1.8MHynucb 8 peruoH, ne)t(aJ..Uulii K Ce8epy OT naHHOHUU U HopuKa, u Ha<tanu raM 6opb6y 3a snaCTb Han. repynaMu, 3a8epwu8Wy/0Cfl no6e.n.otii KOPOflfl JIOM6apJJ.OB TaroHa Ha.n. 8oliicKoM repynbCKoro 80)I(.lJ.fl Po.n.ynbcJ>a (508 r.). B nocne.n.yiOJ..UMe ro.n.bJ noM6ap.lJ.bJ pacnpocrpaHMJIM C80M 8Jia.lJ.eHUR Ha ce8ep or )J.yHafl u Ha<tanu cepu/0 RPOCTHbiX 80iiiH C renu.n.aMU, TaK)t(e .l1.8MHY8WUMMCfl 8 naHHOHM/0 u HopuK nocne KpyweHUfl OcrrorcKoro Kopone8CT8a 8 Vlranuu. Vfrpafl Ha 83aUMHOiii 8pa)t(.lJ.e .l1.8YX HapOJJ.08, K)cTUHUaH OKa3bJ8aJI HOMMHaJibHOe o.n.o6peHue noM6ap.n.CKolii 9KCnaHCUU, Hanpa8neHHOiii Ha 10! OT )J.yHafl. floM6ap.lJ.CKUiii KOponb O.n.ouH (546-565 rr.) y<tacr-

naHro6apAbl: 1 - 3H3TH3SI )I(QHU.U1H3j 2 1 6- KOpolleBbl j 3- BOHHj 4 - KOpOilbj 5- npHHUj 7- 3H3THbli'i MYJK'CHHa

408

PAHHEE CPE.ll,HEBEKOBbE. 400-600 rr. Sb!CTynaR npoT!IIS Ompa. O,ll,HaKo, He nony'-!IIIS H !IIKaKoM no,lJ,lJ,ep)f(K/11 oT IIIMnepcK!IIX c111n, X111nb,[J,e6ep ywen socsoRc/11, 111 s MTan111111, r,[J,e nonyHe3aSIIICIIIMb!e n oM6ap,[J,CK!IIe rep4o1111 6ecnpecTaHHO soesan111 ,[J,pyr c ,ll,PYIOM, S048PIIInaCb aHapXIIIfl.

sosan S SOMHe npOH'IS lOTOS S MTan111111 no,ll, KOMaH,l1,08aH!IIeM Hapceca.

565 -57 2 r r. LVU'CTBOBAHI!1 E AJ1b601!1HA . Cb!H 0,[1,0/IIHa, Anb6oIIIH, nocnew111n Ha'-/aTb SoMHYC KyH/11MyH,ll,OM , 4apeM ren/11,[1,08. norepnes noHa'-!any nopa)f(eH!IIe, oH 3aKn/0'1111n C0/03 C asapaM/11 Ill OnflTb STOpiCfl Ha Tepp!IITOP/1110 ren/11,[1,08, Ha :3TOT pa3 O,[J,ep)f(an no6e,ll,y 111 co6croeHHopy'1HO y6111n KyHIIIMYH,ll,a, nocne '-!ero npiiiHY,ll,llln K 6paKY SeGb Ma HeDXOTHO noWe,ll,WY/0 Ha :3TO ,[1,0'-/b noKoMH0/0 48PR Po3aMyH,ll,Y (567 r.). 3aTeM noM6ap,[J,bl 111 asapbl C08MeCTHb!MIII yc!lln/IIRM/11 noronOSHO /IICTpe6!11nlll ren/11,[1,08. HecKonbKO no6a!llsaRCb , no s ceVI Slll,ll,IIIMOCT/11 , '1/IICneHHOCT/11 Ill CS!IIpenOCT/11 H08b/X C0/03H/IIK08, AnbOOIIIH 3aKn/0'1/lln C /IIX SO)f(,ll,eM b8flHOM ,[1,01080p, no KOTOpoMyOCTBSnfll) a sa p aM naHHOH/1110 Ill Hop!IIK s o6MeH Ha no,lJ,lJ,eP)f(KY np111 M/lllpa4f11/ll Ha 101 (568 r.).

K 3TOMY speMeHH JiaHr06apJl.hi (B03MO)I(Ha513T'HMOJIOmH IIpOHCXO)f{Jl.eHIDI OT JiaTHHCKoro «Jl.JIHHH06opoJl.ble») cocraBAAJIH JIHIIIh '!acTh o6IllHpHOro COI03a nJieMeH, B COCTaB KOTOporo BXOJl.HJIH KaK repMalll.{bl CBeBbi, CaKChi, renHJl.bl, TaK H IIpOT06oJirapb1, capMaThl H J:IP·

568 r. BTOP)f(EHI!1E nOM6APAOB B 1!1TAJ11!110. Becb noM6ap,[J,cKIIIM Hapo,[J, ( cy,ll,fl no sceMy, cnoco6Hb!M Sb/CT8S/11Tb He 6onee 50 Tb/Cfl'l so!IIHOS), conpooo)f(IJ,aeMb!M 20 Tb!C~ '18M/II C0/03Hb!X a s apos, TP8,l1,1114/IIOHHb!M nyTeM - '-!epe3 nepesan 6!11pH6ayMep- Banb,lJ, - s m prcRs Mmn11110. O,[J,ep)f(as no6e,ll,y Ha,ll, c!llnaM/11 aK3apxa Pas eHHbl floHr!IIHa (569 r.), Anb6oIIIH 6b!C7p038XSaT111n ,[J,OniiiHYpeK/11 no. 8cKope6bm S3RTM!IInaH, nas!IIR nana nocne TpexneTHeVI oca,[J,bl (572 r.). Oces s CesepHoVI Mmn111111 ( c amra speMeH/11 /113SeGTHoM KaK floM6ap,ll,IIIR) 111 C,[J,enas nas/1110 csoeVI cmn1114eVI, noM6ap,[J,b!SCKOpe 1113/Han/11 IIIMnepCK/IIe c!llnbl 1113 6onbweVI '-!aCT/11 AneHHIIIHCKoro nonyocTp08a, 3a IIICKll/0'-!eH/IIeM KPYnHblX np!IIMOPCKIIIX IOPO,ll,OS, KOTOPble OCTaSan/IICb nO,[J, snacTb/0 KoHCTBHTTIIHononR BcKope Anb6o!IIH nan OT PYKIII csoeVI MCT/11TenbHOM )f(eHbl ( 573 I.), HO HeS3!11paR Ha OTCYTCTB/IIe ClllnbHoM 4eHTpanbHoM snacrn3asoeeaH!IIe MTan/11111 npo,ll,On)f(anocb c TeM )f(e ycnexoM. cy6CIII,lJ,IIIpyeMb!M KoHcTaHT!IIHononeM, cJ>paHKCKIIIM Koponb Xlllnb,[l,e6ep II npe,[J,np!IIHfll) nonb!TKY sMewaTbCR s 38TflH'y'8WYIOCfl SOMHY Me)f(,ll,Y noM 6ap,[1,8MIII Ill IIIMnepcK!IIM/11 Cllln8M/II S Mmn111111(585 r.) . OH rplll)f(,ll,bl nepexo,ll,llln Anbnbl, c nepeMeHHb!M ycnexoM

BOKPYr Kop oAA rpynnHpoBaJIHCh 35 MOI)'IlJ,eCTBeHHbiX BoeHa'laJibHHKOB 01Jl.eJibHhiX OYp~OB - repU.oroB, nonyqasmHX B csoe ynpaBJieHHe 3aBoeBaHHhle o6Jiacrn - Jl.YKaThl. Bo rJiaBe ropOJl.OB H 3eMeJibHhiX reppHTopffi, nepellleJl.IllHX B PYKH c ar...toro Kop oJIH, 6biJIH nocrasJieHhi KoponescKHe Jl.OJl)I(HOCTHble JIHU.a - raCTaJlbJl.bl. 3eMJIH H IIpHBHJJerHH noJiyqHJIH KopoJieBcKHe J:IP)0KHHHHKH - ra3HHJl.bl. JlaHro6apJl.CKOe 3aBOeBaHHe BO MHoroM OTJIH'IaJIOCh OT rOTCKoro. KaK OTMe'!aiDT MHorne xpoHHCThl, 3aBoeBaTe.JIH pa3pYillaJIH ropoJl.a HJl.epeBHH, y6HBaJIH )KHTeJiefi, H He TOJlbKO 3HaTHhiX pHMJI51H, HO H JIIDJl.eH cpe,AHero Jl.OCTII.TKaH MeJIKHX3eMJieBJia}l_eJibU.eB.

6onrapbl H cnaBRHe. O KOJTO 530-600 rr.

OKono 530 r. nostBnEHI!1E sonrAP 111 cnABstH. ,D,sa Hosb!x s apsapcK!IIxHapo,[J,a Ha'-!an/11 Maceoso n epeXO,ll,IIITb ,lJ,yHaM. 0,[1,/IIH 1113 HIIIX - 6onrapb!- COCTOfln /113 po,[J,CT8eHHb/X fYHHaM Ill asa paM CS!IIpenb!X TypaHCK/IIX KO'-/eSH/IIKOS, nO,[J, a s apCKIIIM ,[1,8SneH/IIeM XnblHYSW/IIX S IOro- BocTO'-!HY/0 Espony. ,LJ,pymecnasRHe - npe,lJ,CTBSnfii)IIICo6oM6enoKYPblM IIIH,[J,oesponeVIcKIIIVI Hapo,[J,, CXO,ll,Hb/M no SHeWHOCT/11 C repMaH48MIII. CnaSRHe, KOTOpb!M, no seeM S/11,ll,IIIMOCT/11, He x s amno spo)f(,ll,eHHOM cslllpenocT/11 111 arpecc/IISHOCT/11 repMaHCKIIIX llln/11 MOHIOnOIII,ll,Hb/X sapsapos, nocne,[J,os aTenbHb!M!IIsonHaM/11 83/118TCK/IIX H8WeGT8/IIM Me,[J,neHHOSb/TanK/IISan/IICb Ha 101 C pO,[J,Hb/X 3eMenb , pacno no)f(eHHb!X K cesepy OT KapnaT. nplllpo)f(,ll,eHHb/e nexoTIIIH4bl' OCOOeHHO acJ>cJ>eKT/IISHb/e S o6opoHe, cnaSRHe '-/aCTO Sn/IISafl/IICb S apMlll/11 KO'-/eSH/IIK08,npoHOC/IISW/IIeGfl'-/epe3 IIIX 3eMn!ll. MMeHHO TBKIIIM o6pa30M OH/11 Ill Ha'-/an/11 nORSnflTbCfl /O)f(Hee ,lJ,yHafl - CHa'-/ana C fYHH8MIII, 38TeM C 6onrapaM!II.

409

EBPOnA V1 CPE,lJ.V13EMHOMOPbE 540-600 rr. 60JlrAPCKVIE VI CJlABSIHCKVIE HA6ErVI HA6AJ1KAHbl. Cne.ay>~ ocB>~11.teHHbJM eeKaMIII nymM erop)l(eHIIIfl B /O)I(HY/0 Eepony <~epe3 )J,yHaw, KBK 6onrapbJ, raK111 cnaB>~He -IIIHOr.ll,a BMeCTe, HO 4811.te nop03Hb- onycrowan111 6anKaHbl, a np111 cny<Jae <~epe3 nponiiiBbJ npo.aofl)l(anfll nyrb B A3111/0. O.aHo raKoe BTOp)l(eHIIIe 6bJnO OCTBHOBfleHO repM8HIIIeM, nneM>IHHIIIKOM IOCTIIIHIII8H8, O.ll,ep)I(8BWIIIM Ha.a cnaB>~HBMIII pew111renbHYJO no6e.ay np111 Cep.a111Ke ( coep. ropo.a Cocf>M>~; 550 r.). )J,pyrow rpo3HbJW 6onrapcKIIIW Ha6er Bb/3Ban 1113 OTCTBBKIII Benf1138PIIIfl- .an>~ nocne.aHew no6e.abJ 6nlllcrarenbHoro nonKoeo.a~a no.a caMbJMIII creHaMIII KoHcraHTIIIHonon>~, (539 r.). HecKonbKIIIMIII ro.aaMIII no3)1(e cnae>~ He H848fllll MBCCOBO OCe.ll,aTb H8 3eMfl>IX onyCTOWeHHb/X periiiOHOB 4Jp8KVIIII Ill rpe~llllll ( OKOflO 578 r.).

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(582-602

IT.) IIpe.Ll,IIpHH.s!Jl He-

ilMeiOTC.sl BCe OCHOBaHH.sl IIOXOA

'ITO 3HaqH'reJII>HO ycJIOJKHHJIO pHMJI.si-

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HorroJieM 60JII>IIIOj;j CJlaB.s!HCKHj;j OT-

589

paccMaTpHBaTI> B CB.si3H Apyr c APY-

552

p.s!.Ll, 3aH.siJI CHJlbHYIO II03HUHIO, Ha

MaBpHKH.si rrpoTHB CHJibHoro cJia-

roM. B TaKOM cJiyqae rroxo,LJ, TpexTI>I-

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B.siHCKoro IIJieMeHH IIOA rrpe,LJ,BO,LJ,H-

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552 f.

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n:eJioM cJie,LJ,yeT

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552

r. IleTpa -

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r. II03BO-

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20 BOHHOB, KOTOprui ,LJ,BHra-

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BTop:lKeHHe cJiaB.siH B rrpe,LJ,eJihi

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rra pacrroJIO:lKHJiacl> B 3apocJI.siX AJI.si

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582

f. 3aKJIIOqHJI COI03 C aBapaMH.

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THBHHKa. ilMeHHO II03TOMY CJlaB.s!He

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60JibiiiHe IIOXO,LJ,bl IIpOTHB CJiaB.siH.

pHMJI.s!He 6hiJIH B3.s!TI>I B IIJieH. 3axBa-

584 r. cJiaB.siHe 61>IJIH OTrecHeHhi 3a

qeHHhle pa3Be,LJ,qHKH paCCKa3aJIH 0

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yKJioHHTI>C.si oT 6o.s~ H

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IIHTh B ,[{anMan:HIO. YcHJIHBIIIHCI> 3a

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586

r. CJiaB.siH-

AeJiaB TII:lKeJiblH HOqHoH

rrepeXOA H

3aMI>ICJie pHMCKOfO KOMaH,LJ,OBaHH.sl.

417

EBPOnA 111 CPE,lJ,II13EMHOMOPbE IlHparaCT, Y3HaB o riJiaHe nponmHHKa, C KpynHbiMH CHJiaMH nBHHYJICH K Mecry nepenpaBbi pHMJIHH <J:epe3

HaJI nepenpaBy He6oJibiiiHMH OTPHnaMH, TO cJiaBHHe YHH<J:TomaJIH HX cpa3Y me nocJie BbiCaiJ:KH. CHMOKaTT ro-

KpenoCTHoll: CTeHe, pacrrraTbiBaJIH ee meJie3HbiMH TapaHaMH H pa3pyrrraJIH KpiO'IbHMH. TaK npo6HBaJIHCb 6perrrH

peKy H TaM CKpbiTHO pacnOJIOmHJICH B Jiecy. PHMCKOe BOHCKO nonoiiiJIO K nepenpaBe. IleTP, He npennoJiaraH, 'ITO B 3TOM MeCTe MOmeT 6biTb npo-

):{JIH IIIT)'pMOBbiX KOJIOHH. Ocana eccaJIOHHKH nponoJimaJiacb rrrecTb ):{Hell. fapHH30H cneJiaJI HeCKOJibKO BbiJia30K, He nOBJIHHBIIIHX,

THBHHK, npHKa3aJI nepenpaBJIHTbCH 'Iepe3 peKy OTneJibHbiMH OTpfl):{aMH. Korna Ha npyroll: 6eper nepenpaBHJiacb nepBaH Tb!CH'la <J:eJioBeK, cJiaBH-

BOpHT, 'ITO CJiaBHHe «BbiCTpOHJIHCb Ha 6epery peKH», T. e. npHMeHHJIH noCTpoeHHe iJ:JIH 6oH. 3TO coo6rueHHe onpoBepraeT YTBepmneRHe MaBpHKHH, 'ITO CJiaBHHe «He npH3HaiOT BOeHHOro CTPOH, Hecnoco6Hbl cpamaTbcH no 3aKOHaM BOeHHOro HCKYCCTBa». 0TCYTCTBYIOT JIHIIIb naHHble o xapaKTepe

He oKpymHJIH HXH YHH'ITO)KHJIH. «Y3HaB o6 3TOM, nOJIKOBoneu BeJIHT BoilcKy nepeXOIJ:HTb peKy, He pa3ne-

6oeBoro nopH~J:Ka cJiaBHH, CaMbiH me cpaKT nOCTpOeHHH ):{JIH 6oH npeBHHe aBTOpbi OTMe'!aiOT HeonHOKpaTHO.

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JIHBIIIHCb Ha MaJieHbKHe OTPHnbi, 'IT06bl, nepexonH peKy noHeMHory, He 6biTb HanpaCHOll H JierKOll mepTBOll Bpara. KonJ;a, TaKHM o6pa3oM, pHM-

EcJIH CJiaBHHaM ynaBaJIOCb HaHecTH cyrueCTBeHHoe nopameHHe npornBHHKY npH nepenpaBe ero <J:epe3 peey, OHH n O):{rOTaBJIHBaJIH H ocyru eCTBJIHJIH o6-

YMeJio noJib30BaJIHCb eiO.

cKoe BOHCKO BbiCTpOHJIO CBOH pHnbi, BapBapbi B CBOIO O'Iepenb BbiCTpOHJIHCb Ha 6epery peKH. H BOT pHMJIH-

IIIYI0 KOHTpaTaKY B TOT MOMeHT, KOrna npornBHHK oKa3biBaJICH Ha npornBonoJiomHoM 6epery H He ycneBaJI

He CTaJIH nopamaTb BapBapOB CO CBOHX cynoB CTpeJiaMH H KOnbHMH». Ty<J:H CTPeJI H KOTIHH BbiHYIJ:HJIH cJiaBHH O'IHCTHTb 6eper. BocnoJib30BaB-

BbiCTpOHTbCH ):{JIH 6oH. IlpaBHJibHO OTMe<J:aeT HoaHH 3cpeccKHil, 'ITO CJiaBHHe «HaY'!HJIHCb BeCTH Boll:Hy Jiy<J:IIIe, '!eM pHMJIHHe». Pa3Be):{Ka, HacTyna-

onHaKo, Ha xon oc anbl. Ha ce):{bMOH neHb ocamnaBrrrHe 6pocHJIH cBoil Jiarepb H BCIO OCa}:(HYIQ TeXHHKY H OTcrynHJIH B ropbi.

Asap&t. 550-600 rr. 0Kono 555 r. nOs:IBJlEHHE ABAPOB B EBPOnE. PoJJ,CTBeHHbtiii T8TapaM M ryHH8M MOHrOJ10MJJ,Hbi M HapoJJ., aaapbt (Mf1M o6pbt), aepoHTHo, f/Bf1f/f1MCb '18CTbiO yi1JrypcKOM HapOJJ.HOCTM, 06MT8B11JBM B CTBnf/X MB)!(JJ.Y peKaMM Bonroi1I, KaMoiii M YpanoM (OKano

460- 555 rr.).

Kor-

TeJibHble H o6opoHHTeJibHble neilcTBHH CJiaBHHCKOrOBOHCKaxapaKTepH3YIQTCH YMeJioil opraHH3aQHeil H HCKYCHbiM HX npoBe}:(eHHeM.

JJ,a AaapcKaH MMnepMH B L(eHTpanb-

CTynHJIO. IleTp H3-3a OTCYTCTBHH KOHHHUbi He MOr opraHH30BaTb npeCJienoBaHHe.

HHTepecHbi cBeneHHH enHcKona eccaJIOHHKH HoaHHa o6 ocane cJiaBHHaMH 3Toro ropona B 597 r. HoaHH

Ka3a ( OK0/10

Ha npyroll: neHb npoBOnHHKH, KoTopbie BeJIH BOHCKO, 3a6JiynHJIHCb . PHMJIHHe TPOe cymK He HMeJIH BO):{bl H mamny YTOJIHJIH BHHOM. BoilcKo MorJio norn6eyTh, ecJIH 6bl He TIJieHHbiH, YKa3aBIIIHH, 'ITO B6JIH3H HaxonHTCH peKa feJIHKa6 HH. HaYTpO pHM-

OnHCaJI ocanHyiO TeXHHKY CJiaBHH. 0Ca}:(Hble MaiiiHHbi COCTOHJIH H3 opynHH nJIH MeTaHHH KaMHeH, H3 «'Iepe nax», meJie3HbiX TapaHoB H KpiO'IbeB. OpynHH nJIH M eTaHHH KaMHeil HMeJIH '!eTblpexyroJibHYIO cpopMy, IIIHpOKOe OCHOBaHHe H Y3KHH Bepx,

JIHHe nonoiiiJIH K p eKe H 6pOCHJIHCb K Bone. Haxo):{HBrrrHeCHB 3acane Ha npoTHBonoJIO)KHOM BbiCOKOM 6epery CJiaBHHe CTaJIH nopamaTb pHMJIHH. «ll BOT

rne npHKpenJIHJIHCb TOJICTble nepeBHHHble UHJIHHnpbi, o6HTble meJie30M . C Tpex CTOpOH MeTaTeJibHaH MaiiiHHa 6biJia o6HTa TOJICTbiMH noc-

pHMJIHHe, nocTpOHB cyna, nepenpaBHJIHCb 'Iep e3 peKy, 'IT06bl CXBaTHTbCH C Bpai'aMH B OTKpbiTOM 6oiO. Korna me BOHCKO OKa3aJIOCb Ha npOTHBono-

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JIO)KHOM 6epery, BapBapbi Been Maccoil TOT'laC HaTiaJIH Ha pHMJIHH H liX onoJieJIH. IIo6emneHHble pHMJIHHe 6pocHJIHCb 6emaTb. TaK KaK IleTp 6biJI Hai'OJIOBY pa36HT BapBapaMH, TO rJiaBHOKOMaHnYIOIUHM Ha3Ha<J:aeTCH IlpHcK, a IleTp, OTPeiiieHHb!ll oT KO-

<J:aJie 6biJIH noKpbiTbi CYXHMH KOmaMH, HO 3TO He MOrJIO npenoxpaHHTb HX OT r opH'Iell CMOJibi, n03TOMY cyXHe KO)KH 3aTeM 3aMeHHJIH CBemHMH KOmaMH TOJibKO 'ITO y6HTbiX 6biKOB H Bep6JIIOnOB. YcTaHOBHB ocanHble MaiiiHHbi,

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MaHnoBaHHH, BepeyJicH B BH3aHTliiO». CJiaBHHe aKTHBHO o6opoHHJIH BonHble py6e)KH. EcJIH npOTHBHHK Ha'IH-

CJiaBHHe non npHKpbiTHeM MeTaTeJibHbiX MaiiiHH H CTPeJIKOB H3 JIYKa npHnBHraJIH «'Iepenaxm> Bn JIOTHYIO K

p OB Hapoil;OM TIOpKCKOfO IIpOHCXOlK)J;eHID!.

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Hoiii A3MM 6btf1a pa3pyweHa TtopKa MM 1, aaapo -yi1Jrypbt 6blf1M OTOrH8Hbl Ha tor, B npeJJ,ropb fl CeaepHoro Kaa -

555

r.) . nony'IMB cy6 -

CMJJ,MIO OT /OCTMHM8H8, paCC'IMTbiB8BWero

nOJJ,JJ,ep)J(KY

npOTMBOCTOf/HMM 6onrapaM M CJ18BfiH8M, OHM MMrpMpOB8J1M B JJ.Of1MHY )J.yHaf/. noJJ,06HO ryHH8M, K8K 60!1rapCKMe, T8K M 8B8pCKMe BOMCK8 npeMMYU!,BCTBBHHO npeJJ,CT8 Bf1f/f1M co6oi1InerKyto KaaanepMto, maBHbtM opy)J(MBM KOTOpoi1J f/Bf1f/f1Cfl f1yK.

ECTh ocHoBaHHH C'IHTaTb, 'ITO aBapbi, nOHBHBIIIHeCH B eBponeHCKHX CTenHX, 6biJIH OCTaTKaMH pa36HTOrO TIOpKaMH orpoMHoro a3HaTcKoro KaraHaTa myaHhmyaHell:. OTCT)'TIHB non HaTHCKOM TIOpOK B BOCTO'IHOeBpOneHCKHe CTenH, cpaBHHTeJibHO He60JibiiiaH opna aBap CTOJIKHyJiaCb

1 DOJI],!IlliHCTBO H CTO'IIDIKOB C'!HTaeT aBa-

418

PAHHEE CPE)J.HEBEKOBbE. 400-600 rr. Asapc1<11e 801-tHbl

TpaHCMJibB8HMII1 (567 r.). nocne yxo-

3eHoH. BoccraHMe, no.o.Hs:~roe e.o.o-

.0.8 JIOM68p.tJ.OB B t1T8JIMIO 8B8pbl, B COOTBeTCTBII1111 C 38KIIIO'leHHbiM CAnb-

eow flbBa

BepMHOW 111 ee 6paTOM

Bac111n111cKoM (475 r.), 3acraeMno

60MHOM COTJI8WeHII1eM, P.BII1HYJIMCb B

3eHOHa 111CKaTb y6e)I(Mf.U8 B POP.HOW

naHHOHM/0 111 HopMK. ECJIII1 He C'lMT8Tb H8HeCeHHOTO (/>p8HK8MII1 nop8)1(eHII1S1,

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bas:TH H8 npOTS1)1(eHII1M 60JibWeW 'l8CTM CBOero

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BepHyrb TPOH 111 1113THaJI nOBCT8H~eB ( 476 r.). CnpaBII1JICS1 OH 111 C OCTTOT-

Bb/X0.0.111fl

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no6e.o.MreneM 1113 ecex cp8)1(eHII1W Ha

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nons:~x 4eHrpanbHOW 111 /O)I(HOW Eepo-

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HII1W B03bJMen ycnex, y6e.o.Mn ero

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BTOPTHYTbCS1 B l1TBnll110.

po.o. CpeMcKa-M111rpoe111~a B Cep-

3EHOHxOTeJI Ka3HHTbBacHJIHC-

6111111; 580 r.) 111 38XOP.S1 H8 lOT .0.0

Ka, HO TaK KaK OH IIpMXO,LI.MJICSI po,LI.-

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o6pec111 co6CTBeHHYIO reppHTOpHIO

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Becb BocmK, HO 3TO eMy He YAa.JIOCb.

HH B rrpe,LI.KaBKa3CKHX, HH B ,LI.Herrpo-

(601 r.). TeMHeMeHee, KKOH~yeeKa bas:TH S1BJIS1JICS1 HOMII1H8JibHbiM C/03e-

3eHOH IIO,LI.aBMJI BOCCTaHMe, MCIIOJ1b3YSI

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557

baJITII1KM .0.0 /l,yHas:T.

r. pa36MJIM MX. 3-ra rro6e,LI.a, OA-

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KaK 6blCTPble BoeHHble MaHeBpbl, TaK M

or 491-518 rr. u,APCTBOBAHVIE AHACTACVISI. bbiBWII1W rp8)t(l1.8HCKMW

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'lii1HOBHII1K, B30WP.S1 Ha TPOH, AHa-

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B HACTOH:W:EE BpeMSI M3BecT-

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HO MHOrO MOrMJibHHKOB aBapCKOro

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BpeMeHM, B KOTOpbiX He TOJlbKO Halt-

cnoco6HbJM M P.es:TTeflbHbiM 8,lJ,MMHII1CTp8TOpOM, OP.HaKO BCKOpe OH CTOJI-

562

r. aBapcKHlt KaraH EaSIH

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<t>nae111w noKa3an ce6s:~

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py IOcTI!HHaHY c rrpocb6oit Bbl.Jl.eJIHTb

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( 516 r . ) . Bp~e6Hb!H AHacTacHIO <De-

qTO Ha BOCbMOH ):leHb TIOCJie npH6bl-

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M eHHHKaMH B rapHH30He Onecca,

THHOTIOJib. KpoMe KOHHoro H nernero

):!BHHYJICH K CTOJIHUe H 3aHHJI n pe):l-

BHTaJIHaH HO'IbiO BCTYTIHJI B ropon H

BOHCKa, OH HMeJI B CBOeM pacnopH1Ke-

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MHXaHJia. E ro cpJIOT, H a6paHHb!H H 3 roToB H rYHHOB, ):lOIIIeJI onHTI> no Co-

200

ero coi03HHK rYHH Tappax cBoeil py-

(naves lusoriae ). <DJioT cnycTH.JicH no

KOH y6H.JI ero. Kor):la BecTh o6 3TOM

raBaHH CoccpeHHH (Hb!He CTeHHH) Ha

ccpeHHH . BHTaJIHaH pacc<J:HTb!BaJI

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cppaKHHCKOM 6epery Eoccpopa, B ne-

BCTpeTHTh CO'IYBCTBHe y HCaBpOB,

TacHil nonBepr o6cymneHHIO neJio

CHTH pHMCKHX MHJIHX OT CTOJIHUbl.

CTOHHKa KoTOpb!x HaxonH.Jiacb B XaJI-

BHTaJIHaHa Ha 3acenaHHH CHHKJIHTa,

HaEcTpe<J:Y BHTaJIHaey 6b!JI nocJiaH

KHAOHe, H yroBOpHTh HX npHCOe):lH-

Ha KOTOpOM 6b!JIO npHHHTO perneHHe

HoaHH, Cb!H BanepHaHbl, ceCTpb! BH-

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o6bHBHTh BHTaJIHaHa BparoM oTe<J:e-

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):laJIH HMemn B HTaJIHaHa H ocTaJIHcb

CTBa. )J;JIH 6opb6hl c HHM 6b!Jla ccpop-

CTBHH BOeHHyiO CJiaBy B BOHHaX C ro-

BepHb! HMTiepaTOpy.

80 TbiCH'I <J:eJIOBeK

TaMH B HTaJIHH. BHTaJIHaH Bbl):lBHHyJI

KoMHT 3KCKYBHTOB, IOcTHH, 6y-

H rJiaBHOe KOMaHAOBaHHe 6b!JIO npe-

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cpYHTOB 30JIOTa, 3BaHHe MarHCTIJa ap-

Ka):lpOH HMnepcKoro cpJioTa . Korna

MHpoBaHa a pMHH B

422

PAHHEE CPE)J.HEBEKOBbE. 400-600 rr.

Bl1aaHTI11iillbl:

1, 2, 4, 5- npoCTonJOA11Hbl; 3, 7- aHaTHble MY)f(\411Hbl; 6- HI13WI11ii <fi1HOBHI1K

Kopa6JIH BHTaJIHaHa IIOAXOAHJIH K

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XpHcorroJIIO (CKyTapH),IOcTHH Ha-

l.laMH XaJIKHAOHCKoro co6opa, HOAJIJI

PocJihle H xopoiiio cJioiKeHHhle, npHBblqHhJe K TPYAY 3eMJie,LJ,eJihl.la, OHH

rraJI Ha rrepe,D,oBo~ Kopa6Jih BHTa-

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cep~>e3HO~ orracHocTH.

HO~, B KOTOphlX HeCJIH XJie6 H3 po,D,-

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HOro AOMa. ilx HMeHa 6bmH IOcTHH,

CMOrJIH OKa3aTh ,LJ,OCTO~Horo COIIpO-

514-527 rr. UAPCTBOBAHir1E IOCTir1HA. 4apcreoeaHMe /OcTMHa,

THBJieHHJI HMIIepaTOpCKOIYty BOeHHO-

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48TeflbHO M3-38 B8)1(HOW ponM,

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IIOKHHYJIH CBOHX paHeHblX H 60Jib-

nneMRHHMKOM IOCTMHMBHOM. nepe,a

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HeorrhlTHhle MopJIKH BHTaJIHaHa He

pHMCKHX MHJih (OKOJIO

100

3HMapx H .lJ:HTH6HCT. ilMrrepaTOp 3a-

BepcT), oH yKperrHJICJI B AHxHaJie 1•

HOmBCMRMM, 8 48CTM4HO Bb/3B8H-

CTBHH paccKa3h1BaJIH, 6yATO IOcTHH

TaK 6yHT BHTaJIHaHa oKoHqHJICJI

HBR cnopoM no noeo.ay .aoneeoro

BO BpeMJI 3TO~ BO~Hhl 3a KaKO~-TO BOeHHhlH rrpocryrroK 6b1JI O'IJI.aH IIOA

no6e,LJ,o~ HMrrepaTopa. B reqeHHe

Y48CTMR B COflM,aapHOWOTBeTCTBeH-

ABYX nocJie,LJ,yiOI.l.IHX JieT BHTaJIHaH

HOCTM o6eMX MMnepMW B ,aene 38-

CTPaiKY, H eMy rpo3HJia cMepTHaJI

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Ka3Hh; HO rp03HOe BH,LJ,eHHe, IIOBTO-

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423

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8H33HTHHUbl:

1, 2 1 5- HMnepaTOp B BOeHHOM o6na"feHHH; 3, 4- COnA3Tbl; 6-8- BOeHa"fanbHHKH

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527-565

22.

BaHHH H .LJ,O KOHUa )f(H3HH He Bhiy-

HyTO, CeHaT, He HMe.si CBOero KaH.LJ,H-

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527-565 rr. ~CT~H~AHA

u,APCTBOBAH~E (nflEM~HH~KA

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424

PAHHEE CPE)J.HEBEKOBbE. 400-600 rr. JieHHa.ll ryHHru.m A06hl<Ja 6h1Jla OTH.li-

20-25 neT. EMy pa3pewanocb ecry-

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10 .QeKa6pSI 536 r. B3s:ITHE PHMA. 0pM npM6flM)I(eHMM BenM3aPMR '-leTbtpexTbtCR'-IHbtiii roTCKMiii rapHM30H 6e)l(an M3 PMMa, TeM caMbtM n03BOflMB BM3aHTMMCKOMY

nOflKOBOA14Y 6ecnpenRTCTBeHHO BOMTM B ropo.a. nocKOflbKY BMTMrec co6Mpan a CeaepHoiii 111TanMM MHOro'-IMcneHHYto apMMto, BenM3apMiii peWMfl He pMCKOBaTb M He npo,aon)l(aTb HaCTynneHMR, He nonOflHMB npe,aaapMTeflbHO PRAOB CBOMX aoiiicK. OH cpo'-IHO 3anpocMn no.aKpenneHMiii y /OCTMHMaHa, TeM apeMeHeM roTOBH PMM K oca.ae, 3a B03H a ropo.a 6onbwMe KOflM'-IecTaa npo.aoaonbCTBMR M .apyrMx npMnacoa M peMOHTMPYH noape)l(,aeHHbte ropo,aCKMe CTeHbl. 0o,a era KOMaH,aOBaHMeM HaXOAMflOCb acero flMWb 5 TbiCH'-1 '-leflOBeK, nonOBMHY KOTOpbtX COCTaBflRfla era flM'-IHaH OXpaHa aepORTHO, ny'-IWMe B MMpe con,aaTbl mro apeMeHM. BenM3apMiii npomHyn '-lepe3 TM6p 14enM, '-IT06bt y,aep)I(MBaTb o6e '-laCTM ropo,aa, M,aflH 3a/.1..1MTbl AflMHHbiX ropo,aCKMX CTeH M06MflM30Ban OKOflO 20 TbiCR'-1 MOno,abtX pMMflHH.

2 MapTa 537 r. - 12 MapTa 538 r. OCAAA PHMA. BMTMrec npM6btfl C BOMCKOM, ,aOCTMraBWMM, aepORTHO, He 6onee '-!eM TpeTM OT npMnMCbtBaeMbiX XpOHMCTaMM 150 TbiCR'-1 '-leflOBeK, HO, TeM He MeHee, a.aecRTepo npeaocxo.aHI.J..IMM BM3aHTMMCKMiii rapHM30H PMMa 1. Ocy~.J..~e CTBflRR c,aep)I(MBato~.J..~Me ,aefiiCTBMR nepe,a QJnaMMHMeBbiMM BOpOTaMM, BenM3apMiii e.aaa He oKa3ancH oTpe 3aH, o,aHaKo cyMen npo6MTbCR o6paTHO B ropo,a , BbtBe,aR M3 CTPOR MHOTO TOTOB. 21 MapTa BMTMrec nonbtTaflCR 6btno noiiiTM Ha npMcTyn, HO, noHeCR TH)I(efl bte noTepM OT OTHR YCTaHOBfleHHbiXHa CTeHaX KaTanynbT M 6annMCT, a TaK)I(e OT MeTKMX CTpen ny'-IHMKoa-aeTepaHoa BenM3apMR, OTCTynMn. CTpofii TOTOB HaCTOflbKO nope.aen, '-ITO OHM 6 btnM }?Ke He a coCTORHMM o6ecne'-IMBaTb nonHyto 6no Ka,ay ropo.aa , a pe3ynbTaTe '-!era BenM3apMiii nony'-IMfl B03MO)I(HOCTb nOCbtflaTb M nony'-laTb nMCbMa, npMHMMaTb nocTynato~.J..~Me no,aKpenneHMR M ,aa)l(e npOBMaHTCKMe 0603bl. O,aMH M3 npM6btBWMX OTPH.aoa OKOflO 2 TbiCH'-1 '-leflOBeK- OH no,a KO1 A"flyrHe HCTO'!ID!KH Ha:JhlBaJOT MeHhrnyiO 'IHCJiellliOCTh rOTCKHX BORCK BHTHreca JIO

30 ThlCll'I '!eJIOBeK.

OKG-

433

MaH.aoaaHMeM HeKoero 111oaHHa Kpoaaaoro oTnpaaMn a peiii.a Ha BocTo'-1Hoe no6epe)l(be 111TanMM. Kor.aa aHa'-lane 538 r. BMTMrec Y3Han, '-ITO rpa)l(,aaHcKoe HaceneHMe M rapHM30H PMMa He rono,aatoT, TO npe,anpMHRn e1.1..1e OAMH npMCTyn, HO CHOBa noTepnen Hey,aa'-ly 0pM6btTMe a ycTbe TM6pa BM3aHTMiiicKoiiiacKa,apbtc nHTMTbiCH'-IHbiM no,aKpenneHMeM BbiHYAMflO BMTMreca CHRTb oca,ay 0H ABMHYflCR Ha BOCTOK, npecne,ayR 1!1oaHHa Kpoaa aoro, KOToporo M oca,aMn B PMMMHM.

538-539 rr. OCAAA PABEHHbl. 0pM6btTMe a 111ranMto apMMM no.a KOMaH,aoaaHMeM Hapceca M npM6nM)I(eHMe aoiiicK BenM3apMR, nocne.aoaaawero3a roTaMM '-lepe3AneHHMHbt, BbiHYAMflM 8MTMreca CHHTb oca,ayPMMMHMMOTCTynMTbKPaaeHHe. TaMOH 6btfl OCa)l(,aeH 8enM3apMeM, MCnbtTbiBaBWMM B 3TO apeMR 3Ha'-IMTeflbHbte Tpy,aHOCTM C KOOp,aMHaJ4Mefii ,aefiiCTBMM pa36pocaHHbtX no aceiii 111ranMM MHOTO'-IMCfleHHbiX nonyHe3aBMCMMbiX MMnepCKMX OTPRAOB. TeM apeMeHeM BHYK Xno,aaMra, Kopon b AacTpa3MM, KaK Ha3btaanacb npM MepoaMHrax BOCTO'-IHaR '-laCTb QJpaHKCKOro rocy,aapcTaa, Teo.ae6ep (MnM Teo.ae6epT) I, nocnan '-lepe3 Anbnbt He60flbWOM OTpR,a ,aflR COBMeCTHbiX C roTaMM ,aefiiCTBMM npOTMB MMnepCKMX CMfl OKOflO MMnaHa (538 r.). Cne.ayto~.J..~eiii aecHoiii oH caM ao3maBMn 3Ha'-IMTeflbHO 60flbWYIO apMMIO, BToprwytocR a CeaepHyto 111TanMto. B ocnonb3oaaawMcb 6ecnopH,aO'-IHbtMM 60RMM B AOflMHe 00, rflpaHKM C paBHbtM ycnexoM Hana.aanM KaK Ha MMnepCKMe BOMCKa, TaK M Ha CBOMX COI03HMKOB TOTOB M onyCTOWaflM OKpeCTHbte 3eMnM. Bee e1.1..1e oca)l(aaawMiii PaaeHHY BenM3apMiii 3aKnto'-IMn c Teo.ae 6 epoM, a '-lbMX aoiiicKax acnbtXHyna anM,aeMMR, .aoroaop, M rppaHKM noKMHynM 111ranMto. IOcTMHMaH B 3TO apeMR 6 btfl B BbiCWefii CTeneHM 03a6o'-leH B0306HOBMBWMMMCH Ha6eraMM 3a,ayHaiiicKMX aapaapoa 6onrap M cnaBHH, a TaK)I(e yrpo3oiii ao3o6HoaneHMR aoiiiHbt c XocpoaoM nepcM,aCKMM, acrynMBWMM a neperoaopbt c BMTMrecoM. 111MnepaTop npe,ano)I(Mfl 3aKnto'-IMTb MMP c BMTM recoM, HO BenM3apMiii OTKa3ancH

434

PAHHEE CPE)J.HEBEKOBbE. 400-600 rr. 541-543 rr.

B03PO)I(AEH~E

fOTOB. no OT6bJTYIY1 BenYT38PYlfl TOTbl no.a KOM8H.[J,OB8HMeM eBoero HOBOTO KOPOflfl Vfnbti,Y168.[1,8 BblpBanMeb YT3 oe8)1(.[J,eHHOC1 BepoHbl u HaHeenu nopa)l(eHue pa3p03HeHHbJM YTMnepeKYTM BOC1eK8M B 6YTTBe 6nYT3 eoBpeMeHHoro ropo.aa TpeBYT3o, B pe3yflbT8Te BOeeTBHOBYIB KOHTPOflb H8/l. 0 BeeC1ti,OflYIHOC1 peKYT n 0 ( 541 r.). noene KOH4Y1Hbl Vfnbti,Yl68.[J,8 HOBb/M KoponeM 6bm YT36paH noene npo.aon)/(YfTenbHbJX pa3Homaeut1 nneMf!HHYTK BuTureea ToTuna(unu, YTHa4e, Ga.ayuna). 0H HeMeti,neHHO noBen eBOIO apMYIIO B l.teHTPBnbHYIO VfTBnYIIO, r.ae H8Hee BY138HTYTC1U8M peWYTTeflbHbJe nopa)l(eHMfl B 6uTBax npu <Pa9HUe, r.ae ti,B8/l.U8TY1TbJef/4Hb/e YTMnepeKYTe BoC1eKa, no6poeae opy)I(Me, e no3opoM o6pamnYTeb B 6ereTBO B eaMOM Ha4ane 6ofl, a 3aTeM npu Myreflflo (542 r.). noTOM Tomna .[J,BYIHynef! H8 FOr, 4T06bJ oea.auTb u B3f1Tb Heanonb, Y1 BeKope OTBOeBan 66nbWYIO 48eTb VfTBflYIM, 38 YTeKflf04eHYTeM ropeT04KY1 npeYTMymeeTBeHHO npYTMOpeKYTX TOpO.[J,OB, OeTBBWY!Xef! no.a BY138HTYTC1eKYTM KOHTponeM.

544-549 rr.

B03BPAW.EH~E

~ HOBblli1 OTbE3A BEJ1~3AP~51. Vf BHOBb JOemHMBH noenan BenM3aPYTfl enaeaTb nono)l(eHMe - KBK o6bJ4HO, BO maBe eoBepweHHO He8.[J,eKB8THbiX 38/1.84e eun ( OKOflO 4 Tb/ef/4 4eflOBeK). noene TO.[J,Y14HOC1 Oe8.[J,bl, li1HTepbep co6opa CB. Cocj>VUI B KOHCT3HTI1HOI10ne, llOCTpOeHHbl~ B Te'feHI1e 11S1TI1 neT (532-537 rr.)

enoeo6eTBOBBTb 9TOMy. Tor.aa roTbJ Bbi3B8flYleb no.a.aep)I(8Tb Bbi.[J,BY!)I(eHY!e Benu3apufl YTMnepaTOpoM 3a-

ef! eme B pyKax TOTOB KpenoeTMM YKpenneHHbJe ropo.aa, noKa ux He oeTanoeb Beero .[J,B8- BepoHa l1 naBMfl.

na.n.Hot1 PuMeKoC1 YTMnepMM. ToT npMTBOpHo eornaeMnefl, HO, KOT.[J,8 B KOHUe 539 r. BMTMree e.aan PaeeHHY, Beer.aa XP8HMBWMC1 HeM3MeHHYIO eepHoeTb JOeTMHMBHY BenM3apMC1 38XB8Tl1fl TOTeKOTO KOPOflf/11 OTOenan ero B KoHeTaHmHononb B Ka4eeTBe nneHHYIK8. 540-541 rr. BEJWI3AP~Ii1 Yn-

Kor.aa BenM38pMC1 oea.a11n MX, JOeTMHYTBH, Bee eme 38BYI.[J,OB8BWMC1 yeneXBM eeoero 6nueT8TeflbHOTO BOeHa4BnbHMK8 Y1 onae8BWYTC1efl, 4TO TOT

POlf~BAET nOJlQ)KEH~E

~TA足

ll~~. Tenepb BM38HntC1eKMC1 nonKoeo.aeu npMeTynMn K nnaHOMepHOMY npo4eebJB8HYIIO Beet1 VfTBflMM, Oti,HY 38 ti,pyroC138XB8Tb/B8fl H8XO.[J,YIBWMe-

MO)I(eT B KOHUe KOHUOB eomaeYTTbef! H8 npe.anaraeMyFO KOPOHY YTMnepaTOpa 3ana.aHoC1 PuMeKoC1 YTMnepuu, epo4HO OT03Ban ero B KoHeTaHTYTHOnonb (541 r.). Tenepb nuweHHbJMYT UeHTP8flY130B8HHOTO PYKOBOti,eTB8 onepBUYlflMYI B VfTBflYIYI KOM8H.[J,OBBnY1 no eo6eTBeHHOMY yeMOTpeHYTIO O.[J,MHH8.[J,U8Tb eaMOeTOf/TeflbHbiX noneBbiX KOM8Hti,YlpOB.

KOTOPYIO 6eenOKOflmYTe .aet1eTBYlfl Benu38pYTfl He B eunax 6bmYT pa3opBBTb, ToTMna B3WI PuM (545 r.). Ho eTOMflO eMy ti,BMHYTbefl B flyKBHYIIO, 4T06bJ npo.aon)I(YTTb TaM onepauuu npoTYTBYTMnepeKYTXBoC1eK, KBK Benu3aput1 HeMe.aneHHO BepHyn Be4HbJC1 lopo.a. ToTuna noenewun Ha3a.a, TpYI>K;abl 6e3yeneWHO nbJTanefl B3f!Tb ropo.a WTYPMOM, HO, noHeef/ Tfl)l(eflb/e noTepM, BbiHY/I(ti,eH 6bJn OTK838Tbef! o T eBoero HaMepeHYTfl ( 546 r.). 1../eTbJpe noeneti,OB8BWYIX 38 9TYIM TO.[J,8 HBnOMYIHBnYI .aet1eTBMfl t8HHY16ana B V!TanuM. B none roTbJ 6bmu He B eunax npomBoeTOflTb Benu3apu10, Y1 TOT MOT eB060ti,HO nepeti,BYIT8Tbefl no eTpaHe, HO 6e3 eymeeTBeHHbJX nOtJ,KpenneHYTC1, KOTOpbJe 38BYTemuBbJC1 JOeTMHYTBH Bee He pewanefl npuenaTb, OT4ero BenM3apuC1 6bm

435

EBPOnA V1 CPE,lJ.V13EMHOMOPbE He B COCTO>IHMM .tJ,06MTbC>I OKOH'4a-

no6epe)l(b>l B .tJ,pyryJO, B TO BpeMR KaK

KOHHb/XJIY'4HMKOB, Bbl.ll,BMHYTb/X Bne-

TeflbHOTO ycnexa. HaKoHe~ nonKoeo-

ocranbHbJe

pe.tJ, KPblflbee. OcraHoeneHHbJe ony-

.ae~ 6blfl BHOBb OT03BaH B KOHCTaHTM-

Mapw -

MaHeep, no.ao6Hbliii coepe-

crowaJOWMM MX p>i.ll,bl OTHeM, aTaKY-

HOnOflb(549 r.). Tomna HeMe.ll,JieHHO

MeHHOMY nepe.tJ,BM)I(eHMJO neWMM no-

JOWMe 6blflM npMBe.tJ,eHbl B CM>!TeHVfe

coeepwanu

newuiii

OCa.tJ,MJI M BepHyfl PMM, He TOJibKO yc-

p>l.ll,KOM M Ha MawuHax. B pe3yflbTare

M or6poweHbJ Ha co6creeHHYJO ne-

TaHOBMB TBep.tJ,b/W TOTCKMiii KOHTPOflb

OH npM6biJI B PaeeHHY, He BCTpeTMB

xory, HacrynaewyJO c3qaM HMX. Ycu-

Ha.ll, 60JibWeiii '4aCTbJO llfT8JIMM, HO M

HMKaKOTO conpOTMBJieHM>I, eCJIM He

JIM>I rOTCKMX JIYf4HMKOB nOJJ.l1.ep)l(aTb

oreoeeae Cu~MJIMJO, Cap.tJ,MHMJO M

C'4MTaTb He3Ha'4MTeflbHOiii CTb/'4KM C

CBOJO KaBanepMJO 6bJJIM COpBaHb/

KopCMJ<Y. OH nonbJTanc>~ 6noKupo-

He6onbWMM rorcKMM orp>~.aoM, YHM'4-

6onee arpeccMBHbJMM M 6onee no.a-

earb PaeeHHY o.aHoepeMeHHO c cywu

TO)I(eHHbJM B OKpeCTHOCT>IX ropo.tJ,a.

M C MOp>!, O.tJ,HaKO B A,apMaTMKe ero

BM)I(Hb/MM MMnepCKMMM lj>naHTOBb/MM KOHHb/MM CTpeJIKaMM. 3aTeM

lj>nor 6bm npaKTM'4eCKM YHM'4TO)I(eH

BOJibiiiYIO qacTb 3TOJ;i apMHH

npMKpbJTb/e OTHeM neWMX JIYf4HMKOB

BM3aHTMWCKOiii 9CKa.tJ,poiii, MOT CBOe-

cocTaBJISIJIH HaeMHhle orpSI.LI.hl: CJiaBSI-

KaTalj>paKTapMM C .ll,Byx CTOPOH Bpe-

ro HaMepeHM>I TOTCKOMY KOPOJIJO npM-

He, JiaHro6ap.LI.hl, repyJihi, ryHHhi H

38JIMCb B K!ly6>1WYJOC>I Macey rOTOB,

UlnOCb orKa3aTbC>I (551 r.). BcKope

.LI.pyrHe. Pa3HOIIJieMeHHbiJ;i cocTaB

M cpa)l(eHMe npeeparunocb B pa3-

MMnepCKMiii 9KCne.tJ,M~MOHHb/W KOpnyc

6blJI HCTO<JHHKOM CJia60CTH HMIIep-

rpoM. rorbJ norepRnM 6onee 6 TbJCR'4

no.tJ, KOMaH.tJ,OBaHMeM Apra6aHa CHO-

CKOJ;i apMHH.

'4eJIOBeK y6MTb/MM, BKJIJ0'4a>l CaMOrO

551 r. HAPCEC KOMAH.O.YET ~MnEPCK~M~ C~JlAM~ B ~TA

552 r. 6~TBA nP~ TAf~HE (6m13cosp. ropo.na fy66111o). Hapcec

npo.tJ,Ofi)I(Mfl.tJ,BM)I(eHMe KPMMY, Koro-

ll~~. IOCTMHMaH, HaKOHe~, nOH>Ifl, '4TO MO)I(eT npeycneTb B l!fTaJIMM, fiMWb nocraeue cnoco6Horo nonKo-

Bb/CrynMJI Ha PMM. nepeXO.ll,>l c npM-

Ba BbiPB8!1 CM~MJIMJO M3 PYK TOTOB.

eo.a~a

Toruny; ocT8JibHbJe 6e)l(afiM. Hapcec Pbliii M B3>1fl nocne KOPOTKOiii OCa.tJ,bl.

6JIM3MTeflbHO .tJ,Ba.tJ,~aTMTb/C>I'4HOW apMMeiii 1 AneHHMHbl, oH 6blfl ecrpe-

cryrra'reJibH o, <JTO o6ecrre<JHJI o eJ;I 3axBaT HHIH.IHaTHBhl B 6oro. Ho 3Ta HHH-

APMll.H roTOB .LI.eJ;icTBOBa.Jia Ha-

eo maee a.aeKeaTHbJX 3a.tJ,a'4e

'4eH Torunoiii, no.a KOMaH.aoeaHMeM y

cun. Bee ewe 3aeu.ay>~ BenM38PMJO,

KOTOporo HaXO.ll,MJIOCb, eepO>!THO, He

n:HaTHBa He 6blJia y.LI.epiKaHa I'OTaMH

OH CHa'48Jia BbJ6p8!1 Ha 9TY pOflb CBO-

6onee 15 TbJCR'4 '4enoeeK2 • Toruna

H3-3a OTCYTCTBHSI B3aHMO.LI.eJ;iCTBHSI KOHHHI.Ihi H rrexoTbi. PacrroJIOJKeHHaSI

ero nfleM>IHHMKa repMaHM>I, OTJIM'4MB-

BbJ6pan y.ao6HyJO .ll,JIR.tJ,eiiicreuiii ero

WeTOC>I no.tJ, KOMaH.tJ,Oiit 8eJIM3apM>i BO

T>!)l(eflb/X KOHHb/X

no-

3a KOHHHUeJ;I rrexora 6bma o6pe<IeHa

epeM>I nepCM.ll,CKOiii BOWHb/ M He.tJ,aB-

Ha 6e3.LI.eJ;icTBHe. ATah'YSI rrpOTHBHHKa,

HO o.aep)l(aewero KpynHyJO no6e.ay

3M~MJO B Y3Koiii ropHoiii .aonuHe, KoropyJO Hapcec He Mor o6oiiim. Bu-

Ha.ll, CJiaB>!HaMM. 0.tJ,HaKO repMaHMiii

3aHTMiiiCKMiii BOeHa'4aflbHMK HeMe.tJ,-

HhlX <}>JiaHI'OB H II03TOMY IIOIIa.Jia IIO.LI. <}>JiaHfOBble y.LI.apbl JIY<JHHKOB IIpOTHB-

KOnbeHOC~eB

KOHHHI.Ia I'OTOB He HMeJia o6ecrreqeH-

yMep no.a Cep.auKoiii( coep.ropo.a Co-

JieHHO pa3BepHyfl CBOJO apMMJO

l/>M>I B bOJirapMM), M TOT.ll,a IOCTMHMaH

eorHyTbJM crpoeM. Cnewue noM-

HHKa. KoHHHn:a He 6blJia HCIIOJih30Ba-

OCTaHOBMJI BbJ60p Ha npecrapeJIOM

6ap.acKMX M repyflbCKMX HaeMHMKOB,

Ha HH .LI.JISI MaHeBpa, HH .LI.JISI 06XO.LI.a H

eeHyxe Hapcece (478-573 rr.). Tor

OH lj>anaHroiii Bb/CTPOMJI MX B ~eHT

oxBaToB <}>JiaHroB pHMJISIH. Hapcec

OTKa38JIC>I npMH>ITb nOCT, eCJIM B ero

pe, a KaTalj>paKTapMeB M OTP>I.ll,b/ OT-

rrpaBHJibHO on:eHHJI MeCTHOCTb H, 33X-

pacnop>!)l(eHMe He 6y.aer npe.aocraeneHo COOTBeTCTBYJOWMX CMJI.

KOT-

6opHb/X KOHHb/X M neWMX fiY'4HMKOB

BaTHB BhlCO'I)', C03A3JI 6JiaronpHS!T-

pa3MeCTMJI Ha lj>naHrax. 3aTeM OH

Hbie ycJIOBHSI .LI.JISI IIOCTpOeHHSI pHM-

.tJ,a B TOM )l(e TO.ll,Y OH Bb/CTynMJI M3

npMKa3aJI OTP>I.tJ,Y KOHHb/X M neWMX

CKOJ;i apMHH. BoeBoJ;I nopSI.LI.OK 6blJI

CanoHbJ Ha ceeep, no.a KOMaH.aoea-

fiY'4HMKOB 3aXBaTMTb pacnOJIO)I(eH-

pacc<JHTaH Ha ocymecTBJieHHe <}>JiaHroBhlX y.LI.apoB CHJiaMH JIY<JHHKOB.

HMeM y Hero HaXO.ll,MJIOCb, BepO>!THO,

HYJO cneea npeo6na.aaJOWYJO BbJco-

OT 20 Tb/Cf/'4 .ll,O 30 Tb/Cf/'4 '4eJIOBeK.

ry.

npM.ll,>l B BeHe~MJO, OH Y3Hafl, '4TO

B .ll,Be JIMHMM- T>!)l(eflb/e KOHHb/e KO-

ApMM>I ToTMflbJ 6bma nocrpoeHa

MOWHa>l 06be.tJ,MHeHHa>l apMM>I no.tJ,

nbeHOC~b/

KOMaH.tJ,OBaHMeM TOTCKOrO BO)I(.ll,>l

eoiii M eoopy)l(eHHa>~ Konb>IMM M 6oe-

Teiiiu M Kopon>~lf>paHKOB Teo.ae68Jib-

BbJMM ronopaMM Tfl)l(efla>l nexora eo

.tJ,a, '4MCJieHHOCTbJO He MeHee 50 Tb/-

BTOpoiii. roTb/ OTKPblflM 6MTBY peWM-

M newue JIYf4HMKM B nep-

Cf/'4 '4eJIOBeK, 6JIOKMpyeT maBHYJO

TeflbHOiii KaBanepMiiiCKOiii aTaKOiii .

.aopory B .ll,OJIMHY peKM no. He )l(efla>l CB>I3b/BaTbC>I CO CTOJib rp03HOiii CM-

PMHYBWMCb BHM3 no .ll,OJIMHe, OHM nonanu cHa'4ana no.a o6crpen no-

JIOW M6y.tJ,Yf4MYBepeHHbiM, '4TO lj>paH-

cnaHHoro HapcecoM eneeo orp>~.aa,

KM BCKOpe YCTaHyr OT CBOero C0/038

a 3aTeM no.tJ, nepeKpeCTHb/W OTOHb

C roTaMM, KaK 9TO }/)Ke He pa3 6bJBaJIO e npownoM, xurpoyMHbJiit Hapcec .ll,BMHYJIC>IB.ll,OflbAapMaTMKM,MCnOflb-

CorJiacHo l{pyrHM HCTO'lHHKaM, apMID!

3Y>I KOpa6JIM, '4T06bJ '4aCT>IMM nepe-

Hapceca I{OCTHraJia 30 Tb!Cll'l 'leJIOBeK. 2 ITo l{pyrHM CBel{eHHliM, apMHll ToTHJibl

6paCb/BaTb apMMJO M3 O.ll,HOiii T0'4KM

COCTaBJil!Jia OKOJIO

20 Tb!Cll'l 'leJIOBeK.

6o~

npH TarHHe s 551 r.

436

PAHHEE CPE)J.HEBEKOBbE. 400-600 rr.

611TBa np11 Kac111111He a 554 r.

0Tpa3HB aTaKy rOTOB, pHMJI.liHe KOH1paTaKOBaJIH HX, "'TO peiiiHJIO HCXOA 6o.ll.

553 r.

6~TBA nP~

MOHTE-

JlAKTEP~~

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PAHHEE CPE)J.HEBEKOBbE. 400-600 rr. 80CTOKe. noKa ero 8HYK (TaJOKe Xocpo8) ycneWHO OC8)/(,[],Bn Jl,apy, 80eHa4BnbHMKAn.apMaH npo804Mn 9cj>cj>eKTM8Hb/e peW4bl 8 CMpMIO, npOHMKafl 40 CaMOW AHTMOXYIM. 06eceyp8)1(eHHb/e TaKMM HeO)I(YJ4aHHb/M pe3yflbTaTOM 80WHbl, KOTOPYIO OHM CaMYJ )l(e Ha4an~ 8M3aHTMW~hlnpe4fl0)1(MflYI

WneMbl VI B. 4eH 40nroe 8peMfl cpa)l(aTbCfl 8 )l(ecroKMX 4MHacrw~ecKMX 80tliHax, npe)l(ae 4eM yr8ep4Mn C80/0 8nacrb Ha4o 8cetli CacaHM4CKotli MMnepMetli M cran caMbJM 3HaMeHMTbJM ee npa8MTeneM.

539-562 rr. nEPCif1,0.CKOTIOPKCKif1~ AJlbSIHC nPOTif1B 3<1>TAJ11f1TOB. BcrynM8 8 co103 c 803HMKWMM 8 1.../eHrpanbHOtli A3MM H08bJM HaP040M TIOPOK, Xocpo8 06be4MHeHHb/MM CMflaMM HarOfl08Y pa3rpOMMfl 9cj>TanMT08. no3)1(e OH npo8en ycnewHy/0 KaMnaHM/0 npoTM8 Xa3ap 8 CTenfiX npe4Ka8Ka3bfl M Ce8epHoro Ka8Ka3a.

572-579 rr. BTOPASI

BO~HA

XOCPOBA C Plf1MOM. B co103e c TIOpKaMM IOCTMH Ha4an H08YIO 80WHY, n044ep)l(a8 80CCTaHMe apMfiHCKMX xpMCTMaH. Xocpo8 I, renepb }')Ke CTapbJW 4eno8eK, HeMe4neHHO OTnpa8Mfl 9KCne4Ml.~MOHHb/W KOpnyc 8 PMMCKY/0 MeconoraMM/0, 04H08peMeHHO C4ep)I(MB8fl Hanop TIOPK08 Ha

nepeMMpMe, KOTOpoe 4flMflOCb TPM r04a (573-575 rr.). 06e CTOpOHb/ YJcnonb308anYJ nepe4bJWKY 4flfl no4roT08KM K 80306H08fleHM/O 6opb6bJ. 3ax8aTM8 MHM~YJaTM8Y, Xocpo8 I Onf/Tb nocnan 8HyKa Ha PYIMCJ<YIO TepPMTOPM/0. 04HaKo Ha 9TOT pa3 nepCbl 6bmM YJ3rHaHbJ M3 Kanna40KMM MOfl04bJM 80eHoHa4anbHMKOM Ma8PMKMeM (573 r.). Ha cne4Y101.1.mtli ro4 pMMCKMIIi nonK0804e~ IOcTMHMaH ( Cb/H repMaHYJfl) 3ana.aHee BepxHero Eecj>paraHaHecnop8)1(eHMeXocpoey Mna.aweMy e Tfl)l(enotli 6Mree npM MenMreHe (4pyrMe YICT04HYIKYI yreep)l(4aiOT, 4TO BM3aHTMWCKMMYI 80WCKaMM npM MenMTeHe KOMaH,lJ,oean TM6epMtli YJ4aTMPYIOT cpa)l(eHMe 577 r. ). t1CX04 cpa)l(eHMfl, npae4a, Henb3fl C4MT8Tb 04H03Ha4HO fiCHb/M - o6e CTOpOHb/ 40 KOH~a Y4eP)I(MBanM CBOM n03M~YIM. noc4MTaB C80M norepM HenoMepHO Tfl)l(eflbJMM, Xocpo8 no4en 38 6naro orcrynMTb M no4 noKp080M H04M nepCYJ4CKOe BOWCKO opraHM308aHHO CHflnocb M noKYJHyno narepb. Cpa)l(eHMe 03HaMeHo8anocb n04BMroM CKMcj>CKOTO BO)I(Jl.fl, KOMaH40BaBwero neBbiM KPblnOM 8M3aHTMWCKOW apMYJM. Bo maee c8oero KaeanepMtlicKoro OTPfl4a OH npo6MflCfl CKB03b 6oe8bJe nopfi4KYJ nepcoe, pa3rpa6Mn warep Xocpo8a, a 3aTeM npopy6YJn ce6e o6paTHb/W nyrb CKB03b Pfl4bl OT6opHbJX ~apcKYJX renoxpaHYJrenetli M KMHYBWYIXCfl K CTaBKe MHOT04MCfleHHb/X80MHOB. OrrecHMenepcoeHa38na4, JOCTYIHYJaH 8TOpTCfl 3aTeM B nepCM4CJ<YIO ApMeHYJ/0 M40CTMr KacnYJfl, r.ae ocHoean 6a3y YJ nocrpoYJn cj>nor (577 r.). Ha cne4YIOWMW ro4 OH 8Toprcfl e AccMpYJIO, BbJHY4M8 Xocpo8a I MCK8Tb MYJpa, KOTOPbiW, npae4a, 6bm 3aKJ1104eH }')Ke nocne ero cMepTM(589r.).

579-590 rr. u,APCTBOBAHif1E XOPMif13,0.AIV.nPO,O.OJ1~Hif1E

BO~H C Plf1MOM lf1 C TIOPKAMif1. HoebJtli ~apb, CbJH Xocpoea, orKasan-

Cfl OT KaKMX-nYJ60 TeppMTOpMaflbHb/X ycrynoK, M80tliHa c PMMOM M c TIOpKaMM np040fl)I(MflaCb, CKJ1a4b/Baf/Cb 8 OCHOBHOM He 8 nonb3y nepCMYI. 8YJ3aHTMW~bl 04MCTMflM OT nepC08 66nbWYIO 4acrb ApMeHMYJ M KaeKa3a, 3aX8aTM8 6onbwoe 4Mcno Kpenocretli B40flb MeconoraMcKotli rpaHM~bJ. O.aH08peMeHHO TIOPKYI38XBaTMflM n04TYI eecb XopacaH /;1 40CTMmYJ rMpK8HMM, BbJtli.afl K6epery KacnYJfl. TeM 8peMeHeM )l(eCTOKOCTb YJ HeyMenoe npaB!IeHMe XopMM34a eo36Y4YiflM 8 caMotli nepCYJM MHOr04MCfleHHb/e Mf/Te)I(YJ /;1 npMBenM K OT4'Y)K.ll.eHYJ/O C0/03HMKOB /;1 eaccano8. CacaHM4CKafl MMnepMfl npe6bJ8ana Ha Kpa/0 rM6enYJ, Kor4a Ha C~eHy Bb/CTynWI 04apeHHb/W BOeHa4BnbHMK GaxpaM 4y6MH. C ManbJMYJ CMflaMM OH 04ep)l(an peWMTeflbHY/0 no6e4y Ha4 T/OpKaMM B rMpKaHYJM (588 r.), a 38TeM eepHyn MHoro norepfiHHbJX 3eMenb, ne)l(aWYJx /O)I(Hee 0Kca. no roM OH o6paTMfl Op}/)I(Me npoT/;18 8M3aHTMW~eB (589 r.), 04ep)l(an no6e4y y MaprMpononfl, HO ecKope MaepMKMIIi pa36Mn ero no4 HYJcYJ6McoM, OTOrHaB o6paTHO B ApMeHYJ/0. nb/Taf/Cb BTOprHyrbCfl 8 KonxM4Y, GaxpaM BH08bnorepnen nop8)1(eHMe- Ha 9TOT pa3 8 6YJTee Ha ApaKce (589 r.). 3aBYJ4Yfl cnaee M nonynflpHocrYJ nonK0804~a, XopMM34 yxearMncfl 38 9ry B03MO)I(HOCTb, 4T06bJ OTpeWMTb ero OT KOMaH408aHMfl, HO 6axpaM OTKa3BnCfl no8YJH088TbCfl Meoccran. BcKope XopMM34 6bm HM3flO)I(eH 4PYrMMM He4080flbHb/MM, KOTOpbJe 8038eflYJ Ha npecron Mono4oro Xocpo8a ( CbJHa Xop!\IIM34a YJ BHyKa Xocpoea I AHywMpeaHa), HO GaxpaM orKa3ancfl npYJ3HaTb M ero. CeeprHy8 HOBOTO ~apfl, oH Y3YPnMpoean rpoH (590 r. ). Xocpoey npYJWflOCb MCK8Tb y6e)I(MWa y BM3aHTYIW~e8, 8 KYJpKe3YJM Ha Eecj>pare.

590-596 rr. Plf1 MCKASI lf1HTEPBEHUif1SI. YcMorpee 34ecb 803MO)I(HOCTb 3aKOH4Y!Tb 38TfiHY8WYIOCfl eotliHy c npeMMywecr8oM .llllfl KoHcraHTMHononfl, MaepYJKYJtli nocnewMn no.n.aep)l(aTb Xocpo8a npoTMB Y3YPnaropa. AifMCKafl apMYJfl 4Y!CfleHHOCTb/O OKOflO 30 Tb/Cf/4 4efl08eK n04 KOMaH40BaHMeM 80eHa4aflbHMKa Hapceca 6bma 4epe3 AccMpM/0 nocnaHa B nepCM/0, 4T06bJ 80CCTaHOBMTbXocpo8a Ha rpoHe. B ro )l(e epe-

449

IOI0-3AnA,LJ,HA~ A3V1~ Mfl BV13aHTV1MCKMe CMnbl B ApMeHMVI Ha'lanM HaCTynneHMe Ha MM,ll.VI/0. C apMMei1J, HaC'IVITb/Baawei1J OKano 40 Tb/Cf/'1 'lenoaeK, 5axpaM KMHyncf/ Ha 3ana,a VI nonb/TanCf/ OCTaHOBVITb BTOp)f(eHMe Ha peKe 3a6. Hapcec, 'IbM cMnbl BMecTe c nepcaMM, nepewe,aWMMM no,a 3HaMeHa Xocpoaa , HaC'IMTb/BanM OKano 60 Tb/Cf/'1 'lenoaeK, Haronoay pa36Mn LJy6MHa a 6MTBe Ha 3a 6e (59 0 r.) MnorHan oTcTyna /Ol1.4 era npoTMBHMKa a MMJJ.MIO, r,ae BM3aHTMMl4bl BCKOpe o,aep)f(anM et1.4e OJJ.HY no6e,ay, OKOH'IaTenbHO YHM'ITO)f(VIB apMM/0 y3ypnampa (591 r.). 5ax paM 6e)f(an Ha BOCTOK, Ha,aef/Cb HaMTVI y6e)f(Ml1.4e y TIOpOK, HO BCKOpe yMep MnM 6bln y6MT. BepHyawMi1ICR Ha TPOH c BM3aHTMi1IcKoi11 noMOl1.4b/O Xocpoa nocnewMn no,anMcaTb c KoHcTaHTMHononeM MMPHbiM,aoroaop. Ha,aef/Cb aenMKo,aywMeM ynpo'IMTbMMp, MaaPMKMi11 HaCTaMBan nMWb Ha npV13HaHV1V1 nepcMei11 TpaJ].M14MOHHb/X rpaHMl4 VI np e Kpa l1.4eHMV1 c y6CM,ll.V1M Ha Ka BKa3CKMe yKpenneHMfl. OH,aa)f(e Bb!Ben M3 A pM eHMM BM3aHTMi1ICKMe aoi1IcKa.

591-628 rr. U,APCTBOBAHIIIE XOCPOBA II. E,aMHCTBeHHbiMM aa)f(Hb/MM BOeHHb/MVI C06b!TV1f/MV1 B pa HHMe rOJ].bl era 14a p CTBOBaHV1f/ 6 blfTV1 onepa14MM a MMJJ.VIM n pM no,aaBfleHMM BOCCTa HMfl npMH!4a DVICTa Ma ( 59 1596 rr.) .

APABIHI II AEIICCIIHIIR 400-600 22. 0 Kono 400 r. B03BbiWEHIIIE XIIIPbl. Pacnon o)f(eHHoe Ha ceaepoBOCTO'IHOi11 rpaHM!4e nyCTb/HVI W a MMf/ -Xa Ma,ll. VI Ha 3an a,aHOi1J OKpa MHe M econoTaMMM (npMMepHo a 150 KM K 10ry OT n e p CM,ll.CKOM CTOnMl4bl KTe cwpoHa ), n po!4BeTa/Ol1.4ee n o,a Bfla cTb /0 JJ.MHaCTVIVI flaXMVIJJ.OB KHf/)f(eCTBO XMpa f/BfTRnocb aaccanbHbiM no OTHOw eHM/0 K 0ep CV1V1 rocy,aapCTBOM . CaM b/M V13BeCTHb/M V13 e r a n paBMTenei1J 6 b!n anb-MYH3V1p - cnoco6Hb/M BOMH, 'l bfl no,IJ,IJ,ep)f(Ka oKa3anacb pew a/Ol1.4ei11, Kor,a a 5axpa M V ,ao6MaancR nepCMJJ.CKOrO TpOHa B JJ.MHaCTM'Ie CKVIX cnopax, nocne,aoaaawMx 3a cMepTb/0 l1e3,aMr ep,aa I ( 42 1 r. ). Jl.p y roi11 a n b -MYH3Mp f/Bflf/nCf/ OJJ.HMM V13

ny'IWVIX nepCM,ll.CKVIX nonKOBO,ll.l4eB npM Xocpoae I AHywMpaaHe.

0Kono 400 r. B03BbiWEHIIIE U,APCTBA rACCAHIIIAOB. XpMCTMaHcKoe nneMR, npoMCXOJJ.fll1.4ee, no BCei1J BVIJJ.VIMOCTVI, V13 flleMeHa, yraep,ll.MnOCb a Ceaepo-3ana,aHoi11ApaaMM BOCTO'IHee l1op,aaHa (OKano 200 r.). Baccanbl PMMa, OHM nocTeneHHO pacnpOCTpaHMnM CB0/0 anaCTb Ha 66nbWYIO 'laCTb perMoHa, ne)f(at1.4ero Me~ynanbMMpoi1I, pacnono)f(eHHoi11

6nM3 o3epa Ta,aMop a coapeMeHHoi11 CMpMM, VI neTpoi11, pacnono)f(eHHOM B CKanMCTOM 'laCTVI Ba,aM-My wM, Ha nonnyrM Me)f(,ay MepTBb/M MOpeM VI AKa6cKMM 3 anMBOM KpacHoro MOpf/. Me)f(,ay 14apcTBOM laccaHMJJ.OB M XMpoi11 Hepe,aKo B03HMKanM aoopy)f(eHHble CTOnKHOBeHMf/.

0Kono 400-525 rr. 50Pb5A 3A 171 EM EH. O,aMH M3 caMbiX nno,aopo,aHb!X perMoHoa ApaaMM, flleMeH ,aaaHo RBnRnCR npe,aMeToM cnopa Me)f(,ay MeCTHb/MVI a pa 6 a MM VI a 6MCCMH!4aMM M3 AKcyMa . nocne Ca6ei1IcKoro a o c c Ta HMfl AKc yM y,aep)f(MBan n MWb He MHOrMe npM6pe)f(Hb/e a HKJia -

a aTMX cpa)f(eHMfiX no6e)f(,aanMiaccaHMJJ.bl, HO 6nM3KOe COCeJ].CTBO !4eHTp a cacaHMJJ.CKoro M o r y l1.4 eCTBa He n 0 3 BOn f/nO VIM B ,ll. On)f(HOM Mepe n onb3 0BaTbCf/ nno,aaMM CBOVIX n o6 e,a. CaMbiM Bb!JJ.a!Ol1.4MMCfl a o eHa 'lanbHMKOM la cca HM,aoa 6bm Xapwp V16H /l. )f(a6a n , B 528 r. Ha He CWVIM XMpe coKpywMTen bHo e n o pa)f(e HMe . Bo a peMR M e c o n oTaMCKMX Ka Mna HMi11 BV13aHTV1MCKO-nepCV1,ll.CKV1X BOMH ( 5 4 1-544 rr.) Xa pwp a o3ma Bflfln 'Ia CTM6e,ayMHCKOM Ka aan e pMM, cpa)f(a BWMeCf/ n o,a 3HaMe HaMM BenM3apMf/. /l.MHaCTM'IeCKMe pa3,ll.Op bl BMeCTe C n ep cM,acKo i11 MHTep aeHl4Me i11 a Apa BM/0 BCKOp e npMBenM K KpyweHM/0 la cc a HM,ll.CKOrD 14apCTBa (58 3 r.).

543-575 rr. XPIIICTIIIAHIII3AU,III~

CYAAHA. H a n poTf/)f(e HMM a Toro n e pMo,aa TPM Kopon ea cTa a , p a c n o nar a BWVIXCf/ Ha Te ppMTOpMM coapeMe HHoro Cy,aaHa: Ho6aTMfl ( c 14eHTPDM a C!Jape ) , MaKyppa ( c l4eHTPOM B /l.YHKyne) VI fln aa ( C 14eHTpaM a XapTyMe), npM co,aei1IcTBMM erMn e TCKVIX MVICCVIOHep OB 6 b!nM o 6 pat1.4eHbl B XpMCTMaHCTBO.

570 r. BTOP>KEHIIIE A5PEXIII B XIIIA>KA3. noHa'lany eMy conyr-

Bbl, O,ll.HaKO C n e peMeHHb/M ycneXOM npo,aon)f(an 6opb6 y 3a flle Me H. 0KOn o 545 r. KOponb AKcyMa 3 nna -A6exa (Mn M, MHa 'le , Kane6) Ha3Ha'IMn

cTaoaan ycn ex, HO nonbiTKa B3f/TMfl MeKKM, c Taawei11 K a ToMy apeMeHM

A 6pexy BMl4 e -Kop o neM XMM bf/pa ( /O ro -3ana,aHbli11 flleMeH). A 6pexa a HeprM'IHO cnoco6cTaoaan pacnpo -

rnaBHb/M TOpr OBb/M KOHKypeHTOM CaHbl, noTepn ena n p o aan. B cKop e n ocne a Taro A 6 pexa yMep, M aKcyM-

cTpaHeHM/0 a KCYMCKOrOM Or yl1.4eCTBa Ka K M e 'la M, ae,ll.fl ycn ew Hble n o 6 on bw e i11 'laCTVI Ka MnaHMVI npOTVIB ca6ei1J l4e B VI MMHeea, TaK VI KpeCTOM, 803 -

CKMM BV1!4e- KoponeM B Apa BMVI CTan era Cb!H TaKcyM.

Be,ll.fl a CaHe aenMKonenHbli11 co6op. K KOH14Y 60-x rr. VI a. 6onbw a R 'laCTb flle MeHa Ha x o,aMnacb y)f(e no,a Bflac -

raMM M aKcnaHcMei11 A6pex M, caca HMJJ.CKMi11 !4apb nepCMVI Xocpoa II OTnpa BMn MOp e M 3KCn eJ].Ml4V10HHb/M

Tb /0 A6 p exM, o,aHaKo Ha e ro,aei1IcTBMfl ace 6onbW e BnMf/HVIfl OKa3b/Ban a 6opb6a, pa3a epHyaw aRCfl Ha ceaepe Me~y CacaHMJJ.CKOM n epcMei11 VI BM-

Kopnyc , Bb/ca,aMBWMi1IcR a A,aaHe ( MnM AcaHe, KaK Ha3b!BancR Tor,aa coapeMe HHbli11 A,aeH; 572 r .). 3 a He cKonbKO neT nepCbl VI VIX C0 /03HV1KV1

3aHTM ei11.

V13rHa nM a6MCCV1Hl4eB V13 6onbWei1J 'Ia CTMXMMbf/pa VI no6e,aMnM ca6ei1J14eB VI MMHeea. K 585 r. , HeCMOTPfl Ha noMOL1.4b BV13aHTV1MCKV1X MMn epaTOp OB IOcTMHa II M TM6epMR, AKcyM y,aep)f(Maan n MWb HeCKOnbKO npM 6 pe)f(Hb/X aHKJiaBOB, a ,apeBHMe KOp o n eBCTBa « C'IacTnMaoi11 ApaaMW> (naT. Arabia Felix ), KaK Ha3b!BanMcb mr,aa nno,aop o,aHble /0)/(Hble pai1IoHbl Apa aMi1IcKor o nony o c Tpoaa, 6 bm M yHM'ITO)f(eHbl.

0Kono 500-583 rr. B0171Hbl rACCAHIIIACKOrO U,APCTBA Ill XIIIPbl. JJ.aa apa6cKMX rocy,aapcTaa, pacn ono)f(eHHbiX Ha oKpa MHax ,aayx a enMKVIX MMnepMi1J, aenM ,apyr C ,apyroM HeCKOH'IaeMble aoi11Hbl- 6onbw e i11 'laCTb/0, n o aen eHM/0 CBOVIX C/0 3ep e HOB (14a p CTBO laccaHM,ll.OB B ocTO'IHoi11 PMMCKoi11 MMnepMM, a XMpa - n epCMM) . KaK npaaMno,

572-585 rr. nEPCIIIACKA~ IIIHTEPBEHU,IIIR Pa3bf/peHHbli11 MHTpM -

450

PAHHEE CPE,Ll,HEBEKOBbE. 400-600 rr.

IO)KHM[ A311H CEBEPHAH HH.!J:IHI 0Kono 400-430 rr. 3KCnAHCIIISI3<J>TAJ1111TOB (XYHOB) B rAHAXAPY. B ro.abl, nocne.aoaaawiiPesa u.apcTaoaaHIIPeM !iaH.aparynTbl BIIPKpaMa.D.IIPTbiiP, Ceaepo-3ana.aHaR V1H.D.IIPR Ha'lana OLlW~aTb,l},aaneHIIPe,lJ,py riiPX HapO,lJ,OB, MIIPrpiiPpyiO~IIPX IIP3 L!eHTpanbHOC1 A311PIIP. npe)l(.ae acero, STO 6btniiP SrjJTaniiPTbiiiPniiP 6enbte ryHHbl- Hapo.a CMeWaHHOfl IIPH,lJ,OeBpOneflcKOfl liP MOHrOnbCKOU KpOBIIP, O'leBIIP,lJ,HO, npOIIPCXO,l},R~IIPU OT HacenRBWIIPX TeppiiPTOpiiPIO COBpeMeHHOU MoHroniiPIIP xyHHY ( IIP3BecTHblx a KIIPTae KaK CIOHHy), IIPX6niiP3KIIPX pO,lJ,CTBeHHIIPKOB IOS'I)I(eU liP IIPX OTnpbtCKOB KywaHOB. npo611PBaRCb B CacaHIIP,l},CKYIO nepCIIPIO, SrjJTaniiPTbl (B IIPH,l},IIPUCKOU IIPCTOPIIPIIP IIP3BeCTHbte KaKXYHbl), TBep,l},O OOOCHOBaniiPCb B baKTpiiPIIP ( OKOnO 420 r.) liP rocno.acTaoaaniiP Ha.a TeppiiPTOPIIPIIP Cpe.a.Heu A 311PIIP, ne)l(a~eu IOro-aocTO'IHee ApanbcKoro MOpR. 0TCIO,l},a OHIIP Ha'laniiP npOIIP3BO,l},IIPTb Ha6eriiP B taH,lJ,Xapy, ,l},OXO,l},R ,l},O CaMOro neH,l},)l(a6a liP nocTeneHHO npo.aaiiPraR CBOIIP 6a3bl B ropbl1 Ha lOr. 0Kono 430- 500 rr. CT011KHOBEHIIIE rYHHOB Ill rYnT. B cne.a sa PR.D.OM ycnewHbiX Ha6eroa Ha 3eMniiP neH,l},)l(a 6a B U,apCTBOBaHIIPe KyMaparynTbt ( 413- 455 rr. ), srpmniiPTbt Ha'laniiP nonHOMaCWTa6HOe BTOp)l(eHIIPe B IIPMnepiiPIO lynT. noTepneB pewiiPTenbHoe nopa)l(eHIIPe(457r.) OT CKaH.aarynTbl (455-467 rr.), Ha npOTf/)l(eHIIPIIP )I(IIP3HIIP STOrO peWIIPTenbHOrO MOHapxa OHIIP Bnpe,l},b 803.aep)I(IIPBaniiPCb oT Ha6eroa. O.aHaKo ero npeeMHIIPKIIP oKasaniiPCb 6ecnoMO~Hbt npOTIIPB BOIIPHCTBeHHbiX npiiPwenbU,eB, liP cna6e10~aR IIPMnepiiPR lynT 6bma e~e 6onee ocna6neHa (470-590 rr.). 500-530 rr. B311ET Ill nA,lJ,EHIIIE U,APCTBA XYHOB . Kor.aa lynTbl 6blniiP orrecHeHbl, xyHbl y<~pe.aW111P CBOe C06CTBeHHOe KOponeBCTBO B neH,l},)l(a6e liP Pa,l},)l(nymHe( coap. Pa.a-

)l(aCTXaH). V1x npaBIIPTenb TopaMaHa 3aaoeaan Maney (500-51 0 rr.). Ero CbtH Mm(IIPpaKyna (51 0-530 rr. ), npo.aon)I(IIPn SKCnaHCIIPIO Ha lOr liP BOCTOK, HOB KOHU,e KOHLI,OB noTepnen nopa)l(eHIIPe OT BOUCK KOOniiPU,IIPIIP IIPH,l},IIPUCKIIPX KHR3eU, cpe,lJ,IIP KOTOpbiX Henb3R He Ha3B8Tb 5af1,lJ,IIPTbiO IIP3 Mara.axiiP liP flco.a xapMaHa IIP3 Y,lJ,lJ,))(aUHa. nocne smro nopa)l(eHIIPR u.apcTao xyHoa npiiPwno a yna.aoK liP npiiP6niiP311PTenbHO K 550 r. nonHOCTbiO IIPC'Iesno. He IIPCKJ710'1eHo, 'ITO pO,lJ,OCnOBHble HeKOTOPbiX IIP3 npaBIIPTenefl Pa,l},)l(nyTaHbt KOHU.a VI a. , np/IPHa,l},l1e)l(aBWIIPX KKaCTe KWaTpiiPeB 1, BOCXO,l},RT K XYHCKIIPM KOPHRM. CeaepHaR V1H.D.IIPR aepHynacb K xaocy 6ecnpecTaHHO BOIOIO~IIPX ,lJ,pyr C ,lJ,pyroM «nOCKYTHbiX rocy.aapCTB». BTOP)KEHHE 3<lJTaJIHTOB 3arre B rraMHTH HHnH~CKOrO Hapona KaK seJIH~a~rnee 6 encrnHe. B HCTOpHH KarnMHpa, Harmcanno~ HH~CKHM HCTopHKOM KaJibxaHo~ B XII B., o MHXHpaKyJie rosopiiTcH KaK o :lKeCTOKOM 3aBoesaTeJie. ABTop ITHrneT: «<loTOM, Korna 3eMJIH 6biJia HasonHeHa opnaMH MJie~xoB (sapsapos) ... CTaJI u;apeM ero (TopaMaHbi) CblH MHXHpaKyna, ThH :lKeCTOKHe neHHHH cneJiaJIH ero rrono6HblM 6ory pa3pyrneHHH ... 0 ero rrpH6JIH:lKeHHH CTaHOBHJIOCb H3BeCTHblM 6eryrneMy OT Hero HaceJieHHIO rro KOPIIIYHaM, BOpOHaM H npyrHM rrono6HblM HM ITTHQaM, :lK~II(HM yrrHThCH KpOBbiO TeX, KOTOpbie 6blJIH y6HTbi ero BOHHaMID>. BTop:lKeHHH 3<lJTaJIHTOB TH:lKeJio OTpa3HJIHCb Ha ITOJIO:lKeHJm CYpaHbl. HeMaJio npeBHHX HHnuf\:cKHX roponoB Jie:lKaJio B pa3BaJIHHax. HaceJieHHe 6biJIO orpa6JieHO H ~aCTHtiHO rrepe6HTo. Bee 3TO ycHJIHBaJio 3KOHOMH'IecKH~ yrranoK CeBepHo~ HH-

nHH. He MeHee Ba:lKHblMH 6biJIH H rroJIHTH'IeCKHe ITOCJiencTBHH BTOp:lKeHHH 3lPTaJIHTOB. Ha MecTe orpoMHo~ nep:lKaBbl fyrrTOB ITOHBHJIOCb MHO:lKeCTBO MeJIKHX CaMOCTOHTeJibHblX rocynapCTB. qaCTH'IHO HMH CTaJIH rrpe:lKHHe ryiTTCKHe HaMeCTHH'IeCTBa H BaccaJibHble u;apcrna, B03HHKJIH TaK:lK e HOBble r ocynapcTBa. K rrocJienHHM rrpHHanJieEaJio rocynapcrno BaJia6xH B KaTXHaBape H PM KHH:lKeCTB, C03naHHbiX BO:lKnHMH BTOpriiiHXCH ITJieMeH, cpenH KOTOpblX CaMblM MHOrO~CJieHHblM 6blJIO rrJieMH ryn:lKapoB, pacceJIHBrneecH Ha TeppHTOpHH IleHn)Ka6a, Pan:lKacTXaHa H o6JiacTH, rrpHJieraiOrn:e~ K KaM6e~cKoMy 3aJIHBy. Brr ocJiencTBHH o6JiacTh, rrpHJieraiOrn: aH K KaM6e~ CKOMY 3aJIHBY, 6biJia Ha3BaHa I)'n:lKapaToM.

~aTJieJi ocb

Kma-rpHH -

oT ca.HcKpliTcKoro <<KIIIaT-

pa» (rocrro~CTBO, BJiacn); o.D;Ha H3 IIDlX BapH

(HJI}[

)J;Byx BLIC-

KacT) B ,!lpeBHe:l!: H~HH ,

o6pa30BaBII!llliCH H3 BOCHHQ-IIJieMeHHO:l!: apHCTOKpaTIDI; C'll!TaJOTCH KaCTO:l!: BOHHOB.

10./KHAH HH,n:IDI HU:EHJIOH 0Kono 400-575 rr. B03PO>K,lJ,EHIIIE rOCY,lJ,APCTBA nAJ111ABOB . no Mepe TOro, KaK cna6ena IIPMnep!IPR lynT, .D.IIPHacTIIPR nannaaoa a coapeMeHHOM CeaepHoM TaMIIPnHa.ae ynopHo Ha611Ppana ciiPny. V1x npou.aeTaHIIPe 3/IP)I(,lJ,IIPnocb Ha nno.aoPO.D.IIPIIP rycTOHaceneHHOU n p!IP6pe)I(HOU paBHIIPHbt, o.aHoapeMeHHo oTKpbtaaaweu .aocTyn K npiiP6btnbHOU Toproane c /Oro-BocTO'IHOU A311Pe0. /106/IPBWIIPCb anaCTIIP Ha,l}, 60nbWeU <~aCTbiO ,[1eKaHa, nannaacKIIPU u,apb CIIPMXaBIIPWHY oTTeCHIIPn KoponeaCTBO tiona Ha lOr OT ,lJ,OniiPHbl peKIIP KaaepiiP (575 r.). 432- 459 rr. 3ABOEBAHIIIE U,E~JlOHA rOCY,lJ,APCTBOM nAH,lJ,bEB. 8TOprWIIPCb Ha l_!eunoH, apMIIPR pacnono)l(eHHoro Ha TeppiiPTOPIIPIIP coapeMeHHoro /O)I(Horo TaMIIPnHa.aa rocy.aapCTBa naH,l},beB HIIP3n0)1(11Pna flaM6aKaHCKYIO ,lJ,IIPHaCTIIPI01 npaBIIPBWYIO CTpaHOU C 65 r. , O,l},HaKO B 459 r. 6btna IIP3rHaHa J],xa-

451

JO>KHAs:J A3111S1 TyceHolli. OH np8evm .ao 477 r., eoc-

K838TeflbHO, '-ITO «WMB8,aX8Hypee-

cno/KHY/0 38,a8'-IY. B '-18CTHOCTM, ycno-

CT8HOBMB CMHI8fle3CKOe np8BfleHMe

,a8... noeTopMn8 MHo roe M3 Toro, '-ITO

BMfl B ,lJ,eK8He He 6n8ronpMRTCTBOB8-

nORBMflOCb HeCKOflbKMMM CTOfleTM-

flM KOHeBO,aCTBY, M BOMHCTBeHHbJe

f/MM p8Hbwe e «ApTX8W8CTpe» K8y-

,aMH8CTMM 1018 06bJ'-IHO MMnOpTMPO-

M OCHOB8B ,aMH8CTMIO Mopbfl.

550-600 rr.

B03BbiWEH~E

fOCYAAPCTBA YAJJYKbEB.

bnM3

6M,a/K8nyp8 e 38na,aHoM ,ll,eK8He 38-

TMflbM.

B8flM nowa.ae!li c ceeep8. K8K M eo

H8 npoTf!/KeHMM onMCbJB8eMoro

epeMeH8 KayTMflbM, MH,aMWCKMe KHR-

po,aMfl8Cb HOB8R CMfl8 - ,aMH8CTMfl

nepMO,a8 e,aMHCTBeHHb/M 3H8'-IMTeflb-

3bfl npeMMYWeCTBeHHO p8CC'-/MTb/B8-

48flYKbR, OCHOB8HH8fl nyn8KeWM-

Hb/M M3MeHeHMeM B MCJ<YCCTBe ee.ae-

flM H8 CBOM HenpMCTynHbJe ropHbJe

rr.). K KOH~Y BeK8

HMR BOWH B JO/KHOWMMM 6bJnO nocTe-

Teep,abJHM- K8K ,anfl 38WMTbJ co6cT-

KOfleCHM~,

eeHHbJX3eMenb oT H86eroe coce.aelli,

HOM

I (530-566

48flYKbM B pe3yflbT8Te cepMM flpOCT-

neHHOe MC'-/e3HOBeHMe

Hb/X eolliH o.aep/K8nM no6e.ay H8.a

KOTOpbJe He CflMWKOM /K8nOB8fl ewe

T8K M e K8'-leCTBe onopHbJX 683 .anR

n8nn8B8MM M o6ecne'-IMnM ce6e roc-

K8yrMnbR. HeyKnOHHO eo3p8CT810-

npe,anpMHMM8eMb/X MMM rp86MTeflb-

no.acTeo e L(eHTp8nbHOM ,ll,eK8He.

wee 3H8'-IeHMe K8B8nepMM nocT8BM-

CKMX noxo.aoe.

B /KecToKolli 6opb6e c CbJHOBbflMM

no nepe.a MH.aM!Ii~8MM, ece ewe

Boopy/KeHMe M 38ll.IMTHoe CH8pR-

I - KMpT8B8PM8HOM I

MCnbJTb/B8BWMMM 38Tpy,aHeHMR C

/KeHMe M3MeHMnMCbM8no. Konb'-IYI8

( 566-597 rr.) M M8Hr8ne3o!li ( 597-

p83ee.aeHMeM now8.ae!li Tpe6yeMbJX

CT8n8 o6bJ'-IHbJM o.aeflHMeM eca.aHM-

608 rr.) -

CT8TM M Bb/HOCflMBOCTM, BeCbM8

KOB, '-/bMM maBHb/M OP}I)KMeM 6bJnM

nyn8KeWMH8

rocy,a8pCTBY n8nn8eoe c

Tpy,aOM y,aanOCb OTCTOf/Tb CBOM MCKOHHbJe 3eMJIM H8 BOCTO'-/HOM no6epe/Kbe.

5 75-600 rr.

Opy)I(He ApeaHeH litHAHH: cj>OpMe MOTbln1j

B03PO)I(JJ.EH~E

fOCYAAPCTBA nAH.O.bEB.

H8He-

ceHHoe n8nn8B8MM nop8/KeHMe

GoeaoH MonoT a

2, 5 ,8, 9- KHH)I(3nbl j 3- nbBHHble

KOnl'l (CMepTOHOCHOe op~He OAHOrO T3HHOrO

o6~ecTB3); 4 - XYTT3P C «6bl'lbHM Sl3bl KOM»; 6- Me'lj 7- )l(e3n AM ynpaaneHHSI 6oeBbiM cnOHOM~···

10, 11 -

npMeeno .aMH8CTMIO 4on8 K yna.aKY M

KHSI3bSI B BoeHHOM o6na'leHHH

yrepe 60flbWelli '-18CTM BflMRHMR H8 10re l1H.aocT8H8. Oceo6o.aMeweecf! MeCTO 38Hflfl8 ,aMH8CTMfl n8H,abeB, ecrynMBW8fl Tenepb e 6opb6y 38 rereMOHM/0 c rocy.a8PCTBOM P8wTp8J<YTOB.

HH,tJHncKaR soeHHaR cHcTeMa oKono500r. O.aHo M3 eenMKMX MH.aMIIiCKMX npOM3Be,aeHMW no BOeHHOMY MCJ<YCCTBY 6btn0 H8nMC8HO (MflM COCT8BneHO) OpMeHTMpOBO'-IHO B

MflM

VI e. HeM3BeCTHbJM 8BTopoM MnM pe,a8KTopoM- npe.anono/KMTenbHO no MMeHM WMB8 ( MnM C8,a8WMB8). 3To 6blfl8 Kfl8CCM'-/eCK8fl «WMB8,ax8Hypee,a8». K8K M e .apymx ,,,ll,X8Hypee,a8X», npe.aweCTBOB8BWMX 9TOW MflM cne.aoe8BWMX38 Helli, ~eHTp8nbHolli TeMolli 6bm8 3,aecb cTpenb68 M3 nyK8 M npMMeHeHMe nyK8 B K8'-leCTBe m8BHOIO MHCTpyMeHT8 BOWHb/. <1>8KTM'-IeCKM MMeHHO npeeocxo.acTeo 9TOIO opy/KMfl HB,aO BCeMM ,apyIMMM M 38CT8BMflO MH,aM!Ii~eB npMMeHRTb TepMMH «,il,X8Hypee,a8» ( T. e. ,,VfCJ<YCCTBO CTpenb6bJ M3 flYK8») B npMno/KeHMM K n106bJM H8CT8BneHMRM no BOeHHOMY MCKYCCTBY, XOTfl T8M M OnMCb/B8flMCb cnoco6bJ npMMeHeHMfl p83Hb/X BM,aOB opy/KMfl M ,a8/Ke BOeHH8fl H8YK8 B ~enOM. no-

452

PAHHEE CPE,LJ,HEBEKOBbE. 400-600 rr.

Konbe 111 6yna aa. Xorn KOHHbte nyLfHII1-

.JJ.II1i1ICKII1e nowa,JJ.II1

He o6na,JJ.anll1 Hll1

6pe)I(HbiX ropO,JJ.OB OT Hana,JJ.eHII1M 6a -

KII1, KaK npaBII1flO, f/Bflf/flii1Cb rnaBHOM

BbiHOCflii1BOCTbiO, Hll1 nO,JJ.BII1)1(HOC-

3111pOBaBWII1XCf/ B peLfHbiX ,JJ.eflbTaX

COCTaBHOM LfaCTb10apMII1M, BTOpraa-

TbiO, He06XO.JJ.II1MbiMII1 ,JJ.flfl TaKTII1KII1

n111paTOB . Q,JJ.HaKO npii1MeHeHII1e BOeH-

WII1XCfl 1113 L/,eHTpanbHOM A3111111, 111H-

KOHHbiX nyLfHII1KOB.

HbiX KOpa6nei1J B KaLfeCTBe 111HCTpy-

,JJ.II1M/4bl on111pan111cb npe)I(,JJ.e acero Ha

He B03paCTafl 111 111HTepec K MOp-

MeHTa Ha/41110HaflbHOi1J BOeHHOM nonii1-

neWII1X nyLfHII1KOB, HII1KOr,JJ.a He Bb!Ka-

CKII1M BOMHaM. npaBII1Tenll1 npii1MOp-

TII1KII1 6btn0 npaKTII1LfeCKII1 Heii13BeCTHO.

3btBafl oco6oro 111HTepeca K npii1Me-

CKII1X rocy,JJ.apCTB 111 KHf/)l(eCTB , pacno-

HeKoTopoe 111CKfliOLfeHII1e 1113 aToro

HeHII110 9TOrO Op}/)KII1fl BCa,JJ.HII1KaMII1.

flO)I(eHHbiX B HII130Bbf/X tlfH,JJ.a 111 /aHra,

npaa111na f/Bflflflll1 co6oi11 TaMII1flbCKII1e J4apCTBa Kpai1JHero lOra tlfH,JJ.OCTaHa-

TOT rflaKT, LfTO npii1Weflb/4bl BCKOpe

o6btLfHO pacnonaran111 He6onbWII1MII1

np111cnoca6n111Baflii1Cb K 111H,JJ.II1MCKII1M

BOeHHO-MOpCKII1MII1 Cll1flaMII1, Lfbei1J

anpoLfeM, 111x MopcKII1e onepa14111111 or-

MeTO,JJ.aM npii1MeHeHII1f/ Kaaanep111111,

nepaooLfepe.JJ.HOi113a,JJ.aLfei1If!Bnf/nacb

paHII1Lfii1Banii1Cb nOLfTII1 111CKJ110Lfii1Teflb-

CY.JJ.fl no BCeMY, noKa3b!BaeT, LfTO 111H-

3a/.1..1111Ta mproabtX Kopa6nei11 111 np111-

HO pei1J,JJ.aMII1 Ha LJ,ei1InoH.

BOCTOlffiAH M QEHTPAJibHAH A3MH TpOHHOe 111Mfl 11f!H Y.JJ.II1, 111 3a apeMf/

KHTAH

HOM 1113 npii1Lfii1H OTHOCII1TeflbHOrO,JJ.Ofl-

ero copoKaceMII1neTHero npaaneHII1fl

rO)I(II1TeflbCTBa 9TOM ,JJ.II1HaCTII1111 f/Bflf/-

/O)I(HbiM K111Tai1J, 111CnbtTaB KpaTKOBpe-

flOCb BHII1MaHII1e, y,JJ.eflf/eMOe 111MII1

400-589 rr. nPOAOJDKAIOW,MICs:l AHAPXHs:l B KIHAE. 9m

MeHHOe COCTOf/HII1e BHYTpeHHero

KOHHbiM COe,JJ.II1HeHII1fiM, a TaK)I(e 111C -

Mll1pa , Ha6pan HeKOTOPYIO Cll1flY 111

nOflb30BaHII110 60flbWII1HCTBa nyLfWII1X

apeMf/ f/Bflf/flOCb npO,JJ.Ofl)l(eHII1eM

npo,JJ.eMoHcTpll1poaancTpeMneHII1eK

cenbCKOX03f/MCTBeHHbiX yro,JJ.II1M ce -

nepii10,JJ.a, 1113BeCTHOrO KaK «WeCTb

9KCna HCII1111. no,JJ.aBII1B BOCCTaHII1e B

aepa no,JJ.nacT6111J.l..la- 1113 pacLfeTa, no

,JJ.II1HaCT111M», 111 HaLfaawerOCf/ C Kpy-

AHHaMe ( coapeMeHHbti11 BbeTHaM;

OJ4eHKaM 111CTOpii1KOB, no

W eHII1e M .JJ.II1HaCTII1111 XaHb. K111mi11 oc-

541-547 rr. ),

O.JJ.HY flOWa,JJ.b. 803MO)I(HO, 111MeHHO

Taaancfl pa3,JJ.eneHHbtM Ha ,JJ.Be oc-

nonbtTKY BTOp)l(eHII1fl Ha ceaep, He

CeaepHbte Bai11 aaen111

HOBHbte LfaCTII1, rpaHII1!4ei1J Me)I(,JJ.y

yaeHLfaBWYIOCf/ ycneXOM 1113-3a 3aTf/-

06111XO.JJ. CTpeMf/ ( OKOflO 4 77r. ), He 111C -

11f!H Y.JJ.II1 npe,JJ.npii1Hfln

3, 4

ra Ha

KII1Tai1IcKII1i11

KOTOpbiMII1 f/Bflf/flaCb peKa f1HJ43bl.

HYBWei1JCfl oca,JJ.bt Cf/Hbf/Ha. BcKope

KfliOLfeHO, LfTO no3aii1MCTBOBaB 9TY

9To 6 btnll1 «TeMHbte aeKa» K111Tafl -

nocne npoaana aToro npe,JJ.npll1f/TII1fl

CTOflb HeOJ4eHII1MYIO ,JJ.flfl aepXOBOM

apeMf/ 6ecnpeCTaHHbiX BOMH M e)I(.JJ.y

11f!H Y,JJ.II1 yMep, a C HII1M 111CLfe3na 111 OC-

e3,JJ.bt 111.JJ.e10 yciOHHY Pa cnpocTpaHII1B

9 TII1MII1 .JJ.BYMfl perii10HaMII1 111 nOLfTII1

HOBaHHaf/ 111M ,JJ.II1HaCTII1f/.

nocTOf/HHbtX BHYTPeHHII1X pa3,JJ.opoa

«WECTH AHHACTH~».

Ka)I(,JJ.OM 1113 HII1X.

IOJKHI>IH KHTan. 400-589 rr.

420-549 rr. nOs:IBJlEHHE

anacTb Ha aecb CeaepHb ti11 K111Tai11,

557-589 rr. nOC11EAHs:ls:l H3 nocne

LfaCTb CII1HbJ43f/Ha ( c o apeMeHHbti1!

rpa)I(,JJ.aHcKoi11 aoi11Hbt lfaHb 5acf/HeM

CII1Hb/43f/H- Yi1IrypcKII1i11 ABTOHOMHbiM

6btfla OCHOBaHa ,JJ.II1HaCTII1fl lf9Hb, KO-

pai1IoH

HYTb no.JJ. y,JJ.apoM HawecTBII1fl c ce-

L/,3 111Hb 6btna caeprHYTa nonKOBO.JJ.-

aepa.

rnaweH 111MnepaTOpOM 111 OCHOBan

CesepHE>IH KHTan

400-500 rr. B03BbiWEH HE AHHACTHH CEBEPHbiX 83~. Ha

6btna caeprHYTa aoeHaLfanbHII1KOM

ceaepe aepxoaHyiO anacTb y,JJ.ep)/(111-

Cf/o )J.aoLf9H OM, KOTOpbti1! y6111n .JJ.BYX

aana .JJ.II1HaCTII1fl To6a ( 111n111 CeaepHbte

nocne,JJ.HII1X 111MnepaTOpOB .JJ.II1HaCTII1111

Bai11). Be.JJ.YJ.l..lll1e npo111cxo)I(.JJ.eH111e oT

CyH;

420 r.).

cao10

1110 CyH, LfT06bt o6bf!BII1Tb ce6fl nep-

nneMeHII1 T06a -

BbtM npaBII1TeneM ,JJ.II1HaCTII1111 /O)I(Haf/

ro 111flll1 TIOpKCKOrO Hapo,JJ.a Cf/Hb6111-

BeTBII1 MOHrOflbCKO-

L/,111 ( 479 r.). Ho 111 OH a TO)I(e Ka Hyna B

CeaepHbte Bai11 nonHOCTbiO KII1Tall13111-

npownoe, Kor,JJ.a TpoH 3axaaTII1n non-

poaanii1Cb, O,JJ.HaKO B BOeHHOM ,JJ.ene

KOBO.JJ.e/4 Cf/0 flHb, LfT06bt OCHOBaTb

no-npe)I(He My paCCLfii1Tb!Baflll1 nOLfTII1

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453

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454

PAHHEE CPE,LJ,HEBEKOBbE. 400-600 rr.

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OTC/OJ].a MMrpa/4MM apeMH OT apeMeHM noTpf/CaflM ,apyrMe perMOHbl A3MM M Eaponbt.

0Kono 400-546 rr. B03BbiWEHIIIE ABAPOB. Hapo,a MOHronoM,aHoro npOMCXO)I(J].eHMfl, Ha3blaaeMbiM TaK)I(e )l(y)l(aHHMM ( MflM )l(yaHb-)l(yaHaMM) M 4)1(YP4)1(3Hf/MM, aaapbt, no,a npeJ].BOJ].MTeflbCTBOM BO)I(JJ.fl no MMeHM TynyH pa36MnM nneMeHa xyHHY (MnM ryHHOB), 3aCTaBMB MX yiiiTM Ha /Or M Ha 3ana,a (OKOflO 380 r.). 3aTeM, npMHf/B TMTyn XaHa (MflM KaraHa), TynyH OCHOaan Moryw,ecTaeHHoe rocy,aapcTao K04eBHMKOB, pacnOflO)I(eHHOe K ceaepy aT rpaHM/4/4apcTaa CeaepHbtX

553-582 rr. 3KCnAHCiils:l TIOPKCK0171111MnEPiillil. Ha pa3aanMHax npe)I(Heiii AaapcKoiii MMnepMM TIOPKM B03J].BMrflM C06CTBeHHYIO M, nocTeneHHO CTaHOBf/Cb HaM6onee Moryw,ecTaeHHoiii cMnoiii a CeaepHoiii M L/,eHTpanbHoiii A3MM, Ha4anM 3KCnaHCM/O Ha /Oro-3ana,a. nepeiii,afl peKy 0Kc ( coap. peKa AMy,aapbH), OHM pa36MflM 6enbtX ryHHOB; 3aTeM, npOJ].BMHYBWMCb B XopacaH, OTBOeaan M y CacaHMJJ.CKoiii nepcMM o6 wMpHbte npocTpaHcTaa, ne)l(aut,Me Me)I(JJ.Y ApanbCKMM MopeM M ropaMM tMHJ].yKyW. 8 BOCT04HOM M /OrO-BOCT04HOM HanpaaneHMM OHM coaepwanM 4aCTbte M, KaK npaaMno, ycnew-

Baiii ( OKOflO 400 r.), C KOTOpbtM aaapbt noaenM no4TM nocTOHHHY/0 norpaHM4HYIO aoiiiHy.

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B )J;PYfHX IICTOIIIDIKax :lK)')Ka.He

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B., KOrJJ:a OT-

KOIIeBaJIII Ha 3aiia):( («o6pbD> B CJiaBHHCKliX JieTOIIIICHX).

546-553 rr. B03BbiWEH IIIE TIOPOK. KpecTbf/HCKMiii Hapo,a cMewaHHoro MH,aoeaponeiiicKoro M MOHronbcKoro npOMCXO)I(J].eHMfl, TIOpKM OJJ.HO apeMH 6btnM no,a,aaHHbiMM M ,aa)l(e pa6aMM aaapoa - 6onbWMHCTBO M3 HMX pa60TaflO B )l(efle3HbiX KOnHx AnraiiicKMX rap. BoccTaa no,a npeJ].BOJ].MTeflbCTBOM BO)i(Jl.fl no MMeHM TyMaH (MflM TyMep) , OHM BCKOpe yHM4TO)I(MflM AaapcKy/0 MMnepMIO. HeKoTopbte M3 y14eneawMx aaapoa 6e)l(aflM Ha lOr, B KMTaiii, r,ae BCKOpe nOflHOCTb/0 aCCMMMflMp OBaflMCb; 60flbWMHCTBO )l(e MMrpMpoaano Ha 3ana,a, ,aocTMrHYB Ypana (558 r.) M ( COBMeCTHO C ,apyrMMM K04eBHMKaMM, KOTOpbte npMHf/flM MMf/ aaapoa); npOJJ.Ofl)l(aflM nYTb K )J.y Ha/0 ( OKOflO

565 r.). B

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557 r . aBa-

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I a. ,ao P.X. 3a nHTb cmneTMiii, npe,a wecTaoaaawMx 400 r. aT P. X., pa3 nM4Hbte KMTaMCKMe J].MHaCTMM 3aBO eBbtBaflM CeaepHy/0 Kope10, HO HMKOr,aa He 6btnM B COCTOf/HMM CO ,aep)l(aTb TaM nOCTOf/HHbte rapHM30 Hbl MflM npOHMKHYTb HaMHOr O /O)I(Hee peKM Xa HraH ( 543 r. ) . TeM He MeHee KMTaMCKMe BflMf/HMe M KYflbTypa npo HM3btBanM ac10 )I(M3Hb nonyocTpoaa. Ha npoTf!)l(eHMM 6onbwei11 4aCTM amra apeMeHM TeppMTOPMH

coape -

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455

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460

B3Jl ET V1 C,lJ,EP>KV1 BAH V1 E V1CJlAMA. 600-800 rT.

3AIIA)1,HAH EBPOIIA BECffOTCKAH HCIIAHHH, 600-712 zz. Ha npouvKeHMM VII B. aecTroTcKoe KOponeBCTBO B fl1cnaHMM Me,llneHHO KnOHMnocb K ynaAKY K MOMeHTY BOCWeCTBMfl Ha npeCTOn Po,llepMxa (MnM, MHa4e, Po,llpMro; 710 r.) BHYTPeHHMe pa3HomacMfl Me%AY cna6b!MM MOHapxaMM M 3HaTbl0, a TaJOKe Me%AY BeCTrOTaMM M pMMCKO-M6epCKMM HaceneHMeM npMaenM rocy,llapcTao Ha rpaHb pacna,lla. 8He3anHOCTb M nonHOTa KOnnanca nepe,llnMU.OM MycynbMaHcKoro BTOp%eHMf/ (711-712 rr.) CKOpee f/Bnf/nMCb ,llOKa3aTenbCTBOM nonHeillweill HeKOMneTeHTHOCTM HaXO,llMBWerOCf/ Ha rpaHM caMopacna,lla pe%MMa, He%enM 06bf/CHf/nMCb BOeHHb/M npeBOCXO,llCTBOM capaLJ,MH.

616-624 rr. JH1KB111AALI,Ii1s:l nocnEAHE~ OnOPbl BOCT0'-1HbiX Pli1Mns:IH B IO>KHO~ li1CnAHii1111. 9m cny4Mnocb, Kor,lla BM3aHTMi11cKafl MMnepMfl aena aoi11Hy c nepcaMM M aaapaMM. B aTo apeMfl y BM3aHTMMLJ,eB 6bln 3aXBa4eH pacnono%eHHb/M Ha MapOKKaHCKOM 6epery IM6panTapcKoro nponMaa ropo,llKpenocTb CeYTa (618 r.). 710 r. MYCYnbMAHEAOCTii1rAIOT rli1EiPAnTAPCKOrO nPOnli1BA. BecHoill rparp XynMaH 0Tpa3Mn B03maanf/eMoe Mycoill M6H HycaillpoM Hana,lleHMe Ha CeYTY OAHaKo acne,[! 3a TeM oH nepewen Ha CTOpOHY MycynbMaH M, M3MeHMB KOpon/0 Po,llepMxy, 3aKn/04Mn cornaweHMe c Mycoill, o6e1.11aa noMo% npM BTOp%eHMM B fl1cnaHMIO. 8 MIOne npM ero ,llef/TenbHOM y4aCTMM apa6cKMi11 OTPfiA no,ll KOMaH,llOBaHMeM A6y3opa TapMcj:Ja npoM3Ben pa3BeAKY 6oeM a /O%Hoi111!1cnaHMM, a pailloHe AnbxecMpaca. 711 r. BTOP>KEHII1E MYCYnbMAH B li1CnAHii110. Myca nocnan 4epe3 nponMB ceMMTb/Cf/4Hoe aoiiiCKO no,ll KOMaH,llOBaHMeM TapMKa M6H

3Milla,lla. Bb!CaAMBWMCb a IM6panmpe (Ha3BaHMe KOTOporo yBeKOBe4MaaeT MHLJ.MAeHT: j],)l(e6enb an-TapMK, T.e. a nepeao,[le c apa6cKoro «ropa TapMKa»), OH HanpaBMnCf/ Ha ceaepo-3ana,ll, MI.J..Ia aecTroToB, M Hawen MX Me)/(,[J,y peKaMM 5ap6aTe M /ya,llaneTe.

19 liltonH 711 r. Eili1TBA HA rYAAAnETE (6nM3 ropo,[!a Me,llMHaCMAOHMfl; B BOeHHOM MCTOpMorpacj:JMM OHa M3BeCTHa TaJOKe KaK 6MTBa npM Xepec-,lle-na-C1JpoHTepa). Po,[!epMx, no,[! KOMaH,llOBaHMeM KOTOporo HaXO,llMnaCb apMMfl, ,llOCTMraBWaf/ 4MCneHHOCTb/O 90 Tb/Cf/4 4enoaeK, a xo,lle ceMMAHeBHoro cpa%eHMfl6bm Haronoaypa36MTTaPMKOM, %e BOMCKO, ,lla%e BKn/04af/ OTPfiA rparpa XynMaHa, HaC4MTb!Bano HMKaK He 6onbWe 12 Tb/Cf/4 1. no6e,[la MycynbMaH, 3HaMeHy/Of.J..Iaf/ co6oi11 Ha4ano MycynbMaHcKoro Bna,llb/4eCTBa B fl1cnaHMM, 6b!na 06ner4eHa u,apMBWMMM cpe,[!M aecTroTOB pa3HOrnaCMf/MM, npe,[!aTenbCTBOM, MaCCOBb/M nepeXO,llOM Ha cTopoHy npoTMBHMKa M noaanbHbiM 6erCTBOM C nonf/ 60f/. fi1MeHHO acneACTBMe aToro apa6aM, noTepneawMM nonHoe nopa%eHMe Ha 4eTaepTbli11 ,[leHb 6MTBbl, B KOHe4HOM c4eTe y,llanocb Bb!MTM M3 Hee no6eAMTenf/MM. CaM Po,llepMx TO%e 6e%an, Kor,lla MCXOA cpa%eHMfl e1.11e OCTaBanCf/ no,[! COMHeHMeM, M YTOHyn npM nonbiTKe nepenpaBMTbCfl 4epe3 peKy /ya,llaneTe. npoill,llfl 4epe3 CeaMnb/0, TapMK o,[!ep%an e1.11e OAHY no6e,lly a 6MTBe npM ropo,[!e 9cMxe Ha peKe XeHMnb ( neBblill npMTOK JBa,llanKBMBMpa), a 3aTeM, He BCTpeTMB conpOTMBneHMfl, B3f/n CTOnMLJ,Y aecTroToB, Tone,llo.

1 H eKOTOphle MCTOlfHHKH YTBeplK/IalOT, 'ITO 12 ThlClllf 6Wio Herrocpe)lcTBeHHo apa6cKoro BORCKa, KOTOpOM)' «IIOMOraJIM MHOrOlfMCJieHHhle CMJ!hl a(j>pMKaHcKI!X coJ03HHKOB». Kp<r Me Toro, corJiacHo TeM lKe )laHHMM, rrepexo11 rpa(j>a XyJimrna Ha CTOPOHY COJ03HHKOB 6MJI ocyJ:IleCTBJieH MMeHHo 3)1ec1, a He B CeyTe.

MoMeiiTBbiCa,IU<II 6biJI otieHb YJ=latiHbiM MH apa6oB- BecrroTCKoe KOponeBcTBo 6biJIO OCJia6JieHO MHOrOJieTIIIIMII Me)K}:(oyco6HbiMII BOllHaMII II 6opb6oll: 3a rrpecTOJI. B 3TOT rrepiiOJJ: B HcrraHIIII HeKoMy 6biJIO o6beJJ:IIHIITh CliJibi CTpaHbi II IIpOTliBOCTOHTb 3aBOeBaTeJIHM. Hacen eHIIe KoponeBCTBa, II3HypeHHOe )KeCTOKIIM rneTOM, TPYJJ:HO 6biJIO IIOJJ:HIIMaTb Ha 3all(IITy cTapbixrropHJJ:KOB. Bbiclillie 'IliHOBHIIKII OCTaBJIHJIII CBOII IIOCTbi; apXIIeiiiiCKOII 6e)KaJI B PIIM. B TetieHIIe KopoTKoro BpeMeHII rranii ropo):(a 3ciixa, AptiiiJJ:OHa, 3 JibBIIpa, Kop):(oBa II cToJIIIU:a Kopon eBcTBa Tone):(o.

712 r. nPii1EibiTii1E MYCbl. npMHf/B KOMaH,llOBaHMe OT TapMKa, Myca 3aaepwMn 3aaoeaaHMe 1!1cnaHMM, 3a MCKfl/04eHMeM M30nMpOBaHHb/X perMOHOB a ropax Ac-rypMM.

JIOMEAP)l;HH

600-774 zz. floM6apALJ.bl (MnM naHro6ap,llbl) TaK HMKOr,lla M He CMOrnM ,llOCTM% BHYTPeHHero e,llMHCTBa, 4TO M noMewano MM 3aBOeBaTb BC/0 fi1TanM/O. )J.o Tex nop, noKa floM6ap,llMei11 He oana,llen Kapn BenMKMill, noM6ap,llCKMe KOpOnM npe6b!BanM B nOCTOf/HHOM BOMHe C 8M3aHTMei11, TI.J..IeTHO CMnf/Cb nomoTMTb nocneAHMe ocmTKM BocT04Hoi11 PMMCKoill MMnepMM Ha AneHHMHCKOM nonyocTpoae. B TO %e apeMfl OHM 6blnM Bb/Hy;>K,lleHbl 6opOTbCf/ CO CBOeill C06CTBeHHOM HenOKOpHOM 3HaTbiO, a TaJOKe C 4aCTb/MM Ha6eraMM a CeaepHy/0 111TanM/O rppaHKOB, aaapoa M cnaBf/H. HaM6onee Moryf.J..IeCTBeHHbiMM M3 noM6ap,[!CKMX npaBMTeneill 6b!nM KOpOnM fTMyTnpaH,ll (712-744 rr.) M AiiiCTynbrp (749-756 rr.). fTMYTnpaH,ll cnOMMn CMny /O)I(H b/X repu,orOB oeHeBeHTCKMX M CnoneTCKMX M ,lla%e HeHa,llonro 3axaaTMn PaaeHHy, a,llMMHMCTpaTMB-

3AnA)J.HAS1 EBPOnA Hbliii LjeHTp B/1138HH1iiiCKIIIX Bna,aeH/1/iii B V!Tan/11111. Pa3B/11Ba~ ero ycnex111, Aiiic TYnbcf> BHOBb B3~n PaBeHHY lll,aB8)1(,abJ 6bJn 6niii30K K TOMY, 4T06bJ OBna,aeTb P/1/MOM. 3TO 38CT8B/IIfl0 nany, CTecf>aHa II, B033B8Tb o noMomlll K KOpomo cf>paHKOB nvln/1/HY Ill - TOMY, Koro, no BbJp8)f(eHIIIIO CTecf>aHa fle6eK8, « ... 11/CTOPIIIK/11 ynopHO H83b/B8/0T nllln/1/HOM KopOTKIIIM, HO KOro cne.aoBano 6bJ H83b/B8Tb nllln/1/HOM Ben/11K/1/M». OH .aB8)K.ll.bJ ~BIIInc~ B VITan/1110, o.aep)l(an no6e.ay HB.a Aiiicrynbcf>oM 111 «.aapeH/1/eM nllln/IIH8» ycTynllln CTecf>aHy II Tepp!IITOPIIIIII, paHee np!IIHB.ane)I(8BW/IIe B/1138HTIIIiiiCKIIIM 11/MnepaTOpaM 111 noM6ap.acKIIIM Kopon~M, 38fl0)1(111B, T8KIIIM o6p830M, OCHOBb/ cBeTcKoiii BnacT/11 nancTBa. O.aHaKo Bnocne.acTB/11111 B0306HOBIIIBW!IIec~ nonbJTK/11 noM6ap.acKIIIX Bna.abJK 38Bna,aeTb HOBb/M/11 nanCKIIIM/113eMn~MIII 3acTaB!IInlll cne.ay10mero nany, A.aPIIIaHa I, o6paTIIITbC~ 38 noMomb/0 K Kapny Ben/1/KOMY, CbiHY nllln/IIH8. B .aBYX KaMnaH/1/~X Kapn pa36111n 111 nneH!IIn nocne.aHero Kopon~ noM6ap.aoB )J,e311/,aeplll~, Ha.aen ero KOPOHY Ill 8HHeKCIIIPOB8J1 floM6ap,a11110, npiiiCOe,a/IIH/1/B ee K cBoeiii 111Mnep111111.

728 r. 83SIH1E JU1YTHPAHAOM PABEHHbl. BcKope nocne 3Toro oHa

461

6bJn8 B03BpameH8 11/MnepCK/IIM/11 BOiiiCKBM/11 no.a KOM8H,aOB8H/IIeM B/1138HTIIIiiiCKOTO 3K3apxa PaBeHHbJ.

752 r. 83SIH1E PABEHHbiA~ CTYJ1b4>0M. 754r. BTOP:>KEH~E n~niAHAIII KOPOTKOfO B ~TAJl~IO ~ 83SIT~E PABEHHbl. Aiiicrynbcf> BCKope 3anpoc111n Mlllpa, comac!IIBW/1/Cb npeKpaT/1/Tb nonbJTK/11 oBna,aeTb P!IIMOM.

756 r. BTOPOE n~n~HA

BTOP:>KEH~E

Ill KOPOTKOfO B

~TA-

11~10.

B OTBeT Ha B0306HOBIIIBW!IIec~ BbJCTynneH/11~ Aiiicrynbcf>a npoT/1/B P111M8 nllln/1/H on~Tb BTOprc~ B VITafl/1110, pa36111n AiiicTynbcf>a 6n1113 PaBeHHbJ Ill no.aap/1/n B/1138HTIIIiiiCK/IIe Ill noM6ap.acK!IIe 3eMnlll CTecf>aHy II.

773-774 rr. KAPJl

BEJl~K~~

HAHOC~T nOPA:>KEH~E AE3~AE P~IO. no6e.aoHOCHO 38BepWIIIB oca.ay naB/11111111 nneH/1/B )J,e3/ll,aeplll~, Kapn Ben/1/KIIIiii Bo.apy3111n KopoHy floM6ap,allllll Ha co6cTBeHHYIO ronoBy.

I>PMTAHIUI B Ha'lane VII B. 6p!IITTbJ 1113 co6CTBeHHO AHm/11111 6bmlll 1113rHaHbJ Ha nonyocTpoB Y3nbc - 38 IIICK!IIO'le-

BHaaHTHHCKHH nopY Knacc11c. MoaaHKa

naHro6apACKI1H BC3AH11K. 6poHaoaoe 11ao6paJKeH11e VIII B.

H/1/eM KopHyonna, r.ae OH/11 npo.aep)1(8fl111Cb BnnoTb.ao IX B. B ~pocTHoiii 6opb6e Me)l(.ay ceMb/0 aHmocaKcoHCKIIIM/11 KOponeBCTB8MIII nepBeHCTBO nepexo.a111no oT o.aHoro K .apyroMy, 'lame Bcero ocTaBa~cb 38 HopTyM6pllleiii 111n111 Mepc111eiii. H!llr.ae B 3ana,aHOM M/1/pe BOeHHOe 11/CKYCCTBO He onyCK8flOCb .ao T8KOiii CTeneH/11, K8K B bp!IIT8HIIIIII 3TOro nep/1/o,aa. nocne,aH/1/e OCT8TK/II PIIIMCKOiii BOeHHOiii C/1/CTeMb/ pyXHYfl/11 no.a HanopoM ,a/1/KapcTBa. B c111ny OTCYTCTB/11~ np~MOTO Y48CTIII~ B .aenax KOHT/1/HeHTB, 8HTflOC8KCOHCK/IIe MeTO,abJ Be,aeH/11~ BOiiiHb/ CO BpeMeH

462

B3nET V1 C,llEP>KV1BAHV1E V1CnAMA. 600-800 rr. JJ.anbpMaJJ.CKMX 1 CKOITOB, B 6111rse np111 JJ.ercacraHe.

615 r.

6~TBA nP~

YECTEPE.

60PRCb 3a BbiXOJJ. K J1pnaHJJ.CKOMY MOPIO, 9renb(j;>pMr pa36Mn 6pMITCKOe BOnCKO /11 OrJJ.enMn 6p/11ITOB B Y9!1bCe OrMXCOnneMeHHMKOB B Cesepo-3anaJJ.HOn AHmMM. 616 r. 6~ TBA HA PEKE Alil,llJl. 3JJ.eCb KOPOnb 80CTO'IHOn AHrfl/11/11 PeJJ.sanbJJ. pa26111n HopryM6PMncKoe BOnCKO /11 y6111n 9renb(j;>pMra, 'IT06bl so3secr111 Ha rpoH 9JJ.BMHa - nepsoro XPMCrMaHCKOTO KOPOnR HopryM6pv1/11.

616 r. BEPXOBEHCTBO HOPTYM6P~~.

8 CesepHOM YGnbce 111 Ha reppMrOP/11/11 COBpeMeHHOTO rpa¢crsa AHmcM9JJ.BMH HaHec nopa)f(eHMe BOnCKaM 6p/11ITCKOTO KOponR KaJJ.sannoHa. HopryM6PMR ocra sana Cb 6pMrsanbJJ.OM 111 np111 Ocsanb.D.e, npM06ll.jeHHOM snocneJJ.CrB/11/11 K nMK:y CBRrbiX, HaCJJeJJ.H/11Ke 9JJ.B!11Ha ( 604-641 rr.; LjapcrsosaHMe: 632-641 rr. ).

632 r. 6~TBA nP~ XAT$~Jl.ll YEIII3. 8 cpa)f(eH/11/11 c coF03HbtM/11

XeHMrcra 111 Xopcbt 3aMerHo perpeccMPOBaJJ/11. TaKMe noHRrMR, KaK crparerMR 111 JJ.MCLJMnnMHa, nonHocrbFO /11C'Ie3fl/11 /113 BOeHHOTO 06/ITXOJJ.a; BCR raKrMKa CBOJJ.Mnacb K HeynopRJJ.O'IeHHOMY BbiCrpaMBaH/1110 npomso6opcrsyFOll.!MX cropoH s napaJJnenbHbte 6oesbte nMH/11111, cxoJJ.MBUJMecR B rynon 6eCCMb1CneHHOn pe3He, KOropaR npOJJ.OnJK8nacb JJ.O rex nop, noKa OJJ.Ha 1112 cropoH He o6parMrcR s 6ercrso. YxpenneHMRM/11 cny)f(Mn/11 rpy6bte noJJ.06MR naJJMC8JJ. OB, a BOOpy)f(eHMe 6 btnO HeJJ.OcrarO'IHbiM M6eJJ.HbiM. 8 pe3ynbrare seJJ.eHMe sonH, no MerKoMy onpeJJ.eneH/1110 OMaHa, 6btno «cyJJ.opo)f(HbiM 111 HeCBR3HbiM". 8 KOHLJe VIII s. noR B/11 BllJ/11 eCR 6n/113 6p MraHCKMX /11 MpnaHJJ.CKMX 6eperos HOPB9)f(CK/11e nMparbl HaUJn/11 Gr/11 3eMn/11 C03PeBllJ/11M/11 JJ.nR 3aBOeBaH/11R.

mrei't), npHMepHo K KOHLlY

JIY VII

VI H Haqa-

B., o6pa3oBaJiocb Hecr<:OJibKO

aHrJIOCaKCOHCKHX KOpOJieBCTB. 3TO 6biJIH: KeHT Ha Kpai'tHeM IOro-socToKe, ocHoBaHHbii't IOTaMH, Y3cceKc, CecceKc H 3cceKc B IO)f(HOi't H IOrosocToqHoi't qacTH OCTPOBa, OCHOBaHHb!e caKcaMH, BocToqHal! AHrJIHll Ha BOCTOKe, HopryM6pHS! Ha CeBepe H MepCHll B UeHTPe CTpaHbl, OC HOBaHHble rJiaBHb!M o6pa3oM aHrJiaMH.

597-616 rr. BEPXOBEHCTBO KEHTA. [naseHcrsyFOll.jMM KOPOnes ere oM ( raK Ha3bl sa eMbtM 6pMrBaJJbJJ.OM, r. e. nosenMreneM 6pMraH/11/11) KeHr cran s LjapcrsosaHMe KOPOnR 9renb6epra, KOTOpbtn renepb no crarycy nony'IMn npaso B3/11MarbJJ.aHb C nPO'IMX KOponescrs 111 nony'larb or HMX soeHHYFO noMOll.jb.

soncKa M/11 xpMcrMaHMHa 6p111rra KaJJ.saJJnoHa, KoponR CesepHoro Y9!1bca, /11 R3bi'IH/11Ka aHma neHJJ.bl, KOPOnR MepcM/11, 9JJ.BMH norepnen nop8)f(eH/11e !116btn y6111r.

633 r. 6~TBA nP~ XE$EH$EJlbCE (~Jl~ nP~ POYJl~ YOTEP). 8GroM cp8)f(eH/11!110CB8flbJJ. pa36!11n BOnCKO KOPOnR CesepHoro Y9!1bCa, OKOH'IarenbHO /113THaB 6pMrTOB 1112 Cesepo-3anaJJ.Hon AHmMM. KaJJ.BaJJnoH naJJ Ha none 6oR.

641 r. 6~TBA nP~ MACEP$EJl,llE (COBp. ropOA 03y3CTpW B rpa¢CTee Wponw wp). 8 pa3sepHysweMcR 3JJ.eCb cpa)f(eH/11/11 KOPOnb neHJJ.a OJJ.ep)f(an sepx HaJJ. HOPryM6p/11nCK/11M soncKoM 111 co6crseHHoPY'IHO y6111n OcsaJJbJJ.a. Ha HeKoropoe speMR Ha nepsoe Mecro cpeJJ.M aHTfiOCaKCOHCKMX KOPOnescrs BbiJJ.BMHynacb MepC/11R. 0JJ.HaKO BCKOpe 111 caM neHJJ.a nan s 6111rse np111 8!11HYGJJ.e ( 653 r. ), orpyKM Ocs/11( 641670 rr. ), MnaJJ.wero 6para Ocsanb-

603 r. BTOP)I(EH~E CKOTTOB.

HA TEPPHTOPHH

EpHTaHHH,

3aBOeBaHHOi't aHrJIOCaKCaMH ( OHa H CTaJia snocJie,!l,cTBHH co6cTBeHHO AH!'-

0Ho 6bi!IO orp8)f(eHo KoponeM HopryM6PMM 9renb¢pMrOM, KOTOPbln pa36Mn BOnCKO 9nJJ.aHa, KOPOnR

1):{am,pH8,&a- I<eJib1'CI<Oe I<OpOJieBCTIIO, CytlleCTIIOBaBIUee B lli01llaJI!IIIlf H lfpJlall!ll!H B

V-IXBB.

3AnA)J.HAS1 EBPOnA or

.11.8. nepBeHCTBO cpe.tJ.!If 8HTJIOC8KCOHCK!I1X KOpOJieBCTB OnRTb BepHyJIOCb K HopryM6puu.

WomaH.tJ.MM AHmMM.

685 r. 6~TBA nP~ AAHH~4EH MOCC (cesepHee peKI!I Teil!, 6111113

MEPC~~. 6purBaflb.tJ.OM MepcuR

cospeMeHHoro ropo.na <Pop¢>ap B WoTJlaH,[llillil). nocne TOTO, K8K 3rlj)pu.a onyCTOW!Iffl 66JibWYJO '48CTb /O)I(HOC1 WomaH.tJ.MM, 9TOT Hacne.aHMK OcBM norepnen nopa)l(eHue 111 6blfl y6MT CKOTT8M!If. npourpaHH8R 3.tJ.eCb HOpTyM6p!lft1L18M!If 6!11TB8 H8.ll.Of1TO o6ecne'l!lff18 He38B!IfC!IfMOCTb

aHmocaKcoHcKoC1

716-796 rr. BEPXOBEHCTBO CT8f18 B LI8PCTBOB8H!I1R KOponeC1 3renb6anb.aa(716-757 rr.) 111 Ol/>l/>bl (757-769 rr.). 3renb6anb.tJ. npoBen ycneWHble BOC1Hbl C KOpOJieBCTB8M!If Y9cceKc ( 733 r.) 111 HopryM6pMR (744 r. ). OnycreBwuC1 c ero cMeprbJO TPOH B !liTOre RpOCTHOC1 rpB)I(.lJ.8HCKOC1 BOC1Hbl yHacne.aoBan Olj)lj)a, .aeoJOPO.tJ.Hb!C1 6par 3renb68Jib.tJ.8. nocne

463 HeCKOflbK!IfX KpOBOnpOJI!IfTHbiX BOC1H eMy Y.l1.8f10Cb OKOH'48TeflbHO yrBep.ll.llfTbrereMOH!IfJOMepc!lf!lf, coBepwuB TeM CBMbiM nepBOe nO.tJ.fl!lfHHOe o6be.tJ.MHeHue AHmMM. B Olj)Q>e npu3Haean paeHoro .tJ.8)1(e ero coBpeMeHHMK Kapn BenMKMC1.

789-795 rr. nP~XOA B~K~H fOB. nepB8R BbiC8.tJ.K8 B!lfK!IfHTOB, 0 KOTOpOC1 !lfMeJOTCR nMCbMeHHble CB!If.tJ.eTeflbCTB8, npou3owna 6n1113 coBpeMeHHoro ropo.aa ,IJ,op'lecrepa (789 r.). 3areM .aar'laHe coeepwunu Ha6er Ha ne)I(Bll.IMC1 Hee.aaneKe or HOpTyM6pMC1CK!IfX 6eperoB OCTPOB flMH.tJ.Mclj)epH (793 r.). BcKope nocne.aoeanu nepBble 38perucrpupoBBHHble Ha6er!lf B!lfK!IfHTOB HB WoTf18H/1.!1110 (794r.) !If Vfpf18H.l1.11110(795 r.).

KOPOJIEBCTBO <PPAHKOB, 600-814

22.

Yna,qoK MepoBHHros

600-731 rr. 3Hepr!11R !If BO!IfHCTBeHHOCTb lj)pBHKOB He yMeHbW!Iffl!lfCb !If BO BpeMeHa yna.aKa 111 BbiPO)I(.tJ.eHMR .aoMa MepoBMHroe. CoxpaHRR peBflbHb!t1 npeCT!If)l(, !lfX KOpOJieBCKBR Bnacrb c.aenanacb no cyru CMMBOfiM'lecKoC1, nOCKOflbK}' l/>BKT!If'leCK!If 6pa3.tJ.bl npaeneHMR !113 pyK noroMKOB MepoBeR Mano -no Many nepewnu B PYKM6naropO.tJ.HOro po.aa nunMH!If.tJ.OB. B H8'48Jie VII B. nunMH I Crapw111t1 fl8H.tJ.eHCK!IfC1 CTBJI M8C10p.tJ.OMOM1 ( nepBOH8'48flbHO .11.0!1)1(HOCTb ynpaeurenR KoponeBcKoro .ll.BOP'-18, O.tJ.HBKO BnOCJie.tJ.CTB!If!lf K ee HocurenJO Mano -no Many nepewnu BCe lj)yHK'-1111111 npeMbep-M!IfH!IfCTpa) ABCTP83!11!11, KBK H83b!B8f18Cb BOCTO'lHBR '48CTb 4>p8HKCKOTO KOPOfleBCTBB, HB npOTR)I(eH!If!lf VI-VII B.

1 Mai'iopl{oMaMH nepBoHa'iaJJbHO Ha3bTBaJJHCb c-rapwHe ynpaBHTeJJH KOpOlleBCKHM ,!{BQpoM, 3aBe,!{OBaBWHe ,!{BOpi:(OBblM X03lli'!CTBOM H ,!{BOpi:(OBblMH CJJY)f(HTeJJliMH.

C Te'ieHHeM BpeMeHH Mai'iopi{OMbT cocpeI{OTO'-IHJJH B CBOHX pyKaX BCIO BOeHHO·a,!{MHHHCTpaTHBHYIO BJJaCTb B KOpOJJeBCTBe H CTaJJH

AHrnocaKCOHCKJt~

wneM. 0Kono 625 r.

ero

cpaKTH'ieCKHMH

npaBHTeJJSIMH.

«KopOJJIO )f(e,- TIHCaJJ JJeTOTIHCei:(,- OCTaBa-

464

B3JlET V1 C)J.EP)f(V18AHV1E V1CJlAMA. 600-800 rr. 3aHhi 61>mH HRJIHTI>Cll no Bh130BY KopoJili Ha KOHe, B IIOJIHOM

BOOp~eHHH

onpe.L{eJieHHhiM <JHCJIOM BOHHOB. Pe<PopMa yKpenHJia cJioH cpeAHHX 3eMJieBJia,LJ,eJihl.leB, KOTOphle COCTaBHJIH OCHOBHYIO Macey KOHHOro OIIOJI<JeHHli H .liBHJIHCh rrpe.L{IIIeCTBeHHHKaMH 6yJI.YI.l.IHX phll.lape~. 3eMJieRJI3,AeJihl.lhl KOMIIJieiiTOBaJIH KOHHHI.IY, HMeBIIIYIO Terreph TIDKeJioe BoopyJKeHHe. Oco6eHHO YJIY'liiiHJIOCh 33I.l.IHTHoe Boopy)KeHHe: IIOliBHJIHCh .L{JIHHHhle I.l.IHThi, IIIJieMhi, KOJihqyrn. Ha Boopy)KeHHH HMeJIHCh TaiOKe 60JihiiiHe JIYKH H ap6aJieThi. l.JHCJieHHOCTh KOHHHI.Ihl B03pacTaJia, HO rrexoTa Bee eme ocTaBaJiach rJiaBHhiM POAOM BO~CK.

613 r. BPEMEHHOE 06bEA~ HEH~E KPYnHE~W~X PAHKCK~X KOPOJlEBCTB. ABcrpa3Mfl, HetlicrpMf! M GypryH.tJ.Mf!6bmM o6be.tJ.MHeHbJ no.o. enacTb/0 Koponf! Jlorapa fl, M3 .o.oMa MepoBMHroe.

npeAMeTbl 6biT3 ~paHKOB (snoxa MepoBHHroa): 1,2, 7, 9, 15- arpa~bl; 3- nepCTeHb-ne-.aTKa XHnt.AepHKa; 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 14, 16 - npeAMeTbl YKPaweHHH; 8- YKPaweHHe nowaAHHO~ c6pyH; 12, 13, 19- npSilKKH" o6HBKa noHcoa; 17- rpe6eHb; 18- cmKnHHHbl~ por

BpeMe H8M M o6oco6nf!BW8f/Cfl M CT8HOBMBW8f/Cfl C8MOCTOf/TeflbHb/M rocy.o.apCTBOM. Ero Cb/H- nMnMH 11yHacne.o.oBan nocr Matliop.o.oMa ABcrpa3MM, HO 3aTeM pacnpocrpaHMn CBOJO Bnacrb M Ha HetlicrpMJO, T. e. 38n8.tJ.HYJO 48CTb KOponeBCTB8 lf>paHKOB. B Ha4ane VIII B. Matliop.o.oMOM CT8fl ero He38KOHHOpO)I(.tJ.eHHb/W CbJH, Kapn Mapre.nn ( Kapn Monor). rnaBHbJM conepHMKOM Kapna Mapre.nna B 6opb6e 38 enacrb 6bm npMHu.enc AKBMTBHMM rpalf> 3.o. (MnM O.o.o). 0.tJ.H8KO, BOCHOBHOM, eMynpM-

XO.tJ.MflOCb COCpe.tJ.OT04MB8Tb CMflb/ H8 orpa)l(eHMM MycynbMBHCKMX BTOp)l(eHMtli; OHM BnepBb/e nepeWnM nMpeHeM B 712r:, a B cne.o.yJOwee.o.ecf!TMnerMe MX Ha6erM CT8HOBMflMCb BCe 48We M p830pMTeflbHee. noH848flY O.tJ.ep)I(MB8BWMtli Bepx B 9TOtli 6opb6e, 3.0. K 731 r: n04YBCTBOBan ce6f! He B COCTOf/HMM O.tJ.HOBpeMeHHO cnpaBflf/TbCfl CO BTOp)l(eHMf/MM B ero Bfl8.tJ.eHMfl Kapna Maprenna c ceeepoeocroKa M MycynbMBH c 10ra. 3AL"CBATHB RJiacTh B CBOH pyKH, KapJI rroxo.L{aMH B BasapHIO, <l>pH3HIO, AJieMaHHIO H AKBHTaHHIO yKperrHJI

JIOeb,QOBOObeTBOBaTbeJI O.QHMM Jll!WbTli'I)'JIOM ll, BOeee,QaJI Ha 'I'pOHe e .QJI!IHHblMll BOJIOeaM!I

BHeiiiHee IIOJIHTH'JeCKOe IIOJIO)KeHHe <f>paHKCKOro rocy.L{apCTBa.

623-629 rr. n~n~H 1, MA~ OPAOM. 3ro npoM3owno BO epeMeHa )J,aro6epa I, nocne.o.Hero no.o.nMHHO MorywecreeHHoro MepoBMHra. npaB.tJ.8, .tJ.OCTMIHYB COBepWeHHOfleTMfl (628 r.), )J,aro6ep M3rHan nMnMHa, o.o.HaKo nocne ero CMepTM nMnMH BHOBb, XOTfl M H8 KOpOTKOe BpeMfl, CT8fl M8tliOp.tJ.OMOM, OCT8B8f/Cb H8 9TOM nocry .0.0 C8MOtli KOH4MHb/ (638-639 rr:).

0KOJ10 675-678 rr. B03BbiII fEP~CTAJlb CKOfO. OH BoeneK aBcrpa3MtliceyJO WEH~E n~n~HA

3H8Tb B IP8)1(.tJ.8HCK}I/O BOWHY npOTMB 36pOMH8- CT8BfleHHMK8 B.tJ.OBb/ )J,aro6epa I, KoponeBbJ GarMnb.tJ.bJ, KOroporo M cMeHMn Ha nocry Matliop.tJ.OMa. npaB.tJ.8, no6e.o.a ero 6bJn8 He CflMWKOM np04HOtli, HO nMnMHY He0)1(M.tJ.8HHO noBeano, M60 OKOflO 680 r: 36pOMH B CBOeM C06CTBeHHOM .tJ.BOpLJ.e 6blfl y6MT CT8pb!M conepHMKOM 3pMeHlj>pe.o.oM ( Crelj>aH J1e6eK 38Me4aer: « ... He MCKfl/04eHO, 4TO nMnMH nOMOI CflY4810, CH86.tJ.MB y6MIIiLlY op}I)I(MeM»).

11 OTnymeHHoi't 6opo.Qoi't, npe.QeTaBJil!Tb eo6oi't

B l.leJISIX ycHJieHHll Boopy)KeHHhlX

TOJibKO O.QHO TIO.QOO!Ie roey.Qapll, BbleJiyWMBaTb

CHJI <l>paHKCKOro rocy.L{apCTBa 6bl.Jia

OTOBeiO.QY liBJiliBWMXell noeJIOB ll ,QaBaTb npll

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K TOMY )l(e ManoynpaenReMa e 6010.

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ne MycynbMaHcKow 9KcnaHCVTVT VT

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none 6oR. Tor.aa OHM, cy.aR no eceMy,

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noKpOBOM TeMHOTb/ 6e)I(8JIVf Ha 101.

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B 6oeBOM CTpOJO, cpa3y )l(e CTaHOBVIT-

Ha 3ape cne.ayJOIJ..Iero ./J,HR Kapn

CR CMepTOHOCHOW; HO B TO )l(e epeMR

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poHe VI He06XO./J,VfMOW MaCCOW, 4T06bJ

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HOBOW yrp030W CO CTOPOHb/ R3bNHVfKOB B XIII VI XV BB.

npOV13BeCTVf 9tj>tj>eKTVTBHOe y.tJ,apHOe

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CR nycKaTbCR e npecne.aoeaHVTe:

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poBaHHb/e OTpR.tJ,b/ npORBnWIVT ce6R

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OTH/0./J,b He cny4WeW CTOpOHb/ VI 6bJJ7VI

.tJ,VTTb KOTOpoe npe.tJ,CTORnO ero BHY-

npVTroToeneHVTW MycynbMaH K reHe-

npaKTVT4eCKVf HeynpaBnReMb/. 3TO

KY Kapny BenVTKOMy.

panbHOMY cpa)l(eHVTJO npVTHRn pewe-

RBflRflOCb VT3nJ06neHHOW TaKTVIKOW

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apa6oe - cnpoeo~VTPOBBTb HeyKnJO-

BCeW BVI./J,VIMOCTVI, OH nocTpOVffl ap-

:>KYJO tJ>paHKCKYJO KaeanepVTJO Ha npe-

PAHKH

6hlJIH CHJihHhi cBoeii

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cne.aoeaHVTe, a 3aTeM noeepHYTbCR VT

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Ha HaVT6onee ./J,OCTynHOM Bb/COKOM

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npVTHa.lJ,IIe)l(aiJ..Iee nepy t1CO.IJ,Opa na-

HOM 6010 <J:>paHKCKrui IIeXOTaO.LJ,ep:>Ka-

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Jia rro6eAy H3A JierKoti KOHHHI.Ieii Bo-

rVTVT Tpy.tJ,OB VICTOPVIKOB /annVTVT VI

CTOKa.

ct>paH~VTVT». B ceo6o.aHoM VT .apaMaTVT4HOM nepeBO.tJ,e OMaHa OHO BblmR./J,VfT cne.ayJO/J..IVTM o6pa3oM: «CeeepR-

He38MepnVTCTeHO~CnOBHOBOe.tJ,VTHO CMep3WVTeCR t/>VTrypbJ, Vf3BaRHHb/e VT30 nb.aa; VT ne.a 3TOT He cnoco6eH 6b/J1 pacTaRTb, .tJ,a)l(e KOr.tJ,a CBOVIMVI Me4aMVT OHM pa3VTnVT apa6oe. ){(ene3HOPYKVTe rnraHTbJ-aBCTpa3VTW~b/ CMeno epy6anVTCb B fYIJ..IY 6VTTBbl, VI 3TO OHM HaWnVT VI cpa3VTnVT KOpOnR capa~VIHOB».

1ITo ~oMy noBOAY C-recpaH Jle6eK nHweT: «XOTll B HaWH ,!I,HH HHKTO He paCCMaT-pHBaeT 6HTBY npH IIyaTbe KaK pewaiOwHli y,11,ap no 3axBaTHmecKoli 3KcnaHCHH HCJiaMa Ha 3ana,~J,e3KcnaHcHll ~a ylKe Ha'!HHaJia cna,~J,aTb BHcnaHHH, H pel!,!!, BaJIH 6bll! C CaMOfO Ha'!aJia JIHWb MHoroooewaiOwHM rpa6HTeJibCKHM Ha6eroM6b!JIO 6b! OWH60'!HO OTpHI.{aTb, 'iTO no6e,~~,a Kapna HMeJia orpoMHoe 3Ha'!eHHe. < ...> C ~o ro BpeMeHH Kapn 6biJI e,!I,HHOAYWHO npH3HaH 6opl.{OM 3a xpHCTHaHCTBO. H npaBHTeJieM JIHH, BCeli faJIJIHH».

ran-

Kapn MapTenn. rpaa10pa XIX B.

470

B3JlET V1 C)J.EP)f(V18AHV1E V1CJlAMA. 600-800 rr. Bnocne.tJ.CTBVIVI npVT061.4eHHOTO K flVTKY CBf!TbJX, KOpOHOB8flCfl C8M. B .aanbHei4wVTe ro.tJ.bJ

(751-768 rr.)

BJJ.068BOK K BOWH8M npOTVIB MycynbM8H nVTnVTH Ill npOBO.ll.Vlfl H8CTyn8TeflbHb/e K8Mn8HVIVI B (epM8HVIVI, B AKBVTTBHVTVT VT B t1ranVTVT. Xorfl ero noXOJJ.b/ B (epM8HVIIO VI p8CWVIPVlflVI lj>paHKCKOe BflVlflHVTe B b8B8PVIVI, 0.11.HBKO nO.tJ.8BVITb ynopHb/X C8KCOB OH OK838flCfl He B COCTOflHVIVI. 0H H8HeC nop8)1(eHVTe B8VTlj>py, npVTH~Y AKBVT-

yr-

T8HCKOMY VI Hacne.tJ.HVTKY 3.11.8, Bep.tJ.VTB,

H8KOHe~,

~eHTP8flbHYIO

Bfl8CTb VI Ha.tJ. 3TOW npOBVIH~VleW. no npocb6e nanbl Crelj>8H8 II OH COKpyWVTn MOryl.4eCTBO flOM68p.tJ.OB B l1TaflVIVI VI YCT8HOBV1fl CBeTCJ<YIO Bfl8CTb n8nCTB8. nocne CMepTVT nVTnVTH8

Iff KOpO-

neBCTBO, COTfl8CHO lj>p8HKCKOMY o6bJ48to H8cne.aoB8HVTfl, 6bmo nopoBHY pa3.aeneHO Me)I(JJ.Y ero .tJ.BYMfl CbJHOBbflMVT: K8pnoM (CT8PWVTM) VT KapnoM8HOM. OrHoweHVTfl Me)I(JJ.Y 6p8Tbf1MVI 6bJnVI npOXfl8.tJ.Hb/MVI, HO nocne cMeprVT K8pnoM8H8

(771

r.)

K8pn cran e.aVTHOBn8CTHbJM np8BVTreneM lj>p8HKOB, H848B 6necTf11.4ee

~8pCTBOB8HVTe, 6n8TOJJ.8Pfl KOTOPOMY BOWen B VICTOPVIIO no.a VTMeHeM

Kapn MapTeJ1J1 8 6HTBe npH nyaTbe

K8pn8 BenVTKoro. B nepeyto o4epe.ab K8pna BenVT-

IIocJie Toro Kat< rrexoTa <}>paHKOB OTPa3HJia aTaKH apa6cKoit KOHHHU:hl, KapJI peiiiHJI BocnoJib30BaTbC.ll ycneiiiHhlM HCXOAOM nepBoro 3Tarra 6o.s1. <l>paHKCKHe pblU:apH no,.q npe,.qBOAHTeJibCTBOM 3,.qa, repn:ora AKBHTaHCKoro, rrpopBaJIHCb qepe3 pHAhl apa60B H aTa:KOBaJIH HX Jiarepb. O,.qHa:Ko phln:apcKa.si TJDKeJia.si KOHHHn:a, peiiiHBIIIa.si yqacTb CpaiKeHHH, He 6bma rrpHro,.qHa,.qJIH rrpecJie,.qoBaHH.ll. Cpa)f(eHHe rrpH IIyaTbe rrepBoe CpaiKeHHe, B KOTOpOM yqaCTBYeT H peiiiaeT ero Hcxo,.q TJI)f(eJIOBoopy)f(eHHa.si phln:apCKa.si KOHHHU:a. C 3TOro BpeMeHH Ha"'HHaeTC.ll cepHH BOitH, B KOTOphlX MaCCHBHa.si, HO HeIIOBOpOTJIHBaH phln:apcKrui KaBaJiepHH 3ana,.qa c nepeMeHHblM yen ex oM cpa)f(aeTC.si C IIOABH)f(HOit HpperyJIHpHOit KOHHHn:eit BocmKa. Phln:apcKa.si KOHHHn:a rocrro,.qcTBOBaJia Ha rroJie 6oa B 3arra,n.Hoit EBporre B Te<JeHHe HeCKOJibKHX CTOJieTHit.

Bo3BbJUJeHHe Kapo.nHHros.

Koro X8P8KTepVT30BanVT 6necTf11.4VTi4

732-814rr.

yM, 3HeprVT4HOCTb, flPKOCTb nVT4HOcrVT VI 3l/>l/>eKTVTBHOCTb .aewcrBVTW. OH

nocne 6viTBblnO.tJ. TypoM( nyarbe)

noOI.4Pfln VT no.a.aep)I(VTBan B03po)I(JJ.e-

Kapn c 3.aoM VT3rHanVT MycynbMBH

HVTe H8YKVT, VICJ<YCCTB8 VI flVTTep8TYPbl.

V130 BCeX38BOeB8HHb/XVIM VI BO 4JpaH-

no.a ero reep.tJ.bJM VT6n8TO)I(enarenb-

~VIM Bna.aeHVTW, 38 VICKflto4eHVTeM

HbJM np8BfleHVTeM 6onbWVIHCTBO xpVT-

CenrVTMBHVTVT, r.ae apa6bJ npo.aep)l(a-

CTV18HCKVIX H8~VTi4 38n8JJ.Hoi4 EeponbJ

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V13BeCTHb/M 3.tJ.eCb CO BpeMeH ,<30fl0-

npo~BeT8HVTeM,

He-

cKonbKO Ha6eroe H8 ceeep, HO

TOTO BeK8» AHTOHVIHOB B PVTMe. Ero

lj>paHKVI npe6bJBBnVI B TOTOBHOCTVI VI

J<YflbTYPHbJe, 3KOHOMVT4eCKVTe, nonVT-

nOTOMY BCflKVIW pa3 npVTwenb~b/

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KVI ynopHo 6oponVTcb 38 CenrVTM8HVTto, VI nVTnVTH

Iff,

Cb/H VI H8Cfle.tJ.HVIK

HO 3l/>l/>eKTVTBHOW BOeHHOW CVICTeMe, KOTOpyto OH C03JJ.Bn, VICXO.ll.fl V13 OnbJ-

K8pn8 M8prenn8, OKOH4arenbHO VT3-

T8 cepVTVT H8CrynarenbHb/X K8Mn8HVIW

rH8n MYCYflbM8H H838.11. 38 nVTpeHeVT.

BOKpyr rp8HVI~ CBOVIX Bfla.tJ.eHVTW.

l/>8KTVT4eCKVIM np8BVTTeneM 4JpaH-

735 r. BOCCTAHII1E B AKBII1TAHII1111. nocne cMeprVT3.aa ero CbJ-

~VIVI H8 nocry M8WOPJJ.OM8, nVTnVTH

HOBbfl BOCCT8flVI npOTVIB K8pfl8

B re4eHVTe .aecf!TVT ner, f!Bflflf!Cb

Iff

OTKPOBeHHO nOKOH4Vlfl C .ll.VIH8CTVTei4

M8prenn8, KOTOPbiW BTOPTCfl B AK-

MepoBVTHroe, ceeprHyB Xtlnb.aepVT-

BVIT8HVIIO VI 38CT8BV1fl BOCCT8BWVIX

Iff VIC O.tJ.06peHVTfl n8nbl 3ax8pV1fl,

npVTHeCTVI B8CC8flbHYIO npVTCflTY.

3AnA)J.HAS1 EBPOnA 734-739 rr. KAMnAHVIVI KAPJlA MAPTEJlJlA nPOTVIB MYCYJlbMAH B AOJlVIHE POHbl.

(757 r:), 8 38TeM pa36Mn C8KCOB, OT KOTOpbJX noTpe6oBan ynnaTb/ ,aaHM (758 r.).

B 9TM ro,abJ MycynbMaHe nMWb ,aBa)l(,abJ nonbJTanMcb ocy11.1ecTBMTb cepbe3HbJe peW,abJ B my6b tf>paHKCKOW TeppMTOPMM, M o6a p838 Kapn 38CTBBn>Jn MX BepHyTbC>J BOCBO>JCM BanaHca MflMoHa (737 M 739 rr: coo TBeTCTBeHHO).

760-768 rr. KAMnAHVIVI BAKBVITAHVIVI. nMnMH Ill H8Hec OKOH48-

741-747 rr. COBMECTHOE nPABJlEHVIE KAPJlOMAHAI VI nVInVIHA Ill KOPOTKOfO. nocne cMepTM Kapna MapTenna ero CbJHOBb>J npaBMnM COBMeCTHO, K8K ,aBa Mawop,aoMa.

743-759 rr. Vl3fHAHVIE MYCYJlbMAH Vl3 q>PAHI..U'IVI. B xo.ae HeCKOnbKMX K8Mn8HMW nMnMH M3rHan MycynbMaH M3 CenTMMBHMM, KOTopy~aHHeKcMpoBan,npMcoe,aM

HMB K 4JpaHKCKOMY KOponeBCTBY.

7 47 r. OTPElfEHVIE KAPil OMAHA I. nMnMH Ill CT8HOBMTC>J e,aMHOBnaCTHb/M npaBMTeneM tf>paHKOB.

TenbHOe nopa)l(eHMe BaMtf>py, BoccTaBweMy npMHUY AKBMTBHCKOMY.

763 r. BOCCTAHVIETACCVIJlOHA Ill B 6ABAPVIVI. baBapMR Ha nRTH8.L11..1.8Tb neT BbJWna M3-no,a BnBCTM KOPOfl>J tf>paHKOB.

768-771 rr. COBMECTHOE nPABJlEHVIE KAPJlABEJlVIKOfO VI KAPJlOMAHA II. nocne CMepTM nMnMHa ero CbJHOBb>J pa3,aemmM KoponeBCTBO. 3a 9TO BpeM>J Kapn no,aaBMn e11.1e O,aHO BOCCT8HMe B AKBMT8HMM (769r:).

771-814rr. UAPCTBOBAHVIE

471 cToMno ero apMMM ywTM. MenKMe Hey,aa4M y tf>paHKOB CflY48flMCb: C nOMOll.lb~ npe,aaTenbCTB8 C8KCb/ 38XB8TMflM 3pec6ypr (776 1.), MnM KOr,aa OHM B3>JflM WTYPMOM KapnWTB,aT (778 r:). )(pe6eT conpOTMBneHM>J caKcoB 6bm cnoMneH KapnoM BenMKMM nMWb BO BpeM>J pewMTenbHOW 3MMHeW KBMnBHMM 783786 II., XOT>J MX cnopa,aM4eCKMe BbJCTynneHM>J npo.aon)l(anMcb e11.1e TPMH8.L1J..1.8Tb neT. B ,[{JIMTEJlbHOJII H ynopHott 6op1>6e CaKChl OKa3aJIH CTOitKOe COnpOTHBJieHHe H npOJIBHJIH 60JII>liiYIO xpa6pocTh. Kapn BenHKHit orHeM H MeqoM HaCIDK,LJ,aJI cpe)l.H CaKCOB XpHCTHaHCTBO, cqH'ra.JI,

qTQ

3aBOeBaHHe

KAPJlA BEJlVIKOfO. KoponeBCTBO

)l.OJI)KHO 6hlTh 3aKpenJieHO nyTeM XpH-

6bmo Boccoe,aviHeHo nocne cMepTM KapnoMaHa II.

liiHXCJI .Jl.OXpHCTHaHCKHX KYJII>TOB.

KAPJIY BenHKOM)' (768-814 rr.)

JIHliib TOI)l.a, KOr)l.a 3HaTh CaKCOB CTa-

CTHaHH3auHH CaKCOB, npH)l.ep)KHBaBTioKopeHHe CaKCOB 6hlJIO 3aKOHqeHO

B pe3yJII>TaTe uenoro p.a)l.a BOitH y.LI.a-

Jia Ha CTOpOHY <}>paHKOB.

JIOCb C03)l.aTb oqeHb 60JibiiiYIO no

751 r. KOPOHAL.U1SI nVInVIHAIII.

CBOHM pa3MepaM HMnepH!O. 3TH

TIHnHH KopOTKHit 3aToqHJI B MO-

BOitHhi BeJIHCh KapJioM BeJIHKHM,

HaCThipb nocne)l.Hero MepoBHHra H

KaK H ero npe)l.IIIeCTBeHHHKaMH, B

CTaJI KOpOJieM <}>paHKOB. Tiepe)l. 3THM

HHTepecax KpynHhiX 3eMJieBJia)l.eJib-

TIHnHH oTnpaBHJI nocoJibCTBO K PHM-

ueB-<}>eo)l.aJIOB, O)l.HHM H3 JipKHX

CKOM)' Tiane C BOnpOCOM,XOpOIIIOJIH,

npe)l.CTaBHTeJieit KOTOphlX OH CaM

qTQ BO <l>paHKCKOM rocy)l.apcTBe npa-

JIBJIJIJIC.si, H 6hlJIH o6ycJIOBJieHhl

B.siT KOpOJIH, He o6Jia,r{aJOI.UHe )l.eitCT-

CTpeMJieHHeM KpynHhlX <}>paHKCKHX

BHTeJibHOit KOpOJieBCKOit BJiaCThiO?

3eMJieBJia)l.eJII>UeB K 3axBary HOBhlX

Ha ~o Tiana oTBeTHJI: «Jlyqrne HMe-

3eMeJih H K HaCHJihCTBeHHOMY 3aKpe-

HOBaTb KOpOJieM TOro, KTO HMeeT

nomeHHIO KpecThJIH, eme coxpaHJIB-

BJiaCTh, He'A<eJIH TOI'O, KTO npO)KHBa-

IIIHX CBOIO CB06o)l.y.

eT, He HMe.si KOpOJieBCKOit BJiaCTH».

Kapn oca,aMn M B3Rn naBM~, 38XB8TMB B nneH nocne,aHero Kopon>J noM-

Bcero npH KapJie 61>mo coBeprne-

Tiocne 3TOro TianaKopoHOBaJI TIHnH-

HO 6oJiee

Ha KopoTKoro. 3a 3TY ycnyry TIHnHH

JIOBHHY H3 HHX B03rJiaBJIJIJI OH CaM.

BOeHHhlX nOXO)l.OB, no-

noMor Tiane BeCTH 6op1>6y c rocy)l.ap-

KapJI 6hlJI BeCI>Ma)l.eJITeJII>HhlM B cBo-

CTBOM JiaHro6ap)l.OB H, 3aBOeBaB 3a-

HX BOeHHhlX H a,r{MHHHCTpaTHBHhlX

XBaqeHHYIO HMH paHee B I1TaJIHH Pa-

npe)l.npHJITHJIX, HceycHhlM B o6JiaCTH

BeHHCh')'JO o6nacTh, nepe)l.an ee Tiane.

)l.HnJIOMaTHH H KpaHHe )KeCTOKHM no

Tiepe)l.aqeit PaBeHHCKoit o6nacTH

OTHOIIIeHHIO K<}>paHKCKHM HapO)l.HhlM

61>m0 nOJIO)KeHO HaqaJIO CBeTCKOit

MaCCaM H K HaCeJieHHIO 3aBOeBaHHhlX

BJiaCTH nanCTBa.

HM 3eMeJih.

754-756 rr. KAMnAHVISI nVInVIHA Ill nPOTVIB J10M6APAUEB. 757-758 rr. KAMnAHVIVI nVInVIHA 111 B rEPMAHVIVI. OH HaHec nopa)l(eHMe TaccMnoHy Ill, repuory

772-799 rr. KAMnAHVIVI KAPJlA BEJlVIKOfO nPOTVIB CAKCOB. B u.enoM Bee BoceMHa.tJ.-

b8B8PCKOMY, KOTOpbJW nonbJTanc>J YTBep,aMTb CBO~ He38BMCMMOCTb

773-774 rr. n06EAA KAPJlA BEJlVIKOfO HAA AE3VIAEPVIEM.

J..J.8Tb 9TMX K8Mn8HMW OK838nMCb ycnewHbJMM, xoT>J Kapny 48CTO He y,aaBanOCb nonHOCTb~ peanM30Bb/B8Tb CBOM nnaHb/ M3-38 M>JTe)l(eW C8KCOB, BC>JKMWP83BOCCT8B8BWMX,

Kapn BeJntKM~

472

B3JlET V1 C)J.EP)f(V18AHV1E V1CJlAMA. 600-800 rr. 780

IO:>KHO~

787 rr. KAMnAHI!11!1 B 1!1TAJ11!11!1. YcneWHble Ka-

parenbHble sKcne.aM~MM Kapna npoTMB lep/..1018 6eHeBeHTCKOIO.

787-788 rr. HOBOE 3ABOEBAHI!1E 6ABAPI!11!1. Kapn Haronoey pa36WI 1ep~o1a TaccMnoHalll 6aeapcKolo.

789 r. OKKYnAU11151 1!1CTPI!11!1. Ocywecrenaa sry BK/..IIIf/0, Kapn orKpoeeHHO npOMIHOpMpOB8fl B03pa)l(eHMfl BM3BHTMIIf.

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477 paM, Vi noeKOflbKY OHM np11i6b!Banlli Vf3 MapoKKO BO Bee B03paera/Oll..leM 'lVfene, OKKYna~VfR erana, no eyTVf .aena, MaBplliTaHeKow. BHyrpeHHIIie pa3HOmae/liR llienaMa OTpa)l(afl/lieb IIi B MyeynbMaHeKOM 0611..1eeTBe VfenaHIIilli, a .aononHMTenbHbiW pa3na.a BHOeVfnlli Ha~VfOHaflbHble rpeHVIR Me)l(.ay apa6aMIIi, eupuw~aMIIi Vi 6ep6epaM/Ii. 0eHOBaH/Iie B VfenaHVflli 6emb!M npMH~eM A6.a ap-PaxMaHOM Vi6H MyaBMeW( eM. Hfli)l(e) He3aBIIieVIMOW OMewR.aeKow .tJ.MHaeruu noereneHHO npuBeno K orHoeurenbHOMY MlliPY IIi yTBep)l(/l,eHVf/0 e/l,VIHOW ~eHTpanM30BaHHOW BnaeTIIi. 0/l,HaKO BHyrpeHHVfe pa3HOmaeMR epe.au MyeynbMaH npe.aoeraBMnu YKPbiBWMMeR B ropax Aerypuu BeerroTeK/IiM 6e)l(eH~aM HeKOTOpy/0 nepe/l,b!WKY Vi n03BOflllifllli /liM He TOflbKO npViHRTb Bee Mepbl, He06XO/l,lliMble .anR o6opoHbl, HO 111 npe.anplliHRTb noHa'lany po6KIIie nonbiTKIIi paeWMPVITb eBOW KPOXOTHbiW aHKnaB XpllieTMaHeKOW eB060/l,bl. Vf K KOH~Y VIII B. B VfenaHMIIi, 3a noene.aHue eeMb eroneTVIW eBbiKWeWeR e noKaflbHbiMVf pem1rlli03HbiMVf BOWHaMM, Ha'lanaeb MyeynbMaHO -XpVieTVfaHeKaR BOWHa.

npoAOJIJKHTeJihHoe speMSI Ae~cTBO BaTh B my6HHe BpaJKeCKO~ CTpaHhl.

MYCY.JihMAHE H XPHCTHAHCKAH HCIIAHHH, 712-800 22. no.a KOMaH/l,OBaH/IieM Myeb!lli6H Hyeawpa MyeynbMaHeKoe 3aBoeBaHMe VfenaH/IiVf 6b!n0 6b!eTpO 3aBepWeHO, 3a VfeKfl/O'leHVfeM pa3p03HeHHbiX O'larOB eonpOTVIBfleHVIR B npe.aenax Y3KOW ropHow nonoebl Ha eeBepo-3ana.ae. Ha HeKoropoe BpeMR 3a.aep)l(anlli ero nlliWb yKpenneHMR CeBMnblli Vi MepM.tJ.bl, KOTOPbiMVf OH eMOT OBfla/l,eTb TOflbKO noene 3aTR)I(HbiX oea.a. PuMeKo-u6epeKoe HaeeneHMe 6bmo pa.ao oeBo6o/l,VfTbeR Vf3 -n0/1, BnaeTVf BeeTrOTOB, a MyeynbMaHe npORBflRflVf /l,OeTaTO'lHY/0 repnlliMoerb, pa3pewaR xpue-

M~eTb

a KopAoae.lilcnaHHSI. VIII a.

478

B3nET V1 C)J.EP)f(V18AHV1E V1 CnAMA. 600-800 rr. 756-786 rr. YKPEnJlEHIIIE MYCYJlbMAHCKIIIX n03111Lllll"' B IIICnAH 111111. no.a.aBl18 BHyrpeHHl19 6ecnopfl.IJ.Kl1 B MYCYflbM8HCKOW Vfc naHl1l1, A6.a. ap-PaxMaH 3a.a.ep)l(an XPl1CTl1aHCKOe B03pO)I(.IJ.9Hl19 Ha ce Bepo -3ana.a.e crpaHbJ.

777-801 rr. BTOP)I(EHIIIE B IIICnAHIIIIO KAPJlABEJliiiKOrO. OH 38XBaTl1/l bapCe/IOHY.

CKAH,n;HHABIHI

CKaHAMHaBMH.BeKKaMHH:

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2, 3 -

KpeMHMeBblii KMHJKan; MOnoT C OTBepCTMeM AnH

pyKOHTMj

KaMeHH3H CT3MeCK3

c nonvKPvrnbiM JKeno6oM

Ha4afll1 npe.anpl1Hl1M8Tb Ha6er1.1 Ha npl16pe)I(HbJe pawoHbl CeeepHow EeApa6cKMe KMHJKanbl

712-720 rr. OKOH4ATE1lbHOE YTBEP)f(JJ.EHIIIE MYCYJlbMAH B 1116 EP 111111. Ha<48!1l1Cb pe/li.abl '49P93 n1.1peHel1.

eax 1.1 no6epe)l(be 3ana.aHolli Eepo-

ponbl. nepBb/Ml1 no.aeepml1Cb 3Tl1M

nbJ, TOr.D.a KaK nMpaTbl (1.1 O.D.HOBpe-

pe/li.aaM IOro-3anB.D.Hafl c:Pl1Hflflfot/ll1fl

MeHHO TOprOBL.lbl, 1.160 .D.Ba 3Tl1X pe-

1.1 EianrnwcKoe no6epe)l(be or BMC!Ibl

MeC/Ia He pa3.D.e11Ml1Cb) 1.13 WBel..ll1l1

.D.O bOTHl14eCKOrO 38!11.188. bo/lbWl1H CTBO Bl1Kl1HrOB, .D.9WCTBOB88Wl1X 8

npOHiffKa/11.1 B my6b Tep pl1TOPl1l1 Pyc1.1, nocreneHHO .D.OCTiffrHyB '-/ep-

0Kono 718 r. OCHOBAHIIIE XPIIICTIIIAHCKOrO KOPOJlEBCTBAB ACTYPIIIIII. Pa3rpoMl1B apa6oB B .D.Ofll1He KoBa.a.oHra (718 r.) 1.1

3Tl1X KpaflX, PO.D.OM npOl1CXO.IJ.l1/ll1 1.13 WBel..ll1l1, HO B Ha6erax npl1Hl1M8/Il1

HOrO MOPfl, a orry.aa 1.1 KoHcraHTl1HOnO/If/. 8 TO BpeMfl Hl1 O.D.Ha 1.13 CKaH-

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Ca)I(J.1BaTbCfl Ha bPl1T8HCKl1X OCTPO -

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0Kono 650-800 rr. 06bEAIIIHEHIIIE WBEI..lllllll. Ha reppl1TOPl1l1

BecrrorcKMw npMHLl ne11awo (718737 rr. ) OCHOBa/1 KOPO!IeBCTBO Iff c.a.efla/1 ero CTOIIML.lelli KaHrac-.a.e-

10ra coBpeMeHHow WBel..ll1l1 o6Mra -

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IIO MHO)I(eCTBO nfleMeH ( 1.1/11.1 K/18 -

732 r. 6111TBA nOA TYPOM, 111n111 6111TBA nPIII nYATbE. 740 r. BOCCTAHIIIE 6EP6EPOB. 9ro npMBe/IO K xaocy B Ma-

HOB). nocreneHHO WBe.D.bl, )I(J.1BWJ.1e ( Ha reppl1TOPl1l1 coBp. fie HoB Ynca !la, Ce.aepMaH!IaH.a, 9creprer -

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!laH.a), no.D.4l1Hl1fll1 CBOMX coce.aelli,

KPOXOTHOMY KOPO/IeBCTBY Acryplfffl

Hace!lflBWMX Be crprer!laH.a ( Ha

pacWl1Pl1TbCfl Ha 10r 1.1 3ana.a., 4TO

reppl1TOPl1l1 coBp. !leHoB CKapa6opr, 9!1bBC6opr, (ere6opr-oxyc) Iff

B OcrepremaH.ae BOKpyr Ynca!lbl

38KOH4l1/IOCb 3aeoeBaHMeM xpl1CTl1 aHaMl1 rafll1Cl1l1 ( 750 r.).

K Ha4any

7 55-756 rr. OCH OBAHIIIE AIII-

IX B . .ao6l1!1l1Cb rocno.acr -

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0Kono 700 r. ~PJlbl B HOPBErllllll. K Ha4any VIII B. B HopBerl1l1

6acM.D.8Ml1 l136l19Hl1fl 0 MeWfl.IJ.OB npMHLl A6.a. ap- PaxMaH 1.16H MyaBMfl

.IJ.l1, Ha3bJBaBWl1eCfl flp!laMl1l1 ynpaB-

{60/lee l1389CTHbiW KaK A6.a.appax-

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M8H I) OCH088/I 8 VfcnaHl1l1 He3aBJ.1Cl1Mb/W 3 Ml1P8T.

Bbi.D.Bl1HYfll1Cb perlffOHa/lbHb/e BO)I(-

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EBPA3111~

111 CPE,Ll,li13EMHOMOPbE

479

EBPA3IDI II CPE~II3EMHOMOPbE BM3AHTMHCKAH HMIIEPMH, 602-642 zz. Y3yp naqHJJ ct>oKH, 602-610 rr.

602 r. CBEP>KEHHE H Y6HA CTBO MABPHKHSL L(eHTypuoH paCKBapTIIfpOBaHHOM Ha ,lJ.yHae Bllf3aHTIIfMCKOM apMIIfllf no llfMeHIIf (/)oKa nOP,H71n M71Te>K, CMeCTIIfn npucKa Ill noeen M71Te>KHYIO apMIIf/0 Ha KoH cTaHTUHononb, rp,e cnepea npuHy p,un K OTpe'leHIIf/0, a 3aTeM >KeCTOKO y6un llfMnepampa MaepuKU71.

603- 604 rr. B03PO>KAEHHE ABAPOB. Bp,oxH oaneHHbl e 3TIIfM M71Te>KOM aaapbl n epewnu JJ.yHaiA u npllfH71nllfCb pa30p71Tb llfMnepCKIIfe 3eMnu, ne>Kai.J..Iue K 10ry u 3anap,y OT peKu. YnnaTua orpoMHYIO p,aHb, (/)oKa 3aKn/O'IIIfn cHUMIll apeMeHHbliA MIIIP (604 r.).

603- 610rr. BOAHACnEPCHEA. 06713aHHbliA TPOHOM MaepuKu/0, Xocpoa II nepCIIf)},CKIIfiA 06b71BIIfn eoiA HY y6uiA~e caoero 6narop,eTen71. nepCIIf)},CKIIfe apMIIfllf no6ep,OHOCHO npownu no MeconoraMuu u Cupuu, 3axaaTua ropop,a-KpenocTu JJ.apy, AMup,y, 3p,eccy (uHa'le /uepanonb unu £5aM6uKa, coap. ropop, MeH6UP.>K a Cupuu) u Anenno (npllfH71TOe a ea poneiAcKoiA nuTepaType Ha3aa Hue cupuiAcKoro ropop,a Xane6), xorn u noTepnenu Heyp,a'!u nop, AHTuoxueiA u ,ll.a MaCKOM. 3aTeM oHu npeop,onenu Bu3aHTIIfiACKYIO ApMeHU/0 u ymy6unucb a AHaTonu/0 'lepe3 npoauH~~~~~~~ Kannap,OKIIf/0, (!)purn/0, /anaTU/0 111 BwpuHU/0. TpycnuabliA u 6e3p,apHbliA (/)oKa He npep,npllfH71n pOBHbiM c'leTOM Hllf'lero, 'IT06bl aocnpen71TCTaoeaTb BTOp>KeHIIf/0, Ill nepCIIf)},CKa71 apMIIf71 npOHIIfKIIa )},0 CaMoro £5ocrj:Jopa (608 r.). 610 r. BOCCTAHHErEPAKnH~

(CTAPWHO) . CoxpaHuaw uiA aep HOCTb Ma apuKU/0 Kaprj:Ja reHcKuiA 3K3apx lepaKnuiA OTKa3anc71 npu3HaTb y3ypna~u10 (/)oKu. 113 Kaprj:JareHa oH nocnan a KoHCTaHTUHononb rj:JnoT

nop, KOMaHp,oaaHueM caoero Cb!Ha, TO>Ke /epaK/11471 ( Ha3b!aaeMoro TaK>Ke /1paKnt4eM). npt4BeP,71 KOpa6nt4 B 3reiACKOe MOpe, OH 3aH71n OCTpoaa Apx11nenara 11 HeKoTOpb!e npt46pe>KHble ocTpoaa. B ceHm6pe Bb!Ca>KeHHble 14M Ha 6 eper aoiAcKa no cywe nop,ownu K cTeHaM cTonu~bl, a rj:JnoT aowen a 5ocrj:Jop. no6yp,11e K aoccTaHU/0 HaceneHt4e CTOnt4~bl, /epaKnMiA ceepr (/;JoKy, KOTOpbliA 6bm pacTep3aHTonnoiA.3aTeM, nOP,'It4H7171Cb Tpe6oaaHU71M Hapop,a, lepaKnuiA Mnap,wuiA 5 OKT716P71 B3owen Ha npecTon.

repa KJJHH H nocne.QHJJ!If nepCHACKB!IJ BOHHB, 610- 628 rr.

e1.1..1e ocTaaaawuec71 a pyKax at4Kpenocm a ApMeHMM; nepCIIf)},CKa71 OKKyna~t471 OTCeK/1a OT llfMnepuu 3eMnt4, rp,e Bu3aHTt471 npo aop,Mna OCHOBHble peKpyrCKt4e Ha 6opbl. 3aHTIIfiA~ea

616-619 r r . 3ABOEBAHHE nEPCAMH ErHnTA. Pa3rpoMt4B Bt43aHTIIfMCKt4e rapHIIf30Hbl B p,ont4He H11na , apMIIf71 Xocpoaa II 'lepe3 nt4BIIfMCKYIO nyCTbiH/0 npowna P,O caMoiA KupeHbl, nepepe3aa nyru P,OCTaBKt4 eruneTCKOM nweHt4~bl B KoHcTaHTUHononb.

617- 619 rr. B0306HOB11EHHE ABAPCKHX HA6ErOB. Aaapbl onyCTOWt4nt4 6anKaHCKt4e npOBIIfH~IIf, P,OM)},71 )},0 CTeH KOHCTaHTt4HOnOn71.

61 Or. nPOAOJl>KEHHEBOAHbl C nEPCHEA . Kasanocb 6bl, nap,eHt4e

619 - 621 rr. rEPAKJl HA H CEPrHA. lepaKnMiA TI.J..IeTHO n bi -

(/)OKt4 P,On>KHO 6b!n0 yp,oaneTBOpt4Tb Xocpoaa II, op,HaKo y nepct4P,CKoro npaa11Ten71 B03HIIfKI1t4 Tenepb HOBble aM6t4~11ft4. 803HaMepllfBWt4Cb BOCCTaHOBt4Tb t4Mnept410 Jl.apt471, OH nllfWb yp,BOt4n HaTIIfCK CBOt4X apMIIfM. YCTaBWIIfe OT nopa>KeHIIfM 14 6e3p,apHOro KOMaH-

Tanc71 peopraHt43oaaTb apMIIf/0. B OT'Ia71HIIfllf OH y>Ke npt4rOTOBt4nc71 6bmo ocTaBt4Tb KoHcTaHTt4HOnonb Ill aepHYTbC71 B Arj:JpuKy, KOrp,a KOHCTaHTt4HOnOnbCKt4M naTpt4apx Cep rl4i1 c aot4MIIf nponoaeP,71MIIf 3a>Ker a cepp,~ax >Kt4Tenei1 ropop,a naTpt4oTIIf'lecKui1 nopbla. YroaopaMt4 u ynpeKaMt4 OH P,06t4nC71 OT /epaKnllf71 Kn71TBbl, 'ITO TOT Ht4KOrp,a He nOKt4HeT CTOnllf~bl, noo6ei.J..IaB B CB0/0 o'lepep,b npep,ocTaBt4Tb a pacnop71 >KeHt4e uMnepaTopa ace pecypcbl ~epKBIIf. BHOBb o6peT71 yaepeH HOCTb, /epaKnt4M 3Heprt4'1HO aep Hync71 K peopraHt43a~t4t4. OnycTo Wt4B C He Cnt4WKOM OXOTHOrO op,o6peHIIf71 Cepr1171 nepeHaceneHHble MOHaCTblpt4, OH peKpyrt4poaan MOHaXOB, a 3aOP,HO 3aXBaTIIfn Ill 6onbWYIO 'l aCTb )},OCT071Ht471 KOH CTaHTIIfHOnOnbCKt4X ~epKBeiA . 3a nnaTIIfB llf3P71P.HYIO KOH Tpt46y~llfiO, oH np71MO nop, cTeHaMt4 KoHcTaHTt4Honon71 3aKn/O'It4n Mt4P c aaapcKMM KaraHoM ( ~apeM). Bep,71 neperoaoPbl c WaxeHoM 11 p,ena71 Bt4P., 6yp,To paccMaTpt4aaeT Henpt4eMneMble nepCt4)},CKIIfe ycnOBt471 (no KOTOpbiM npu3Ha aant4cb ace 3a aoeaaHU71 Xo cpoaa), oH T71Hyn apeM71 11 roToaun C71 BbiBeCTIIf apMt4/0 B non e.

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611-620 rr. no6EAbl nEPCOB B AHATOJlHH H CHPHH. AHTIIfOXt471 14 6onbWIIfHCTBO e1.1..1e OCTa BaBWIIfXC71 Bt43aHTt4MCKt4Mt4 KpenocTeM a Ct4pllft4, MeconoTaMIIft411f ApMeHIIft4 nepewn11 a PYKt4 nepcoa ( 611 r. ). nocne P,nt4TenbHOM OCaP,bl Hanap,aaWt4e B371nt4 ,ll.aMacK ( 613 r. ), a 3aTeM 11 11epycant4M (6 14 r.), nocne '!ero Xocpoa II Ha'lan pewuTenbHoe amp>KeHue a AHaTon1110 ( 615 r. ). BoiAcKa nop, KOMaHP,OBaHt4eM nepCIIf)},CKOrO nonKoa op,~a W axeHa nocne p,onroi1 ocap,bl B371nt4 yKpenneHHbiM ropop, XanKep,oH Ha £5ocrj:Jope (616 r. ). 3p,ecb, a nonyropa Kt4noMeTpax oT KoHcTaHTt4Honon71, nepcbl ocraaanucb 6onee p,ec71Tt4 ner. 3a 3TO ape M71 0Ht4 3aXBaTt4nllf B /anaTt411f AHKt4PY ( coap. ropop, AHKapa) u ocTpoa Po p,oc (620 r.); op,Ha 3a p,pyroiA nan11

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(HHaapb 623 r.). lepaKnMiii c,11,enan BM,IJ,, 6y,IJ,TO BOT-BOT yro,IJ,MT B noaywKy, B TOJKe apeMH rOTOBH C06CTBeHHyiO. Kor,11,a nepcbl Bb!paanMcb MS

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CBOMX yKpb!TMM, BMSaHTMMCKMe OTPHJJ.bl, pMHYBWMCb BHMS no CKflOHaM OKpyJKa!Oll.jMX rap, Ha6pOCMflMCb Ha HMX CO BCeX CTOpOH. 0epCMJJ.CKMe

624 r. BTOP>KEHHE B U,EHTPAJlbHYIO nEPCHIO. no aceiii ae-

ycnOBMHM noneBble y4eHMH C OCTOpOJKHbiMM BbtnaSKaMM npOTMB ynopHO 6nOKMPYIDl1.4MX ropHble npOXO,IJ,bl nepcoa. HaKoHeu,, co4TH aoiiicKa roTOBbiMM (aepOHTHO, B OKTH6pe), lepaKnMM, CYJJ.H no BCeMY, C,IJ,enan BM,IJ,, 6yJJ.TO HaMepeH Bb!MTM 4epes AMaH-

aaTb rnaaHble cMnbl Waxpaapasa, HO nepCbl6btnM TaK noTpHCeHbl, ysHaB 0 HeOJKM,IJ,aHHOM noaopoTe C06b!TMM, 4TO B 6ecnopH,IJ,Ke 6eJKanM. BcKope nocne 6MTBbl Ha lanMce lepaKnMiii OTBen apMMIO Ha SMMHMe KaapTMpbl, a caM aepHyncH a KoH-

CKMe BopoTa, KaK 6bl HanpaanHH y,11,ap Ha ApMeHMIO M npe,IJ,flaraH, mKMM o6paSOM, nepcaM npMHHTb 6oi1J Ha BbiCOTaX, rocnO,IJ,CTBYIOl1.4MX HaJJ.

CTaHTMHononb, 4T06bl npocneJJ.MTb sa XO,IJ,OM MeponpMHTMM, npe,IJ,npMHMMaeMbiX ,IJ,flH Sall.jMTbl CTOflMLJ,bl OT ace ell.je yrpoJKa!Oll.jMX HOBbiM Ha6e-

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roMaaapoa.

HOBHYID 4aCTb apMMM Ha BOCTOK. KoHTpaTaKoaaa cMnaMM apbeprapJJ.a, oH sa,11,epJKan nepCMJJ.CKoe aoiii-

,IJ,eMCTBMHMM npOTMB aaapoa Mace ell.je HaXOJJ.MBWMXCH a XanKeJJ.OHe nepcoa, lepaKnMM C nHTMTbiCH4HbiM

CKO a ,11,e¢Mne ropHoro npoxo,11,a, nocne 4ero nocnewMn acne,11, sa caoMMM rnaBHbiMM CMflaMM, OCTaBMB

OTPHJJ.OM OTnflblfl, 4T06bi npMCOe,IJ,MHMTbCH K BMSaHTMMCKOM apMMM B TpanesyHTe(coap. ropo,11, Tpa6soH a Typu,MM). Co6paa noJJ.KpenneHMH

no-npeJKHeMy rocno,IJ,cTaoaan BMsaHTMiiJcKMiii rfinoT, lepaKnMM OTnflblfl MS KoHcTaHTMHononH c apMMeiii HeMsaecTHoiii 4MCfleHHOCTM ( aepOHTHO, MeHee 50 TbiCH4 4enoaeK) M HeCKOflbKMMM ,IJ,HHMM nosJKe Bb!Ca,IJ,MflCH Ha rpaHMLJ,e KMnMKMM M CMpMM 6nMS AneKCaH,IJ,peTTbl ( COBp. nopTOBbiM rop0,11, l1cKeH,11,epyH B TypU,MM) M ycTbH JJ.peaHero l1cca ( coap. peKa )J.JKeiiixaH a Typu,MM).

622-623 r. KAM nAH HSI HA HCCE 1 • OKpyJKeHHaH ropaMM paaHMHa, paCKMHYBWaHCH no 6eperaM HMJKHero Te4eHMH l1cca, JJ.OCTynHa

BOMCKa, HaXO,IJ,MBWMeCH B saca,11,e, 6blflM yHM4TOJKeHbl. lepaKnMiii HeMe,IJ,fleHHO noaepHyn, cnewa aTaKo-

623 r. BTOP>KEHHE B MHAHIO. OcTaBMB caoero Cb!Ha KoHcTaHTMHa KOMaH,IJ,OBaTb B CTOflMLJ,e

B 00HTe, OH 6b!CTpO npowen 4epes IlO/IP06HOCTI! KliK 3TOR, T3K H IIOCJiei\)'-

IOmJiX orrepawrn fepaKJ!Hli onncaHhl BeCI>Mll Hea]leKBaTHO.

lJ TO HMeHHO OH COBepiilliJI -

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H3BeCTHO, HO KaKHM HMeHHO o6pa30M, KaK

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IIpaBHJIO, OIIHChiBaeTCli HCTO'IHHIGI.MH 'lpe3Bhl-

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poHTHOCTM, lepaKflMM noaen CBOIO apMMIO Ha IOrO-BOCTOK B,IJ,Oflb 6eperOB KacnMH, a saTeM noaepHyn Ha 10r, 4epes IMpKaHCKMe ropb! ( ropbl 9nb6ypc Ha ceaepe l1paHa), M JJ.OCTMr l1c¢axaHa - caMoe my6oKoe npoHMKHoaeHMe B 0epCMIO, KOr,IJ,a-nM60 npeJJ.npMHHToe pMMCKoiii MnM BMSaHTMMCKoiii apMMHMM. 0TOSBaB 60flbWYIO 4aCTb aoiiicK MS XanKeJJ.oHa, Xocpoa II crfiopMMpoaan TPM KpynHble apMMM, C Tpex CTOpOH JJ.BMHYB MX B LJ,eHTp CTpaHbl. HeKOTOpoe apeMH lepaKflMM ycneWHO MaHeBpMpOaan MeJKJJ.Y Ha,IJ,BMra!Oll.jMMMCH Ha Hero apMMHMM, a SaTeM OTCTynMn, 4T06bi sasMMoaaTb a Ceaepo-3ana,IJ,Hoi11 nepCMM (MnM B MMJJ.MM). Kor,11,a nepcb! TaKJKe oTownM Ha SMMHMe KBapTMpbl, OH BHesanHO aTaKOaan narepb Waxpaapasa, pasrpoMMB era apMMIO M WTYPMOM BSHB yKpenneHHbiM ropo,11,, r,11,e nonKoBOJJ.eu. Hawen y6eJKMll.je. 0JJ.HaKo Waxpaapas ace-TaKM ycKonbsHyn, a BMSaHTMMCKaH apMMH npoaena SMMY BHYTPM M BOKpyr saxaa4eHHb/X nepCM,IJ,CKMX yKpenneHMM.

BecHa 625 r. KAMnAHHH B KOPAY3HE H MECOnOTAMHH. lepaKnMiii npoaen aoiiicKa Ha sana,11,, 4epes ropb! KDPJJ.Y9Hbl ( coap. KypJJ.MCTaH B l1paHe) M nepenpaBMflCH

482

B3JlET V1 C)J.EP)f(V18AHV1E V1CJlAMA. 600-800 rr.

,l\peBHSlH nepCIIlst:

'lepe3 T111rp, conpoeo)l(,aaeMbiW 6onbWII1M o6o3oM c rpo¢e~MII1. CKopocrb ero nepe,aBII1)1(eHII1~, Ka3anocb, owenoMII1na nepcoe, 111 oH 6e3 oco6oro rpy,aa eepHyn ropo.aa-Kpenocrll1 AMII1,ay 111 MapTII1pononb. nepCII1,aCKa~ apMII1~ e CeeepHow MeconoraMII1111 orcryn111na Ha 3ana.a, 3a Ee(/>par. lepaKnll1w nocne.aoean 3a Hew e K111nii1KII110, r.ae Bbi~CHII1n, 'lTO nepcbl ycnen111 nononHII1Tb eowcKa, KOTOpbiMII1 BHOBb KOMaH,ayeT ero crapbiW epar Waxpeapa3, 111 renepb 38HII1M8/0T n03111~111111 Ha ceeepHOM 6epery peKII1 Cap ( coep. peKa Capyr eC111p111111). 625 r. 6"'TBA HA CAPE. CrpeMII1TenbHo ¢opc111poeae peJ<Y, eowcKa /epaKnll1~ o6pyWII1flii1Cb Ha nepcoe, Bb1Hy,all1e 4111cneHHO npeeocxo.a~ll.lero npoTII1BHII1Ka 6ecnop~ ,ao'lHO orcrynii1Tb Ha ceeepo-3ana.a. 04111CTII1B or nepcoe Kanna.aoKII110, lepaK!1111W eepHync~ Ha 3111MY e Tpane3yHT.

625-626 rr. COI03 nEPC"'"' C ABAPAM"'. Y3HBB o 38Kfi/O'leHII1111 9TOTO C0/038, /ep8Kflii1W, cy,a~ no eceMy, MopeM eo3epar111nc~ e KoH-

11 2- 3H8THble OCOobl; 3, 6-8- BOIIIHbl; 5- "'apb; 7- C8Tpan

HO npe.anono)I(II1Tb, 'lTO 38 epeM~ npe6biBaHII1~ B CTOfl1111.N OH C(/>OpMII1poean e11.1e o,aHy apMII110, KOMaH.aoeaHII1e Koropow nopy4111n ceoeMy 6pary<t>eo.aopy, KoropoMy npe.acroWIO eecr111 onepa~111111 npor111e nepcoe B 3ana,aHOW AHaTOflll1111, KOr,aa CaM lepaKnll1w eepHync~ K co6creeHHOW apMII1111 B noHT.

626 r. nEPC"'ACK"'E nllAHbl. Bc10 3111MY Xocpoe II een no.aroTOBKY KnonHOMaCWT86HOMY HacrynneHII1/0 Ha KoHcraHTII1Hononb. B AHaron11110 OH eepHync~ C TpeM~ apMII1~MII1 4111CfleHHOCTb 111X Heii13BeCTH8,' npe,anOfl0)1(111TeflbHO B Ka)l(aOW HaC'lii1TbiB8flOCb 6onee 50 TbiC~'l qenoeeK. 0,aHa 1113 H111X( B03MO)I(HO, no,a KOMBH.aoeaHII1eM caMoro Xocpoea II) .aon)I(Ha 6bma y,aep)I(II1BaTb lepaKJ/111~ e noHTe; ,apyrow, no,a KOMBH,aOB8HII1eM WaxeHa, eMeH~nocb e 3a,aaqy npe,aynpe,aii1Tb n106oe eo3MO)I(HOe coe.a111HeH111e apMII1W /epaKJ/111~ 111 <t>eo.aopa; rperbew- oqeell1,aHo, c Waxpeapa3oM eo maee - npe.acro~no COBMeCTHO CaeapaMII1 OCyll.leCTBII1Tb Hana.aeHII1e Ha KoHcraHTII1Hononb. 29 HIOHS1 - 10 aarycTa 626 r.

craHTII1Honon~'lT06blopraHII13oearb

060POHA KOHCTAHT"'HOnO-

3al1.1111TY ropo,aa npOTII1B ,aBOWHOW aeapcKo-nepcll1,acKowyrpo3bl. Mo)l(-

JlSL

AeapcKa~ apMII1~ 4111cneHHOCTb/0 OKOflO 100 TbiC~'l 'lenoeeK

( BKfl/O'la~ KpynHble c111nb1 cnae~H, repMaH~ee 111 6onrap) B3~na wrypMOM B03Be,aeHHble AHaCTaCII1eM f CTeHbl, 3a11.111111.1aBWII1e 6flii1)1(HII1e no.acrynbl K cron111~e, 111 ennoTHY/0 no.aowna K ropo,acKII1M creHaM. OrKnOHII1B Bll13aHTII1WCKII1e nonbiTKII1 OTKynii1TbC~, aeapbl nnorHo o6no)l(ll1flll1 ropo.a. lepaK!1111W, 'lbe nono)l(eHII1e e noHre ocraen~no )l(enaTb MHoro nyqwero, cnewHo ompae111n MopeM e KoHcraHTII1Hononb 12 TbiC~'l or6opHbiX eerepaHoe, KOMaH,aoean KOTOPbiMII1 ero CbiH KoHCTaHTII1H. nocne Tll.laTeflbHOW KOOp,aii1Ha~ll1111 nnaHOB Me)l(,ay aeapCKII1M KarBHOM 111 Waxpeapa3oM co/03HII1KII1 1 aerycra npe,anpii1H~nll1 ~pocrHoe HacrynneHII1e. noKa aeapbl wrypMoeanll1 creHbl, nepCbl nb1Taflii1Cb Ha flO,aKBX 111 nnorax nepenpaeii1Tbc~ qepe3 Goc(/>op BbiWe KoHcraHTII1Honon~, conpoeo)l(,aaeMble poeM KpOXOTHbiX cnae~HCKII1X cy,aeHbiWeK. KoHcraHTII1H CO CBOII1MII1 con,aaTaMII1 OTpa)l(afl ece HOBble 111 HOBble aeapcKII1e wrypMbl, a BII138HTII1WCKII1W (/>nor pacce~n cnae~HCKY/0 111 nepcll1,aCJ<YIO ¢norll1nll1111 Ha Goc(/>ope. Cpa)l(eHII1e npo.aon)l(anocb .aec~Tb ,aHew, noKa 10 aerycra co/03HII1KII1 He npii13Hanll1 ceoero nopa)l(eHII1~. nepcbl oKa3a-

EBPA3V1s:l V1 CPE}J.V13EMHOMOPbE fl!IICb He B COCTORH!If!lf OCyll..leCTB!IITb BbJCB.aKY H!lf e caMoM KoHcTaHT!IIHOnone, H!lf xom 6bJ 3a aeapcK!IIM!If fl!IIH!Iff!M!If. noHeCW!Ife CTp8WHb/e noTep!lf aeapbl Ha~afl!lf CTpa,aaTb OT HeXB8TK!If npo,aOBOflbCTB!Iffl !116blfl!lf Bb/Hy)l(,f1eHb/ OTCTyn!IITb. 3TO 6blfl O,a!IIH !113 Befl!lf~aWW!IIX MOMeHTOB B .aonroi4 !IICTOP!If!lf KoHcTaHT!IIHononfl.

JleTo 626 r. OnEPAL\VIVI BAHATOJlVIVI. TeM epeMeHeM lepaKn!lfi4 c apM!IfeW, yMeHbWeHHOW noHeCeHHb/M!lf B KaMnaH!IIRX noTepRM!If 111 ompaeKoi4 no.aKpenneH!IIW B CTOfl!lfi.W ~!IIC足 neHHOCTblO no~T!I130 Tb/Cfl~ ~enoBeK, ,aep)l(8!1 060pOHY B noHTe. Q~eB!If,a足 HO, OH OCTaB!Iffl C!lfflbHb/W rapH!1130H B Tpane3yHTe, nocne ~ero Ha~an Me.aneHHOe OTCTynneH!Ife Ha ceeepo-eoCTOK. Jl,BuraRcb e.aonb 6eperoe 4epHoro MOPR, OH .aocT!Ifr KofiX!If,abJ, r.ae H8 py6e)l(e peK!If 4JaC!IIC ( COBp. peKa PuoH!If e lpy3!11!11) ocTaHoeun nepcoe peW!IITeflbHb/M!If o6opOH!I1TeflbHO-H8CrynaTenbHbJMM.aei4cTB!IIRM!If. 0TeneKaR Ha ce6R maBHYFO nepcu.acKyFO apMMFO, oH npe.aocTaeun B03MO)I(HOCTb BOWCKaM 4Jeo.aopa H8HeCT!If nopa)l(eH!Ife BOWCKaM npOT!IIBH!IIK8, ocywecTBfiRBW!IIM onepa/..l!lf!lf e 3ana.aHoi4 AHaTOfl!lf!lf. K KOH/..lY neTa coe.auHeH!Iffl 4Jeo.aopa Haxo.aunucb, eepORTHO, B /...(eHTP8!1bHOWAHBTOfl!l1!11, yrpo)l(af/ KOMMYH!IIKal.l!lffiM o6e!IIX nepcu.acK!IIXapM!Ifi4- e XanKe.aoHe 111 e Konxu.ae. TaK!IIM o6pa3oM, o6opoH!I1TeflbHaR cTpaTer!lffl lepaKn!IIR, npu TanaHTfl!IIBOW nOMOll..l!lf ero Cb/Ha !If 6paTa, noKa38na ce6R CTOflb )l(e ycnewHoi4, KaK 111 ero HacTynaTenbHbJe onepa/..l!lf!lf.

.aowe.awMM!If !113 KoHcTaHT!IIHononR no.aKpenneH!IIRM!Ifnepe.aucnol.l!IIPOBan CBOIO apM!IflO Ha 101, B 3.aeccy ( 3!11MOW !lffl!lf, ~TO 6onee BepORTHO, paHHei4 BeCHOW).

BecHa 627 r. HAlfAJlO KAMnAHVIVI. CBOWCKOM, .aocT!IfraBW!IIM npu6n!I13!11TenbHO 70 TbJCR~ ~eno足 eeK, lepaKnllfi4 npoHeccfl ~epe3 CuP!IIFO, MeconoTaM!IIFO 111 /O)I(HYFO ApMeH!IfFO, BepHyB 60flbWYIO ~aCTb B!l13aHT!IIWCK!IIX KpenOCTei4, 3aXBa~eHHb/X nepcaM!If .aecRTbFO 111 nRTHa.auaTbFO ro.aaM!If paHbwe. ApM!IIR Waxpeapa3a, Haxo.auewaRcfl BXanKe.aoHe, 6bma Tenepb nonHOCTbFO oTpe3aHa oT MeTpononuu. Kor.aa nepcu.acKMi4 nonKoeo.ael.l Y3Han, ~To Xocpoe II, pa3rHeeaHHbli4 Hey.aa~ei4 npu nonbJTKe B3RT!IIR KoHcTaHT!IIHononR, co6upaeTcR ero Ka3H!I1Tb, OH c.aanCR /epaKn!lflO, XOTR !If OTKa3aflCfl np!IICOe,a!lfH!IITbCfl K B!lf38HT!IIWCKOW apM!If!lf !If Bb/CTyn!IITb npoT!IIB ceoero He6naro.aapHoro noeenuTenfl. AHaTOfi!IIR 6bma oceo6o)l(,f1eHa nonHOCTbFO.

627 r. BTOP:>KEHVIE B ACCVIPVIIO. t13 ApMeH!If!lf lepaKnllfi4 npowen K eepxHeMy Te~eH!IIFO Turpa, a orry.aa npo.aofl)l(!lffl,aB!If)l(eH!Ife Ha 101,

483

e AccupuFO. Ha.ae)l(.aa Ha coeMecTHbJe .aei4CTB!Iffl C Xa3apaM!If He onpaB,abJBafi8Cb: 3!116eflb CKOponOCT!If)I(HO CKOH~afiCfl, aero npeeMH!IIK He Hawen Hj')I(Hb/M XpaH!IITb BepHOCTb C0103HOMY .aoroeopy. ApM!IIR no.a KOMaH.aoeaH!IfeM nepcu.acKoro nonKoeo.al.la Pa3aTa Haeucana Ha.a B!lf3aHT!Ifi4l.laM!If Ha BOCTOKe, XOTfl !If OTK83b/Banacb ecTynarb e cpa)l(eH!Ife. O.aHaKo BCKope npecTapenbJW Xocpoe II npuKa3an Pa3aTy .aaTb 6oi4 oKono .apeeHei4 HuHeB!If!lf.

AeKa6pb 627 r. 6VITBA nPVI HVIHEBVIVI. Ha TOW)I(e caMoi4accupui4cKoi4 paBH!IIHe, r.ae HeKor.aa AneKcaH.ap MaKe.aoHCK!Ifi4 o.aep)l(an pewaFOll..IYFO no6e.ay npu Ap6enax, np0!1130Wfla peW810ll..lafl 6!11TBa 3TOW nocne.aHei4 eoi4Hbl Me)l(,f1y Bu3aHT!Ifei4 111 CacaHu.acKoi4 !11Mnepuei4. C!liflbl npOT!IIBOCTOfllJ..I!IIXapM!IIW 6bm!I160nee unu MeHee paBHbJ: Pa3ar, eepoRTHO, !liMen cywecTBeHHoe ~ucneHHoe npe!IIMYll..leCTBO, Tor.aa K8K /epaKn!IIW MOp8!1bHOe. b!IITBa 6bma 3aTf/)I(HOW !If KPOBOnpOfi!IITHOW. /epaKn!IIW no CBOeMy o6bJKHOBeH!IIFO Haxo.auncR erywe CXBaTK!If. Y)l(e paHeHbiW, OH OTKa38JICfl yi4TIIf c nonfl 6oR 111 e nocne.aHei4 aTaKe co6cTBeHHopy~Ho y6un Pa3a-

626-627rr. nOAfOTOBKA HOBOfO HACTYnJlEHVISI. 3a epeMR 3111Mb/ /epaKn!IIW 3aKnlO~!Iffl C0/03 C Xa3apCK!IIM KaraHOM 3!116eneM ,aflfl COBMeCTHOTO BTOp)l(eH!Iffl B nepC!IflO cne.ayFOll..lei4 eecHoi4. Xa3apbJ .aofi)I(Hbl 6bm!lf, nepei4.aR ~epe3 0Kc( coep. peKa AMy.aapbfl), HacTynaTb e BocTO~HYFO nepC!IflO, O,aHOBpeMeHHO coeepwaR c KaeKa3a Ha6em Ha ApMeH!IIFO 111 Mu.au10. TeM epeMeHeM B!l13aHT!IIW/..laM npe,aCTOflflO ~epe3 Cupu10, MeconoTaM!IIFO 111 AccupuFO BbJWT!If K nepcu.acKOi4 cron!lfl.le KTecwpoHy. B npol.lecce no.aroTOBK!If K eeceHHei4 KaMnaH!If!lf lepaKn!lfi4 c no-

6n10AO C H306pa)l(eHHeM BH33HTHj;jcKOrO BOOpy:lKeHHR (Haj;jAeHO B CeaepHoj;j HTanHH). Ha acaAHHKe wneM c nepoM" mpaca c KOpoTKJtMH pyKaaaMH, CTPeMeHa OTCYTCTBYIOT. KoHeL\ VI- Ha'fano VII B.

484

B3JlET V1 C)J.EP)f(V18AHV1E V1CJlAMA. 600-800 rr. 628 r. KOHEU. nEPC111ACKII1X BO£i'IH. Kor.aa ynopHbJwXocpoe II orKB38f1Cfl npMHf/Tb BeJIMKO,ayWHbJe ycJIOBYffl /ep8Kfll1fl, OH 6blfl CBeprHyT YCT8BWY1Ml1 OT BOWHb/ nepC8Ml1, KOTOpbJe B03Befll1 HB TPOH ero Cb/HB, Kaea.aa II. Tor HeMe.aneHHO npMHflfl YCJIOBYffl Bl138HTY1WCKOTO MMnepaTOpa. To4HO MX co.aep)I(BHMe HeM3eecrHo, O,aHBKO /ep8Kfll1W, O'leBM,aHO, He MCnbJTbJBan )l(eJIBHYffl, nOflb3Yf/Cb cnoeaMM IM66oHa, «npeyMHO)I(BTb cna6ocrb MMnepMM» 11 He rpe6oean reppMropMBflbHbJX ycrynoK. O.aHaKo nepCb/ 6blfll1 BbJHy)l(aeHb/ OTK838TbCfl or ecex 3aeoeeaHMW 11 or.aarb ece 38XB84eHHbJe Tpo<J>eM, BKJI/048fl l1 48CTY1U.Y Kpecra locno.aHfl. no ecew BM.aMMOCTM, .aoroeop no.apa3yMeean TBK)I(e l1 3H84l1TeflbHYIO .aeHe)I(HY/0 KOHTpl16YU.l110. npo,aMKTOBBB Ml1p HB CBOMXYCJIOBYff/X B CTOJIMLJ,e ,apeBHeW MM.aMM, lepaK!IMW c TPMYM</>OM eepHyncfl B KoHcraHTMHononb. B

3TI1X BOl:tHax nepchl

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485

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BOCT04Hb/X ee rp8HMI.l8X nOf!BMflCfl

3TOI'O ,JJ,eJ;iCTBHTeJlbHO BeJIHKOI'O llOJI-

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nop83MTenbHoiii .o.onroBe4HOCTb/O

6hi B Ha<Ja.Jie

(629 r.).

l1cn8M- pe-

Bb!PB8ncf! M3 ApaBMM,

BH3AHTHHCKAH BOEHHAH CHCTEMA OIW.IlO 600-1071 22.

paKJIHSI. CJie,JJ,yeT corJiaCHThCSI, 'ITO B

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38H8 npe)I(JJ.e BCero TOMY cp8KTY, 4TO

H3 norpaHH'IHhiX npOBHHUHJ;i, OTBOe-

npoBMHI.lMM BM3BHTMM ( 633-642 rr.)

ee 8pMMfl, K8K yTBep)I(JJ.BeT 0M8H,

BaHHhiX HM y IIepcHH, 6hiJIH 3axBa<Je-

npM naCCMBHOM HeiiiTP8flMTeTe CM-

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rEPAKJ1HH H HATHCK HCJ1AMA, 629-641 22.

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CMflMfl8 BM38HTMFO. 0Kono 200 Tb!Cf/4

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Ba.taaHTIUI. ~epeMOHa.tanbHoe a.tMnepaTopcKoe o6na4eHa.te

486

B3nET V1 CtJ.EP)I(VlBAHVlE VlCnAMA. 600-800 rr.

8H33HTHH: 1, 2- HMnepaTop repaKJn.tH (610- 641 rr.) H HMnepaTPH'-3 EBAOKCHH; 3- HMnepaTop IOCTHHH3H II; 4- HMnepaTop HnHnnHK BapAaH; 5- HMnepaTOp nee IV Xaaap; 6- HMnepaTop KoHCT3HntH v

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V1 CPE)J,V13EMHOMOPbE

487

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TII1BHII1Ka, cjJII13111KO-IBOipacjJII1LfBCKII1e

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xapaKTepii1CTII1KII1 pai!ioHa 0)1(111/l,ae-

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VII

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paTOpbl npeBpaTII1nii13TY BpeMeHHY/0

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EanKaHax 1113 Ha ocTpoBax 111 npll16pe)f(-

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TII1BHYIO CII1CTeMy B noCTORHHy/0. Pe-

HbiX Teppii1TOPII1RX CpeJ1,1113BMHO/O 111

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na B cpe/],HBM OKOnO 120- 150 Tb/CRLf

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I I

BOI1Hbl Bl13aHTI1HCKOH KOHHI11.1bl

B3JlET V1 C)J.EP)f(V18AHV1E V1CJlAMA. 600-800 rr.

488

BoeHHaSI31UtTa Ha oxoTe. Bl13aHnt£'icKaSI M03ai1Ka 113 CeaepHo£:1 C11p1111. KoHe14 VI - Hao.cano VII a.

CTHb/e 06VTTaTeJIVT 6b/JIV1 TBepJJ.bl VI BOVIHCTBeHHbl, HO OKa3b/BanaCb He-

npeKpaCHO nOHVIM8JIVf, 4TO VIX 6oraTCTBO CJIY)I(VfJIO nOCTORHHOift npVTMaH-

HacTynaTeflbHOilt onepa~VTVT coe.aVT-

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HeHHbJMVT CVTJiaMVT .ll.BYX VIJIVI 6onee

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HeTpy.aHo noHRTb, 4TO B TaKoilt

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cpeM.

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How PMMCKow MMnepMM, M BM3aHTMi4~bl OXOTHO npM6eranM K HMM npM nepBOW )l(e B03MO)I(HOCTM. VfcKpeHHe npe3MpaR M B CaMOM .aene flM~e MepHOe nopow 3ana.aHoe noHRTMe pb!~apCKOW qecTM, OHM npe6b!BanM B y6e)l(aeHMM, <{TO maBHOe- 9TO Bb/MrpaTb BOWHY C MMHMMYMOM noTepb M B03MO)I(H0 MeHbWMMM 3aTpaTaMM pecypcoe, a B M.aeane eoece o6owTMCb 6e3 cpa)l(eHMW. BM3aHTMW~bl noKa3anM ce6R MCJ<YCHbiMM MaCTepaMM pa3nM<{HbiX cpopM ee.aeHMR ncMxonorMqecKow BOWHbl, yMeno ceRnM pa3HOmaCMR BO Bp8)1(eCKMX pR.aax, a npM He06XO.ll.MMOCTM 6e3 MBneWWMX yrpb!3eHMW COBeCTM npM6eranM K fl)I(MBOW nponaraH.ae, qro6b! nOJI.HRTb JI.YX C06CTBeHHb/X con.aar. Y<{MTb/BaR TO, KaKMMM MeTOJI.aMM ee.ayrcR nopow HbJHeWHMe BOWHbl, BM3aHTMW~eB He npMXOJI.MTCR OC06eHHO nopM~aTb. Bo3MO)I(HO, MX cyry6o nparMaTM<{eCKMW no.axo.a K npo6neMe Bb/)I(MBaHMR Ha~MM JI.a)l(e 3acny)I(MBaeT BOCXMI.l.leHMR. 6onee TOTO, y HMX CYI.l.leCTBOBBn JI.OCTaTO<{HO qeTKMW MOpanbHbiW KOJI.eKC noee.aeHMR Ha eoi4He: no.anMcaHHbJe .aoroeopbJ 6bmM HepywMMbJ; nocnbJ M nocpe.aHMKM 6.aMTenbHO oxpaHRnMcb; nneHHbJe HOHKOM6aTaHTbl HMKOTJI.a He no.aeepranMCb .ll.YPHOMY

o6pa1.1.1eHMIO, a K 3acny)I(MBWeMy ceoew xpa6pocTb/O yea)l(eHMe no6e)l(.aeHHOMy Bpary OTHOCMflMCb C MCTMHHbiM BenMKOJI.YWMeM.

BM3AHTMHCKAH MMIIEPMH, 642-800 22. Hacne.qHHKH repaKJJHfl

642-717rr. /naBHOW 3a60TOW HacneJI.HV!KOB /epaKnMR RBnRnacb 3al.l.IMTa BOCTO<{Hb/X rpaHM~ MMnepMM OT npMWeJI.WMX Ha CMeHy nepcaM apa60B. MycynbMaHCKMe Ha6erM Hepe.aKo npoHMKanM B my6b AHaTonMM, nopolO BocTO<{HaR PMMCKaR MMnepMR, Ka3aflOCb, 6anaHCMPOBana Ha caMOM Kpa/0 TM6enbHOTO nop8)1(eHMR, HOB ~enOM BM3aHTMW~aM BCe-TaKM y.aaeanocb y.aep)I(MBaTb rpaHM~Y, npoxo.aRI.l.IY/0 no ropaM Taepa. O.aHaKo Ha 10ro-3ana.ae apa6bJ BCKope 38XBaTMflVI BCe CeBepoacppMKaHCKV!e ena.aeHMR BM3aHTMM, qeMy HeMano cnoco6cTeoeanM penMrM03HbJe pa3HomacMR Me)I(JI.Y KoHcTaHTMHononeM MnpOBVIH~VIRMM. 3areM MYCYflbMaHe ecrynMnM B cepbe3HYIO 6opb6y C 8M3aHTMeW 3a KOHTpOnb HaJI. MOpeM, HaHeCR nopa)l(eHMe cpnory MM-

496

B3JlET V1 C)J.EP)f(V18AHV1E V1CJlAMA. 600-800 rr.

neparopa KoHcraHca II M 3axBaTMB Pfl/1. OCTPOBOB B BOCT04HOW 4acrM CpeJI.M3eMHoro MOpfl. BcneJI. 3a reM OHM npeJI.npMHflnM peWMTenbHYIO nonbJTKY COKPYWMTb MMnepMIO Ha npOTf/)l(eHMM WeCTM neT MX apMMfl M cpnor 6yKBanbHO CTy4BnMCb B CTeHbl M TOPO/I.CKMe eopora KoHcraHTMHononf!. Ho 6naroJI.apfl «rpe4eCKOMY OTH/0» M 9cpcpeKTMBHOCTM BM38HTMWCKOW BOeHHOW CMCTeMbl KoHcraHTMH IV 3acraBMn MycynbMaH CHf/Tb MHOroneTH/010 OCaJI.y, npM4eM HaTMCK ero 6blfl CTOnb flpOCTeH, 4TO apa6bJ 3anpocMnM MMpa M 3annarMnM MMnepMM JI.aHb 3a HeCKOnbKO nerenepeJI.. 0JI.HOBpeMeHHO BM38HTMWCKMM MMneparopaM npMXOJI.MnOCb cnpaBnf!TbCfl C n04TM nOCTOf/HHOW yrp030W MX eepone!liCKMM BnaJI.eHMf!M. ABapbJ M cnaBf!He npoJI.On)l(anM onycrowarb 3eM!IM, ne)l(a~Me K 10ry M 3anaJI.y OT ,[lyHafl, a K KOH~Y VII B. Ha eocro4HbJX &anKaHax 6blfl0 OCHOBaHO HOBOe 6onrapCKOe ~apcreo. He ocna6eeano M nOCTOf/HHOe JI.aBneHMe noM6apJI.OB Ha BM3aHTMWCKMe BnaJI.eHMfl B VfTanMM. 0JI.HaKO JI.B)I(e nOJI. nOCTOf/HHb/M THeTOM 9TMX BHeWHMX yrp03 npMCY~Me e!li BHyrpeHHflfl )l(eCTKOCTb 11 9HeprMfl n03BOnMnM MMnepMM ycrof!Tb, a npeeocXOJI.CTBO ee BOeHHOW CMCTeMbl - orpa3MTb Bee HaM6onee onaCHb/e nonbJTKM BTOp)l(eHMfl. 3aTeM, Ha MCXOJI.e BeKa, BHyrpeHHMe pa3HOmaCMfl e~e pa3 norpf!cnM BM3aHTMIO. Bocnonb30BaBWMCb YJI.06Hb/M MOMeHTOM, apa6bJ BHOBb, M C Y.ll.BOeHHb/M pBeHMeM, nonpo6oBanM coKpywMTb Bocro4HYIO PMMCf<Y/0 MMnepM/0.

641-668 rr. UAPCTBOKOHCTAHCA II. BHyK

BAH~E

/epaKnMfl y4peJI.Mn HOBYIO, rpa)I(JI.aHCKO-BOeHHY/0 CTpyK-

Maapa.tTaHCKH£'1 Me"f

rypy rocyJI.apcrea, 6a3MPYIO~y10Cfl Ha cpeMax.

645-659 rr. AJl~TEJlb HASI BO~HA C APA6AM~. Apa6bJ OTpa3MnM HepeWMTenbHYIO BM3aHTMWCKYIO nonbJTKY BepHYTbAfleKCaHJI.PM/0 ErMnercKy/0 (645 r.). Pa3BMBaf! 9KcnaHCMIO McnaMa B 3anaJI.HOM HanpaBneHMM, OHM Ha4anM BTOp)l(eHMe B npoBMH~MM AcppMKM ( 647 r. ). Ha HeKOTOpoe BpeMf/ MM YJI.anOCb 3axBaTMTb KMnp(647-653 rr.) 11 4acrb BM3aHTMIIicKolli ApMeHMM ( 653 r.). Ha Mope OHM pa3rpa6MnM POJI.OC M B KpynHOM MOPCKOM CpB)I(eHMM y6eperOB f1MKMM HaHeCnM nopB)I(eHMe BM3aHTMWCKOMY cpnory, KOTOpbJM KOMaHJI.OBan nM4HO KoHcraHc II (655 r.). Ho nocKonbKY o6a TOCyJI.apCTBa CTOflnM B TO )l(e BpeMf/ nepeJI. nM~OM .ll.PYTMX npo6neM, Me)I(JI.Y BM3aHTM!IicKolli MMnepMelli M xanMcparoM 6b!n 3aKn/04eH HenpOJI.On)I(MrenbHb/W MMP (659 r.).

662-668 rr. onEPAU.~~ B ~TAll~~. KoHcraHc

II nM4HO B03TflaBMn KaMnaHM/0 npOTMB noM6apJI.OB MBen ee c nepeMeHHbJM ycnexoM, noKa He nor116 TaM )l(e, B VfTanMM, BO BpeMf/ MfiTe)l(a, KOTOpb!W 3aTeM 6blfl peWMTenbHO nOJI.aBneH ero Cb/HOM KoHcraHTMHOM IV.

668-679 rr. B0306HOBJ1EH~E BO~Hbl C XAJl~A TOM. Apa6cKoe BTOp)l(eHMe B AHaronM/0 JI.OCTMmo XanKeJI.oHa, 11 MycynbMaHe nepenpaBMnMcb 4epe3 &occpop, crpeMf!Cb oBnaJI.eTb KoHcraHTMHononeM. Co CTOpOHbl CYWM TOPO/I. 6blfl OCa)l(JI.eH apMMelli nOJI. KOMaHJI.OBaHMeMA6y Cycpbf!Ha, eoeHa4anbHMKa xanMcpa MyaBMM. ct>nor MycynbMaH 6ecnpenf!rcreeHHO npowen 4epe3 lennecnoHr, 3aMb/Kaf/ 6noKaJI.y M C MOpfl. 0JI.HaKO BM3aHTMW~bl OKa3anM O)l(eCT04eHHOe conpOTMBneHMe. npoCTOf/B nOJI. CTeHaMM C anpenfl no ceHTfl6pb 668 r., A6y Cycpbf!H OTCTynMn Ha 3MMHMe KBapTMpbJ. fleTOM OH B0306HOBMn OCaJI.y, HOB KOH~e KOH~OB BHOBb

Bb/Hy;KJI.eH 6blfl OTKa3aTbCfl OT HaMepeHMfl B3f!Tb ropoJI. wrypMoM. B re4eHMe nf!TM nocneJI.YIO~Mx ner A6y CycpMIH He OCTaBnfln HaJI.e:)K/I.bl 38XBaTMTb KoHcraHTMHononb, HOB 675 r. OKOH4aTenbHO CHfln OCaJI.y, norepf!B 3a CeMb KaMnaHMW CBb/We 30 Tb/Cf/4 4enoBeK. 3a 9TO epeMf!JI.pyraf! apa6cKaf! apMMfl 6b/fla n04TM noronOBHO Mcrpe6neHa B 6Mree npM ApMopMM, a MycynbMaHCKMIIi cpnor npaKTM4ecKM YHM4TO)I(eH B MpaMOPHOM MOpe B cpa)l(eHMM 6nM3 KM3MKa (672 r.). 3rolli nocneJI.Helli no6eJI.e HeMano cnoco6creoBan enepBbJe, CY/I.fl no BCeMy, npMMeHeHHb/W 3/I.eCb «rpe4eCKMW OTOHb», KOTOpbJW3aTeM CbJTpan HeManoBa)I(HYIO ponb B o6opoHe KoHcraHTMHononf!. KynbMMHa~Mfl HacrynMna, KOTJI.a BM3aHTMW~bl pa3rpOMMnM apa6CKMW cpnOT B cpa)l(eHMM 6nM3 naMcpMnMWCKMX 6eperoB(K 10ry or KMnMKMM) Ha rpaBep3e ropoJI.a CMnMIIi. 3rM KBracrpocpbi38CTaBMnM xanMcpa MyaBM/0 npocMTb MMpa. no ycnOBMf/M noJI.nMCaHHOTO MM C KoHcraHTMHOM IV JI.OroBopa oH o6f!3ancf! 9BaJ<YMPOBaTb CBOM BOWCKa C K11npa, a ra/OKe B re4eHMe 30 ner co6niOJI.aTb MMp M nnaTMTb e)l(eTOJI.HY/0 JI.aHb KoHcraHTMHonon/0.

675-681 rr. OnEPAU.~~ HA 6AJ1KAHAX. Xorf! HeOJI.HOKpaTHble Ha6erM cnaBf/H Ha 4JeccanOHMKM 6bmM ycnewHo orpB)I(eHbJ, KoHcraHTMHY npMWnOCb OcpM~ManbHO npM3HaTb cpaKTM4eCJ<YIO He3aBMCMMOCTb ,llyHallicKolli &onrap1111 xaHa Acnapyxa (680 r.).

685-695 rr. nEPBOE UAPII. OH

CTBOBAH~E IOCT~H~AHA

norepnen nopa)l(eHMe or 6onrap, HO JI.06MnCfl no6eJI.bl H8/1. cnaBf/HaMM B MaKeJI.OHMM(689 r.). 690-692 rr. APA6CKASI 80~ HA. B ~enoM 6e3ycnewHaf! eolliHa c apa6aMM /I.OCTMma J<YnbMMHa~MM B npoMrpaHHOW BM3aHTMW~aMM 6MTBe npM 4JaCMCe ( COBp. TOP0/1. norM B /py3MM) M npMBena K 3aXBaTy MycynbMaHaMM ApMeHMM, l16epMM M KonxMJI.bl- nocneJI.HMX onop BM3aHTMM K BOCTOJ<Y OT TaBpa. npM3HaBaf/ nopa)l(eHMe, JOcrMHMaH II 6bm BbJHY)I(JI.eH comaCMTbCfl Ha COBMeCTHb/W BM3aHTMWCKO -MycynbMaHCKMW KOHTpOnb HaJI. KMnpoM.

EBPA3V1~ 695-698 rro Y3YPnAUii1SI 11 EOHTII1Sio /OCTMHIIIaH 6blf1 Hll13nO)I(eH 111 cocnaH a KpbtM, a XepcoHec TaapM4eCKII1M.

697-698 rro 3ABOEBAHII1E APAEiAMii1 KAPArEHAo 9m nono)I(Mno KOHeJ4 a/113aHTII1MCKOMY an/11HH/1110 a CeaepHoM Ac{JpMKe.

698-705 rro Y3YPnAUii1SI Tli1EiEPii1SI A6Cii1MAPAO CaeprHyafleOHTIIIH, OH a30Wen Ha npeCTOn no,D. MMeHeM T1116ep111H Ill.

705 ro PECTABPAU111SI IOCTII1Hii1AHA II. )/(eHMawMcb Ha ,D.04epi11 xa3apcKoro KaraHa 1!16y3111pa lnHaaHa 111 TeM o6ecne4111a ce6e era noKpoaMTenbcTao, IOcTMHMaHIIaTe4eHille wecTM neT )l(llln a C!JaHarop111111, a noTOM np111 no.a.aep)I(Ke xaHa Tepaena, anacTMTenH )J.yHai1cKoi1 5onraPII1111, aHe3anHOM aTaKOM 3axaaTII1n KoHcTaHTMHononb.

705-711 rr BTOPOE UAP0

V1 CPE,lJ,V13EMHOMOPbE

a 00HT 111 a3Hnll1 AMa311110 ( coap. ropo,D.AMaCbH a TypJ4111111). BM3aHTMMcKaH apMMH aoccmna, caeprna Bap,D.aHa 111 ao3aena Ha npecTon AHacTaCIIIH If (713 r.) , KOTOpbtM 6btCTpO aOCCTaHOallln aHYTpeHHIIIM nopH,D.OK 111 Ha4an peopraHII130abtaaTb apM/1110. 0,D.HaKO era )l(eCTKIIIe pec{JopM bl abt3aanll1 a03MYI..LieHMe; 4aCTb apM/11111 no,D.HHna MHTe)l( 111 npoao3rnac111na MMnepampoM C!Jeo,D.OCMH Ill ( 713 r.) , nocne wecTMMeCH4HOM oca,D.bt 3axaaTMawero KoHCTaHTMHononb 111 3aKJ1to4Mawero AHacTaCMH a MOHaCTbtpb. 0,D.HaKO aCKOpe MycynbMaHCKOe Ha wecTaMe AOCTMrno nepraMa

(716 r.), 111 Hecnoco6HOCTb C!Jeo,D.ocMH npe,JJ.npiiiHHTb npOTIIIa 3TOM yrpo3bl a,D.eKaaTHbte ,D.eMCTaiiiH no6y,D.II1na era nonKoaO,D.J4a flbaa no npo3aaHMto 1!1ca ap caeprHYTb MMnepampa 111 a30MTII1 Ha TPOH no,D. IIIMeHeM flbaa Ill ( 717 r.).

CTBOBAHII1E IOCTII1Hii1AHA II.

Oca.aa KoHcTaHTIIIHononR.

0pe)I(,D.e acero, OH Ka3HII1n fleOHTIIIH 111 T1116ep111H, a TaK)I(e 6onbWII1HCTao

717-718r.

497

66nbWYIO 4aCTb 3TOM apM/11111 Ha 6eper, Cynei1MaH nonbtTancR npoaecTM c{JnoT MIIIMO ropo,D.a , 4T06bt 3a6nOKII1poaaTb 5oc¢op. flea Ill abtwen HaacTpe4yC a/113aHTII1MCKII1M c{JnOTOM 111 o,D.ep)l(an owenoMnRtoi..LIYto no6eAY, c noMOf..Libto 6paH,D.epoa 111 «rpe4ecKoro orHH» YHII14TO)I(II1a 6onbwyto 4aCTb MycynbMaHCKIIIX Kopa6nei1 111 3aCTaa/11a OCTanbHbte OTOMT/11 o6paTHO a MpaMopHoe Mope. 0THbtHe nMH/11111 CHa6)1(eHII1H, 4epe3 5occ{Jop CaR3btaato~..L~eM KoHcTaHTMHononb c npi114epHOMOpCKII1MII1 npoaii1HJ4111HMII1, HII14TO He yrpo)l(ano. B aToM ro,D.y MycynbMaHe 6onbwe He npe,D.npMHMManM nonbtTOK oana,D.eTb ropo,D.oM; HaCTynMaWaH 3111Ma OKa3anacb 111CKnto4111TenbHO cypoaOM, 111 apa6bt a nepayto o4epe,D.b 6btnll1 o3a6o4eHbt TeM, 4T06bt 6naronony4HO nepeHeCT/11 xono,D.a. TeM apeMeHeM flea Ill 3aKnto4Mn ,D.oroaop c 6onrapcKMM xaHoM TepaenoM, KOTOpbtM o6e1.11an npMcoe,D.MHIIITbCH K aoi1He npoTMa apa6oa.

Tex, KTO a Te4eHMe wecTMneTHero 14apcTaa Teppopa no,D.,D.ep)I(Maan y3ypnaTopoa. B To )l(e apeMH oH no-

li110Hb 717 r. MYCYJlbMAHE nEPEnPABJlSIIOTCSI '"IEPE3 rEllJlECnOHTo MycynbMaHCKIIIM nonKo-

BecHa 718 ro B0306HOB11EH li1E MYCYJlbMAHCKOro HAT111CKAO Bocnonb3oaaawMcb H04bto 111

Tepnen PHA nopa)l(eHMM oT apa6oa, a TaK)I(e a aOMHaX, KOTOpbte He 3aMe,D.nMn pa3aH3aTb c xa3apaMM 111 6onrapaMM.

ao,D.eJ4Xa6M61116H MacnaMa, 6paT xanMc{Ja Cynei1MaHa, np111aen apMMto,

wTopMoaoi1 noro,D.oi1, Cynei1MaH npoaen 4aCTb caoero aoccTaHoaneHHoro ¢noTa aaepx no 5oc¢opy, 4T06bt }?KeCT04111Tb 6noKa,D.yropo,D.a. O,D.HoapeMeHHO no,D. KoHcTaHTIIIHOnonb npi116bmo e1.11e npMMepHo nHTII1,D.eCHTII1TbtcH4Hoe no,D.KpenneHMe.

711 ro CBEP>KEHII1E IOCTII1Hii1AHA II. Ocnap111aaH anacTb co6cTaeHHoro TeCTH Ha,D. KpbtMOM, IOcTMHMaH II oTnpaaMn Ty,D.a aKcneA111141110HHbtM Kopnyc. 0,D.HaKO a aoi1CKaX acnbtXHyn MHTe)l(, ao3rnaaneHHbiM o4epe,D.HbtM y3ypnaTopoM Bap,D.aHoM (111n111 C!JMnMnnoM), 111 np111 no.a.aep)I(Ke xa3apcKoro KaraHa 1!16y3Mpa lnHaaHa OH/11 ,D.aMHynMCb Ha KoHcTaHTMHononb. B 6111Tae, pa3btrpaawei1cH a Ceaepo-3ana,D.Hoi1 AHaTonMM, IOcTMHMaH II noTepnen nopa)l(eHMe 111 nor1116, no O,D.HOM 1113 aepc111i1, OT PYKIII CaMara Bap,D.aHa, KOTOpbtM 111 a30Wen Ha onycTeaWIIIM a/113aHTII1MCKII1M npeCTOn.

711-717 rr. EiEACTBii1SIIi1 AHAPXII1Sio B J4apcTaoaaHMe 6e3,D.apHoro Bap,D.aHa (711-713 rr.) a/113aHTII1MCKII1e rpaHII1J4bl pyxHynM. 5onrapbt no,D.ownM K cTeHaM KoHcTaHTMHononH (712 r.). Apa6bt3axaaTMnM KMnMKMto, 3aTeM aToprnMcb

AOCTMraawyto 80 TbtCR4 4enoaeK 1 1113 nepraMa a A6111,D.OC 111 TaM nepenpaaMnCH 4epe3 lennecnoHT. LfTo6bt npe,D.ynpe,D.MTb Hana,D.eHMe 6onrap 111n111 a/113aHTII1MCKII1X aOMCK, pa3Me~..L~eHHbiX

ao C!JpaK/11111, oH nocnan 4aCTb caoei1 apMM/11 no,D. A,D.pMaHononb AflH o6ecne4eHMR npi11Kpb!TII1R, a C maaHbiM/11 c111naM111 a 11110ne oca,D.Mn KoHCTaHT/11Hononb.

AsrycT 717 r. nEPBbl~ WTYPM rOPOAAO 111Mnepamp flea Ill 1!1caap nocnewHo roToaMn

O,D.HaKO flbay Ill y,D.anocb 0Tpa3111Tb ace nonbtTK/11 a3RTb ropo,D. wrypMoM.

li110Hb (?) 718 ro JlEB KOHTPATAKYETO BbtMAH a 5oc¢op, aM3aHTII1MCKII1M ¢noT 3acmn apacnnox 111 YHII14TO)I(II1n MycynbMaHcKyto 6noKM-

nbte noTepM.

PYtof..LIYto acKa,D.py 3aTeM OH abtca,D.Mn ,D.eCaHT Ha npOTMaononO)I(HQM ( a3MaTCKOM) 6epery npon111aa 111 pa36Mn OCa)I(,D.atof..LIYIO apa6cKyto apM/1110 6n1113 XanKe,D.oHa.

CeHTS16pb 717 r. nPii1EibiTii1E MYCYJlbMAHCKii1X nOAKPEn-

li110n1:> (?) 718 r o Eili1TBA nPii1 AAP111AHOn011Eo BepHbtM 3aKJTto-

11EHii1~o Xan111¢ Cynei1MaH np111aen

4eHHoMy c BM3aHTMei1 coto3y, xaH Tepaen np111aen ao C!JpaKMto 6onrapCKoe aOMCKO 111 K tory OT A,D.plllaHononH o,D.ep)l(an no6e,D.yHa,D. MacnaMoM.

ropo,D. K oca,D.e. 0pMcTyn 6bm oTpa)l(eH, a MycynbMaHe noHecnM TH)I(e-

4epe3 /ennecnoHT 6onbwyto apMaAY- 1800 Kopa6nei1 c aocbMM,D.eCHTIIITbtCH4HbtM aOMCKOM. 8btCa,D.Ma 1 ):\pyrne HCTO'IHHKH )l;aTI!pYJOT 3 TO C06h!-

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716

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'll!CJieHHOCTh apMIDI

120 Th!ClP! 'leJIOBe K.

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6n1113 XanKe,D.oHa no,D. A,D.pMaHononeM 3acTa a111n111 Xa61116a 1116H MacnaMy

498

B3nET V1 C.ll,EP>KV1BAHV1E VlCnAMA. 600-800 rr. nocne,aHue 6blnfl1 Hau6onee npOTII1BOpe'II!1Bbl; K Hawe£1 TeMe OHM OTHOCRTCR 1113-38 npRMb/X 80BHHb/X nocne,aCTBfiTM. OKano flea

Ill Half an o6Hapo,aoaaTb

736

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npOCTb/MfiT 111 8CKBTII1'1BCKII1Mfl1 nono>KBHII1RMII1 ucnaMa. Bnpo'leM, He MeHee, ecnu He 6onee aa>KHbiM 6b!no 111 ell{e o,aHo coo6pa>KeHue: pe3KO B03pOCWI!1e 38 BpeMR ocna6neHI!1R f4BHTpanbHOM BnaCTI!16018TCTB8 111 Bnfi1RHI!1e /4BPKBII1 npe,aCT8BnRnfl1 y>Ke RBHY/0 onacHOCTb ,anR fiTMnepaTOpCK0/0 npaBI!1TenbCTB8. KynbT MKOH, MOU{e£1, f4BPKOBHbiX peni!1KBII1M RBnRnCR B pyKaX /4BPKBII1 MOU{Hb/M fiTHCTpyMeHTOM -

B pas-

HOM CTeneHI!1 M,aeonOIII1'1BCKII1M 111 3KOHOMM'IecKMM.

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nocne cMepTI!I MyxaMMe/],a. OH

(ITepeceneHI!eB ), a ITPIIHHBIIIIIe IICJiaM

3HBPII!I'IHO n0/],88/IIfl 80CCT8H/IIR

'lKIITeJIII MeAIIHhi, <IaCThiO II3 xpiiCTII-

«fl)f(enpopoK08» Tynai!ixl!l 1!16H Xan/11-

aH-CeKTaHTOB, ITOJI)"'IIJIII Ha3BaHIIe aH-

/l,a /II Mycai!ini!IMbl A6y CyMaMbl; HaCTORU{I!Ie 80BHHb/e onepaU,/11/11 6blfl/ll

capOB (ITOMOIIIHIIKOB ).

npe/],npi!IHRTbl npOT/118 n08CT8HLI,B8-

BITocne):(CTBIIII MyxaiJ:'lKIIPhi, aRea-

(632-633

phi II IIX ITOTOMKII BMeCTe C ITOTOM-

0TCTynH/IIK08

KaMII CaMOrO ITpOpOKa COCTaBIIJIII

Jl.OM 1!16H an-Bafl/11/],0M, 0/],H/IIM /113

ITPIIBIIJieriipoBaHHYIO Bepxyiiiey

MY-

nep8biX 8eni!IKI!IX MycynbMaHCKI!IX

cyJihMaHCKOH o6miiHhi. YTBepAIIBIIIIICh B MeAIIHe, MyxaA'lKIIphi BMecTe c IIJieMeHaMII aye II

xa3pa~J:'lK

100

MacwTa!l 0 100 200M

BoopyEeHHYIO 6oph6y c MeKKOH, Ha-

nOflK080/],LI,B8, 38 8bi/],8/0ll{/IIBCR 38CflYI/11 nepe/], /11Cfl8MOM nony'I/118We/O np038/IIll{e Me'l Annaxa. no6e/],bl

Ha<IaJIII

ITa):(aH Ha MeKKaHCKIIe KapaBaHhi C TO-

11.) Xan/11-

6oi1 apa6oe y ropbl OxoA B 625 r.

Ha/1, Tynai!ixoi!i Mycai!ini!IMoi!i 6blfll!l OJl.Bp)f(aHbl 8 61!1T8ax npl!l 5y3axe

IOI0-3AnNJ,HMl A3V1s:l

509

ill AKPa6e ( ro'!Hoe Mecronono%eHille HeW3SeCTHO; o6e 633 r. ),

633 r. nEPBASI 3KCnAHCYISI YICJlAMA. XaJJMJJ. i116H an-8aJJiiiJJ. eroprcfl B nepcill,lJ,CKY/0 MeconoraM/11/0, 8 ro %e epeMR JJ.pyroe apa6CKoe BOiiiCKO noJJ. KOM8H,lJ,OB8HilleM AMP i116H M-Aca eropmocb s nanecTiiiHY ill C!llpill/0. BHEIIIHHE JasoesaHllll 6b!JJH Ha'iaTbl e111e npH MyxaMM~e. Ho nocJJe ero cMepTll xanH<}>bl npH){anH HM 60JJee WllpOKHJ;i pa3Max. IIepsbrJ;i noxo){ Ha'iancl! K no6epeJKbiO IIepcH){CKOro 3anHBa. B 3TO speMl! cacaHH){CKlle waxaHwaxH MeHl!JJHCb Ha npecTOJJe no'iTll KaJK){biJ;i ro){, 'fYTb Jill He Ka)f(,Qb!J;i caTpan cTpeMHJJCll 3axBaTHTb npeCTOJJ. 3aHl!Tble MeJK){oyco6H!1aMll, HpaHCKlle <}>eo){aJJbl He o6paTllJJll cepbe3Horo BHI!MaHHll Ha nol!BJJeHHe apa6cKHX soJ;icK. Y)f(e B 633 r. A6y EeKp npe){JJo)f(llJJ MycaHHe, noJJKOB0){11Y, Bb!X0){11Y H3 nJJeMeHH 6aKpllTOB, co6paTb 60JJbWOe BOJ;iCKO H Ha'iaTb 6oJJee WHpOKHe 3aBOeBaHllll. fJJaBHOKOMaH){YI0111HM nepcH){CKoro noxo){a 6b!JJ Ha3Ha'ieH X ani!){ H6H BaJJH){. IIepsoHa'iaJJbHO soeHHble ){eJ;tCTBHll BeJJI!Cb Ha npaBOM 6epery EB<}>paTa, Ha TeppllTOpHll, HaCeJJeHHOJ;i apa6aMH-XpllCTllaHaMH, KOTOpble Hep~KO BMeCTe C nepCaMH BblCTynanll npOTHB MycyJJbMaHc KllX soJ;icK. JieTOM 633 r. BCll TeppllTOpllll MeJK){y peKoJ;t H nycTb!HeJ;t HaXO){llJJac b Y*e B pyKax xaJJH<}>CKllX soJ;icK. B Haqane 634 r. OHM nepewJJll Ha JJeBbrJ;i 6eper Es<}>paTa. B Mae 634 r. XaJJH){ 116H BanH){ 6b!JJ OT03BaH H3 nepCH){CKOfO ITOXO){a H nocJJaH B C!lpHIO c 3 Tb!Cll'iaMH BCa){HHKOB, a KOMaH){OBaH!le 6b!JJO nep~aHo MycaHHe. Apa6br BeJJH ){el!TeJJbHYIO IT O){rOTOBKY K ){aJJbH eJ;tWllM ITOXO){aM, pa3Mell1aJJH B HaceJJeHHblX nyHKTaX CBOll rapHH30Hbl, CTPOHJJll HOBble yKpeiTJJeHllll. IIepsoJ;t B 63 5 r. 6brJJa nocTPoeHa KpenocTb Eacpa, me 6b!JJ ocTaBJJeH rapHH30H H3 800 BOllHOB.

634-644 rr. nPABJlEHYIE XAJ1YI4>A OMAPA. 9ro 6blfl eropolil npaee,lJ,Hbllil xanM¢, craeumlil eo ma-

BoHHGTBO MyxaMMe,t~a HanpasnSieTGSI Ha 6HTBY G MeK!(a H(43MH

se MycyJJbMaH nocne cMeprill A6y 6a KP8, ill OJJ.MH i113 KPYnHeliiUJMX ,lJ,ef/TeJJeli! paHHero iiiCJJaMa. 3aJJ.eCRTillnerille ero npaSJJeHMR iiiCJJaM pacnpocrpaHiiiJJCR Ha /lfpaK, CMPill/0,

Emner ill KMpeHaiiiK}'. 8 638 r. 0Map JIM'IHO npiiiHf/JI KanMryflfiL!ill/0 /lfepyCaJJiiiMa; B 640 r. B,lJ,06aBOK K TiiiTYJJY XaJJM(j;>a B3f/JI ellje OJJ.MH -8MMP aJJbMYMiiiHiiiH (r. e. noeenMTeJJb npaeo-

B3nET V1 C.LJ.EP)f(V18AHV1E V1CnAMA. 600-800 rr.

510

B flfpaKe (MIOHb 637 r.), p836WI apMM/0, npeBb/W810ll.IYIO 'IMCJleHHOCTb/0 50 Tb/Cf/'1 'leJIOBeK, KOTOpOii! KOMaH40BaJI nepCM4CKMiil nepBbJii! MMHMCTp PycraMa, nocne <~ero B ceHm6pe (?) 38XBaTMJIKTeCM</JOH. 3aTeM, npO.f10Jl)l(af/ npecne.aosarb orcrynaJOwux nepcoe, Caa.a u6H A6y BaKKac onRTb o.aep)l(an no6e.ay Ha.a nepcaMM B6urse 6nu3 cospeMeHHoro ropo.aa,[J.)I(anyna B flfpaKe (.aeKa6pb 637 r.).

MycynbMaHCKMe y~Hble, 6eceAYIOII.IMe B 6M6nMOTeKe

BepHbfX); B 644 r. 6blfl y6MT pa60M, He HaWe.LJ.WMM y Hero 3all.IMTb/ OT no6opos HaMeCTHMKa Ky</JbJ.

634-636 rr.

onEPAU.~~

C~P~~ ~ nAllECT~HE.

Bu3aHrullicKoe KOHTpHacrynneHMe yrpo)1(8JIO CMJI8M AMp M6H an-Aca M.apyrux apa6cKux so)I([J.elli s nanecruHe. Xanu.o. u6H an-Banu.a </JopcupoeaHHbJM MapweM nocnewun M3 MeconoraMMM, '-IT06bl npucoe.aMHMTbCfl K HUM M, P8CnOJI8Tafl 8 COBOK}'nHOCTM 45 Tb/Cf/'18MM 'leJIOBeK, HaTOJIOBY pa36MJI CeMM.LJ.eCf/TMTb/Cfl'IHY/0 apMM/0 (j)eo.o.opa (6para MMneparopa /epaKJIMfl) Me)I(.LJ.Y flfepycaJIMMOM M la3olil s 6urse npu A.a)I(Ha.aeli!He (M!Oflb 634 r.). HeorcrynHo npecne4Yfl BM38Hrnlilues, Xanu.a u6H an-Banu.o. HaHeC MM HOBOe nop8)1(eHMe B 6urse npu C!>Wie (unu nenne, unu ,{PKunea.o., 6nu3 cosp. ropo.aa 6elilcaHa B Cupuu; flHBapb 635 r.). npo.f10Jl)l(af/ nyrb Ha cesep, oH pa36un BOIIiCKO BM38HTMiiiCKOTO nOJIKOBO.l1Ua BaaHa B 6urse npu Map.f1)1( -an-Caeo.o.opa, Xanu.o. u6H an-Banu.a noKMHYfl $TM ropo.o.a u orcrynun Ha peK}' flpMyK ( 636 r. ). 3.aecb OH orpa-

3MJI OTBJleKaiOWMe 8T8KM 8PMMM BM 3aH TMiiiCKMX coJ03HMKOB, CacaHu .aos. 3aTeM, BOCnOJlb30B8BWMCb Mfl Te)I(OM, BCnbJXHYBWMM B 8PMMM cJ>eo.aopa, OH 4811 BM38HTMIIiU8M 6olli. nocne )l(eCTOKOTO Cp8)1(eHMfl, KOH 'IMBWeTOCfl TOJlbKO KOT48 BM38HTMiiiUbl uc'lepnanu eecb 3anac crpen, Xanu.a u6H an-Banu.a o.aep)l(8fl pewurenbHYJO no6e.ay B 6uree Ha flp MyKe (aerycr 636 r.), nocne 1.1ero BepHyfl ,lJ.aMaCK M3 MeCy.

634-637 r. OnEPAL.J,~~ BnEPC~~.

nocne TOTO, K8KXanu.o. M6H 811Banu.a ocraeun MeconoraMM/0 unocnewun B nanecruHy, nepcu.o.cKulil BOeHa'lanbHMK MuxpaH pa36MJI OCTaBaBWMXCfl apa60B B «6MTBe H8 MOCTY» <1epe3 Es¢par u nornan ux H838.LJ., e)(;1py(634r.). no.aocneswueapa6CKHeno~enneHMflnO.O.KOM8H40Ba

HMeM MyraHHbl OCTaHOBMJIM nepCM.O.CKOe npecne.aoeaHue no6e.aolil s 6uree npu 6yea.a)l(u6e (K 10ry or Ky</JbJ; 635 r.). nocne no6e.O.bl Xanu .aa u6H an-Banu.aa Ha flpMyKe xanu<P 0Map nocnan B MeconoraMM/0 HO BYJO apMM/0 no.a KOM8H.0.088HMeM Caqa u6H A6y BaKKaca. Crpu.o.uaruTbJCfl'IHbJM eolilcKoM Caa.o. u6H A6y BaKKac B rpemHeBHOIIi 6urse, pa3eepHyewelilcR B TO'IHO He yCT8HOB JleHHOM Mecre Ha reppuropuu co epeMeHHOiil Myx</Ja3bl Ka.o.ucuR

B 636 r. BbiJI rrocTpoeH ropo.u. Ky<}la (M~Y XHpott H EB<}lpamM), K)'Jl.a 6bma rrepeHeceHa pe3HJl.eHUHJI rJia.BHOKOMaHJl.YIOII(ero H HaMeCTHHKa 3asoeBaHHbiX o6nacrett. KTecH<}loH 6blJI KpyrrHbiM ropo.n.oM, ueHTPOM rroJIHTHqecKoi:t H 3KOHOMHqecKOi:t )f(H3HH HpaHa, OJl.HaKO 3asoesaTeJIH He peiDHJIHCb o60CHOB:trbCJI B HeM: ero reorpa<}l~eCKOe ITOJIO)f(eHHe BftYIDaJIO cepbe3Hble onaceHHJI, noTOMY ~o KTecH<}loH HaxO)l.HJICH 3a E s<}lp!m)M H B H~Hblit MOMeHTTPYJl.HO 6blJIO 6bl nocJiaTb ry.u.a no.n.KpenJieHHH. KpoMe TOro, XaiiH<}l y qiiTbJBaii, ~0 rJiaBHOKOMaHJl.YIOII(Hit apa6CKHMH BOitCKaMll, ameJieHHbli:t OT CTOJIHI(bl ecTeCTBeHHbiM H TPYJl.Horrpeo.u.onHMbiM II peiiJITCTBHeM, IIOJiyqan B03MO)f(HOCTb rrpeTeH)l.OBaTb Ha CJIHliiKOM 60JibliiYIO CaMOCTOJITeJibHOCTb. 113 Ky<}lbi soltcKa rrocbiJiaiiHCb Ha 3asoeBaHHe HOBbiX reppHTOpHtt. llpH KaAecHH, K cesepy oT BaBHJIOHa, IIpOH30liiJIO CpiDKeHHe, peiDHBrnee y qacn TiepCHJl.CKoro rocy.u.apcTsa. 06e Hal(HH BbiCTaBHJIH CBOH nyqrnHe CHJibi: y rrepcos KpacosanHcb 6n ec TJIII(He TJI)f(eJI o so opy)f(eH Hble BCa,ll.HHKH B COIIpOBO)I(Jl.eHHH nyqrnHX CBOHX CJiyr, BOKpyr CTapHHHOrO 3HaMeHH CaccaHH)l.oB; Ha .u.pyrolt CTop o He BbiCl)'ITaiiH cno)l.BH)f(HHKH MyXaMMe)l.a, repoH nepsott CBJIII(eHHoi:t soitHbi, KOTOpaJI senacb npoTHB KYpei:trnHTOB, CaMble xpa6pble rrneMeHa 6e)l.yH HOB. fJiaBHOKOMaHJl.YIOII(Hi:t , cTapbii:t Caa,z:J,, cyMen HCJ<YCHO coe.u.HHHTb Jl.HK)'IO xpa6pocTb apa6os c rro.u.qiiHeHMeM liXJl.MCI(liiiJIMHe; pa3)l.eJieHHble Ha)l.eCJITKM, C BO)f(aTbiM y Ka)I(Jl.Oi:t KOJIOHHbi, IIJieMeHa 6HJIMCb Ha BH.Jl.Y .u.pyr y .u.pyra, copesHyJicb B .u.o6necTH. TpH Jl.Hll )l.JIHJiacb O)f(ecToqeHHaJI 6 HTBa; Ha qeTBepTbie CYTKH, «B HOqb

IOI0-3AnNJ,HA~ A3V1~ OT'Iammoro cmHa», ):(eJio penmnocb cMepTbiO PycreMa II 6ypHbiM BeTpoM, KOTOpb!H 3aJierniJI nepcaM rna3a necKOM. Apa6bl B3HJIII Bepx; IIX noTepli 6b!JIII, O):(HaKO, TaK BeJIIIKII, qro OHII He MorJIII npecJie):(oBaTb pa36IIToro Bpara. IIepcb! OTCTYIIIIJIII B ropb!, B crapiiHHbie o6nacm IIepcll):(cKoro mCy):(a peTEa. 3aBoeBaTeJIII PIIHYJIIICb Ha 6e33a.Il(IITHb!H KTeciicpoH II 3aBJia):(eJIII HeCMeTHbiM 6oraTCTBOM CTOJllll(bl, rpoMa):(Hb!M KOJIII'IeCTBOM 30JIOTa II cepe6pa B MOHeTax, CJIIITKax II ):(IIKOBliHHb!X 6oJibiiiiiX IIrpyiiiKaX. B O):(HOM II3 3IIII30):(0B nepcll):(CKOH BOHHbl HpKO Bb!pa3IIJIOCb HeyMeHIIe apa6oB, He npiiBb!KIIIliX K pOCKOIIIII, BOCnOJib30BaTbCH HeCMeTHOH ):(06bl'IeH. Cpe):(ll coKpOBIIm ):(Bopua nepcll):(CKIIX uapeil 6b!JI 3axBa<J:eH 3HaMeHIITb!ll nepcll):(CKIIH KOBep, IllliTb!H no xy):(mKeCTBeHHOMY piiCYHKY 30JIOTOM II ):(pam[(eHHb!Mli KaMHHMII. B Me):(IIHe He 3HaJili CHa<J:aJia, 'lTD C HliM ):(eJiaTb. 0):(IIH II3 cno):(BII)KIDll{OB MyxaMMe):(a, AJIII, npe):(Jlo}l{li][ pa3pe3aTh KOBep Ha KYCKII, '!TD6bl B KmK,[(OM 6b!Jlo o):(IIHaKoBoe KOJIII'IeCTBO meM<J:yra II KaMHeH, II pa:.meJIIITh IIX Me)l{):(y rrpaBoBepHbiMII. 637-645 rr. 3ABEPWEHHE 3ABOEBAHHSI CHPHH. 0HOBKn104aeT 3axaaT 1!1epycanvrMa vr AHTvroxvrvr (638 r.), Anenno (639 r.), Kecapvrvr vr la3bl (640 r.), AcKanoHa (644 r.) IIF Tpvrnonvr (645 r.). no4TIIF see yKpenneHHble ropoJJ.a CTOMKO 3ai.J..IMI.J..IaflMCb IIF 6blflllr B3f/Tbl TOflbKO nocne J].onrvrx ocaJ]..

B35ITHE HepycaJIIIMa 6b!JIO 60JibiiiliM C06b!TlleM II ):(JIH XpHCTllaH, II ):(JIH MycyJibMaH, nomMy 'ITO II Te II ):(pyriie C'IliTaJIII ero CBHII(eHHbiM mpo):(OM. CIIpiiilcKo-nanecTIIHCKIIH paHOH 6b!JI Bbl):(eJieH B omeJibHOe HaMeCTHII'IeCTBO II BO r JiaBe em nOCTaBJieH MyaBIIH II3 po):(a 0Meil:H):(OB. 639-641 rr. 3ABEPWEHHE 3ABOEBAHHSI BH3AHTH~CKO~ MECOnOTAMHH. 639-642 rr. BTOP>KEHHE B ErH nET. AMp vr6H an-Aca HaHec nopa)l(eHvre BM3aHTIIFMJ4aM B 6MTBe npvr lenvronone ( coap. ropoJJ. 5aanb6eK s Cvrpvrvr; vr10nb 640 r.). 3aTeM oH 3a-

511

xaaTvrn ropoJJ.-KpenocTb BaavrnoH (anpenb 641 r.) vr AneKcaHJJ.PMIO (ceHrn6pb 642 r.)- o6a nocne 3aTfi)I(Hb!X ocaJJ..

):(eHIIH B CeBepHoil AcppiiKe BKJIIO<J:aJIII 1IIIBIIIO II TpiinOJIII.

IIOCJIE B3HTIIH HepycaJIIIMa apa6cKIIH noJIKoBo):(e[( AMp II6H aJibAc oTIIpaBIIJICH c BOHCKOM B EriineT, HaCeJieHIIe KOTOporo 6b!JIO He):(OBOJibHO HaJioroBOH II peJIIIrli03HOH nOJiliTHKOH BII3aHTHHCKIIX BJiaCTeH. B 640 r. AMp co CBOIIM BOHCKOM ):(Ocmr HIIJia II 3aHHJI oa3IIC <l>aiOM. IIoc n e 3TOH no6e ):(bl Kan iicp 0Map nocJiaJI eMy no):(KpenJieHIIe B 4 Tb!CH'Ill <J:eJIOBeK, BO rJiaBe KOTOpb!X CTOHJI 3y6ei\:p, O):(liH ll3 6JIII)I{aHIllliX CnO):(Bli)I{HliKOB npopoKa II COBeTHliKOB caMoro xaniicpa. YMeJio IICnOJib30BaB conepHII'IeCTBO BII3aHTIIHCKliX KOMaH):(yiOII(IIX, AMp B 6IITBe npii ropo):(e feJIIIonoJIIIc e pa36IIJI IIX BOHCKa. B TO me BpeMH B BII3aHTIIII Ha<J:anacb 6opb6a Me)l{):(y pa3JIII'IHb!MII noJIIITH<J:e CKIIMII rpynniip 0 BKaMII, 'ITO npiiey):(liJio nocneiiiiiTh c 3aKJIIO<J:eHIIeM MIIpa, no ycJIOBIIHM KOToporo BII3aHTHH nn amn a ):(aHb apa6aM II o6H3b!BaJiacb B Te<J:eHIIe 11 MecH[(eB Bb!BeCTH BCe CBOII BOHCKa ll3 ErnnTa II Bnpe):(b IIX ry):(a He nocb!JiaTh. Apa6bl CO CBOeH CTOpOHbl o6H3aJiliCb He 3aHIIMaTh uepKBeH II COXpaHIITh CliCTeMY yrrpaBJieHIIH, paHee cymecTBoBaBIIIYIO B Ernme. B ceHTH6pe 642 r. AneKcaH):(piiH 6b!Jia 3aHHTa apa6aMII. AMp, Ha3Ha<J:eHHb!H HaMeCTHIIKOM B EriiiiTe, OCHOBaJI CBOIO pe3II):(eH[(IIIO Ha npaBoM 6epery HIIna, r):(e B 643 r. 6b!JI 3aJiomeH ropo):( ycTaT (Hb!He cTapb!H Kaiip ). XaJIIIcp 0Map npiiKa3aJI coe):(IIHIITh KaHaJIOM KpacHoe Mope c HIIJIOM, '!TD6bl no 3TDMY rryTII nepeB03liTh ernneTCKYIO niiieHlll(y BApaBIIIO II B ~ Hb!H MOMeHT 6b!CTpO nepe6pOCliTb BoilcKa II3 Me):(IIHbi B EriiiieT. Apa6bl BOCCTaHOBliJIII KaHaJI, cyll(eCTBOBaBIllliH npii cpapaoHax. Apa6cKIIe 3aBOeBaHIIH npo):(OJI)I{aJIIICb B CeBepHoil AcppiiKe, II K 648 r. apa6CKIIe BoilcKa ):(OIIIJIII ):(o KapcpareHa. )}UrTeJIII 3roro ropo):(a oTKyrriiJIIICb, ynnaTIIB a pa6aM 6oJibiiioe KOJIII'leCTBo 30JIOTa. Apa6cKIIe BJia-

Apa6bl OJJ.ep)l(anvr pewvrTenbHble no6eJJ.bl s 6vrTaax npvr PaM-XopMy3e ( OKOflO COBp. WywTapa B fl1paHe; 640 r.) vr Hexa aeHJJ.e ( 641 r. 1). B 9TOM nocneJ].HeM cpa)l(eHvrvr MycynbMaHe noJJ. KOMaHJJ.OBaHvreM CaaJ].a vr6H A6y BaKKaca o6paTvrnvr s 6ercTBO e,lJ.Ba flllr He BTpoe npeBOCXOJ].fii.J..IYIO IIFX 411FCfleHHOCTbiO CTanf/TMJ].eCf/TIIFTb/Cf/4HYIO apMvriO fi1e3JJ.vrrepJ].a Ill. OpraHvr3oBaHHoe conpoTvraneHvre s 0epcvrvr 3aKOH411FflOCb, XOTf/ OKOH4aTeflbHOe YTBep)I(JJ.eHvre anacTvr 3aaoeaaTenei4 pacTRHynocb e1.1..1e Ha JJ.eCRTOK neT. 0Kc cTan rpaHvrJ4ei4 Me)I(JJ.Y Apa6cKvrM xanvrrpaToM vr TIOpKcKvrM KaraHaToM.

640-650 rr. BTOP>KEHHE B nEPCHACKHE BbiCOKOrOPbSI.

Boop}?KeHHaR opraHH3aqHR apa6cKHX nneMeH

Apa6cKIIe apMIIII npo):(BIIraJIIICb B rn y6b CTPaHbl 6e3 6oJibiiiiiX cpameHIIH. MHoriie MeCTHble caTpanbl oTKa 3b!BaJIIICb nO):('IliHHTbCH nepCII):(CKIIM BJiaCTHM II nepeXO):(liJili Ha cmpoHy 3aBOeBaTeneil. B 642 r. npoII30IIIJia KpyrrHaH 6IITBa no):( HexaBeH):(OM. 3m 6b!JI nocJie):(HIIH 3Ha'IIITeJibHb!H 6oi\:, ):(aHHb!H n e pCII):(CKIIMII BOHCKaMII. IIocn e na):(eHIIH HexaBeH):(a apa6bl cpaBHIITeJibHO neruo OBJia):(eJIII ropo):(aMII Peil ( coBp. TerepaH ), Ka3BIIH, KYMIIC II BCTyrriiJIII Ha TeppiimpiiiO coBpeMeHHoro A 3ep6all):(maHa. B 644 r. 6b!JIII 3aHHTbl ropo):(a XaMa):(aH, KyM, KaiiiaH, HccpaxaH. K 651 r. apa6bl 3aBJia):(eJIII BCeM HpaHOM, 3a liCKJIIO'IeHIIeM o6JiaCTeH Ha IOre KacniiilcKoro MopH, BToprJIIICb Ha TeppmopiiiO coBpeMeHHoro AcpraHIIcTaHa. B nepBoil noJIOBIIHe VII B. 6b!JIO 3aBepiiieHo o6be):(IIHeHIIe apa6cKIIX nJieMeH II B03HIIK Apa6cKIIH xaJIIIcpaT- rocy):(apcTBo apa6oB. Do xapaKTepy CBOIIX 3aHHTIIH apa6cKIIe nJieMeHa ):(eJIIIJIIICb Ha TPII rpyrriib!: 6e):(yiiHOB (KO'IeBble CKOTO1 )J,pynre HCTO'!HMKH )J;aTHpyKJT 6HTBY rrpH HexaBell)le (HexaBell)ICKOe cpa)l(eHHe) 642 r.

B3nET V1 C)J,EP>KV1BAHV1E VlCnAMA. 600-800 rr.

512

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B3JlET V1 CJ].EP.>KV1BAHV1E V1CJ1AMA. 600-800 rr. OcMaH CTaJI Bhl.Jl.BHraTh <JJieHoB cBoero po,LI.a Ha KpynHhle BOeHHhle H rocy,LI.apCTBeHHI>Ie ,LI.OJI:lKHOCTH, 'ITO npHBeJIO K B03BhlllleHHIO H o6orarn:eHHIO ero po,LI.a. 3To Bhl3BaJio cepbe3HOe He,LI.OBOJII>CTBO B Kpyrax apa6CKHX <}>eO,LI.aJIOB, He npHHa,LI.Jie:lKaBIIIHX K 0Me~.si,LI.aM. He,LI.OBOJII>Hhle CTaJIH rpynnHpOBaTI>C.ll BOKpyr AJIH H ,LI.pyrHx npeTeH,LI.eHTOB Ha npecToJI. CTopoHHHKH H nocJie,LI.oBaTeJIH AJIH, noJiy'lHBIIIHe Ha3BaHHe IIIHHTOB (oT CJIOBa «IIIHaa» «rpynna» ), pacnpocTpaH.siJIH MHeHHe, 'ITO npecToJI xanH<}>a no npaBy npHHa,LI.Jie:lKHT AJIH KaK 6JIH:lKa~IIIe MY po,LI.CTBeHHHKY- 3SITIO H .Jl.BOIOpo,LI.HOMY 6pary MyxaMMe,LI.a -

'ITO OcMaH H36paH He3aKOHHO. 0HH yMeno HcnoJih30BaJIH He,LI.OBOJII>CTBO HaMeCTHHKOB, cMern:eHHhiX OcMaHOM, He,LI.OBOJII>CTBO apa6CKHX <}>eo,LI.aJIOB, o6o~,LI.eHHhiX 0Me~.si,LI.aMH, a TaK:lKe ropo:lKaH Me,LI.HHhl H ,LI.pyrHx ropo,LI.OB xaJIH<}>aTa. K IIIHHTaM eTaJIM npHMhiKaTh apa6CKHe KpeCTh.siHe, 6e,LI.yHHhl, BH,LI.eBIIIHe e,LI.HHCTBeHHhl~ nyTh ocBo6o)f()l.eHHH oT<}>eo,LI.aJII>HOro rHeTa B «cnpaBe,LI.JIHBOM xaJIH<}>e». TiocTeneHHO nponaraH,LI.a npHBep:lKeHueB AJIH cTaJia HaXO.Jl.HTh OTKJIHK H cpe,LI.H HaCeJieHH.ll 3aBOeBaHHhiX o6JiacTe~, oco6eHHO B MpaKe H MpaHe.

Apa6cKJte BOHHbl VII

,[{pyrHe npeTeH,LI.eHThl Ha IIOCT B.

Xa.JIH<}>a TaK:lKe ah.'THBH3Hp0Ba.JIH CBOH CHJihl. 06pa30BaJIOCh HeCKOJII>KO l.leH-

B APABMM He 3aTHXaJIH pa3HO-

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TpOB onno3Hl.IHH. TaJII>Xa H 3y6e~p

macHSI H3-3a npecmJioHacJie,LI.HSI. My-

Mhl 61>mo ycTpaHeHo co6paHHe ropo-

BeJIH arHTal.IHIO B Bacpe H Ky<}>e, H

xaMMe,LI. npH :lKH3HH He peiiiHJI 3T0£'0

)f(aH

Me,LI.HHhl, KoTOphiM npocm o6n.si-

KaJf9J,hlit H3 3THX ropO,LI.OB Bhl,LI.BHraJI cBoero KaH,LI.H,LI.aTa. B ErnnTe B aHTH-

Bonpoca, HacJie,LI.HHKOB no MY:lKCKO~

BHJIH o BOJie Xa.JIH<}>a. B npaBJieHHe

JIHHHH y Hero He 6hiJIO, H CMepTh ero

0Mapa

(634-644 IT.) 6hiJIH COBep-

oMeitSI,LI.CKoit rpynne 60JII>IIIYIO pOJih

Bhl3BaJia 3aMeiiiaTeJII>CTBO ,LI.a:lKe cpe-

IIIeHhl CaMI>Ie 60JII>IIIHe 3aBOeBaHH.si:

HrpaJI ChiH A6y BeKpa MyxaMMe,LI..

.Jl.H ero 6JIH:lK~IIIHX CIIO,LI.BH:lKHHKOB. Bo3MO:lKHhiMH npeeMHHKaMH 6hiJIH

noKopeHI>I CHpHH H TiaJieCTHHa, 3aBOeBaHhl ErHneT, MpaH H qacTh 3a-

Me,LI.HHI>I no,LI. BH.Jl.OM IIaJIOMHHKOB H3

6JIH:lKa~IIIHe CnO,LI.BH:lKHHKH H po,LI.CTBeHHHKH MyxaMMe,LI.a, paHI>IIIe

KaBKa3hSI. 0Map norn6 BHe3arrHo B 644 r. Ero

Bcex npHHSIBIIIHe ero y<JeHHe H npH-

CMepreJII>HO paHHJI O,LI.HH H3 nepCH,LI.-

656 r.

He,LI.OBOJII>Hhle co6paJIHCh B

3aBoeBaH HhiX o6JiacTeit: ErHnTa, Bacp1>1, Ky<}>1>1. K HHM npHcoe,LI.HHHJIHCh H :lKHTeJIH Me,LI.HHhl. BoccTaB-

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CKHX pa60B. TipeeMHHKOM ero CTaJI

IIIHe BOpBaJIHCh B ,LI.OM H y6HJIH

60JII>IIIHX cnopoB H CTOJIKHOBeHH~

OcMaH, KOTOphl~ npoHcxo,LI.HJI H3

OcMaHa.

MeKKaHI.Ihl npoBeJIH KaH,LI.H,LI.aTypy

KpynHe~IIIero H 6oraTe~IIIero po,LI.a 0Me~SI.Jl.OB nJieMeHH "-'YPe~III. Bo:w-,AH 0Me~SI,LI.OB nepBOHa'laJII>HO 6hiJIH Hpi>IMH npoTHBHHKaMH MyxaMMe,LI.a, HO 3aTeM nepeiiiJIH Ha ero cmpoHy H nocJie npHHSITHSI HCJiaMa 3aHHMaJIH BhiCOKHe nOCThl B HOBOM rocy,LI.apcTBe.

A6y BeKpa H 3aCTaBHJIH Be ex npHc.sirHYTh eMY. B 634 r. A6y BeKp, YMHpa.si, npHmacHJI K ce6e 6JIH:lK~IIIHX CnO,LI.BH:lKHHKOB MyxaMMe,LI.a H o6n.siBHJI o nepe,LI.a<Je BJiaCTH 0Mapy. TeM caMhiM oT

645 r. AHHWICJ1AMCKOE BOCCTAH"'E B AJ1EKCAHAP"'"'· BM3BHTMiiiCKMiii <J>nor erop)l(eHMf!6bm OT6poweH, 8 BOCCTBHMe nOP,BBfleHO AMp M6H an-AcoM, npMcrynoM B3f!BWMMropoP..

IOI0-3AnNJ,HA~ A3V1~ 649-654 rr. 3KCnAHCHSI HA MOPE. PaCT}'I..LIMi1 MycynbMaHCKMi1 BOeHHbti1 rpnoT npo,lJ.eMOHCTpMpOBan CBOIO JJ.06neCTb npM 3aXBaTe KMnpa ( 649 r.) Mne)f(a1.11ero 6nM3 6eperoa CMpMM ocTpoaKa ApaJJ., 3aTeM MycynbMaHCKMe nMpaTbt pa3rpa6MnM CMJ4MnMto (652 r.) M 3axaaTMnM POJJ.OC (654 r.).

652-664 rr. nOBTOPHOE BTOP>KEHHE MYCYnbMAH BArAHHCTAH. Ha HeKompoe apeMf/ MM yJJ.anocb 3axaaTMTb Ka6yn ( 664 r. ). 655 r. MOPCKOE CPA>KEHHE Y AXAT AC-CABAPH (B AKBATOPHH rOPOAA.EHHKC HAnOEiEPE>KbE nHKHH). OHO 3aBepumnocb no6eJJ.oi1 MycynbMaH HaJJ. BM3aHTMi1CKMM rpnOTOM no,lJ. KOMaH,lJ.OBaHMeM MMnepaTopa KoHCTaHca.

656-661 rr. n PABn EH HE AnH. )J.aotopoJJ.Hbti1 6paT, 3f/Tb 11 npMeMHbti1 CbtH MyxaMMeJJ.a, AnM M6H A6M TanM6 Hacne,lJ.oaan y6MTOMY OcMaHy M cTan LfeTaepTbtM M nocneJJ.HMM npaBeJJ.HbtM xanM!j)oM. Cera MMeHeM CBf/3aH nepBbti1 B MCnaMe paCKOn, npMBe,lJ.WMi1 K 3apO)f(,lJ.eHMIO penMrM03HO-nOnMTMLfeCKMX ,lJ.BM)f(eHMi1 WMMTOB M xapMJl.)f(MTOB M K MX o6oco6neHMIO OT CYHHMTCKOrO 6onbWMHCTBa. Kor,lJ.a nocne y6Mi1CTBa OcMaHa AnM 6blf1 npoao3rnaweH xanM!j)oM, HecornacHbte c 9TMM nO,lJ.Hf/nM Mf/Te)f(.

656-657 rr. BOCCTAHHE TAnXH H EiH XAn HAA H AEiAA.nnAXA HEiH A3-3Y6A"'PA. Mf/Te)f(HMKM 6btnM nOJJ.JJ.ep)f(aHbt Ai1woi1, BJJ.OBoi1 MyxaMMeJJ.a M JJ.OLfepbto A6y 5aKpa, Kompytonocne cMepTM npopoKa nOLfTMTenbHO MMeHOBanM MaTepbto aepyto/..LIMX. OHM 6btnM pa3rpoMneHbt AnM B MeconoTaMMM, 6nM3 5acpbt, B xoJJ.e «Bep6nto)f(bei1 6MTBbl», Ha3BaHHOi1 TaK nOTOMy, LfTO BO BpeMf/ cpa)f(eHMf/ Ai1wa BOCCe,lJ.ana Ha aep6ntoJJ.e.

657-661 rr. rPA>KAA.HCKASI BO"' HA. CbtH OJJ.HOro M3 Kypei1wMTCKMX BO)f(,l1.ei1 M JJ.BOtopOJJ.Hbti1 6paT OcMaHa, MyaBMfl nocne 3aaoeaaHMfl MycynbMaHaMM MeKKM npMHfln McnaM M cTan ceKpeTapeM MyxaMMeJJ.a. OH npMHMMan JJ.ef/TenbHoe yLfaCTMe B 3aBOeBaHMM naneCTMHbl M nocne cMepTM xanM!j)a OcMaHa

6btn Ha3HaLfeH ee HaMeCTHMKOM, Bnocne,lJ.CTBMM CTaB HaMeCTHMKOM acei1 CMpMM. 06BMHMB AnM B noco6HMLfeCTBe y6Mi1J4aM OcMaHa M OTKa3aBWMCb npM3HaTb era xanM!j)OM, MyaBMfl TeM caMbtM pa3Bf/3an rpa)f(JJ.aHcKyto BOi1Hy Af1M JJ.BMHyn BepHbte eMy aoi1cKa B CMpMto, M apMMM JJ.Byx HenpMMMpMMbiX npOTMBHMKOB COWnMCb B BepxHei1 MeconoTaMMM, Ha npaBOM 6epery EarppaTa. no Ha3BaHMIO 9TOi1 MeCTHOCTM pa3BepHyBWeeCf/ 3JJ.ecb 3aTfl)f(HOe cpa)f(eHMe nonyLfMno Ha3BaHMe 6MTBbt npM CM!j)rj)MHe (657 r.). 0Ha wna c nepeMeHHbtM ycnexoM M B KOHJ4e KOH/40B 6biJ1a npeKpa~..L~eHa , KOr,lJ.a OTLfaf/BWMi1Cfl O,lJ.ep)f(aTb no6eJJ.y AnM cornacMncfl Ha npeJJ.nO)f(eHMe MyaBMM pa3pewMTb cnop MMpHbiM nYTeM, npM6erHyB K TpeTei1cKoMy CYJJ.Y TaM npeJJ.CTaBMTenb MyaBMM cyMen JJ.06MTbCfl aT npeJJ.CTaBMTenfl AnM cornacMfl Ha HM3no)f(eHMe nocne,lJ.Hero, M B 660 r. B VlepycanMMe MyaBMfl6btn npoao3-

517 C 3T0f0 BpeMeHII .o;o

750

apa6CKIIM rocy.o:apCTBOM ynpaBJIID!li xanmphi II3 po.o;a 0MeHH):(OB. TaKIIM o6pa30M, B 6opb6e, TipOIICXO):(IIBIIIeH B xaJimpa-re B TetieHIIe Tpex .o;ecHTIIJi eTIIli, no6e.o:y o .o;ep)KaJia caMaH KpyiiHaH li CliJibHaH rpynniipOBKa apa6CKIIX cpeo.o;aJIOB, Bbiiiie):(IllaH ll3 po.o;OBOH 3HaTII II pa60BJia):(eJibtieCKOH a piiCTOKpaTIIII. Kor.o;a xaJIIIcp AJIII 6HJI y6IIT, BOHCKO npiiCHrHYJIO ero CTapiiieMy CbiHY Xacaey. ToT cpa3y )Ke HatiaJI neperoBopbi c MyaBIIeli o6 ycJIOBIIHX CBOero OTKa3a oT npiiTH3aHIIH Ha npeCTOJI xaJIIIcpa. MyaBIIH npiiHHJI Me phi ):(JIH npiiBJietieHIIH 6biBIIIliX TIOJIIITIItieCKliX npOTliBHliKOB Ha CBOIO CTOpoHy: o.o;HIIX oH YMIIJIOCTIIBIIJI, npOCTliB liM npiiCBOeHIIe KpynHhiX rocy.o;apcTBeHHhiX cpe.o;cTB, .o;pyriiM npe.o;ocTaBIIJI BhiCOKIIe rocy.o;apCTBeHHble ):(OJI)KHOCTII, TpeThliX YCMIIpiiJI CIIJioli. EHJIII no.o;aBJieHbi xapliiJ:)KIITcKIIe BoccTaHIIH B Eacpe II Xy3IICTa-

maweH xanM!j)OM. lfaCTb BOMHOB AnM, CLfMTaBWMX, LfTO LfeTBepTbti1 xanMrp ynycTMn no6eJJ.y, noKMHyna caoero BO)J(,lJ.fl ( 9TM 12 Tb!Cf/ Lf Lfen OB eK nono)f(MnM Halfano ,lJ.BM)f(eHMIO xapMJl.)f(MTOB, paBHO HenpMMMpMMbiX KaK no OTHOWeHMIO K 0Mei1f!,lJ.aM, TaK M K WMMTaM). BcKope nocne amra AnM nan aT pyKM OJJ.Horo M3 xapMJl.)f(MTOB. Era CTapWMi1 CbiH, an-XacaH M6H Af1M 6blf1 npoao3rnaweH xanM!j)oM B VlpaKe, HO

He. MyaBIIH cyMeJI T aK)Ke npiiBJietib

Lfepe3 nonroJJ.a nocne caoero M36paHMfl ny6nMLfHO OTpeKCfl B nonb3y MyaBMM, BbiTOproBaB B3aMeH,lJ.eHe)f(Hyto

B npoBIIHQIIaJibHbie ropo.o:a xaJIIIcpa-

Ha CBOIO CTOpOHY HeKOTOpbiX npe)KHliX copaTHIIKOB MyxaMMe.o;a . OH ycep.o;Ho co6mo.o;aJI Bee peJIIIr ii03Hbie o6pH):(bi II y.o;eJIID! 60JibiiiOe BHIIMaHIIe MeKKaHCKOMY XpaMy, TIOCbiJiaH ry.o;a 6oraTbie no.o;apKII. TeM He MeHee, CTOJIIIIIY rocy.o;apcTBa oH nepeHec B )J;aMaCK. C TeX nop TIOJIIITIItieCKOe 3HatieHIIe MeKKII II Me.o;IIHhi yMeHblllliJIOCb, II OHII npeBpaTIIJiliCb Ta. MyaBIIH peiiiiiJI ynopH.O:OIIIITh .o;eJia npecToJioHacJie):(IIH II 3 aKpe-

KOMneHCaJ4MIO M neHCMOH Jl.f1f/ CBOero Mna,lJ.wero 6pam Xycei1Ha (no WMMTCKoi1 aepcMM, JJ.Oroaop npeJJ.ycMaTPMBan B03Bpa~..L~eHMe XacaHa K B!1aCTM nocne cMepTM MyaBMM).

TIIIT b 3a CBOliM pO):(OM npaBO Ha

659 r. MHP C BH3AHTH"'CKO"' HMnEPHE"'. lfm6bt cocpe-

TeJibHYIO TIOJIIITIIKY CBOIIX npe .o;IIIe-

BJiaCTb XaJIIIcpa ~ 3 aCTaBIIJI npii3HaTh cBoero CbiHa H3II.o;a HacJie.O:HIIKOM npeCTOJia. 0MeHH):(hi npo.o;oJI)KaJIII 3aBoeBaCTBeHHIIKOB.

JJ.OTOLfMTb BCe CMnbt Ha rpa)f(,IJ.aHCKOi1

EoJibiiiiie 3 aBOeBaHIIH Tpe6oBaJIII

BOi1He, MyaBMfl 3aKntoLfMn MMp M o6f!3ancfl nnaTMTb KoHcTaHTMHononto e)f(erOJJ.HYIO ,lJ.aHb.

He TOJibKO orpOMHOrO 'IliCJia JIIO):(eH,

660-680 rr. UAPCTBOBAHHE MYABHH I. OH cTan nf/TbtM xanM-

CTIOC06HbiX HOCliTb opy)KIIe, HO II JIYIIIIIeli opraHII3al(IIII BolicK, IIX peryJIHpHor o CHa6)KeHIIH, l(eHTpaJIII3 al(llli KOMaH.O:OBaHIIH. CTapbie nJie-

rpoM MycynbMaH M nepBbtM M3 ocHo-

MeHHbie OTIOJitieHIIH, KOTOpbie COCTaB-

BaHHoi1 MM JJ.MHaCTMM 0Mei1f!JJ.OB. MyaBMfl npoJJ.On)f(Mn 3aaoeaaTenbHbte noxoJJ.bt B VIHJJ.Mto, MaaepaHHaxp, Manyto A3Mto M MarpM6.

JIHJili ocHoBy a pa6cKoro BolicK a II CbirpaJIII 60JiblliYIQ pOJib B nepBbiX 3 aBOeBaHIIHX,

He MOrJIII TIOJIHO-

CTbiO y .o;oBJieTBopiiTb Bo3pociiiiix

518

B3nET V1 C)J,EP>KV1BAHV1E VlCnAMA. 600-800 rr .

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CIIIICKaM BhiiiJia'IIIBaJIII )KaJIOBaHhe

IOI0-3AnNJ,HA~ A3V1~ 0Mellii):J:bi coxpamum rrpmrn:HIIbi ):(enema Boemw:H JJ:06bl'lll, ycTaHOBJieHHble ern:e B rrepBbie ro):(bl cyrn:ecTBoBamm apa6cKoro rocy):(apcTBa.

oHax CeBepHo:H A<lJpHKH. 0JJ:HaKo 6ep6epcKHe rrneMeHa, KOTOpbie HaceJIHJIH BHyTpeHHHe paHOHbi H JIHIIIb <lJopMaJibHO rrpH3HaBaJIH BJiacTb BH-

IIpH MyaBHH 6biJIH C03JJ:aHbi rromrn:e:HcKHe coe):(HHeHHH rro rrepcHJJ:cKoMy o6pa3u;y. KoMaHJJ:yiOJIJ:HH rroJIHu;e:HcKHMH '!aCTHMH C'!HTaJICH

3aHTHH, oKa3aJIH apa6aM yrropHoe corrpOTHBJieHHe. 3TH IIJieMeHa rrepe)KHBaJIH CTa)lHIO pa3JIOmeHHH rrepB06biTH0-06JIJ:HHHOrO CTpOH H rrepeXO):(a

BbiCIIIHM BOeHHbiM pyKoBOJJ:HTeJieM BHYTPH o6nacTH B MHpHoe BpeMH. B OJJ:HOH Eacpe 6biJI co3):(aH oTpHJJ: B

K HOBbiM <lJeO):(aJibHbiM OTHOIIIeHHHM. Yrp03a apa6cKoro 3aBOeBaHHH oKa3aJiacb MOJIJ:HbiM BHeiiiHHM <iJaKTOpOM,

4 TbiCH'!H IIOJIHIJ;eHCKHX.

ycKopHBIIIHM rrpou:ecc o6beJJ:HHeHHH 6ep6epcKHXIIJieMeH. Eep6epbi cocTaBHJIH o6rn:ee orroJI'!eHHe, ero B03rJiaBHJia OTBamHaH meHJIJ:HHa, KOTOpyiO

661-663 rr. nEPBOE nOS1BB ~HA~~- Ha6er

nEH~EAPA50B

Ha 3eMnM CMH,aa M ,aonMHbt HmKHero tlfH,aa, ao3rnaaneHHbti1t 3MHJJ.OM M6HA6MXOM. 668-679 rr. BO~HA C B~3AHT~E~. Apa6bt noTepnenM nopa)l(eHMe.

674-676 rr. MYCYnbMAHCKOE BTOP>KEH~E B TPAHCOKC~AHY (MABEPAHHAXP). OHO 6btn0 03HaMeHOBaHO apeMeHHbiM 3axaaTOM 5yxapbt(674 r.) M CaMapKaH,aa (676 r.).

680-683 rr. LI,APCTBOBAH~E I (CbiHa MyaBIIIIII). no,a,HHB-

S13~AA

WMM MHTe)l( npOTMB BflaCTM 0Mei1fHJ],OB XyceilfH, BTOpoilf CbiH xanwpa AnM, noTepnen nopa)l(eHMe a 6MTBe npM Kep6ene Ha EarppaTe M aMecTe c 6onbwei1t LfaCTbto caoeilt ceMbM 6btn )l(eCTOKO y6MT (680 r.). jl,pyroe BOCCTaHMe a ApaaMM 6btno no,a,HHTO A6,aynnoi1t M6H a3-3y6ai1tpOM ( CbiHOM no6e,aMTenH npM TpMnonM, eM. BbtWe), KOTOpbtM ycneWHO o6opOHHfl MeKKy(682-683 rr.) npoTMB apMMM 713M,aa; oca,aa 6btna CHHTa no nonyLfeHMM M3BeCTMH 0 CMepTM xanMrpa. A3-3y6ai1tp 6btn npM3HaH xanMrjJoM a ApaaMM, tlfpaKe M ErMnTe.

681-683 rr. BTOP>KEH~E B MAPOKKO. Bbtwe,awaH M3 ErMnTa apa6cKaH apMMH no,a KOMaHJ],OBaHMeM 0K6bt M6H HarpM,aocTMma AmaHTMKM, HO 6btna 3aTeM OT6poweHa Ha3a,a, a KMpeHaMKy, 6ep6epaMM, 3aKntoLfMBWMMM COI03 C BM3aHTMMJ4aMM, 6a3MpoaaawMMMCH a KaprpareHe. 80 apeMH OTCTynneHMH 0K6a 6btn y6MT. BIBAIITIUI coxpma cBoe rocrro):(cTBo TOJThKO B IIpH6pe)KHbiX paM-

apa6CKHe HCTO'!HHKH Ha3biBaiOT KaxHHa(mpHu;a,rrpopo'll!u;a). OrroJI'!eHHH KaxHHbi Bbl):(e pmaJIH IIHTh KpyrrHbiX HaCTYIIJieHHH apa6oB, HO B KOHIJ;e KOHU:OB HX COIIpOTIIBJieHHe 6biJIO CJIOMJieHO. Bo:HcKo ee 6biJIO HCTpe6JieHo, H caMa oHa y6ma B 6oro B 703 r.

683-684 rr.

nPOAOn>KEH~E

rPA>KAAHCKO~ BO~Hbl. MepaaH I (MepaaH M6H anb-XaKaM), xanMrp M3 J],MHaCTMM 0Mei1fHJJ.OB, HaHeC nopa)l(eHMe npMaep)l(eHJ4aM a3-3y6ai1tpa a 6MTBe npM Map)/( PaxMT (6nM3 jl,aMacKa), LfT06bt nOJ],TBep,aMTb CBOM npwrn3aHMH Ha xanMrpaT ( 684 r. ).

684-685 rr. LI,APCTBOBAH ~E MEPBAHA. OH noHeMHory 3aaoeaan ,anH xanMrpara ErMner.

685-705 rr. LI,APCTBOBAH ~E A5AAnb-MAn~KA

(cbiHa MepsaHa I). Ha npom)l(eHMM nepabtX neT 3TOrO J4apCTBOBaHMH BO BCeM MycynbMaHCKOM MMpe npOJ],Ofl)l(aflMCb MHOrOCTOpOHHMe penMrM03Hbte Me)l(,aoyco6M/4bl. KpoMe mro, A6,a anbManMK 6btn 3aHHT no,aa aneHMeM aoccTaHMH a CMpMM, MHCnMpMpoaaHHoro BM3aHTMei1t (685-690 rr.).

690 r.

nOKOPEH~E ~PAKA.

A6,a anb-ManMK no6e,a,Mn Mycaa6a a3-3y6ai1tpa (6paTa A6,aynnbt) a cpa)l(eHMM Ha peKe TMrp, OKOflO 5acpbt.

691-692 rr.

OTBOEBAH~E

APAB~~.

)(a)f()f(a)/( M6H IOcyrp aT-TaKarjJM, aoeHa LfanbHMKxanMrpa A6,a anbManMKa, 3axaaTMn MeJJ.MHY ( 691 r.) M nocne wecTMMeCHLfHOilt oca,abt MeKKy(692r.). npMWTypMenocne,aHeilt 6btn y6MT A6,aynna a3-3y6ai1tp.

691-698 rr. nPOAOn>KEH~E 5ECnOPS1AKOB B ~PAKE. Pac-

519 KOflbHMLfeCKaH CeKTa xapMJ],)I(MTOB 6btna no,aaaneHa ycMnMHMM nonKoao,aJ4eB anb-Myxanna6a M6H A6M Cyrppbt M Xa)l()l(a)l(a M6H IOcyrpa aTTaKarpM. 3m c,aenano A6,a anb-ManMKa 6eccnopHbtM npaaMTeneM MycynbMaHcKoro MMpa.

693-698 rr. 3ABOEBAH ~ E TYH~CA.

83HTMe KaprpareHa (698 r.) nOflO)I(MflO KOHe/4 BM3aHTMMCKOMY anMHHMto a CeaepHoilt ArppMKe.

699-701 rr.

BOCCTAH~E

A<J>rAH~CTAHE.

ApMMH no,a,KoMaH,aoaaHMeM M6H An-Awaaca BOCCTana npoTMaXa)f()f(a)/( M6H IOcyrp aT-TaKarpM, Ha3Ha LfeHHOrO aepXOBHbiM npaBMTeneM BOCTOLfHbiX MYCYflbMaHCKMX ana,aeHMM. Bo rnaae CBOMX BOMCK M6H An-Awaac aepHyflCH B tlfpaK, B3Hfl 5acpy M J],BMHYflCH Ha Kyrpy nbtTaBWMMCH nperpa,aMTb eMy nyTb Xa)l()l(a)/( M6H IOcyrp npoMrpan cpa)l(eHMe npM jl,eiltp anb-jl,)l(aMJ],)I(yMe M BbiHY)I(JJ.eH 6btfl OTCTynMTb B Kyrpy 3aTeM, nonyLfMB no,a,KpenneHMe, OH B KOHJ4e KOHJ40B pa36Mn M6H An-Awaaca a 6MTBe npM MacKMHe (Ha peKejl,MHne; 701 r.) M no,aaaMn BOCCTaHMe.

703 r. OTnOP B An>K~PE. B ropax Opec 6ep6epbt HaHecnM nopa)l(eHMe apa6cKoi1t apMMM no,a KOMaH,aoaaHMeM XacaHa M6H HyMaHa. no He COBCeM HCHbiM npMLfMHaM no6eJ],MTeflM BCTynMflM 3aTeM B COI03 C MycynbMaHaMM, o6nerLfaH TeM nocne,aytow,ee 3aaoeaaHMe aceilt CeaepHoilt ArppMKM (705 r.).

705-715rr.

LI,APCTBOBAH~E

XAn~<J>A An-BAn~AA

A5A

Anb-MAn~KA).

(CbiHA

0Ho HBflHflO co6oi1t 3eHMT Moryw,ecTaa 0Mei11H,aoa. HMKor,aa 6onbwe e,aMHaH MycynbMaHcKaH MMnepMH He npOCTMpanacb CTOflb WMpOKO. 3KcnaHCMH Ha aocToK npo,aon)l(anacb no,a o6W.MM Ha,a3opoM Xa)f()f(a)l(a M6H IOcyrpa. Kyrei1t6a M6H MycnMM BHOBb 3axaaTMn 5yxapy M CaMapKaH,a, a 3aTeM noKopMn Xope3M, C!JepraHy M TawKeHT, nocne Lfero npe,anpMHHn noxo,a a CMH b/43HH M,a owen ,ao Kawrapa (713 r.). nocne 3axaaTa Ka6yna ( 706 r.) MyxaMMe,a M6H an-KacMM 3aaoeaan CMHJJ., HaHecH nopa)l(eHMe MHJ],MMCKOMY 14ap10 jl,axapy M nocne ,aonroilt oca,abt B3Hn ero CTOflMJ4Y

520

B3nET 111 C,LI,EP)I(II18AHII1E 111CnAMA. 600-800 rr. Cbl Ha A6A anb-ManwKa). OH pe(j)opMMposan rocy,o,apcrs eHHYIO 111 s oeHHY/0 CTPYKTYPbl MMnepM/11. noHRB, 'fro ,D,aJJbHeli/Waf/ HeorpaHM'feHHaf/ 9KCnaHCMfl Hex<enarenbHa, OH OCHOBaJJ 060POHMTeJJbHble perMOHbl, 'fT06bt noMo'fb cra6MJJM3aLJMM rpaHMLJ.

727-733 rr. BOiiiHA C XA3APAMIII HA KABKA3E. J].ocrMrHyB noHa'fany SHa'fMrenbHbtX ycnexos s 9TOM perMOHe, MYCYflbMaHe OCHOBaJJMYJ<PenneHHY/0 6asycesepHeeJJ.aPbflflbCKoro nepesana, HO sareM 6btJJM pas6Mrbt xasapaMM 111 or6poweHbt o6parHo s MeconoraMM/0. 0,D,HaKO BCKOpe apa6bt BHOBb SaBOesaJJ/11 reppMropM/0 [pysMM 111 nposeJJM no KasKaSCKOMY xpe6ry cesepHY/0 rpaHMLJY CBOMX BJJa,D,eHMiil, onMpaiOUJYIOCfl Ha BOCTOKe Ha XOPOWO yxpenneHHbtlil JJ.ep6eHr.

730-737 rr. BOiiiHA C TIOPKAMIII B TPAHCOKCIIIAHE (MABEPAHHAXPE). noHeCf/ rpaHM'fMBwee

Apa6ci(He BOHHbl. <l>parMeHT <j>peci(H XVI s.

MynraH (B cosp. naKMCraHe, 6JJM3 peKM '-IMHa6; 708-712rr.). 3areMoH COBepWMJI Ha6er Ha neH,ll.)((a6.

708-711 rr. 3ABOEBAHIIIE Ill YMIIIPOTBOPEHIIIE CEBEP0-3AnA,!lHOiii AlliPIIIKIII. Apa6CKMMM CMJJaM/11 B 9TMX onepaLjMf/X KOMaH.D,OBaJJ Myca M6H Hycalilp.

710-714 rr. BTOP)I(EHIIIE APA60B B AHATOJliiiiO. 8 pesynbrare erMx KaMnaHMiil6bl!la sasoesaHa BM3aHrMiiiCKaf/ npOBMHLjMfl /V-1JJM· KMfl ( 711 r.) /11 o6pereH 'faCTM'fHbtli! KOHTPOflb Ha,D, [anarMelil ( 714 r. ).

RsMAOM M6H MyrranM6oM, BbtXOA· LjeM 1112 fleMeHa.

717-718 rr. OCA.IlA KOHCTAHTIIIHOnOJlSI. 717-720 rr. UAPCTBOBAHIIIE XAJllllltiA OMAPA II. 8 eror nepMOA raiQKeHe 6btJIO npMMe'fareJibHbiX BOeHHbiX ,o,elilcrsMiil, ecnM He C'fMrarb norpaHM'fHbtX Ha6eros so <t>paHLJMM 111 s U,eHrpaJJbHolil AsMM.

720-724 rr. UAPCTBOBAHIIIE XAJlllllliA Sl3111.1lA II (TPETbErO CbiHA A6.1l AJlb-MAJliiiKA). 8oc-

716-719 rr. BTOP)I(EHIIIE B IO)I(HYIO lliPAHUIIIIO. 716 r. B TOP)I(E HillE B 3AKACnlllliiCKIIIIii PEfiiiOH. 06nacrb, ne-

craHMe RsM,o,a M6H MyrranM6a 6btJJo no,o,aBJJeHo Xa61116oM M6H MaCJJaMolil s 6wse npMAKpe ( Ha reppMropMM cospeMeHHoro J1paKa; 721 r.). O,D,HaKo BHyrpeHHMeHeypRAJ11Ljbl BXaJJM(j)are C 9TMMOTHIOAbHeKOH'fM!IMCb. npo,D,OJJ.!KafiMCb KOHI/JfiMKTbl C /O.!KHbiM/11 apa6CKMMM nneMeHaM/11 (lileMeHCKMM/11, /11!1/11, MHa'fe, KaxTaHMTCKMMM) HacrpoeHHbiM/11 onnosMLJMOHHO xan111¢ary, Koropbtlil no,D,Aep.!KMsanM cesepHbte apa6CKMe (Mfl/11, MHa'fe, HM38PMTCKMe) nneMeHa.

.!KaUJaR Me.!K,D,Y 0KCOM 111 Ka cnMiiiCKMM MopeM, 6btJJa sasoesaHa apa6cKMM

724-7 43 rr. UAPCTBOBAHIIIE XAJllllltiA XIIIWAMA (YeTsepToro

711-712 rr. 3ABOEBAHIIIE IIICnAHIIIIII.

715-717 rr. UAPCTBOBAHIIIE XAJlllllliA CYJlEiiiMAHA. npaBJJeHMe eroro sroporo CbtHa A6,o, Mb· MMMKa He 6bi!IO orMe'feHO CKOflbKO· HM6y,D,b npMMe'faTeJJbHbiM/11 B BOeH· HOM OTHOWeH/11/11 C06btTMf/MM.

c nOJJHbtM pasrpoMoM nopaJKeHMe or Be,D,OMbiX KMrali/LjaM/11 TIOPOK no,o, CaMapKaH,D,OM ( 730 r. ), a sa reM B Kawrape( 736 r. ), apa6bt no,o,KoMaH,o,osaHMeM Hacpa M6H Cali!Rpa co6paJJMCb /11 pa36MJJM TIOPOK no,o, baJJXOM ( 737 r.). 5esycnewHaR 6opb6a apa6os nporMB KMTali/LjeB /11 TIOPOK npo,D,OJV((aJJaCb eUje MHoro ner.

732 r. 6111TBA nPIII nYATbE. 739 r. 6E3YCnEWHOE BTOP)I(EHIIIE B AHATOJliiiiO. 741-742rr. BOCCTAHIIIEXA· Plll,!l)I(IIITOB Ill 6EP6EPOB. 8oliiCKa 0Melilfi,D,OB 6blfl/11 M3rHaHbl /113 MapoKKo. XanM¢aryc rpy,o,oM y,o,anocb coxpaHMrb KOHrponb sa ocraJJbHbtMM cesepoa(j)pMKaHCKMM/11 npOBMHLjMf/M/11.

743-750 rr. PA3,!l0Pbl BXA· Jl !IIIliATE. J].MHa CTM'feCKMe Me.!K,D,Oyco6MLjbl, perMOHaJibHbte Mf/Te.!K/11 /11 penMrM03Hble pa3,D,OPbl cnJJeJJMCb B HesepoRrHo sanyraHHbtlil Kfly6oK. Kor,o,a Ha cMeHy 6es,o,apHbtM xanM1/JaM an-8aJJMAY II ( 744 r.) 111 RsMAY Ill (744 r.) npMwen 6onee pasyMHbtlil 111 ,o,eRreJJbHbtlil MepsaH II ( 744-750 rr.), eMynpMWJIOCb B rR.!KeJJbiX 6oRx soccraHaBJJMsarb noPRAOK B CMPMM, J1paKe, ApaB/11/11 /11 60JibWeli/ 'faCT/11 nepC/11/11 ( MJI/11 J1paKa; 744-748 rr.).

IOr0-3An.AJJ,HA$l A3lt1$l BoiiH&I BHYTPIA xan!AtJ>ara

Abi

521

o6oiiiJIM ero. PaHbiiie MyxTap

O,LJ,MH3.KOBO 6biJIM HeHaBHCTHhl KaK

yqacTBOBaJI B 3aroBope B noJib3Y Xy-

0Meitli,LI,aM, TaKM IIpMBepJKeHUaM H6H

BOCC'D\HHJI IIOCTOJIHHO IIOTpll-

ce~Ha (cbiHa XaJIM<}>a AJIM), 3aTeM

3y6e~pa, M IIpOTHB HHX 6opOJIMCb KaK

ca.JUI XaJIM<}>aT 0Me~JIAOB. OrpoMHhle

rroMoraJI APYrHM rrpeTeHAeHTaM Ha

Te, TaK M Apyrne. Cpe,u,H CaMHX xapMAJKHTOB IIpOM30IlleJI paCKOJI.

33.BOeBaHMJI o6ora!UaJIM XaJIM<}>OB,

npecToJI, Ho, Kor,LJ,a M Te He YAOBJie-

rJiaBHOKOMaHAYIOIUMX HaMeCTHMKOB

TBopMJIM ero IIpMTJI3aHM~, CTaJI MC-

CropoHHMKM 6oJiee yMepeHHhlX

o6JiacTe~, rrpeACTaBMTeJie~ cTapoit M

K3.Tb IIpMBepJKeHUeB cpe,LJ,H IIIMHTOB

,LJ,eitCTBMit OTKOJIOJIMCb OT OCHOBHOit

HOBoit 3HaTM. BoJibiiiaJI qacTb 6ora-

Ky<}>M.

Toit BOeHHOit ,LJ,061>JqM, JIY"'IIIMe 3eM-

rpyrrnhl M OTIIpaBMJIHCb B I(eH1paJib-

Bo3rJiaBMB BoccTaHMe, MyxTap

HyiOApaBMIO. IIepBoHa"'aJibHO OHM He

JIM ,LJ,OCT3.BaJIMCb MM. 3TO Bbl3BaJIO

OKa3aJICJI <}>aKTH"'eCKHM rrpaBMTeJieM

rrpoJIBJIJIJIH ce6JI Tru.t oco6eHHO a.KTHB-

He,LJ,OBOJibCTBO pliAOBhlX BOMHOB, ce-

IIO"'TM Bcero Hpa.Ka. 3a cpaBHHTeJib-

Ho, HO He IIO,LJ,"'HHJIJIMCb H6H 3y6eit-

Meit IIOrM6IIIMX COJI,LJ,3.T M, B KOHe"!-

HO He6oJibiiiOH cpoK eMY YAaJIOCb co-

py,

HOM C"'eTe, IIIMpOKHX CJIOeB KpeCTb-

6paTb 3H3."1HTeJlbHhle BOeHHhle CMJlbl M

YMepeHHhle xapMAJKHTbl rrpMo6penH

JIH, CKOTOBO,LJ,OB, peMeCJieHHMKOB,

HaHeCTH IIOpa:>KeHMe Xa.JIH<}>CKHM BOH-

IIO-IIpe)f(HeMy OTJiro!UeHHbiX HaJIOra-

CKaM. 0,LJ,HaKo B

MM, CBJI33.HHbiMM C orpOMHbiMH pac-

<J:>o~ BOitCKO IIOBCTaHUeB 6hlJIO pa36M-

CHJiru.tH, B3JIJIM ropoA MagaHH (6MB-

XO,LJ,3.MM Ha 33.BOeBaHMe HOBhlX Tep-

TO. MyxTap 6blJI y6HT. IIo6e,LJ,MTeJIM

IIIHH KTecM<}>oH). XapMAJKHTbi 3aHJIJIH

pMTOpMit. KaK rrpaBMJio, Hapo,LJ,Hhle

JKecTOKO pacrrpaBMJIHCb c ropoJKa.Ha-

Pen, oc~HJIM Mc<}>axaH H cHoBa Bep-

BOCCTaHMJI o6JieKaJIMCb B <)>opMy pa3-

MM Ky<}>M M yqacTHMKaMM 6oJI: rro"!TH

HYJIMCb K Ky<J:>e M Bacpe. IIocJie B3li-

JIM"'HhlX peJIMrH03HhlX CeKTaHTCKHX

BCe IIJieHHhle 6biJIM rrepe6MThl. 0,LJ,HO-

THJI MeKKH M YHM"'TTJKeHH.li rrocJie,LJ,He-

BpeMeHHO C BOCCT3.HMeM IIIHMTOB B

ro rr peTeHAeHTa Ha rrpecTOJI 0MeitJIAbi

ABMJKeHMit.

687 r.

B 6o10 IIOA Ky-

KoTOphlit HaxOAMJICJI B MeKKe.

60JibiiiOe BJIMJIHMe cpe,u_H 6e,LJ,yMHOB. B

687 r. OHH BhlCTYIIHJIH c KpyrrHbiMH

HarrepBhlit IIJiaH BhlABMraJIHCb pe-

Hpa.Ke rrpoHCXOAMJIO BOCCTaHMe IIOA

HaiipaBHJIH CBOH BO~CKaiipOTHB xapH-

JIMrH03Hhle JI03YHrn. 3aqacryiO TPYA-

pyKoBOACTBOM ceKThi xapMAJKHTOB B

,LJ,JKHTOB. B

HO ycTaHOBMTb COUMaJibHYIO cym-

apce, KepMaHe M XopacaHe, rrpo-

CTaHMe B I(eH1paJibHOit ApaBMH. Ha

HOCTb TOro MJIH MHOrO ,LJ,BMJKeHHJI,

AOJIJKaBIIIeecJI oKoJio ,LJ,eCJITH JieT. IIep-

BOCTOKe, B <l>apce, XaJIH<}>CKHe BOitCKa

H3.CTOJlbKO rrepeiiJieTaJIHCb B HeM pe-

BOHa"!aJibHO IIOBCT3.Hl.lhl o60CHOBa-

B Te"!eHHe ,LJ,Byx JieT TepiieJIM IIOCTO-

JIMrH03Hhle, MeJKIIJieMeHHhle M IIOJIM-

JIMCb B Xy3HCTaHe M IIblTaJIMCb B3.liTh

JIHHhle rropa:>KeHMJI. CpeAM oMeitJIAC-

TH"!eCKHe IIpOTHBOpe"'HJI. IloJIOJKeHMe OCJIOJKHJIJIOCb TeM, "'TT BO rJiaBe Ka:>K-

Bacpy, HO rrocJie rropaJKeHHJI OTOlliJlM

KHX BOitCK yqacTHJIOCb,LJ,e3ePTMPCTBO,

B apc M KepMaH. IloJioJKeHHe xapM-

IIOJIKOBO.Ll,l.lhl He MOrJIM IIOMepJKH-

,LJ,Oro M3 3TMX ABMJKeHMH BbicryrraJIM

AJKHTOB ycJIOJKHJIJIOCb TeM, "'TT OHM

B3.Tb ,LJ,MCUMIIJIMHY B apMHH, HHKTO He

692

r. OHH IIOAaBHJIH Boc-

rrpe,LJ,cTaBMTeJIM rocno,LJ,CTBYIO!llero KJiacca, MeJIKHe M cpeAHMe <J:>eo,LJ,aJihl, He,LJ,OBOJlbHhle rrpaBJieHMeM 0MeitJI,LJ,OB, o6o~,LJ,eHHhle rrpM pacnpe,LJ,eJieHMM rocy,LJ,apcTBeHHhlX ,LJ,OJIJKHOCTeH MJIM ycTpaHeHHhle C 3aHMMaeMhlX IIOCTOB. OcHOBHYIO ABMJKYIUYIO CHJIY B HapO.Ll,HhlX BhlCTYIIJieHMJIX rrpe,LJ,CTaBJIJIJIM KpecTbJIHe MJIM pliAOBhle 6e,LJ,yMHbi. YqacTBOBaJIM B HMX peMecJieHHMKM M MeJIKHe roproBUhl. HeMaJIYIO pOJib B 3THX BOCCTaHMJIX MrpaJIM M BOMHhl. B

685 r. B Ky<J:>e Ha"'aJIOCbKpyrrHoe

BOCCTaHHe IIOA IIIHHTCKHMM JI03yHraMH, B KOTOpOM IIpMHMMaJIM yqacTHe KaK apa6bi, TaK M rrepchl, peMecJieHHMKM H ropO.Ll,CKaJI 6e,LJ,HOTa. IlpliMhlX

YKa3aHH~ o6 yqacTMM B HeM KpecThJIHCKHX Mace HeT. BoeBaBIIIMe Han~a足 JIM Ha 6oraqe8 Ky<)>M, 3a6Hpa.JIM MX MMymecTBo. IloBcTaHuaM YAaJIOCb rrporHaTh BoitcKa ChlHa3y6enpa M 3aBJI3AeTb ropo,LJ,OM. B 3TOT MOMeHT BocCTaHHe B03rJiaBMJI apa6CKHit MeJIKHit <J:>eo,LJ,a.JI MyxTap. OH rrpeTeHAOBaJI Ha rrocT Hru.tecTHMKa B Ky<J:>e, HO 0MeitJI-

MycynbMaHe, ocaJKAa10~11e xp11cr11aHCKYIO KPenocrb. XIII a.

522

B3JlET V1 CJ].EP.>KV1BAHV1E V1CJ1AMA. 600-800 rr.

CorAHHCKHH BOHH. CTeHHaSI pocnHcb VII B. XOTeJI M.LJ.TII M3 Hpaxa B ¢ape, 'IT06bi

Maeeax Bbl3BaJIO paenpoeTpaHeHMe

6blJIO IIpMeJiaHO rroqrM 30 TbleJiq XO-

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IIO.LJ.YlllHOft IIO,ll.aTM Ha TeX, KTO IIpM-

pOlllO BOopy:>KeHHbiX M eHa6:>KeHHbiX

HaMeeTifMK Xa,lJ,)Ka):pK rrpMHJIJI :>Keero-

HiiJI MeJiaM. B CeBepHoft A<PpMKe

BeeM Heo6xo.LJ.MMbiM BOMHOB. ITo-

KHe Mepbl M ,ll.06MJie.ll M3MeHeHHH IIO-

6biJIO HeMaJIO xapM,ll.JKHTOB, 6e:>KaB-

BeTaHqeeKM apMMil eoeTO.siJia M3 IIJIO-

JIO:>KeHH.ll B BOfteKaX.

lllHX B eBOe BpeMH M3 BOeTOqHbJX o6-

XO BOopy:>KeHHhlX, IIOJiypa3,ll.eTblX

ITepByro rro6e.LI.y H3.LJ. rroBeTaHUaMH

JiaeTeft. IToKa lllJIM 3aBoeBaTeJibHhle

6ep6epoB. Ho OHM HaHeeJIM eBOMM

XaJIH<l>eKHe BOfieKa O,ll.ep:>KaJIM B 695 r.

BOfiHhl, OHM rroqTM eB060,ll.HO BeJIM

IIpOTMBHMh'aM pelllMTeJibHOe IIOpa:>Ke-

B <Papee, rroeJie qero xapH.LQKIIThl OT-

eBOIO IIpOIIOBe,ll.b 3a «e B060,ll.Hble

HMe, 3aMaHMB MX B my6b eTpaHbl M

eryrrHJIH B KepMaH. Cpe,u,M BoeeTaBlllHX

Bbl60phl» XaJIM<l>OB, IIpOTIIB y3yprra-

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yeHJIMJIHeb pa3HOrJiaeHH, a IIOeJie rn-

TOpOB 0Meft.ll,ll.OB, He3aKOHHO 3aH.siB-

rrexoThl. BeKope rroBeTaHUhl .LJ.BMHy-

6eJIH B 696 r. masH oro pyKoBO.LJ.JITeJI.ll

lllMX xanM<PeKHfi npeeToJI. Hx rrpo-

JIMeb K KattpyaHy ABYMH apMMJIMM.

IIOBeTaHUeB KaTapH Bee ,ll.BH:>KeHMe

rraraH.LJ.a KaK HeJib3.ll JiyqllJe oTBeqana

KaitpyaHeKOl\1)' HaMeeTHMKY ~anoeb

rrolllJio Ha y6blJib. B eJie.LJ.yromeM ro.LI.y

yMoHaeTpoeHHJIM 6ep6epoB, 33.LJ.aB-

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JieHHhlX <Peo,ll.aJibHhlM rHeTOM, He-

742 r. eoKpyrnMTeJibHhltt y.LI.ap.

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pano HeMaJIOBa:>KHYIO pOJib B eBep:>Ke-

Ke xanH<PaTa, B I(eH1paJibHOft ApasHH,

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HO ,ll.BH:>KeHHe B 3TMX paitoHax Y:>Ke He

HaJIOroB IIpMMeH.liJIM oeo6eHHO :>Kee-

BOeHHYIO MOlllb M JIMlllHB roey,ll.ap-

IIpMHHMaJIO MaeeOBOro xapaKTepa.

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HoBoe KpyrrHoe BoeeTaHMe xapMAJKH-

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rOBbiX IIOe'I)'IIJieHMfi.

BoeeTaHMe 6ep6epoB MMeJIO ,ll.aJieOHO eblr-

TOB Haqanoeb B Hpaxe B 717 r. 3a KO-

06'be,ll.MHMJIMeb M IIpMHJIJIM xapah.'Tep

BoeeTaHM.ll oxBaTMJIM M ApyrMe

pOTKoe BpeM.si rroBeTaHUaM y.LI.aJioeb

HaeTo.simett BOfiHhl. ITo eBoett Maeeo-

IIpOBMHUMM XaJIM<l>aTa, BOJIHeHMil M

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pa.si HeO,ll.HOKpaTifO O,ll.ep:>KHBaJia rro6e-

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eTBOBaHM.ll XaJIH<l>aTa.

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0,ll.HaKO B 720 r. BOeeTaHMe 6blJIO IIO-

B 740 r. HaMeeTifMKOM CeBepHott

,ll.aBJieHO. BoeeTaHMJI rroBTopJIJIMeb B

A<PpMKM 6blJiarrpe,ll.npMHHTa KaMIIaHM.ll

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B CMUMJIMIO. BoJiblllaJI qaeTh rrpasM-

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TeJibeTBeHHhlX BOfieK 6blJia 3aHi!Ta B

KMHHeepMHe, Ta,ll.Mope M AP· ITo-

B 739 r. BeiiblXHYJIO BOeeTaHMe

3TOft 3Keiie,ll.MUMH, qTo IIOeJiy:>KMJIO

BeTaHUbi Oe3,ll.MJIM ,[{ar.1aeK.

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eTBOM A6y MyeJIMMa, Kompoe rroJio-

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0MeitlJ,ll.OB. C ear.1oro Haqana HapoA-

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B 40-x rr.

VIII B. B Cpe,u,Hett A3MM

Haqanoeb BoeeTaHMe IIOA pyKoBOA-

IOI0-3AnNJ,HA~ A3V1~ ITpOTliBHHIGI 0Mefur.I:loB, ITpe,o:CTamrreJlli ceMbii A66aca- Ll5mH «ITpopoKa». IIepBoHa'-!arrbHO OHII ITOJJ:JJ:ep)KliBaJIII AJlli, HO IT03):(Hee ITpli3HaJlli OMefur.I:loB. IIoc-reiTeHHO A66acll)];bl cKornrnii orpoMHoe COCTOmrn:e, 3aBep60BaJlli MHOro ITpiiBepmem.xeB, no6liJllicb cornarneHIIH C ITOTOMKaMII Anii II ITpii,o:anii IIIIIIITCKOH ITpoiTaraHne 6onee pacIDThiB'laTh!e <iJopMH. JI03)'IIT o Heo6xo)lliMOCTII ITepenalJII Bn acm ITOTDMKaM AJlli OHII 3aMeHIIJlli n03YJITOM «Bna)];bl'-!eCTBo MH noMa ITpopoKa», TeM caMHM BKJIIOlJIIB B TPe6oBaHIIe IllliiiTOB ITpiiTH3aHIIH cBoeil ceMbii Ha ITpecron . B Xopaca.He ITpiiBepmem.xbi A66aCm:J:OB yciineHHo ITpii3biBaJlli HaceneHIIe B03BpaTliTb BnaCTb «LlOMY ITpopoKa». K 3TOMY ITpii3biBY ITpiicoe):(liHllnocb HaceneHIIe roponoB II nepeBeHb, KaK apa6bl, TaK II IIpa.IUXbi. 0rn:pbiTOe BOCCTaHIIe Ha'-!arrOcb B 747 r. ITO)l MepBoM, II B ITepBOM me 60IO XaJlli<iJCKIIe BOllCKa 6blnii pa36IIThi. HaMeCTHIIK MepBa 6Hn B~eH OCTaBli'Th ropo,o: II OTCTYilll'Th K Hliiiiarrypy, HO 3)lecb OTPHLl ITOBCTaHUeB HarHarr era. Ilo,o:KpeiTneHIIe II3 Hpa.Ka ITo,o:oiiino cnliiiiKoM IT03JJ:HO, II B 748 r. coe)lliHeHHble CIInbi xarrii¢aTa ITOTepiTeJlli ITOpa,}l(eHIIe. IIoBCTaiUXbi C CaMOro Ha'-!arra Bbl):(BliHYJlli II3 cBoeil cpe)lbl ciToco6HbiX BoeHa'laJibHIIKOB, KOTOpbie CMOrJlli ll3 pa3p03HeHHbiX OTpH)lOB C03)laTb XOpOIII)'IO apMIIIO ):(0 100 ThiCH'l '-!enoBeK. 3axBaTliB XopacaH, apMIIH ITOBCTaHueB JJ:BHHynacb B HecKonbKIIX HaiTpaBneHIIHX Ha 3arran. 06be)liiHeHHaH apMIIH xanii<lJa Bbiiiina HaBCTpelJY ITOBCTaH'leCKOll apMllll, HO Bee yciiniiH oKa3aJlliCb 6e3ycITeiiiHbiMli; ITOBCTalllXbi B3HJlli Hc¢a,xaH, HexaBeH,o:, BToprJllicb B Xy3IICTaH II CTaJlli ITpii6nll}l(aTbcH K Ky¢e. BcKope Ky¢a 6Hna B3HTa 6e3 6oH. EbiJlli pa36liTh! BoilcKa, KoropbiMII PYKOBo)llln JllilJHO xa.Jlli¢ MepBaH II. OH 6emarr B CIJ:piiiO. IlOBCTamxbi 3aHHJlli ,lJ;aMaCK. Xa.Jlli¢ 6emarr B ErnrreT, HO 6Hn cXBa'-!eH II YMeplll,Bn eH. ,lJ;HHaCTIIH 0MeHH)lOB 6blna CBepreyTa. 0CHOBaHHexanH~Ta

A66acn.qos, 750-800 rr. npv1Ha,l1,.!1e)l(aBWVIe K MeKKaHCKOMY po,D.y xawVIM ( VlflVI xawVIMVITOB) noTOMKVI an-A66aca VI6H A6A an-

MyrranVI6a, Af/AVI VI O,D.Horo Vl3 6nVI)I(af11wVIx cno,D.BVI)I(HVIKOB npopoKa MyxaMMe,D.a, ao3rnaaVInVI aoccTaHVIe npOTVIB 0MeMR,D.OB. fl1cnOflb3YR WVIVITCKOe ,D.BVI)I(eHVIe VI BOCCTaHVIe A6y MycnVIMa s aocTO'-IHbtX o6nacmx xanw:fJaTa, A66acVI,D.bt s 749 r. 3axaaTVInVI/O)I(Hbti111!1paK, a 3aTeM VI BflaCTb B xanwpaTe. flpOCTb 6paTOy6VIMCTBeHHOM aoiiiHbt 3a,D.ep)l(ana 3KcnaHCVIto VlcnaMa, npe,D.ocTaBVIB ero aparaM nepe,D.btWKY. K KOHLWOnVICbtaaeMoro nepVIo,D.a xanw:Pbt AVIHaCTVIVI A66acVIIJ.OB y;Ke TBep,D.O CVI,D.eflVI Ha TpOHe B Hoaoill cmnV114e 5ar,D.a,D.e. A s MapoKKO VI B fl1cnaHVIVI 6btflVI OCHOBaHbl He3a BVICVIM bte rocy,D.apCTBa Y!4efleBWVIX nocne Kpoaaaoill pe3HVI 0Mei11RAOB.

HA3biBAH ce6H 6orociTacaeMoil )lliHaCTIIell, A66acii)lbi nepmaniiCb ITO BHeiiiHOCTli CTpororo ITpaBOBepiiH. IIonyxpiicmaHcKIIH ,[J;aMacK 6bln coBepiiieHHO ITOKIIHYT. Oco6eHHo peBHOCTHO, C co6mo,o:eHIIeM BCeX o6pH)lOB, COBepiiianii xanii<lJbi CBOII xom,o:eHIIH Ha 6oroMonbe B MeKKY. B )lellCTBIITenbHOCTH OHII elll,e 6onee ynarriiJlliCb oT cTapoapa6cKoro 6biTa, '-!eM 0MeilH):(bl. Memey TeM KaK ciipiiilcKIIe xarrii<lJbi, ITPII 6necKe II pocKOIIIII, BCe-TaKII COXpaHHnli HeKOTOpoe ITono6IIe Hapo)lHbiX Bomneil, )Kllnii oTKpbiTO II noiTycKarrii cBo6onHoe OTHOIIIeHIIe K ce6e BOliHCTBa, A66acll)];bl Harnnii HY}l(HbiM yexaTh )la,}l(e II3 BepHoil Ky<lJbi, TaK KaK liM He HpaBIIJlliCb CBOeBOniie II peciTy6niiKaHCKIIe ITOBa)lKli TaMOIIIHliX apa6CKIIX IToceneH[(eB. Bropoil xanii¢ )lliHacTIIII, A6y-,IJ;ma¢ap, ITp03BaHHb!ll Anh MaHcypoM (<mo6e,o:oHOCHbiM», 75477 5 rr.) ycTpoiin ce6e croniiUY Ha peKe TIIrp, He,o:aneKo oT pa3pyiiieHHOH pe3II,o:em.xllll CaccaHll)lOB K-recii¢oHa. B 3TOM CIInbHO YKPeiTneHHOM ropo,o:e, ITOn YlJIIBIIIeM IIMH Ear,o:ana (6oronaHHoro ), JJ:Bopeu xa.Jlli¢a c era 06IIIllpHbiM rapeMOM, cnym6aMII, ITOMelll,eHIIHMli )lnH C'I'pa,}l(ll, Ca)laMli II ITapKaMli )lnH OXOThi, 6bln elll,e B CBOIO 0'-!epe,O:b o6Be,O:eH BbiCOKOll CTeHoil; BnaCTIITenb CTaJI COBepiiieHHO He,O:OCTYIIeH )lnH Hapo,o:a. focy,o:a pcTBO A66acii)lOB 6blno BOCCTaHOBneHIIeMilepCII)lCKOro,o6HOBneHHOro IICn aMOM II ITepeiiie)liiJe-

523 roB PYKII apa6cKoil )lliHacmii. YTBepJJ:IIBIIIIICb Ha ITO'-!Be ITepCII)lCKOll MOHapXIIII, A66acii):(bl BO BCeM cTapaniicb ITO)lpa,}l(aTb 6biTy ITepCII)lCKliX caMo,o:epmueB. IloBropeHIIe ITepciiJJ:CKIIX ITOpH,O:KOB 6blnO ycTpOHCTBO TailHoro Ha)l3opa ITpii ITocpe,o:cTBe [(apCKOll ITO'-!Tbl. IlO'ITOBble TpaKTbi 6Hnii ITponomeHbi II3 CToniiUbi B ITpoBIIHUIIII, HO OHII cnymiinii He )lnH lJaCTHOll ITepeiTIICKli, a )lnH )lOCTaBneHIIH ITpiiKa3oB II noHeceHIIil. Ha'-!anbHIIK ITOlJTbl ClJIITanCH «OKOM» rocy,o:apH: '-!epe3 CBOIIX ITO)llJIIHeHHbiX, COCTaBnHBIIIliX TaHeyiO ITOJlli[(liiO, OH cne):(Hn 3a HaCTpOeHIIeM HaceneHIIH II ITOBe,O:eHIIeM HaMeCTHliKOB, ITO,O:aTHbiX lJliHOBHliKOB II yiTpaBnHIOill,liX rocy,o:apcTBeHHbiX IIMeHIIH. OH nonmeH 6bln ITOCTOHHHO )lOHOCliTh rocy,o:apiO o caMbiX pa3Hoo6pa3HbiX Belll,ax: o ITonomeHIIII 3eMne):(eJlliH, o cocToHHIIII KpeCThHH, 0 KOnii'-!eCTBe MOHeTbi, o BCHKoro po,o:a 3noyiToTpe6neHIIHX, cne):(ll'Th 3a liCITpaBHOCThiO BOllCKa II yiTnaToil eMy manoBaHbH, ITO era ,o:oKnany xanii¢ Hepe,o:Ko cMelll,arr II HaKa3biBaJI lJHHOBHliKOB. A66acii)lbi ycBoiin ii Bee )lBopuoBble HpaBbi ITpemHIIX BOCTO'-!HbiX uapeil. ,[J;nH Hapo,o:a OHII 6blnii BOITnoIll,eHIIeM 6omeCTBa, TBOp[(aMII 3aKOHa, B CBOIO O'Iepe):(b HIIKaKOMY 3aKOHY He ITOJJ:'IIIHeHHble. TaKoil HeorpaHII'-!eHHblll ITpOII3BOn liMen HeBblro,o:Hble ITocne):(CTBIIH ,o:nH ca.MOll ):(IIHaCTHII, 0MellH):(bi 06biKHOBeHHO ITpencTaBnHnii HacnenHIIKa ITpecTona Ha ono6peHIIe BOIIHCTBY II 3TliM o6eciTelJIIBanii eMy CITOKOllHOe BCTYIIneHIIe BO BnacTh. Y A66acii,o:oB, peiiiaBIIIIIX Bee ,o:ena B,o:anii oT Hapona, xanii¢ Ha3Ha'-!an ce6e ITpeeMHIIKa ITO ycMOTpeHIIIO, HO ITOCn e era cMepm c era 3aBelll,aHIIeM He clJIITaniicb, ITpoiicxoniin ITepeBopoT, II BouapiiBIIIIIHCH ITo6e)lliTenb 6eciToIll,a)lHO paciTpaBnHncH c 6niima.lliiiiiMII pO,O:CTBeHHIIKaMII CBOIIMII. Xanii<lJ Maxnii (775-786 rr.) ITepenan Bn aCTb CBOeMy CTapiiieMy CbiHY Xa,o:II. Ho MaTh ITpe,o:ITo'-!na Mnaniiiero, fapyHa, ITp03BaHHoro ap-PaiiiiinoM (IlpaBocy,o:HbiM); ee pa6biHII 3aJJ:yiiiiinii ITOJJ:YlliKaMII Xa)lll, a BII3Hpb II3 ¢aMIIniiii EapMeKII)lOB paciTopH)liinCH ITpoBo3rnacli'Th xarrii<iJoM fapy-

524

B3JlET V1 CtJ.EP)I(VlBAHVlE VlCJlAMA. 600-800 rr.

BcaAHHK. l1305paJKeHHe Ha c.nOHOBOj;j KOCTH. Py6eJK VII-VIII BB. (noc.ne 3aaoeaaHHSI ErHnTa MycynbM3H3MH). npHMell.faTenbHO, "fTO BC3AHHK Hcnonb3yeT cTpeMeHa, a KOpOTKHj;j Me<f H BecbMa xapaKTepHast Y3Ae<fKa yKa3biBaiOT Ha HX apa6cKOe npOHCXOJKAeHHe

Ha (786-809 rr. ). TaK )Ke 61>mo noTOM HapyrneHo 3aBelllaHHe caMoro fapyHa, HeCM01p.fl Ha TO, 'ITO OH IIOJIO)KHJI ..ll.OKYMeHT B CB.fiTOM MeCTeB cruvtoJ;I Kaa6e. XaJIH<l> OTCTpaHHJI Ha 3TOT pa3 OT npecTOJia cTaprnero ChlHa cBoero, A6..U.aJIJiaxa aJih-MaaMyHa (TBep..ll.OCJIOBa), KaK po)K..ll.eHHOro OT nepCH..ll.CKOJ;i pa6h1HH, B IIOJih3Y MJI3..ll.rnero, qHcTO apa6cKoro rrpoHcxo:w-..u.eHH.fl. Ho MaaMYH, pacrroJiara.si B cBoeM BOCTOqHOM HaMeCTHHqecTBe, XopacaHe, CHJihHhlM BoJ;icKoM, H3..ll.BHHYJIC.fl Ha Bar..u.a..u., pa36HJI B cpa)KeHHH H yMepTBHJI CBOero 6paTaH BOI.IapHJIC.fl caM.

7 4 7-7 49 rr. BCnbiW KA BOCCTAH'-'IS1 B XOPACAHE. npe.aeo.aureneM ero f!Bnflncfl A6y MycnuM, npueep)l(eHe~ l16paxuMa uA6y-nbA66aca ac-Cacpcpaxa, BHYKOB anA66aca. HecMorpfl Ha ynopHoe conporueneHue HaMecrHMKa XopacaHa Hacpa u6H Catlif!pa, A6y MycnuM 3axearun Mepe (748 r.). 3areM OJJ.MH 113 BOeHa<{aflbHMKOB t16paXMMa, Kaxra6a, pa36un Hacpa B 6uree npu Huwanype (B coep. l1paHe), a HeKoropoe epeMfl cnycrf!- npu ropraHe 11 HexaBeH.ae ( o6a B COBp. l1paHe), a raK)I(e Kep6ene (B coep. VfpaKe). 80CCTaHMe, OXBaTMBWee BC/0 nepCM/0 11 MeconoraMM/0 no3BOnMno A6y-nb-A66acy ( l16parMM K TOMY BpeMeHM }')l(e yMep) npoB03maCMTb ce6f! xanucpoM B Kycf>e (749r.). S1Haapb 750r. 6'-'ITBAHAPEKE 60IlbWOPI 3A6 (B COBp. TypU,Iillil). 3.aecb Kaxra6a pewurenbHO pa36Mn MepeaHa If, KoropbJtli 6e)l(an B Emner, r.ae BCKope 6bm y6MT. 3a 9TMM nocne.aoeanu cucreMaTM<{eCKMe y6utlicrea 6onbwetli <{aCTM po.aa 0Metlif!JJ.OB. 750-754 rr. 1...\APCTBOBAH'-'IE A6Y-Ilb-A66ACA, nEPBOfO XA11'-'IA '-13 A'-'IHACT'-1'-1 A66AC'-1AOB. B Cupuu M MeconoraMMM BCnbJXHyno 3a 9TM TOJJ.bl HeCKOflbKO BOCCTaHMtA, CTaBMBWMX ~eflb/0 BepHYTb 0Metlif!JJ.OB Ha npecron. nonb3Yf!Cb 9TMM, BM3aHTMtA~bl Heo.aHoKparHo coeepwanu Ha6eru, my60KO npOHMKaf/ Ha reppMTOPM/0 Xanucpara. 751 r. 6'-'ITBAHAPEKETAilAC. 3.aecb, Ha reppMTOPMM COBpeMeHHOTO Kupru3craHa, MycynbMaHe HaKOHe~ OJJ.ep)l(aflM no6e.ay, 3aCTaBMBWYIO KMTatli~eB ytliTM M3 MaeepaHHaxpa.

754-775 rr.I...\APCTBOBAH'-'IE A6Y WKAAPAA6AAJ1I1AXA'-16H MYXAMMEAA Ailb-MAHCYPA (6PATA A6Y-Ilb-A66ACA). Ero npaeo Ha npecron ocnapueanocb .apyrMMM A66acu.aaMM. 3ru Mf!Te)I(M 6bmM no.aaeneHbJ ycunMfiMM nonKoeo.a~a A6y MycnuMa, Ha3Ha<{eHHoro renepb HaMecrHMKOM XopacaHa. O.aHaKo 3areM, peBHYfl K ero cnaee, anb-MaHcyp npuKa3an y6MTb A6y MycnuMa, M3-3a <{ero B XopacaHe 11 nOBCIO.ll.Y B xanMcpare B0306HOBMfll1Cb BOCCTaHMfl. B KOH~e KOH~OB OHM 6bmM no.aaeneHbJ, nonbJTKM 0MetARaOB BepHyrbCfl Ha TPOH- npeCe<{eHbl, OJJ.HaKO BOCCTaHOBMTb BnaCTbA66aCMJJ.OB BVfcnaHMM He y.aaflOCb. 0KOH<{aTeflbHO yreepJJ.MB.ll.MHaCTM/0, Bnb-MaHcyp OCHOBBn HOBY/0 CTOflM~YB 6ar.aa.ae (762-766 rr.). 762 r. BOCCTAH'-'IE W'-1'-'ITOB. 0Ho 6bmo no.aaeneHo B 6uree npu 6aKXaMpe (B 77 KM OT Kycpbl B COBp. l1paKe). 775-785r.I...\APCTBOBAH'-'IE Ailb-MAXA'-1 (CbiHA Ailb-MAHCYPA). no.aaBMB HeCKOflbKO BOCCTaHMtA, OH B0306HOBMfl BOtAHY C BM38HTMtACKOtA MMnepMetli ( 778 r.). 779-783 rr. BOP!Hbl C B'-13AHT'-'IEPI. nocne MHOTMX ycnewHb/X npOHMKHOBeHMtA B AHaTOflM/0 eotlicK no.a KOMaH.aoeaHMeM XapyHa ap-Pawu.aa (cbJHa anb-Max.au) BM3aHrutlicKafl MMneparpu~a l1pMHa 3aK!I/O<{Mna MMP 11 comacMnacb nnaTMTb JJ.aHb (783 r.). 786-809 rr. 1...\APCTBOBAH'-'IE XAPYHAAP-PAW'-'IAA. Ha 9TM roJJ.bl npMWeflCf/3eHMTMOryll.leCTBa 11 npo~BeTaHMfl XanMcpara A66acu.aoe. t1 XOTfl BHyrpeHHMe 6ecnopf!JJ.KM npoJJ.Ofl)l(aflMCb, 3aTO B apa6CKO-BM38HTMtACKMX BOtAHaX apa6aM, B 0611.1eM 11 ~enoM, conyrcreoean ycnex.

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A3 V1 ~, 600-800 rT.

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apa6cKvrill nopT ,a)f(vr.a.ay (702 r.) ,

xoM vr6H Caa,aoM, '-lbH apMvrH onyc-

XOTH B 061.1.1BM, OTHOWBHIIFH C XafJMrfiaTOM 6blflllr MllrpHb/MIIF. B aepxoBbHX Hvrna pacnonaranvrcb ,apyrvre xpvrcTvraHcKvre J4ap-

mwvrna MaKyppCKYIO CTOflllr/4Y ,[1yHKYfTY. no no6epe)f(bl0 KpacHoro MOPH aT 9r:Pvronvrvr .ao ErvrnTa 6bmvr pa36pocaHbl ManeHbKvre rocy,aapCTBa - Kyam, ,a)f(apvrH, 5a3a, 5aKnvrH vr HaKavrc (Ha ervrneTcKoill rpaHMJ4e). nepBble 6bmvr aaccanaMvr AKcyMa. /O)f(Hee, Ha TeppvrTopvrvr coapeMeHHbiX KeHvrvr vr IO)f(HOill '-/acTvr TeppvrTopvrvr CoManvr Haxo.avrnocb KoponeacTao nneMeHHoro co103a 6aHTY- 3vrH,a)f(.

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nocne era cMepTvr. O.avrH M3 era MvrHvrcTpoa, aBaHTIOpiiFCT no IIFMBHIIF ApA)f(yHa, 3axaaTvrn aocTO'-IHble npo-

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526

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0Kollo 650 r. nOSIBnEHVIE rYPA}I{A.PQB. OH/11 o60CHOBan/IICb B

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770-810 rr. B03BbiWEHVIE AXAPMAnAnbl (CbiHa lonanbl).

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nocnaHHble I!IMnepaTOpoM Tai1LpyHOM Bb/COKOnOCTaBneHHb/e CaHOBH/IIK/11 BaH CIOaHb/43 /II L1,3RH Wl!l)f(3Hb. Kol/],a Ha ceaepe /ITH/1,/11/11 noconbcTao no/],aepmocb Hana/],eH/1110 Ap/1,)f(YHbl /II L1,3RH Wl!l)f(3Hb no/1!16, BaH CIOaHb/43- o'!eB/11/l,HO, cnoco6Hbli1 /II Cl!lnbHb/M Jl.YXOM LfenoBeK- OTCTYnl!ln B IOpbl, 1/],e nonYLfl!ln OKOnO 7 Tb/CRLf BO/IIHOB OT KOpOnR Henana /II el.f4e Tb/CRLfY OT T/116eTCKO/O f4apR CpOHf43aH18M60 ( o6a OH/11 RBnRnl!lcb aaccanaM/11 K/IITaMCK0/0 /IIMnepaTOpa). 3aTeM BaH CIOaHb/43 aepHyncR a /l,Oni!IHY /aH/8, Hamnoay pa361!1n BOMCKO Ap/1,)/(}'Hb/ /II KaK nneHH/IIKa OTnpaB/IIn He3a/],aLfn/IIBOIO MOHapxa B KI!ITa£1 KO /l,Bopy Tai1f43YHa. (Ecn/11 3TI!I /],aHHble 0 Lf/IICneHHOCT/11 npaB/IInbHbl, TO cne/l,yeT c/],enaTb Bb/B0/1,, 'ITO BaH CIOaHb143 6bln n/1160 /IICKn/0'1/IITenbHO 0/],apeHHb/M, nM6o Kpai1He y/l,aLfni!IBbiM nonKOBO/],f4eM, l!ln/11 )f(e npi!IB0/1,/IIMb/e 06b/LfHO CBe/],eH/IIR 0 Lf/IICneHHOCT/11 /IIH-

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lO>KHAs:l A3ltls:l, 600-800 rr.

527

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625-630 rr. BO~HA nYJlAKEW"'HA II C nAJlJlABAM"'. 0Ha YT-

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BCeX HanpaeneHU>IX MMflUTapUCT-

eep.auna npeBOCXO.[l,CTBO .[l,UHaCTMM

CKOe rocy.aapcTBo, no u.aee u opra-

1../anyKbeB B /O)I(HOi!t l1HP,MM.

Ban ynopHo

pacwupRJ011..1eec>~

KOHe~

.[l,UHaCTMM

0Kono 730-7 40 rr. BO~HA 4AJlYKbEB C nAJlJlABAM"'. BuKpaMa.auTb>lll, BHYK BuKpaMa.ll,UTbM l,

HM3a~uu cpaBHMMoe c ,apeeHei!t Ac-

630 r. BOCCTAH"'E KY6WfG1.

cupuei!t. 0p,HaKO maBHb/W ero HaTUCK

3TOT 6paT nynaKeWUHa, Ha3Ha4eH-

BOB, TPM)I(.ll,b/ 3aXBaTUB MX

6blfl HanpaeneH Ha .[l,OflMHY faHra, 3a C4eT fypp,)l(apa-npaTUXapCKOi!t .ll,M-

Hb/W MM BeH)I(UWCKMM HaMeCTHMKOM,

KaH4M.

npoeo3macun He3aeucuMOCTb u y4-

HaCTMM. K KOH~Y BeKa nop, BflaCTb/0

pe.aun BOCT04HYIO .ll,UHaCTM/0 1../any-

753 r. OCHOBAH"'E A"'HACT"'"' PAWTPAKYTOB. OcHoBaTenb

KbeB.

.[l,UHaCTMM, _aaHTMP,ypra, npOB03ma-

fOBMH.ll,b/

ill,

CaMOTO 3HaMeHUTOTO

npe.acTaBuTen>~ .auHacTuu PawTpa-

630-642 rr. B03PO:>KAEH"'E l

OKOH4aTeflbHO CflOMMfl MO/J..Ib nannaCTOflM~Y

CMfl CB0/0 He38BMCMMOCTb OT 1../any-

KYTOB, MX ~apCTBO He TOflbKO YTBep-

nAJlJlABbl.

.ll,MflO CBOe BepXOBeHCTBO B _aeKaHe,

pa3rpOMMfl BOWCKa M C06CTBeHHO-

HOM CTBnO O.ll,HOi!t M3 4eTbJpex maB-

PY4HO y6un nynaKeWUHa B 6uTBe no.a

CBOe I.lapCTBOBaHUe 6bJCTpoi!t Tep-

Hb/X cun, ocnapuea/0/J..IMX rereMo-

BaTanu, cTonu~bJ 1../anyKbeB (642 r.).

puTOpUaflbHOi!t 9KCnaHCUei!t.

HM/0 B npe.aenax ecero l1H.aocTaHa.

fopop, 6blfl )l(eCTOKO pa3rpa6neH.

600-625 rr. u,APCTBOBAH"'E MAXEHAPABAPMAHA (A"'HACT"'S4 nAJlJlABOB). 608-642 rr. u,APCTBOBAH"'E nYJlAKEW "'HA II <A"'HACT"'S4 4AJlYKbEB). 608-625 rr. BO~Hbl ME:>KAY nYJlAKEW"'HOM II "' MAXEHAPABAPMAHOM. noHa4any ycnewHa>l,

HapacuMxaeapMaH

655 r. n06EAA 4AJ1YKbEB HAA 40110~ "' fOCYAAPCTBOM nAHAbEB. BuKpaMa.auTb>~ 1, cb/H nynaKeWUHa lf, HaHeC nopa)l(eHUe

KbeB, HaHeC nopa)l(eHUe MX KupTueapMaHy

II,

~ap/0

a 3aTeM Ha4an

793-814 rr. u,APCTBOBAH"'E fOB"'HAbllll ("'3ro1HACrn"' PAWTPAKYTOB). OH 38BOeBan Maney u fyJl)K8paT, a Ta/OKe o.ae{»Kan no6e.ay Ha.a

060UM 9TMM ~apCTBaM, TeM CaMb/M

rocyp,apCTBOM nannaBOB, KOTOpoe

3aeepwue 38TRHYBWYJOCR eoi!tHy.

Mano-noMany Ha48fl0 BOCCTaHaBnM-

674 r. n06EAA 4AJ1YKbEB HAA nAJlllABAM"'. BuKpaMa.auTb>~

KaK ~apCTBO 1../anyKbeB COKpaiJ..IBnOCb

YHM4TO)I(Ufl CTOflM~Y nannaBOB, ro-

.[l,O pa3MepOB MeflKOTO KH>I)I(eCTBa.

BBTb CBOe MOry/J..IeCTBO no Mepe TOTO,

B3JlET V1 CtJ.EP)I(VlBAHVlE VlCJlAMA. 600-800 rr.

528

Y\ ~

""'">

~ l:

I' .d Jl A

.il

...

KHTai:i, KopeH, litHAHH, SlnoHHH H conpeAenbHbleCTpaHbl a VII- nepaoi:i nonoBHHe VIII a.

K))KHAs:J A3V1s:J, 600-800 rr.

529

H IO~KHA

'·'·.

r o . s ~/·. . . . ,

~~~::~;. . . . · · ··· :· ··· · · ·· ··· · · · .

. . . . . . . . ··~~i;~;~~~(.

.. ~

----

____ ._.. ...

---'

HatnepKll Cyl (.~o 618 r.) H>~nepll.o

Tu ( c 618 r.)

TeppliTOpllll, Raxo.cuamMec• no.c KO~Tpo AeM TaRcKol 11>1nep11K ------- rpaRIIW>O 10npOBHR1id TaRCKOD KllnepHll ""HAHb

CTOAMII& MllnepHK

•

!JeKTpbl npOBKKIIldl

!JeKTpbl Kl.lleCTilll.eCTS

- - - - rJ>!Kllllbl xopeiCkor<> rocy,~~apcna CMAA&

c 660r.

- - - - rpaHMIIbl rocyA&ptTBa 5oxal C 700 r. - - - - rpUMIIbl apa6eKHX lS&JJOe&&lld It 751 r. It • ,

•

180

.960

S4o ...

B3JlET V1 C)J.EP)f(V18AHV1E V1CJlAMA. 600-800 rr.

530

BOCTOqJJMI II QEH1PAJibHAH A3IIH KHTAH, TIOPKH, THI>ET H HAHhq.JK.Ao

npO/..lBeT810WeC1, C8MOC1 MOWHOC1111,

WIIIJI peopr8HIII30B8Tb KIIIT8C1CK/IIe BO-

B03MO)I(HO, C8MOC1 KYflbTYPHOC1 CTp8-

eHHbJe nOJIIIITIIIKY lll.ll,OKTPIIIHy. noH/II-

HOC1 B Mupe. 4enoeeKoM, 6onee .apy-

M8R, '4TO e.ll,/IIHCTBeHHO BepHbJC1 cno-

rux CnOC06CTBOB8BWIIIM 9TOMY, 6blfl

C06 He

eoeHHbJC1 reHuC1 no uMeHu flu Wu-

K0'4eBHIIIKOB- 9TO H8HeCTIIIIIIM nop8-

Bo3po)l(l1emte MorywecTB8 Ku-

MIIIHb, 6onee 1113BeCTHbJC1 K8K IIIMnep8-

)l(eH/IIe H8 ux)l(e co6cTBeHHoC1 Teppu-

T8R e onucbJB8eMbJC1 nepuo.a nocny)l(fllfiO npWl/IIHOC1 TOTO, '4TO BOeHH8R

TOp T8C1l.l3YH, %e l..l8PCTBOB8HIIIe co-

TOpuu, OH BOnpeK/11 H8CTORTeflbHb/M

e.auHuno

BHewHue

peKOMeH.ll,8/..liiiRM COBeTHIIIKOB OTK838JICR OT H8MepeH/IIR no np!IIMepy

ycnewHbJe

.a,onyCTIIITb

BTOp)l(eH!IIC1

IIICTOPIIIR TIOPOK, T/116emee Ill T8C1CKIIIX

38BOeB8HIIIR C MIIIPOM Ill npOJ..lBeT8HIII-

H8po.aoe no'4TIII nonHOCTbiO nepenne-

eM BHYTPIII CTP8Hbl. Kor.a,8 T8C1l..l3YH

npe.awecTBeHHIIIKOB yKpennRTb Be-

fi8Cb C IIICTOp!lleC1 6onee l..liiiBIIIJIIII30-

YH8cne.aoean Bfi8CTb m PYK OT/..l8, oc-

fiiiiKYIO cTeHy. OH pewun eecTu c.aep-

B8HHOTO COCe.ll,8.

HOB8TenR T8HCKoC1 P.IIIH8CTIIIIII flu

)l(fiiB810WIIIe .a,ee1CTBIIIR H8 rp8HIII/..l8X,

108HR, nono)l(eHue CTP8Hbl ece ewe OCT8B8JIOCb .ll,OBOJibHO W8TKIIIM.

K8B8Jiepue1CKYIO, 8PMIIIIO, KOTOPYIO

B H8'48fle

VII e.

KuT8C1 e.a,e8-e.a,e8

H8'4Bn BbiXO.ll,IIITb 1113 Mp8K8 '4eTbJpex-

C03.ll,8B8R HOBYIO, no npeiiiMYWeCTBY

COTJieTHero X80C8, O.ll,HOBpeMeHHO

B 9TO epeMR p8cTywee Morywe-

o6y'48fl K8K B fl8repRX BHYTPIII CTp8-

BCTyn8R B O.ll,IIIH 1113 Befi/11'48C1WIIIX ne-

CTBO BocT0'4Horo TIOPKCKoro K8T8H8-

Hbl, T8K Ill Henocpe.a,cTBeHHO H8 nOflf/X

PIIIO.ll,OB ceoeC1ucTopuu. Bo3po)l(l1e-

T8 npe.ll,CT8BJIRJIO cepbe3HYIO yrpo3y

Cp8)1(eH!IIC1.

HIIIe H8'48fiOCb npu He.aonroee'4HOC1

ceeepHbJM 111 ceeepo-38n8P.HbJM rp8-

3T88PMIIIROnlllpan8CbH8B03pO%-

.auH8CTIIIIII Cye1. nocne.aoe8BW8R 38

HIIIl..l8M. 0CHOBb/B8RCb H8 06WIIIPHOM

P.eHHYIO /..liiiHbCKO-X8HbCKYIO onon-

HeC1.auH8CTIIIR T8H c.aen8fl8 KuT8C1 e

OnbJTe.ll,OCT8T0'4HO ycneWHb/XOnep8-

'4eH'4eCKYIO cucTeMy. T8C1l..l3YH p83.a,e-

TO BpeMR C8MOC1 60JibWOC1, C8MOC1

l..liiiC1 npOTIIIB TIOPOK, IIIMnep8TOp pe-

nun CTP8HY H8 .aecRTb npoBIIIHl.liiiC1 {.a,8o), e ceo10 oqepe.a,bno.a,p83.a,enR10WIIIXCR H8 OKpyru { '4)1(0y) Ill 38TeM H8 ye3.ll,bl { CRHb), KOTOPbiX B CTP8He H8C'4111Tb/B8JIOCb .ll,O nonyTOp8 Tb/CR'-4. BHYTPIII K8)1([10TO 0Kpyr8 KpeCTbRHe 6blfllll opr8HIII30B8Hbl e OTPs:/.ll.bl onon'4eHIIIR { cf>y6uH) 111 perynRpHo npoxo.aunu yqe6HbJe c6opbJ. 3Tu OTPR.ll.bl nooqepe.ll,HO HeCJI/11 CJI}I)I(6y B CTOJI/11'4HOC1111Mnep8TOPCKOC1 re8p.a,uu. Bo BCeX )l(e OCTBnbHbiX CJIY'48RX KpeCTbRHe nplll3b/B8JIIIICb H8 .a,ee1CTB/11TeflbHYIO Cfly)l(6y, TOJibKO eCJI/11 B03HIIIK8JI8 He06XO.ll,IIIMOCTb np!IIMeHeH/IIR Clllflbl -

6y.a,b TO Henocpe.ll,CTBeHHO

BHYTPIII OKPYT8, BJII06oe1.a,pyroe1 npoBIIIH/..llllllllllfl/1138 npe.a,efi8MIII CTP8Hbl. 38eepwue no.aroTOBKY, T8C1l.l3YH npe.a,np!IIHWI cep/1110 K8p8TeflbHb/X9KCne.a,llll.liiiC1 npOTIIIB BOCT0'4Hb/X TIOPOK Ill 38 .a,eCRTb neT CIIICTeM8T/11'4eCKIIIX K8Mn8HIIIC1 YHIII'4TO)I(fllfl 9TOT K8T8H8T. O.a.HoepeMeHHO ycunuRMIII ero .aunJIOM8TOB 6blfl p83pyweH COI03, CBR3b/B8BWIIIC1 ye1rypoe c 38n8P.HbJM TIOPKCKIIIM K8T8H8TOM. npu6JIIII3111TeflbHO e 9TO epeMR e 38na.a,HbJC1 KMT8C1 BTopmucb 1113 Tu6eT8 nneMeH8 TOTOH/..leB. T8C1l.l3YH H8HeC 111M COKpyWIIITeflbHOe nop8)1(eH/IIe Ill 38CT8BIIIJI

6nJO.Qo. l.(eHTpanbHast A3HSI. VII a.

Tu6eTcKoro l..l8PR CpOH/..l38HT8M6o

BOCTOLJHA~

LlEHTPAJlbHA~ A3V1~

531

CTVI coBpeMeHHoro ArpraHVICTaHa, VI

BpeMfl HaMeCTHVIK AHb flywaHb,

,lla)J(e 43PfiMVI KawMVIpa.

nO,llHflfl Mf/Te)J(, BbtpOCWVIiii B OAHY

HMH. Bo:HcKo o6ecrre~nno HMrrepHH TaH ycrrex o6rrmpHbiX 3aBOeBaTenbHbiX rroxonoB . ApMHH 6blna pa3)len eHa Ha COe}:(HHeHHH, KOTOpbie HeCnH cny)K6y KaK B CTOnHQe, TaK ll B rrpoBHHQHH. Ha rpaHHQaX BOHHbi BOeHHbiX rrocen eHHH 3aHHManncb xne6orrarnecTBOM H Hecnn cny)K6y. lliHpOKO HCIIOnb30Banacb KOHHHQa Ko~eBHHKOB. Ho BOeHHb!e, c~TaBIDH ecH HH)Ke rpa)f():laHCKHX ~HHOBHHKOB, HMenH MeHblliee 9KOHOMH~eCKOe

Vl3 CaMbiX fiPOCTHbiX rpa)J(,llaHCKVIX

o6ecrre~eHHe.

3a-

nOMOW,b COXpaHVIBWVIX flOf/flbHOCTb

TeM oH c noMOW.b/0 yiiirypoB pa36VIn

yiiirypoB no3BOnVIna KVITa/0 y,llep-

Vl3aBoeBan 3ana,l!Hbtiii TIOpKCKVIiii Ka-

)J(aTb CVIHb/43f/H. Ko4eBaBwVIe Ha

npV13HaTb C/03epeHVITeT KVITafl.

raHaT, B pe3ynbTaTe 4ero aHHeKcVIpo-

TeppVITOPVIVI coBpeMeHHoiii BHyT-

Ban Becb coBpeMeHHbtiii KVImiiicKVIiii

peHHeiii MoHronVIVI KVIAaHVI Ha4anVI

TypKecmH VI 66nbWYIO 4aCTb TeppVI-

npe,llnpVIHVIMaTb Ha6erVI, my6oKo

TOPVIVI, ne)J(aw,eiii Me)J(AY AnTaeM,

BTopraf/Cb B npe,[!enbt CeBepHoro

naMVIPOM VI ApanbCKVIM MOpeM. Era

KVITaf/. TVI6eT VI o6be,llVIHVIBWaf/Cfl

C/03epeHVITeT 6btn npV13HaH nneMe-

BOKpyr 14apcTBa CVInna KopeR cBep-

HaMVI, 06VITaB11JVIMVI Ha 60flb11lefii 4a-

rnVI KVITaiiicKoe npaBneHVIe. B 9TO

K cepe,llVIHe

VII B.

KVITaiii He VI Men

conepHVIKOB B CeBepHoiii, BocT04Hoiii

BOMH B VICTOpVIVI KVITaf/.

KOH/4e

VlflVI l.J,eHTpanbHoiii A3VIVI. TeM He Me-

KOH/40B C nOMOW,b/0 yfiirypoB Mf/Te)J(

Hee, nocne cMepTVI VIMnepaTopa

6btn noAa aneH, HO npV14VIHeHHbte VIM

589-605 rr. UAPCTBOBAH~E SIH U3HSIHSI (111nv1 li1Mneparopa

nepVIOA

onyCTOWeHVIfl 3aMeTHO YCKOPVIflVI

B3Hb,ll,li1). KoHconVIAa!4VIfl Boccoe,llVI-

pe3KOrO yna,[!Ka -CflVIWKOM MHOrVIe

nonVITVI4eCKVIiii VI BOeHHbtiii yna,llOK

HeHHoiii KVITaiiicKoiii VIMnepVIVI no,ll

nOKOpeHHbte VIM HapO,llbl nbtTaflVICb B

AVIHaCTVIVI TaH. Ew.e OAHOiii npV14VI-

ynpaBneHVIeM nepBoro VIMnepampa

9TO BpeMf/ CBeprHyTb KVITafiiCKY/0

Hoiii 9TOrO yna,l!Ka f/BVIflaCb VICTOpVI-

,llVIHaCTVIVI Cyiii.

ana CTb. Ho K KOH/4Y B eKa MOryW,eCTB 0

4eCKaf/ Hecnoco6HOCTb KV1Tafii14eB

KVITafl BHOBb B03pocno no,ll npaBne-

Hana,llVITb KOHeBO,llCTBO VlflVI cpaB-

YLl,39Tf/Hb ( VlflVI

Hf/TbCf/ C K04eBHVIKaMVI-CTenHf/KaMVI

OKano 600-603 rr. BPEMEHHOE BOCCOEA~HEH~E TIOPKCKOrO KArAHATA. 8 /4apcTBOBa-

Taiii!43YHa

nocne,lloBan

HVIeM VIMnepaTpVI/4bl

YXoy), OAHOiii Vl3 BoweAWVIX B MVIpo-

B VICKYCCTBaX KaBanepVIMCKOM TaK-

HVIe cynTaHa Tap,lly 3ana,l!Hbte TIOPKVI

BY/0 VICTOPVIIO BenVIKVIX npaBVITenb-

TVIKVI VI BepxoBoiii e3,llbt. 3aKaTy VIM-

KaKOe-TO BpeMf/ yrpO)J(aflVI KVITafii-

HVI/4. 0Ha B3owna Ha npecTon, He

nepVIVI HeMano cnoco6cTBOBano VI

CKOM CTOflVI/4e LfaHbaH/0

VIMef/ Ha TO npaB VI ycTpaHVIB C nYTVI

pa3flO)J(eHVIe CVICTeMbl KpeCTbf/H-

c KpyweHVIeM era VIMnepVIVI

(60 1 r.), HO (603 r.)

3aKOHHbiX Hacne,[!HVIKOB, VI npOf/BVIfla

CKOro onon4eHVIfl, ew,e B cpaBHVI-

aTa yrpo3a VIC4e3na.

ce6fl KaK MYAPbiM, XOTf/ VI Hepa36op-

TenbHO He,llaBHeM npownoM oTnVI4-

4VIBbiM B cpe,llCTBax MOHapx. CTpe-

HO Hafla)J(eHHOfii VI B !4eflOM ,llflfl

OKano 600 r. B03BbiWEH~E TOrOHUEB B T~EiETE. PoACTBeH-

Mf/Cb Cfle,llOBaTb BO BCeM npVIMepy VI

cBoero BpeMeHVI ,llOCTaT04HO

co-

Hbte 6onee paHHVIM nneMeHaM Cf/Hb-

onbtT'f flVI WVIMVIHfl, aHa pa3ocnana B

BepweHHoiii.

norpaHVI4Hbte perVIOHbl apMVIVI, BCKO-

9TOT yna,llOK o6ner4VIfl B03Bbi-

TaBWVIe B paiiioHe coBpeMeHHoiii

6VI, TOrOH/4bl, nepBOHa4aflbHO 06VI-

pe BOCCTaHOBVIBWVIe TaM nopf/,llOK VI

11JeHVIe HOBoro MOW.Horo TaiiicKoro

npOBVIH/4VIVI l.J,VIHXafii, nocTeneHHO

CHOBa YTBep,llVIBWVIe HeocnopVIMOCTb

rocy,llapcTBa HaHb4)J(ao B /OHbHaHVI.

pacnpocTpaHVIflVI cBoe BflVIfiHVIe Ha

KVITaMCKOrO rocnO,llCTBa.

C6pocVIB KVITaiiicKoe Bna,llbt4eCTBO,

4aCTVI reppVITOpVIiii laHbCY, CVIHb/43fi-

OHO ynopHO paCWVIPflflOCb Ha nporn-

Ha, a TaK)J(e CeBepHoiii l1HAVIVI, rAe

0VIKa cBoero Moryw.ecTBO TaHcKafl AVIHaCTVIfl AOCTVIma nepe,ll caMoiii cepe,[!VIHoiii

VIII B.

)J(eHVIVI BTopoiii nonoBVIHbt

VIII

B.,

npV13HaBanVI C/03epeHVITeT npaBfi-

npVI VIMne-

Mano-noMany 3axBaTVIB BnacTb HaA

W.VIX VIH,llVIMCKVIX ,llVIHaCTVIM.

paTope C10aHb Ll,3yHe, KOTOpbtiii

CeBepHOfii 4aCTb/O ,llOflVIHbl peKVI

pacnpOCTpaHVIfl VI YTBep,llVIfl KVITafii-

l1paBaAVI B 5VIpMe ( coBp. Mbf/HMa).

602-605 rr. nOBTOPHOE 3ABOEBAH~E K~TA~UAM~ TOHK~

CKOe rocnO,llCTBO Ha,ll,llOflVIHaMVI peK

OT,llenbHbte Ha6erVI, npe,[!npVIHVIMa-

0Kc VI flKcapT. OH ocTaHOBVIn Vl,lla)J(e

eMbte 14apf/MVI

~aH no,[laBVIfl BOCCTaBWVIe npOBVIH-

HaHb4)J(ao,

6e3

AHHAMA.

nonKOBO,lle/4 fl10iii

OT4aCTVI o6paTVIfl BCnf/Tb npOHVIKHO-

COMHeHVIfl, ,llOCTVIranVI 6eperOB 3a-

/4VIVI. OH HaHec nopa)J(eHVIe nneMe-

BeHVIe apa6oB

flVIBa MapTa6aH ( coBp. 3anVIB Moy-

HaM 4aMOB, 3aCTaBVIB VIX nnaTVITb

A3VI/O- no 6onbweiii 4aCTVI, HacTpa-

TaMa) VI, B03MO)J(HO,

,llaHb, a noToM, o4eBVI.£lHO, npowen

VIBafl npOTVIB MYCYflbMaH MeCTHbiX

ropHbte nepeBanbt ,llOCTVIranVI l1H-

4epe3 KaM6o,ll)J(y K CVIaMcKoMy 3anVI-

npaBVITeneiii. B TO)J(e BpeMfl c KVITaiii-

AVIVI.

BY- BO BCf/KOM cny4ae, KXMepCKVIe

B l.J,eHTpanbHY/0

,[la)J(e 4epe3

rocy,llapcTBa KaM60,ll)J(VI Ha4anVI nna-

cKoro 6narocnoBeHVIfl yiiirypbt, noKoPVIB B MoHrOflVIVI OCTaTKVI BOCT04HbiX TIOpOK, pacnpOCTpaHVIflVI CBOVI nonyHe3aBVICVIMbte ana,lleHVIfl Ha ceBepoBOCTOK aT Anmf/. J].VIHaCTVIfl TaH npVIwna B yna,[!OK BO BTOpofii nonOBVIHe

VIII

B. 9ToT npo14ecc 6btn ycKopeH

no6e,llaMVI apa6oB, Vl3rHaBWVIX KVITaiiil4eB Vl3 MaBepaHHaxpa- TOflbKO

TAHCKA2 HMrrepmi B rrepnon cBoero pacQBeTa o6nanana 3Ha~H TenbHbiMH BOeHHbiMH cnnaMH. ApMHHcocTOarraH3KpeCTbHH,KOTOpbie IIpH3biBanHCb Ha BOeHHyro cnym6y ll rrpoxonnnn o6~eHHe . Ka)f():laH rrpoBHHQHH ll OKpyr BbiCTaBnaiTH BOHHOB, Bbi)leneHHbiX CenbCKHMH opraHH3aQH-

TVITb KVITa/O,[laHb.

B CEPE,[J;HHE VI B. BbeTCKHH Hapon BTOpH~HO OCB060}:(HnCH OT BnaCTH KHTaHCKHX ¢eonanoB. HerrocpenCTBeHHOH IIpH~HOH OTKpbiTOro BbiCTYIIneHHH rrocnymnna rrorrbiTKa KHTaHcKoro rrpaBHTenhCTBa YKPeiiHTh

532

B3nET l!1 C,LJ,EP)I(l!lBAHlllE l!lCnAMA. 600-800 rr.

KHTalilcKaSI ycTaHOBKa c ns.TbiO Bl1xpeBbiMI1 KaMHeMeTaMI1.

cBoe rocrro):(cTBo B CT}JaHe. B 541 r. o6meHapOiJ:HOe BOCCTaiDie 3aKOH<rn-

VI-VII

BB.

C rrpeKpameHHeM BOHHhl HatiaJiaCb Me)K):(oyco6HaH 6opn6a Memey HMIIepaTOpOM H KOMaHiJ:YIOII(HM BOH-

HRn rpoHHoe 111MR >1H ,ll111. OH nepeHec CTOnii1L.lY 1113 '-/aHbaHR 8 flORH, Ky,!!a HaCII1nbCTBeHHO nepecen111n ,!10 f 0 TbiCf/4 6oraTbiX CeMeM. CrpeMRCb cocpe,!!OT04111Tb a caoeM pacnopR)KeHII1111 Bee npO,!!OBOnbCTBeHHble 3anaCbl crpaHbl, oH npii1Ka3an BblpbiTb 6n1113 flORHa rMraHTCKII1e 3epHOXpaHII1nii1I.J..Ia, Ky,!la cao3111nocbHanoroaoe 3epHo. An>~ yc111neH111>1 L.leHTpanll13aL.lll1111 OH npe,!!npii1Hfln CTp0111TenbCTBO Ben111Karo ( 11111111 t1MneparopcKoro) KaHana - cnnowHoro BO,!!Horo nyr111 OT XaH4)1(0YCKOrO 3an111aa K flHL.l3bl, a 3aTeM KXyaHX3. npll1 HeM aenii1CbpeKOHCTPYKL.lll1fl 111 BOCCTaHOBneHII1e 8enii1KOM CTeHbl, a TaK)Ke CTp0111TenbCTBO pa3BII1TOM ,!!OpO)KHOM ceTII1. Arpecc111aHo crpeMRCb pa3,!1BII1HyTb ao acex Hanpa aneHII1RX rpaHII1L.lbl caoeu 111Mnep111111, oH nii14HO ao3rnaBII111 rp111 (npaa,!la, 6e3ycnewHbiX, HeCMOTpR Ha y'iaCTII1e 60J1bWOrO cyXOnyTHOrO BOMCKa 111 MHOrO'iii1CneHHOro ¢nora) noxo,!la npor111a KopeucKoro L.lapcraa Korype.

CKaMH, LITO IIpHBeJIO K BpeMeHHOM)'

~Eti:CTBMH KHTatl:u;eB Ha ceBepo-BOCTOKe CTaBHJIH u;eJibiO OBJia):(eTh

Hhlli LIHHOBIDIK JIH EoH, 6hiJI rrpoBo3-

pa3Aeny C1paHhl Ha ):(Be LiacTII. B 602 r. KHTaHCKHe <}leo):(aJihl Ha-

)KenTOM Mope.

r nameH HMrrepaTopoM, rronomHB

LiaJIH HOB)'IO BOHR)' IIpOTIIB HMIIepHH

06beKTOM 3axBaTIDILieCKOH IIOJIH-

HaLiano AHHaCTIIH PannHx JIH ( 541603 IT.). Bofum, B Koropotl: yLiacTBo-

BaHcyaH H rrpHcnanH Ha IOr 3HaLIH-

TIIKH HMrrepHH Cytl: CTaJIH rocy):(ap-

TeJinHYIO apMHIO. B 603 r. BneTCKHe BOHCKa 6hiJIH pa36HThl, BaHcy-

cTBa Korype H Il3KLie (B ceBepHoH H IOro-3arra):(HOH LiaCTHX Kopetl:cKoro

aH BhiH)')K):(eH 6hiJI IIpH3HaTh BJiaCTh HMrrepHH Cytl:. Ilocne):(IDIH HMrrepa-

rronyocT}JOBa). focyAapcTBo CHnna

JIOCb o6bHBJieHHeM He3aBHCHMOCTII CT}JaHhl. IIpeABOAHTeJib BOCCTaHilll, Kpyrr-

BaJIH BCe CJIOH BbeTCKOrO HaCeJieHilll, 3anrnynacn Ha AJIHTeJinHhiH cpoK. BneTaM rrpHXOAHJIOCh 01pamaTh Ha-

JlHOHHHOM H MOpCKHMH II)'THMH B

CTyrrJienne KHTaHCKHX BOHCK, a TaKme Haiia):(eHHH THMOB.

Top AHHaCTIIH PaHHHX JIH 6hiJI yse-

(Ha IOrO-BOCTOKe IIOJI)'OCT}JOBa) BhlCT)'IIaJIO coi03HHKOM KHTaHU:eB. B

3eH B KaLiecTBe rrneHHHKa. Ehlna

HaH6onee omecToLieHHOH BOHHe

~o6HBIDHCh )'KpermeHill! BHeiDHe-

BOCCTaHOBJieHa KHTaHCKaH a):(MHHH-

612-614

1IH EoH

CT}JaTIIBHaH CHCTeMa. BaHcyaH cTaJI

BepillHJIH HeyAaLIHhle rroxo):(hi B Ko-

3aHHJICH BHYT}JeHHHM )'CT}JOHCTBOM

Ha3hiBaThCH B KIITaHCKHX HCTOL!HH-

peiO. THrOThl BoeHHhiX rroxo):(OB H

rocy):(apcTBa, Ha3BaHHOro HMIIepHeH

Kax «YMHpOTBopeHHhiH lOr» (ARbHaHn). B HaH6onee BamHhiX CT}JaTe-

oco6eHHO HeyAaLia Kopetl:cKHX BOHR IIOCJI)')KIIJIH O):(IDIM H3 TOJILIKOB K IDH-

IIOJIHTIILiecKoro rronomennH,

BaHcyaH (MMrrepHH ):(ecHTII ThiCHLI BeceH). Ho B

545

r. BOeHHhle ):(etl:cTBill!

B03o6HOBHJIHCh. JIH EoH rroTeprren rropamenne H c He6oJibmHM 01pHiJ:OM ymen Ha ceBepo-3arraA, pacc<rnThiBaH HaHTII TaM IIOMepmKy y ropHhiX rmeMeH. C KHTaHCKHMH apMHHMH cpa)KaJICH BbeTCKHH BOeHaLiaJibHHK qHey KyaHr )'K, CTaBillHH rrocne CMepTII

1IH EoHa <}laKTHLieCKHM rrpaBHTeneM CT}JaHhl. B 551 r. KHTaHCKHe BOHCKa, rroTeprreB rropamenne, ymJIH H3 BaHcyaHa.

IT. KHTaHU:hl 1pH)K):(hl CO-

rHLieCKHX II)'HKTaX CTOHJIH KHTaH-

pOKOM)' BhiCT)'IIJieHHIO HapO):(HhiX

CKHe rapiDI30Hhl, HO Ha MeCTaX IIOrrpemHeMy rrpaBHJIH BneThl, LiacThl

Mace, KOTOpoe IIpHBeJIO K IIa):(eHHIO ):(HHacTIIH Cytl:.

6hiJIH BOCCTaHHH IIpOTIIB HH03eMHOro Hra.

605-618rr. !..4APCTBOBAHHE HMnEPATOPA SIH .QJ;Il (CbiHA SIH 1..43SIHSI). Y6111a co6craeHHoro OTL.la, >1H (yaH B3owen Ha npecron 111 np1111 ~pyrHe HcroqHHKH OTHOCliT BOCmeCTBHe .HH ~H Ha npeCTOJI K

604 r.

607-609 rr. KHTAACKOE nPO.QBJ;I)I{EHHE B CHHb1..43SIH. BoeHa'ianbHII1K 5ai1 '-1~ pa36111n 3ana,!!HbiX TIOPOK, 1113rHaB 111X C Teppii1TOpii1M coapeMeHHOM npOBII1HL.lii1M raHbCY 111 W3HbCII1 8 Tll16er 111 CII1HbL.l3RH. OH 3aHRn oa3111Cbl Ha ceaepHoi1 0Kpaii1He XaMII1MCKOM KOTnOBII1Hbl (Heno,!laneeyorcoap. ropo,!!aXaM111;

BOCTOYHA~ 608 1.) M ymy6MnCR B TeppMTOPMIO CMHbLPRHa (609 r:).

607-610 rr. 3ABOEBAHIIIE IOHbHAHiil. KMTai1cKMe cMnbl noKopMnM aapaapcKMe Tai1cKMe nneMeHa.

610 r. 3ABOEBAHIIIE TAHBAHSI. MopcKaR 3Kcne.aM/4MR no.a KOMaH,aoaaHMeM '-I3Hb 17aHa Bb/ca,aMnacb Ha ocTpoae M 3aaoeaana no Kpai1Hei1 Mepe 'laCTb em TeppMTOPMM. C HNIAJIA VII B. KM'rail: ycnmoBIUI ITepBhie O<lJIIIIIIaJihHhie CBH3II C HITOHIIeil:. B

607

r. oTTyLJ:a ITpii6hiJIII

ITOCJihi AJIH ITeperoBopoB. CIIJihHhiH KIITaHCKIIH <lJJIOT COBepiiiiiJI 3KCITeLJ:IIIIIIII Ha ocTpoBa Tail:BaHh II PIOKIO. Il03):\Hee C OCTpOBIITHHaMII ITO):\LJ:ep)KIIBaJIIICh OTHOIIIeHIIH Ha ypOBHe 06MeHa ITOCJiaMII.

611-614 rr. OnEPAU,Iillil B MAHb'"I}I(YPiillillil KOPEE. 3TM,aopomcTORLf4Me npe,anpMRTMR 6blnM a 14enoM 6e3ycnewHbl M cMnbHO ocna6MnM IOCy,aapCTBO, 3KOHOMMKa KOTOpom M 6e3 mm }')Ke 6b!na nepeHanpR)f(eHa.

613-618 rr. BOCCTAHIIIE nPOTIIIB SIH Alii. 3KOHOMM'IeCKMe Tpy,aHOCTM M HenoMepHb/e noTepM B 6e3ycneWHb/X KOpeMCKMX KaMnaHMRX B036y,aMnM nOBCeMeCTHb/e MRTe)f(M. BocTO'IHble TIOPKM B0306HOBMnM CBOM Ha6eiM Ha BCeM npOTR)f(eHMM ceaepHbiX lpaHM/4. flH /l.M nM'IHO B03maaMn BOMCKO, 6bln pa36MT TIOpKaMM M OKp}/)KeH B yKpenneHHOM mpo,ae flHbaHb (B COBp. npOBMH/4MM W3HbCM; 615 1.). Em cnacna cMenaR aTaKa, npe,anpMHRTaR MOnO,abiM BOeHa'lanbHMKOM 17M illMMMHeM, KOTOpoMy 6blnO TOI,aa OKOnO ,aaa,a14aTM neT. 80 BpeMR O'lepe,aHom MRTe)f(a, pa3pa3MBWeiOCR TpeMR IO,aaMM no3)f(e, flH /l.M BHOBb noTepnen nopa)f(eHMe, 6bln Bb/Hy)f(,aeH MCKaTb cnaceHMR Ha /Ole M BCKOpe 6bln TaM y6MT.

U.EHTPAnbHA~ A3V1~

0Kono 620-650 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHIIIE CPOHU,3AHrAM50 Tlii5ETCKOrO. nocne B03HMKHOBeHMR nepaom TM6eTCKOm mcy,aapCTBa em 14apb CpOHf43aHiaM6o a 634 1. HanpaaMn a lfaHbaHb ( coap. mpo.a CMaHb) KO .aaopy 17M WMMMHR noenos, M Me)f(,ay TM6eTOM M KMTaeM 6blnM ycTaHoaneHbl ,aMnnoMaTM'IeCKMe OTHOWeHMR. O,aHaKO BCKOpe TM6eT OKa3anCR BOBne'leHHb/M B KMTaMCKO-TOmHCKMM KOHcjJnMKT, M 800p}/)KeHHb/e oTpR,abl 14apR CpOHf43aH18M6o HeO,aHOKpaTHO BTOplanMCb B Cbl'lyaHb. 17MWb B 64 7. 6bln 3aKfl/O'IeH MMp, CKpenneHHb/M 6paKOM npM3HaBWeiO KMTaMCKMM C/03epeHMTeT CpOHf43aHiaM6o c nneMRHHMf4ei1 Tai1f43YHa npMHf4eccoi1 83Hb lfaH. B cTOnMf4e TM6em, 17xace, nocenMnMcb KMTaMCKMe 'IMHOBHMKM, BOeHHb/e M K}'nf4bl. B nocne,ayJOl.f4Me m,abl CpOHf43aHmM6o npo,aon)f(an ocyl.f4eCTBnRTb Ha6e11!1, }/)Ke He Ha KMTaM, a Ha ,apyme conpe,aenbHble cTpaHbl M ,aa)f(e, B03MO)f(H0, Ha HeKOTOpoe, XOTR M,aOBOnbHO KOpOTKOe BpeMR 3aBOeBan BepxH/010 EMpMy(T. e. BHYTpeHHMe o6nacTM cTpaHbl- coap. MafY3, MaH,aana£1, CMKai1H, Ka'IMH, KaR, lfMH M WaH).

0Kono 622 r. B03BbiWEHIIIE 3AnAAHbiX TIOPOK. B co103e c BM3aHTMi1cKMM MMnepaTOpOM /epaKnM-

eM OHM OTBOeBanM y nepCMM peiMOH 0Kca M 'laCTb XopacaHa.

624-627 rr. HA5Erlil BOCTO'"IHbiX TIOPOK HA KIIITAH. OT BOpOT lfaHbaHR OHM 6blnM OT6poweHbl 17M WMMMHeM, KOTOPbiM3aTeM c noMOLf4b/O y1po3 M ,aMnnoMaTMM 3aKn/0'1Mn C TIOpKaMM BpeMeHHb/M MMp.

626-649 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHIIIE TAHU,3YHA. npMHRB TPOHHOe MMR Tai1f43YH, 17M WMMMHb nocne KopoTKoi16opb6bl c conepHMKaMM-npeTeH,aeHTaMM B30Wen Ha 0Tf40BCKMM TpOH.

629-641 rr. BOHHbl C BOCTO'"IHbiMiil TIOPKAMIII. KapaTenbHble 3Kcne.aMf4MM Tai1f43YHa nono)f(MnM KOHe/4 MOfYLf4eCTBY 80CTO'IHOm TIOpKcKom KamHaTa. /1,MnnoMaTM'IeCKMe ycMnMR KMTaMCKOm MMnepaTOpa no3aonMnM eMy coxpaHMTb MMP c 3ana,aHbiM TIOpKCKMM KalaHaTOM M 3aKn/O'IMTb co103 c yi11ypaMM. B 3TM )f(e m,abl Tai1f43YHY no,a'IMHMnMcb )f(MBWMe K BOCTOKY OT nyCTb/HM 1o6M KM,aaHM ( OKOnO 630 1.). IIEPBhiE TaHCKIIe IIMITepaTOphi O!J:HO BpeMH LJ:a)Ke rmaTIIJIII 3aiTaLJ:HhiM TIOpKaM LJ:aHh. Ho, yEe B 628-630 rr. 6hiJI ocymeCTBJieH rpaH):\II03HhiH ITOXOIJ: ITpOTIIB TIOpOK. 3a HIIM ITOCJie):\0BaJia IIeJiaH cepiiH 3axBaTHII'IeCKIIX ITOXO!J:OB ITO BeJIIIKOMY IIIeJIKOBOMY ITYTII. B

640 r. TaHCKIIe Boil:cKa YHII'I-

TO)KIIJIII MIIpHOe roCyLJ:apCTBO fao'IaH, paciTOJIO)KeHHOe B Typ<lJaHcKoil: HII3MeHHOCTII. 3aTeM BeJIII MHOrOJieTHIOIO BOHHY ITPOTIIB yil:ryp. B IIX ITOMOIIIhiO, a B

679

657 r.

r. B COI03e C

BOCTO'IHhiM KaraHaTOM OHII HaHeCJIII OKOH'IaTeJihHhiH yLJ:ap 3aiTa):\HOMY KaraHary. KIITaHCKIIe rapHII30Hhi 6hiJIII pa3MemeHhi B HaCeJieHHhiX ITYHKTaX ITO BeJIIIKOMY IIIeJIKOBOMY ITYTII BITJIOTh AO YpyM'III. BMecTe c KapaBaHaMII II3 rocyLJ:apcTB CpeLJ:Heil: A3IIII B KIITail: II II3 TaHcKoil: CTOJIIII!hi B CpeAHIOIO A3IIIO II LJ:aJiee Ha 3aiTaA IIIJIII ITOCJihi, ITyTeiiieCTBeHHIIKII, ITaJIOM-

618-626 rr. U,APCTBOBAHIIIE rAOLI,3Y. Bai1cKMM cj)eo,aan 17M /OaHb C nOMOLf4b/O CBOem 6nMCTaTenbHOIO Cb/Ha 17M WMMMHR 3axaaTMn TpOH M BOCCTaHOBMn nopR,aOK. 17M /OaHb npMHRn TpOHHOe MMR /aof43Y M OCHOBan ,aMHaCTM/0 TaH.

533

HIIKII. B

648

r. ITpii6hiJia ITOCOJihCKaH

MIICCIIH OT KIIprii30B. IlpOLJ:BII)KeHIIe KIITaHI!eB B QeHTpaJihHYIO A3IIIO o6Jier<IaJIOCh paciTa-

6onbwaSI naroAa «A11KI1X rycei-1» B Cl1aHe. nocTpoeHa B 652 r. CIOaHb-1.13aHoM

iJ:OM LJ:ep)KaBhi CacaHIILJ:OB. IlocJieAHIIil: cacaHII!J:CKIIil: I!aph Me3LJ:IIrepA III ITpOCIIJI 3aCTYITHII'IeCTBa y KIITaH.

534

B3IlET V1 C)J.EP:>KV1BAHV1E VlCilAMA. 600-800 rr.

K11T3HCKI1H BOI1H Ha KOHe. CTeHHaSI pocn11cb rpo6HI11.4bl

641 r. BOIIIHA C H15ETOM. Tai1LPYH HaHec nopa)l(eHMe aTOpiW/ITMCfl no/], KOMaH/],OaaH/!TeM f4apfl CpOHf43aH/aM6o TM6eTf4aM. CTpeMflCb 1!136e)l(aTb aOMHbl C aapaapaM/11 Ha MHOI/ITX cjJpOHTaX, OH 3aKn/O'I/11n C T/116eTf4aM/11 M/!Tp, OCHOaaa C0/03, cKpenneHHbJM 6paKoM em nneMRHH/11f4bl np1!1Hf4eCCbl 83Hb '-13H C T/116eTCK/ITM f4apeM, np1!13HaaW/11M C/03epeH/11TeT K111Tafl. npMMepHO a 3TO )l(e apeMR Half an nnaT/ITTb Jl,aHb KMTaJO 111 Henan.

641-648rr. BOIIIHAC3AnAAHbiMiil TIOPKAMIII. B COJ03e c nonyHe3aa/11CII1MbiMII1 yi11ypaM111 Tai1f43YH no6eJ1,111n 111 3aaoeaan 3anaJl,Hbli1 TIOpKCK/ITM Kala HaT. 0H aOCCTaHOa/!Tn anacTb KMTafl Ha/1, CI!1Hbf43RHOM, a /OCyJl,apcTaa /11 KO'Ieable nneMeHa , Tepp1!1TOp1!11!1 KOTOpbiX ne)l(an/11 3ana,aHee naMMpa o6R3ani!1Cb nnaT/ITTb K/ITTa/0 /],aHb.

645, 647 rr. KIIITAIIICKIIIE noXOAbl B KOPEIO.IAMnepampn/11'1HO ao3maanRn 3T/11 noxo/],bl. B 6451. em aOMCKaM yJl,anOCb np/116ni!13/11TbCfl K CaMb/M CTeHaM nxeHbflHa, HO 3aTeM no/], HaT/ITCKOM C/!Tn npOT/!TaH/11Ka OH/11 ab/H'j)K/J,eHbl 6bln/11 OTCT'jn/ITTb. CneJl,yJOL/4/ITM noxo/1, oKa3ancR eLf4e MeHee ycnewHbJM. 06a 3TI!1 npeJl,npMRT/ITR He npMHecn/11 TaHCKoili /ITMnep/111!1 H/ITKaK/ITX Tepp1!1TOp1!1anbHb/X npMo6peTeHMi1.

646 r. BOIIIHA BAH CIOAHbl..l,3 C APA}I{YHOIII B liiHAiillil. BnocneJl,cTa/11111 BaH CJOaHb/43 eL14e HecKonbKO pa3 oTnpaanRncR c noconbcTaaM/11 K pa3n/11'1Hb/M /],aopaM IAH/1,/11/11.

HAqAJJO OTHornemril: Me)K)zy KIITaeM II 11Hniieil: OTHOCIITCH K VII B. B 641 r. BqaHbaHh npii6hiJIII noCJihi II3 ceBepHoro rocynapcTBa Xapum. liOCOJibCKIIH 06MeH 6hlJI npepBaH pacnanoM nep)KaBhl Xapum. Korna KIITail:cKIIe noCJihi BaH CroaHh!I3 II l1;3HH llimK3Hh B 645 r. HanpaBIIJIIICh B 11HnHIO II3 nxaChi, Ha HIIX 6hiJIO coBeprneHo HananeHIIe. BaH CroaHh!I3 ynaJIOCh 6e)KaTh B TII6eT, oTKyna OH ocymecTBIIJI no6enoHocHhril: noxon BnoJIIIHY faHra. B VIIVIII BB. nocoJihCTBa B KIITail: npiixoniiJIII II3 KarnMIIpa, Maranxii, faH nxaphr, II3 KHH)KeCTB lO)KHOrr 11Hniiii II IJ;eil:JIOHa. 649-683 rr. I..I,APCTBOBAHIIIE rAOU,3YHA. B nepabJe m/l,bl em f4apcTaoaaHI!1R 3KcnaHC/11R TaHcKoili /ITMnep/111!1 npO/],On)l(anacb, HO a nocne/],H/!Te 10/l,bl 3aMeTHO ocna6ena.

0Kono 650 r. nOSIBnEHIIIE 3m o6pa3oaaaweecR

HAHb~}I{AQ.

a 3ana/],HOM/OHbHaH/11 TaMCKOe mcyjJ,apCTBO HOM/ITHanbHO RanRnOCb aacCaflOM KMTaR.

657-659 rr. BOCCTAHIIIE 3AnAAHbiX TIOPOK. OHO 6bJno no/],aaneHO , a cynTaH CenMM 3axaa'leH a nneH. locno/],cTao KMTafl Ha/1, Jl,OnMHoili 0Kca YTaepJl,Mnocb OKOH'IaTenbHO.

660-668 rr. 3ABOEBAHIIIE KOPEI/I. 3m 6bJno Jl,OCT/11/HYTO a coJ03e c aaccanbHbJM KopeilicK/ITM mcyJl,apcmoM C111nnoi1.

IIPI1 TAHCKOM nii lliiiMIIHe nponoJI)KaJIOCh 3aBoeBaHIIe Kopeii. B 645 r. KIITail:CKIIe BOil:cKa npii6JIII3IIJIIICh K ropony IIxeHhHHy, HO non HaTIICKOM CIIJI npOTIIBHIIKa 6hiJIII BhiHy)KneHhl OTCTynaTh . B 660 r. 130-TbiCWIHaH KIITaHCKaH apMIIH BbiCa):IIIJiaCb Ha rore Kopeii II pa3rpoMIIJia 113K'fe. Ero OKOH'faTeJihHOe naneHIIe npoii30IIIJTO B 663 r., Korna KIITaHIIhl B COI03e C rocynapCTBOM CIIJIJia HaHeCJIII nopa)KeHIIe HnOHCKOMY qmory, npii6hmrneMy Ha noMOll!h I13K'fe. OnHoBpeMeHHO KIITail:cKIIe apMIIII BTOprniiCh II c ceBepa. B 668 r. KIITail:cKIIe BOHCKa 3aXBaTIIJIII IIxeHhHH. rocynapCTBO CIIJTJTa npii3HaJIO ce6H BaccanoM KIITaH. TeppiiTOpiiii

Korype II I13K'fe 6hiJIII pa3neJieHhl Ha neBHTh BOeHHhiX ry6epHaTOpCTB II cpopMaJihHO npiicoeniiHeHhi KKIITaiO. Eoph6a KOpeil:cKoro Hapona npoTIIB nopa6oTIITeJTeil: npHBena Ko6benHHeHHIO Kopeii BO rJiaBe c rocynapcTBOM CIIJIJia. KIITail:I!aM npiilliJIOCh OTcryniiTh. Ty )Ke TPaAIII!IIOHHYIO noJIIITIIKY pa3)KIIraHIIH Bpa)KL(hi Me)Kny nJieMeHaMII KIITaHCKIIe BJiaCTII BeJIII B OTHOIIIeHIIII KIInaHeil: II MOX3. Korna )Ke B 698 r. 6hiJIO npoB03rnarneHo HOBOe rocynapCTBO Eoxail:, KIITaHCKIIe niinJIOMaThi Tll!eTHO nhiTaJIIICh IICnOJih30BaTh ero npOTIIB KOpeil:I!eB. B 705 II 713 rr. Me)KL(y EoxaeM II TaHCKOH IIMITepiieil: 3aBH3aJIIICb TOprOBhie OTH 0ille HIIH. 663-683 rr. BOEHHbiE KATACTPObl. T1116eTf4bl aoccTan/11 111 3axaaTMnl!1 'laCTb 6accei1Ha peK/11 TaPMM, 0Tpe3aa K111Tai1 OT em 3anajJ,HbiX ana/],eH/ITM, KOTOpble acne/], 3a TeM He 3aMe/],fl/11n/11 npoao3maC/11Tb cao10 He3aa/11C/11MOCTb. HaHb'l)l(ao , KopeR /11 TIOPKCK/!Te Ka/aHaTbl - ace c6pOC/11n/11 K/ITTaMCKOe RPMO.

684-704 rr. U,APCTBOBAHIIIE IIIMnEPATPiill..l,bl Y 1..1,33TSIHb (lilnlil YXOY). no/1, ee anacTbJO npo1113owno ao3p0)1(Jl,eH/11e K/ITTaMCKOm MOIYLf4ecma. T1116eTf4bl 6bJnl!1 1113/HaHbl 1113 CI!1Hbf43RHa, a Jl,PYIMe omaaWMe aHeWH/!Te pei/ITOHbl 'laCT/IT'IHO ao3apaLf4eHbl.

712-756 rr. 1 • U,APCTBOBAHIIIE CIOAHb 1..1,3YHA. KoM6111Hat4111ei1 C/!Tnbl C /1,/!TnnoMaT/!TeM K/ITTaMCKOe IOCnO/],CTaO HajJ, /],On/ITHaM/11 0KCa /11 flKcapTa 6bJnO aOCCTaHOaneHO . 8TOplwl!1ecR a MaaepaHHaxp apa6bl a XO/],e HeCKOnbK/ITX KpOaOnpon/ITTHb/X KaMnaHMi16bJnl!1 pa361!1Tbl (730-737 11.). T1116eTf4bl 6bln1!1 1113/HaHbl c nepeaanoa 1op HaHbWaHR /11 naM/!Tpa /11 abJHY)I(Jl,eHbl aHOab np/113HaTb K/ITTaMCK/ITM C/03epeH/11TeT. Kopei114b1 ao3o6Hoa111n111 abmnaTy Jl,aH/11. Cep1!1fl KaMnaHMIA a IOHbHaH/11 abJHYJl,Mna mcyJl,apcTao HaHblf)l(ao aHOab np1!13HaTb C/03epeH/11TeT K111Tafl (730 1.).

1):\pyme HCTQqHJUill OTHOCHT KOHel{ npaBJieHHH MMnepaTopa CIOaHb L(3yHa K

762

BOCTOLJHA~ 0Kono 745 r. 3KCnAHCII1SI YlllrYPOB B CEBEPHOIII MOHr011111111. 0HI1 3aBOeBa1111 OCTaTKI1 BOC-

UEHTPAJlbHA~ A3111~

11 orpfi,L1bi,L1pyri1XKO'!eBHI1KOB, noo6e-

535

KOPER, 600- 800 rr.

ll.(aa aceM ll.(e,llpy/0 n11ary. Coe,L111HeHHbiMI1 c1111aM11 11M y,L1a110Cb Bb/Tec-

TO'!HbiX TIOpOK, C03,[1aB 11Mnep11!0 -

HI1Tb AHb JlywaHf/11 era CTOpOHHI1KOB

HenpecraHHafl 6opb6a Me>KAY

HOMI1Ha11bHO no,/]./J,aHHY/0 K11Tafl- OT

113 CT01111~bl. Mf1Te>KHI1KI1 OTCTyn111111

<<TpeMf/ LJ.apcTBaMW> Korype, naK'!e

o3epa Ea11xaw ,llO o3epa Eail1Ka11.

a JlofiH, r,lle AHb JlywaHb npoao3ma-

11 C111111oill npo,[1011>KI111acb 11 a nepab/e

747-751 rr. BOIIIHACAPA5AMII1 111 TII15ETL.I,AMII1. noc11e3aK1110-

CI111 ce6f/ 11MnepaTOpOM, HO BCKOpe

ro,llbl

6b/11 y611T C06CTBeHHb/M Cb/HOM, TaK-

crao Korype no,L1aepra11ocb ace ao3-

'!eHI1fl Apa6o-r116ercKoro co103a Kl1-

>Ke MeTI1BWI1M Ha TpOH. no,[l PYKOBO,ll-

pacra/Oll.(eMy,[1aB11eHI1/0 CO CTOpOHbl

raillcKI1ill no11KOBO,L1e~ KopeillcKoro

CTBOM noc11e,[1Hero BOCCT8HI1e npo-

pacwl1pfl10ll.!eillcfl K11raillcKOill 11Mne-

npoi1CXO)K,L1eHI1fl lao Cf/Hb'I>KI1, co-

,L1011>Ka110Cb, a yillrypcKI1M aoillcKaM

PI111 ,L111HaCTI1ill Cyill 11 TaH . BcKOpe

aepwi1B nopa311Te11bHblill Mapw '!e-

y,L1a110Cb 3axaaTI1Tb JlofiH 11 reM ca-

noc11e cepe,L111Hbl aeKa C111111a, 3a-

pe3 ropbl naMI1pa 11 111H,L1yKywa, 3a-

Mb/M nOKOH'II1Tb C Mf/Te>KOM 1111Wb B

K11/0'111B co/03 co Cpe,[111HHoill /11Mne-

cra11 apacn11ox 11 Haro11oay pa361111

763

r . He ,L10B011bCTBYfiCb n011Y'!eH-

pl1eill 11 npi13Haa ee C/03epeHI1TeT,

BOMCKa C0/03HI1KOB (747 r.). 0,[1HaKO

Hoill n11aroill, npi13BaHHble TaHCKI1M

0,[1ep>Ka11a aepx H8,L1 o6ei1MI1 crpaHa-

nOTOM OH BBf/3a11Cfl B KaKI1e-TO CO-

,llBOPOM KO'!eBHI1KI1 He >Ke11a1111 yxo-

MI1-conepHI1~aMI1. Cy,L1fl no aceMy,

MHI1Te11bHb/e 11, 803MO>KHO, 113MeH-

,L111Tb 11 rpa6111111 CTpaHy. 8 KOH~e KOH-

naK'!e 11 Korype, a cao10 o'!epe,[lb, no-

HI1'!eCKI1e 11HTpl1rl1, BC11e,[1CTBI1e

~08

OT HI1X y,L1a110Cb OTKyni1TbCfl, HO

11Y'!a1111 KaKy/0-TO nOMOll.(b OT C0/03-

'!era TaWKeHTCKI1ilf wax npi13Ba11 Ha

11MneparopcKaf/ Ka3Ha OKa3a11aCb B

HOilf RnOHI111, O,llHaKo aro He noMomo

noMOll.!b apa6oa. lao Cf/Hb'I>KI1 no-

n11a'!eBHOM COCTOf/HI111.

11M Bbll1rpaTb BOilfHy. 8cKOpe B1111f/HI1e

repne11 pew11re11bHoe nopa>KeHI1e r.) or apa6oa a 611rae Ha peKe

755-797 rr. B03BbiWEHII1E TII15ETA. Bblcweill TO'IKI1 r116ercKoe

11o, a no roM 11 npaKTI1'!eCKI1 nepecra-

(751

VII a. 0,L1HoapeMeHHO rocy,[lap-

TaHcKoill ,L111HaCTI111 a Kopee oc11a6e-

Ta11ac (a coap. K11pr113craHe) . 3ro

MOryll.(eCTBO ,L10CTI1rf10 B ~apCTBOBa

110 Oll.(Yll.(aTbCfl, HO B Ha'!a11e

n0110>KI1110 KOHe~ KI1TailfCKOilf B11aCTI1

HI1e Xpl1cpoHr,L1e~aHa. Bocno11b30-

6b/110 BOCCTaHOB11eHO BHOBb.

11 B1111f/HI1/0 B 0611aCTfiX, npOCTI1pa10-

aaawl1cb rpa>K,llaHcKoill aoiliHoill a

l1.(11XCfl K 3ana,L1y OT rap naMI1pa 11

K11rae, OH 38XBaTI11111 pa3rpa61111 KI1-

Tf!Hb-WaHfl. ,[Ja11bHeillwl1e reppi1TO-

Tai!ICKYIO CT01111~Y '-laHbaHb (763 r.).

pl1a11bHble norep11 a 3TI1X o611acrflx KI1Taill~aM y,L1a110Cb npe,L1orapaTI1Tb

0Kono 760-800 rr. 3KCnAHCII1SI HAHb'"I>KAO. LJ.apb Ko11o¢eH

611a10,[1apfl COI03Y C yillrypaMI1.

(748-779

751-755 rr. BOEHHbiE KATACTPO<Pbl. K11,L1aHI1 (MOHI011011,[1Hblill

aepxHero re'!eHI1fl peKI1 /11paa8,[111. 3KcnaHCI1fl 6bl11a npo,L1011>KeHa era

HapO,[l, p0,[1CTBeHHblilf Cf/Hb611) BTOpr-

BHYKOM 11 HaC11e,l1H11KOM /11MyC/OHeM.

1111Cb a CeaepHblill K11raill, r,lle HaTI1CK

760-800 rr. AA1lbHEIIIW111111 YnAAOK TAHCKOIII A111HACTII1111.

VI/

XBaTI11111 KOHTP011b H8,L1 /11H,L111MCKI1M

B KOHIJ;E VI B. rrpamrreJIH KHTa.H, ClfiiTa.H Korype orracHbiM rrpoTIIBmmoM, pa3BH3aJIII BOHR)' rrpoTIIB ::noro rocy~apcTBa. B 598 r . ocHoBaTeJib ~nnacTHM Cyil. HarrpaBHJI ~JI51 3aBoeBa.IUUI Korype orpoMHYJO apMHIO M <\JJioT, HO rroTeprren Hey~a'ly. CaMbiH 60JibiiiOH IIOXO~ 6biJI rrpe~rrpHHHT CyHCKMM MMIIepaTopoM RH fyaHeM. B 612 r. rrpoTMB Korype 6bma ~BM HyTa rpoM~Ha.H apMim, HO 6Jiaro~a pH CTOHKOMY corrpoTMBJieHMIO Bcero HaceneHMH Korype M MCKYCHhiM MaHeBpaM BOeHa'laJihHMKa hiJib'IM M yH~oKa 3aBOeBaTeJIM IIOTepiieJIM IIOJIHOe rropaJKeHMe. Ee3pe3yJibTaTHbiMM oKa3aJIMCh IIOXO~bl CyHCKMX BOHCK B 613

He3aBI1CI1MOCTb Kopef/11 T116er.

OKeaHOM 11 060CHOBa1111Cb Ha TOpro-

755-763 rr. nEPEBOPOT AHb JlYWAHSI. AHb JlywaHb, HaMeCTHI1K

Bb/X nyrfiX, CBf/3b/Ba/Ol1.(11X /11H,L111MCKI1ilf

11X Op,ll c TPY,llOM y,L1a110Cb OCT8HO-

rr.) 3aaoeaa11 ,L101111HY

BI1Tb, 611a10,[1apfl TaJ1aHTaM 11 YCI11111-

Ha MopcKoe no6epe>Kbe nocTOfiHHo

f/MI1 no11KOBO,L1~a AHb JlywaHfl, TIOPK-

coaepwa1111 Ha6erl1 n11paTbl -

CKOrO aaaHTIOpi1CT8 Ha KI1TailfCKOilf

6011bWeilf '!aCTI1 , 11H,L10He311MCKI1e.

c11y>K6e. locy,[lapcrao HaHb'!>Kao

Bnpo'!eM, cpe,L111 HI1X, O'!eBI1,L1HO,

BHOBb BOCCT8110 11 peWI1Te11bHO OTpa-

BCTpe'!a 1111Cb TaK>Ke apa6CKI1e 11 nep-

311110 ,[1Be KI1TailfCKI1e nonb/TKI1 BTOp-

CI1,[1CKI1e MYCY11bMaHe, KOTOpble 3a-

>KeHI1fl

( 751, 754

rr.). Onf/Tb o6pe1111

oKeaH c IO>KHO-K11raillcKI1M, Bocro'!-

11Mneparopa J111 JlyH~311 (113 BeCTHOro raK>Ke no,ll rpoHHbiM 11MeHeM CIOaHb~3YH) 11 maBHOKOMaH,L1YIOl1.!11ilf

BOMCKaMI1, ,[1eilfCTBYIOl1.!11MI1 npOTI1B Kl1,[1aHeill, nO,[lHf/11 Mf/Te>K 11, 3apY'-/11B WI1Cb no,/].IJ,ep>KKOilf B'!epaWHI1X npoTI1BHI1KOB , ,L1811HY11Cfl Ha CT01111~Y. 0H 3aHf/11 Kaill¢biH, r,[le ycrpo1111 crpawHY/0 pe3 HIO, a 3aTeM B3fl11 JlofiH 11 '-laHba Hb. /11Mneparopf711f7YH~3116e >Ka 11 a Cbl'!yaHb. TaHCKI1ill ,llBOp npi13Ba11 Ha nOMOll.(b yilfrypc Ky/0 KOHHI1~Y

K~TaHcKaHTpexny~HaH apK6an~cTa.

VII B.

614 IT.

536

B3JlET V1 C)J.EP)f(V18AHV1E V1CJlAMA. 600-800 rr. Me)KJ{oyco6HaJI 6op1>6a, KoTOpM pa3ropeJiacJ> IIOCJie CMepTH <PaKTH<JeCKOrO IIpaBHTeJIH rocy,AapCTBa (m:pBOrO MHHHCTpa -

MaKHH,AiKH) EH

KecoMyHa. 0AHH H3 ero ChiHOBeH, ymeMJieHHhiH B CBOHX rrpeTeH3HJIX, rrepeMeTHYJICH Ha cTOpoHy TaHcKoit HMrrepHH H o6Jier<JHJI en ocymecTBJieHHe 3aBoesaTeJIJ>HhiX UeJieit. IlocJie B0306HOBJieHHH BOeHHI>IX ,AeHCTBHH rrpoTHB Korype B 668 r. TaHCKHe H CHJIJiaHCKHeBOHCh.~3axBaTHJIHCTOJIH

UY Korype IlxeHJ>HH. TeppHTOpHJI3TOro rocy,AapcTBa OKa3aJiacJ> IIOA BJiacTJ>IO TaHCKHX 3aBOeBaTeJieH. IlpasJieHHe <JYiKe3eMHhiX BJiaCTHTeJieH Bhl3BaJIO O<JeHJ> CKOpO Hapo,AHhle soccTaHHH. TaHcKHM 3aBoesaTeJIJIM He y,AaJIOCI> 3aKpeiiHTI> CBOe rOCIIO,ACTBO Ha BCeX 6h!BIIIHX 3eMJIHX Il3K<Ie H Korype, TaK KaK pa3sepHyBIIIMCH 3,AeCJ> HapO,AHail 6op1>6a IIOJiy"'HJia IIOMepiKey rrpaBHTeJieH rocy,AapCTBa CHJIJia, KOTOphle BOBCe He XOTeJIH ,AorrycTHTh rocrro,AcTBa KHTaHCKHX <Peo,AaJIOB Ha rroJiyocTpose. TaK KaK HaceJieHHe Korype H Il3K<Ie TIIroTeJio K 6JIH3KOMY ITO i13hiKY, o6hl<JaJIM H t..'YJII>TYPe rocy,AapcTey CHJIJia, rroIlocJie 3Toro Korype B coi03e c

3YJII>TaTe CTOJIHUa IIaJia, a rrpH,ABOp-

Il3K<Ie B0306HOBHJIO BOeHHJ>Ie ,AeH-

Hail 3HaTh H KOpOJII> C,AaJIHCI> Ha MH-

cJie,AHee CMOrJIO BI>ICTYIIHTI> B pOJIH o61>eAHHHTeJIJI 3eMeJIJ> Tpex rocy-

CTBHH rrpoTHB rocy,AapcTBa CHJIJia,

JIOCTI>II06e,AHTeJieit.BcHTeppHTOpHH

,AapcTB.

KOTOpoe o6paTHJIOCI> 3a IIOMOllli>IO K

Il3K<Ie cma rrpoBHHUHeit TaHcKoit

TaHcKoH HMrrepHeit. B 670--676 rr.

3To IIpHBeJIO K

KOH4lJIHh.'T)' C

HOBOH KHTaHCKOH AHHaCTHH TaH, rro-

HMrrepHH. Pa3_AeJIHB ee Ha IIJITh o6Jia-

pa3BepHyJIHCI> 6oH MeJKAY TaHCKHMH

JIY<JHBIIIeH, TaKHM o6pa30M, B03MOiK-

cTeit, TaHCKHe rrpaBHTeJIH pa3MeCTH-

H CHJIJiaHCKHMH soitcKaMH. B pe3yJIJ>-

HOCTI> IIpHMOrO BMeiiiaTeJIJ>CTBa B KO-

JIH B HHX CBOH BOHCKa.

TaTe BCH TeppHTOpHi! KopeitcKoro rro-

peHCKHe ,AeJia. B

645 r. TaHCKHe

HapoA Il3t.."le He CMHpHJICH c roc-

JIYOCTPOBa K 10ry oT peKH T3AOHraH

BOHCKa IIOA rrpe,ABO,AHTeJII>CTBOM HM-

IIOACTBOM 3aBOeBaTeJieit H IIO,AHJIJICH

BOIIIJia B COCTaB rocy,AapcTBa CHJIJia,

rrepaTopa BTOprJIHCJ> B Korype. 0HH

Ha 6op1>6y c HHMH. Bo rJiase ABHiKe-

"'TO B KOHUe KOHUOB rrpH3HaJia H TaH-

BCTpeTHJIH 3,AeCJ> yrropHoe COIIpOTHB-

HHH CTOJIJIH rrpe,ACTaBHTeJIH BOeHHOH

Ch.~

JieHHe, oco6eHHO y KperrocTH AHcH

3HaTH H 6yMHHCKoro AYXOBeHcTBa.

(HJIH AHJ>IIIH B JlJioAyHe).

KHTaH-

B pe3yJIJ>TaTe soccTaHHH 6h!Jia ocso-

BOHH H ycTaHOBJieHHe MHpHhiX OTHO-

CKHe BOHCKa, IIOCJiaHHhle 3a AMHOK-

6o)KJ{eHa 3Ha'lHTeJIJ>HaJI qacTJ> CTPaHhl,

IIIeHHH C COCe,AHHMH rocy,AapCTBaMH

HMIIepHH.

IlpeKpameHHe MeiKAoyco6HhiX

KaH AJIJI 3axBaTa IlxeHJ>JIHa, TaKiKe

O,AHaKO B 663 r. BOCCTaHHe IIO,AaBHJIH.

6JiaroTBOpHO IIOBJIHHJIH Ha pa3BHTHe

rroTeprreJIH rropiDKeHHe H oTCryrrHJIH.

IlocJie 3TOro soitcKa TaHcKoit HMrre-

rrpoH3BOAHTeJIJ>HhiX cHJI CTPaHhl. CHJIJiaHCKHli BaH MyHMY' B03rJiaBJiiiBIIIHH

IlocJie 3TOro B0306HOBHJIHCI> Haiia,!J,e-

pHH H rrpaBHTeJieit CHJIJia o6pyiiiH-

HHil Korype H Il3K<Ie Ha rocy,AapcTBO

JIHCJ> Ha Korype. Korype TO fAa Haxo-

BOHHhl 3a 061>e,AHHeHHe, He 6e3 rop-

CHJIJia, KOTOpoe CTaJIO BHOBI> HaCTOH-

AHJiocJ> B TIIiKeJIOM rroJioiKeHHH. ITo

,AOCTH IIHC3JI B 3aBelllaHHH (681 r.) 0 TOM, "'TO OH «BepHyJI IIpOCTOMY Ha-

"'HBO A06HBaThcH rroMOlllH TaHcKoH

KOCBeHHhiM ,AaHHI>IM HCTO"'HHKOB,

HMrrepHH. B 660 r. Ha llit.."le HarraJIH

MOiKHO IIOJiaraTJ>, "'TT IIpH"'HH3.MH OC-

po,Ay MHp H ,AOJiroJieTHe, rrepeiiJiaBHB

50-ThiCH<JHM apMHJI rocy,AapcTBa CHJI-

Jia6JieHHH soeHHhiX cHJI Korype 6J>mH

B 3eMJie,AeJIJ><JeCKHe opy,AHH COJI,AaT-

JiaH rrpH6J>IBIIIHeMopeMTaHCKHe son-

pa3opeHHe CB060,AHOrO KpeCTI>HHCTBa

CKHe KOIII>H, COKpaTHJI H o6Jier<JHJI

cKa, HaC<JHThiBaBIIIHe 6oJiee 130 Thl-

H ocTpM 6op1>6a MeJKAy 3aKperromae-

H3JIOrH H IIOBHHHOCTH, <JT06hl B ,AOMax JIIOAH YBHAeJIH AOCTaTOK, sepHyJI

Cil"l"leJIOBeK. B peiiiaiOllleM cpiDKeHHH

MhiM KpeCTh.liHCTBOM H 4leO,AaJII>HOH

Ha IIO,Acryrrax K CTOJIHUe Il3K<Ie -

3HaTJ>IO. 06 ycHJieHHH <Peo,AaJII>HOH

Hapo,Ay CIIOKOHCTBHe H ycTaHOBHJI

Ca6H -

otTheAHHeHHhle soitcKa pa3-

3HaTH H cerrapaTHCTCKHX TeH,AeHUHH

IIOpH,AOKIIO BCeit CTpaHe, CJIOiKHJI BJ>I-

rpoMHJIH II3K<IeceyiO apMHIO. B pe-

Bee cpe,Ae CBHAeTeJIJ>CTBOBaJia OCTPM

COKHe, KaK rophl, 3arracJ>I 3epHa... ».

BOCTOLJHA$1 V1 U.EHTPAJlbHA$1 A3V1$1 HecMoTp.si Ha co,.qepJKaBIIIMec.s~ 3JieMeHThi CaMOB03BeJIM'IeHHll, 3aBemaHHe 3TOrO rrpaBHTeJISI 0Tpa3MJIO H HMeBIIIHe MeCTO BIDKHhle rrepeMeHbi.

TaK, HarrpMMep, ocymecTBJiliBIIIeec.s~ rocy,.qapCTBOM CTpOHTeJibCTBO HOBhlX HppHnUIHOHHbiX coopy)f(eHMfi IIOBhlCHJIO ypo)f(alf CeJibCKOX03SiftCTBeHHbiX KYJII>TYP H o6ora.TMJIO Ka3Hy.

611-647 rr. BTOP:>KEH~SI K~ TAVIU.EB. BowcKa Korype orpa3unu nflTb MaCWTa6Hb/X nonb/TOK BTOp)l(eHMf/(611-614 rr., 645 u647rr.). 660-663 rr. BO~HA n3KYE C C~JlJlO~ ~ K~TAEM. CoJ03HMKM pa36MnM apMM/0 rocy,aapCTBa n3K<ie, a raK)I(e HaHecnu nop8)1(eHue flnoHCKMM 3KCne,aM~MOHHbiM cyxonyrHb/M BOWCKaM M (j>nOTY, nocnaHHb/M Ha noMOll.lb n3K</e ( CM. H/.1)1(e). 3Ha<//.1TeflbHO paCWl1Pl1BWee CB0/.1 npe,aenbl ~ap CTBO C11nna npu3Hano BaccanbHYJO 3aB/.1Cl1MOCTb OT K11Tafl. 663-668 rr. BO~HA KOrYP~ C C~JlJlO~ ~ K~TAEM. CoJ03HbJeapMMM 6e3 oco6oro rpy.aa o.aep)l(an/.1 Bepx Ha.a eowcKaM/.1 ~apcrBa Korype. Tenepb BCfl Kopefl6bma o6be,al1HeHa no.a e,al1HbJM npaBneHMeM, no.aBnacrHbJM Kura10. 0Kono 670-740 rr. ABTOHOM~SI C~JlJlbl. Bo BpeMeHa yna.aKa

.a11Hacruu TaH KopewcKoe rocy.aapcrBo C11nna crano npaKT/.1'-IeCK/.1 He3aBl1Cl1MbJM. O.aHaKo no3)1(e, c B03po)l(.aeH/.1eM TaHcKow .auHacr11u, KOpeW~bl BHOBb Ha<iafl/.1 nnaTMTb KviTa/0 .aaHb.

.HIIOHIUI, 600-800

22.

npe.acraBMTenew KnaHa Cora, </be Bnl1f1Hl1e .aonroe BpeMfl npeo6na.aano B >lnoHMM, B Ha<~ane VII B. 3aTMl1n 6n11crarenbHbJW npl1H~ CeTOKY Tawc11- nneMflHHMK11 Hacne.aHl1K l1Mneparpl1~bl CywKo (554628 rr.). )J,o caMow cBoew cMeprl1, nocne.aoBaBwew B 621 r., CeroK}' Tawcu 11cnonHfln o6fl3aHHocrl1 pereHra np11 cBoew BnacTBYJOll.lei4, HO He npaBflll.leW TeTKe. 0H BBen KOHCTMTY~/.110 l138fl0)1(/.1fl OCHOBbl ~eHTpanl130BaHHOrO flnOHCKoro rocy.aapcrBa.

KaK u ero Hacne.aHMK/.1 B 6y.ayll.leM, oH Ben nocroflHHbJe norpaH/.1'-IHbJe BowHbl C nneMeHaM/.1 aWHOB Ha CeBepe OCTPOBa XoHC/0. nnaHl1POBan OH, o<~eBM,aHo, 11 BTOp)l(eHMe B Kope10, O,aHaKO OTKa3anCfl OT 3TOW Mb/Cfll11133a pacryll.ll1X BHyrpeHHl1X npo6neM. nocne ero cMepr/.1 K!laH Cora BoccraHOBI1n CB0/0 yrepflHHY/0 6bJnO BflaCTb Ha,a l1MneparopCKOW CeMbeW, HO BCKOpe OKa38flCfl CBeprHyr npl1H~eM, B3owe.awuM Ha npecron no.a rpoHHbJM l1MeHeM KoroK}' 11 M36paBWl1M B Ka<ieCTBe ,aeB/.13a CBOero ~apCTBO BaHl1fl (645-654 rr.) cnoBo ,, TawKa» (r.e. «BenuKafl nepeMeHa»). Ero 6flU)I(aWW/.1M cno,aBl1)1(Hl1KOM flBflflflCfl HaKaTOM/.1 KaMarap/.1, ocHoBarenb K!laHa ct>y,a3MBapa. B.aBoeM OH/.1 npoBenu raK Ha3bJBaeMbJe «pe(j>opMbJ rawKa», npo.aon)l(l1B ~eHrpanl13a~l1JO BnaCTM, Ha<iano KOTOPOW 6bJnO nono)l(eHO npl1H~eM Ceroey. nocne roro, KaK o<~epe.aHafl 3aBoeBarenbHafl 3Kcne.al1~1111 B Kope10 norepnena npoBan, flnOHCKl1e npaB11ren11 nonHOCTb/0 COCpe,aOTO</Mfll1Cb Ha BHYTpeHH/.1X npo6neMax 11 npo.aon)l(aBwewcfl BOWHe c awHaMM. K KOH~Y VIII B. 3Ta 3amHyBwaflcfl BOWHa npl16nl1)1(anacb K 3aBepweHMJO, 11 flnoH~bJ Mano-noMany o6be,al1Hflnu

537

Ha ocrpoBe XoHcJO 3aeoeBaHHbJe paWOHbl.

593-621 rr. PEfEHTCTBO nP~HLJ.A CETOKY. npl1Hf1Tl1e KOHCTI1TY~Ml1, 3aflO)I(l1BWeW OCHOBbl

CTPOl1TeflbCTBa ~eHTpanl130BaHHOrO rocy.aapcrea ( 604 r.).

621-645 rr.

B03PO)f(,D.EH~E

KJlAHA corA. 9ror B0306HOB/.1BWl1WCfl no.abeM 6bm pe3KO npepeaH BocwecrBMeM Ha npecron l1Mneparopa KoroKy. 662-663 rr. AE~CTB~SI

SlnOHCKOfO 3KCnEA~U.~OH HOfO KOPnYCA B KOPEE. (CM. Bb/We.)

710-781 rr.

nEP~OA

BHYT-

PEHH~X 6ECnOPSIAKOB. )J,ecf1Tl1-

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781-806 rr. LJ.APCTBOBAH~E KAMMY (737806 rr.). 0H 3HeprM<iHO BOCCTaHO~MnEPATOPA

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80HH bl. MHHH8T10pa CaN ICT- r anneHCKOiii ncanTblpH

r:r

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542

TEMHbiE BEKA. 60EBOLI1 TOnOP V1 nAllV1LJA. 800-1000 rr.

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.aena Anblj>pe.aa, 9.ayap.a u Arenb-

npoo6pa3oM coepeMeHHotli Moropu-

npaB.aa, B X B. B03PO.l1MBWMWC1i BM-

craH, npeeparunu lj>nor M3 opy)I(M1i

30BBHHotli MOpCKOtli neXOTbl.

38HTMWCKMtli lj>nOT CMCTeMBTM'leCKM npecne.aoean MycynbMBHCKMX nMparoe, B pe3ynbrare 'lero Ha Cpe.l1M3eMHOMOpbe COCT01ifl0Cb HeCKOflbKO BeCbM8 Bne'l8Tfl1i/Oli..IMX MOPCKMX 6aranMtli. KOHCTPYKTMBHO KOpa6nM BMKMHroB 6bJnM Cyll.leCTBeHHO CflO)I(Hee rex, Ha KOTOPbJX nnaeanM no Cpe.aM3eMHOMY MOp/0. /1,nMH8 MX pe.[1KO npeBb/WBn8

M; B .[18&-f)l(eHMe OHM

1 YnoTpe6JieHHe nol{o6Horo cJiosocoqeTaHHll liBJilleTCll KaK MHHHMYM COMHHTeJibHblM. fpe'leCKHM CJIOBOM «barangoi», BOCXO,I{lllJ1HM Kl{peBHeCKaH,I{HHaBCKOMY «Vaeringjar» ( OTKyl{a npoHCXOI{HT pyccKoe «Bapllr») Ha3btBaJIHCb HOpMaHHCKHe BOHHbl Ha CJiy)f(6e BH3aHTHJ;icKHX 6a3HJiescos. Ha PycH onHcbtsaeMoro nepHol{a sapl!raMH o6o6111eHHO HMe· HOBaJIH BCeX CKaH,I{HHaBOB (He HCKJIIO'leHO, 'iTO H HeKoTopbtX l{pyrHx )f(HTeJieJ;! EaJITHJ;icKoro perHOHa ), pa31{eJieHHe KOTOpblX Ha HOpBe)f(l.leB (MypMaHOB), WBe,I{OB (cseeB) H T. ,!{. 11pOH30W· JIO TOJibKO so sropoJ;t IIOJIOBHHe

XII B. Bepo-

l!THO TaK)f(e, 'iTO 110,1{ «pyccKHMH CKaH,I{HHaBaMH)) HMeiOTCll B BHI{y CJiaBl!He, MOpCKHe Ha6erH KOTOpbtx Ha BH3aHTHJ;icme rro6epe)f(be 6btJIH COBepweHbl B 3TOT rrepHO,I{.

np~-t6biTJ.te HOPM8HHCK11X AP8KK8POB K napmKy. KapTHH8 n.

Opxyc. XyAO)f(ecTBeHHbl" MY3e"

c. Kp11CTH8HCeHa.

546

TEMHbiE BEKA. 60EBOll1 TOnOP V1 nAnl!lu,A. 800-1000 rr.

3~HAH BTOP»ffiHMHBMKMHTOB II CKAH)I,IIHABIIH

BTOp)f(eH/IIRX, Haf4/IIOHaflbHb/X fl/1160

pone, Cpe,aM3eMHOMOpbe /II Enl!l)f(-

nneMeHHbiX, H/11 0 Ml!llpaf4/ll/ll, a TOflb-

HeM BocToKe.

KO 0 Ha6e/aX C f4eflb/O nO)f(/IIB/IITbCR B03/flaBnReMb/X

HAPO.JJ:hl CKaHJJ:IIHaBim rrporrum

CKaH,a/IIHaBCK/IIM/11 aBaHTIOpi!ICTaM/11 /II

ymiKaJihHhiH IICTOpii'IeCKIIil: rryTh.

3HaTb/O.

EyJJ:y'III II3Ha'IaJihHO 3eMJieJJ:eJihi!aMII,

,aa noBOpOTHOi!t TOLJKOi!t B /IICTOp/111!1 CKaH,a/IIHaB/11/11, MO)f(HO C'-1/IITaTb HaLJaflO

IX B.,

EBPOIIA

KOI,aa ee o61!1TaTenl!l (1!13Be-

no1pa61!1Tb,

HopBe)f(CKI!Ie /II ,aaTCKI!Ie B/IIK/IIHI/11

OHII o6pa6aThiBaJIII ITJIOJJ:OpOJJ:Hhie

nnaBan/11 LJall{e Bee/a Ha 3ana.a /II

y<J:aCTKII 3eMJIII B lliBei!IIII, .lJ:aHIIII II

ce-

/OI0-3ana.a; wBe,acKI!Ie- KaK npaB/11-

HopBeriiii, OJJ:HaKo TaKoil: 3eMJIII

BepRHe) npi!IHRfli!ICb coBepwaTb

no (Ho He I!ICKfl/OLJI!ITenbHO), no Ean-

6hiJIO MaJIO -

onycTOWI!ITenbHble Ha6ell!l Ha 3a-

TI!IKe. Ha6e//ll B/IIK/IIH/OB HaLJafl/IICb B

BCKope YBJieKJIIICh 3aMopcKoil: Top-

na,aHy/O EBpony /II Epi!ITaHCKI!Ie ocT-

KOHf4e

poBa. Tpl!l maBHble cKaH,ai!IHaBCKI!Ie

npl!lo6penl!l He6b!Banbli!t pa3Max /II

MHOriie BHe3aiTHO CTaJIII «BIIKIIHra-

cTpaHbl- /1,aHI!IR, HopBeii!IR /II WBe-

onycTOW/IITeflbHY/0 C/llflY/11 He CXO,a/11-

MII»- y<J:aCTHIIKaMII rpa6IITeJihCKIIX

f4/IIR -

fl/11 Ha y6blflb ,ao HaLJana

CTHble KaK B/IIK/IIH//11 /llfl/11 npOCTO

}'>Ke TOI,aa 3THI!ILJecKI!I /II Kynb-

TYPHO OTfl/11'-/afl/IICb ,apy1 OT ,apy1a,

VIII

B., 3a cne,ay/011{/lle

50 neT

HeKOTOphie II3 HIIX

roBJieil:. 3aTeM, rrpiiMepHo B

800

X CTOfleT/IIR.

Ha6eroB Ha EpiiTaHCKIIe ocTpoBa,

/naBHb/M cne,aCTB/IIeM 3T/IIX Ha6e-

3arraJJ:HYID EBporry, JJ:a'lKe Ha Teppii-

npi!ILJeM /1,aH/IIR RBflRflaCb Ha/116onee

/OB RB/IIflCR TOflLJOK, ,aaHHbli!t /IlM/II pa3-

pa3BI!ITOi!t /113 H/IIX.

B/IIT/II/O ¢eo.aani!I3Ma B 3ana,aHoi!t EB-

TOpiiiO coBpeMeHHoil: Typi!IIII. BHe3arrHhiH rrepexoJJ: OT 3eMJieJJ:e-

noLJeMy 3T/II CTOflb onyCTOW/11-

pone. Cyll{eCTBeHHoe Bfli!IRHI!Ie 6b!no

JIIIH K TOprOBJie, a OT Hee -

TeflbHb/e Ha6e//ll HaLJafl/IICb TaK He-

O,aHOBpeMeHHO OKa3aHO Ha pa3B/II-

raM, 06bHCHHeTCH rrpe'lK,Il;e BCerO TeM

K Ha6e-

Q)f(/ll,aaHHO, H/IIKOI,aa He 6blfl0 RCHO /II

T/IIe C06b/TI!Ii!t BO C/JpaHf4/ll/ll, Ha 5pi!I-

<PaKTopoM, 'ITO B VIII B. cKaHJJ:IIHaBhi

OCTaeTCR 3a/a,aOLJHb/M ,ao C/IIX nap.

TaHCK/IIX OCTpOBaX /II Ha Pyc/11, a TaK-

JJ:OCTIIrJIII COBeprneHCTBa B CTpOII-

He CLJI!ITaR oT,aenbHbiX I!ICKfl/OLJeHI!Ii!t,

)f(e, onocpe,aoBaHHO /II no I!ICTeLJeH/11/11

TeJihCTBe 6hiCTpOXOJJ:HhiX, 3aOCTpeH-

peLJb H/IIKOI,aa He 3aXO,al!lna H/11 0

HeKOTOpOIO BpeMeH/11, B /O)f(HOi!t EB-

HhiX C 060IIX KOHI!OB KOpa6JieH

---

-----

~-r~~-+~v~,l~~~~~~~/~ v / / / I

APOMOH. lilcTOPI1KI1 oni1Cb1Balll1 ero KaK 6onbwoe 11 6biCTpoe CYAHO. KaK ycTaHOBJleHo, Ha HeKOTOPbiX APOMOHax 11Menocb no TP11AI.IaTb eecen 11 TaKI1e Kopa61111 11Melll1 no TPI1 MaLITbl c npSIMbiMI1 napycaMI1 nmoc HaKJlOHHaSI MaLITa Ha Hocy, Hecyll.laSI 6ywnpi1THbli1 napyc. Alli1Ha eecen eepxHero PSIAa- npi1MepHo 26,24 YTa (8 M), Ka:>KAbiM 113 HI1X pa6oTano ABa rpe61.1a; BeCJlaMI1 HI1>KHero PSIAa- npi1MepHO 11 ,48 <J>YTa (3,5 M) AJ111HOH- no OAHOMY LlellOBeKy Ka>KAbiM. B11AHbl ABa KOPMOBbiX BeCJla- no npaBOMY 11JleBOMY 60PTY, KOpMa COCTOI1T 113 AByx CeK1.111H, KOHI.Ibl KOTOPbiX HanpaBJleHbl BBepx 11 o6a 11Me10T OA11H 11 TOT >Ke 113rl16- ccpora», KaK CB11AeTeJlbCTBYIOT HeKOTOpble AOKYMeHTbl 11 M03ai1KI1 TOrO nep110Aa

3AnA,ll,HA~

EBPOnA

547 a no TOM no peKe WaHHOH Jl.O o3epa J7ox-PI!I. '-leTblpe ro/],a cnycm oH 6blfl y6MT a 6/IITBe MaaneM CeKHai!inoM, KoponeM Mai!i/l,a (845 r.).

Kopa6Jlb BI1KI1Hroe

853 r. BOU,APEHVIE OnA<l>A, nEPBOrO CKAHAVIHABCKOrO KOPOnSI VIPnAHAVIVI. 862-879 rr. BOCCTAHVIE VIPnAHAU.EB HA CEBEPE. 3/1, C/JI!IH/1,nl!laT, l!lpnaH/],CK/IIM KOpOflb, /113f"Han B/IIK/IIHf"OB C ceaepa OCTpOBa, HO He CMOf npe/],OTBpaT/IITb paCWI!IpeH/IIR /!IX ana/],eHI!Ii!i Ha BocTO'IHOM no6epe>Kbe.

914-920 rr. CKAHAVIHABCKASI 3KCnAHCVISI. BI!IKI!IHIIIT 3a-

C KBa):(paTHhiMII rrapycaMII- KOpa6JieH BIIKIIHrOB. 0HII II):(eaJihHO IIO):(XO):(IIJIII ):(JIH HeQ)KII):(aHHhiX BhiJia30K; Ha 6opTy Ka'lK):(Oro Kopa6JIH pa3Memanoch rro TPIIAIIaTh, ecnii He 6onhme, BOIIHOB, crroco6Hhlx rrepeceqh 6ymyiOIIIIIe MOpH II OTIIpaBIIThCH B orrycTOWIITeJihHhiH Ha6er. EyAyqii 3aMeqaTeJihHhiMII MOpeXO):(aMII II 06Jia):(aH TaKIIMII 6hiCTpOXO):(HhiMII KOpa6JIHMII, BIIKIIHrii B rropy CBOerO paCI!BeTa JierKO yCTaHOBIIJIII rOCIIO):(CTBO Ha BCeM rrpOCTPaHCTBe OT 11pJiaH):(IIII Ha 3aiia):(e ):(0 BoJirii Ha BOCTOKe.

s HpnaHP,IIfllf 800-1000 rr.

BMKMHnt

B Ha'lane IX a. Ha6em cKaH/1,/IIHaaoa Ha Teppi!ITOP/1110 IITpnaH/1,/11/11 npo/IICX0/1,/IIfl/11 BCe 'lall{e /II CTaHOB/IIfl/IICb ace Macwm6Hee; Ha ceaepe /II socTOKe /IIM/11 6blfl0 opraH/1130BaHO MHO>KeCTBO nOCTORHHb/X onopHb/X 6a3. 3a nonTopa CTOfleT/IIR HenpepbiBHb/X BOOpYJKeHHb/X KOHcjJfli!IKTOB C ceaepa IITpnaH/1,/11/11 cKaH/1,/IIHaaoa Bb/6/llnl!l, 3aTO OH/11 npO'IHO 3aKpen/llfl/IICb Ha BOCTOKe /II B U,eHTpaflbHOi!f 'laCT/11 OCTpoaa; maBHbiM/11 onnoTaM/11 /!IX cmfl/11 JJ,y6ni!IH, YoTepcjJop/1, /II f71!1Mepi!IK. Ha npoTR>KeH/11/11 no'IT/11 acero X a. IITpnaH/1,/IIR HaX0/1,/IInacb no/1, /!IX anaCTb/0, 0/],HaKO K KOHU,y paCCMaTpi!IBaeMOf"O nep/110/],a B/IIK/IIHf"/11 CTafl/11 TepneTb nopa>KeHI!IR aT Epl!laHa Eopoi!!Me, KoponR MaHcTepa ( IO>KHaR IITpnaH/1,/IIR), a 3aTeM /II aepxoaHoro KOPOflR.

795 r. nEPBbiE HA5ErVI BVIKVIHrOB HA VIPnAHAVIIO. 3m 6blfl0 0/],HO /113 MHOf"O'I/IICfleHHb/X Hana/],eHI!Ii!i Ha MpnaH/l,CKI!Ie MOHaCTblp/11.

807-832 rr. nEPBbiE CEPbE3HbiE HA5ErVI BVIKVIHrOB. B pe3ynbTaTe Ha6eroa 3axaa'leHbl ocTpoaa a np1!16pe>KHoi!i nonoce /II a IITpnaH/l,CKOM Mope. CKaH/1,/IIHaBcKI!Ii!i BO>KJl.b ToprecT npe/],npi!IHRn nepBble pei!i/l,bl a my6b ocTpoaa (832 r.).

841 r. BVIKVIHrVI3AXBATbiBAIOT VI YKPEnnSIIOT AYSnVIH VI AHHArACCAH. ToprecT, no/1, anacTb/0 KOTOporo HaX0/1,/IIflaCb 'f)/(e noflOB/IIHa IITpnaH/1,1!11!1, no/],HRncR cnepaa no peKe EaHH Jl.O o3epa J7ox-Hei!i,

xaaTI!Ifll!l /II yKpenl!ln/11 YoTepcjJop/1, (914 r.) 1!1 f71!1Mepi!IK(920 r.). npl!l nonbiTKe OT61!1Tb 3aXBa'leHHb/M CKaH/],/11HaBaM/11 JJ,y6ni!IH noTepnen nopa>KeHI!Ie /II nor/116 l!lpnaH/],CK/IIM BepXOBHb/M Koponb Hai!iann lnaH/l,y6 (919 r.).

0K0110 965-975 rr. nPABnEHVIE MATrAM3IiiHA, KOPOnSI MAHCTEPA. OH pa361!1n BI!IKI!IHroa npl!l f71!1Mep1!1Ke /II 3axaaTI!In ropo/1, (968 r.). 0/l,HaKo anocne/],CTB/11/11 noTepnen nopa>KeHI!Ie aT MaanR Myai!i/],a, MpnaH/l,CKoro BO>KJl.R, ocnap/11aaawero npaao Ha npecmn. Myai!i/1, y6Mn MaTraMai!!Ha /II 3axaaTI!In TPOH MaHcTepa (975 r.).

976 r. B03BbiWEHVIE 5PVIAHA 50POIIIME. SpaT MaTraM3i!!Ha, oH HaHec nopa>KeHI!Ie Maan10 Myai!iJl.Y, y6Mn era, B3owen Ha npecmn /II Ha npom>KeH/11/11 acero nocne/l,yJOU{ero u,apCTBOBaH/IIR 3a C'leT conepH/11-

PyKOSITI1 Kapolli1HrcKI1X

Me'lei1 X

548

TEMHbiE BEKA. 60EBOll1 TOnOP 1!1 nAJll!li.JA. 800-1000 rr. 10 ~

~~~

llltr:ii,l'/!!!:1 11

-11AJUIIJfl

CK3HA11H3Bbl (AO 1200 r.): 1- roTn3HAeU (BHeWHI1H B11A BOCnpOI13BeAeH no H3XOAK3M B 33XOpOHeHI1SIXOKOno BaMApyna); 2, 5- BOI1H 11 IQ)ecTbSIHI1H (no H3XOAK3M 113 TopcGbeprctroro 60JJOT3 B AHrenbHe); 3 - BOI1H B wneMeC 11306pa)KeHI1eM aenpst (no Hai:tAeHHbiM nostcHbiM GnstxaM); 4- )KeHI1\11Ha (o6ni1KBOCCTaHoBneH no HaXOAKaM omno Aapyca); 6, 10- KOnbU3 AnSI PYKI1 we11; 7- YHI133HH3SI KOnbU3MI1 ronOBKa Me<f3j 8- Me<f cnaTa (spatha); 9- HI1)KHSISI 06Kn3AK3 HO)KeH Me"fa; 11, 12- HarpyAHble yiQ)aweH11st; 13- KO)K3Hbli:t GawMaK

KOB- KaK CKaHJJ.!11HaBCK!I1X, TaK 111 !11pnaHJJ.CK!I1X - nocreneHHO yc!l1n!I1Ban CB0/0 MO~b 111 paCW!Ifp~n nOJJ.KOHTponbHY/0 repp!11TOP!I110.

999 r. 6"'TBA n P"' f JlEHMAMA (6JH13 COBp. ropo.na rneHHaMa,[l.[\111). bp!lfaH pa3rpOM!I1n BOWCKO neHcrepcKoro Kopon~ (3aK!IJ04!11Bwero C0/03 CO CK8HJJ.!11HaBCK!I1M npaB!IfTeneM JJ,y6n!I1Ha), B pe3ynbrare BbiHYJJ.!IfB 111 fleHCTep, 111 ,fl,y6n!I1H np!113HaTb ero BepxoBHbiM npaB/11reneM. BVIKV/Hrlrf B 5pVIT8HVIVI

3aXBaT!I1n!l1 111 KOnOH!I130B8n!l1 n04T!I1 BC/0 aHmocaKCOHCK}'/0 bp!11TaH!I110, 38 !11CKnJ04eH!I1eM Y9cceKca. C rpyJJ.OM CyMeB COXpaH!IfTb He38B!I1C!I1MOCTb, Y9CCeKCK!I1W KOpOnb Anbcppe.a Ben!I1KII1iii Bnocne.acrB/11!11 !113rHan B!I1K!I1HroB c 10ra AHm!l1!11, o.aep>KaB no6e.ay HaJJ. .aaHaM/11 6naro.aap~ CBO!IfM 8J!.M!11H!I1CTpaT!I1BHb/M cnoC06HOCT~M 111 nonKOBOJJ.4eCK!I1M ranaHraM. OH, a raK>Ke ero Hacne.aH!I1K!I1 111 npo.aon>Karen!lf cnoco6crBOBan!l1 pa3B!I1T!I1/0 Knacca cf>eo.aanbHbiX BO!IfHOB- raHoB. 0H!I1 9cpcpeKT!IfBHO !11CnOnb30Ban!l1 npOCTb/e

800-914rr.

cf>opr!11cp!11Ka~!l1oHHbJe coopY')I(eH!If~-

BcKope nocne Brop>KeH!If~ B VfpnaHJJ.!If/0 CK8HJJ.!11H8Bbl CTan/11 COBepWaTb Ha6em Ha no6epe>Kbe WornaHJJ.!11!11, a 4YTb no3>Ke - 111 AHm/11111. K cepeJJ.!IfHe IX B. OHM 3axBaT!I1n!l1 MHO>KeCTBO WOTnaHJJ.CK!IfX OCTPO BOB 111 38Kpen!l1n!I1Cb B my6!11He Tepp!11TOp111111 crpaHbl. OpraH!I130BaB onopHble 6a3bl Ha aHmllfiiiCK!IfX ocrpoBax 111 no6epe>Kbe, .aaHbl (.aarcK!Ife B!I1K!I1Hr!11) coBepweHHO pa3op111n111 HopryM6p!11JO, Mepc/1110 111 Bocro4HYJO AHm!lfJO. 3a HecKonbKO ner OHM

111 Jl.fl~ 3a~!I1Tbl, 111 B K84eCTBe onopHb/X 683 .an~ BTOp>KeH/11~ B H8XOJJ.!11BWYIOC~ no.a BnacTb/0 .aaHoB CeBepHYJO AHm11110; KPOMe roro, 4T06bJ JJ.8Tb B!I1K!I1HraM omop H8 MOpe, OH/11 nocrpo!lfn!lf 111 CHap~JJ.!Ifn/11 MO~Hb/W cf>nor. B re4eH!I1e X B. 6opb6a aHrnocaKcoB c .aaHaM/11 y>Ke He CBOJJ./11nacb K nonbJTKaM MecrHoro HaceneH/11~ opraH!I130BaTb omop Ha6eraM B!I1K!I1HroB, a cKopee npe.acraBn~na co6oiii 6onee 111n111 MeHee peryn~p HYJO BOiiiHyMe)I(Jl.yCeBepHoiii !lfiO>KHoiiiAHm!lfeiii.

793 r. HA4AJlbHbl"' PY6E)f( B"'K"'Hf08))1 • BbiC8Jf.!I1B-

cc~mOX"'

WII1Cb Ha ocrpoBe fli11HJJ.!11CcpapHe 6n1113 no6epe>Kb~ HopryM6p!11!11, .aaHbl pa3rpa6111n111 MOH8CTblpb CB. Kar6epT8. B 794 r. TaKa~ >Ke y4acrb nocr!lfrna a66arcrBo ,il)Kappoy.

802-835 rr. HA4"'HAIOTCSI OnYCTOW"'TEJlbHbiE HA6Ef"' B"'K"'HfOB. ,fl,aHbl Bee 4a~e Hana.aan/11 Ha no6epe>Kb~ WomaHJJ./11!11 111 AHm/11111 111 3axBar!l1n!l1 MHoro womaHJJ.CK!IfX OCTPOBOB. B my6!11He repp!11TOPII1111 WomaHJJ./11!11 no~B!Ifn!lfcb nepBble noceneH/11~ B!I1K!I1HTOB.

838 r. 6"'TBA nP"' X"'HfCTOHAAYHE. 3r6epr, Koponb Y9cceKca, pa36!11n 06beJJ.!11HeHHb/e C!lfnbl B!lfK!IfHrOB/11 Y9nbca.

850 r. HA6Ef"' B"'K"'HfOB B 10f0-BOCT04HYIO AHfJl"'IO. 38XBaN!I1K!I1 pa3rpa6111n111 J10HJJ.OH 111 KeHrep6ep!l1, HO np111 OK!I!I16bm!l1 HaronoBy pa36!11Tbl KoponeM Y9cceKca 3renbBynbcpOM. 1

HeKoropblX HCToqHHKax HaqaJibHbli't

py6elK «3IIOXH BHKHHrOB» OTHOCJIT K

783

Ho I{OK)'MeHTaJibHO Ha6em BHKHHros Ha AHrJIHlO rroi{TBeplKI{eHbl c

793

3AnA)J.HASl EBPOnA 851 r. nEPBbiE

nOCEJlEH~s:l

B~K~HfOB HA TEPP~TOP~~ AHfJl~~. nep80Ha48flbHO 3aKpem1BWMCb Ha ocTp08Ke TaHeT, 6nM3 co8peMeHHoro ropo.aa MaprMTa, OHM 8CKOpe opraHM308anM nOCTORHHY/0 onopHy/0 6a3y Ha OCTP08e WennM 8 ycTbe TeM3bl (853 r.).

865-874 r. 3ABOEBAH~E AAHAM~ HOPTYM6P~~. MEPC~~ ~

BOCTOYHO~ AHrJl~~. B 6MT8e npM !l1opKe (867 r.) .aaHbl no.a npe.a80,ll,MTenbcT80M Xanbcp,tJ,aHa HaHecnM pewMTenbHoe nop8)KeHMe HOPTYM6pMw~aM. BcKope nocne 9Toro cKaH,ll,MHa8bl 80 MHO)I(eCTBe CTanM ceflMTbCR Ha 3a80e8aHHb/X 3eMnRX. nonbiTKa -y9CCeKCKOTO KOpO.nR 3Tenbpe.aa M ero 6paTa A.nbcppe.aa OT8oe88Tb MepcMto 6bma Hey.aa4Ha(868 r.). 3.aMyH.a C8RTow, Kopo.nb BocT04HOW AHmMM, noTepnen nopa)l(eHMe Mnom6 8 6MT8e npM XoKcHe (870 r.).

870-871 rr. BTOP)I(EH~E AAHOB B Y3CCEKC. no.a npe,tJ,80,tJ,MTe.nbcT80M 3Tenbpe.aa M A.nbcppe.aa 8 CTOflKH08eHMM npM VfHmcpM.n,tJ,e aHmocaKCbl no6e.aM.nM .aaHo8 (.aeKa6pb 870 r.); 3aTeM, 8 c.ne.ayto~eM ro.ay, 6bmM Haro.no8y pa36MTbl M noHec.nM TR)I(eflbJe noTepM npM Pe.aMHre ( RH8apb); o.aep)l(anM 6.necm~y10 no6e.ay npM Aw.aayHe, r.ae 8 xo.ae ,ll,flM8WeWCR 8eCb ,tJ,eHb KP080npoflMTHOW CX8aTKM ,tJ,aHbl noTepRnM 0/1,HOTO Vf3 KOponew VI nRTepb!X Rp.no8 ( RH8apb); noTepne.nM nopa)l(eHMe npM Gew3MHre (RH8apb), npMHRnM ,l1,8a cpa)l(eHMR, MCX0/1, KOTOpb!X He 6bJ.n O,ll,H03Ha4HO peweH HM 8 TY, HM 8,tJ,pyry/O CTOPOHY( cpe8panb), VI CH08a 6bmM pa36MTbl npM MepToHe (MapT). noc.ne CMepTM 3Te.nbpe.aa A.nbcppe.a noTepne.n nop8)KeHMe npM YMnToHe (8 co8p. rpacpcT8e YMnTwMp), KOT,ll,a OTCTynato~Me 80WCKa ,tJ,aH08 KOHTpaTaK08anM HeopraHM308aHHb/e cMnbJ npecne.ao8aTenew. noc.ne 9TOTO HaCTynMn nRTMneTHMW MMp.

876-878 rr. nOBTOPHOE B Y3CCEKC. /l,aHbl

BTOP)I(EH~E

3ax8aTMnM Y9peM (876 r.) M3KceTep (877 r.), HO 3aTeM, OCa)l(,ll,eHHb/e 8 3KCeTepe A.nbcppe,ll,OM, OHM 3aKJII04VfflM MMP M oTcTynMnM 8 MepcM/0. BcKope noc.ne 9Toro npe,tJ,80,ll,MTe.nb

.aaH08 rYTPYM 8 KaHyH Kpe~eHMR He0)/(Vf,ll,aHHO Hanan MHaro.no8y pa36Mn A.nbcppe.aa no.a 4MnneHeMoM (RH8apb 878 r.). Y9cceKCKMW Koponb c ropCTKOW y~e.ne8WMX 80MH08 YKPblflMCb 8 KpenOCTM ATe.nHM ( 8 C08p. rpacf>cT8e CoMepceTwMp), oTey.aa A.nbcppe.a 8CKope pa3ocnan npMKa3 0 M06M.nM3a~MM. /l,aHbl TeM 8peMeHeM OKJ<YnMpo8anM /O)I(HY/0 AHmMto, MA.nbcppe.ay npMw.nocb 8ocno.nb308aTbCR TaKTMKOW napTM38HCKMX ,tJ,eWCT8MW, 4T06bl He ,tJ,a8aTb VIM nOKOR. Ha6pa8 K 8eCHe H080e 80WCKO, A.nbcf>pe.a o.aep)l(an pewMTe.nbHY/0 no6e,tJ,y 8 6MT8e npM 3TaH,tJ,yHe ( C08p. TOp0/1, 3,tJ,MHrTOH,' MaW 878 r.). fyTpyM npe,tJ,nO)I(Vffl Ha4aTb neper080pbl, VI 8 pe3y.nbTaTe 6bm no.anMcaH Y9.aMopCKMW MMp, no yc.n08MRM KOTOporo ,tJ,aHbl 06R38flMCb npeKpaTMTb nonb/TKM 3a8oe8aHMR Y9cceKca, HO coxpaHMnM 8.nacTb Ha.a Ce8epHow AHmMew. Bo 8peMR 9TOW KaMnaHMM A.nbcppe/1, VI Ha4an CTpOMTb cpnoT.

884-885 rr. B0306HOBJ1EH~E BO~Hbl ME>KAY AJlb<PPE-

AOM ~ rYTPYMOM. 3Ta KaMnaHMR Ha4anacb c noTepne8wero Hey.aa4y Ha6era .aaH08 Ha KeHT. npecne.ayR npoTM8HMKa, Anbcppe.a 3ax8aTMn J10H,ll,OH(885 r.), a 8 noc.ne,tJ,08a8WMe MMPHb/e TO,ll,bl paCWMpM.n C80Vf 8.na,tJ,eHMR Ha ce8ep oT TeM3bl.

549 Hb/M 6pe8eH4aTb/M 60H08b/M 3arpa)l(,ll,eHMeM. /l,aHaM npMWflOCb, 6pOCM8 KOpa6nM, neWMM MapweM ompa8MTbCR 8 Ce8epHyto AHmMto, H8XO,ll,Vf8WYIOCR no.a 8.naCTb/O MX COn.neMeHHMK08.

905 r. HOBOE BTOP)I(EH~E AAHOB. l1x cyxonyTHoe 80WCKO .aow.no .ao TeM3bl, r.ae 6bmo oT6MTO 3.ayap.aoM CTapwMM, 83owe.awMM Ha npecTO.n nocne cMepTM A.nbcppe.aa. 3.ayap.a oTBeTM.n ycneWHbiM coKPYWMTe.nbHbiM peW,ll,OM no 8CeW TeppMTOPMMAHmMM, H8XO,ll,Vf8WeWCR no.a 8.nacTb/O .aaHo8; KynbMMHa~Mew 9TOTO npe.anpMf!TVffl R8M.nacb peWMTe.nbHaR no6e.aa npM TeneHxo.n.ne (5 a8rycTa 910 r.). B MTore 3.ayap.a paCWMpM.n TeppMTOpM/0 C80ero KOpo.ne8CT8a 8nflOTb,ll,O peKMXaM6ep.

914 r. BTOP)I(EH~E B~K~H足 fOB ~3 6PETAH~. ct>.noT 8MKMHT08 no.aHRncR no peKe Ce8epH, HO 6bm 3a6.nOKMP08aH 3.ayap,ll,OM VI 8b/H'Y)K,tJ,eH oTcTynMTb. XoTR 8 Ce8epHow M BocT04HOW AHmMM npo.aon)l(anMcb HenpepbJ8HbJe norpaHM4HbJe CTb/4KM, MHM~MaTM8a Tenepb nepew.na K aHmocaKCaM. 0KOH4aTeflbHYIO no6e,tJ,y 3 .ayap.a o.aep)l(an 8 918 r., 3ax8aTM8 TeMnccf>op.a M y6M8 fYTPYMa II, .aaTcKoro Kopo.nR BocT04HOW AHr.nMM. 3pa 8MKMHT08 8 bpMTaHMM no,ll,OW.na K KOH~Y- HO He 9pa ,tJ,aH08.

893-896 rr. BTOP)I(EH~E AAHOB B KEHT ~ Y3CCEKC. KpynHble CVfflbl ,tJ,aH08 6bJ.nM 6nOKMP08aHbl A.nbcppe.aoM HeMe.aneHHO noc.ne 8b/C8,ll,KM, O,ll,HaKO MX con.neMeHHMKM TYT)I(e 8TOpmMcb M3 Ce8epHowAHr.nMM 8 Y9cceKc - OT4aCTM 8 co6CT8eHHbiX MHTepecax, OT4aCTM, 4T06bl no.a.aep)l(aTb H080npM6b/8WMX co6paTbe8. 4aCTM MOPCKOTO ,tJ,eCaHTa Ta/OKe y.aanocb npop8aTb aHmocaKCOHCJ<YIO 6.noKa.ay. GecnopR/1,04HbJe 6oM 8CnbJXM8anM no 8cew /O)I(HOW VI 3ana,ll,HOW AHmMM,' 8 KOH~e KOH~08, A.nbcppe.a npM no,n.aep)I(Ke C80ero Cb/Ha 3.ayap.aa VI HeCKO.nbKMX KpynHeWWMX 8aCC8fl08 pa36M.n o6a 80WCKa .aaHo8 (893 M 894 rr.). /l,aHbl npe.anpMHRnM noxo.a 88epx no Te4eHM/O TeM3bl M peKM f1M, HO A.nbcf>pe.a nepeKpbJ.n VIM nyTM K OTCTyn.neHM/0, 8038e,ll,R 8 YCTbe f1M ,l1,8a cpopTa M neperopo,tJ,M8 peey orpoM-

PyKOS1TK3

t.teo.ca BI1KJtHrOB

550

TEMHbiE BEKA. 60EBOll1 TOnOP 1!1 nAJll!li.JA. 800-1000 rr.

JilopKCKYlj;i neHHH BHKHHrOB

BHKHHrH s 3ana,qHon Espone 800-929rr. npM Kapne BenMKOM HeMHOro•mcneHHbJe Ha6erM BMKMHroe Ha no6epe)l(be 3ana,aHotli EeponbJ orpa)l(afiMCb 6bJCTpO M 9lj>lj>eKTMBHO KaK Ha cywe, TaK M Ha MOpe. npM J1FO,aOBMKe bflar04eCTMBOM ( Cb/He Kapna BenMKoro) Ha6erM cKaH,aMHaeoe CTaJIM Ky,aa onyCTOWMTeJibHee; a KOr,aa BMKMHrM 06Hapy)I(MJIM, 4TO MOryr o6paTMTb K CBOetli nOflb3e ,aMHaCTM4eCKMe pa3,aOpbJ no3,aHMX KaponMHroe, pa3pa3Mnacb Hacrof!~af! 6ypfl. noneeKa BMKMHrM 6ec4MHCTBOBaJIM n04TM no BCetli <J>paHl..jMM, Ha reppMTOPMM COBpeMeHHb/X crpaH beHMJIIOKCa M CeeepHotli lepMaHMM - )l(rfiM, rpa6MJIM M y6MBaJIM, npaKTM4eCKM He BCTpe4af/ conpoTMBJieHMfl, KPOMe rex Cfly4aeB, KOr,aa KOPOJIM M3HaTb BpeMeHHO OTBJieKaJIMCb OT CBOMX BHyTpeHHMX M ,aMHaCTM4eCKMX pacnpet/i, 4T06bJ pa306paTbCfl C 3aXBaT4MKaMM. t1 XOTfl 6MTBe C opraHM30BaHHb/M npOTMBHMKOM BMKMHrM npe,an04MTaJIM rpa6e)l(, B re4eHMe rperbetli 4ereeprM IX B. OHM 4aCTO M ycneWHO cpa)l(aJIMCb C JIY4WMMM apMMf/MM lj>paHKOB. Mo~b BMKMHroe ,aocrMma anoref! B npaeneHMe 6e3,aapHoro lj>paHKcKoro MMneparopa Kapna Toncroro, B caMbJtli reMHbJtli nepMo,a TeMHbJX BeKOB, M yBeH4aJiaCb peWMTeflbHOW M 4aCTM4HO ycneWHOW OCa,aot/i napM)I(a (885-886 rr.). O,aHaKo CMflbJ, KOTOpbJe OHM npMBeJIM B ,aBM)I(eHMe cpe,aM CBOMX )l(epTB, - pa3BMTMe

9lj>lj>eKTMBHb/X lj>eo,aaflbHb/X KaBanepMWCKMX apMMW M yKpenneHMe lj>opTMlj>MKal..jMOHHb/MM COOpy)l(eHMf/MM l..jeHTPOB l..jMBMJIM3ai..jMM, o6epHyfiMCb renepb npOTMB CaMMX cKaH,aMHaBoe. K KOHI..jy IX e. Ha6erM BMKMHrOB CTaJIM npOMCXO,aMTb cy~e CTBeHHO pe)l(e; MX apMMM repneJIM nopa)l(eHMe npMMepHO TaK )l(e 4aCTO, KaK o,aep)I(MBaJIM no6e,abJ. nocne,aHMW BCnfleCK aKTMBHOCTM BMKMHroB npoM3owen e Ha4ane X B., Kor.aa PonnoH (MnM, MHa4e, Ponblj>) eroprcf! eCeeepHy/0 <t>paH/..jM/0. Boo6~e roeopfl, BTOp)l(eHMe oKa3anocb ycnewHbJM, HO conporMBneHMe BMKMHrM BCTpeTMJIM CTOJib CMJibHOe, 4TO C pa,aOCTb/0 COrflaCMJIMCb Ha npe,aJIO)I(eHMe KOPOflfl <J>paHI..jMM Kapna Ill npocroearoro nony4MTb B neH 38XBa4eHHbJe 3eM!IM M HaBcer.aa 060CHOBaTbCfl B OKpeCTHOCTf/X PyaHa; npM3HaB CF03epeHMrer Kapna, PonnoH npMHec eMy BaccanbHYIO npMcflry. TaK o6pa3oBanacb HopMaH,aMfl, a PonnoH cran ee nepBbJM repi..joroM. TonbKO nocne cMeprM

Kapna npocroBaroro HOpMaHHb/ onf!Tb B3flfiMCb 3a erapoe, npe,anpMHf!B Hey,aa4HbJtli Ha6er e 3ana,aHyFO <t>paH/..jM/0. K KOHI..jy X B. OHM nonHocTb/0 aCCMMMJIMPOBBnMCb,' HeCMOTpfl Ha BpO)I(tl.eHHY/0 HenOKOPHOCTb MBOMHCTBeHHOCTb, MMeHHO OHM CTaJIM HaM6onee npe,aaHHbiMM eaccanaMM lj>paH/..jy:3CKMX KOponet/i.

810 r. BTOP)I(EHL<1E BO <PPL<13l<110 (CEBEP COBP. fEPMAHL<1l<1 l<1 Hl<1AEPJ1AHAOB). ApMMfl Kapna BenMKoro orpa3Mna Hana.aeHMe eotlicKa,aarcKoro Koponf!ly,alj>pe,aa, c Hacne,aHMKOM Koroporo Kapn BenMKMtli Bnocne,aCTBMM3aKJI/04MJIMMp(811 r.).

811-840 rr. HA6Erl<1 Bl<1Kl<1HfOB YlfAUJ.AIOTCS1. KaK npaBMfiO, OHM o6pyWMBaJIMCb Ha no6epe)l(be 3ana.aHotli EBponbJ M npMneraFO~Me ocrpoBa. HaM6onee ,apaMaTM4eCKMe 9nM30,abJ 9Totli 9noneM- pa3rpa6neHMe Jl,opwra.ara M Yrpexra (834 r.).

0Kono 840 r. - 890 r. 3ABOEBAHL<1E Bl<1Kl<1HrAML<1 <PPL<13l<1l<1. t1M y,aanOCb 3aXBaTMTb TeppMTOPMIO no4TM ecetli coepeMeHHotli lonnaH,aMM- or ocrpoea BonxepeH e.aenbre Wenb,abJ .ao ycTbfl Be3epa.

842 r. 3AXBAT rOPOAAKP enocTL<1 HAHT. ITo cBHAereJI~> cTBaM COBpeMeHHHKOB, rpa<}> JlaM6ep, <}>paHKCKHJ;i BeJII>MO:Ka, nocJie HeyAaqHoJ;i noni>rrKH 3axBaTanoc1poeHHoro eme pHMJIJIHaMH ropoAa-KpenocTH HaHT, nocJiaJI 3MHccapoB K Mecry CTOJIHKH llieCTH,ll,eCJITH CeMH KOpa6Jieit BHKHHrOB, 6pOCHBlliHX JIKOpi> B AeJII>'re Jlyapi>I. fpa<}> noo6emaJI npoBeCTH KOpa6JIH CKB03i>Jia6HpHHT necqaHhlX OTMeJiej;j K 6oraThlM ropoAaM B repxHeM 1eqeHHH peKH, ecJIH BHKHHrn no nyru noMoryr eMy 3axBaTHTI> HaHT. CKaHAHHaBhi c P3AOCThiO comacuJIHCh Ha 3TO npe,ll,JIOJKeHHe.

842

HIOHJI

r., B CBJITOJ;i npa3)l,HHK B qeCTh

po)f()J,eHHJI HoaHHa KpecTH'reJIJI, :KHTeJIH ropoAa CJIHlliKOM YBJieKJIHCI> yBeCeJieHHJIMH H He 3aMeTHJIH, KaK KOpa6JIH BHKHHrOB CKphiTHO npH6JIH3HJIHCh K ropO,ll,CKHM CTeHaM. C HeonucyeMOit JKeCTOKOCTh!O CKaHAHHaBCKHe HaeMHHKH JlaM6epa Ha6poCHJIHCI> Ha nupyiOI.l.IHX rop())f(aH H HCKpOMCaJIH HX Ha h')'CKH. 3axBa'fqHKH

3AnA)J.HASl EBPOnA

551

04HOBpeMeHHOBMKMHTMCOBepwanM Ha6eru Ha Cpe4M3eMHOMopcKoe no6epe)l(be VfcnaHMM M 4Jp8Hl..IMM.

MeCTOH8X0)1(4eHMe HeM3BeCTHO,' 852 r.). '-/epe3 HeCKOflbKOfleT OH noTepnen HeY4B'W npu ocqae onopHow 683bl BMKMHTOB H8 nTM%eM OCTpOBe ( Ha peKe CeHe, e 16 KM BbJWe PyaHa; 858 r.). npu nOBTOpeHMM 8H8flOTW4HOW onepal..IMM TpeMR ro4aMM no3)1(e Kapn6bmBHOBbOT6MT(861 r.). B4onuHe flyapb! BCnbJXHYflO KpeCTM/HCKOe BOCCTBHMe, HO 6e3H84e)I(H8R nonbJTK8 M3TH8Tb BMKMHTOB ycneXOM He yeeH4anacb (859 r.). Ha6er euKMHroe 4epe3 napM)I( M 48flbWe eeepx no MapHe 6bm KapnoM copeaH: oH 3a6noKupoean yeTbe MapHbl, BbiHY4MB 38XB8T4MKOB 6pOCMTb KOpa6nM M neWMM M8pWeM OTCTynBTb K MOPIO (862 r.).

845 r. nEPBbl171 HA6Er 8111KiiiHfOB HA nAPiii>K.

863 r. HA6Ef BliiKIIIHfOB B fJ1Y6b AOJlliiHbl PE171HA.

3apy6HJIH eiiHCKOIIa y aJITapJI ero

IIapH:>Ka, 3axBa"!eHHYIO B Ka"!eCTBe

C06CTBeHHOI'O co6opa H IIOAO:>KrJIH

cyreHHpa, rroKHHYJI ropoA; ero Kopa6-

KOJIOKOJibHIO. B cyMepKax OHM crryc-

JIH 6yKBaJihHO JIOMHJIHCh OT <}>paHK-

THJIHCb Ha BeCJiax K YCThiO Jlyaphl; HX

CKOrO cepe6pa.

KOpa6JIH TIIJKeJIO OCeJIH IIOA rpy30M OCTPOBe HyapMyThe pHAOM c ycTheM

851 H 880 rr. PA3fPA6JlEHIIIE r AM6 YPrA. 06a P838 BMKMHrM n04-

peKH. :>KHBIIIHe Ha OCTpOBe MOHaxH,

HMM8flMCb no 3nb6e.

HeKOrAa Ha6JIIOAaBIIIHe 3a O:>KHBJieH-

852-862 rr. BliiKIIIHflil nPOTiiiB KAPJlA II JlbiCOfO. nepeoe

A06hl"!H. BHKHHrn pa36HJIH Jiarepb Ha

HOj;t TOprOBJiejf COJlbiO H BHHOM, 6bmH Bh1Hy)£9l.eHh16e:>KaTh, orracaJich rpli,ll.ymej;t pacrrpaBhl.

nopa)l(eHMe B 9TOW KOMnBHMM OT BMKMHroB 9TOT <J>paHKCKMW MMnepaTOp noHec npu rueanb4C-4Jocc (T04Hoe

843 r. nEPBbiE nOCEJlEHiilst BliiKIIIHfOB B YCTbE JlYAPbl.

.......

,[(EJibTA CeHhl H306HJIOBaJia MaJieHhKHMH OCTpOBKalviH, B03Jle KOTOphlX, Ha'IHHaJI c cepeAHHhl 40-x rr.

B., BHKHHrH CTaBHJIH Ha JIKopb

CBOH cyAa H rAe pa36HpaJIH A06hlqy H IIJiaHHpOBaJIH HOBhle Ha6erH. 0AHH H3 3THX OCTpOBOB, HeCOMHeHHO, CTaJI B

845

r. BpeMeHHhlM IIpHCTaHHI.l.leM

AJIJI CHHCKaBIIIero ce6e AYPHYIO cJiaBY AaTCKoro pa36oj;tHHKa Parnepa H ero <}>JIOTHJIHH H3 120 Kopa6Jiej;t Ha HX rryTH B IIapH:>K B B

845 r.

cepeAHHe MapTa, KOrAa <}>JioT

ParHepa rrpH6JIH:>KaJICJI, KapJI JlhlCf>Ijf, CTaBIIIHH KOpOJieM 3aiiaAHhlX <}>paHKOB B 843 r., crreiiiHO co6paJI apMHIO, OAHaKO IIpH 3TOM Hepa3yMHO pa.3):{eJIHJI ee HaABe "!aCTH .LVIJI o6op0Hhl o6eHx 6eperoB CeHhl. Ho BHKHHrH CHa"!aJia pa36HJIH MeHI>IIIYIO rpyrrrrHpOBf..')' HeyAa'IJIHBOI'O MOHapxa, 3axBaTHB 111 rrJieHHHKOB. OcTaBIIIaJICJI "faCTI> <}>paHKCKHX BOHHOB B y:>Kace Ha6JIIOAaJia, KaK ParHep rrpHHec IIJieHHHKOB B :>KepTBY 0AHHY, CKaHAHHaBCKOMY 6ory BOj;tHhl, B3):1,epHYB HX Ha BHCeJIHUhl, Hacrrex coopy:>KeHHhle Ha 6epery peKH. ,[(aJibHej;tIIIero corrpoTHBJieHHJI ParHep He BCTpeTHJI. 28 MapTa, B IIaCXaJihHOe

BOCKpeceH~>e, oH orrycTOIIIHJI IIapH:>K. qTo61>1 AaT"!aHe YIIIJIH, KapJI rrpeAJIO:>KHJI HM HeCJihlXaHHhlj;t BhlKYII B

7 ThlCJI'I <}>yHTOB cepe6pa. Te comaCHJIHCb. ll ParHep, C:>KHMaJI B pyKax rrepeKJiaAHHY OT ropOACKHX BOpOT

<l>paHKCKI1e BOHHbl

552

TEMHbiE BEKA. 60EBOll1 TOnOP V1 nAnl!lu,A. 800-1000 rr.

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400

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so aropoA

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UH~pof1 1 Ha Kapre o6o3Ha'ieHo repuorcreo HopMaH.aHS~

882 r. 5VITBA n Pill AWnO (T0'-1HOE MECTOHAXO}I{AEHVIE HEVI3BECTHO). noTepne8 npl!l CoKype ( 881 r:) TRJKenoe nopaJKeHI!Ie aT flJ0/1,08/IIKa Ill, /0/1, cnycm 8/IIK/IIHI/11 pa3-

BriKriHrii CJIOBHO TOJihKO II :aq:J;aJIII

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IIIIICh Ha rro6epe'lKhe Me'lKIJ:y KaJie II

8/IIK/IIH/08 8 3anaJJ,Hoi1 E8pone. /11c-

nyJIOHhiD, OHII rrpOIIIJIIICh ITO BCeMy

nonb3yR yKpenneH/IIR, COOpYJKeH/IIe

IPOMI!Ifll!l Kapna Toncmm npl!l Awn a.

KOHTIIHeHTy, CeH IIOBCIDL\Y xaoc II

KOTOPbiX HaLJan, HO ell{e He ycnen 3a-

pa3pyxy.

8epw1!1Tb Kapn ToncTbiM, OJJ,o (l!ln/11

KAPJI JlhiChiH CKOH'IaJICH B

KOB CMeHIUIOCh IHITh BJiaCTIITeJieH.

877 r.

TbiCRLJ LJeno8eK, 8enl!l 3MnjJpi!IJJ, /II

co6bi-

38!1,, /llfl/11, /IIH8LJe, 3!1,), 1pacjJ napi!IJK-

B Te'IeHIIe rrocJieLJ:yiDIIJ:IIX OLJ:IIHHaLJ:-

885-886 rr. OCAAA nAPVI}I{A.

IJ;aTII JieT Ha TpOHe 3aiiaLJ:HhiX <lJpaH-

ApM/1110 8/IIK/IIH/08, JJ,OCT/II/88WYIO 30

CK/IIM, npl!l COJJ,eMCT8/II/II eni!ICKOna

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3efl/IIH8 8 TeLJeH/IIe OJJ,/IIHH8JJ,U,8T/II Me-

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CKaHAHHaBCKOe opy»me" pa3nH'fHble obln>Bble npHHaAne)I(HOCTH (Ao 1200 r.): 1, 27- Aparo"eHHble HarpyAHble yt<paWeHHS'Ij 2, 4- 11, 13- 15, 17, 18, 21-23- 33CTe)I(KH H lf>Hoynblj 3, 26, 66- cepbrH; 12, 16- npH)I(KHj 19, 20, 28, 29, 311 43, 48, 60, 62, 64, 65- nepCTHH (48- H3 3neK1PYMa, T. H. cepe6pHCTOrO 30nOTa); 24, 25, 30, 44, 45, 49, 61, 63, 67- 3anHCTbH" opacneTbl; 32-38- rpHBHbl; 39,40- 6ynaam; 41, 42, 50- AHaAeMbl; 46- yt<paweHHe A1111 aonoc; 47- o6yaHaH 3aCTe)I(Ka; 51-56- Me'fH; 57, 58- o6KnaAKa HO)I(eH Me'fa; 59- caKC; 68- 70- oGnoMm cepeopHHOro O)l(epenbHj 71, 72- 31f>ecbl Me'feHj 73-80 - HaKOHe'fHHKH KOnHHj 81 - 5poH30BbiH COCYA; 82- Kynenb (H3 "epKBH B ryMnoce); 83- 86- WeHHble H HarpyAHble yKpaweHHH (HaHAeHbl OKOno XHAAeHce, A3THPYIOTCH H. 3.)

3AnNJ,HA~

AHrilOHOpMaHHbl H 3HrJ1H43He (AO

EBPOnA

1200 r.): 1- Cllyra; 2, 4- KOpOilH; 3- TellOXpaHHTellb; 56 - 7 - BOHHbl

Ha OCTpOBe, a TOJihKO K 'IaCTII ropona

Il03TOMY OHII, HeCMOTpH Ha ycrrex,

Ha ceBepHOM 6epery. CaMo co6oil: pa-

rrpeBpaTIIJIII ocany B rrpocryro 6Jio-

3yMeeTcH, 'ITO Ha OCTpOBe MOCT YCT-

KaAY II II3 JiarepH, pa36IITOrO IIMII Te-

pOeH 6hlJI 3a rrpeneJiaMII ropona; HO

rrepb Ha IO)I{HOM 6epery, rpa6IIJIII OK-

OC06eHHOCTh 3TOrO MOCTa 3aKJIIO'Ia-

peCTHOCTII. paHKH II ITOCJie IIOTepii

JiaCh B TOM, 'ITO OH He COe,[(IIHHJI rO-

3TOrO MOCTa C 6aiiiHeH, CJIY)I{IIBIIIIIX

pO.[( Ha OCTpOBe C rrpenMeCTheM Ha

TOJihKO Hapy)I{HhJM yKperrJieHIIeM, CO-

6epery, rne y)l{e cymecTBOBaJI npy-

xpaHHJIII rrpe;:J;MeCThH Ha rrpaBOM II Jie-

roil: MOCT, a BeJI C OCTpOBa Ha OTKpbi-

BOM 6eperax, CBH3aHHhie MOCTaMII C

TOe IIOJie BHe ropona. Il03TOMY OH II

OCTpOBOM.

IIpHKpbiBaJICH yKperrJieHHOH 6aiiiHeH. TaKoe TOJIKOBaHIIe ycTpaHHeT Bee 3aTpynHeHIIH. MocT 3aKphiBaJI Bbe3n B CeHy Me)l{,[(y 'IaCTHMII ropona. Co CTOpOHhl, o6pameHHOH K peKe, rrpenMeCThH 6hlJIII, KOHe'IHO, TaK)I{e 3arnii-

886-887 rr. WECTHMECSI~ HASI OCAAA CAHCA. t1 Ha 3TOT pa3 8/IIK/IIH/08 803ma8nRn Clt1HP111K; ycnexoM npe/],nplt1RT/IIe 8H08b He y8eH'Ianocb.

11 Bee )l{e 3arnHTY ro-

891 r. 51.1TBA HA PEKE nY3H

pona 3Ha'IIITeJihHO o6Jier<J:aJio TO

(B COBp. cPpaHL(Iillil). KopOflb 80CTO'I-

06CTOHTeJibCTBO, 'ITO .[(JIH HerrpHHTe-

Hb/X C/JpaHK08 (T.e. repMaHU,e8) ApHynb¢ Kaplt1HTit1i1TcKit1i1T 83Rn WTYPMOM yKpenneHHb/M C/JOpnOCT 8/IIK/IIH108 111 nepe6111n MHor111x era 3allj/IITH/IIK08.

rneHhl cTeHaMII.

JIH 3apaHee OTpe3aHa 6hlJia B03MO)I{HOCTh Harra,[(eHIIH CO CTOpOHhl peKII. Il03TOMY cppaHKII HarrpHraJIH BCe CHJihl 'IT06hl ynep)l{aTh MOCT H 6arnHIO. Ho II IIOTepH IIX He IIMeJia pernaIOIUerO 3Ha'IeHIIH. CIIJihHhie aTaKII, IIpOII3Be,[(eHHbie HOpMaHHaMH ,[(0 3TOrO, OTHOCIIJIIICh BO BCHKOM CJiy'Iae He HCKJIIO'IIITeJihHO K 3TOH 6anme, a KO BCeMy CeBepHOMY rrpenMeCThiO OKOJIO Hee. Bee CBOe BHIIMaHIIe OHII COCpe.[(OTO'IIIJIII Ha 3TOH 6aiiiHe ITOTOMY, 'ITO Ka3aJIOCh, 'ITO ee Jier<J:e Bcero 6yAeT OCIIJIIITh. Ho OKa3aHHhiH HM 3HeprH'IHhlH OTIIOp OTrryrnyJI HOpMaHHOB.

557

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8 my6b C/JpaHKCK/IIX ( repMaHCK/IIX) 3eMeflb. 0KOI10 896-911 rr. HA5Erl1 POnnOHA B CEBEPHYIO <l>PAHLI,HIO. KaMnaH/11>1 KOH'I/IIflaCb no/],n/11-

caH/IIeM CeH-Knep-ctop-3nTcKoro /],oro8opa, Ha38aHHoro TaK no ManeHbKOMY ropOJl.KY Ha peKe 3nT; np/IIHeCR Kapny Ill npoCT08aTOMY 8accanbHYto nplt1cRry, PonnoH np/11HRn 8 neHHOe 8fla/],eH/IIe nplt1neratolljyto K PyaHy Tepplt1TOPII1to - TaK o6pa3o8anocb repu,orcT80 HopMaH/1,/IIR.

1 HOSI6pSI 891 r. 5l1TBA HA PEKE AHnb (B cosp. 6enbrlillil). 3/l,eCb, 8 400 KM Ce8epHee MeCTa 61t1T8bt Ha J7ysHe, ApHynbC/J Kaplt1HTit1i1TcKit1i1T Harono8y pa36111n 8111Kit1Hro8, 3acTa8 111x 8oi1TcKo 8pacnnox no'IT/11 8 CaMb/M MOMeHT 8b/Ca/],K/11 c Kopa6nei11. noHecR orpoMHbte noTep/11, CKaH/],/11Ha8bl 8b/H'f)/(/J,eHb/6blfl/11 OTCTYnlt1Tb. nocne smro OH/11 6onbwe He npe/],nplt1Hit1Manlt1 Ha6ero8

Ha6em HOpMaHHOB B

884-886

rr.

558

TEMHbiE BEKA. 60EBOll1 TOnOP 1!1 nAJll!li.JA. 800-1000 rr. 912

r. PoJIJio M ero APYJKMHa

BaJIM CBOe BJIMSIHMe, nOKOpSISI Hapo-

3a6pOCMJIM CBOM li3~eCKMe aMYJie-

,.1\hl M onpe,LJ,eJISISI MX MCTOpMqeCh)'IO

Thl M <PopMaJibHO npMHSIJIM XpMCTH-

CYAb6y.

aHCTBO. PoJIJio, OAHaKo, coxpaHMJI, ,.!\Jill BMKMHfOB MHCTH'I)'T, MMeHyeMbl~

929 r. HASEr HOPMAHHOB. B 6MrBe npM f1MMO)I(e ¢paHUY3CKMiii

«AaTCKM~ o6bl-

Koponb Py.aonb¢ pa36Mn BoiiicKo

q~», a nonpocry fOBOpSI, MHOfOJKeH-

HOPMBHHOB, 4epe3 38n8/l,HYIO 48CTb

no Kpa~He~ Mepe, OAMH xapaKTepHbi~ «more danico» -

CTBO. B TO JKe BpeMSI CIIO,LJ,BMJKHMKM

i..JeHTp8flbHOW 4Jp8H/..ll1!A HanpBBflf/B-

PoJIJio 6paJIM B JKeHhl <l>PaHI.IYJKeHoK,

weeCf/ B AKBMT8Hl110.

a He CKaH,LJ,MHaBOK, M MX ,LJ,eTM fOBOpMJIM no-<PpaHI.IY3CKM. qepe3 He-

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M JKa)f()\a HaJKMBbl BCKOpe nOBJieKJIM

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B XI B. HopMaHAMSI CTa.Jia HaH-

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B 844

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noKoJieHM~ HacJieAHMKM PoJIJio, no-

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JIM KopoJieBCTBa B EpMTaHMM, liTa-

Ha !Of, CKaH,LJ,MHaBbl3a,LJ,Be He,LJ,eJIM CO-

me npMB03MJIM M3 CKaHAMHaBMM cBo-

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Jio c PoJIJio M ero cno,LJ,BMJKHMKaMM,

KO. 3areM OHM nO,LJ,HliJIMCb no fBa)l.a.JI-

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MX npeeMHMKM nepeHSIJIM KYJib'I)'p-

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C06HbiX CTOJIKHOBeHM~ TO~ nopbl.

Hhle 06blqaM TeX CTpaH, KOTOpbie

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JlMlllb 0,.1\HO BJia)l.eHMe BMKMHfOB -

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lllMX 6oJiblllYIO qacTh reppMTOpMM IIc-

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A e - CTpaHa ceBepSIH)- yl.leJieJio.

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CBoe~ YHMKa.JibHO~ cy,LJ,b6o~ oHo o6SI-

M JKaJKAY BJiaCTM, KOTOpble npe,LJ,On-

BaSI ~MH M yBo,!J,ll c co6o10 JKeHII.IMH B KaqecTBe Ha.JIOJKHMI.I. MaBphl HaHec-

cKoro BO)f()J,ll, BOllle,LJ,lllero B MCTOpMIO

pe,LJ,eJIMJIM KOJIOCCaJibHble M3MeHeHMSI B noJIMTMqecKo~ JKM3HM EBpo-

JIM MOII.IHhlit OTBeTHhlit y,LJ,ap, o6C1pe-

no,LJ, MMeHeM fpoJib<}>a-Xo,LJ,OKa; fOBO-

nhl. Ha BOCTOKe, B T~re M cTenSix,

JISIB CKaHAMHaBCKMit <PJioT cocyA:UVIM c

pSIT, OH 6hlJI CTOJib TSIJKeJI, qro He MOr

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ropSIII.Ie~ He<l>ThiO M nOTOIIMB 30 KOpa6-

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M Xa3apaMM, BMKMHrH TOJKe OKa3bi-

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MaH

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BMJibM. B KaqecTBe 3aKJIIOqM1eJlbHoro

CMJICSI O'IfJ,aTb fpoJib<}>y lllMpOK}'IO AO-

pM'I)'aJia OH nocJiaJI fOJIOBhl 0,.1\HOfO M3

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Bmf9l,e~ BMKMHfOB M AByxCOT ero BOM-

qaSI rprupcTBo PyaHcKoe) B o6MeH Ha

HOB CBoeMY COIIJieMeHHMKY M COI03HM-

BaCCaJibHYIO npMcSiry M o6pameHMe

KY B MapoKKo. OcTaBlllMecSI B JKHBhiX

B xpMCTMaHCTBO. B

911

r. OHM o<PM-

BMKHHrn, npMASI B nOJIHOe QTqaSIHMe,

l.IMa.JibHO yTBepAMJIM 3TOT ,LJ,OroBop B

o6MeHSIJIM nJieHHMKOB-MYCYJibMaH Ha

CeH-KJiep-ciOp-3nT, Ha OAHOM M3

e,LJ,y, OAeJKAY M npaBO 6ecnpenSITCT-

npMTOKOB CeHbi MeJKAy IIapMJKeM M

BeHHOfO npOXO,LJ,a, nocJie qero UeJihlX

15 JieT He OTBaJKHBaJIMCb cyHYTh Hoc 859 r. npe-

PyaHoM. CAeJIKa6hlJia B3aMMOBhlfOA-

Ho~: fpoJib<}>- c rex nop M3BeCTHhl~

BO BJia)l.eHMSI MaBpoB. B

KaK PoJIJio- noJiyqHJI 3aKOHHhl~ eTa-

cTapeJihiit ,LJ,aTCKM~ nMpaT bbepH )l{eJie3H060KM~ BepHyJicSI B II6epMIO BO maBe <PJioTa M3 62 Kopa6Jie~ c <Poplll'reBHSIMM B B~e APaKOHOB. IIpo~,!J,ll fM6pa.JITapCKM~ npOJIMB, ero BO~CKO pa3rpa6MJIO COKpOBMII.IHMI.IhlbOJiblllO~

rye M 3eMeJibHhle BJia)l.eHMli, aKapJI 3apyqHJICSI nOMepJKKO~ MOII.IHOfO COI03HMKa B CBoe~ 6opb6e C MJfreJKHhlMM 6apoHaMM, a paBHO M c APYntMM BMKMHrat.IM.

WneM

B. 113 AOCnexoa BI1KI1HrOB

3AnA)J.HASl EBPOnA

559

MeqeTH Am,xecHpaca, rrocJie qero

Tenep1> OHH yJKe He B03BpamaJIHCI> B

rrpoHeCJIOCI> yparaHOM IIO CeBepHOfvty

CKaHAHHaBHIO 3HMolt, 'IT06hl rrocTa-

MapoKKO, 3axBaTHB pa6oB Ha rrpoga-

BHTI> KaiiKaHhl Ha qepHo6yp1>1X JIHCHU

".IK.Y.

HJIH IIpOH3BeCTH Ha CBeTeme OAHOrO

3a'reM pa360ltHHKH OIIYCTOIIIHJIH

I<})f(Hoe rro6epe)f(!>e <f>paHUHH H OT-

Cl>lHa. MHCCHJI BHKHHra CTaJia Kpyr-

IIpaBHJIHC I> BAOJII> HTaJII>.fiHCKOI'O IIo6e-

JIOrOAH'lHI>lM 3aHJITHeM, CJIHIIIKOM

pe'A.fl K ycTI>IO peKH ApHo, no rryTH

Bl>li'OAHI>lMAJIJI TOI'O, 'IT061>1 OTBOAHTh

pasopHB IIH3Y, JiyHy H <D~>e3oJie. Cyga

ervty JIHIIII> HeCKOJII>KO IIOI'OJKHX MeC.fi-

IIO apa6CKHM HCTQqHHKafvf, ga'I'IaHe B

UeB. Opg1>1 BHKHHroB 3axogHJIH B 3an~HoMy

KOHUe KOHUOB AOCTHrJIH 6eperoB rpe-

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ero poga goJiroBpeMeHHI>Ie yKperr-

pe6p51HI>le MOHeTI>l H3 MaBpHTa.HCKOlt

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llcrraHHH H CeBepHolt A<J:>pHKH, HaJ;igeHHI>le B COh'POBHlllHHUax BHKHHI'OB BHoprernH. TeM BpeMeHeM B gpyrnx qacTIIx EBporrl>l BHKHHrH rrepeiiiJIH K TaKTHKe rrJiaHoMepHI>lX, xopoiiio cKoopgHHHpoBaHHI>lX, AJIHTeJII>HI>lX Ha6eroB.

BHKHHrH Ha PycH, oKono 850-900 rr. Kor,aa MMeHHO M KBKMM o6p830M CK8H,aMH8Bbl BnepBble nO!rlBMflMCb H8 Pycu, TO'iHO He BbJ!rlCHeHo. CKopee ecero, K cepe,avJHe IX B. wee,acKMe

BapstrH. KapTHHa A.M. BacHei.\OBa

BMKMHTM }/)Ke npe,anpMHMMBflM H86erM ,aaneKO B my6b npM68flTMWCKMX cnaB!rlHCKMX 3eMenb. BcKope nocne 9Toro PFOpMK, nonynereH,aapHbJW BBP!rl)I(CKMW npaBMTeflb PycM, yreep,aMflC!rl B Hoeropo.ae (oKono 862 r.), 8 HeCKOflbKO neT cnyCT!rl Bfl8CTb CK8H,aMH8BOB pacnpocTp8H!rlfl8Cb }I)Ke .ao KMeea ( oKono 865 r.). K KOH~Y BeKa ( OKOflO 880 r.) KMeB CT8fl cronu~ew o6wupHow Bapfl)I(CKow MMnepMM, npocrupaewewc!rl orct>MHcKoro 3anuea .ao ceeepa HbJHewHew YKpaMHbl M Kapnar. Bap!rlrM npe.anpMHMManM H86erM H8 4epHOMOpCKOe no6epe)l(be M ,aa)l(e Ha KoHcraHTMHononb (865 r.). 3AXBAT PIOpHKOM BJiacTH B HoBropoge COBCeM He 03HaqaJI IIOJIHOI'O H3MeHeHHJI scelt JKH3HH Hosropoga.

TEMHbiE BEKA. 60EBOll1 TOnOP V1 nAnl!lu,A. 800-1000 rr.

560

He MOrJIO He pa3'lKe'Ih aJI'IHOCTh BIIKIIHrOB, II TOprOBhie paC'IeThi ycryiTaJIII MeCTO MhiCJIHM 0 3aBOeBaHIIII. MIIKJiarapA -

IIJIII BeJIIIKIIrr fopoA,

KaK pycchi Ha3hiBaJIII KoHcTaHTIIHOITOJih,- CYJIIIJI ):(06hi'Iy, ITpeBOCXO):(IIBIIIYID CaMhie ):(ep3KIIe Me'IThi HeyeMHhiX CKaH):(IIHaBOB. qeMY cy)K):(eHO 6hiDO ITpOII30HTII,

18 IIIDHH 860 r. 200 60eBhiX KOpa6JieH BIIKIIH-

CJIY'IIIJIOCh: yTpOM <lJJIOT II3

rOB, CITYCTIIBIIIIIXCH ITO .lJ:HeiTpy II3 KIIeBa, 6hm 3aMe'IeH c ropOACKIIX cTeH TOJihKO TOr):(a, KOr):(a y'lKe ITpii6JIII'lKaJICH ITO rJia):(II MOpH K CTOJIIIIIe BII3aH3axBanm BJiaCTh B HoBropo):(e, Ba-

ropo):(: «PyChi 'lKe 'lKIIBYT Ha OCTpOBe

TIIII. CKaHAIIHaBhi pacc'IIITaJIII BpeMH

p5DKCKIIe ITpe):(BO):(IITeJIII CJIIIJIIICh C

ITocpeAII o3epa. OcTpOB MO'lKHO o6be-

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OH OITIIChiBaeT MeCTHhiX 06IITaTeJierr:

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ITJiamaHIIIIY .JJ:eBhi

3AnA)J.HASl EBPOnA a.HHa.Jiar.t, 3axBaT"'HKH YIIIJIH. XoTII B CpeAHHe BeKaJIIOAH oxOTHO repHJIH B 'I)'.LJ,eca, HCTOpHKH 061>liCHliiOT Heo:>KH.LJ,a.HHhlit YXOA BHKHHroB JIH60 HX cyeBepHeM, JIH6o CTPaxOM nepeA HMnepampcKoit apMa.LJ,Oit, KOTOprui BJII060it MOMeHT MOrJia nOKa3aThCll C BOCTOKa. HopMa.HHhi noBTOpliJIH CBOH noXOAhi no ,[(Henpy B llepHoe Mope K 6eperaM BH3aHTHH, r.LJ,e BCTpeqa.JIHCh CO CBOHMH COnJieMeHHHKaMH, npHIIIe.LJ,IIIHMH C 3ana.LJ,a. 0HH cnycKa.JIHCh no BoJire B KacnHitcKoe Mope, onyCTOIIIall ero npH6pe:>KHhle paitOHhi. 0.LJ,HaKo B ueJioM Ha PycH HopMa.HHCKHe 3KCne.LJ,Hl.IHH, BCTpeTHB ynopHOe conpOTHBJieHHe CJiaBliHCKHX

0Kono 940-985 rr. XAPAJlbA I C&IIHE3Y6bl"'. YHacne.tJ.oeae orl.lOBCKMCi TPOH, Xapanb.tJ., CbiH /opMa, B OCHOBHOM 3aBepWMfl 06be.tJ.MHeHMe rocy.tJ.apcrea. OH 6bm KpemeH M CTan BBO.ll.MTbXpMCTMaHCTBO (OKOflO 960 r:). Xapanb.tJ. nocrof!HHO BMewMeancf! eo BHyrpeHHMe .ti.ena HopeerMM, nb/Taf!Cb nocraBMTb 9TY CTPBHY nO.tJ. CBOCi KOHTPOflb, M BbiCTynan npOTMBHMKOM HOpBe)I(CKMX KOpOneCi- KaK XoKoHa I )J,o6poro, raK M Xapanb.tJ.a II 3CipMKCOHa no npo3BMWY CepbJCi nnam.

0Kono 985-1014 rr. CBEH I XAPAJlbACEH (B&IIJ1060POAbl"'). CeeH, CbiHXapanb.tJ.al, B36yH-

nJieMeH, ycnexa He HMeJIH.

J].aHHR

0Kono 800 r. BO"'HA AAHOB C KAPJlOM BEJl&iiK&iiM. )J,arcKMe KOPOflM /y.tJ.cppe.tJ. (yMep 810 r:) M XeMMMHr (yMep 812 r:) O.tJ.ep)l(anM no6e.tJ.bl B Pfl.ll.e CTb/'4eK C OTPf!.tJ.aMM Kapna BenMKoro. 0.tJ.HBKO nocne MX CMepTM C03.tJ.aHHOe MMM 06be.tJ.MHeHHOe rocy.tJ.apCTBO pacnanOCb.

0Kono 930 r. AATCK&il"' TPOH 3ABOEBbiBAET fOPM. 3ror nneMeHHOCi BO)I(.tJ.b no npo3BMWY CrapbJCi npoeo3macMn ce6f! KoponeM JOmaH.tJ.MM, co cronML.leCi e ffennMre

AHrJ10A3T'f3He:

(coep. ropo.tJ. EnnMHr e 10 KM K ceeepo-3ana.tJ.y or ropo.tJ.a Bac:tne e )J,aHMM).

roeancf! nporMB orua M y6Mn ero B 6010, yHacne.tJ.OBaB TaKMM o6pa30M Koponeecreo. CeeH eo3maeMn cnepea HecKonbKO Ha6eroe Ha AHmM/0, a nOTOM M nonbiTKY npf!MOro 38BOeBaHMfl crpaHbl. Ben 6opb6y CeeH M c Hopee)I(CKMM KoponeM OnacpoM I Tp10rreecoHOM M3 po.tJ.a V1HmMHroe; pa3rpOMMB TOro B MOpCKOCiOOTBe npM Ceoneepe (MnM Ceynbeepe, flocporeHCKMe ocrpoea; 1000 r.), CeeH de facto 1 cran npaeMreneM Hopeenm. 1De facto (JiaT.)-

q>aKTHt,~eCKH.

561 HopserHR

0KOflO 825 r. O.ll.HOBpeMeHHO C nOf!BfleHMeM nepBbiX «TMHrOB>' (HaPO.ll.Hb/X co6paHMC1, MnM perMoHanbHbiX accaM6nee1) npoMCXO.tJ.Mno cpopMMPOBaHMe '4eTblpex perMOHaflbHbiX npororocy.tJ.apCTBeHHbiX06pa30BaHMCi: /ynaTMHrcnara Ha 38nqae crpaHbl; 4JpOCTaTMHmara B MeCTHOCTM, npMnera10mec:t K TpoHxeCiMc-cpbop.ll.Y M npocrMpa!OmeCicf! .tJ.anbwe Ha ceeep; a Ta/OKe eoKpyr Ocno-cpbop.ll.B M eoKpyr o3epa Mbeca.

0Kono 886 r. 6&11TBA YXA4>PC4>bOPAA. He paHbwe 872 r., HO He n03.tJ.Hee 900 r. Xapanb.tJ.I npeKpacHOBOflOCbl Ci, KOHyHr Beercpona ( }Q)I(HBfl HopeerMfi) M3 po.tJ.a V1HmMHroe, e co103e c flpnaMM /ynaTMHrcnara M 4JpOCTaTMHmara B 6MTBe 6nM3 COBpeMeHHOrO ropo.tJ.a CraeaHrepa O.tJ.ep)l(afl no6e.tJ.y Ha.ll. MeCTHbiMM BO)I(.tJ.f!MM-XeB.tJ.MHraMM, nocne '4ero o6bf!BMn ce6f! ,.npaBMTeneM HopBe)l(uee» M npaeMn .ll.O caMoCi ceoec:t CMepTM ( OKOflO 930 r.).

0Kono 930-935 rr. LtAPCTBOBAH&iiE 3"'P&IIKA I (KpoaaBOH CeKHPbl). CeoMM npo3BaHMeM 3CipMK, Cb/H Xapanb.tJ.a npeKpaCHOeonocoro, 6bm o6f!3aH TOMY, '4TO y6Mn MflM cpa3Mfl B 6MTBe CeMepbiX M3 BOCbMM CBOMX6p8TbeB. B36yHTO-

1 - 2- CBSiu.teHHOCilYJKHTemt; 3- BOHH; 4, 5, 7- trop01111; 6- 3H3TH3SI A3Ma; 8- 10- npOCT01110A11Hbl

TEMHbiE BEKA. 60EBOll1 TOnOP 1!1 nAJll!li.JA. 800-1000 rr.

562

OCTpOBe <1Je.{l,be. npaBMfl OH cypOBO, a e10 nonb/TKM HaCMflbCTBeHHO BBeCTM XPMCTMaHCTBO BCTpeTMflM CO-

CTBeHHbJMM )l(e nocne.aoeaTenfiMM ecKope nocne BTOp)l(eHMfl Onatj>a I TpJOIIBecoHa (995 r-.).

npOTMBfleHM~no.aaBflflfiKOTOpOeOH

995-1000 rr. L.J.APCTBOBAI TPJOffBECOHA. npaBHYK Xapanb.aa I npeKpaCHOBO-

y6un flpna XoKoHa, a TaK)I(e .aeoux xee.auHr-oe o6nacTM Ocno. Xapanb.a nor-u6 e 6uTBe c XoKOHOM CbJHOM flpna XoKoHa ( oKono 970 1.). 0Kono

970-995 rr. U.AP-

CTBOBAH~EXOKOHAII C~fYPA COHA (BEJl~KOfO, ~Jl~ W~PO

VICKYCHe~we~

pa60Tbl lKelle3Hbl~ wneM c H3o6palKeHHeM ronoBbl lKHBOTHOfO H3 MeTannH<fecKO~ nonoce, coeAHHSIIOU.\e~ 6poH30Bble HaA6poBbSI" tropoHy. X B.

KOnJlElfEfO). Bo3epaTuewucb M3 .[J,aTCKOft CCb/flKM, OH HaHeC nop8)1(eHMe Xapanb.ay CepoMy nna~y M CT8JI eepxoBHbJM npaeuTeneM Hopeer-uu. OH no/l,JJ.ep)l(an Xapanb.aa I CuHe3y6or-o npOTMB r-epMaHCK010 MMnepaTOpa OnoHa II PbJ)I(er-o, HO B36yHToeancfl npoTMB npoeo.aueweflcfl Xapanb.{l,OM nonMTVIKM HaCMflbCTBeHHOft XpMCTMaHM3a~MM ( oKono 974 r-.). nocne 990 r: npaeneHMe er-o 'Y)KeCTO'-IMnocb, MoH 6bm y6MT co6-

H~E OJlAA

nocor-o, Onatj> cTan nepebJM KoponeM xpucTMaHcKofl Hopeer-uu. OH noTepnen nopa)l(eHMe u 6bm y6MT e MopcKoM cpa)l(eHMM npu Ceoneepe ( 1000 r:), r-.ae eMy npuwnocb MMeTb .aeno C06be.{l,MHeHHb/MM CMflaMM KOponeft CeeHa I )J,aTcKor-o M OnatJ>a

BaBWaf/Cfl 3HaTb CMeCH1fla e10 C npecTOna, M Ha TpOH B30Wen e.{l,MHCTBeHHbJft OCTaBWMfiCfl B )I(MBb/X er-o 6paT, XoKOH. nepecenMBWMCb BAHmmo, 3pMK enocne.acTBMM npaeun e HopTyM6puu (950 r-., 952-954 11.) M nom6 e 6uTBe npu 171opKe (954 r:). 0Kono

935 - 961 rr. U.API A06PO-

CTBOBAH~E XOKOHA

f0. BbJpocwuft npu .aeope aHmuftcKor-o Koponfl ATenbcTaHa, XoKoH eepHyncfl e Hopeer-mo M noM or- cMeCTMTb c npecTOna ceoer-o 6paTa 3ftPMKa. Er-o nonbJTKa eeecTM B HopeeIMM XpMCTMaHCTBO y.aanacb flMWb '-/aCTWIHO, HO OH CyMen opr-aHM30B8Tb HOpBe)I(CKMfl tj>nOT, a TaK)I(e e.[J,MHYJO .{l,flfl Beef~ CTpaHbl 9tj>tj>eKTMBHYJO a.aMMHMCTpaTMBHYJO CMCTeMy M COCTaBMfl CBO.[J, 3aKOHOB. nonY'-/MBWMe y6e)IG1~e B)J,aHMM Cb/HOBbfl 3ftpMKa npM no/l,JJ.ep)I(Ke KoponfiXapanb.aa I CuHe3y6or-o Henpepb!BHO ycTpaMB8JIM Ha6em, M B 6MTBe Ha OCTpOBe <!>e.{l,be B JOr-o-3ana.aHofl Hopeenm XoKoH nom6 ( OKOflO 961 r:). 0Kono

961-970 rr. U.AP-

CTBOBAH~E XAPAJlbAA II

3"'-

P~KCOHA (CEPOfO nilAI.UA).

CTAPW/11171 Cb/H 3171P/11KA KPOBAB0/71 CeKMPbl, oH 3axeaTMn TPOH nocne m6enu XoKoHa I )J,o6por-o Ha

roKCT3ACKH~ Kopa6nb. Ha ~epMe roKCTaA, He.QaneKO OT CaHb~OPA3 B HopBerHH, 6blna B 1880 r. OTKPbiT3 rpo6HHL\3 BHKHHfOB. 8 COOTBeTCTBHH C norpe6anbHbiM PHTYanoM Toro BpeMeHH tropa6nb cnYlKHn KaK6bl captro~aroM" npeKP3CHO coxpaHHflCSI B TOp~e. 8 tropa6ne 6blnH H3~A9Hbl OCT3HKH ABYXlKeHU.\HH. Kopa6nbA3THpyeTCSI X B. oTP.X." HaXOAHTCSI HbiHe B Ocno. Ero pa3Mepbl: .QnHHa- 76,24 ~YT3 (23,24 M), WHpHH3- 17,06 (5,2 M); nonHOe BOAOH3M91.1\eHHe CYAHa AOnlKHO 6b1Tb otrono 20 TOHH. Kopa6nbcAenaH H3Ay6a, nany6a- cnnowH3SI, HeT HHK3KHX CneAOB CK3Me~ AnSI rpe6L\OB. 0rCYTCTBHe CK3Me~ no3BOnSIeT npeAnOnolKHTb, <ITO nH60 rpe6L\bl noM91.1\3nHCb H3 nepeHOCHbiX CHA9HbSIX, n1160 CK3MbH 6blnl1 y6p3Hbl, KOfA3 tropa6nb npeACTOSino HCnOnb30B3TbAnH norpe6eHHSI. 6blno H3~A9HO 64 KpyrnbiX 1.1\HTa, BHceBWHXCH3PY:lKH B.QOnb 6opTOB H3 CneL\H3nbHbiX npHcnoco6neHHSIX- no 32 C K3)f(.QO~ CTOpOHbl. Ha KOpa6ne HMenacb M3<fT3 AnSI napyca, KOTOpbl~ MOf nOAA9PlKHB3TbCSI CBOOOAHO noBOp3<fHB3101.1\e~CSI CTpenKO~, COe.QHHSIBWe~CSI C OCOObiMH AepeBSIHHbiMI1 6noKaMH, pacnono:lKeHHbiMH no o6eCTopoHbl nany6bl. B 1983 r. 6blna noCTpoeHa TO<fHaH troni1H 3Toro tropa6nH. CyAHO 33 28 AHe~ nepeceKno noA napycoM AmaHTHKy, AOK333B, <ITO .QnSI AP9BHHX BHKHHfOB npe.QCT3BnHnOCb BnOnHe B03MOlK· HbiM AOCTH<fb AMepHK3HCKOfO KOHTHH9HT3 AO XpHCTO~Opa KonyM63

3AnA)J.HASl EBPOnA

563

CKeTKoHyHra (MnM WerKoHyHra) Wee.n.cKoro M flpna 3wpMKa; 6MTBa 3Ta '4aCTO ynOMMHaeTCfl B cpe.n,HeBeKOBb/X CKaH.D.MHaBCKMX carax. Wset~MR

0Kono 990-1022 rr. L.tAPCTBOBAH'-1E OJlA<PA CKl:TKOHYHrA ('-111'-1 Wl:TKOHYHrA C60PlU'-1KA HAJlOrOB). EI..Ue O.ll.MH npe.n,CTaBMTeflb po.n,a VfHmMHTOB, Onacf> 6bm nepBbJM o6I..Uewee.n.CKMM npaBMTeneM, XOTfl ero nonbJTKM BBeCTM XpMCTMaHCTBO BCTpeTMflM conpoTMBneHMe fl3bJ'4HMKOB B Yncane. OH raiOKe npMHMMan y'4acrMe B KoanM~MM npoTMB ceoero .aanbHero po.n,M'4a Onacf>a I TpJOrreecoHa HopBe)I(CKoro (CM. Bb/We). no6e.n,a C0/03HMKOB B 6MTBe npM Ceoneepe no3BOnMna Onacf>y aHHeKcMpoearb 6onbWYJO '4aCTb 10ro-Bocro'4HOW HopeerMM. HcnaH.qMR

0Kono 870 r. nEPBOE HOPBE>KCKOE nOCEJ1EH'-1E. Xorf/ ei..Ue paHbWe B VfcnaH.D.MM HeO.ll.HOKpaTHO 6bJBanM MpnaH.D.CKMe MOHaXM, nepBbJe nocrof/HHbJe noceneHMfl 6bJnM OCHOBaHbl MMMMrpaHTaMM M3 HopeerMM, npM6bJBWMMM Me)l(.ll.y 870 M 930 rr. Tpa.n.M~MOHHO C'4MTaercfl, '4TO nepBbJW KOflOHMCT-HOpBe)l(e~ BbJCa.ll.MflCfl B VfcnaH.D.MM B 874 r. 0Kono 930 r. '-1CJ1AHACKOE COAPY>KECTBO. npaBflLUMw Knacc COCTaBflflflM '4eTbJpe .n,eCf/TKa )l(pe~OB-BO)I(.ll.eW, MMeHyeMb/X «TO.ll.M»,'

PwryanbHbl£:i Tonop c H3SIIJ4HbiM wao6palKeH~-teM cl>aHT3CTI-t'feCKO£:i nTI-t"bl CAJ11-tHHbiM XBOCTOM 1-t nanaM~-t, HanoMI-tH3101J41-tMI-t CBepHYTble B cnwpanb n~-tCTbSI 3KaHT3 (p~-tCYHOK BblnOnHeH cepe6pSIHO£:i npoaonoKO£:i). Ha Apyro£:i CTopoHe ronopa - opHaMeHT wa pacTeHw£'i. HaxoAKa wa aaxopoHeH~-tSI BenbMOlKI-t KOponSIXapanbAa C~-tHe3Y6oro. OK.Ono 970 r.

rz::: c=•

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>-:J l Si

BnaCTb CB0/0 OHM OCyi..UeCTBflflflM, co6Mpaflcb pa3 B ro.n. no.n. neTHee conH~ecrof/HMeB TMHree.n.nMpe. AccaM6nefl 3Ta, C0'4eTaBWaf/ cf>YHK~MM napnaMeHTa M cy.n,a, Ha3bJBanaCb anbTMHTOM. 0Kono 999 r. (HnH 1000 r. ). AnbTMHr nocTaHOBMfl, '4TO BCeM MCnaH.n,~aM cne.n,yeT npMHf/Tb XpMCTMaHCTBO.

BTOP)KEHHH MA,ll;hHP OIW.IlO 850-955 22. Ko'4eBbJe yropcKMe nneMeHa Ma.ll.bflp ( CaMOHa3BaHMe BeHrpoB) B Ha'4ane IX B. HacenflnM npM'4epHoMopcKMe CTenM B HM30Bbf/X /),OHa, r.n.e OHM nnaTMflM .n,aHb Xa3apaM 1 • BowcKo MX npe.n.craenflno co6ow TMnM'4HYJO nerKy/0 KaBanepM/0 CKMcf>cKoro o6pa3~a, a rnaBHbJM opy)I(MeM flBnflncfl nyK. B Ha'4ane eropow nonoBMHbJ croneTMfl ompaBMBWMWCfl B Ha6er OTPfl.ll. Ma.ll.bflp BnepBbJe HaTKHYflCfl Ha aBaHnOCT cf>paHKOB - B .ll.OflMHe /),yHafl, B cpe.n.HeM ero Te'4eHMM. B ro epeMfl Ma.ll.bflpbJ '4eM .aanbwe, reM 6onbwe no.n.eepranMcb .aaeneHMJO ne'4eHeroe- 06MTaBwero B 3aBOfl)I(CKMX

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3AnAAHAs=l EBPOnA

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illiH qeTbipex 3eMeJihHbiX Ha;::J:eJIOB -

mcy;::J:apcTBY, Bee 6onee pacxOJJ:illiHCh

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na HX aKTHBHOM pOJIH B cy;::J:e : Ha a6-

Ka3hiBaJIHCh IIpHBOJJ:HTb rocy;::J:apiO

COJIIOTHOM 60JibiiiHHCTBe cy;::J:e6HhiX

cBon:x BaccanoB. Kapn JJ:OJI)I{eH 6hiJI

3aCe;::J:aHHM OHH ;::J:a)l{e He rrpn:cyTCTBO-

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KAPOJIHHfCKAR HMDEPIDI, BH3AHTHJI H HCJIAMCKH:A MHP B Hall. IX B.

572

TEMHbiE BEKA. 60EBOll1 TOnOP 1!1 nAJll!li.JA. 800-1000 rr. ap/IICTOKpaT/11111, OC06eHHO B (epMaH/11111, r,lJ.e crapbJe nneMeHHbJe opraH/113a~ltlltl CTaHOB/IIn/IICb npaKT/11'4eCK/II He3aB/IIC/IIMb/M/II rep~ ore TBaM/11. Cno)I(!IIBwetlicR cltlrya~ltlelli He 3aMe,lJ.nltlnltl eocnonb30BaTbCR MycynbMaHCK!IIe nltlparbl 1113 CeeepHotli Acf>PIIIK/11, KOTOPble pa30pltlnltl Ill 3aHRnltl o6wltlpHbJe reppltlrop/11!11 Ha Cltl~ltlnltlltl 111 B L(eHrpanbHOIIi t1ran111111. VIM/II 6bm B3RT 111 pa3rpa6neH P111M ( 846 r:).

Kapn BemtKI1H HaXOAHT Teno PonaHAa

Mna,lJ.W!IIX CbJHoeetli, fliO.ll.OB!IIK II HeMe~Kitltli 111 Kapn II flbJCbJtli, o6be,lJ.ItiH!IIBW!IICb, ycrpoltln/11 no.ll. ct>oHreHe ( 6n1113 CaHca) Kpoeonpon!IITHY/0 6111rBY CO CTapW!IIM 6paTOM, florapeM I. Bnocne,lJ.CTB/11111 KaK epeMeHHaR Mepa 6bm 3aKn/0'4eH Bep,lJ.eHCK!IItli ,lJ.oroeop, no KOTOPOMY florapb np!113Haeancfl !IIMneparopoM 111 npae111reneM t1ranltllll, 6ypryH.ll.llllll 111 florap!IIHI!II/11 ( nonocKa 3eMnlll, KoropaR qepe3 .ll.On!IIHbl PetliHa 111 Maaca TRHercR or rop IOpa Ha ceeep,lJ.o CeeepHoro MOPR); fliO.ll.OB/IIK nonyqan repMaHCK/IIe 3eMnltl K eocroey; Kapn - ne)l(all.lee 3ana,lJ.Hee 6Y.ll.Yll.lee 4JpaHLW3CKOe KOponeBCTBO. no'4Titl noneeKa eo ena.aeH!IIRX Kapon!IIHroe B pe3ynb rare co'4eTaH!IIR HenpepbJBHbiX.ll.!IIHacrltl'4ecK!IIX eotliH 111 onycrow~t~renbHbJX Ha6eroe B!IIK!IIHroe ~ap111na no cyr111 ,lJ.ena nonHaR aHapX!IIfl. florapb BCKOpe /IIC'4e3 CO c~eHbl. VfMneparopCK/IIW TPOH yHacne,lJ.OBan/11 ero CbJHOBbfl - cnepea fliO.ll.OB!IIK II, a noroM (HeHa,lJ.onro) Kapn II flbJCbJtli. nocne cMeprltl Kapna aHapx!IIR crana a6con/OTHotli, a epeMeHHoe o6be.ll.!IIHeH!IIe 6onbW/11Hcrea 3eMenb Kapon!IIHIOB no,lJ. enacTb/0 Kapna Toncroro nono)l(e-

H!IIR no'4Titl He yny4w111no- Kapn 6bm cMell.leH c npecrona BBIII.ll.Y Hecnoco6Hocrltl COBna,lJ.aTb CO BHyrpeHH/11M/11 npo6neMaM!II, a ra/OKe Hepew/11renbHOCTIII, npORBneHHOW np/11 OCa,lJ.e B/IIK/IIHraM/11 napltl)l(a. MO)I(HO CKa38Tb, '4TO Ha HeM /IIMnepltlfl Kapon!IIHroe 111 3aKOH'4!11nacb, XOTR B repMaH/11/11 noTOMK/11 Kapon!IIHroe npaeltln/11 ell.le ner .ll.Ba,lJ.~arb c n!IIWHIIIM, aBO 4JpaH~/II/II ( XOTfl /II HOM/IIHanbHO) ~enb/W BeK. no Mepe OCna6neH/IIfl ~eHrpanbHotli enacr111 poena enacrb KpynHotli 3eMenbHotli

KoponeacKaR MOHorpaMMa Kapna BenHtroro

814-840 rr. UAPCTBOBAHVIE IliO,O.OBVIKA I 6I1Af0"4ECTVIBOfO. Co cMepTb/0 Kapna ycraHoeneHHbJe /liM nOB/IIHHOCT/11 CTan/11 np!IIXO.ll.IIITb e yna.aoK. CbJH ero fliO.ll.OBIIIK, np03BaHHb/W 6naro'4eCT/IIBbiM, pa3,lJ.enltln BnaCTb CO CBO/IIM/II,lJ.eTbM/11, HO CKOpO Cb/HOBbfl He nona.allln/11 COT~OM /II OTKa3an/ll eMyB nOB/IIHOBeH/11/11. na.aeH/IIeM /IIMnepaTOpCKOW BnaCT/11 ror'4ac )l(e eocnonb3oBanltlcb enltlcKonbJ. nocne roro KaK Kapn np111eneK 111x K,lJ.enaM CBeTCKOrO ynpaeneH!IIfl, OH/11 cran111 C'4!11Tarb ce6R e npaee pewarb non!IIT/11'4ecK!IIe cnopbJ Me>K;ay enacr/11renRM/11. B 829 r: co6paew~t~tlicR e naP/11)/(e C!IIHO.ll. o6bRB!IIn, '4TO ,lJ.y.xoeHaR enacrbBbJWe ceercKotli. Kor,lJ.afliO.ll.OB!IIK noccopltlnCR CO CBO/IIM/11 Cb/HOBbRM/11, nana (pltlropltltli IV B3Rn Ha ce6R o6R3aHHOCT!II eepxoeHoro CY.ll.b/11,' H/IIKeM He 3BaHHbiW np111exan OH /113 P111Ma Ha ceeep, npRMO B narepb !IIMneparopa, 111 norpe6oean np!IIM!IIpeHIIIR, np!11'4eM f/CHO ,lJ.an nOHf/Tb, '4TO B/IIHOBHbiM B pa3,lJ.Ope C'4/11Taer OT~a. npltlrOBOp nanbl np0!113Ben C/llnbHOe BneqarneH/IIe Ha BO/IIHOB.' 6onbWaR '4aCTb onon'4eH!IIR noK!IIHyna craporo !IIMneparopa 111 ecne.ll. 3a nano10 ornpaeltlnocb B narepb ero CbJHoeetli. fliO.ll.OB/IIKa 0)1(/ll,lJ.ano ell.le xy,lJ.Wee YH!II)I(eH!IIe: B CyaccoHe oH .ll.On)l(eH 6bm OTKa38TbCfl OT BnaCT/11 /II nepe,lJ. co6paH/IIeM en/IICKOnOB np!IIHeCT/11 noKaRH!IIe B ceo111x rpexax. nocne ero np!113HaH/IIR B COBepweH/11/11 TaK/IIX-TO /II TaK/IIX-TO y6/IIWCTB, K!lf/TBOnpecrynneH/IIW /II CBf/TOTaTCTB en/IICKOnbl ero npOCT/IIn/11 /II B03BpaT/IIn/ll eMy /IIMneparopCKOe ,lJ.OCTO/IIHCTBO. 840-855 rr. UAPCTBOBAHVIE IlOTAPSf I (HAVIMnEPATOPCKOM TPOHE). HenpepbiBHaR yco61t1L1a

3AnA)J.HASl EBPOnA

573

Me)l(,ay floTapeM M ero Mna,awMMM

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6paTbfiMM, JlJO,aOBMKOM M KapnoM.

f/BMB ce6f! TOHKMM nOflMTMKOM M

,aepHaxe (oKm6pb

876 r.).

6~TBA nP~ <POHTEHE CaHca). JloTapb noTepnen

noMaHa ( Cb!Ha cBoero 6paTa JlJO,ao-

nopa)l(eHMe OT 06be,aMHeHHb/X CMfl

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II (HA ~MnEPATOP CKOM TPOHE). Cb!H floTapfl, OH

JlJO,aOBMKa M Kapna M BbJHY')I(,aeH 6bm

(875 r.),

yqacTBOBan B ceMeWHbJX BOWHax Ka-

npe,aflO)I(MTb MMp.

flb!W JlJO,aOBMK BTOprCfl BO ctJpaH-

ponMHroB TO 38, TO npOTMB CBOMX .f1fl-

UM/0. nocne Toro KBK B cne,ayJOJ..UeM

.f110WeK, 6parbeB M KY3eHOB. BepHyrb

841 r. (6m13

843 r. BEPAEHCK~171 AOfOBOP.

,alllnnoMaToM, oH nepexuTpMn Kap-

B oTBeT Ha 4TO npecTape-

855-875rr. u,APCTBOBAH~E JliOAOB~KA

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ro.ay JlJO,aOBMK yMep, Kapn npe.a-

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npMHfln nonb!TKY 8HHeKCMPOB8Tb

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TM ero OTUB .L1fl.f110WK8 JlJO,aOBMK M ,afl,aJOwKa Kapn 3BXBBTMnlll M no.aenlll-

6bma no.aeneHa Me)l(,l1y HMMM.

6MT CbJHOM cBoero 6paTa (TO)I(e no

nu, OH TBK M He CyMen. Cepbe3HOrO

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843-876 rr. u,APCTBOBAH~E JliOAOB~KA

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TEMHbiE BEKA. 60EBOll1 TOnOP V1 nAnl!lu,A. 800-1000 rr.

574

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879 r. HE3ABVICVIMOCTb HVI}I(HEH 5YPrYHAVIVI (cosp. npoBaHC). 3TII13eMflll1 o6pen111 CTa-

Bfl8CTHb/M npaBII1TeneM 111Mnepll1111

TYC He38BII1CII1MOIO KOponeBCTBa, KOI,aa B nep1110,a 8H8pXII1111, H8CTynii1BWe£1 nocne cMepTII1 Kapna l7bl-

co,-o,

5o3oH npoao31nac111n ce6R

MOHapXOM.

884-887 rr. U,APCTBOBAHVIE KAPnA Ill TOnCTOrO (KAK VIMnEPATOPA <l>PAHKOB). Ha HeCKOflbKO neT no,a e/O Bfl8CTb/O OK838fl8Cb 06be,aii1HeHa, 38 Bb/'leTOM 5yplyH,all1111, BCR 6blfl8R 111Mnepii1R Kapna Benii1KO/O. O,aHaKo nocne T0/0, K8K OH n030pHO OTKynll1flCR OT OC8)f(,a8BWII1X napll1)f( BII1KII1HIOB, Kapn 6blfl Hll13flO)f(eH co6paHII1eM Bb/CWeM3H8TII1.

3AnA)J.HASl EBPOnA

575

(500-1200 rr.): 1, 2- BC3AH"IGt C OTAenbHbiM" "f3C"niM" BOOpYJKeH"SI ("306pa)KeH"SI BOCC03A3Hbl no "n" XII B.); 3, 4- H3 BO"H3X- o6p331.\bl peweT"f3TOro "06W"Toro KOnbi.\3M" K0)1(3HOrO K3cf>T3HOB; 5- BO"H B KOnb"fY)KHOM n3HL\"pe C H3H"33HHbiM" KOnbi.\3M"; 6- BO"H B KOnb"fyre "3CKnenaHHbiX KOJiel.\; 7, 8- BO"Hbl B HOpM3HHCIGtX wneMaX C H3HOCH"KOM "33Tblno"fHOj;i "f3CTb10; 9- BO"H B 6poHe, 06W"Toj;i peMHSIM"" pb16bej;i KOCTbiO

<Pp3HL\Y3b1

waxMaTHbiM cf>"rypKaM, HK06bl np"HaAne)KaBw"M Kapny Ben"KOMY, BepoHTHo, "cnaHcKOj;i pa6oTbl XI

He B pe3yflbTaTe no6e,abl B 3TOW BOWHe, a 6naro,aapf! HeO)I(M,aaHHolti cMepru O,ao. Bnpo'leM, uapcreoeaHMe ero OKa38flOCbHe CflMWKOM ,aonIMM: B36yHTOBaBWaf!Cfl Bb/CWaf/ 3HaTb HM3fl0)1(Mfla ero M M36pana KOponeM rpacpa Po6epra napM)I(CKOIO, 6para O,ao. Po6epra, BCKope nom6wero B 6uree no.a CyaccoHoM, 3aMeHun Py,aonbcp, repuor 6ypryH,aCKMW (TO)I(e M3 ,aoMa KaponuHroe; He nyrarb c Po.aonbcpoM, ocHoeareneM BepxHelti 6ypryH,auu). nocne uapcreoeaHMfl Py,aonbcpa enacTb KaponMHroe OKOH'laTenbHO nowna Ha y6b!flb, a KpynHb/e BaCCaflbl CTaflM npaKTM'leCKM He3aBMCMMb/MM. Kor.aa yMep nocne,aHulti npaeurenb ct>paHuuu M3,aoMa KaponuHroe, Ha uapcreo 6bm M36paH fyro Kaner, rpacf> napM)I(CKMW. 3a ro,abl ceoero npaeneHMfl OH ycnen 3aflO)I(MTb ocHOBbl CMflbHOW MOHapXMM.

o6pa3oeanocb repuorcreo HopMaH,aMfl.

921-923 rr. BOCCTAH~E P06EPTA nAP~)I(CKOfO nPOT~B KAPJlA Ill. Kapn norepnen nopa)l(eHMe M flMWMflCfl TpOHa, HO Po6epr, rpacf> napM)I(CKMW nom6

B pewaFOIJ..Ielti 6uree npu CyaccoHe

(923 r.).

KAPJI IIpocTosani~ nonaJI B nJieH K csoeMy conepHHt-'Y, repuory <l>paHUHH ryro BeJIHKOMY (Hugues le Grand), nJieMJIHHHKY O,qo (pog 3TOT

887-898 rr. UAPCTBOBAH~E OAO (3AA, ~11~ 3BAA).

893-923 rr. UAPCTBOBAH~E KAPJlAIII. O,aHo M3maBHb!Xero co6b!TM!ti- no.anucaHue K.nep-cFOp3nrcKoro .aoroeopa (911 r.) Me)l(,ay KapnoM u npe,aeo,aureneM BMKMHroe PonnoHOM, B pe3ynbrare 'lero

repi.\Or"" BO"Hbl. M"H"aTIOpa "3 cf>p3HL\Y3CKOj;i pyKOnoc" XI B.

576

TEMHbiE BEKA. 60EBOV1 TOnOP V1 nAJlVll.J,A. 800-1000 rr.

3AnA,ll,HA~

¢1paHKCKI1e BOI1Hbl. ¢1parMeHTbl MI1HI1anopbl 6116111111 B11e11eHa. 845-846 rr.

Ha3hiBaeTCH Po6epnmcKIIM, OT repu:ora Po6epTa, oTu:a 0Ao, rrpiiXOiJ:IIBIIIerocH ):(e):( OM fyro ). Ilocne 3Toro KOpOJieM OIIHTh CTaJI KapOJIIIHr, ChiH Kapna IIpocToBaToro JliOAOBIIK, rrpo3BaHHhiH 3aMOpCKIIM (Outremer), TaK KaK eMy rrpiirrmOCh BO BpeMH CMYT CKphmaThCH B AHrJIIIII. JliOAOBIIK TaK'lKe rro6hiBaJI B rrneey y repu:ora paHU:IIII; HeB3IIpaH Ha 3TO, OH rropy'IIIJI CBOero ChiHa IIOKpOBIITeJihCTBY fyro. Y rrocne):(Hero KapoJIIIHra, JliOAOBIIKa JleHIIBOrO, OCTaJiaCh JIIIIIIh HII'ITO'lKHaH o6naCTh BOKpyr ropo):(a JiaHa.

923-936 rr. U,APCTBOBAHVIE OTMe'leHo em no6e-

PYAOnb<l>A.

EBPOnA

577

HOB hiM Kopom rrony'IIIJI rroMa3aHIIe II3 pyK apxiierriiCKorra Peil:McCKoro, C Hero Ha'IIIHaeTCH ):(IIHaCTIIH KarreTIIHrOB, KOTopaH u:apcTBOBaJia BO <l>paHU:IIII HerrpephiBHO B Te'IeHIIe BOChMII BeKOB, AO caMoil: BeJIIIKoil: <lJpaHU:Y3CKOH peBOJIIOU:IIII (987 1789rr.). BnaCTh rrepBhiX rrpeACTaBIITeneil: HOBOH ):(IIHaCTIIII 6hiJia BeChMa He3Ha'IIITeJihHa. lO'lKHaH IIOJIOBIIHa rocy):(apCTBa, IIO-CTapiiHHOMY Ha3hiBaBIIIaHCH AKBIITaHIIeil: ( c 6oJihiiiiiMII ceHhOpiiHMII- fi03HHhiO, facKOHhiO, Tyny3oil:), BOBCe He IIpii3HaBaJia KOpOJIH, Cu:):(eBIIIerO B Ilapii'lKe. Ho II Ha ceBepe ero ciiJia pacrrpocTpaHHJiaCh JIIIIIIh Ha co6CTBeHeyiO TeppiiTOpiiiO - repu:orCTBO <l>paHU:Y3CKoe; Apyrne CeHhOpiiiiEpeTaHh, BepMaHAya, naHApiiH 6hiJIII OT Hero COBepiiieHHO He3aBIICIIMhi, a HopMaH):(IIH rrpmoM II ropa3AO CIIJihHee ero. CeHhOphi paBHHJIII ce6H C KOpOJieM, a KOpOJIH C'IIITaJIII JIIIIIIh rrepBhiM Me'lKAY paBHhiMII (primus inter pares), Bu:):(H B HeM TOJihKO HOMIIHaJihHOrO, IIO'IeTHOrO BO)K):(H.

u,enoae -

cnoco6HOM nonKoao.au,e,

,aMnnoM8Te /II np8B/11Tene. Cb!H eraOnoH

Beni!IK/11£1 -

co3,a8B8n CaR-

ll.{eHHY/0 PI!IMCK}'/0 I!IMnep/1110 np8KTI!I'IecKI!I 38HOBO.

IIO.JJ:OEHO 3arra):(Ho-paHKCKOMY KoponeBCTBy, fepMaHIIH pa3):(eJIIIJiach Ha IIHTh repu:orCTB, II3 KOTOpbiX Ka'lK):(Oe 06be):(IIHHJIO B ce6e KaKOe-HII6y):(h repMaHCKOe IIJieMH: paHKOHCKoe (6hiBIIIaH ABcTpa3IIHo6nacTh BOCTO'IHhiX <lJpaHKOB ), CaKcoHcKoe, JioTapiiHrcKoe, IIIBa6cKoe ( o6nacTh aneMaHOB) II EaBapcKoe. 887-899 rr. U,APCTBOBAHVIE APHYnb<l>A KAPVIHTVIHCKOrO.

CBHIII;EHHAH PIIMCKAH IIMIIEPIIH (rEPMAHIIH, IITAJIIIH, liYPrYH)];MH) 887-1000 u.

.aoi1 H8,a HopM8H,aMei1 /II AKBI!IT8HI!Iei1 B 6/IITBe np/11 17/IIMOJKe.

Koponb 58B8PI!II!I /II 17oM68p,al!ll!l

942 r. <l>PAHKO-rEPMAHC-

ApHynbcjJ K8pi!IHTI!IMCKI!Ii1 1!13 ,aoM8

KASI BOHHA. Ben8cb MeJK,ay 1710IV 38MopcKI!IM, KoponeM C/Jp8HU,I!II!I, /II OnoHoM I Beni!IKI!IM,

K8pOni!IHrOB, CTORBW/IIM BO rn8Be

1!1Mnep8TopoM CBRU{eHHo£1 PI!IM-

/1136p8H KOponeM BOCTO'IHb/X cj)p8H-

cKo£1 I!IMnep/111!1.

KOB. Era no6e,a8 H8,a B/IIK/11Hr8M/II B

,aoBI!IKOM

947-948 BOHHA.

MRTeJK8, a pe3ynbTaTe KOToporo noTepRn TPOH K8pn

Ill

ToncTbiM, 6bln

rPA}I{AAHCKASI

6/IITBe H8 17y3He B03BeCT/IIn8 KOHeU,

Ben8cb MeJK,ay cjJp8HU,Y3-

CK8H,a/IIH8BCKOMY Bn/IIRH/1110 B lepM8-

rr.

cKI!IM KoponeM 17JO,aOBI!IKOM

38-

H/II/II. EonbWY/0 '18CTb caoero U,8p-

MopcK/IIM /II lym Beni!IKI!IM, rp8cjJOM

CTBOB8HI!IR ApHynbcjJ Cp8JK8nCR C

n8pi!IJKCK/IIM. noH8'18ny lyra o,aep-

MOp8BCK/IIM/II /II 6oreMCK/IIM/II Cn8BR-

H8M/II. /1,88)/(/J,b/ OH npi!IXO,al!ln H8 no-

BbiHy,aMn era 38Kn/0'11!1Tb MI!IP /II aep-

MOU{b n8ne pi!IMCKOMY B 6opb6e TOro

JK8n no6e,ay, HO 1!1Mnep8TOP OnoH HYTb TPOH 17/0,aOBI!IKY.

C HenOKOpHOM I!ITanbRHCKOM3H8Tb/O,

987-996 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHVIE rYro KAnETA. H8'1anocb aHa c rp8JK-

38 'ITO 6bln KOpOHOB8H /11Mnep8TO-

,a8HcKoi1 aoi1Hbl Me)f(JJ,y lyra /II era

co-

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Ill

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nepHI!IKOM, K8pnoM 17oTapi!IHrcKI!IM,

an8CTb a lepM8HI!II!I ocn86n8, HO 38-

a KOTOpoi11yro K8neT o,aepJK8n aepx.

MeTHo ycl!lnl!ln8Cb npl!lleHpl!lxe nT/11-

KOHHaSI CTaTYSI 0TTOHa I B MarAe6ypre

578

TEMHbiE BEKA. 60EBOll1 TOnOP V1 nAnl!lu,A. 800-1000 rr. JIIIKOMOpaBCKYIO LJ:ep'lKaBy, HO BMeCTe C TeM 06Hapy'lKIIJI rrepeLJ: HIIMII CBOIO C06CTBeHHYIO CJia60CTh II OTKphiJI IIM rryTh B CpeLJ:HIOIO EBporry. 3a6paBIIIIICh B my6IIHY 3eMJieLJ:eJih'IeCKIIX CTpaH, BeHrphi CLJ:eJiaJIIICh LJ:JIH

924 r. nEPEMHPHE C BEHrPAMH. 0Ho 6b!no KynneHo u,eHoi!i o6el1{8HI!IR B TeLfeH/IIe /],eCRT/11 neT nnaT/IITb Ma/l,bRpaM/],aHb. TeM apeMeHeM leHpl!lx yKpenl!ln o6opoHy BocTOLfHOi!i /epMaH/11/11.

HIIX «6II'IOM DO'lKIIIIM», IIOLJ:06HO CEOliM rrpeLJ:IIIeCTBeHHIIKaM ryHHaM. He-

B fEPMAHI111 Ka')KIJ:oe II3 IIJie-

O'lKIILJ:aHHO HaJieTaJIII OHII Ha CBOIIX

MeH- CaKChi, 6aBap!Ihi, <lJpaHKII, IIMeH

MaJIOpOCJihiX 6hiCTpbiX JIOIIIaLJ:KaX,

BO rJiaBe CBOerO HaCJieLJ:CTBeHHOrO rep-

IIOpa'lKaJIII rrpOTIIBHIIKa OTpaBJieHHhi-

I!Ora, Cpa'lKaJIOCh TOJihKO 3a ce6H, CTa-

MII CTpeJiaMII, JIOBIIJIII JIIOLJ:eH CBOII-

paJIOCh OTKYIIIIThCH OT BeHrepCKOrO

MII apKaHaMII, 3a6IIpaJIII IIJieHHIIKOB

rpa6e'lKa LJ:aHhiO, He 3a6oTHCh o6 Y<JaC-

LJ:JIH IIpOLJ:a'lKII B pa6CTBO II LJ:JIH Ka-

TII COCeLJ:eH. 1136paHHhiH KOpOJieM rep-

TOp'lKHOH pa60Thi Ha 3aXBa'IeHHOH

MaHCKIIM, CaKCOHCKIIH repi!Or feHpiiX

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cHa<Iana rrpOLJ:OJI)KaJI TY 'lKe Y3KYIO rroJIIITIIKY. OH 3aKJIIO'IIIJI c BeHrpaMII rre-

II3 I!epKBeil:.

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9 JieT

II BOCIIOJih30BaJICH

rrepeLJ:hiiiiKOil:, 'IT06hi 3aropOLJ:IITh CaK-

Kapil JlbiCbiH, KOPOilb <J>paHKOB (840- 847 rr.)

COHIIIO C IOrO-BOCTOKa IIeJihiM PHLJ:OM 6yproB (yKpeiiJieHHhiX ropOLJ:KOB ). CaK-

888 ~ HE3ABHCHMOCTb BEPXHEH 5YPrYHAHH. /epu,ory

coHCKIIil: neTOIIIICeii BIIAYKIIHLJ: paccKa3hmaeT o6 3TOM cneeyromee: «Koponh feHpiiX OCHOBaJI HeCKOJihKO ropOL\OB II

PO/l,OflbCjJyy/l,aflOCb OTCTORTb ee, He83/llpaR Ha ace nonbiTK/11 ApHynbcjJa Kapi!IHTI!Ii!ICK0/0 aepHYTb 1epu,oiCTBO EyplyH/l,CKoe no/1, anacTb lepMaHCKI!IX /IIMnepaTOpOB.

IIOJIO'lKIIJI, 'IT06hi B OKpeCTHhiX LJ:epeBHHX II3 Ka')KIJ:hiX

B ropoLJ:e, 'IT06hi CTPOIITh LJ:OMa Ha 8 ocTaJihHhiX, 3a6IIpaTh II CKJiaLJ:hiBaTh B aM1 6ap / 3 Bcero rroneBoro c6opa; LJ:pyrne

890-975 rr. MYCYnbMAHE 3AKPEnmHOTCSI B IQ}I(HQH <l>PAHU,HH. 111M YJ1.8fl0Cb 38XB8T/11Tb /0)/(HOe no6epe)f(be npoaaHca ( H/11)/(HRR EypryH/1,/IIR) /II Ha/],onm y/l,ep)f(aTb 3TI!I 3eMnl!l 3a co6oi!i. 891 r. 5HTBA HA nY3HE. ApHynbcjJ Kapi!IHTI!Ii!ICKI!Ii!i o/],ep)f(an aneLfamR/Oll.{Y/0 no6e/l,y H8/], B/IIK/IIH/aM/11.

892-893 r~ BTQP}I(EHHE CnABSIHCKHX nnEMEH B 5ABAPHIO. C noMOU{b/0 Ma/l,bRP ApHynbcjJ Kapi!IHTI!Ii!ICKI!Ii!i HaHec nopa)f(eHI!Ie aoi!icKy Beni!IKOMopaacKoi!i /],ep)f(8Bbl no/], npe/],B0/1,/IITeflbCTBOM CBRTOnonKa. B KOHU:E

IX B. BeHrphi 6hiJIII oT-

LJ:eJieHhi OT fepMaHIIII CIIJihHhiM BeJIIIKOMopaBCKIIM roCyLJ:apCTBOM ( 06HIIMaBIIIIIM EoreMIIIO, IIJIII qexiiiO, MopaBIIIO II ABcTpiiiO), BO maBe KOToporo CTOHJI MOrymeCTBeHHhiH CJiaBHHCKIIH BO'lKIJ:h CBHTOIIOJIK

894

(871-

rr. ). llhiTaHCh COKPYIIIIITh MOIIIh

CBHTorronKa, ApHynh<P He HaiiieJI HII<Iero JIY<JIIIero, KaK HaTpaBIITh Ha cnaBHH LJ:IIKIIX KO'IeBHIIKOB. OH, rrpaBLJ:a, COKPYIIIIIJI c rroMOliihiO BeHrpoB Be-

9 'IeJIOBeK, 06H3aHHhiX

BOeHHOH CJIY'lK60il:, O!J:IIH 6hm IIOCeJieH

CeHJIII II 'lKaJIII LJ:JIH Hero II OTB03IIJIII

ero LJ:OJIIO. Bee co6paHIIH, Bee rrpa3LJ:HII'IHhie IIrpbi LJ:OJI)KHhi 6hiDII rrpOIICXO-

Boi1H. Peab6a no cnoHoBoi1 KOCTI1. IX-X B. 111Talli1SI

894-896 rr. YCnEWHbiH noXOA APHYnb<l>A B HTAnHIO. ApHynbcjJ KOpOHOB8H K8K /IIMnepaTOp CBRll{eHHOi!f PI!IMCKoi!i I!IMnep/111!1 (896 r:).

899-911 rr. U,APCTBOBAHHE niOAOBHKA Ill AHTSITH. 900 r. nEPBbiE BEHrEPCKHE HA5ErH B rEPMAHHIO. 911-918 rr. U,APCTBOBAHHE KOHPAAA I (5biBWErO rEPU,OrA <l>PAHKOHCKOrO). no acei!i /epMaH/111!1 /II IITTan/111!1 Henpepb!BHO wna lp8)/(/],8HCK8R BOi!!Ha.

919-936 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHHE rEHPHXA I nTHU,EnOBA (5biBWEro rEPU,OrA CAKCOHCKOrD). OH ycnewHo aoeaan cApHynbcjJOM, mpu,o/OM EaaapcKI!IM, 3aRBI!IBWI!IM npeTeH3/11/11 Ha lepMaHCK/IIM T{JOH ( 920-921 rr: ).

JloTapb. IIIMnepaTop (840-855 rr.)

3AnA)J.HASl EBPOnA

579

,AHTh B ropo,Aax, KOTOphle C1pOHJIH He-

qHHHJI ce6e Bee ApyrHe HeMeUKHe

caM COBepiiiaJI HHBeCTH'I)'py (o6pSIA

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repuorcTBa -

paHKOHHIO, JioTa-

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pHHrHIO, BasapHIO, lliBa6HIO H, Kpo-

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JIOCh 3a,Aep)f(aTh HaTHCK BeHrpoB Ha

Me TOro, IIO,A<JHHHJI CBOe~ BJiaCTH

BHJICil Ha KOJieHH rrepe,A KOpOJieM, 1-.'"a.K

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rrepe,A CBOHM CeHhOpOM, BKJia,AhlB3JI

CTH H CIIOKO~CTBHSI CBoe~ C1paHhl, CaK-

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B ero pyKH CBOH H rrpoH3HOCHJI cJio-

Chl IIOJIY<IHJIH rrepeBec H3A ApyrHMH

c1paHhl Ha repuorcTBa, HO rroBCIOAY 3aMeHHJI MeCTHhlX BJiaCTHTeJie~ CBO-

Ba IIpHCilrH Ha BepHOCTh; KOpOJih Bpy-

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ll.lhiO eMy cJiy)f(HJIO AYXOBeHCTBO.

3Toro KaiiH'I)'JI rrepe,AaBaJI KopoJieB-

933 r. 6"'TBA nP"' MEP3E6YPfE. 0Ha 38BepWMfi8Cb no6e.aot4

ErrHcKorraM H a66aTa.M (HacTOSI'reJISIM

CKOIYty H36paHHHKY IIOCOX- 3HaKAY-

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MOHaCThlpe~) OH O'I)J,aJI B JieH (Lehn),

XOBHOI'O rracThlpcTBa. BolllJIO B o6hl-

936-973 rr. UAPCTBOBAH"'E OTTOHA I BEJl"'KOfO. B Ha4ane

T. e. B Harpa,Ay HJIH B KaqecTBe )f(aJIO-

qai;t IIJiaTHTh KOpOJIIO 3a HHBeCTH'I)'py

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Bhl,Aa<JH CBiiThiHH, rpo3S1 B IIpOTHBHOM

OIISITh B03Bpall.laJIHCh K KOpOJIIO H OH

cJiyqae pa3rpoMHTh Bee KopoJieB-

MorcHoBarrepe,Aan HX, KOMY 3axo<JeT.

CTBO. He MeHhllle~ AHKOCThiO OTJIH-

ITo uepKOBHhiM rrpaBHJiaM errHc-

qaJIHCh HpaBhl CaMHX KJIHpHKOB, KO-

Korra H a66aTa Bhi6HpaJI KaiiHTYJI

TOpbie BhlC'I)'IlaJIH B IIOXO,Ahl BepXOM

( co6paHHe CBilll.leHHHKOB rJiaBHO~

Ha KOHe, C IlaJIHUe~ B pyKe (<IT06hl

uepKBH eiiHCKOIICKO~ pe3H,AeHUHH ).

OrJIYlllHTh y,AapoM AO CMepTH, «He

HecMoTpil Ha 3TO, 0TTOH caM pac-

rrpoJIHBaSI KpoBH» ). PI>IuapH ( oT

rrpe,AeJISIJI uepKOBHhie AOJI)f(HOCTH H

Ritterrs- BC3AHHKH) BO BCiiKoe Bpe-

BJiaCT-

MiiAHSI HHO<JHHMeJIH,AOC'I)'Il BCIIaJib-

Hhi~, HeyTOMHMhi~ BO)(QJ,h, HaiiOMH-

HIO err He Korra; ecJIH phluaph 6h!JI

HaBlllH~ co6oiit KapJiaBeJIHKoro, IIOA-

npeACT3BHTenH HapoAOB 3anaAHO"' Eaponbl (AO 1000 r.): 1-4 - rOTbl; 5- naHrooapACKHH KOpOnb; 6, 7- cf>paHKH snoxH MepoaHHroa; 8- cf>paHK nepHOAa KaponHHroa

580

TEMHbiE BEKA. 60EBOll1 TOnOP 1!1 nAJll!li.JA. 800-1000 rr. 3axBaTHJI Tpyn ero H JIHliiJ> 3a 6oJIJ>rno~ BhlK)'II OT)J.aJI roJioey Ka3HeHHO-

ro ero )J.oqepH.

942 r. BTOP)f(EH"'E BO PAHlt"'IO.

i..Jeflb/0 0TTOH8 6biJIO noKa-

paTb flJOJJ,OBVIKa IV 3aMopcKoro 38 OK838HHYIO M>ITe)I(HVIKBM no.QtJ,ep)I(Ky. BcKope 6bm 3BKJIJO~eH MVIP, VI 0TTOH Bb/BeJI BOWCK8.

944-947 r~ 6ABAPCKOE BOCCTAH"'E. B 6VITBe npVI ropo.ae Benbce (Ha TeppVITOPVIVI coep. repMBHVIVI) OrroH noTepnen nop8)1(eHVIe oT GepTOnb.aa, rep~ora 5aeapcKoro. 0JJ,H8KO BnOCJieJJ,CTBVIVI, CO~eTB>I JJ,VInJIOMBTVI~eCKVIe

Mepbl C BOeHHb/-

MVI, 0TTOH BCe-TBKVI JJ,06VIJIC>I KOHTpOJI>I H8/1. 5aeapVIeiii(947 r.).

948 r. BTOPOE BTOP)f(EH"'E 80 PAHU"'IO. 0TTOH OK83b/B8JI no.QtJ,ep)I(K}I CBOeMy WYPVIHY, flJOJJ,OBVIKY IV 3aMopcKoMy, 3aTo~eHHOMY B TIOPbMY (yro BenVIKVIM, rpacpoM naPVI)I(CKVIM. OrroH 3BXBBTVIJI PeiiiMc; (yro noJJ,~VIHVIJIC>I U BepHyJI TpOH flJOJJ,OBVIKy.

950 r. BTOP)f(EH"'E B 60fEM"'IO.

0TTOH P83TPOMVIJI BOiiiCK8

KH>/3>1 bOJieCJI8B8 U 38CT8BUJI TOTO npVIHeCTVI B8CC8JibHYIO npUC>Iry.

951-952 rr. nEPBbiVI nOXOA OTTOHA B "'TA.n"'IO. no npocb6e A,aeJ18VIJJ,bl, BJJ,OBb/ KOPOJI>I t1TBnVIVI flOT8p>i, 0TTOH pa36VIJI BOWCK8 npeTeHJJ,eHTOB H8 npeCTOJI VI, B03JIO)I(UB H8 C06CTBeHHYIO TOJIOBY KOPOHY floM6ap.auVI, )l(eHVIJIC>I Ha AaenaVI.ae.

OTToH II. &.1MnepaTop (973-983 rr.)

953-955 rr. BOCCTAH"'E B rEPMAH"'"'. Bo3m8BVIJI M>ITe)l( Cb/H 0TTOH8 flyJJ,OJibcp; nOJJ,JJ,ep)I(VIBBJIVI

He)J.OBOJieH CBOHM )KaJIOBaHHeM, TO

cKoro rpa<}>a T'epoHa, KOToporo phl-

ero KoHpa.a, rep~or floTapuHrCKVIiii,

K.JlaJI Ha IIOCTeJII> eiiHCKOIIa IlaJIK)',

uapJ> BaJIJ>AOH o6BHHHJI B H3MeHe.

V14Jpu.apVIx, enucKon MaiiiH~a. BHa-

CHSIB C Hee Kopy; eCJIH :>Ke 3a 3THM

OrroH co3BaJI no 3TOMY rroBOAY Mar-

~ane 0TTOH 6biJI pa36VIT VI38XB8~eH

3HaKoM He cJie)J.oBaJio yseJIH"'eHHe

HaTOB, H OHM npe)J.OCTaBHJIH perne-

B nneH M>ITe)I(HVIKBMVI, HO 6e)I(8JI VI

IIJiaThl, OH C"'HTIIJI ce6SI B rrpase 6po-

HHe crropa Me)K)J.y T'epoHoM H BaJIJ>-

BCKOpe HBHeC VIM nopa)l(eHVIe; K}IJib-

CHTh CJIY~Y H BepHyTJ>CSI )J.OMOlt

AOHOM CYAY Bo)KHIO. IlepeA JIHUOM

MVIH8~VIeiiiKBMn8HVIVI>IBVIJIC>I38XB8T

IlpeHe6peraSI 3aBeTaMH XpHCTH-

cy)J.e~ o6a rrpoTHBHHKa, soopy:>KeH-

onnoTa 6yHTOBWUKOB, 6aeapcKoro

aHCTBa, AYXOBHhle JIHUa yqacTBOBa-

Hhle C HOr )1.0 rOJIOBhl, HpOCTHO Ha-

ropo.aa PereHc6ypra.

JIH B KpOBaBhlX yco6HUax H He CTeCHSI-

6pOCHJIHC1>)1.pyr HaApyra. BaJIJ>AOH,

JIHCI> rrpH6eraTh K «CYAY bO)KHIO» -

caM TSI:>KeJiopaHeHJ>I~, ycrreJI orrpoKH-

IIOe)J.HHKY, HCXOA KOTOporo C"'HTaJI-

HYTJ> T'epoHa Ha 3eMJIIO H 3acTaBHJI

CSI IIpH3HaHHeM IIpaBOThl rro6e)J.HTe-

ero npH3HaTJ> ce6SI no6e)K)J.eHHhlM

955 r. n06EAA HAA BEHfPAM"' B 6"'TBE HA PEKE flEX. 955 r. 6"'TBA HA PEKE P{:rH"'U· 3.aecb OrroH pa36VIn cnaB>~H

JISI H BHHOBHOCTH rro6e)K)J.eHHOI'O.

(T.e. BHHOBHI>IM); TOT"'aC )Ke IIOCJie

eeHe.aoe.

0AH~hl apxHerrHcKorr Mar)J.e6yprCKH~ BeJieJI CXBaTHTI> H 6pOCHTI>

3TOro TOp)KeCTBYIOIUH~ o6BHHHTeJII> rraJI MepTBJ>IM. KopoJIJ> rrpHKa3aJI

961-964 rr. BTOPOVI nOXOA OTTOHA B "'TAJI"'IO. no npocb6e

BTIOPI>MY IIOA"'HHeHHoroeMY caKcoH-

06e3rJiaBHTI> T'epoHa; apxHeiiHCKOII

nanbl PVIMCKoro l108HH8

XII

0TTOH

581

3AnA,llHAs:l EBPOnA BenMI(JI1n BbtcrynMn s noxo,D. nporMe KOPO!Ifi/1TaJJ/11/11 5epeHrapa //, O,D.ep)((8!1 no6e,D.y M 2acraeMJJ 5epeHrapa npmHaTb Ba CcaJJbHY/0 8aBMC/11MOCTb. B 6naro,D.aPHOCTb nana /1oaHH XII B08JIO)((MJI Ha rOJJOBY 0TTOHa KOPOHY CBRU,JeHHOn PMMCKOn MMnep/11/11 (962 r. ). 0,D.HaKO BCKOpe noCJJe GTO-

BM!Ia HeCKOflbKO BOCCTaHMn, 808maBJJf/BllJMXCf/ [eHPMXOM CrponTM-

Ha nap~Hb!X rrplleMax 0TTOH Bbicry-

SbiM /11 AP yrMM/11.

naJI B rrecTpOM BOCTO'IHOM KOCTIOMe,

rrepBOCBlll.l.leHHIIKY II IIMI!epaTopy.

secb o6sewaHHbiJ;i csepKaiOwiiMII KaOTI'OH III, ocTaBWIICb no cMeJYI'II

MeWKaMII II 6y6eHl.laMII, TO'IHO ll3bl-

OTl.la 'T'pex Jier, no~ orreKoJ;i MaTepll-

'!eCKIIJ;i II~OJI; Bb!TKaHHal! Ha I!Ol!Ce

rpe'!aHKII, BOCI!IITaHHb!J;i <j>paHl.ly3-

H ~rrllcb rJiaCIIJia, 'ITO TPII C'T'paHbl

CKIIM MOHaXOM fep6epTOM, Y'IIIB-

cseTa- Esporra, A311ll, A<j>p11Ka-

XII M

WIIMCll B MycyJibMaHcKoJ;t Kop~ose 11

rr p113HaiOT ero rr paBIITeJieM Mllpa.

,D.06MJJCfl /1186paH/11fl Ha npeCTOJI cs. nerpa Hoeoro nanbt - ceoero craBJJeHHMKa Jlbea VIII (963 r.).

I!p11Be3WIIM OTry~a acTpOJil!611IO,

C ~pyroJ;t cTopoHbl, 0TroH ysJieKaJI-

BblpOC 'leJIOBeKOM 6e3 Hal.liiOHaJibHO-

Cll MOHawecKIIMII rro~s11raM11. B

OrroH

cMeCTMJJ /1oaHHa

966-972 rr. TPETI'IIIi

noxo.o.

CTII, cKopee, KaK rosopiiJIII rrpo Hero,

P11Me, co CBOIIM ~pyroM, A~aJib6ep

p11MJ!l!HIIHOM II Bll3aHTIIJ;il.leM, '!eM

TOM IIpalKCKIIM OH 3aMb!KaeTCll B TeC-

OTTOHA B I'ITAJII'IIO. 0TTOH no,D.a-

HeMl.leM. BMecro rroJIIITII'!ecKIIX 11 so-

H OJ;! 1!0~3eMHOJ;i KeJibe, I!OCTIITCSI II

B/11!1 Mf/Te)(( s PMMe, r,D.e Jib sa VIII CMeCT/11!1 5eHe,D.MKT V. /18-8a CMep-

eHHblX l.leJieJ;t ero yM JaHl!T <j>aHTa311-

611qyeT ce6l!, cosepwaeTTPY~Hoe 6o-

T/11 Jib sa VIII OrroHy npMwnocb opraHM8oearb /1186paHMe HOBOrO nanbl,

MOriiJIY CBOero 3HaMeHIITOrO

/1oaHHa XI//. noroM OH npo,D.OJI)((MJI noxo,D. M ,D.owen AO 10ra /1TaJJMM, r,D.e o,D.ep)((aJJ no6e,D.y Ha,D. capaLJMHaMM M B/1188HTMnLjaMM.

3Ha'!IIB I!ai!OIO CBOero Y'!IITeJill fep-

eJ;t. OH ~eTBAaxeH, 'ITOObl BCKpb!Tb

roMOJibe, rrpo611pal!cb B ropHbiJ;i MO-

rrp~

HaCTblpb IOlKHoJ;t llTaJIIIII, 6ocoJ;t, so

WeCTBeHHIIKa KapJia BeJIIIKoro; Ha6epTa, no~ IIMeHeM CIIJ!bBecTpa Me'!Taer C HIIM 0

I!O~'IIIHeHIIII

II,

BCeJieH-

HOJ;i ~BYM BJiaCTIITeJiliM, p11MCKOMY

BJiaCl!HIIl.le.

996 r.

B I'ITAJII'Ito.

HOBOro nany PMMCKOrO, [pMrOPMfl

973-983rr. UAPCTBOBAHI'IE OTTOHA II. 0Ho Ha'faJJOCb nRrMnerHen J<POB onpoJJMTHOn rp8)((JJ.aHCKOn BOnHOn - S OCHOBHOM, npOT/118 6aeapCKOrO repLJora [eHpMxa CrponTMBoro M 5onecnaea 5oreMcKoro

(973-978 rr. ).

978-980 rr. BOIIiHA C ¢1PAHUI'!EIIi. Cnop 1112-2a JlorapMHrMM nPMBeJJ K TOMy, 'fTO B [epMaH/1110 BTOprcR Jlorapb ¢paHLJY8CKMn. ¢paHLJY8bl HeHa,D.OflrO OKJ<:YnMpoeaJI/11 AaxeH, HO 6btJJM or6MTbt. OrroH II BTOPrCR SO 'PpaHLj/1110 /11 OCa,D./11!1 naP/11)((, 0,D.HaKO B ero apM/11/11 Ha'faJJaCb GnM,D.eMMfl, /11 OH 6blfl BbtHy)((,IJ,eH OTBeCT/11 BOnCKa, no XOAY OTcrynJJeHMfl HenpepbtBHO no,D.eepraRcb Hana,D.eHMRM ¢paHLJY8CKMX OTPR,D.OB. JloTapb OTKa88JICfl OT npMTf/8aHMn Ha JlorapMHrM/0.

981-983 rr. noxo.o. B I'ITA1111110. OrroH //6btfl Haronoey pa86MT 06be,D.MHeHHbiM/11 CMJJaM/11 MyCYflbMaH 111 sM8aHTMnLJee, Msr.HaH 1112

KporoHe M e,D.ea cnac co6crseHHYIO )((/118Hb; ¢nor ero 6btfl pa8rPOMJJeH s 6Mrse npM CTMno (982 r. ).

983-1 002 rr. UAPCTBOBAHI'IE OTTOHA Ill YY.D.A MI'IPA. HoMMHaJJbHO OH B80UJeJJ Ha npeCTOJI Tpex !leT OT PO,D.y, O,D.HaKO ¢aKTM'feCJ<YIO BJJaCTb OCyU,JeCTBJif/Jia ,[1.0 COeepUJeHHOJJeTMfl 0TTOHa ero MaTb, <Peo¢aHMR, KOTOpaR ycnewHo no,D.a-

noxo.o.

OrroH Ill so2sen Ha npecrOJJ ce. nerpa

liiMnepaTOp 0TTOH Ill

582

TEMHbiE BEKA. 60EBOll1 TOnOP V1 nAnl!lu,A. 800-1000 rr. IICIIAHIUI B

Te'leHII1e

a. xpii1CTII1aHCKII1e

npaa111Ten111 KoponeacTaa AcTypii1R pacnpOCTp8HII1flll1 CB0/0 Bfl8CTb Ha ac10 lanii1CII1/0 (Ceaepo-3ana/],HaR 111cnaH111R).

cne/l,y/Oll{eM )f(e aeKe

M8RTHII1K K8'1HYflCR B o6paTHOM H8npaBflBHII1W acTyp111i!tu,ea cmn TecHII1Tb KopJ1.0BCKII1i!t xanwjJaT OMei!tRJl.OB. norpaHII1'1Hb/e CTOflKHOBBHII1R Me)f(lJ,y xpii1CTII1aHaMII1111 MycynbMaHaMII1 npO/],Ofl)f(8flii1Cb B C8MOM 6yKB8flbHOM CMb/Cfle Henpepb!BHO.

BPEMH

rocrro):(CTBa 0Meihr-

AOB Mcrramur AOCTIIrJia He6hmanoro rrpou:BeTaHIIH. Apa6hi ycTpOIIJIII B 3TOH CTpaHe, CTpa):(aiOIIIeH OT cyxoro KJIIIMaTa, IICKyCCTBeHHOe oporneHIIe, OTKphiJIII PYAHhie 6oraTCTBa ( Cepe6po ), BhiCOKO pa3BIIJIII IIH):(yCTpiiiO, HaJia):(IIJIII 06IIIIIpHyiO BhiB03HYIO ToprOBJIIO (rnepCThiO, rneJIKOM, OJIIIBKOBhiM MaCJIOM, TpOCTHIIKOBhiM caxapoM). Enaro):(apH ycrrexaM 3eMJie):(eJIIIH, Ca):(OBO):(CTBa, rrpOMhiiiiJieHHOCTII B03pOCJIO KOJIII'IeCTBO HaCeJieHIIH.

Oco6eHHO

u:BeTyiiiiiH

BIIA

rrpiiHHJia ):(aJieKaH OT TeaTpa BOHH AH):(any3IIH, o6naCTh rro peKe fBa):(aJIKBIIp,yceHHHaHropo):(aMII,AepeBHHMII, ABopu:aMII II BIIJIJiaMII. B CTOJIIIU:e xanmpaTa KopAOBe HaC'IIIThiBaJIOCh

113 ThiCH'I ):(OMOB, 3 ThiCH'III Me'IeTeil:, 80 rry6JIII'IHhiX IIIKOJI, 300 TepM, 28 rrpe):(MeCTIIil:. Xanmllhl ycTpOIIJIII 3):(eCh KpyrrHeil:rnyiO 6II6JIIIOTeKy B HeCKOJihKO COT ThiCH'I TOMOB II 3aMe'IaTeJihHYIO BhiCIIIYIO IIIKOJIY, KOTOpyiO IIOCeiiiaJIII ThiCH'III CTy):(eHTOB.

B IX-X

BB. xpiiCTIIaHe Apyrnx CTPaH

EBporrhi e3):(IIJIII Y'J:IIThCH B McrraHIIIO.

AaJieKoil: CaKCOHIIII PocBma, Y'Ie-

HaH MOHaXIIHH-II03TeCCa KOHU:a X B., Ha3hmana KopAOBY «CBeTnoil: Kpacoil: MIIpa, IOHhiM 'J:YIJ:HhiM rOpO):(OM, CIIHIOIIIIIM B 6JieCKe BCeX 6oraTCTB».

796-822 rr. nPABnEHVIE Anb-XAKAMA I, 3MVIPA KOPAOBCKOrO. Ha npom)f(eHII1111 ace-

KOTOpbii!t 111 B03fl0)f(ll1fl Ha HB/0 KOpO-

nRaweecR IIToaHHOM Kpecu,eHu,ll1eM;

HY 111Mnepampa CBRU{eHHoi!t P111M-

IIToaHH 6blfl 3axaa'leH 111 y6111T a 3aM-

cKoi!t 111Mnep111111.

Ke CaH-AH)f(eno a P111Me. lfeTblpe

IO 3TO nepll10/],8 TO 111 /],BflO BCnbiXII1-

/0/l,a cnycm, no/],aBnRR o'lepe/],Hoe

B8flll1 MRTB)f(111; C8Mb/e KpynHb/e -

998 r. HOBbiH nOXOA B VITAnVIIO.

0TTOH lfy/1,0 Mll1pa n0/],8BII1fl

aHTII1nancKoe aoccTaHII1e, ao3maa-

pii1MCKOe BOCCT8HII1e ( HBO)f(II1/],8HHO yMep.

1002 I.),

0TTOH

Kop/],oae

(8141.}.

(805 1., 8171.)

111 a Tone/],o

3AnA,ll,HA~

EBPOnA

583

BHEIIIHHH oiTaCHOCTh 3aCTaBII-

MOraJIII ITO):(aBIITh 6yHT: CMepTb IIX

yKpeiTJieHHhiMII 3aMKaMII, OTCIO):(a ee

na KOp):(OBCKIIX 3MIIpOB IICKaTh C6JIII-

JIIIIIIh yciiJIIIBaJia BPaEAY xpiiCTIIaH K

Ha3BaHIIe- KacTIIJIIIH ( OT castella-

)KeHIIH C MeCTHhiM XpiiCTIIaHCKIIM Ha-

MYCYJihMaHcTBy. Boo6IIIe OTHOIIIeHIIH

KpeiTOCTh ).

rOCITO):( K ry3eMHOMY HaCeJieHIIIO HII-

CeJieHIIeM. XaKaM

HaBep6oBaJI ce6e

HaeMHOe BOHCKO II3 XpiiCTIIaH, KOTO-

KaK He MOrJIII HaJia):(IIThCH. Ilpii TOM

901 r. 5111TBA nPiil CAMOPE.

pbiX 3a He3HaHIIe apa6cKoro H3hiKa

)Ke A6A ap-PaXMaHe II ITOIJ:HHJIIICh Boc-

3/l,eCb 111CnaHU,bl no/], KOM8H/],OB8HII1-

ITp03BaJIII «HeMhiMII»; IIX 3BaJIII TaK-

CTaHIIH HOB006paiiieHHhiX ( «peHera-

eM AnbcjJoHca Benii1KO/O Hamnoay

)Ke CJiaBHHaMII, TaK KaK Cpe):(II HIIX

TOB» C XpiiCTIIaHCKOH TO~KII 3peHIIH),

pa36111flll1 BOMCKO KOp/],OBCK0/0 3MII1-

6hiJIO MHOrO BOJihHOOTITYIIIeHHhiX

KOTOphie 06MaHyJIIICh B pac~eTe Ha

pa A6/l,yflflbl, OTO/],BII1HYB B pe3yflb-

cnaBHHCKoro ITJieMeHII. BepoTepiTII-

ypaBHeHIIe B ITpaBax c KopeHHhiMII MY-

MOCTh 3MIIpa B CBH3II C ero CB060):(0-

cyJihMaHaMII II Ha

JII06IIeM II pOCKOIIIHOH, pa3ryJihHOH

6hi II ):(OJI)KHOCTeH B rocy):(apCTBe.

ITOJI~eHIIe

CJiyE-

T8Te 8CTYPII1MCKII1e lp8HII1U,bl BnflOTb Jl.O peKII1 /aa/],1118Hbl.

903 r. 3AXBAT MYCYnbMAHAMiil 5AnEAPCKIIIX OCTPOBOB.

)KII3HhiO Bhi3BaJia pa3):(pa)KeHIIe ITpaJIIII!e, KopAOBe, ITOA BJIIIHHIIeM

852-886 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHIIIE 3MIIIPA MYXAMMEAA I. OH npoaen

ITPOITOBe):(err ~aHaTII~Horo y~eHoro-

ycnewHble noxo/],bl a lanii1CII1/0 111 Ha-

6orocnoBa Hrrii BCIThiXHYJI MHTe)K

aappy

ITPOTIIB «6e360)KHIIKa». C Apyrorr CTOpOHhi, B03MYTIIJICH TaK)Ke ropO):(

866-910 rr. U,APCTBOBAHIIIE Anb<l>OHCAIII BEnliiKOrO. CaMbli!i

Tone):(o, ITpe)KHHH BII3IIrOTCKaH CTO-

npocnaaneHHbli!i 1113 Koponei!i AcTy-

CKYIO 111cnaHII110, nocne

JIIII!a, r):(e CTapaH 3HaTh He XOTeJia

PII1111, AnbcjJoHc Ill OTOJ1.BII1Hyn 1paH111U,y

111MeHoBaTbCR xan111cjJoM KopJ1.0BCKII1M

(929 r:).

BOBepHhiX MycynhMaH; B HOBorr cTo-

ITpiiMIIpiiThCH C yTpaTOH 6hiJIOrO 3Ha-

xpii1CTII1aHcKoi!i 111cnaHII1111 Jl.O peKII1 JJ,y-

~eHIIH 3Toro I!eHTpa. XaKaM ITPOHBIIJI

apo. Em Hacne/l,HII1K, /apcii1R

BeponoMCTBO II )KeCTOKOCTh: B Tone-

914

AO OH 3aMaHIIJI ):(0

700

ITpe):(CTaBIITe-

JieH apiiCTOKpaTIIII II BeJieJI IIX BCeX

111CnaHCKII1X 0MeMR/],OB, 3TOT 3MII1p BHOBb 06be/],111HII1fl BC/0 MYCYflbM8H-

c J7eoHoM 111

Haaappoi!i, KaK npaa111no, ycnewHo:

11.), nepeHec cmn111u,y a J7eoH;

xpii1CTII1aHCKII1e Koponll1 BbiHYJK/l,eHbl

H83B8HII1e CTOflii1U,bl CT8fl0 BCKOpe 111

6blflll1 nnaTII1Tb eMy J1.8Hb.

H83B8HII1eM KOponeBCTBa. AE.JJ: AP-PAXMAHA

III MO)KHO

3T0T KOpOJih 3aCTpOIIJI BHOBh 3a-

ITpii3HaTh CaMhiM Bhi):(aiOIIIIIMCH II3

ThiCH~ MycynhMaH

BOeBaHHYIO ITO peKe .JJ:y3p0 06JiaCTh

IICITaHCKIIx OMeliHAOB. CHa~ana eMy

OH II3rHaJI II3 CTpaHhi.

792-842 rr. U,APCTBOBAHIIIE Anb<l>OHCA II ACTYPIIIHCKOrO. 1/13 CBOII1X ceaepHb/X IOpHb/X pai!IOHOB OH noaen Xpii1CTII18H B H8CTynneHII1e Ha paBHII1Hbl L/,eHTp8flbHOi!f fl1cnaHII1111, noKa He 6blfl OCT8HOBfleH KOp/],OBCKII1M 3MII1POM A6/1, ap-PaxMaHoM

(CM. Hll1)f(e).

801 r. B3SITIIIE 5APCEnOHbl KAPnOM BEnliiKIIIM. 822-852 rr. nPABnEHIIIE KOPAOBCKOrO 3MIIIPA ASA APPAXMAHA II. OH no6e/1,111fl AnbCjJOHca II ACTypll1illcKom, Bb/TeCHII1n cjJpaHKOB o6paTHO B KaT8flOHII110, a Ta/OKe n0/],8BII1fl Tone/],CKOe BOCCTaHII1e Xpii1CTII18H 111 eapeea

OH sen aoi!!Hbl

Lfe/o cTan

300 ~e

ITPIIKa3aJI paciTHTh Ha KpecTe

912-961 rr. nPABnEHIIIEASA AP-PAXMAHA Ill. Benw!ai!iw111i!i 1113

(910-

AO OiJ:HOro ITepepe3aTh, B KopAOBe JIOBeK; OKOJIO

C/JpaHKII1 noTepnenll1 nopa)f(eHII1e aT IITcaMa anb-XaMnaHII1.

(837 1.}.

AB.JJ: AP-PAXMAH II, TaKEe ITpoCBeiiieHHhiH ):(eCITOT, BeJIIIKIIH ITOKpOBIITeJih HayK II IIceyccTB, BCTPeTIIJICH c

~aHaTII3MOM IIHOrO pO):(a: TeiTeph B03MYTIIJIIICh peBHOCTHhie xpiiCTIIaHe, paciTaJieHHhie ITPOITOBe):(hiO HeHaBIICTII K ITOCJie):(OBaTeJIHM «JI)KeiTpopoKa MyxaMMe):(a». Ka3HII MHTe)KHIIKOB He ITO-

6oi1 y

BOPOT 3aMKa

584

TEMHbiE BEKA. 60EBOll1 TOnOP V1 nAnl!lu,A. 800-1000 rr. OKOH'IaTeflbHb/M 3aXBaT KOponeBCTaa MycynbMaHaM/11.

924-950 rr. U,APCTBOBAHIIIE PAMIIIPO II nEOHCKOrO. np/11 HeM XPI!ICT/IIaHe nepexaaT/IIfl/11 I!IHI!If4/llaTI!IBY- nocne KpynHbiX no6e/1, Ha/1, A6/1, ap-PaxMaHoM npl!l CI!IMaHKace (934 1.) /II AnaH/],e/e (939 1.). 3/l,eCb CTOTb/CR'IHaR apM/IIR MaBpOB, OCa)f(/],aBWaR CaMopy no/], KOMaH/],OBaH/IIeM A6/1, ap-PaxMaHa

Iff,

6b/fla aTaKOBaHa 3Ha-

'I/IITeflbHO ycTyna/011{/IIM no '1/IIC-

II,

neHHOCT/11 aoi!icKoM PaMI!Ipo

nO/],/],ep)f(aHHb/M CMenoi!f Bb/fla3KOM 3all{/IITH/IIKOB KpenOCT/11. noHeCeHHOe MaapaM/11 nopa)f(eHI!Ie 6b!no KPYWI!ITenbHbiM -

co-

OH/11 noTepRn/11

OKOflO 20 Tb/CR'I 'leflOBeK naBW/IIM/11 Ha none 6oR, /II ell{e BJl.BOe 6onbwee '1/IICflO BO BpeMR naH/II'IeCK0/0 6eiCTBa yToHyno a oKpy)f(aaweM IOP0/1,

pae.

npaB/],a,

6fll!l)f(e

KOHf4Y npaaneH/IIR PaMI!IpO

BOC-

TO'IHb/e npOB/IIHf4/ll/ll e/O KOponeBCTBa -lpacjJCTBO KaCT/IIfl/IIR- CTafl/11 npaKT/II'IeCK/11 He3aB/IIC/IIMb/M IOCY/],apcTBOM

CTOfl/llf4eill B Eyp-

/OCe.

961-976 rr. nPABnEHIIIE Anb-XAKAMA II (CbiHA ASA APPAXMAHA Ill). Cnoco6Hbli!i npaa/11Tenb, OH 0/],ep)f(afl MH0/0 no6e/], Ha/], xpi!ICT/IIaHaM/11 (maBHbiM o6pa3oM, 6nam/],apR 3acny1aM Bbl/l,a/Oll.{e/0cR BOeHa'laflbH/IIKa /anl!16y), a TaK)f(e 3aaoeaan MapoKKO (973 1.).

976-1013 rr. HOMIIIHAnbHOE nPABnEHIIIE XIIIWAMA II KOPAOBCKOrO. Cna6ocTb 3TOIO xanl!lcj)a npl!laena K ycTaHoaneH/1110 BOeHHOi!f /1,/IIKTaTypbl, 803/flaBflRfl KOTOPYIO MOiyll{eCTBeHHb/M /],BOpW-rypM KpenOCTHOH CTeHbl

f40Bb/M KaMeplep /116H-A61!1 AMI!IP anb-MaHcyp(981-100211.), KOTO-

IIpiiiiUIOCh 6opOThCH C BOCCTaHIIHMII,

XOIJ:Y B IICJiaM, II3y'IeHIIID apa6CKOrO

pbii!i B pe3yflbTaTe He/],Ofl/OM lpa)f(-

0):\0JieBaTh aHapXIIID, BOCCTaHaBJIII-

H3hiKa, CJiy)K6e IIpii ):(BOpe, 3aHHTIIID

/],aHCKOi!i BOMHbl 3aXBaT/IIfl BflaCTb,

BaTh eJJ:IIHCTBO rocyJJ:apcTBa; crrpa-

BOCTO'IHhiM IICKYCCTBOM II II033IIeil:.

no6e/1,/IIB /II y61!1B caoem /],eaepR Ia-

BIIBIIIIICh CO BCeMII BHyTpeHHIIMII

HacTyrrneHIIe BHyTpeHHero MIIpa

nl!16a. Anb-MaHcyp Hamnoay pa3-

BparaMII, B IIOJIHOM C03HaHIIII CBOe-

):(aJIO eMy B03MO)KHOCTh Ha'IaTh

IPOMI!In Xpi!ICT/IIaHCK/IIe KOponeB-

rO MOryrn:eCTBa, OH rrpOB03rJiaCIIJI

3Heprii'IHYID 60ph6y C He3aBIICIIMhi-

CTBa J7eoH /II Haaappy, 3axaaTI!In /II

ce6H xanmpoM II BJiaJJ:hiKOil: rrpaBo-

MII XpiiCTIIaHaMII CeBepa.

C)f(el lopo/],a EapcenoHy /II J7eoH

BepHhiX

(929

(988

r.). A6JJ: ap-PaxMaH

yKpeiiiiJI CBOe IIOJIO)KeHIIe IIOJIIITII-

914-924 rr. U,APCTBOBA-

r:).

BoccTaHI!IR, HeO/l,HOKpaTHO

BCnbiX/IIBaBW/IIe B He/],aBHO 3aBOe-

KOH BepOTepiiiiMOCTII B OTHOIIIeHIIII

HIIIE OPAOHO II nEOHCKOrO.

BaHHOM MapOKKO, BCRK/IIM pa3 no-

XpiiCTIIaH II eBpeeB; B CBOID O'Iepe):(h

HecKonbKO o/],ep)f(aHHbiX /liM an/1130-

/],aBflRfl/IICb peW/IITeflbHO /II 3cjJcjJeK-

MHOriix xpiiCTIIaH OH YBJieK K rrepe-

Jl.WiecK/IIX no6e/1, npe/],oTapaT/IIfl/11

T/IIBHO.

BOCTOLJHA~

EBPOnA

585

BOCTOqHAH EBPOIIA EOJifAPMH Becb IX B. M nepByiO nonoBMHY X B. 5onrapcKaR JJ.Bp)l(aBa cTaHOBMnacb MOW,Hee M MOW,Hee, HBCMOTPR Ha HBCKOflbKO nopa)I(BHMM, noHeCeHHb/X OT 8M3aHTMM, a TaK)I(e noTepiO BnaJ].eHMi11, ne)l(aW,MX K ceBepy aT /l.yHaR M 3aXBa'IBHHb/X MaJ].bRpaMM M ne'leHeraMM. Bo BTopoi11 nonoBMHe X B. 6onrapbt noTepnenM PRJJ. coKpyWMTenbHbtX pa3rpOMOB OT 8M3aHTMM M PycM. HeHaJ].onro BocnpRHYB npM u,ape CaMyMne, K KOHLJ.Y BeKa OHM 6btnM nornow,eHbl Q)I(BCTO'IBHHOM Boi11Hoi11 c BM3aHTMei11.

B HNIATIE IX B. Eonrapmi crana cepbe3HhiM npoTIIBHIIKOM BII3aHnm, oco6eHHO nocne 864 ro, KOr;J::(a B pe3yJibTaTe BOCCTaHIIH o6HIIIIJ,aBIIIIIX Hapo}:(Hb!X Mace 6Hna yHWITomeHa nJieMeHHaH 3HaTh TIOpKCKOrO npOIICXO)I{}:(eHIIHo BoccTaHIIe Hapo}:(Hb!X Mace Bo3rJiaBJIHJIII cnaBHHCKIIe ponoBble CTapeHIIIIIHbl, HBJIHBIIIIIeCH onopoil: u eHTpaJibHoil: BJiacmo Eonrapb! IIMeJIII xopoiiio ycTpoeHHoe BOHCKOo 3TO BII}:(HO II3 BOnpoCOB, npe}:(JlomeHHb!X 6onrapaMII PIIMCKOMY IIane HIIKOJiaiO I B 866 ro: «Y Hac o6bl'Iail:,- TIIIca.mr 6onrapb!, tJ:T06bl npe)l{}:(e cpameHIIH Haiii rocynapb nOCbiJiaJI Myma IICnb!TaHHOH BepHOCTli II 6Jiaropa3yMIIH OCMaTpiiBaTh opymiie, KOHeil: II Bee HymHoe }:(JIH 6oH, II ecJIII y Koro tJ:TO-JIII6o oKameTCH He B nopHnKe, TO ero Ka3HHTooo IIpe)l{}:(e Mbl }:(JIH 6IITBbl Ha6nronaJIII II3BeCTIIble }:(Hli II tJ:aCbl, 6b!JIII y HaC B ynoTpe6neHIIII 3aroBopbi, IIrpb!, n ecHII II pa3Hble npencKa3aHIIHo ll,oceJie, ll}:(H Ha 6IITBy, Mbl HOCIIJIII 3HaMeHeM KOHCKIIH XBOCT: KaKoe 3HaMH HOCIITh Tenepb 7» 113 3TIIX BOnpOCOB Mbl MO)I{eM c}:(eJiaTh Bb!BO}:(, tJ:To y 6onrap rJiaBHb!M pO}:(OM BOHCK 6biJia KOHHIII:(a II tJ:TO OHII npoBepHJIII ee nepen BOHHOH II 6oeMo 3TO 6b!JIO CliJibHOe, XOpOIIIO opraHII30BaHHOe BOHCKO, KOTOpoe 0

onepmiiBaJio no6e}:(bl Han BII3aHmil:CKOH apMIIeil:o Oco6eHHO xapaKTepHb!M HBJIHeTCH cpameHIIe 917 ro B pail:oHe IIpecJiaBbl - cTOJIIIUbl EoJIrapllllo L!T06bl o6ecnetJ:IITh CBOH Tb!JI BO BpeMH BOHHbl C 6oJirapaMII, BII3aHTliHCKIIH IIMnepaTop 3aKJIIOtJ:IIJI MIIp c rocynapCTBaMII A3IIIIo IIetJ:eHerii o6eiiJ,aJIII YCTPOIITh Ha6er Ha EonrapiiiO II nO}:(OIIIJIII K ycTbiO ll,yHaH; cep6cKIIH rocynapb cornaciiJICH BblCTYTIIITh npoTIIB 6onrapo ll,nH noxona B EonrapiiiO 6b!Jia co6paHa CliJibHaH apMIIH II cpJIOTo 113 A 3llll nepe6pacb!BaJIIIcb neriioHbl B EBpony, HatJ:aJibHIIKII cpeM npii6b!JIII CO CBOIIMII nOJIKaMII, 6b!JIII Bbl3BaHbl apMHHCKIIe OTpH}:(blo BII3aHTIIHCKaH cyxonYTHaH apMIIH }:(BIIHynacb K ceBepy no 6epery LiepHom MOpH, cpJIOTtJ:aCThiO CIIJI no}:(}:(ep)l{liBaJI apMIIIO II cHa6man ee, tJ:acTb Kopa6neil: 6biJia HanpaBJieHa K AYHaro HaBCTPetJ:Y netJ:eHeraMo BcKope apMIIH BbiiiiJia B pail:oH IIpecJiaBbl, rne ee BcTpeTIIJio 6onrapcKoe BoiicKo non KOMaH}:(OBaHIIeM CIIMeoHao 20 aBrycTa 91 7 r o BII3aHTIIHI:(bl aTaKOBaJIII 6onrapo CIIMeoH HaxO}:(IIJICHHa rope, OTKy}:(a CJie}:(IIJI 3a 6oeM II OT}:(aBaJI npiiKa3aHIIHo Ha nepBoM ::JTane cpameHIIH 6oJIrapcKoe BOHCKO OTCTyTiaJIO, BepoHTHO, npe}:(HaMepeHHO, tJ:T06bl 3aCTaBIITb HacTynaBIIIero npOTIIBHIIKa paccTpOIITh CBOII pMb!, TaK KaK npii coMKHYTOM nocTPoeHIIII II }:(BII)I{eHIIII 6oJibiiiiiX Mace TpynHo coxpaHIITb nop5I)::(oKo Korna CIIMeoH yBII}:(eJI, tJ:TO oTcryTIJieHIIe 6onrap nocmrno uenii nopH}:(OK B BII3aHTIIHCKOH apMIIII HapyiiiiiJICH- OH npiiKa3aJI CBOeMy BOHCKY npeKpaTliTb OTXO}:( II KOHTpaTaKOBaTh npomBHIIKao BHe3anHaH KOHTpaTaKa onpOKIIHyJia BII3aHTliHCKYIO apMIIIO, KOTopaH paccblnanacb II 6pociiJiacb 6emaTho CIIMeoH npiiKa3aJI npecn enoBaTh Bparao BII3aHmil:cKaH apMIIH 6Hna pa36IITa II noHecna 6oJibiiiiie noTepii; ee ocTaTKII

6emaJIII K KoHCTaHTliHonoJIIOO YcJiblIIIaB 0 n opameHIIII BII3aHTIIHI:(eB, netJ:eHerii B03BpaTliJIIICb B CBOII CTeniio ll,opora K CTOJIIII:(e BII3aHTIIII 6biJia OTK pb!Ta, HO CIIMeOH He BOCnOJib30BaJICH cpa3y me ::JToil: no6enoil: II TOJibKO B 923 ro, 3aKJIIOtJ:IIB COI03 C apa6aMII, nonoiiieJI K KoHCTaHTliHOn oJIIOo 3necb 6b!JI 3aKJIIOtJ:eH MIIp, no KOTOPOMY BII3aHTliH o6H3aJiacb n naTliTh Eonrapiiii }:(aHbo Boil: non IIpecJiaBOH noKa3b!BaeT Bb!COKIIe MOpaJibHble KatJ:eCTBa II XOpoiiiyiO Bb!YtJ:KY 6onrapcKoro Boil:cKa, TaK KaK TOJibKO B EonrapcKOM rocynapcTBe IIMeJIIICb B 6oJibiiiOM KOJIIItJ:eCTBe xne6, Men, pb!6a II nyiiiHIIHao B roponax 6b!JIO pa3BIITO npoii3BO}:(CTBO TOHKOH meJie3HOH II Me}:(HOH npOBOJIOKII, tJ:TO }:(aBaJIO MaTepiiaJI MH II3rOTOBJieHIIH KOJibtJ:yrno Eonrapb! YMeJIII nenaTh Metiiio EonrapcKIIe BOIIHhl 6b!JIII BoopymeHbl KOnbHMII C meJie3HbiMII HaKOHetJ:HIIKaMII, MetJ:aMII, JIYKaMII II KIIH)KaJiaMII o

808-814rro UAPCTBOBAHHE XAHA KPYMAo OH ycnewHo BOeBan c BM3aHTMei11 (808-813 rr.). 817 ro 6HTBA nPH MECEM6PHH (COBPo rOPOA HECEEibiP B EiOnrAPHH)o 0Ha 3a BepwMnacb no6eJ].oi11 BM3aHTMi1IcKoro MMnepaTopa JlbBa V HaJJ. xaHoM OMopTaroM ( MnM, MHa'le, MopTaroHoM), CbtHOM KpyMa.

827-829 rro HA6ErH EiOnrAP B XOPBATHIO H nAHHOHHIOo 852-889 rr. nPABnEH HE 60PHCA I. B Ha'lane cBoeronpaBneHMR 9TOT XaH (MflM KHR3b) npeJ].npMHRfl HBCKOflbKO HeyJ].a'IHb/X nonbtTOK TeppMTOpMaflbHOM 9KCnaHCMM B Cep6MIO M XopBaTMIO. noJJ. J].aBneHMBM BM3aHTMM KpecTMflCR M BBBfl B CTpaHe XpMCTMaHCTBO (864, 865 MflM 866 r.) M y'lpeJ].Mfl B 5onrapMM apxMenMCKOnMIO. C TpaHa npM HeM npou,BeTanao OTpeKcR aT npecTona M ywen B MOHaCTbtpb (889 ro).

586

TEMHbiE BEKA. 60EBOll1 TOnOP 1!1 nAJll!li.JA. 800-1000 rr. BCIO Bocro'-IHYIO E>onraplfltO Bnnorb .ao ,D,yHa~.

976-1014 rr. u,APCTBOBAHVIE CAMYVIJlA. B3otli.a~ Ha rpoH, 9TOT 3HaTHb!W BeflbMO)I(a lfl3 3ana,aHOtli bonraplfllfl BOCCTaHOB/ilfl 6onrapCKYIO rocy.aapcrBeHHOCTb (976 r.). 981-996 rr. HOBbl~ BbiXOA

60JlfAPVIVI HA VICTOP&-1'-IECKYIO APEHY. CaMyliln pa361i1n no.a Cpe.a~eM ( coBp. Cocplil~) Blfl3aHTifltliceytO apMiiiiO BTOp)l(eHifl~, B03maBn~BWy足 IOC~ BaclflnlfleM II 6onrapo6otli~etli (981 r.). nocneHeCKOflbKifiXnOX0.[10B Ha lOT OH BTOprc~ B 4>eCC8fllfiiO, '-IT06b! 3aXBaT/iiTb f1aplfiCCY Iff ,il,lflppaX/iiW (986-989 rr.). Bocnonb30BaBWifiCb reM, '-ITO Blil3aHTifltliceytO lfiMneplfltO COTp~CBnlfl BHyrpeHH/ile pa3,aOpb! Iff BOtliHa c 4>arlfiMifl,aaMifl, CaMylfln Ha<~an pacnpocrpaH~Tb cBotO Bnacrb Ha BOCTO'-IHYIO bonrapliiiO (989996 rr.), a raK)I(e Ha ceBepo-3ana.a, Ha cep6CK/ile TeppliiTOplfllfl.

996-1014 rr. 3ABOEBAHVIE 60JlfAPVIVI BACV!Jl&t'IEM II 60JlfAP060~UE~.

CEPI>IHI

6opV~cl

893 r. B03BPAI.l\EHVIE 60PVICA. E>oplflc BepHync~ B Mlflp, <~ro6b!

61i1t0(926r.). Blil3aHTifl~nnarlflnaeMy .aaHb.

no,aaB/iiTb BOCCTaH/ile npOT/iiB CBOero Cb!Ha Bna,alfiMiflpa, oKa3aBweroc~ 6e3,aapHb!M npaB/iiTeneM. OrpewlfiB Bna,alfiMiflpa or npecrona B nonb3Y Broporo Cb!Ha, CliiMeoHa, E>op/ilc I BepHync~ B MOHaCTb!pb.

927-969 rr. u,APCTBOBAHVIE nETPA (CbiHA CVIMEOHA). EMy<~a足

893-927 rr. I.._VU)CTBOBAHVIE CVIMEOHA. OH Ben <~acTb!e Iff, KaK npaBiflno, ycnewHb!e BOtliHbl c Blil3aHTifletli(894-897 rr., 913-924 rr.). nocTaB/iiB CBepX3a,aa'-ly 3aXBaT/iiTb KoHcraHTifiHononb, CliiMeoHnlflwlflnc~ ,aanbH/iiX nonyaBTOHOMHb/X npoBifiH~Ifltli: TpaHC/ilflbBaH/iiiO Iff naHHOHifiiO 3axBaTiflnlfl BeHrpb!, a BanaXIfltO- ne'-leHerlfl. 8 Ka'-leCTBe CBOero po.aa KOMneHca~lfllfl CliiMeoH orBOeBan y Blfl3aHTifltli~eB MaKe,aoHifltO, 4>eccanlfltO, An6aHifltO (914 r.) Iff Cep-

cro nplflxo,alflnocb orp8)f(aTb Ha6erlfl BeHrpoB Iff ne<~eHeroe.

967-969 rr. B&t13AHTVI~CKO足 PYCCKOE BTOP)f(EHVIE. HliiKiilcpop 4>oKa Broprc~ B E>onraplfltO c cyxonyTHotli apMifletli, a ,apy)l(lfiHbl 3aKfliO'-/IfiBWero C HlfiM C0/03 KH~3~ CB~rocnaBa Bb!ca,alflnlflcb c Mop~. E>onrapcKifltli ~apb E>oplflc II nonan B nneH K pyccK/iiM. bonraplfl~ norepnena nopa)l(eH/ile.

969-972 rr. PYCCKO -BVI&<13-3A 60JlfAPVIVI. 0Ha pa3pa3/ilnacb 3AHTVI~CKA51 BO~HA

B pe3ynbrare cnopa o pa3,aene E>onraplfllfl. Blil3aHTifltlicKa~ lfiMneplil~ no6e,alflna Iff aHHeKclflpoBana

Cep6cK/ile nneMeHa o6be,alf1Hiflnlflcb Iff C03,aanlfl C06CTBeHHOe KOpOneBCTBO K KOH~Y VIII B. C caMoro Ha'-lana rocy,aapCTBO COTp~CBnlfl Henpepb!BHb/e BHyTpeHH/ile pa3,aOpb!, B,ao6aBOK K KOTOpb!M nOCTO~HHO nplfiX0.[1/ilfl0Cb OT6/iiBaTbC~ OT 6onrapCK/iiX noc~rarenbCTB Ha cep6cK/ile 3eMnlfl. Pewa~ 9TY eropy10 npo6neMy, cep6b! 3aK!ItO'-IIflfllfl npoTifiB E>onraplfllfl co103 c Blil3aHTifletli Iff nplfi3Hanlfl Ct03epeHiflrer KoHcTaHTifiHonon~ ( oKono 870 r. ). TeM He MeHee, B ~apcrBoBaH/ile CliiMeoHa E>onraplfl~ 3axBaT/ilna npaKTifl<~eCKifl BCIO repplfiTOPiiltO Cep61fflfl (918-926 rr.). 4aCTb Cep61i1/il BOCCTaHOB/ilna He3aB/iiC/iiMOCTb no,a npe,aBo,alflrenbCTBOM Cb!Ha Kopon~ Pa.aocnaea, KH~3~ 4acnaea (931 r.), HO 06be.[1/iiH/iiTb BCe rocy,aapCTBO eMy He y.aanocb. nplfl ~ape CaMylflne 6onrapb! on~Tb 3aeoeeanlfl 6onbWYtO <~acrb Cep61fflfl (nplfiM. 989 r., eM. Bb/We), KOTOPYIO Iff y,aep)l(lfiBanlfl ,ao Ha'-/anaXIB.

BOCTOLJHA~

XOPBATHH OKO.!lO

900-1000 rr.

EBPOnA

587 co6 IIpaBIIIII ecH MeiiiKO ;c(aHII IIIJIII rJiaBHb!M o 6 pa30M Ha CO;c(e p ){{aHII e

IIOJiblliA OKO.!lO 960-1000 zz.

9 TOrO BOllCKa. iloTPe6HOCTH BOIIHOB o 6cJiy)KIIB a JIO T a K){{e «CJIY)KIIJIOe» Hacen e HII e . T a KIIM o6pa3oM , BC H

He ycneB o6be1J.MHMTbCH B rocy/],apcTBO, pa3flM'IHbte XOpBaTCKMe M cnoBeHCKMe nneMeHa B KOHJ.~e VIII B. 6btnM noKopeHbt KapnoM BenMKMM. B IX B. M B Ha'lane X B. XopBaTMH, Henpepb!BHO MCnbtTbtBaH Ha ce6e nocne/1,CTBMH BCeB03MO)I(HbiX BOMH M MMrpaJ4MOHHbiX npOJ4eCCOB, HaXO/],MflaCb no/], BflaCTb/0 TO rj)paHKOB, TO MOpaBCKMXCflaBHH, TO BM3aHTMMJ4eB, TO 6onrap MnM BeHrpoB. HaCTOHL1.4ee XopBaTcKoe rocyiJ.apcTBO, XOTb HOMMHaflbHO M npM3HaBaBwee c/OsepeHMTeT BMsaHTMM, noHBMnocb npM Kopone ToMMcnaBe (aKano 925 r.). Koponb)J.p)I(McnaB (969997 rr.) noMoran BacMnM/0 II 5onrapo60MJ4e B BOMHaX npOTMB 6onrap M B HarpaiJ.y 6btn npM3HaH He3aBMCMMbiM MOHa pXOM.

EOrEMHH OKO.!lO

900-1000

ZZ.

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HaH apMIIH II C06IIpaJIOCh ITO Mepe Ha-

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TEMHbiE BEKA. 60EBOll1 TOnOP V1 nAnl!lu,A. 800-1000 rr.

592

6orr CY!J:HO-O):(HO):(epeBKy, IIJIII, KaK OHO Ha3hiBaeTCH B rpe'IeCKIIX IICTO'IHIIKaX- MOHOKCIIJI. 3TO 6hiJIII CTBOJihi KPYITHhiX AepeBheB, o6hi'IHO JIIIIThi IIJIII Ay6a, Bhi):(OJI6JieHHhie BHyTpii. ,lJ;JIH 60JihiiieH rpy30ITO):(beMHOCTII K 6opTaM TaKOH KOJIO):(hi HaiiiiiBaJIIICh O):(Ha Ha ApyryiO ):(OCKII ( «Ha60II» ). Ilpii ITJiaBaHIIII B MOpe K 6opTaM Jia):(hii HaiiiiiBaJIII TaK Ha3hiBaeMhie KpbiJihH II3 nerKoro AepeBa, IIHOr):(a II3 TpOCTHIIKa. 3TO HeCKOJihKO CHII:lKaJIO XO):( Jia):(hii, HO 3aTO yBeJIII'IIIBaJIO ee ITJiaBy'IeCTh II OCTOH'IIIBOCTh. BToporr TIIIT na):(hii, BepoHTHo, co BpeMeHeM 60Jihiiie ITpiiMeHHBIIIeHCH ):(JIH ITJiaBaHIIH ITO MOpiO II ITOJIY'J:IIBIIIeH OT TOrO Ha3BaHIIe «Jia):(hii MOpCKOH», IIeJIIIKOM ):(enancH II3 AOCOK. Jla):(hii MOrJIII XO):(IITh Ha BeCJiaX II ITO):( ITapycaMII. fpy30ITO):(beMHOCTh IIX 6hiJia ):(OCTaTO'IHO BeJIIIKa. 0HII

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r. ITPH KHH3e Onere Pych

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B KOHI!e

597

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613

CTOn, OCHOBan CaMy/0 MOryll.{eCTBeHHY/0 B /IICTOP/111!1 81!13aHT/II/II TaK Ha3b/BaeMy/O MaKe/l,OHCKY/0 Jl.I!IHacT/1110. 871-879 rr. B0305HOBnEHVIE BOHHbl C XAnVI<l>ATOM. KaK npaB/IInO, /],flR 81!13aHT/II/II KaMnaH/11/11 cKna/l,biBanl!lcb y/l,a'IHO. nocne pewa/Oll.{e£1 no6e/l,bl no/1, CaMocaTo£1 (coap. ropo/1, CaMcaT a Typf41!11!1; 873 r.) Bacl!lnM£11 MaKe/l,OHRHI!IH oTOJl.BI!IHyn rpaHI!If4YI!IMnep1!11!1 Ha BOCTOK Jl.O caMoro Eacj)pam. 875-885 rr. BVI3AHTVIHCKASI 3KCnAHCVISI B IQ}I(HQH VITAnVIVI. MycynbMaH 1!13rHanl!l /113 Eap/11 (875 r.) /II TapeHTa (880 r.); BHOBb

KoHcTaHTHHononbCKHe yKpenneHHSI

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614

TEMHbiE BEKA. 60EBOll1 TOnOP 1!1 nAJll!li.JA. 800-1000 rr. neTHMX Cb/HOBeW npaBMBWero B 959963 rr. MMneparopa PoMaHa II- Bacunuflll u KoHcraHTMHa VIII.

964-969 rr. BOCTOlfHbiE 3ABOEBAHVISI. Broprwucb B Ku-

Cpa)l{eHHe BH33HTHiii"'eB c apaoaMH. MHHHaTJOpa pytronHcH J.lloaHHa CKHnH"'bl

6bma 38BoeeaHa Kana6puf! (885 r.). O.aHoepeMeHHO Bacunm4 nbJTancf! M3rHaTb MycynbMaH c Cu~umm, HO Hey.aa'lHO. Oca.aanoprab8pu(871875 rr.) - pe.tJ,KMW npMMep C0/03a CO CBfll.l.NHHow PuMcKow MMnepuew: BM3aHTMWCKMW lj)noT 6nOKMPOBan nopT, BOWCKO MMneparopaJ110.tJ,OBMKa II eeno oca.ay c cywu.

915 r. 6VITBA HA PEKE fOPVIJlbSIHO. O.aep)l(aB no6e.ay, BM3aHTMW~bl ycrpaHunu

yrpo3y cBoew enaCTM B /O)I(HOW VfTBnMM CO CTOPOHb/ MYCYflbMaH.

nMKMIO, HuKulj)op 3axearun ropo.aa A.aaHy (964 r.) u Tape (965 r.); B xo.ae KaMnaHMM cne.ay101.1..1ero ro.aa npOBMH~Mf/6b!fla nOflHOCTb/0 3aBOeBaHa. TeM epeMeHeM HMKMTa, eoeHa'lanbHMK HuKulj)opa, 3axBarun Kunp (965 r.). noroM HuKulj)op eroprcf! B BepxH/010 MeconoraMM/0 VI CvtpM/0 M 3aXBaTMfl AHTMOXM/0 VI Anenno, BbiHY.tJ,MB xanulj)ar 3anpoCMTb MMpa (969 r.).

966 - 969 rr. BO~HA C 60JlfAPVIE~.

966-967 rr. nOP.A)I(EHVIE HA CVIUV!JlVIVI. BowcKa <t>aruMu.aoe or-

920-942 rr. CEBEPO-BOCTOlfHbiE KAMnAHVIVI VIOAHHA KYPKYSI. K BOCTOKY or EBQ>para B

6unu BTOp)l(eHMe HMKMTb/.

BaHHbiW BacunueM llj)nor YHM'lTO)I(Mfl MycynbMaHCKMX nuparoe.

BepXHeM ero Te'leHMM 9TOT BOeHa'laflbHMK 3axBarun <t>eo.aocuononb ( coBp. ropo.a 3p3ypyM B Typ~uu; 928 r.) u MenureHy (coBp. ropo.a ManaTbfl B Typ~uu; 934 r.). 3areM oH BOCCTaHOBMfl BflaCTb BM3aHTMM B eepxoBbfiX Turpa.

MM.tJ,aMM, HMKM(j)Op BOWen C HMMM B C0/03 npOTMB 0TTOHa I, KOTOpb!W noKywancf! Ha BM3aHTMWCKMe M MyCYflbMaHCKMe Bfla.tJ,eHMfl B /O)I(HOW t1ranuu. B urore oH 9TM ena.aeHMfl BCe-TaKM ype3an.

886-912 rr. u,APCTBOBAHVIE

924 r. 6VITBA nPV! JlEMHOCE.

JlbBA VI MYAPOfO. ABropeoeHHO-

BM3aHTMWCKMW lj)noT HaHeC COKpyWMTeflbHOe nopa)l(eHue MycynbMaHCKOMY nupary fleo TpunonuraH~Y, KOTOpb!W B Te'leHMe .ll,BYX .tJ,eCf/TMneTMW yrpo)l(an BM3aHTMWCKOMY rocno.acTBy B Bocro'lHOM Cpe.au3eMHOMOpbe. 941 r. HA6Er PYCOB. npuwe.awafl Ha 6oclj)op lj)norunuf! cnaBf/HCKMX 'leflHOB 6bma 'laCTM'lHO paccef!Ha, 'laCTM'lHO YHM'lTO)I(eHa BM3aHTMWCKMM lj)nOTOM.

880-881 rr. BOCCTAHOBJlEHVIE 6E30nACHOCTVI MOPEnJlABAHVISI B BOCTOlfHOM CPEAVI3EMHOMOPbE. PeopraHM30-

reopeTM'lecKoro rpy.aa « TaKTMKa ..., oH npo.aofl)l(an Ha'laTy/0 BacunueM I BOWHY nporuB MycynbMaH B /O)I(HOW VITBnMM M Ha CM~MflMM.

889-897 rr. 60JlfAPCKVIE BO~Hbl. HecMoTpfl Ha nepBb/e yc-

nexu u co103 c MB.lJ,bf!paMM, .ll,flfl Bu3aHTMM BOWHb/ OKOH'lMflMCb, B ~en oM, Hey.tJ,a'lHO.

912-959 rr. u,APCTBOBAHVIE KOHCTAHTVIHA VII 6AfPSIHOPOAHOfO (KOPOHOBAH CEMVI JlET OT POAY). PeanbHO npaBun .aeeepb KoHcraHTMHa, PoMaH: cnepBa B Ka'leCTBe pereHTa, n03)1(e- COnpaBurenf! (919-944 rr.).

913-924 rr. B0306HOBJ1EHVIE 60JlfAPCKVIX BO~H. CuMeoH nepMO.ll,M'leCKM yrpO)I(afl KoHcTaHTMHonon/0, 3axBarun A.n,puaHononb (914 r.) u o.aep)l(an 3Ha'lMrenbHYIO no6e.ay B 6uree npu AHXMane (917 r.), r.ae HeKor.aa HaHec nopa)l(eHue BM3aHruw~aM 6onrapCKMW xaH TepBen.

956-963 rr. BOCTOlfHbiE KAMnAH VIVI HVIKVI<f>OPA <f>OKVI. 3TOT BOeHa'laflbHMK M3TH8fl MYCYflbMaH M3 BocTO'lHOW A.Haronuu, a 3areM BToprcfl.aaneKo B my6b Cupuu; OTBOeBan KpMT (960-961 rr.). nocne 'lero eroprcf! B KunMKM/0 u cHoBa B Cupu10, BpeMeHHO 3axBarun Anenno; reM BpeMeHeM ero 6par fleB <1>oKa OCTaHOBMfl BTOp)l(eHMe MycynbMaH B AHaronu10 (963 r.).

963-969 rr. nPABJlEHVIE HVIKVI<f>OPA <f>QKVI (HVIKVI<f>OPA II). OH f!Bnf!ncf! conpaBureneM Mano-

967-969 rr. BO~HA nPOTVIB OTTOHA I. 3aKn/O'lMB MMP c <t>aru-

969-976 rr. UAPCTBOBAHVIE VIOAHHA UVIMVICXVISI. Y6MB ceoero .tJ,fl.ll./0, HuKulj)opa II, t1oaHH L(MMMcxuw cran conpaBureneM BacWIMflli u KoHcTaHTMHa VIII u ocrancf! y enacTM, no.tJ,aBMB BOCCTaHMe Bap.tJ,b/ <1>oKM (971 r.).

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833-842 rr. nPABnEHIIIEA5Y IIICXAKA Anb-MYTACIIIMA. nocne,aHM£1 C/!TflbHb/M xanwjJ ,aii1H8CT/11/11 A66ac/11,a08, OH Ha6pan fl/IT'IHY/0 /8ap,a11110 np1!1Hf4/11n/11aflbHO H080/0 T/!Tna- npe1!1Myll{eCT8eHHO /113 HaeMH/11K08 111 pa6o8-TIOPOK. KpoMe mm, OH no,aa8/11fl 80CCT8H/11e 8 /O)J(HOM MeconoTaM/11111 (8341.}.

837-842 r. B0305HOBnEHiiiE Blii3AHTIIIHCKOH BOHHbl. nnaHbl anb-MYTaC/ITMa oca,aMTb KoHcTaHT/ITHononb He ocyll{eCT81!1fl/11Cb /113-38 WTOpMa, pa3MeT88We/O em cjJnoT(839i.}.

847-861 rr. nPABnEHIIIEA}KA<l>APA

Anb-MYTABAKKiiln~.

KaK npa8/11fl0, OH nOCTORHHO H8XO,a/11flCR no,a 8fl/11RH/11eM 18ap,ae£1f4e8-TIOPOK, KOTOpble 8 KOHf4e KOH/408 em /11 y61!1fl/11.

851-863 rr. B0305HOBnEHiiiE Blii3AHTIIIHCKOH BOHHbl. CyxonYTHble /11 MOPCK/!Te C/!Tflbl 81!138HT/11/11 8TOplfl1!1Cb 8 E1111neT /11 CO)J(/fl/11 /1,aMbeTTy ( co8p. mpo.a /l.YMbRT; 853 1.}. np/11 no.a,aep)J(Ke 6e)J(eHf4e8na8fl/11K/118H MycynbMaHe HaHecn/11 MMxa111ny Ill coKpywMTenbHoe nopa)J(eH/!Te Ha E8cjJpaTe 8 Ce8epHoi1 CI!1PII1111 (860 1.), nocne 'lem 6b!no 3aKfl/O'IeHo nepeM1!1p1!1e 111 npo1!138e,aeH o6MeH nneHHbiM/11. Moll{HaR apMMR no,a KOMaH,a088H/11eM a66ac/11,aCKOm 80eH8'18flbH/11K8 0Mapa 8TOpmacb 8 AHaTOfl/1110 (863 1.). Cnan/118 AM/lTC ( co8p. mpo.a CaMcyH 8 TYP/4111111) 111 pa30p1!18 nacj)na/OH/1110 /11 /anaTy, 0Map OTCTyn/!Tfl Ha 80CTOK, K mpaM AHT/11Ta8pa, npecne,ayeMb/M 8/1138H-

T/ITMCK/ITM/11 80MCK8M/11 no,a KOMaH,a088H/11eM ,aR,a/11 MMxa111na Ill, cTpaT/11/a neTpOHa. 8 KOHf4e KOH/408 neTpOH pa31pOM/11fl apM/1110 0Mapa 6yK88flbHO 8 nyx 111 npax(863r:).

863-870 rr. AHAPXIII~ B XAnlil<l>ATE. /8ap,a1!1R no C06CT8eHHOMY YCMOTpeH/1110 TO H83H8'18fl8, TO y61118ana xan111cj)o8. OT,aaneHHble npo81!1Hf41!11!1 co8epweHHO nepecmn111 no,a'I/ITHRTbCR f4eHTp8flbHOM 8fl8CT/11.

870-892 rr. nPABnEHIIIE AXMAAAAnb-MYTAMIIIAA. PeanbHO npa8/11fl em 6paT, 80eH8'18flbH/11K A6y AxMa,a anb-My8acjJcjJaK, KOTOpbiM 80CCT8H08/11fl KOHTpOflb Ha,a /8ap,a1!1e£1, a TaK)J(e nopR,aoK 8 MeconoTaM/11111 /11 /ITpaKe (870-88311.). Ell{e OH oTpa31!1fl Hana,aeH/!Te Ha Ea1.aa.a apM/11111 cacjJcjJapM,ao8, 3ax8aT/118W/11X XopacaH (876 1.). O,aHaKo 66nbWYIO 'laCTb CMp/111!1 3ax8aT/11fl/11 TynyHM,abl, npa81!1Tenl!1 E1111nm.

892-902 rr. nPABnEHIIIE AXMAAAAnb-MYTAAIIIAA. Cb!H anbMy8acjJcjJaKa, OH HeCKOflbKO yKpen/!Tfl f4eHTp8flbHYIO 8fl8CTb /11 '18CT/11'1HO 80CCT8H08/11fl KOHTpOflb Ha,a E1111nTOM, C111p111ei1 111 XopacaHoM.

EBPA3V1Sl V16nli1)1(HV1Vl BOCTOK

619

899-903 rr. BOCCTAHl-'IE KAPMATOB (l-'!Jll-1 TAJll-'IMl-'ITOB).

936-944 rr. AHAPXl-'ISI B Cl-1Pl-'ll-1. 3aXBCir!ABW!AW Bf/aCTb aBaHT/0-

nocne.ll,OBCiref/!A O.ll,HOTO !A3 .ll,Byx OCHOBHb/X Te'leH!AW !ACMa!Af/!A3Ma, OH!A nOfly<l!Afi!A CBOe Ha3BaH!Ae no !AMeH!A !ACMa!Af/!ATCKOTO nponoBe.ll,H!AKa XaM.ll,aHa KapMara, no.£J. %!AM npe.£J.BO.ll.!ATeflbCTBOM B KOHI.~e IX B. Ha'lanocb KpynHoe pen!Ar!A03Ho-non!AT!A'lecKoe .ll.B!A)I(eH!Ae B l1paKe, a raK)I(e l1paHe, C!Ap!A!A, l1H.£J.!A!A !A 6axpei1He. Bo3maBn~eMoe A6y Ca!A.ll.OM anb/))KeHHa6!A KapMaTCKOe BOCCTaH!Ae B H!A)I(HeM l1paKe 6bmo c TPY.ll.OM no.£J.aBneHoa66ac!A.£J.CKoi1apM!Aei1no.£J. KOMaH.ll.OBaH!AeM MyxaMMe.ll,a !A6H Cynei1MaHa (901-906 rr.). 0.£J.HaKo anb-/))KeHHa6!A orcryn!An B CeBepo-Bocro'lHY/0 ApaB!A/0 !AHa 6eperax nepC!A.ll,CKOTO 38fl!ABa OCHOBaf/ Ha Tepp!ATOp!A!A COBpeMeHHOTO 6axpei1HaHe38B!AC!AMoerocy.ll,apcrBO. Mory1.1.1ecrBo 6axpei1HCK!AX KapMaToB 6bJCTpO B03pacrano - OH!A 3axBaT!Afi!A OMaH, Bropran!Acb B l1paH !A l1paK, CO)I(rfi!A 6acpy(923 r.) !A Kycf>y(925 r.), Hana.ll,an!A Ha KapaBaHbl naf/OMH!AKOB, a B 930 r. .ll,a)l(e BopBan!Acb B MeKKY !A orpa6!An!A Kaa6y, yBe3~ B 6axpei1H CB~/.l.leHHY/0 .[1)1~ Bcex MycynbMaH pen!AKB!A/0 «'lepHb/W KaMeHb», KOTOpbiW BepHyfi!A fi!AWb .ll,Ba .ll,ec~r!Aner!A~ cnycm !A 3a HeManb/W Bb/Kyn.

p!ACT l16H-Pa!AK orpa3!Afl HeMO/.l.IHb/e nonb/TK!AA66aC!A.ll,OBOTBOeBEffb CTpaHy. B 6!ATBe np!A JloxyHe, 3aKOH'l!ABwei1c~ l/>aKT!A'leCK!A BH!A%10, OH OT6/Af/ Hana.ll,eH!Ae MyxaMMe.ll,a !A6H Tyrxa, npaB!Aren~ !A3 er!AnercKoi1 .ll,!AHaCT!A!A l1XW!A.ll,!A.ll,OB, nbJTaBweroC~ 3aBoeBaTb C!Ap!AIO. 0.£J.HaKo nocne CMepT!A l16H-Pa!AKa l1XW!A.ll,!A.ll,b/ 6b/CTPO pa30P!Afi!A C!Ap!AIO (941 r.). Tor.ll,a B 6opb6y Bcryn!An Ca!Al/> anb -/l,aBna, np!AHLI !A3 .ll.!AHacr!A!A XaM.ll,aH!A.ll.OB; OH OTBOeBaf/ y l1XW!A.ll,!A.ll,OB Anenno (Xane6) !A 66nbWYIO 'laCTb CeBepHoi1 C!Ap!A!A ( 944 r.).

OH!A pa3rpoM!Afi!A apM!A/0 /))Kacf>apacaM nonKOBO.ll.el.l nan B 6o10(970 r.), HO 3aTeM 6blfi!A OT6!ATb/ BOWCKaM!A er!Ane TCK!AX 4JaT!AM!A.ll,O B no.ll, KOMaH.ll.OBaH!AeM /))Koxapa.

945-948 rr. 60Pb6A Bl-13AHTl-1l-1, XAMAAHl-'IAOB l-'ll-'IXWl-'IAl-1AOB 3A Cl-'!Pl-110. CnepBa Ca!Al/>

97 4-975 rr. BTOP)f(EHl-'ISI KAPMATOB 80306HOBJlSIIOTCSI. B Emme !AX orpa3!Afl xan!Al/> ct>a-

af/b-,il,aBf/a pa36!Afl apM!A/0 l1XW!A.ll,!A.ll,OB, KOTOPOWKOMaH.ll,OBanKacf>yp, HO nO TOM eMy np!AWf/OCb OTp8)1(aTb Ha6er!A B!A3aHTIAWl.leB. TeM BpeMeHeM Kacf>yp BOCCTaHOB!Afl Bf/aCTb l1XW!A.ll,!A.ll,OB B /O)I(HOW !A L(eHrpanbHOW C!APIA!A.OTBOeBaB CeBepHy/0 C!Ap!AIO, af/b-/l,aBfla CyMef/ OTpa3!ATb B!A3aHTIAWl.leB, yMeno 'lepe.ll,y~ o6opoH!ArenbHbJe onepal.I!AIA c orBeTHbJM!A peWJ.aM!A B AHaTOf/!A/0.

T!AMIA.ll.OB anb-My!A33, KOTOPbiW noTOM !A3THaf/ KapMEffOB !A3 naneCT!AHb/ 1A C!Ap!A!A.

902-932 rr. YnA}:lOK XAJll-1ATA. Xan!Al/>ar BbJcro~n TOflbKO 6naro.ll,ap~ Taf/aHTf/!ABOMY BOeHa-

'l8flbH!AKY MyHIACY, KO ropbli1.£J.an omop B!A3aHTIAi1UaM, orpa3!Afl nonbJTK!A PaHH!AX ct>aT!AMIA.ll.OB 3aBoeBaTb Er!Aner (915-921 rr.) !A yMep!An (xom !A He npeceK OKOH'laTef/bHO) Ha6er!A KapMaTOB.

0Kono 929 r. 803BbiWEHl-1E Al-'IHACTl-'ll-1 XAMAAHl-'IAOB. nep-

956-969 rr. Cl-'IPl-'I~CKl-'IE KAM nAH l-'ll-1 Hl-'!Kl-1 OPA OKl-1. 963 r. BTOP)f(EHl-'IE XAMAAHl-'IAOB B AHATOJll-110. Ca!Al/> anb,il,aBna 6blfl pa36!AT JlbBOM 4JOKOW, 6paroM H!AK!Al/>opa, B 6!ATBe Ha ne:.

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969 r. 6l-1TBA nPl-1 PAM-AJlJlAXE. 3.£J.ecb, Me)I(.£J.Y l1epycan!AMOM !A >lcf>cf>oi1, KOMaH.ll,Y/0/.l.I!AW cf>aT!A MIA.ll. CKOW apM!A ei1 /],>Kacf>ap pa36!Afl C!Ap!AWCKO-nanecT!AHCK!Ae BOWCKa l1XW!A.ll,!A.ll,OB.

970-971 rr. BTOP)f(EHl-'ISI KAPMATOB B nAJlECTl-'IHY l-1 Erl-'lnET.

974-977 r. 6ECnOPSIAKl-1 B Cl-'!Pl-'ll-1. CBO!AM npo!Acxo)l(.lJ.eH!AeM OH!A B nepBy/0 o'lepe.£J.b 6blfi!A o6~3a Hbl !AHTp!AraM !A BTOp)l(eH!A~M B!A3aHTIAWl.leB. ApM!A~ XaM.ll,aH!A.ll.OB BO rnaBe C BOeHa'laf/bH!AKOM-TIOpKOM Al/>raK!AHOM B co103e c KapMaTaM!A Bb/6vma l/>Eff!AM!A.ll,CK!Ae BOWCKa no.ll, KOMaH.ll,OBaH!AeM ,il,)I(OXapa !A3 L(eHTpanbHOW!A/O)I(HOWC!Ap!A!A(976r.). nofiY'l!AB no.£J.KpenneH!A~ !A3 Er!Anra, /))Koxap !AXan!Al/> A31A3 6!Aflflax !A3.£J.!AHacr!A!A ct>aT!AMIA.ll.OB HaHecn!A Al/>raK!AHY !A KapMaTaM nopa)l(eH!Ae B e1.1.1e I

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932-946 rr. 6ECCl-1Jll-1E XAJll-'IATA. He6naro.£J.apHbli1 xan!Al/> anb-Kax!Ap (npaB!Afl B 932-934 rr.) Ka3H!Afl BOeHa'laflbH!AKa MyH!Aca. BcKope nocne 9Toro Boi1cKa nepCIA.ll.CKOW.lJ.!AHacr!A!A bYIA.ll.OB 38XBaT!Afi!A 6ar.£J.a.a (946 r.), !A Bee nocne.ll,y10/.l.I!Ae xan!Al/>bl ~Bn~n!Acb He 6onee 'leM Map!AOHeTKaM!A bYIA.ll.OB.

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(977 r.).

980-1000rr. 50Pb5AATIIIMIIIAOB C BIII3AHTIIIE~ 3A CIIIPIIIIO.

CEBEPHAH A<J>PHKA EnmeT"' KnpeHaHKa /].o nocne,ll,Heiii 'leTBepTvr X B. Ha ceBepo-BocToKe Ar:PpvrKvr no'ITM HenpepbiBHo wnvr BOMHbl vr BCnbiXvrBanvr BoccTaHvrH. BpeMeHaMvr ErvrnToM npa Bvrnvr 6arJJ.aJJ.cKvre xanvrr:Pbl vr3 JJ.MHacTvrvr A66acvrJJ.OB, OJJ.HaKo <~aw.e anacTb 3JJ.eCb ocyw.ecTBnRnvr He3aBMCMMble KHH3bfl, nO,ll,'IMHHBWMeCH xanvrrpy flMWb HOMMHaflbHO. /].OflbWe Bcero npa Bvrnvr JJ.MHacTvrvr TynyHMJJ.OB

(868-905 rr.,

OCHOBaHHaH a66aCM,ll,CKMM HaMeCTHMKOM Ervrnra AxMeJJ.OM vr6 H TynyHoM), a TaK)I(e 111xwvrJJ.MJJ.OB (935-969 rr.), ,ll,MHaCTM/0 nocne,ll,Hvrx cBeprnvr noToM TyHvrccKvre C1JaTMMM,ll,bl ( CM. HM)I(ej. K KOHLlY X B. xanvrr:Pbl M3 JJ.MHacTvrvr C1JaTvrMMJJ.OB, nepeHecwvre CTOflML!Y B Kavrp, y)l(e KOHTponvrpoBanvr BC/0 CeBepHy/0 Ar:PpvrKy vr 66nbWYIO 'laCTb ApaBvrvr, a TaK)I(e npvrHvrManvr y<~ac Tvre B 6opb6e 3 a Cvrpvr10.

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914-915 rr. BTOP>KEHIIIE B ErlllnET ATIIIMIIIAOB. A6y-nbKacbiM anb-KavrM ( CbiH Y6aiii,ll,annaxa; CM. HM)I(ej HeHa,ll,OflrO 3aXBaTMfl AneKCaH,ll,pMIO, HO 6blfl OT6MT apMMeiii A66acvr,ll,OB noJJ. KOMaHJJ.OBaHvreM MyHvrca.

919-921 rr. BTOPOE BTOP>KEHIIIE ATIIIMIIIAOB B ErlllnET. Anb-KavrM BHOBb 3aHRn AneKcaHJJ.pvr/0 vr onHTb 6bln oT6vrT MyHvrcoM; 6oeBble JJ.eiiicTBMfl Benvrcb KaK Ha cywe, TaK vr Ha Mope.

922-935 rr. XAOC B ErlllnTE. 0opH,ll,OK, B KOHL(e KOHL(OB, HaBen a66acvr,ll,cKvriii BOeHa'lanbHMK MyxaMMeJJ. vr6H Tyrx, KOToporo xanvrr:P Ha3Ha'IMfl nonyHe3aBMCMMbiM HaMeCTHMKOM C TMTYflOM «MXWM,ll,a» (npaBvrTenR), nono)I(MB TaKMM o6pa30M Ha'lano (935 r.) ,ll,MHaCTMM fl1xWM,ll,M,ll,OB, KOTOpaf/ rnaBeHCTBOBana B ErvrnTe 30 neT.

969 r. 3ABOEBAHIIIE ErlllnTA ATIIIMIIIAAMIII. KoMaHJJ.YIOW.Miii ¢aTMMM,ll,CKOM apMvreiii /].)l(oxap 3aBOeBan ErvrneT vr cBepr 111xwvrJJ.MJJ.OB, OJJ.ep)l(aB pewa/OW.Y/0 no6eJJ.y B 6 vrT-

817-827 rr. 3AXBAT AJlEKCAHAPIIIIII CPEA1113EMHOMOPCKIIIMIII nHPATAMIII ( 6e)l(eHL(aMvr

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828-832 rr. ErlllnETCKOE BOCCTAHIIIE APA50B Ill XPIIICTIIIAH- KOnTOB. 0Ho 6 blno )l(ecmKo noJJ.aBneHo xanvrr:PoM anb-MaMyHoM nocne Taro, KaK ero BOeHa'lanbHMK Ar:PwvrH pa36vrn Mf/Te)I(HMKOB B 6vrTBe npvr 5awapyJJ.e B ,ll,enbTe Hvrna.

868-876 rr. CTAHOBJlEHIIIE AIIIHACTIIIIII TYJlYHIIIAOB. AxMeJJ. vr6 H TynyH, a66acvr,ll,cKvriii Ha MeCTHMK Ervrnra vr TIOPK no npovrcXO)I(JJ.eHvr/0, CTan ¢aKTM'IeCKM He3aBMCMMbiM npaBvrTeneM. no3)1(e o H 3aBoeBan no'ITM BC/0 Cvrpvr10 (878-884 rr. ).

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a noTOM OTBoeaan Cvrpvr10. /].nH xanvrr:PaTa C1JaTMMM,ll,OB 3TO 6blfl anorefii; BnacTb vrx npvr3HaBanvr BO Bceiii CeBepHoiii Ar:PpvrKe, Cvrpvrvr, 3anaJJ.Hoiii ApaBvrvr vr 6onbweiii 'lacTvr 3ana,ll,Horo CpeJJ.vr3eMHOMOPbfl. 982 r. BIII3AHTIII~CKOE BTOP>KEHIIIE HA CIIIU1111111110. 0T6vrme C1JaTMMM,ll,aMM, 3TO npe,lJ,npMf/TMe He yBeH'Ianocb ycnexoM.

TyHnc, TpnnonnTaHHfl, BocTO'IH&tH AnJKHP B caMoM Ha'lane IX B. L(eHTpan bHafl 'laCTb CeBepHoiii Ar:PpvrKvr oKa3anacb no,ll, BflaCTb/0 BOMHCTBeHHOM JJ.MHacTvrvr Ama6vrJJ.OB (8 00-909 rr.), rnaBHOM 3a60TOM KOTOpbiX 6 blflM Ha6ervr Ha CvrL(vrnvr/0 vr B /Q)I(HY/0 II1Tanvr10, a TaK)I(e Ha ocTpoBa vr no6epe)l(bH Bcero 3ana,ll,Horo CpeJJ.M3eMHOMOPbfl. lfepe3 CTOfleTvre C He6onbWMM Ama6vrJJ.OB cBepr Y6aiii,ll,annax anb-MaxJJ.vr, KOTOPbliii 3aRBnRn, 6y,ll,TO npOMCXO,ll,MT OT C0/03a JJ.O'Iepvr MyxaMMeJJ.a C1JaTMMbl vr Ta Koiii npoTvrBope'lvrBoiii r:Pvrrypbl, KaK xanvrr:P Anvr. Y6aiiiJJ.annax ocHoBan WMMTCKY/0 ,ll,MHaCTM/0 C1JaTMMM,ll,OB. OH vr ero HacneJJ.HMKvr npoJJ.Ofl)l(vrnvr Bblfla3KM B /O)I(HY/0 EBpony

801 r. CTAHOBJlEHIIIE AIIIHACTIIIIII Ar11A5111AOB. A¢pvrKaHcKvriii HaMeCTHMK A66acvrJJ.OB 1116parvrM vr6H Ama6 OCHOBan B TyHvrce npaKTM'IeCKM He3aBMCMMbiM 3MMpaT CO cmnvrL(eiii B KaiiipyaHe.

827-831 rr. BTOP>KEHIIIEAr11A5111AOB HACIIIU1111111110. Bvr3aHTvriiiL(e B Bbl6vrnvr npaKTM'IeCKM CO Bceiii TeppvrTopvrvr ocTpoBa - KpoMe CvrpaKy3 vr TaopMMHbl.

836-909 rr. Bbi11A3KIII Ar11A5111AOB B IO>KHYIO Ill UEHTPAJlbHYIO IIITAJliiiiO. Bpe3ynbTaTe6blnvr 3axBa'leHbl o6wvrpHble TeppvrTopvrvr, B3f/Ta vr pa3rpa6n eHa 'laCTb PvrMa

(846 r.) . 878 r. B3SITIIIE Ar11A5111AAMIII

cTan cmnvrL(eiii xanvrr:Pa anb-Myvr33a M3 ,ll,MHaCTMM C1JaTMMM,ll,OB ( 9 73 r. ).

CIIIPAKY3. 902 r. B3SITIIIE Ar11A5111AAMIII TAOPMIIIHbl. nocne amiii onepa-

974-975 rr. B0305HOB11EHIIIE BTOP>KEHIII~ KAPMATOB.

L!MM BM3aHTMML(bl OKa3aflMCb OKOH'IaTenbHO Bbi6MTbiMvr c CvrL(vrnvrvr.

Xanvrr:P anb-Myvr33 6bln HeHa,ll,onro oca)l(,ll,eH B Kavrpe, OJJ.HaKo co6panCfl C cvrnaMM, pa36Mn 3aXBaT'IMKOB,

902-909 rr. OCHOBAHIIIEAIIIHACTIIIIII ATIIIMIIIAOB. A6y A6JJ.ynnax anb-XyceiiiH ( M3BeCTHbliii TaK-

EBPA3V1Sl V16nli1)1(HV1Vl BOCTOK )l(e no.a MMeHeM anb-Wuu) ceepr Arna6u,aoB. Y6aiii.aannax anb-Max.au 6bm o6bRBneH xanwpoM u ocHoBan B TyHuce ,auHacruFO <t>aruMu,aoB co cronm~eiii B KaiiipyaHe.

934 r. <t>ATif1Ml-1Ab13AXBATbiBAIOT rEHYIO. MycynbM8He B3RflM ropo,a WTYPMOM CO CTOpOHbl MOPR M CO)I(mM.

934-947 rr. BOCCTAHl'tE XAPl't,[t)Kl-tTOB. 3ror B03maBnReMbJiii A6y >l3u,aoM Maxna,aoM MRTe)l( B KOHUe KOHUOB no,aaBMfl cpaTMMM,aCKMiii xanucf> anb-MaHcyp.

965 r. OTBOEBAHl'tE Bl-13AHTl-1~UAMl-1 TAOPMl'tHbl.

975r. 3ABOEBAHl-1E <t>ATl-1Ml-t,D.AMl-1 Erl'tnTA. MapoKKO H 3ana,qH&IM Amtcnp Ha caMoM ceBepo-3ana.ae Acf>PMKM t1,apuc u6H A6,aynna, noroMoK MyxaMMe,aa, ocHoBan B KOHUe VIII B. He38BMCMMbliii 9MMP8T, KOTOpbiM no'lTM ,aBa BeKa npaBunu ero Hacne,aHMKM, KpaiiiHe pe,aKO npM3H8B8R ,aa)l(e HOMMH8flbHYIO 38BMCMMOCTb OT 6ar,aa,aCKMX X8flMcpOB. O,aHaKo B X B. t1,apucu,abJ BbJHy)l(lJ.eHbJ 6bmM no,a'lMHMTbCR cnepBa <t>aTMMM,aaM, nOTOM MCnBHCKMM 0MeiiiR,a8M, 38TeM CHOB8 <1>BTMMM,a8M, nOK8, B KOHUe KOHUOB, He OK838flMCb no6e)l(,aeHbl MeCTHbJM 6ep6epCKMM nneMeHeM.

0Kono 800-922 rr. HE3ABl-1Cl-1MOCTb l-1APl-1Cl-1AOB. MapoKKo M 3ana,aHbliii Afl)I(Mp KOHTpOnMpyIOTCR ,aMHBCTMeiii apa60B-6ep6epoB.

922 r. 3ABOEBAHl-1E MAPOKKO <t>ATl-tMl-tAAMl-1. Y6aiii.aannax anb-MBX/l.M pa36Mn apMM/0 Vf,apMCM,aoB, u re 6bmM BbJHy)l(,aeHbJ npu3HBTb CI03epeHMTeT <1>BTMMM,aOB.

973 r. 3ABOEBAHl-1E MAPOKKO OME~SlAAMl-1. Ocy1.1..1ecrBMn 9TO ucnaHCKMiii xanucf> anb-XaKaM II. O,aHaKo .aea ro.aa cnycrR (975 r.) Bfl8CTb <1>BTMMM,aOB H8 HeKOTOpoe BpeMR 6blfl8 BOCCT8HOBfleH8.

975-1000 rr. 6ECnOPS1AKl-1 B MAPOKKO. B 9TO BpeMR Bnacrb ocnapuBanu ,apyr y ,apyra ucnaHCKMe OMeiiiR,abJ, <t>arMMM,abJ, KnoHRI.l..IMecR K38K8TY Vf,apMCM,abJ, 8 TBK)I(e pa3nM4HbJe 6ep6epcKue rpynnMpOBKM.

IIEPCIHII:I lO)I{HAH

qACTh QEHTPAJihHOH A31:II:I, 821-1000 22. Kor.aa xanucp M3 ,auHacruu A66acu,aoB anb-MaMyH B Ha'lane IX B. Ha3HB4Mn Taxupa u6H XyceiiiHa HaMeCTHMKOM Xop8C8H8 M BOCTO'lHbJX npOBMHUMiii, nepCMR o6pena npaKTM'leCJ<YIO He38BMCMMOCTb, M H8 npoTR)I(eHMM 6onee nonyBeKa nO'lTM BCR nepCMR M 3H84MTenbH8R 48CTb MaBepaHHaxpa npe6bJBana no.a BnacTb/0 ,auHacruu Taxupu,aoe. O,aHaKo MHorue nneMeHa u penuruo3HbJe 06/.J..IMHbl OTK83bJB8flMCb npM3H8B8Tb Bnacrb KBK .aaneKoro 6ar.aa.acKoro xanucpa, raK u xopacaHCKMX Taxupu,aoB. Hau6onbWMM HenoKopcrBoM OTflM48flMCb WMMTbl, H8CeflRBWMe paiiioH BOKpyr,ll,aiiinaMa B ropax 3nb6ypc. B Ha'lane Bropoiii nonoBMHbJ BeKa BCnbJXHYflO BOCCT8HMe norpaHM'lHOiii crpa)I(M B CucraHe (reppuropuR /Oro-3ana.a.Horo AcpraHucraHa u Ge-

nepCHACK11~ BOHH. XB.

621

ny,a)l(ucraHa). Bo3maBnRn MRTe)I(HMKOB (BOWe,aWMX B MCTOPMIO no,a H83B8HMeM cacpcpapM,aOB) >1Ky6 M6H fleiiica. BcKope OHM or6unu y Taxupu,aoe 66nbWYIO 48CTb nepCMM M XopacaH, u ,aa)l(e nonbJTanucb- npaKTM'leCKM 6e3 W8HCOB H8 ycnex 3BXBBTMTb 6ar.aa.a. B MaBepaHHaxpe ror.aa y.>Ke .aonroe BpeMR npaBWia ocHOBBHHBR CaMBHOM nepcM,aCK8R ,aMH8CTMRC8M8HM,aOB(8f9-999rr.)H8 npaBax H8MeCTHMKOB, 4epe3 nocpe,aCTBO Taxupu,aoe no,a'lMHRRCb 6ar,aa,acKOMY xanucpy. CronKHOBeHMe Me)l(,ay CaMaHu,aaMM u cacpcpapu,aaMM 6bJnO HeM36e)I(HbJM, M B Ha'lane X B. Bepx B3Rn maea CaMaHM,aoB VlcMaun. ,ll,o KOHUB BeKa CaMBHM,ahl y,aep)I(MBanu MaBepaHHaxp u 66nbWYFO 'lBCTb Bocro'lHoiii nepCMM. 3KcnaHCMFO CaMaHu,aoB Ha 38na.a 38TOpM03MflM ,aaiiinaMCKMe WMMTbl. Bo3maBnReMbJe Mep,aaB)I(eM M6H 3Mif1RpOM, 9TM WMMTbl B TpeTbeM .aecRruneruu X B. ronbKOronbKO H848flM npo,aBMT8TbCR H8 lOT u ymy6nRTbCR B nepcu,acKue paB-

622

TEMHbiE BEKA. 60EBOll1 TOnOP 1!1 nAJll!li.JA. 800-1000 rr. waHcoB Ha ycnex npe.an[Jl1RTIIIJO nono)/(11/fl anb-MyBalj>lj>aK.

903 r. CBEP)f(EHVIE CACf>Cf>APVIAOB. CaMaHM.ll.CKIIIi1 npaBvtTenb VfcMavtn pa36!11n Boi1cKo AMpoHa vt6H J1ei1cbJ, 6para 111 Hacne.n.HIIIKB >IKY6a.

0Kono 925 r. HAYAJlO 3KCnAHCVIVI WVIVITOB. no.a npe.n.Bo.ll.IIITenbcTBOM 3vti1RPIII.ll.OB OHM .ll.B/11HYfliiiCb M3,ll8tlin8M8 HB lOT.

932 r. nPVIXOAK BJlACTVI AVIHACTVIVI6YVIAOB. npe.n.BO.ll.IIITenRM/11 W/1111/TOB CTBHOBRTCR B ,[latlinaMe 6parbR l1Ma.a anb-,llaBna, PyKH anb,llaBna M My/1133 anb -,llaBna, KoropbJe Bb/TeCHR/OT 311/RPIII.ll.OB HB KaBK83.

946 r. 3ABOEBAHVIE 6AfAA-

AA.. My/1133 anb-,llaBna 1113 .ll.IIIHBCT/1/M bYM.ll.OB 38XB8TMfl b8T.ll.8.ll. M nneHMfl XBflllll/>8, CTBBWeTO OTHb/He MBPMOHeTKOW bYM.ll.OB.

0Kono 962 r. CTAHOBJlEHVIE AVIHACTVIVI r A3HEBVIAOB. Pa6TIOPK Anvt-TeTMH, cny)I(MBWIIIi1 np111 .ll.BOpe CaMBH/11/l.OB B byxape, 6e)l(8fl B TOPbl la3HM, T.ae 111 ocHoBan nonyHe3aBMC!IIMoe TOCY.ll.BPCTBO.

6aTanbHaH c.._eHa. MaaepaHHaxpcKaH MHHHaTIOpa

977-997 rr. n PABJlEHVIE CE6 YK-TEfVIHA Vl3 AVIHACTVIVI r A3HEBVIAOB. WypiiiHAnvt-TeTvtHa, oH

H/1/Hbl, KOT/l.B KO BflBCT/11 B ,[latlinaMe

rpanbHoi1 A3111M. K KOHLtY BeKa la3He-

no.a'liiiH!IIn 66nbWYJO qacrb Xopaca-

B pe3ynbrare nepeBopora HeO)I(/11-

BIII/l.bl 3BHRnM 66nbWYJO 'lBCTb Xopa-

Ha 111 .ll.B/1/Hyn Boi1cKa B CeBepHyJO

.ll.BHHO np/1/WflM Tpoe 6p8TbeB M3

caHa. O.n.HoBpeMeHHO B MaBepaH-

VfH.ll.IIIIO(CM. HM)I(e).

po.aa bYM.ll.OB. CpaBH/1/TenbHO He-

Haxp BCTynMfl/11/llflBKCK/IIe X8Hbl.

MHOTO'l!llcneHHbiX 3!111/iRpM.lJ.OB OTOCHOBHBR M8CC8 W/1/MTOB, npe.lJ.BO-

821 r. TAXVIP VI6H XYCE~H HA3HAYEH HAMECTHVIKOM XOPACAHA VI BOCTOYHbiX nPO-

/l.!IITeflbCTByeMb/X renepb }')Ke 6y!ll-

BVIHU.VI~.

.ll.BMIII, pacnpocrpaH!IInacb no 10To3ana.n.Hoi1 nepCM/11 Ill He38/l.OflTO /l.O

0Kono 860 r. POCT ABTOPVITETA VI MOW.VI AA~JlAMA. 3ror

0Kono 990-999 rr. Vl3fHAHVIE CAMAHVIAOB Vl3 MABEPAHHAXPA TIOPKAMVI-VIJlAKAMVI. 1000 r. Vl3fHAHVIE CAMAHVIAOB Vl3 XOPACAHA MAXMYAOM fA3HEBVI. np111 MaxMy.ae la3HeBIII

cepe.avtHbl BeKa .aa)l(e 3BXBBTvtna

peTMOH Mano-noMany CT8fl LteHTpOM

BIII.ll.OB .aocrvtmo n111Ka cBoeTo Mory-

6aT.aa.a.

nepCM/l.CKOTO WMM3M8.

mecrBa M pacnpocrpaHRnocb Ha

866-900 rr. CTAHOBJlEHVIE CACf>Cf>APVIAOB. 3ro HB'laBweecR

HMCT8H8, PR.ll.B o6nacTei1 VfpaHa,

TeCHMflM HB KaBK83,

TOT.ll.B KBK

bnvt)l(e K KOHI..W XB. c reppvtrop!IIM coBpeMeHHOTO Al/>TaHvtcraHa Bnac-

(998-1030 Tr.) Tocy.aapcTBo la3He-

Tepp!IITOPIIIM COBpeMeHHOTO Al/>T8-

T/11 CaMaH/11/l.OB B MaBepaHHaxpe 111

MRTe)I(OM noTpBH/1/'lHOW CTp8)1(11f.lJ.BIII-

TypKMeH/11111 M CeBepHoi1l1H.ll.llllll. Ox-

BocTO'lHOW nepC/11111 CTBfl/11 YTP0)1(8Tb

)I(eHMe B03Tn8BIIIfl >IK}'6 !116H J1ei1ca,

paHRTb TPBHIII!..tY K CeBepy OT 0KC8

OCHOBBHHBR B 962 T. Aniii-TeTMHOM

cBepTwllli1 TaX!IIpvt.aoB (872 r.).

( coBp. peKa AMy.aapbR) MaxMy.a la3-

TIOPKCKBR .ll.MHBCT/1/R f83HeB/II.ll.OB, 8

HeBM nopy'l/1/fl B8CC8flbHOMY TIOpK-

T8K)I(e KO'leBOe TIOpKCKOe nneMR

876 r. nonbiTKA CACf>Cf>APVIAOB 3AXBATVITb 6AfANJ.. KoHeLt

Mfl8KOB, .ll.BIIIHYBW/1/XCR HB lOT M3 i.1eH-

3TOMY M3H8'l8flbHO He 11/MeBWeMy

CKOMY nneMeHM, B03Tn8BflRfl KOTOpoe Cenb.lJ.)I(yK.

JO>KHAs:J A3111S1

623

IO)I(HAH A3HJI CEBEPHAH HH~.H B IX B. 3,aecb pa3Bopa4MBanacb O)l(eCT04eHHaf/ ( O,aHaKO K onpe,aeneHHOMY ucxo,ay He npuBe,awafl) TpeXCTOpOHHflfl 6opb6a Me)l(ay /yp,a)l(apCKOW ,aUHaCTMeiii npaTMXapa M3 Pa,a)l(nyTaHbl, ,auHaCTMeiii nana M3 6eHranuu u ,aeKaHCKMMM PawTpaeyTaMu. B LjapcTBOBaHue loBuH,abJ Ill nocne,aHue M3rHanu /yp,a)l(apoB c nnaTo ManBa u M3FOro-38na,aHoiii 4aCTM .aonMHbJ laHra - npaB,aa Hara6xaTa II, Ljapb M3 ,auHaCTMM npaTuxapa, TeM BpeMeHeM 3aBepwan M3rHaHMe ,auHaCTMM nana M3 He,aaBH03aBOeBaHHOTO KaHay,a)l(a. npaTMxapbJ nepeHecnu CBOFO cTonul.jyB ropo,a KaHay,a%, OTKy,aa K KOHI..jy BeKa M pacnpOCTpaHMflM CBOe rocno,aCTBO Ha CeBepHyFO l1H,aMFO - npu Ljapflx 6xo,a%e I u MaxeH,apanane. OHM oTTecHunu PawTpaKyToB M3 .aonMHbJ /aHra, a ,aUHaCTM/0 nana Bb/Hy,aunu OTCTynMTb B po,aHy/0 6eHranMFO. B Ha4ane X B. npaTuxapbJ npaBunu Bceiii CeBepHoiii l1H,aueiii- He C4MTaf! npoBMHI..jMM CuH,a ( r.ae y BnacTu 6bmuMycynbMaHe), 6eHranuu(npuHa,ane)l(aBweiii ,auHaCTMM nana) M KawMupa B CeBepHOM neH,a)l(a6e. Hey,aa4Hb/e nonbJTKM npBTuxap M3TH8Tb KaWMMp!..jeB B C04eTaHMM C HenpeKpall.laFOil.IMMMCfl Hana,aeHMf/MM PawTpaKYTOB c FOra npuBenu K6bJCTPOMY yna,aey lyp,a)l(apcKoiii ,auHacTMM. K cepe,auHe X B. CeBepHafl VfH,aMfl BepHynacb B npMBb/4HOe COCTOf/HMe: He npeKpall.laflMCb CTbNKM Me)l(ay MHOT04MCfleHHb/MM 6onee MenKMMM ,auHaCTMfiMM. PawTpaeyTbJ, %MMM HenpecTaHHb/MM YCMflMffMM M B03HMKna 9Ta CMryal.jMfl, He cyMenu o6paTMTb ee K co6cTBeHHoiii Bb/TO,ae - MM aKTMBHO Mewanu ,aBe IO)I(Hb/ e ,aep)l(aBb/ ( CM. HM)I(e). Ho }I?Ke B03HMKna HOBaf/ cuna, TO TOBaR BOCnOflb30BaTbCfl npaKTM4eCKM nonHOW aHapxueiii, LjapMBWeW B ,aOflMHaX l1H,aa u laHra. B Hallane X B. l.jeHTpanbHO-a3uaTcKue TIOPKM, KaK M

MHorue K04eBbJe nneMeHa .ao HMX, CTanu 3aHMMaTb TeppMTOPMIO COBpeMeHHOTO Alj>raHMCTaHa. TaKMM o6pa3oM B03HMK MycynbMaHcKuiii 9MMpaT /a3HeBM,aOB, HaXO,aMBWMWCfl B lj>eo,aanbHOW 38BMCMMOCTM OT 6yxapCKMX CaMaHu,aoB. B KOHI..je BeKa 9MMP Ce6yK-TeruH M3 ,auHacTuu la3HeBu,aoB CTan npe,anpMHMMaTb Ha6eru B CeBepHb/W neH,a)l(a6. BcTpeTMB nuwb He3Ha4MTenbHoe conpoTMBneHue, oH 3aXBBTMn newaBap, BOCnpOM3BO,afl TaKMM o6pa30M cTapyFO cxeMy 3axBaTa l1H,auu c ceBepo-3ana.aa.

793-814rr. UAPCTBOBAHliiE fOBliiHAbl Ill lf13 AliiHACTlillil PAWTPAKYTOB. 793-833 rr. UAPCTBOBAHliiE HAfA6XATbl II lf13 AliiHACTlillil

6n10AO 113 CeMHpe'fbH.

nPATliiXAP. OH peopraHM30Ban rocy,aapcTBeHHbJe CTPYKTYPbJ, a no3)1(e ( OKOflO 830 r.) OTBOeBan y ,auHaCTMM nana KaHay,a)l(.

890-91 0 rr. 1.\APCTBOBAHliiE MAXEHAPAnAJlbl lf13 AliiHACTlillil nPATliiXAP. npaTuxapbJ ,ao6unucb nu,aupy1011.1ero nono)l(eHMfl B CeBepHoiii l1H,auu.

0Kono 916 r. PAWTPAKYTbl BPEMEHHO OKKYnliiPYIOT KAHAYA)K. 0Kono 962 r. OCHOBAHliiE AJl lf1-TEfliiH OM fOCYAAPCTBA fA3HEB!f1AOB. 977-997 rr. nPAB.nEHliiE CE6YK-TEfliiHA lf13 AOMA fA3HEBliiAOB. 3axBaTMB newaBap (oKono 990 r.), OH Ha4an 3aBOeBaHMe l1H,auu.

IX-X BB.

1..\eHTpanbHaH A3HH

624

TEMHbiE BEKA. 60EBOLI1 TOnOP V1 nAnV1Ll,A. 800-1000 rr.

IO)l{HAH MH)I,lUI M QEMJIOH (IIIPM-JIAHI(A) Kor/l,a a cepe/1,/IIHe VIII B. nana /1,/IIHa CT/IIf/ '-/anyKbeB, Ha 80 CT04HOM no6epe)f(be /l,eKaHa 4aCT/114HO o6pena 6b1ny10 MOll.(b CTapaR /!IX conepH/11Lja, /1,/IIHaCT/IIf/ nannaBOB. npaKT/11'-IeCK/11 Ha npom)f(eH/11/11 ace ro IX B. nannaBbl no'-IT/11 HenpepbiBHO aoeaanl!l c 6nl!l)f(a£1wi!IMI!I coce/l,RM/11: Ha c eaepe- C 60KOBOM BeTBb/0 '-/anyKbeB /113 BeH/l,)f(/11 /II /1,/IIHacTI!Ie£1 laHra /113 Kan/IIHI/11; Ha /Ole- c '-lona /II naH/],bf/M/11 . no'-IT/11 ace 3TO apeMR Ha PYKY nannaaaM l!lrpana 6naro)f(enaTenbHaR He£1Tp8flbHOCTb l!ln/11 npRM8fl noMOll.(b 6onee MOryll.(eCTBeHHOM /1,/IIH8CT/II/II PawTpaKYTOB. Ell.(e IO)f(Hee caMbiM cl!lnbHbiM TaMI!InbCKI!IM IOCy/l,apCTBOM CTano K c epe/1,/IIHe IX B. LjapcTBo '-lona - npl!l !_jape 81!1/l,)f(aRne (836-870 rr.) oHo KOHTponl!lpoaano KopoMaH/],enbCKI!Ii16eper /II nO'-IT/11 BC/0 BOCT04HYIO 4aCTb nnaTO /l,eKaH. 5nl!l)f(e K KOHLlY BeKa B C0/03e C BeH/l,)f(/11 /II npaB/IIBwe£1 TaM BeTBb/0 /1,/IIH8CT/II/II '-/anyKbeB npaBI!ITenb '-lonbl A/l,I!ITbRI (870906 II.) pa31POMI!In /II aHHeKCI!IpOBan Ll8PCTBo KaH'-11!1, r/l,e npaal!ln/11 nannaBbl ( p8MOH COBp. ropo/],a KOH/1,)1(/IIBepaM; 888 r.). B Ha'-laneXa . CbiHA/1,1!1Tb/11 I napaHTaKa I (906-9 5 3 rr. ) paCWI!Ipl!ln Bna/],eH/IIfl /1,/IIHaCT/11/11 '-lona - /1.0 caMoro MbJca KyMapl!l, /O)f(HOM OKOHe'-/HOCT/11 nonyO CTPOBa IIIH/l,O CTaH - 3a c'-/eT Ma!l.YPbl, r/l,e npaBI!Ina /1,/IIH8CT/IIfl naH/],beB. Ho Tenepb poeT ani!IRHI!IR /1,/IIHa c T/11/11 '-lana npi!IBneK peBH/IIBOe BH/IIM8H/IIe Kpi!IWHbllll, Ll8PR 1!13 /1,/IIHa c T/111!1 PawTPBKYTOB (939-968 rr.) , KOTOPbiM,

3HaMeHIIITbiH MOHOIIIIITHbiH xpaM Ka111113Ca B 311110pe. liiHAIIISI

COOTBeTCTBeHHO , CTan npORBnf/Tb 6onbwe I!IHTepeca K /O)I(Hoi1111H/1,1!11!1, '-/eM KCeaepHo£1. B pe3ynbmTe PR!l.a KaMnaH/11£1 a cepe/1,/IIHe BeKa PawTpaK'jTbl o/],ep)f(an/11 aepx Ha/1, /1,/IIHacTI!Ie£1 '-lona. LJ,apb napaHTaKa I nof/116 a cpa)f(eH/11/11 (953 r.) . Cmpble npoTI!IBH/IIK/11 PawTpaKyTOB , '-/anyKb/11, no/], '-/b e £1 BnaCTb/0 nocne pa3rpoMa /!IX I!IMnep/111!1 ocTaaanocb ni!IWb He CKOnbKO MenK/IIX KHR)f(eCTB , npl!l Tai1ne II (973997 rr.) HeO)f(/11/l,aHHO aocnpRn/11 /II

rpaBIIIPOBKa Ha MeAHOH Ba3e B pa3BePHYTOM BIIIAe. liiHAIIISI

caepml!l anacTb/l.I!IHacT/11/11 PawTpaeyTOB (973 r.) . Tai1na II /II ero Hacne/1,H/IIK/11 BOWn/11 B /IICTOp/1110 KaK no3/],H/IIe, l!ln/11 KanbRHCKI!Ie (no /!IX cTOni!ILleropo/l,y KanbRH a amoMepaLj/11/11 YnxacHarap) '-lanyKbR. l/1c4e3HOBeH/IIe C /IICTOPI!I4eCKOM apeHbl PawTpaKyToB no3aonl!lno '-lonaM np/11 Pa/l,)f(apa/1,%e I (98510 14 II.) CHOBa CTaTb 0/l,HOM /113 caMb/X C/llnbHb/X/1,/IIHaCT/IIM /O)f(HOMIIIH/1,/11/11. 3To npl!laeno K 6opb6e Me)f(!l.Y '-lonaM/11 /II '-/anyKbRM/11. Xom6oeBble /l,ei1cTBI!IR '-lona aen/11 ycnewHee, o/],ep)f(aTb aepx Ha/1, '-lanyKbRM/11 Pa/l,)f(apa/],)f(e I He y/l,anocb. TeM He MeHee, OH 3aaoeaan rocy/l,apcTBO naH/],beB, Kepany(l!ln/11 Kepy), BeH/l,)f(/11 /II LjapcTBo Kani!IHry, a 3a MopeM era c/)nOT nOKOpl!ln 66nbWYIO 48CTb Ll,ei1noHa (993 r.) /II pa3opl!ln Manb/1,/IIB CKI!Ie OCTpoaa.

1010-BOCTOYHA~ A3V1~

AO 1000 r.

625

IOrO-BOCTOqHAH A3IUI )1;0 1000 r. BOEHHMI HCfOPIHI IOrO-BOCTOqHOH A3HH

CKMM BOeH8'-18!1bHMKOM

Lf)l(aO To M

06be,D,MHeHa VIM no,D, Bf18CTbiO MH-

Xo'-ly ,D,06Mnacb ycnexa M co)l(rf1a CTOI1M14Y TbHMnbt 1( 446 r.). 3m HBHo

Lf)l(aO To

OT6MJ10 y '-18MOB OXOTY ycTpaMB8Tb

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626

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1010-BOCTOYHA~ A3V1~ aapMaHa acnbiXHyno Ha'-!aaweecH, 0'-leBMAHO, C AMHaCTM'-IeCKMX pa3,aOpoB BOCCTaHMe B LfeHne (TeppMTOpMf/ a.aonb cpe.aHero Te'-leHMH MeKOHra, Me)l(,lly peKaMM MyH M 5accaK a CeaepHoill KaM6o.a)l(e), ao3maaneHHoe 6paTbHMM 5xaaaaapMaHoM M LfMTpaceHOM ( OKOnO 550 r.). fTMWMBWMMCfl TpOHa Py,apaaapMaH BbiHy)l(,aeH 6bm6e)l(aTb a /Q)I(HYIO KaM6o.a)l(y, r,ae OCTaTKM C!JyHaHbCKOTO 14apCTBa npocyw,eCTBOBanM ew,e HecKonbKO .aecHTMneTMill. TeM apeMe HeM B30We,aWMM Ha npeCTOn 5xaaaaapMaH c noMOW.biO 6paTaaoeHa'-lanbHMKa o6be,aMHMn 6onbwyl0 '-laCTb 6b!BWero 14apCTBa ( OKOno 550-600 rr.). nocne cMepTM 5xaaaaapMaHa TpoH nepewen K 6pary ero, LfMTpaceHe, KOTOpb!M CTan MMeHOBaTbCf/ MaxeH.apaaapMaHoM ( oKono 600 611 rr.). 9TOMyBenMKOMy3aBOeBaTeniO Hacne.aoaan ero CbiH, VfwaHaaapMaH l(oKono 611-635 rr.), 3aBepWMBWMM C06MpaHMe TeppMTOpMM C!JyHaHM (OKOno 627 r.) M pacnpOCTpaHMBWMM rpaHM/4bl LfeHnbl Ha 3ana.a;Tenepbrocy.aapcTBOBKn10'-lano TeppMTOPMIO no'-ITM aceill coapeMeHHoill KaM60_a)I(M. 9KcnaHCMH npo.aon)l(anacb npM )J,)I(af!aapMaHe I (OKOno 655-695 rr.), KOTOpb!M noKOpMn /Q)I(Hb/M M L(eHTpanbHb/M Jlaoc, '-IT06 MMeTb o6w,y10 rpa HM14Y c HaHb'-l)l(ao. 0'-leBM,aHo, aero npaaneHMe LfeHna crana cnMWKOM o6wMpHoill, nOCKOnbKY TOM ,aeno BCnbiXMaanM 6ecnopH,aKM, TaK '-ITO K KOH/4Y )I(M3HM )J,)I(af/BapMaHa MMnepMf/ npaKTM'-IeCKM pa3aanMaanacb M '-lepe3 HeCKOnbKO neT (OKOnO 706 r.) .aeillcTBMTenbHO pacnanacb Ha BepxHIOIO M HM)I(HIOIO LfeHny. 0 TOM, '-ITO npoMcxo,aMno a BepxHeill LfeHne, cae,aeHMill npaKTM'-IeCKM He coxpaHMnocb- M3BeCTHO nMWb, '-ITO a ToHKMHe BenMCb KaKMe -TO 6oeBb/e ,aeiiiCTBMH npoTMB KMTaf/. HM)I(HIOIO LfeHny ,ao KOH/4a 3TOTO nepMo,aa COTpf/CanM 6ecnopH,aKM. A co ampoill nonoaMHbl VIII a. Ha'-lanMcb ew,e M '-laCTble Ha6 erM c ocTpoaoa V1H,aoHe3MM - CyMaTpbl M, aepoHTHO, flab!. KaKoe -To apeMH HM)I(Hflfl LfeHna Haxo.aMnacb no,a BnaCTbiO cyMaTpaHCKOTO /4apCTBa WpMBM_a)l(aMH ( CM. HM)I(e).

AO 1000 r.

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627

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628

TEMHbiE BEKA. 50EBOVI TOnOP V1 nAJlV1LJ.A. 800-1000 rT.

npapo,aMTeneM coBpeMeHHbiX waHOB ( t1flt1 61.1pMa HLJ,eB), TaM LJ,eB ( t1flt1

ElfPMA (lfJilf MhHHMA)

TaMnaH,au,eB) 1.1 naocu,eB. HoB Te4eHt1e HeCKOflbKt1X BeKOB t1CTOPI.1fl ro-

Ta1.1naH.aa pacnonaranocb MHO)I(eCTBO Mef1Kt1X rocy,aapCTB, HaCefJeHHb/X MOHaM/.1. lnaBHb/M LJ,eHTpOM

Ew,e BO

B . .ao

P.X.

Kt1TaMCKt1e

MOHCKOM KYflbTYPbl HBflflfTCfl Ct1aM

1 ,

cy,aapCTBa HaHb4)1(ao 6bma Hepa3-

Kynu,bl nonb30Baf11.1Cb cyxonyrHbiM

r.ae c VI B. npou,Bemno 6y,a,a1.1i1cKoe

pbiBHo CBf/3aHa C Kt1TaMCKOM.

MapwpyroM c Teppt.1TOpt11.1 coBpe-

u,apcTBO )J.BapaBaT/.1. ApM/.11.1 HaHb-

B KOHLJ,e VIII B. KonorpeH ocHoBan

MeHHOM /OHbHaH/.1, 4epe3 BepxH/010

4)1(ao pa30pt1f11.1 u,apCTBO nb10;

MOW,HOe He3aBt1Ct1MOe u,apCTBO

51.1pMy 1.1 .aanee 4epe3 AccaM B 111H-

peHbl t1Mt1 6blf11.1 1.1 ,aBa He60flbWt1X

nOKO-

HaHb4)1(ao Ha Teppt.1TOPI.11.1 IOHbHa-

At110. HeCMOTpf/ Ha TO, 4TO HaCeflf/-

MOHCK/.1X KHf/)l(eCTBa B Ht1)1(HeM 51.1p-

H/.1 (coBp. Jlaoc) 1.1 B CeBepo-Boc-

fT/.1 9TOT paMOH nneMeHa BeCbMa BO-

Me. TeM He MeHee, MOHbl B KOHLJ,e

T04HOM 51.1pMe. B Ha4ane IX B. np1.1

t1HCTBeHHble, MapwpyT aKTt1BHO

KOHLJ,OB cyMefT/.1 ,aaTb 3aXBaT41.1KaM

BHyKe 1.1 Hacne,aHMKe KonorpeHa -

t1CnOflb30BafTCf/,a06pb!X nOfTTb/Cf/4e-

omop ( 955

111Myc/0He- HaHb4)1(ao w1.1pt1nocb 1.1

fleTt1fl; no HeMy )l(e nyrewecTBOBa-

OHM np1.1coe,at1Ht1flt1 ceBepHbl e Tep-

npou,BeTafTO. LteHTpafTbHaf/ 1.1/0)I(Haf/ 51.1pMa 6blf11.1 no,a41.1HeHbl

(832

r.).

B cKope nocne amro

fT/.1 noconbCTBa 1.13 Kt1Tafl B 111H,at110 1.1

Pt1TOpt11.1 -

r.),

o6paTHO, a TaK)I(e 1.13 P1.1Ma 1.1 KoH-

u,apCTBa nb/0, -1.1 B C0/03e C 6e)l(eH-

TO, 4TO OCTaBafTOCb OT

LJ,aMt1 1.13 nb/0 nepeHeCfT/.1 CTOflt1LJ,Y B

a u,apCTBO nb/0 pa3opeHO ,ao OCHO-

cTaHTMHononH KO ,aBopy Kt1TaMCKt1X

BaHt1f/ ( CM. Ht1)1(ej. 3aTeM BOMCKa

t1MnepaTOpOB. 111 TOflbKO npMMepHO

LteHTpafTbHY/0 Dt1PMY, B ropo.a naraH

HaHb4)1(ao BTOpmMcb B K1.1mi1 1.1 ToH-

B cepe,aMHe IV B. MapwpyroM 9Tt1M,

Ha peKe 111pa Ba,a/.1 ( oKono

Kt1H

(858-863 rr.) 1.1 CO)I(rfl/.1 XaHOM (863 r.). B KOHLJ,e KOHLJ,OB 1.13 ToHK/.1-

CY.afl no BCeMy, Ha HeCKOflbKO BeKOB nepecTafT/.1 nonb30BaTbCf/. TeM Bpe-

nofTOBt1Hb!IX B. B l...teHTpafTbHY/0 51.1p-

Ha t1X t13rHafT Kt1TaMCKt1M BOeHa4afTb-

MeHeM Ha 10re, B,aofTMHe peK/.1 111pa-

MY, B paMOH KbHYK4ay Hrbt1, r,ae MOHbl

Ht1K

lao

95 0 r. ) .

TeM BpeMeHeM, B Ha4ane BTopo£1

n1.1Hb. Tor.aa, noBepHyB Ha

Ba,at1, Hapo,aHOCTb, t13BeCTHaf/ no,a

1.1 nb/0 coopy,at1f11.1 Bb/COKOpa3Bt1T}'/O

CeBepO-BOCTOK, TaMLJ,bl BTOprf11.1Cb B

Ha3BaHt1eM nb/0, 06be,at1Ht1flaCb B

1.1pp1.1raLJ,t10HHYIO

CbNyaHb 1.1 oca,a1.1nt1 Kt1Tai1cKt1M ro-

LJ,t1Bt1f11.130BaHHOe 06W,eCTBO, Ct1flb-

Mt1rp t.1 pOBaTb HOBaf/ Hapo,aHOCTb,

po.a lf9H,ay, OTKy,aa t1X CHOBa Bb/61.1f1

HOe Bf11.1f/Ht1e Ha KOTOpoe OKa3afJa

9THt14eCKt1 po,acTBeHHaH nb/0. Cy.aH

lao n1.1Hb (874 r.).

KYfTbTypa t1HAYt13Ma.

3aTeM nocne.ao-

Ct1CTeM~

CTafJa

no BCeMy, np01.1CXOAt1f11.1 OH/.1 OT

Ban ,aoBOflbHO Aflt1TefTbHbiM npoMe-

K Ha4any IX B. ceBepHy/0 4aCTb

,apeBHt1X Tt16 e TCKt1X nfleMeH Cf/Hb 6 1.1

)I(YTOK OTHOCt1TefTbHOro cnOKOM-

Teppt.1TOpt11.1, r.ae B Hawe BpeMH

1.1 3a HeCKOflbKO BeKOB , Te CHt1Mb/e

CTBt1fl;

no,apa3,aeneHt1fl

Haxo,aMTCfl 51.1pMa Mfl/.1 MbHHMa

K1.1meM 1.1 H aHb4)1(ao, nocne.aoBa-

TaMLJ,eB-HaeMHt1KOB npt1Ht1Maf11.1 aK-

( CM. Bb/We), 3aHt1MafTO u,apCTBO

TefTbHO nepeceflf/f11.1Cb 1.13 l a H bCY B

XOTfl

Tt1BHOe y4aCTt1e B 6oeBblx,aei1cTBt1-

HaHb4)1(ao, a B LteHTpanbHOM 51.1pMe

B ocT0 4Hbi M T1.1 6 e T, noToM B 3ana.a-

fiX no Bce£1 IOro-BocT04HOM A3t11.1.

npOLJ,BeTafTO u,apCTBO nb/0- no,aBfla-

HYIO /OHbHaHb 1.1, Ha K o Heu,, B LteHT -

B KOHLJ,e X B. apMMfl Kt1TaMCKoi1 ,aM-

CTHOe, CY.afl no BCeMy, HaHb4)1(aO co cmnt1u,ei1 B Wpt.1KWeTpe 1 ( coBp.

n pMwen bLJ,bl, npe,aKM c o BpeMeHHbi X

HacT/.11.1 CyH nonb!Tanacb (xoTH 1.1 He

panbHY/0 51.1pMy 3 Tt1 BOt1HCTBeHH b /e

Cf11.1WKOM peWt1TefTbHO) 3aXBaTt1Tb

ropo.a Mo3a, B03fle ropo.aa npoMe,

6 1.1pMaHu,eB, Ha 4an1.1 n oc Te n eHHO

/OHbHaHb, HO, BCTpeTt1B O)l(eCT0-

t1flt1 , t1Ha4e, nb/.1). Ha Teppt.1TOpt11.1

TeCH t1Tb MOH OB H a /Or. Paccef11.1B-

4eHHOe conpOTt1BfleHt1e, OTCTyn/.1-

/O)I(HOM 51.1pMbl 1.1 LteHTpafTbHOro

Wt1Cb no LJ,eH TpafTbHOM 4aCTt1 AOfT/.1 -

fla. ( npe,acTaBflf/eTCf/ BepOf/ THbiM,

Hbl 111paBa,at1, K KOHU.Y X B . OH/.1 npo4-

4TO B Te4eHt1e Bcero onMCb!BaeMo-

HO y,aep)l(t1Baflt1 paM OH OT Wya6o Ha

ro nep1.1o.aa TaMLJ,bl Mfl/.1 waHbl Me.aneHHO Mt1rpt.1pOBaf11.1 4epe3 /OHbHaHb Ha lOr, B 3eMflt1, 3aXBa4eHHb/e B /O)I(HOM 51.1pMe, CeBepHoM Ta/.1naH.ae 1.1 Jlaoce.)

1 CorJiaCHO ,DJJYT:IIM MCTO'lHHitaM, llipHKmeTpoit (nnn TapeKMTapoit) Ha3h!BaJiaCh B IV-IX BB. He TOJihKO CTOJIHl.la, HO H CaMO rocy;~:~apcTBo Hapo;~:~a mJO; B KOHI.le VIII B. ero CTOJIHl.leit CTaJI ropo;~:~ Xamrn.

CeBepe ,ao npoMe ( t1f11.1 n b/.1) Ha /Or e.

CHaM -

JiaH):Ia ;1:10

o<jHIIl!iaJihHoe Ha3BaHMe T an-

1939 r. H B 1945-1 948 r r.

BOCTOYHA~

LlEHTPAJlbHA~ A3V1~

629

APMKA BOCTOqHAH APHKA Me%,ay BOO M 1000 r. 14apcTao AKCYM o6e,aHeno M yrpaTMnO MOI.J..Ib. Y14enenM MaKyppa M Rnaa ( nocne.aHee 6bmo no6ora'le). 56nbwaR 'laCTb npM6pe%HbiX rocy,aapCTB y KpaCHOro MOPR 6btnM OTBOeBaHbl MycynbMaHaMM y ErMnTa M ApaaMM. Apa6cKMe M nepcM,acKMe K}'nJ4bl ocHoaanM 5eperoaoe CoManM; K 1000 r. 14eno'1Ka apa6cKMX ToproabtX noceneHMiii,aoxo,aMna Ha tore .ao ocTpoaa neM6a. KpoMeapa6cKo-MycynbMaHcKoiii 3KCnaHCMM, yrpo%anoAKCYMYM J4apCTBO )J.aMOT, HaceneHHOe, CY.afl no aceMy, eapeRMM M cy~.J..~ecTaoaaawee Ha TeppMTOpMM COBpeMeHHOiii/Oro-

3ana.aHoii19r:fmonMM; He MCKnto'leHo, 'ITO )J.aMOT M eCTb ynOMMHaeMbiM B MCTOpM'IeCKOM nMTepaType )J.eM,aeM. B 976 r. J4apMJ4a )J.aMoTa 9cam ( /O,awpb) B03maaMna MOI.J..IHOe BTOp%eHMe a AKcyM M pa3opMna acto CTpaHY, ,aoiii,afl 'IYTb nM He ,ao CaMbiX BOpOT CTOnM/4bl.

3AllA)J;HAH APHKA nepBbte ynoMMHaHMfl 0 JaHe J4apCTBe CO CTOnMJ4eiii B ropo,ae KyM6M-Canex(npMMepHO B 320 KM aT ropo.aa 5aMaKo a coap. ManM)BCTpe'latoTCfl y apa6CKMX reorparj)OB e1.1..1e a Ha'lane IX a. /ocy.aapcTao, Ha3aaHHoe eaponeii114aMM no

TMTyny aepxoaHoro npaaMTenR ( raHa), a MeCTHbiMM %MTenRMM 3BaaweecR Yara.ay, cy~.J..~eCTaoaano y%e 3a,aonro .ao BOO r. - MO%eT 6btTb, e1.1..1e c cepe,aMHbtiV a. Mory~.J..~ecTao M 6oraTCTBO JaHbl 3aBMCenM OT KOHTpOnf/ 3a ,ao6bt'leii1 30n OTa Ha py,aHMKaX B aepxHeM Te'leHMM HMrepa. B X a. /aHa noKopMna ceaepHbte 6ep6epcKMe nneMeHa caHxa,a)l(a M, TaKMM o6pa3oM, nocTaBMna no.a caoiii KOHTponb 'lpe3Bbt'laiiiHo Bbtro,aHyto Toproanto conbto. TeM apeMeHeM a cepe,aMHe IX a. a paiiioHe o3epa lfa.a o6pa3oaanocb 14apcTao KaHeM, 6oraTeawee Ha KapaaaHHoiii Toproane 'lepe3 Caxapy CTonMJ4a Haxo.aMnacb a H,a%MMM (coap. HA%aMeHa), Kceaepo-aocmKY aT o3epa lfa.a.

BOCTOqHAH II QEHTPAJibHAH A3IUI KHTAH B IX a. ,aMHaCTMR TaH KnOHMnacb K yna,aKy. no Mepe ocna6neHMfl J4eHTpanbHoiii anacTM poena Mory~.J..~eCTBO nonyaBTOHOMHbiX BOeHa'lanbHMKOB. no'ITM ace 3TO apeMR TaHCKMe MMnepaTOpbl npaKTM'IeCKM 6e3pe3ynbTaTHO BOeaanM CO CBOMMM HOMMHanbHbiMM aaccanaMM- npaBMTenRMM HaHb'l%ao a o6nacTM IOHbHaHb. B KOHJ4e aeKa, nonb3YRCb WMPfii.J..IMMCfl 6e33aKOHMeM, BOBCIO «p06MHry,acTBOBan» Hapo,aHbiM BO%Ab XyaH lfao (yMep B BB4 r.): OT6Mpan .ao6po y 6ora'leiii M npaaMTenbcTaeHH biX 'IMHOBHMKOB M pa3,aaaan rono,aato~.J..~eii16e,aHoTe. no Mepe Taro, KaK XyaH lfao cTaHOBMn cR CMnbHee M aBTOpMTeTHee, pocnM M eroaM6MJ4MM; OH no,aHRn BOCCTaHMe, 3aaoeaan 66nbwyto 'laCTb cTpaHbt M npoao3rnacMn ce6R MMnepaTopoM.

O,aHaKo TaHcKaR apMMR a KOHJ4e KOHJ40B B3Rna aepx, M XyaH lfao n oKoH'IMn c co6oiii. )J.onraR rpa%,aaHcKaR BOiiiHa MCTOI.J..IMna CTpaHy M YCKOpMna 3aKaT ,aMHaCTMM TaH. B Ha 'lane X a. o,aMH M3 aoeHa'lanbHMKOB caepr ,aMHaCTMto TaH, M HacrynMn nepMo.a CMYT, MMeHyeMbtiii 3poiii nf/TM )J.MHaCTMiii. O,aHaKO K KOH14Y BeKa 66nbWaf/ 'laCTb CTpaHbt6bma o6be,aMHeHa no.a anacTbtonpe,acTaBMTenR OAHOM M3 3TMX nRTM ,aMHaCTMM, l.f%a o KyaHbMHR, no aocwecTBMM Ha npeCTOn OCHOBaawero Hoayto ,aMHaCTMto - CyH. HacTynMn .aonr Miii nepMo,a cTa6MnbHOCTM. Ho ceaepHbte paiiioHbt KMTaR 6 btnM 3axaa'leHbt aapaapaMM, KOTOpbte BCR'IecKM npOTMBMnMCb npMCOe,aMHeHMIO K MMnepMM. Ha 3TMX ceaepHbiX TeppMTOPMRX HaXO,aMnMCb ny'IWMe KOHeao,a'leCKMe y ro,a bfl M nacT6MI.J..Ia acero )J.anbHero BocToKa , M HM caMOMY l.f%ao KyaHbMHto, HM nocne.ay-

10/.J..IMM CYHCKMM MMnepaTopaM He y,aanOCb opraHM30BaTb CMnbHOM KaaanepMM. 8 OCHOBHOM MMeHHO no 3TOM npM'IMHe Ha npOTR%eHMM ,aayx c nonoaMHoiii aeKoa apMMR CyH npeMMy~.J..~eCTBeHHO o6opOHRnacb OTCeaepHbiX aapaapoa.

829-874 rr. nEPIIIOAIII'-IECKIIIE B0305HOB11EHIII~ BO~ Hbl ME>KAY AIIIHACTIIIE~ TAH Ill nPABIIITEJl~MIII HAHb'-I>KAO. TaHcKaR apMMR oTpa3Mna TPM no xo.aa HaHb'l%ao Ha l.f3H,ay (B29 M B 74 rr.) M Ha XaHoiii (B63 r.).

848 r. OTBOEBAHIIIE nPOBIIIHUIIIIII rAHbCY. TaHCKaf/ apMMfl BbtTeCHMna M3 /aHbCY ycneBWMX 060CHOBaTbCfl TaM TM6eTJ4eB.

875-884 rr. BOCCTAHIIIE XYAH '-lAO. 0H3aHRnCTOnMJ4blflORH M lfaHbaHb M npoao3macMn ce6R MMnepampoM(BBO r.). 111Mnepamp CM14YH 6e%an Ha tor o-3ana.a cTpaHbt, r,ae C06pan HOBYIO apMMIO, KOMaH-

TEMHbiE BEKA. 60EBOll1 TOnOP V1 nAnl!lu,A. 800-1000 rr.

630

87 5

·-·-·-·1

r. K IIOBCTaHI!aM rrpiiCO-

e):(IIHIIJICH X yaH qao, cTaBIIIIIrr BCKOpe 6JIII'lKaHIIIIIM IIOMOIIIHIIKOM rJiaBHOrO rrpe):(BOIJ:IITeJIH. OH rrpoiiCXOiJ:IIJI II3 ceMhii, pa36oraTeBIIIerr Ha KOHTpa6aHAHOrr ToproBJie coJihiO. OH rrpeKpacHo BJia):(eJI Me'IOM, CTpeJIHJI Ha CKaKy II3 JiyKa, HeMHOrO yMeJI 'IIITaTh II IIIICaTh. BorrcKo rroBcTaHI!eB AOCTIIrJio

100 ThiCH'I 'IeJIOBeK II ):(eHCTBOBaJIO Ha TeppiiTOpiiii HeCKOJihKIIX rrpOBIIHI!IIH. TaHCKIIrr ):(Bop cTapaJICH JII06hiMII Cpe):(CTBaMII IIO):(aBIITh BOCCTaHIIe. TaK, MeCTHhiM BJiaCTHM 6hmo ):(aHo pacrropH'lKeHIIe Boopy'lKaTh HaceJieHIIe II rrpiiBJieKaTh ero K 6oph6e c rroBcTaHI!aMII. BJiaCTII rrpeAJIO'lKIIJIII BaH CHHh'I'lKII BhiCOKIIrr 'IIIH, ecJIII OH rreperr):(eT Ha cJiy'lK6y K rrpaBIITeJihCTBy. 3TO IIO):(OpBaJIO e):(IIHCTBO BOCCTaBIIIIIX. XoTH BaH CHHh'I'lKII B KOHIIe KOHI!OB OTKa3aJICH BCTYIIIITh B C):(eJIKY C BparaMII, CThi'IKa Me'lKAY BO'lK):(HMII rrpiiBeJia K paCKOJIY IIOBCTaH'IeCKIIX CIIJI. 0):(HII IIOIIIJIII 3a BaH CHHh'I'lKII, Apyme -

3a XyaH

qao. B

878

r. BaH CHHh'I'lKII co CBOII-

MII CTOpOHHIIKaMII COBepiiiiiJI 60JihIIIOH IIOXO):( Ha 3aiia):( B HarrpaBJieHIIII JlOHHa. IlOACTYIIhi K BOCTO'IHOH CTOK11TaH BVIII-XI BB.:

JIIIIIe OXpaHHJIIICh rrpaBIITeJihCTBeH-

1 - npi16Jli1311TellbHble rpaHI11..1bl rocyAapCTB; 2- CT011111..1bl rocyAapCTB; 3- KpynHeHWI1e TOproBble l..leHTPbl 11Mnepl111 CyH; 4- nepBOHa'lallbHbiH OLlar KpeCTbSIHCKI1X BOCCTaHI1H 874-876 rr.; 5- paHOH BOCCTaHI1SI 994 r.; 6- HanpaBJleHI1e nOXOAa nOBCTaH'leCKOH KpeCTbSIHCKOH apMI111 nOA PYKOBOACTBOM XyaH '"lao (875-884 rr.)

HhiMII BOHCKaMII II HaHHTOH rrpaBIITeJihCTBOM KOHHIII!eH KO'IeBHIIKOB. BaH CHHh'I'lKII rroTeprreJI 'lKeCTOKoe IIOpa'lKeHIIe, 6hiJI CXBa'IeH II Ka3HeH. ITo cBe):(eHIIHM coBpeMeHHIIKOB, B 3TOH 6IITBe IIOrii6JIO

/],OB8Tb KOTOpof!t nOCTaB/IIfl 171!1 I310H8 (TIOpKa no npOI!ICXO)f(/],BH/1110). 171!1 /3/0H HaHec XyaH '-lao nopa)f(eHI!Ie (882 1.); y3ypnamp 6e)f(an /II anocne/],CTB/11/11 noKOH'II!In cco6oi!t(884r:).

BOeHHhie CIIJihi II B KOHI!e KOHI!OB OK-

50 ThiCH'I 'IeJIO-

BeK.

py'lKIIJIII IIOBCTaHI!eB B He60JihiiiOM

XyaH qao B03rJiaBIIJI Bce rro-

rOpO):(Ke. 3a TpOe CyTOK 6hiJIO OT6II-

BCTaH'IeCKIIe CIIJihi II rrpiiHHJI TIITYJI

IIITypMa. CrracTIICh yAaJIOCh

JIIIIIIh HeMHOriiM.

«BeJIIIKoro rroJIKOBOAIIa, IIITYPMYIOmero He6o», 3aHBJIHH o cBoerr IIeJIII

KpyrrHhie KpeCThHHCKIIe BOCCTa-

cBeprHyTh ):(OM TaHOE. B

KOHI!e

B PH.JJ:E coBpeMeHHhiX IICCJie):(o-

HIIH rrpOIICXO):(IIJIII B rrpOBIIHI!IIHX

878

BaHIIrr BOCCTaHIIe XyaH qao Ha3hiBa-

faHhcy, lli3HhCII, X3HaHh, AHhxyrr II

6eper HHI!3hi, BOHCKO X yaH qao iJ:BII-

eTCH O):(HIIM II3 Haii60Jiee MOIIIHhiX Bhi-

IIIaHhiJ:yH. B OTAeJihHhiX parroHax

HYJIOCh rro 3eMJIHM HhiHeiiiHIIX rrpo-

CTYIIJieHIIH KpecThHH IX B. B KIITae.

MeCTHhie BhiCTYIIJieHIIH KpeCThHH II

BIIHI!IIH q'lK3II3HH, <l>yi!3HHh II fyaH-

B TOM CTOJieTIIII BhiCryiiJieHIIH Kpec-

6erJihiX BOIIHOB CJIIIJIIICh B MOIIIHOe

IJ:yH. B

ThHH, 6e3):(0MHOrO JIIO):(a II 6yHThi BO-

iJ:BII'lKeHIIe. Haii6oJiee BJIIIHTeJihHhiM

fyaH'I'lKOy. TaKorr 6hiCTphiH rrepexo):(

II3 IIOBCTaH'IeCKIIX BO'lK):(eH CTaJI BaH

6hiJI B03MO'lKeH JIIIIIIh IIpii IIO):():(ep'lK-

eHHhiX rrpOIICXO):(IIJIII ):(OBOJihHO '!aCTO. TaK, B

860

r. B parroHe ~3II3HHa rro-

BCTaHI!hi 3aHHJIII HeCKOJihKO ye3):(0B.

CHHh'I'lKII -

maBa 6oJihiiiOro 6oe-

r., rreperrpaBIIBIIIIICh Ha IO'lKHhiH

879 r.

OHII y'lKe CTOHJIII y CTeH

Ke KpecThHH. Oca):(IIB fyaH'I'lKOY,

6IIorpa<lJIIII

XyaH qao B3HJI IIITYPMOM 3TOT ro-

K HIIM rrpiicoe):(IIHIIJIIICh KpeCThHHe,

BaH CHHh'I'lKII B IICTO'IHIIKax HeT cBe-

peMeCJieHHIIKII CHa6'lKaJIII IIX OpyEII-

):(eHIIrr, O):(HaKO O'IeBII):(HO, 'ITO OH He

POIJ:. Apa6cKIIe IICTOpiiKII A6y CaiiA II

eM. BJiaCTII CTHHYJIII 3Ha'IIITeJihHhie

6hiJI rrpOCThiM KpeCThHHIIHOM.

MacyAII, 'lKIIBIIIIIe rro3):(Hee, B cJieAy-

crroco6Horo OTPHIJ:a. 0

BOCTOLJHAs:J V1 LJ.EHTPAJlbHAs:J A3ll1s:J

631

JiernJ:t. ITliThCOT OTJIH'lHBIIIHXCli BOH-

IOllleM BeKe, paCCKa3hiBaJIH 0 CThJ<IKe

Ha'laBIIIee OJKeCTO'leHHOe cpaJKeHHe.

JKH'reJiel:t MeCTHOrO HHOCTpaHHOrO

Ho cy)l.h6a qaHhaHli 6hma peiiieHa.

HOB 6hiJIH 06'bliBJieHhl «3acJiyJKeHHhl-

IIOCeJieHHli c IIOBCTaHU:aMH. B ryaH-

ilMrrepaTOp CO CBOHM)l.BOpOM 6eJKaJI

MH». qHHOBHHKOB HH31IIHX paHroB

10 liHBapli 881

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TEMHbiE BEKA. 60EBOll1 TOnOP 1!1 nAJll!li.JA. 800-1000 rr.

632

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JIHCh cTapel!tmHHaMH. B 916 r. O.Jl.HH H3 BJIHSITeJihHblX BO*Aelt AnoKH

960-976 rr. OCHOBAHII1E JJ.1.1HACTII1111 CYH. nocne roro, K8K con,a8Tbl npoeo3m8cunu ero MMnep8TOpoM, 4)1(80 Ky8HbMHb ( eoeH8~8nbHMK nocne,aHefii M3 nf!TM Bb/WeynOMf!Hy-

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976-997 rr. UAPCTBOBAH~E TAIIIU.3YHA. OH 3aBepwMn Bocco-

CHOBB 060CHOBBnMCb B raHbCY ( OKOno 990r.), r.ae co3,aanM~apcrBo 3ana.aHoe Cf/ co cronM~ew B HMHCfl . OHM no4TM HenpepbJBHO BOeBanM c ywrypaMM, KM.L18Hf/MM M KMTBW~BMM.

e,aMHeHMe Kurafl npaKTw~ecKM B rpaHM~ax coBpeMeHHow KHP, He C4MTBfl

raHbCY, BHyrpeHHew MoHronMM M CeBepO-BOCT04Hb/X npOBMH~MW. 979-1004 rr. BOIIIHA C K~足 AAHstM~. Taw~3YH npe.anpMHflnHey,aa4HYIO nonbiTKY 38XB8TMTb neKMH (986 r.), nocne 4ero KM,aaHM Ha4anM Me.aneHHO npo,aBMrarbcfl B CeBepHbJWKMraw.

BHYTPEHHHH A3MH K cepe,aMHe IX B. MMnepMfl T/0poK-ywrypoB norepnena nopa)l(eHMe OT KMPTM3CKMX M KapnyKCKMX TIOPOK; rM6enM YwrypcKoro ~apcTBa fiBHO cnoco6CTBOBBna KMT8WCK8fl.L1MH8CTMfl TaH, y Koropow HenoMepHafl Momb HOMMHanbHoro Baccana M co103HMKa Bbl3bJBana onaceHMfl. Ywrypbl 6bmM BbJTecHeHbl Ha 10r, B .aonMHY peKM TapMM, r.ae ocHoBanM HOBOe ~apCTBO M YTPBTMnM HeMHOrMe OCTBBWMeCf/ cne,abl npe)I(Hero MH.aoeBponewcKoro BnMflHMfl ( oKono 846 r. ). O.aHaKo, B Ha4ane X B. OHM 6blflM Bb/HY')K.f1eHb/ nOKOPMTbCfl XBHBM TIOpOK-MnBKOB, KOTOpbJe H848nM,aOMMHMPOB8Tb B L(eHTPBnbHOW A3MM. B HB4ane X B. En10w A6ao~3M (MnM A6yrM), BO:>K.ll.b MOHronbcKoro nneMeHM KM,aaHew M3 Bocro4HOW MoHronMM, 3BBOeBan BC/0 BHyrpeHH/010 MoHronMIO, /O)I(HY/0 MaHb'l)l(yPMIO M 6onbWYIO 4BCTb CeBepHoro Kurafl (907-926 rr.). CMHb~3flHCKMe ywrypbl nnarMnM eMy .aaHb. Hacne.aHMK ero, En10w TeryaH (927-947 rr.) yKpenMn MMnepMIO KM,aaHew M npoB03macMn OCHOBBHMe .L1MH8CTMM flf~O. B 8H8PXM4eCKMW nepMo.a nf/TM ,[lMHBCTMW TeryaH Mrpan BB)I(HYIO ponb BO BHyrpeHHMX .aenax KMTafl; B 48CTHOCTM, OH CnOC06CTBOBBn OCHOBBHM/0 no3,aHeW,aMH8CTMM L(3MHb (936 r.) - HO TOnbKO 4T06bl nOTOM ee cBeprHyTb (946 r.). TeM BpeMeHeM TM6eTCKOe nneMf/ TBHTYTOB

KOPEH no4TM Becb IX B. Kopefl He BoeBana. L(apcrBo CMnna, Haxo,aMBweecf/ no,a CMnbHb/M BnMflHMeM KMTBWCKOW ,aMHBCTMM TaH, npo~Berano; crpaHa crana o.aHopo.aHow. O.aHaKo no,a KOHe~ BeKa npOM30WnO HeCKOnbKO BOCCTBHMW. B H84Bne X B. Mf/Te)I(Hb/W BOeHa4anbHMK BaHryH OCHOBBn HB 3Bna,ae L(eHTpanbHOW KopeM ~apcrBo Kope co cronM~ew B K9coHe(6bJBW. CoH.ao) MHOBownpaBflmew ,aMHacrMew BaH (918 r.). BcKope nocne 9Toro orpeKcfl or npecrona nocne.aHMW npaBMrenb CMnnbl, M BaHcKoe ~apcrBo MMPHO npMCOe,aMHMnO ee K ce6e. npaB,aa, npOBMHUMfl n9K4e nonbiTBnBCb 6blfl0 BepHyrbHe38BMCMMOCTb(935r.), HO B8HCK8fl apMMfl He38Me,anMTenbHO Bropmacb B ee npe.aenbl, pa36Mna Mf/Te)I(HMKOB M BKn/04Mna npOBMH~M/0 B COCTBB BOCCOe,aMHeHHOW KopeM. Eme paHbwe, Kor.aa pyxHyna KMrawcKafl,aMHacrMfl TaH(907 r.), npaBMTenM CMnnbl .ao6poBonbHO npM3HanM HOMMHBnbHYIO BBCCBnbHYIO 3BBMCMMOCTb or KM,aaHew M3 CeBepHoro KMTBfl M MaHb4)1(YPMM (eM. BbJWe). V1rHOPMPYf19TO, BnacrMrenM Kope 3BK!If04MnM co103 c MMneparo-

633

paMM ,aMHBCTMM CyH ( oKono 960 r.). 3TO Bb/3BBnO Hey,aOBOnbCTBMe ,aMHBCTMM flf~O, KOTOPBfl B KOH~e BeKa 3BCTBBMna BBHCKMX npaBMTenew pacroprHyrb ,aorOBOp C CYHCKMMM MMnepaTOPBMM (985 r.) M BHOBb npM3H8Tb BBCCBnbHYIO 38BMCMMOCTb OT KM.L18HeW.

HIIOHMH EcnM He C4MTBTb HeperynflpHo BCnbiXMBBBWMX 6oeBb/X ,aeWCTBMW npoTMB awHoB Ha ceBepe ocrpoBa XoHC/0 M CTbNeK c KopewcKMMM nMparaMM (oKono 969 r.), B s:/noHMM IX B. B o6meM M uenoM ~apMn MMp. ,[lnfl 9Toro nepMo.aa 6bmM xapaKTepHbl .L1B8 MOMeHTB, KOTOPble Bnocne,aCTBMM MMenM rpOM8.L1HYIO BB)I(HOCTb .llflfl CTPBHbl. Bo-nepBbiX, poeT MorymecrBa M BnMflHMfl K!IBHB <Py,a3MBapa, KOTOpb!W npaKTM4eCKM ynpaBnfln CTPBHOW, COBepweHHO no,a4MHMB ce6e MMneparopcey/0 cj>aMMnM/0; nepBbiM .aocTMr no.ao6How BnacrM 4>y,a3MBapa EcMcJ>yca (858 r.), BCKOpe npMHfiBWMW TMTyn pereHTB. Bo-BropbJX, pa3BMTMe cj>eo.aanM3Ma, fiBMBWeeCf/ pe3ynbT8TOM pocra npocj>eccMoHanM3Ma y BaccanoB, H8XO.L1MBWMXCfl HB cny)l(6e y KpynHb/X apMCTOKpBTOB: OT48CTM 6naro.aapfl BOeHHbiM pecj>opMaM nonKoBo.a~a CaKaHo9 TaMypaMapo, OT48CTM )l(e - pOCTY 6oraTCTB8 M BnMflHMfl 3HBTM B npeycneBa/Omew MMnepMM. 6e3ycnoBHO, pa3BMTMe

no-.eTHble aopoTa B03ABHramtcb Ha ynH"'ax" nnoi1.\3ASIX KHTaSI a naMSITb Bb1A31011.\HXCSI BOeHHbiX no6eA H APYrHX B3:lKHbiX C06blnt", a TaK.JKe B \4ecTb aenHmx niOAe". nHTHnponeTHble aopoTa, Hao6pa:lKeHHble Ha pHcyHKe, COOpYJKeHbl npH BXOAe, BeAYil.\eM K rpo6HH"'3M AHH3CntH MHH (no naneonory)

634

TEMHbiE BEKA. 60EBOll1 TOnOP V1 nAnl!lu,A. 800-1000 rr. ¢eo/],ani!13Ma B RnoH/11/11 LJeM-TO noxo/1,/llno

eBponeucKoe

/IICKfl/0'-IBH/IIBM 0/],HOM HenOBTOp/11MOM oco6eHHOCTI!I. PeLfb 1!1/l,eT o B03HI!IKHOBeHI!II!I Jl.BYX BOBHHb/X C0/030B, Ka>K/],b/M /113 KOTOpbiX 6blfl CBR3aH C BBfl/IIK/IIM CBMBMCTBOM, pO/],CTBBHHb/M I!IMnepampcKoMy Jl.OMY- Taupa /II MMHaMoTO. OLJeB/11/l,HO, KpoMe BepHOCT/11 CBOBMY Henocpe/],CTBBHHOMY cjJeo/],aflbHOMY C/03epeHy, Ka>K/],b/M RnOHCK/IIM BO/IIH aCCOf4/ll/llpoBan ce6R C 0/],H/IIM /113 3T/IIX Jl.BYX /],OMOB. npocne/],/IITb KaKy/0-fl/1160 C/IICTBMY B TOM, KTO C KaK/IIM /],OMOM ce6R aCCOf4/ll/llpOBan, npaKT/11'-IBCK/11 HBB03MO>KHO. XoTRonpe/],eneHHOeBHYTPBHHee 6pO>KBH/IIe, OTLJaCT/11 CTI!IMYfli!IPOBaHHOe conepH/11'-/BCTBOM 3T/IIX/l,BYXKnaHOB /II Ha6fliO/],aflOCb, B /4BflOM X B. Bb//],aflCR nOLJT/11 TaK/IIM >KB Ml!lpHbiM, KaK /X B., He C'-1/IITaR nep/110/],a HB/],Ofl1/IIX, HO O>KBCTOLJBHHb/X pa3/],0pOB (935-94111.}. 06a KnaHa npi!IH/IIMan/11 yLJaCT/IIe B C06b/T/IIRX, HO H/11 TOT, H/11 Jl.PYIOM B/1,/IIHb/M cjJpOHTOM He Bb/CTynan/11 /II MRTB>KHb/X cjJpaKf4/IIM He B03/flaBflRfl/ll. 0/l,HO /113 CaMb/X KpynHb/X BOCCTaH/IIM npo1!13owno B BocTOLJHOM RnoH/111!1, /II B03maBnRn

em Taupa Maca-

Ka/],o (npi!IHa/],fle>KaBW/IIM K 0/],HOMY /113 KflaHOB); B KOH/4B KOHf40B, OHO 6b!no no/],aBneHo (940 1.). JJ,pyme BOCCTaH/IIe B03/flaB/IIfl npi!IHa/],ne>KaBW/IIM K npaBRU{BMY KflaHy Kyne/4, nl!lpaT /II Mopexo/1, C/Jy/1,3/IIBapa

Cy-

MI!ITOMO. EMy y/l,aflOCb /1,06/IITbCR ycTaHoBneHI!IR KOHTponR Ha/1, BHYTpeHHI!IM RnOHCK/IIM MOpeM; HOC noMOU{b/0 KflaHa TaMpa BOCCTaH/IIe

¢111rypKa XaHI1Ba, 113o6pa>KaiOll.laSI SlnOHCKOrO BOI1Ha

6b!no no/],aBneHo, a nl!lpaTbl pa3IPOMneHbl (9411.}.

rapAa MeLla, 111111 1.1y6a (no 6pi1HKMaHHY)

Ilpe.n;IICJIOBIIe II3)J;aTeJihCTBa «I10nl1T0H» . .... .. 5

IlpiiHU;IIIIhi rrocTPOeHilll II IIOJih30BaHilll KHIII'OM .. .... ............................................ 11

3APH BOEHHOH llCTOPllll PAHEE 600 r. JJ:O P. X. BoennLie Teu.n:eun.uu ........................................ PmK.n;elille Boli:H ........................... ..... ......... . 06Illee pa3BIITIIe ...... ..... .... ..... ..... ..... ..... .... . 0p)')KIIC ........ .......... .......... .......... .......... ..... TaKTIIKa ......... ........... .......... ........... ...... ..... . .

15 15 16 16 19

Cpe.n;u3eMnoMopbe u Emmmuii BocToK ............. 22 ErnrreT, 3100-600 rr . .n;o P. X. .... ............. . 22 MecorrOTaMIDI ............................................ 39 IllyMep, AKKa.n; II BaBIIJIOH, 3500- 1200 rr. .n;o P. X. .... ..... ..... ..... ...... ..... ................... 40 XerrcKoe 11apcTBo, 2000-1200 rr. .n:oP. X . ................................................. 44 AcciipiDI, 3000-612 rr. .n;o P . X. .. .... ..... ... . 45

IlanecTIIHa II CIIpiDI, 1200-700 IT. .n:o P. X. ..... ..... .... ..... ..... .............. ..... ..... . 55 Xan.n;eH, 1500-600 IT. .n;o P. X. .......... ....... 57 MII.n;IDI, 800- 600 IT. )]_0 P. X. .................... 57 fpeliiDI, 1600-600 IT. .n;o P. X. ............. ..... 57 l'haJIIDIII PIIM, 2000-600 rr. .n;o P. X. ....... 63

10mnag A3un .... ......................................... ..... 66 11H.n:IDI, 2000-600 IT. )]_0 P. X. .......... ..... .... 66 BocToquag A3HH .............................................. KirraM., 1600-600 IT. .n;o P . X. .............. ..... Ypapry, 1300- 600 IT. .n;o P. X. ................. CKmlm, 800-600 IT. .n;o P. X. .......... ..... ....

67 67 69 72

BOHHA CTAHOBMTCH llCKYCCTBOM 600-400 rr. JJ:O P. X. BoennLie Teu.n:eun.uu ...... ..... ..... ........................ Op}')KIIC ... ................................... ..... ......... . )J;OKTPIIHa II TaKTIIKa cyxorryTHOM Bo:Hm,I .... )J;OKTPIIHa II TaKTIIKa Bo:Hm,I Ha Mope ..... .... . BoeHHaH TeopiDI ...... ......... .......... .......... ......

78 78 78 80 81

Cpe.n;u3eMnoMopbe - Enumuuii BocToK .. ...... ... 82 ErnrreT, 600-525 rr. .n;o P. X. ..... ..... .... .... .. 82

IlepciDI, 600--400 rr. .n;o P. X. ................... 83 fpeliiDI, 600-494 IT. .n;o. P. X. ......... ..... .... . 94 fpeKo-rrepCII)]_CKIIC BOM.m,I, 499- 448 IT. .n;o P. X .................................................. 95 fpeliiDI, 480-400 IT. .n;o P. X. .......... ........ 106 PIIM, 600- 400 IT. )]_0 P. X. ....................... 12 1 Kap<l>areH II CIIIIIIJIIDI, 800- 400 rr. .n:o P. X. .. ......................................... .... 124

636

0 IJlABJl EH V1 E

IOmurut A.3uH ............................. ..... ..... ..... .... 126 llH)~IHI, 600-400 IT. !J:O P. X. ................... 126 ll,eH.rroH, 500-400 IT. !J:O P.X. ................. 127

BocmqnaH A.3uH . ........ .......... .......... .......... . .... 127 Klnall:, 600-400 IT. !J:O P. X. .. ..... ...... .... . 127

III. BEK fl1fAIITOB 400- 200 IT. )1;0 p . X. Boeunbie TeMeHQHH ........ ........... .......... ......... TeopiHI Be)J;ernm BOHHbi ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .... Boennag opraHII3aiJ;IHI ..................... ..... .... Boopymenne .. . .......... .......... .......... ........... Be)J;enne oca)J;HbiX BOHR .......... ......... ......... TaKTIIKa cyxonynwH. BOH.Hbi . ........... ......... BoH.Ha Ha Mope . ........... .......... .......... ......... Cnym6hl ynpaBJieiDHI II CHa6meiDHI .. ........

132 132 132 133 133 134 135 136

EBpa3HH - Enumuuii BocTOK ..... .......... ......... IIepcm1, 400-338 rr. !J:O P. X. ...... ...... .... fpeu;IHI II MaKeiJ:OHIHI, 400-336 IT. )J;o P. X . ............ ..... ..... ..... ..... ...... ......... MaKeiJ:OHCKaH Boennag CIICTeMa, 350-320 r r. !J:O P . X. ................. ..... .... IIoxo)J;hi AneKCaH!J:Pa, 336- 323 IT. )J;o P. X . .. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ...... ..... .... EIITBa npi1 f aBraMenax (Ap6ene) 1 OKTH6pH 331 r. !J:O P. X. ...... ...... ..... .... ,l.J;IIa)J;OXII - npeeMHIIKII An eKcaH)J;pa, 323-200 rr. !J:O P . X. ... ....................... AHTllrOHII!J:hi MaKe)J;oHCKIIe, CeneBKII!J:hi rrepcli)J;CKIIe, IIToneMeii ernneTCKIIe, 281-200 r r. !J:O P . X. ... ..... .... ..............

136 136 137 144

QenT{JaJibuoe Cpe!J:U3eMnoMopbe .. .......... ...... Kap<!>areH, 400-200 IT. !J:O P. X. .............. BeJIIIKaH fpeu;IHI (CIIIJ;liJIIHI II I{))I{Hag llTaJIIHI), 400- 264 rr. !J:O P . X. ........... PIIM, 400-200 rr. !J:O P.X. ....................... IIepBaH IIylfllqeCKaH Boll.Ha, 264-241 rr. iJ:O P. X . ............................................... Mem!J:Y Boll.HaMII, 241-2 19 rr. !J:O P.X. .... BTopaH IIylfllqeCKaH Boll.Ha, 219- 202 rr. )J;o P. X . .. ... .......................................... CpameHIIe npii Kannax 2 aBrycTa 216 r. !J:O P. X. . .............................................. EIITBa Ha MeTaBpe, 207 r. !J:O P. X. ...... ..... EIITBa npi1 3aMe , 202 r. !J:O P. X. ............... PIIMCKaH BOeHHaH CIICTeMa, oKono 220 r . !J:O P. X ................................................

170 170 173 174 180 183 184 188 192 193 194

147

160

IOmnaH A.3nH .. ..... ...... .......... .......... .......... ..... 200 llH)J;IHI, 325- 200 IT. !J:O P. X. ................... 200 EaKTPIHIII IIap <l>IHI, 323- 200 IT. !J:O P. X. ..... ......................................... . 204

162

BocmqnaH A.3uH ............................................ 205 KIITall:, 400-200 IT. !J:O P. X. ................... 205

152

IV. B03HI1KHOBEHI1E BEJII1KI1X 11MIIEPI1H HA BOCTOKE 113AIIME 200- 1 rr. )1;0 P. X. Boeunbie TeMeHQIIH ........ ..... ..... ........... ......... BoeHHaH TeopiHI II TaKTIIKa ... .......... .......... KaBanepiHI ....... .......... ........... .......... ......... Oca)J;Hbie orrepau;llll .................................. BoeHHbie )J;ell.cTBIHI Ha Mope ............ ..... ....

214 214 214 215 216

EBp ona 11 Cpe)J;n3eMnoMopbe ...... ..... ..... ...... .... 217 PIIM, MaKe)J;oiDHI, fpeu;IHI II IIepraM, 200-196 r r. !J:O P . X. ....... .......... ......... 217

IIepciHI CeneBKII!J:OB II ErnneT IIToJieMeeB, 200- 50 IT. )];0 P.X. ............................. 222 lly!J:eH, 168-66 r r. !J:O P . X. .................... . 223 PIIMII Cpe)J;meMHOMOphe, 150- 60 IT. !J:O P. X ................................................ 225 IIepBbiH. TPlfYMBIIpaT, 60-50 IT. )J;o P. X ................................................ 240 PIIMCKaH BoeHHaH ciicTeMa, oKono 50 r. !J:O P. X. ............................................... 240

OIJlABJlEHV1E faJIJibCKIIe BO:iffibi, 58-51 IT. )J;o P. X. .... . BeJIIIKaH pi1MCKaH rpaiK,!l;aHcKaH BoliHa, 50-44 rr. )J;O P. X. .............................. BIITBa rrpii apcarre 9 aBrycTa 48 r. )J;o P. X. ............................................... Bopb6a 3a BJiacTh, 44-43 IT. )J;O P. X. ...... Bo:iffibi BToporo TPIIJ'MBIIpaTa, 43-34 IT. )J;o P. X. .............................................. . BoliHa OKTaBIIaHa IIpOTIIB AHTOHliH, 33-30 rr. )J;O P. X. .... ..... ..... ..... .... ..... .. HaqaJio IIMIIepaTopcKoro PI1Ma II Pax Rom ana, 30-1 rr. )J;O P. X. .. .... ..

247 257 261 265 267

637

10ro-3ana.II.nan A3HB ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ...... .... .... 274 IIap4>rm II ApMeHliH ............... ...... ..... .... ... 274 BaKTPliH II 3JIJiliHCKIIe rocy)J;apcTBa Ha BocToKe ... ........................... .......... ....... 277 IOmuan A3un ............................... ..... ............ CeBepHaH 11H;.J;rm II ,lJ; eKaH ....... .......... . ...... IOJKHaH 11H;.J;rm .. .......... .......... .......... ......... lJ,elirrOH (COBp. Illpii-JlaHKa) ... ..... ...... .... ...

278 278 278 278

269 272

BocToquan A3HB ..... .......... .......... .......... ......... 27 9 Klrrall: ......... .......... ......... .......... .......... ....... 27 9

V. PAX ROMANA 1- 200IT. Boennhle TeH):len~uu ........................... ..... ..... . 282 OpyJKIIe, TaKTIIKa II TeXHIIKa .... ..... ..... ....... 283 EBpona 11 CpeAU3eMnoMopbe .... .......... ..... ....... 284 PIIMCKilli MIIp .... ...... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ... 284 10ro-3ana)J;nan A3un .... .......... .......... .......... ... 316 IIap4>HHcKaH IIMIIeprm ........ .......... ........... . 316

IOmuan A3nn .... ............................................ CeBepHaH liH)J;rm . . ......... .......... .......... .... ... IJ,eHTPaJibHaH II IOmHaH 11H;.J;rm ........ ...... .. Be)J;enne BoliH TaMIIJiaMIIIIIIH)J;illh.t,aMII, OKOJIO 200 r ......................................... lJ,elirrOH (COBp. Illpii-JlaHKa) .................. ...

319 319 319 320 320

BocToquan A3nB ..... ..... ..... ..... ............... ..... .... 320

VI. YIIA)J;OK PI1MA 11 B03BbiiiiEHI1E KABAJIEPI111 20Q- 400IT. Boennhle TeH):len~un ...... ..... ..... ..... ..... ...... ...... TeBTOHCKIIe BapBapbi ................... ..... ....... . Bo3Bhnnenne KaBarrepnn .... ..... .................. BoeHHaH Teoprm ...... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ... ,JJ;pyrne ycoBepmeHcTBoBaHliH ...... ..... .......

324 324 325 327 327

EBpona - Cpe)J;U3eMHOMOpbe ........... ..... ...... . PIIMCKaH IIMIIeprm, 200- 235 IT. ... ..... .... .. Xaoc B IIMIIepnn, 233- 268 rr..... ..... ..... ... Bo3pmK)J;enne IIpiiiiMIIepaTopaxliJIJIIIpiill:u;ax, 268- 305 IT. ...... ..... ..... .. PIIMCKaH BOCHHaH CIICTeMa, OKOJIO 300 r ...... .... .... ...... ..... ..... ..... ..... .... ..... .. .

328 328 329

PIIM II BapBapbi, 305-400 IT................ .... 349 BTopaH 6IITBa rrpi1 A)J;piiaHorroJie 9 aBryCTa 378 r .................................... 360 10ro-3ana.II.nan A3HB ... ..... ..... ................... ..... Yrra)J;OK IIap4>nn, 200- 226 IT.................. CacaHII)J;CKaH IIepcrm, 226-400 IT... ..... .. ApaBrm II A6IIccl1Hl151, 200---400 IT....... ...

364 364 364 367

IOmuan A3un .... ............ ..... ..... ................... ... 368

337 343

BocToquan A311B ..... ..... ..... .......... .......... ......... 369 Klrrall: .... ..... .... ....................................... ... 369

638

0 IJlABJl EH V1 E

VII. PAHHEE CPE)J;HEBEKOBhE

400- 600IT. Boeunbie TeH.UeHQIIH ......................................

Bapnapbi-HaeMHIIKII .................................. Kana.rrepilli:cKaH TaKTIIKa ........................... IIexornaR TaKTIIKa .................................... PIIM II BapBapbi, 400----450 IT.................... Pa3BIITIIe <ll.rrOTa .......................................

374 374 375 376 377 377

377 PIIM II BapBaphi, 400----450 rr.................... 377 )J,eli:cTBrm A.rrapiixa rrpoTIIB PIIMa, 409----410 rr......................................... 382 BocTO'IHaH IIMIIeprm II ryHHhi, 403----450 IT......................................... 387 PIIM II BapBaphi, 450----476 rr.................... 391 BapnapcKIIe l]apcTBa, 476-600 rr........... 401

Enpona -

CpemBeMnoMopbe .......................

BocTo'll!aR PIIMCKaH IIMrrepiiR, 474-600 IT......................................... 418 Boli:Hbi IOcTIIHIIaHa, 527-565 rr............ 423

44 7 CacaHII,!l;cKaR IIepcrm ............................... 44 7 Apanrm II A6IIcciiHIIH, 400 - 600 IT........ 449

10ro-3ana)]_HaH AJIIH .....................................

450 CeBepHaR MH.wm ...................................... 450 lOlliHaR llii}J;rm II lJ,eli:JIOH ......................... 450

IOm:naH A3uH .... .............. ..............................

BocmqnaH 11 QeUTpaJibHaH AJIIH ...................

KIITali: ....................................................... BeyTPeHHHR A3rm .................................. .. KopeR ......................... .............................. JlrroHIIH ...................... ..............................

452 452 454 454 455

VIII. B3llET II C)J;EP)I{MBAHHE HCllAMA

600- 800 IT. 458 BJIII5IHIIe IIc.rraMa Ha Be)J;eHIIe noli:H ........... 458 Opym:IIe ................................................... 459 TaKTIIKa .. ..... ............................................. 459

Boeunbie TeH)]_eHQIIH ......................................

3ana)]_naH EBpona ..........................................

BecTroTCKaH HcrraHrm, 600-712 IT......... JioM6ap)J;rm, 600-774 IT ... .... ...... .... .... ..... DpiiTaHIIR .. .. .. .. . .. .. ... .. . .. .. ... .. . .. .. ... .. . .. .. ... .. . Kopo.rreBCTBO <llpaHKoB, 600-814 rr..... .... MycyJibMaHe II xpiicTIIaHCKaH HcrraHIIH, 712- 800 IT....... .... .............................. CKaH)J;IIHaBIIH .. .. ....... .. . ........ .. . ....... .. . ....... .

460 460 460 461 463 477 4 78

479 BII3aHTIIHCKaH IIMIIepiiR, 602-642 IT. ...... 479 f epaKJIIIli:IIHaTIICKIICJiaMa, 629-641 IT... . 485 BII3aHTIIli:cKaR noennaR ciiCTeMa, oKo.rro 600-1071 rr.... ....... .......... .......... ..... ... 485

BII3aHTIIli:cKaR IIMIIeprm, 642- 800 rr ....... 49 5 C.rranRHe, aBaphi, 6o.rrraphl II xa3apbi ......... 500

505 CacaHII,!l;CKaH IIepcrm, 600-650 rr.......... 505 Bo3BhlllleHIIe IICJiaMa, 622- 800 rr.......... 505

IOro-3ana)]_HaH AJIIH .....................................

525 BocTo'll!aR A<llpiiKa .................................. 525

Alf>puKa ........................................................

600-800 rr. .. ...................... .. 525 CenepHaR llif)J;rm ...................................... 525 lOm:HaH llH)J;rm II Qeli:.rroH ......................... 526

IOm:uaH A3uH,

EBpa3IIH 11 Cpej]_UJeMnoMopbe ........................

530 KIITali:, nopKII, TII6eT II HaHbqmao ........... 530 KopeR, 600-800 rr.................................. 535 JlrroHIIH, 600-800 rr. .... ................ ........ .. 537

BocmqnaH 11 QeUTpaJibHaH AJIIH .............. .... .

OIJlABJlEHV1E

639

IX. 1EMHhiE BEKA. EOEBOM TOITOP 1111AJll1QA 800- 1000 IT. Boennhie TeH)]_enn.1111 ......................................

eo)l;aJlli3M............................................... Boopymelille ............................................ Ta.KTIIKa cyxonyTHhiX BoeHHbiX )l;eifcrnllli ............................................. MopcKIIe BOeHHbie )l;eifcrnmr .................... 3aua)]_naH EBpoua . . . . .. .. .. . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . .. .. . .

BTopmeHIDI BIIKIIHI'OB II CKaH,!l;mmBIDI ...... BTopmeHIDI Ma}J,hHp, OKOJIO 850-9 55 IT.... liMneprm KaponliHI'oB, 814-887 rr......... paHL(IDI, 8 8 8-1000 rr. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cmn11emnrn PIIMCKaHIIMnepmi (fepMaHIDI, liTanrm, BypryH,!l;rm), 887-1000 rr............................. .... ...... HcnaHIDI ....................... ..... ......................

540 541 542 543 545 546 546 563 569 574

577 582 BocroquaH EBpoua .................. ...................... 585 Bonraprm ...... .... ...... .......... .......... ..... ...... .. 585 Cep6rm ..................................................... 586 XopBaTIDI, oKono 900- 1000 rr ................ 587 BoreMIDI, oKono 900-1000 rr..... ............ . 587 IloJihiiia, oKono 960- 1000 rr..... ............. 587 Pych, oKono 900- 1000 rr........................ 590 609 BII3aHTIIIIcKaH IIMneprm ........................... 609

EBpa311H 11 En11mnuii BocroK ..........................

CTPaHbi IICJiaMa .. ....... .. . ....... .. .. ....... .. . ....... 616 CeBepHaH A$piiKa ..... .. .. ....... .. . ....... .. . ....... 620 IlepCIDIII IOJKHa51 qacTb IJ;eHTPaJihHOH A3nn, 821-1000 IT............................ 621

623 CeBepHaH liH,!l;rm ...................................... 623 IOJKHaHliH)l;IDIII IJ;eiinoH (Illpii-JiaHKa) ... 624

IOmuaH A'l11H ................ ...... ..........................

IOro-BocroqnaH A311H )l;O 1000 r . ...................

625

BoennaH IICTopiiH IOro- BoCTo~oH. A3nn ................................................... TbHMna II BheTHaM ................................... <l>YHaHb II qeHJia (KaM6o)l;IKa) .................. TaillJ,bi II IIIaHbi .......................................... DIIpMa (IIIlll MbHHMa) .... .... ................ .......

625 625 626 627 628

629 A$piiKa .. .. . ....... .. . ....... .. .. ..... .. . 629 3ana)l;Ha51 A$piiKa ...... .. . ....... .. . ....... .. . ....... 629

A<ilp11Ka ........... ............................................. BocTo~aH

BocToquaH 11 IJ,euTPaJihHaH A'l11H ...................

KIITaH. ......... ..... ..... ..... ..... .... ............... ..... .. BHyTPeHHHH A3rm .................................... KopeH ....................................................... JinoHIDI ........ ................ ..... .................... ...

629 629 633 633 633

HaY'mo-nony;lflpHoe U30aHue

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