ВСЕ ВОЙНЫ МИРОВОЙ ИСТОРИИ Т.2.Ч.1. by Watra

BCE BOr/tHbi MvtPOBOr/1

V1 CTOPV1 V1 no XapnepCKOilt 3HLJ,I/1KflOne,n,MM BOBHHOM 1/TCTOP//11/1

P. 3. ,fl,JOnJOM//1 T. H. ,fl,JOnJ0//1 C KOMM8HTapllls:!MII1

H.n. BonKoscKoro

111

A. H.BonKoscKoro

KH/11/A BTOPAfl

1000-1500 r.

nOfl/11/0H CaHKT-nemp6ypr

2004

55K63.3(0) B84

ll,IJ;eH

J(. H Bo.flK06CK020

Pe,IJ;aKWfOilliaH KOJUienrn::

A. J(. Ea.fla6yxa, H JI. Bo.flK06 cKuu, J(. H Bo.flKoecKuu, H JI. Cyxa11.ee

Ilo,11;6op IUlJIIOC1paiJ;IIH -

B84

J(. Jl. A.fleKCUHCKUU

Bee BO:illihi MIIpOBOM IICTOpiiii no XapnepcKoil 3HIJ;IIKJioneiJ.llH BOeHHail ncmpnn P. 3. ,IJ;romon n T. H. ,IJ;ronron. KH. 2.- CII6.: 000 «lb::(aTeJibCTBO «ilOJIHrGH», 2004.- 520 c., HJI. ISBN 5-89173-259-9 (KH. 2) ISBN 5-89173-218-1 (o6w,Mi1) BrrepBh!e B Poccnn Bh!XO/UIT H3):(ai:IHe , B KOTopoM ):(aHa u:enocTHaJI KapTHHa MHpOBofi HCTOpHH BOHR, pa3BHTllii BOOpy)KeHHh!X CHJI H BOeHHOrO ):(eJia C cepe):(HHh! '!eTBepToro Th!CWieJieTHsr ):(O P. X. ):(O Ha'!aJia XXI BeKa. qHTaTeJib Hafi):(eT B poCCHHCKOM ):(OIIOJIHeHHOM H3):(aHID:I «XaprrepCKOH 3HI{HKJIOIIe):(ID:I BOeHHOH HCTOpmi» P. 3. H

T. H. ,[(IOIIIOH OIIHCaHHe

cpa)KeiD:Ifi MHpOBOH HCTO-

pnn, aHaJIH3 BOeHHh!X CHCTeM C ):(peBHeHIIIHX BpeMeH ):(0 HaiiiHX ):(HeR, CTaTbH 0 Bh!):(aIOII:(HXCSI IIOJIKOBO):(I{aX. B H3):(aHIDI IIOKa3aHh! 3BOJIIOI{llil CIIOC060B Be):(eiD:Ili 6oeBh!X ):(eHCTBHH, IIOHBJieiD:Ie pa3JIH'!Hh!X po):(OB BORCK H HX BJilliiHHe Ha CTPaTerHIO H TaKTHKy. 3Ha'!HTeJibHOe BHHMaHHe YJ:leJISieTCSI poJIH TeXHHKH H BOOpy)KeHiffi B BOeHHOH HCTOpiDI 'IeJIOBe'!eCTBa. 3HI{HKJIOIIe):(Hll CO):(ep)KHT orpOMHOe KOJIH'IeCTBO pa3JIH'!Hh!X tPaKTOB, ):(aT, HMeH, 6oJiee '!eTb!peX Th!CWI HJIJIIOCTpau:Hfi. 0Ha IIOMO)KeT 'IHTaTeJIIO paCCMOTpeTb IIpOIIIJIOe 'Iepe3 IIpH3MY BOHR, KOTOpb!e Ha IIpOTSI)KeHID:I BCero cyll:(eCTBOBaHllii 'IeJIOBe'!eCTBa orrpe):(eJIAAH o6pa3 )Kll3HH n HarrpaBJieHHe Mh!CJIH Be ex U:HBHJIH3 al.{HH. BTopaJI KHHra oxBaTh!BaeT HCTopHIO BOHR c X B. rro

XV B.

l13):(aTeJibcTBo 6y):(eT 6Jiaro):(apHo 'IHTaTeJISIM 3a B03MO)l(Hh!e KOHKpeTHh!e yTO'IHeHllii, ):(OIIOJIHeHHSI H IIO)KeJiaHllii. J13):(aHHe rrpe):(Ha3Ha'!eHO KaK ):(Jill rrpo!lJe CCHOHaJibHh!X HCTOpHKOB, TaK H ):(JISI BCeX, KTO CTpeMHTCSI IIOHliTb MHp, B KOTOpOM )KllBeT.

66K 63.3(0)

OxpaHJlemCJl 3aKoHOM P\IJ o6 acmopcKoM npace. Bocnpou3ceOeHue cceu KHu zu UAu .!llo6ou ee '<acmu 3anpeU(aemCJl 6e3 nuc<>MeHHozo pa3pemeHWl U30ame.il.fl. Jbo6ble nonblmKu HapymeHufl 3aKoHa 6yoym npecAeOo(fambCfl c cyoe6HoM nopHOKe.

ISBN 5-89173-259-9 (KH. 2) ISBN 5-89173-218-1 (o6l1.(111i1)

000 «l13):(aTeJibCTBO «ilOJIHrOH»,

1997

2004 H. JI. , BoJIKoBcKHfi .[(.H. , KOMMemapnn, 2003 <l>oM'!eHKo C. I1., 1y3MaH A. E. , rrepeBO):(hl, 1997 000 «l13):(aTeJibCTBO «iloJIHrOH» , C H3MeHeHlliiMH,

BoJIKOBCKHfi

BO HHA 0 ll.HTb CTAHOBI1TC.H 11CKYCCTBOM 1000-1200

22.

BOEHHbiE TE~EHQIIH Bee& ~117BII7flii730BaHH&ti71 MMp, .l!O

poK-cen&,ll)f(YK Ann-ApcnaH, er-117-

T8K 117 B OTHOWeH/17117 BOeHHOiJJ CTpaTe-

C8Mb/X ero ,ll8flbH/17X 0Kp8117H, npo-

neTCKMiJJ cynTaH Canax-a,ll-/l,MH 111

1117117 111 TaKTII7KII7, KoHcTaHTMHonon&

,ll0fl)f(8fl8 COTpfiC8Tb )f(eCTOK8fl Me)f(-

CM~MnMiJJCKMiJJ HOpMaHH Po6epT IBM-

HenpeB30iJJ,lleHHO ana,llen Teop111ei!J

,l!OyC06117~8; HO CTafl/17 Bbl'lfleHfiTbCfl

CKap. Bee wecTepo npoRBMn/17 ao-

BOeHHOIO 117CKyCCTB8, 117 3TO, B CO'-Ie-

117 nOflii7TII7'-IeCKII7e

O,l!H/17 CMYT-

eHHo-op18HII738TopcKMe Tan8HT&t,

TaH/17117 c nop83117Ten&Hoi1 cnoco6Ho-

HO, ,llpyrMe onpe,lleneHHeiJJ. O,L!HO-

,liOCene HeB/17,li8HHbte, KpOMe K8K B

CT&to 6&/CTpO BOCCT8H8Bfl/1788Tb

~efl/17-

f/BHbtiJJ

BII138HT117iJJCKOiJJ 117Mnep117117, 117 K8>K,llbti!J

cMn&t nocne caM&tx Tft>Ken&tx nopa-

nO,llbeM ypOBHfl BOeHHOrO 117CKyCCT-

1173 wecTep&tx c&tr-pan HeManoaa>K-

>KeHMiJJ, OKa3anoc& cnoco6H&tM npo-

B8, oco6eHHO B 3ana,l!Hoi71 Eapone 111

HYto pon& XOTfl 6&1 B O,l!HOM 1173 '-le-

,llflii7Tb Cyll{eCTBOB8HII7e 117Mnep117117

y TtopKOB-MYCYflbM8H.

Tbtpex ocHoaononaratoll{MX ,llflfl

ell{e H8 HeCKOflbKO BeKOB . Ho K8K

apeMeHHO

H8MeT/17flCfl

XOTfl H/17 O,l!HOIO BOeHHOrO reH/17fl B 3TOT nep1170,ll He nOfiB/17fl0Cb, He-

Onii7Cb/B8eMOIO nep!170,ll8 117CT0p!17'-leCK/17X

KOHHbiH

npo~eCCOB.

CKOflbKO Bbl,li8/0ll{/17XCfl BOeH8'-18flb-

nepBbtiJJ 1173 3T/17X npo~eCCOB f/8-

H/17KOB 1173BeCTH&t: 3MII7P MaxMy.ll la3-

flf/fl co6oi71 ,ll8fl&Hei!Jwee p83BII7T/17e

HeBM, aHrnMi71CKII7i71 Kopon& PM'-18P.ll

npe)f(Hei!J TeH,lleH~/17117 -

fl&BMHoe Cep,ll~e, BII738HTII7i71cKII7i71

H8 3ana,ll TtopKCK/17X HapO,liOB, 06117-

MMnepaTop AneKceiJJ KoMHMH, Ty-

,liBM)f(eHMe

ap6aneT~MK.

cPparMeHT MMHM3T10pbl XII B.

T8BW/17X ceaepHee 111 /O)f(Hee lfepHo-

111 KacnMi!JcKom Mopei!J. ne'-leHer-117

111 nonoa~&t (K117n'-18K117)- ceaepH&tiJJ nOTOK -

6Y.l!YT nocne O)f(eCTO'-IeHHOiJJ

6op&6bt OCT8HOBfleHbl BII138HT117iJJCKOiJJ 117Mnep117ei!J 117 ee Cfl8Bf/HCK/17M/17 coce,llfiM/17. Ho to)f(Hafl aeTB&, aepofiTHO, 1173-38 CO'-/eT8H/17fl TtopKCKOiJJ B0/17HCTBeHHOCT/17 C MYCYflbM8HCK/17M C/J8H8TII73MOM, CbllpaeT KY,ll8 6onee

aell{an na,lleHMe P111Ma, TaK 111 nopa-

Hbl nO'-IT/17 BCe 831178TCK/17e Bfl8,lleH/17fl

>KeHMe np111 MaH~MKepTe B03BeCTII7-

BM38HTII7117, TtopKM paccetoTCfl no

no KOHe~ BII138HT/17117.

aceMy 5nii7>KHeMy BocmKy, 111 XOTfl

TpeT&II7M npo~eccoM 6&tn poeT

npO,liB/17>KeH/17e 117X OK8)f(eTCfl np1170C-

~eHTp8nll738~117117 anaCT/17 B eaponei!J-

T8HOBfleHO KpecTOB&tM/17 noxo,llaMM,

CKMX KOponeBCTB8X. HeCMOTpfl H8

KOH~Y

nep!170,ll8 OHO npO,ll0fl)f(/17TCfl

TOPM03ftll{ee Bflll7fiHII7e no-npe)f(HeMy

BTopoiJJ npo~ecc OT'-18CTII7 cno-

H&tx OTHOWeHMiJJ, np0117CXO,llll7fl0 CBO-

npo~aemaweiJJ CMCTeM&t cpeo,ll8n&-

BHOBb. co6cTBoaan nepaoMy, O,liHOBpeMeH-

HO, ,l!O HeKOTOpOiJJ CTeneH/17, f/Bflflf/Cb

Han&HOMY np1173HaKy. Oco6eHHO

er-o cne,liCTBMeM. 3anaAHOeBponeHCKMeap6aneT~MKM

pa3r-poM no,ll A,llpMaHononeM npe,ll-

3H8'-I/17Ten&Hyto pon&: 6y,l!YT 38XB8'-/e-

Pe'-1&

M,lleT o6

po,lla o6be,liMHeHMe no Ha~Mo足

OTHOC/17fl0Cb K AHifl/17117 117 C/>p8H~II7117, B

yn8,l!Ke BII138HTII7i71cKoi71 117Mnep117117.

MeH&weiJJ cTeneH/17 -

HecMOTPfl Ha cna6ocT& KaK o6ll{yto,

fi1Cn8H/17117 117 non&we.

K /epMaH/17117,

EBPA3V1s:l 111 6nV1>KHV1~ BOCTOK

lfeTBepTb/M )f(e, M C8Mb/M lfl8B-

3anaAHOeeponeiiicKHe 11Y'IHHK Ill ap6aJleT'IHK

Hb/M C BOeHHO-, penMIM03HO- M KYflbTypHO-MCTOpM'feCKOM TO'feK 3peHMfl, npou.eccoM RBMnMCb KpecTOBbte noxo,a&t.

OPY)I{JIE II )l,OCIIEXM noRBMflCfl HOBb/M BM,D, opy)f(Mfl ap6aneT.

3m 6&tna B nonHOM CMbtC-

ne cnosa PY'fHaR 6annvtcTa -

opy-

)f(Me, no cpaBHeHM/0 C Tpa,D,MLJ.MOHHb/M nyKOM, HeyKflJO)f(ee M 10p83,D,O MeHee cKopocTpen&Hoe. O,aHaKo nyw,eHH&te M3 ap6anem cTpen&t, 06bllfHOM KOHCTPYKU.MM MflM )f(efle3Hbte (TaK H83btBaeM&te ap6aneTHbte 6onT&t}, neTenvt .aan&we, 6&tCTpee M, KBK npaBMflO, TO'fHee, 'feM 6onee nerKMe, nyw,eHH&te M3 nyKa. /11, 'fTO

CTpenSitol1.1Hiii ap6aneT'IHK

BB)f(Hee scero, OHM 6&tnM cnoco6-

MeHTMp088flM C KOHHb/MM ap6aneT-

Hbt npo6MB8Tb ,D,OCneXM, HeyR3BM-

'fMK8MM, HO BCKOpe BblflCHMflOCb,

Mem-

'fTO BbiMipbtW B M06MflbHOCTM ,D,O-

Ten&Horo opy)f(Mfl. HacKon&KO M3-

CTMtaeTCR u.eHoilt npovtrp&twa ( M no-

Mbte ,anR n106oro ,apyroro secTHO,

py'fHbtMM 6annMCT8MM

MeTKOCTM M TeMne CTpen&6bt. /11HTe-

Lf.bl M pvtMnRHe, HO nocne na,aeHMR

peCHO, 'fTO B 3TO )/(e speMR B IOro-

PvtMa MbtCnb o6 MX cosepweHCTBO-

BocTO'fHOilt A 3MM 'fBMbt , cy,aR no

B8HMM 6btn8 H8 3 ana,ae npO'fHO n0-

sceMy, soopy)f(anvt ap6aneTaMM

386btT8. TeM He MeHee s XI seKe oHa

MMeHHO K8B8nepMJO.

B03po,avtnac&; sneps&te Ha espo-

,fJ,pyrMM HOBb/M opy>KMeM, pac-

neiltcKoM TeaTpe BOeHHb/X,D,eiltCTBMM

npOCTp8HMBWMMCfl B OnMCb/B8eMb/M

ap6aneTbl 6btflM npMMeHeHbl HOp-

nepvto.a s 3 ana,aHoilt Espone, RBM-

M BH,D,CKOM apMvtei/t B 6MTBe npM / a -

nac& nexoTHBR a ne6a p.aa -

CTMHICe. A BOT B KMTa e BCe 3TO spe-

B03ne H8KOHe'fHMK8 KOTOpOIO Kpe-

Mfl ap6aneT8MM nOflb30B8flMCb -

BeCbM8 8KTMBHO. Ap6aneT RBMnCR oTBeTOM 3a-

Ap6aneT'IHK H3TSirHBaeT nyK ap6aneTa

poilt .aa)/(e 6onee 3Ha'fMTen&Horo) s

3KCnepMMeHTMpOB8flM ew,e KMT8M-

KOn&e,

nMfl0Cbfle3BMe TOnopa, npe,aOCT8Bflf/BWee B03MO)f(HOCTb He TOflbKO KOflOTb, HO M py6MTb. Ew,e npMMe-

na,aHoilt EBpOnbt TJOpKCKMM KOHHbiM

'f8Tefl&Hee C8MOIO 3TOIO opy)f(Mfl

ny'fHMKaM. KaK npasvtno, esponeilt-

f/BflfleTCR TOT cjJ8KT, 'fTO 38n8,D,HOe -

CKMe ap6aneT'fMKM 6btflM neWMMM.

sponeiltLJ.bl Ha'fanvt 6on&we BHMMa-

B KpecTOB&tx noxo.aax 3 Kcnepvt-

HMR y,aenRTb p83BMTMIO neXOTbl, CO-

BOli1HA on~Tb CTAHOBV1TC~ V1CKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rr.

BepweHCTBOB8Tb ee 6oeBb/e K84eCTB8. ,apyrow npMMep coeepweH-

,aocnexM B Eepone npo.aon)l(anM COBepweHCTBOB8TbCfl. A TBJOKe Tfl)l(e-

K0)1(8Hb/e MflM BOWl04HbJe J<YPTKM MHO-

neTb, M 4eM .aanbwe, reM 6onbwe.

,aOCT8T04HO,anfl9cpcpeKTMBHOW 38/.i.IM-

CMflM, O,aHBKO ,a8)1(e MX OK83b/BBnOCb

creoeaHMfl opy)I(Mfl- f/TaraH. 3ra

Konb4yra YKOPOTMnacb; KOflb4}')KHb/W

Tb/ OT CTpen: B

KPMB8fl rype~K8fl ca6nfl OTflM48-

no.aon 38MeHMflM KOflb4y;KHb/e WT8Hbl.

KpecTOBbJX noxo.aoe 4acro onMCbJBa-

fl8Cb CKOpee K84eCTBOM Merannyp-

PyK8B8 y,anMHMflMCb .ao 38nf/CTMW, M

ercfl HeBpe,aMMb/W CO.fla8T XPMCTM8H-

TMM, He)l(eflM KBKMMM-TO pa,aMK8-

48CTO npM68BflflflCfl KBnJOWOH, BMeC-

CKOW8PMMM, eecb yrbJKBHHbJW crpena-

flbHb/MM KOHCTPYKTMBHb/MM HOB-

TO wneMa. TaKownonHbJW KOflb4}1)KHbJW

MM M H8nOMMH810/.i.IMWno.aywe4KY,anfl

WeCTBBMM. Oco6eHHO cnaBMnMcb

KOMnneKT eecMn or

opy)l(eWHMKM,aaMacKa M Tone.ao: MX

Bfli.LieW H8,lJ.e)I(HOCTM, 8 TBJOKe, 4T06bJ

WneMbJ Ha4anM ny4we no.aroHfl!b

CT8flbHbJe KflMHKM, y,aMBMTeflbHO

y,aapb/ OCT8BflflflM MeHbWe CMHflKOB,

no pa3Mepy. HaHOCHMK y.anMHMncfl M

13 .ao 23 Kr. ,anfl

Type~KMX

XPOHMKBX

6ynaBOK.

rM6KMe M B TO )l(e BpeMf/ np04HbJe,

KOflb4YfY H8TflTMBBnM noeepXK0)1(8Hb/X

cran npo4Hee. MHorMe opy;KeWHMKM

38T84MB8flMCb .ao 6pMTBeHHOW OC-

MnM BOWfl04Hb/X o.ae)/(/1,. nexoTMH~b/ )l(e, KBK npaBMflO, flMWb 9TM TOflCTbJe

H84BnM M3TOT8BflMB8Tb nnOCKOBep-

TpOTbl.

XMe wneMbl, nonHOCTb/0 38KpbJB8BWMe ronoey M we10 -

c npope3f/MM

,anfl 0630p8 M ,anfl,abJX8HMfl. npae.aa, WneMb/ 9TM OK83b/BBnMCb HBCTOflbKO Tfl)l(eflb/MM M y,aywnMBb/MM, 4TO 06bi4HO MX npMTOp84MB8flM K nyKe ce.ana M Ha.aeeanM Henocpe.acreeHHO nepe.a 6oeM. HaM6onee pacnpocrpaHeHHbJe 3BKPbJTbJe wneMbJ eecMnM B onMCbJBaeMbJW nepMo.a or ceMM.ao .aeeflTM KMnorpaMMOB. K KOH~Y nepMo.aa Opy;KeWHMKM y;Ke 9KCnepMMeHTMpOB8flM C BbiCTynB/0/.i.IMM, CXO,afl/.i.IMMCfl Ha KOHyc 3a6panoM, 4TO oreo.aMno cppOHT8flbHb/W y,aap M CHM)I(8fl0 BepoflTHOCTb ManonpMfiTHOW CMTYB~MM, Kor.aa wneM BMMHancfl ena.aenb~Y B flM~O.

bnaro.aapfl BCeM 9TMM HOBOBBe.aeHMflM norepM Ha eeponewcKMX rearpax BOeHHb/X ,aeWCTBMW 0/.i.IYTMMO CHM3MflMCb. npMBenM OHM M K flpKO Bb!pa)l(eHHow .aMcnponop~MM B norepflx Me)/(/l,y KpeCTOHOC~8MM M MycynbM8H8MM Ha bflM)I(HeM BocroKe: ecnM KpecroHoc~bJ no6e)/(/l,anM, norepM MX ecer.aa 6bmM eecbMa He3H84MTenbHbiMM, HO ecnM )l(e OHM repnenM nopa)l(eHMe, no.a

KOHe~

6MTBbl norepM CTBHOBMflMCb 4pe3Bb/48WHO Tfl)l(eflb/MM, nOCKOflbKY eB-

poneW~bl OK83b/B8flMCb He B COCTOf/HMM cnaCTMCb 6erCTBOM OT CBOMX 6onee no,aBM)I(HbiX npOTMBHMKOB.

OCNJ:HOE HCKYCCTBO H WPTHCI>HKAIJ;H.H KaKMX-nM6o pa.aMKanbHbJX HOBwecre B o6nacrM co3.aaHMfl o6opoHMrenbHbJX coopy)l(eHMW 38 onMCbl-

Y 33MKOBO~ CTeHbl

eaeMbJW nepMo.a He orMe4eHo.

BOEHHbiE TEH)J.EHLJ.l!1V1

npaB/1,8, TO, 'leMy KpeCTOHOC~bl H8-

YcTpoiiicTBO cpeAHeBeKoBoro 3aMKa:

Y'Ift1fllt1Cb y Bft138HTft1i1t~ea, nonHocTb/0 ft13MeHft1fiO ac10 eaponeiltcKyJO

cjJOpTit1cjJft1K8~ft10HHYIO KOH~en~ft110.

HaSI 6aWHSI;

Ho ecn1t1 roaoplt1Tb o npaKTM'IeCKOM

X03SIMCTBeHHble nOCTpOiiiKI111 CTOiiina;

nplt1MeHeHft1ft1 nony'leHHoro ypoKa,

5- 6aWH11; 6- >K11n1111.1e X03SII1H8 38M路

TO B 0/l,HOM OTHOWeHft1/t1 eaponeilt~bl OT Bft138HTft1i1t~eB CyUJ,eCTBeHHO OTJift1'18Jift1Cb.

Y Bft138HTft1i1t~eB

Kpenoc-

Tft1, a nepay10 O'lepe/l,b, RBJIRflft1

co-

6oi1t onopHbte 6a3bt /l.fiR o6opoHMTeflbHO-HacTynaTenbHbtX nonea&tx

onepa~ft1i1t ft1, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, pacnOfl818flft1Cb, K8K np8Bft1fl0, H8 BbiCOTaX, nyCTb ft1 IOCnO/l,CTBYIOUJ,ft1X H8/1, MeCTHOCTb/0,

HO /l,OnyCK8/0UJ,ft1X

6ecnpenRTCTBeHHbti1t no/l,X0/1.. Eaponeilt~bt >Ke, B OTHOWeHft1/t1 cjJOpTit1cjJft1-

K8~ft1i1t 6onee, TaK CK838Tb, o6opoHft1TeflbHO-OpMeHTMPOB8HHbte ft1 nonp e>KHeMy Olp8Hft1'1e HHbte 'lft1CTO cjJe0/1,8flbHOi1t KOH~en~Meilt He/l,Ofllft1X 60eBb/X /l,eMCTB/t1M JIOK8JibHOIO M8CWTa6a, B03/l,Bft118flft1 HOBble KpenoCT/t1 ft1flft1 38MK/t1 B MeCT8X M8KCft1M8flbHO He/l,OCTynHbtX. XoTR WTYPM nO/l,06HOi1t TBep/l,b/Hft1 RBJIRJICR npe/1,nplt1RTft1eM KpailtHe CJIO>KHbiM, O/l,H8KO ft1 38UJ,ft1TH/t1Kft1 He MOiflft1 6btCTpO KOHTpaTaKoaaTb. TaKMM o6pa30M, ft1M npaKTft1'1eCKft1 He npe/l,OCT8BJIRfi0Cb B03MO>KHOCT/t1 nepeXB8Tft1Tb y OC8>K/1,8/0UJ,ft1X ft1Hft1~ft18Tft1BY ft1flft1 npopB8Tb 6JIOK8/l.Y. '-iTO K8C8eTCR Be/l,eHft1R OC8/l,bl, TO 0/l,HO HOBOe opy>KMe BCe-TaKft1 nORBft1fi0Cb -

Tpe6yweT, ft1flft1 M8HIO-

Heflb, MeTaTeflbHbtilt MeX8Hft13M /l,JIR np061t1B8Hft1R 6pewef1t B KpenOCTHb/X cTeHax, a TaK>Ke/l,fiR nepe6pac&taaHft1R 'lepe3 Hft1X K8MHei1t ft1flft1 !l.PYI1t1X M eTaTenbHbtX cHapR/l.OB.

B OTflft1'1ft1e

OT 68Jifllt1CTbl ft1flft1 K8TanyflbTbl, 1/l,e ft1CnOflb30B8fi8Cb Cft1fl8 H8TR>KeHft1R ft1flft1 Kpy'leHft1R, MeTaTeflbHbtilt ft1MnyflbC Tpe6yweTa o6ecne'IMaancR npOTft1BOBeCOM. MeTO/l,bl OC8/l,bl H e ft13MeHft1Jift1Cb. '-iTO K8C8eTCR KpenOCTHb/X CTeH, TO ace MbtCflft1Mbte cnoco6bt nponaMbtB8Hft1R B Hft1X 6pewei1t, Kapa6K8HbR H8Bepx ft1 pbtTbR nO/l,KOnOB 6btflft1 ft1306peTeHbl /1,8BHbiM-/1,8BHO. npaB/1,8, a eaponeiltcKOM cpe/l,HeaeKoBbe nplt1 OC8/1,8X np8KTft1'1eCK/t1 He ft1CnOflb30B8fi8Cb ft13fll06fleHH8R TexHMKa MaKe .D.OHRH ft1flft1 pMMfiRH -

Ka;

2 3 - 3aMKOBbliii

nOAbeMHbliii MOCT;

HaABpaTABOp;

7- >KeHCKHe ropHHU,bl; 8- Kanen-

na; 9- rnaBHaSI 3aMKOBaSI 6aWHSI

BOli1HA on~Tb CTAHOBV1TC~ V1CKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rr.

BOHHbl XI B. <J>parMeHT KOBpa H3 6a~e

co3,aaH/IIe arrepa, Mnlll HacbmHoro eana, no3eon5110ll.lero 3aH51Tb Ha.a oca)l(,aaeMoii1 reep,ab!Heii1 rocno.aCTBYIOll.lYIO Bb!cory. Bo-nepBbiX, 9TO 06b51CH51fl0Cb HeXBaTKOii1 /KIIIBOii1 Clllflbl- eeponeii1cK/IIe apM/11111 ocraeanMcb cpaBHIIITeflbHO MaflO'l/IICneHHb/M/11, a ,afl51 HaCblnK/11 60flbWOro arrepa rpe6oeanMCbKonoccanbHble rpy.aoeb!e pecypcbl. Bo-eroPbiX, eeponeii1cK/IIe KpenocrM, KaK npaeMno, pacnonaran111cb r.ae-HM6y,ab e ropax, Ha He.aocrynHoii1 Bblcore, raK 'lTO Hill o KaKoM arrepe 111 pe'lllllll,aTIII He Momo. TaKIIIM o6pa30M, 'lall.le ecero oca/K,aaiOll.lMe MOrfl/11 paCC'liiiTb/BaTb TOflbKO Ha o.aHo: yMopMTb oca)l(aeHHbiX rono.aoM; 9TO Ill CTaHOBMflOCb Ha npOT51/KeHIIIM onMCb!BaeMoro nepMo.aa maBHbiM cpe.acreoM ee.aeH/1151 oca,abl, 6onee YHIIIBepcanbHbiM, 'leM KOr,aa 6b! TO Hill 6b!n0. nocKOflbKY co.aep/KaTb apMIIIIO e re'leH/IIe Heonpe.aeneHHO .aonroro cpoKa MOHapxaM 111 MX eaccanaM 6bmo cnMwKOM CflO/KHO M,aoporo, o6na,aaBWa51 XOPOWMM/11 3anacaMIII npOBIII3MM Kpenocrb IIIMena ece waHCbl BbJ,aep/KaTb oca.ay.

TAKTHKA CYXOIIYTHhiX 1iOEBhiX ,[J:EHCTBHH 063op lnaeHoii1 y.aapHoii1 c111noii1 Ha npom/KeHM/11 oniiiCb!BaeMoro nepMo.aa ocraeanacb KaeanepM51, o.aHaKo B03pacrano M3Ha'leH/IIe nexorbl. Ell.le .ao KpecroBbiX noxo.aoe 3ana.o,Hoeeponeii11..lbl y51CHIIInlll, 'lTO, np111 npo'l/IIX paBHbiXYCflOBIII51X, apM/1151, BKfliO'laiOll.la51 B CBOii1 COCTaB H8.ll,e/KHOe neXOTHoe no.apa3,aeneHIIIe, MMeer npeIIIMYll.lecreo H8.ll, BOii1CKOM 'lMCTO KOHHb!M, nOCKOflbKY nexora MO/KeT o6ecne'4111Tb Kaeanep11110 Heo6xo.aMMbiM npocrpaHCTBOM ,afl51 MaHeBpa, a raJOKe 3axear111Tb 111 y.aep/KaTb rocno.acreyiOll.lllle BbiCOTbl 111nM K!IIO'leBble n03111/..lllllll. no9TOMY MHOrllle eBponeii1CK/IIe BOeHa'laflbHIIIK/11 Hepe,aKO Bb/Hy;K,aeHbl 6b!nlll npMKa3b/BaTb 'laCTM CBOIIIX pbl/..lapeii1111fllll T51/Keflb/X KOHHMKOB cneWIIITbC51, '4T06 o6ecne'4MTb neXOTHOe BOii1CKO, HeHa,ae/KHOe, qacro Ha6paHHoe no eaccanbHoii1 nOBMHHOCTM 1113 He06Y4eHHbiX, nnoxo eoopy/KeHHbiX KpecTb51H,

KpenKIIIM y,aapHb/M 51,apOM. VfHor,aa ece nexoTHoe no.apa3.aeneHMe Morno COCT051Tb 1;13 O,aHIIIX cneweHHb/X pbl/..lapeii1, nOCKOflbK)I9TIII BOIIIHblflY'lwe eoopy/KeHHble, e 6onee Ha,ae/KHb!X.aocnexax Mnplll,aep/KIIIBaiOll.l/11eC51 KO,aeKCa 'leCTM, a 3Ha'4MT, KaK-TO no,a'4111H5110ll.llllec51,alllcl..llllnn111He, MornM Bb/CT051Tb npOTMB KaBanepMii1CKOii1 araKIII, Kor.aa o6bNHa51 nexora .aaeHO o6par111nacb 6bJ B 6ercreo. A raK KaK IIICnOflb30BaTb no,ao6Hb/M o6pa30M Kaeanep/1110, CHap51/KeH/IIe KOTOpoii1 CTOIIIflO HeMaflb/X cpe,aCTB, 51BHO 3Ha'l/llfl0 BbJ6paCb/BaTb ,aeHbrM Ha Berep, cpe,aHeBeKOBOe IIIHTYMTMBHOe 9KOHOMM'leCKOe Mb/WfleHMe np/IIBeno K OC03HaHIIIIO He06XO,aMMOCTM pa3B/IIBaTb npocpeCCMOHBnbHYIO, XOPOWO CHap51/KeHHYIO, ,aiiiCI..lMnnMHIIIPOBaHHYIO nexory. )J,ononHIIITenbHblii1111Mnynbc nplll.aan 9TOMY npoueccy onb!T KpecroBbiX noxo.aoe. Cpa/Ka51cb c nerKIIIMIII no,aB/11/KHb/M/11 'laCT51MIII MYCYflbMaH, KpeCTOHOC/..lbl 06Hapy/KIIIflM, 'lTO 3anor ycnexa e Koop,aiiiHal..lMM .aeii1CTBIIIii1 nexorbl M KaeanepiiiM. B caMOM CKOPOM epeMeH/11 3TO OC03HaflM 111 MycynbMaHe, maeHoii1uenbiO

BOEH HbiE TEH)J.EH LJ.ltU'l

CTOHOC~b/ OC03H8JIVI, 'ITO no OTHeBOW MOryT npOTVIBOnOCTBBVITb VIM

HY/0 apa6CKYIO VI erVIneTCKY/0 nexo-

XPVICTVIBHCKVIe K8B8JiepVIWCKVIe 'IBCTVI

MO~VI

TY C KOHHb/MVI fiY'IHVIKBMVI Vl3 MBMe-

OT neXOTHbiX, 8 nOTOM pa36VITb no-

JIVIWb MBCCVIPOBBHHb/W ap6aneTHb/W

fi/OKOB { pa60B TIOPCKOTO VIJIVI K8BK83CKOTO npoVICXO)I(.tJ,eHVIfl). Ho ner'le

KOTOpbJX B Cp8)1(eHVIVI CTBnO OT.tJ,eJIMTb

O.ll,VIHO'IKe. npVI.tJ,ep)I(VIBB>ICb VIMeHHO

o6cTpen. CTexnopoHVInpVIKB)I(.ll,OM

9TOW TBKTVIKVI, Canax-a,a-Jl,VIH { Cana-

y.ao6HoM cny'lae nycKanVI Tfl)l(enyJO

eoopy;KeHHbJe MycynbMaHe npaKTVI-

.ll,VIH) HBTOJIOBY pa36VIJI BOWCKB Kpec-

KBBBflepVI/0 B pewaJO~Y/0 BTBKY cpa-

'IeCKVI He VIMeJIVI WBHCOB npOTVIB eB-

TOHOC~eB B XbJTTVIHCKOM no6om~e.

3Y ecne.a 38 ap6aneTHbJM o6cTpe-

KpecToHoc~bJ, B ceo10 oqepe.ab,

noM, noKa HenpVI>!Tenb

MBJIO-nOMBJIY Y'IVIJIVICb H8f18)1(VIB8Tb

wen B ce6fl VI He nepeCTpoVIn pR.aoe.

B38VIMO.tJ,eWCTBVIe KOHHb/X VI neWVIX

TypKVI, e ceo10 o'!epe.ab, TBK)I(e

e~e

He npVI-

ponefl~eB, ecnVI nocne.aHVIM y.aaeanocb HBnB.ll,VITb KOOp.ll,VIHB~VI/0 .aefiCTBVIW neXOTb/ VI K8B8JiepVIVI.

qacTew; VIHor.aa 9TO VIM .aa)l(e y.aaea-

06Hapy)I(VIJIVI, 'ITO .ll,Jif160pb6bJ C Kpe-

nocb, HanpVIMep, Kor.aa PVI'Iap.a B nyx

CTOHOC~BMVI He06XO.ll,VIMb/ KOOp.tJ,VI-

VI npax pa3rpoMVIfl Cana.aVIHa npVI

HVIPOBBHHb/e .tJ,eWCTBVI>I neWVIX VI KOH-

Apcycj>e.

Hb/X BOWCK. Cy.tJ,fl no BCeMy, VIMeHHO

He~

Canax-a.a-Jl,VIH nepebJM ycnewHo

OT K8B8JiepVICT8, paBHb/M o6p830M C

COe.tJ,VIHVIJI B O.ll,HOM BOWCKe cj>BHBTVI'I-

TO'IeK 3peHVI>I npeCTVI)I(HOCTVI VI 6oe-

Y)l(e nocne nepBbJX CTbJ'IeK c Type~KVIMVI

KOHHb/MVI fiY'IHVIKBMVI Kpe-

3anaAHOeapone~cKOe

fleXOTHaR TaKTHKa j],a)l(e K KOH~Y nepVIO.l1,8 neXOTVI-

BOOPY'f'9HI1e IX-XII BB.

BCe

e~e 3H8'1VITeflbHO

OTCTBBan

BOV1 HA on~Tb CTAHOB V1TC~ V1CKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rT.

ao£4 ar:Pr:PeKTMBHOCTM. B cpa%eHl!11!1

nonoa, KaK npaa111no, eaponei414ea

no,[!pbtBano BOeHHbte B03MO%HOCTI!1

nexom npaKTw-leCKM He MaHeapMpo-

MHOrl!IX r:fieo,[!aflbHbiX BflaCTl!ITene£4.

BTOporo nOKOfleHl!lfl, pO,[!l!IBWl!IXCfl y;Ke a CMpMM 1. 1!1cnaHCKMe xpMCTMa-

TOM, '-IT06bt TBep,[!O y,£!ep%1!1BaTb no-

He TaK%e BBO,[!l!lfll!l B COCTaB apM1!11!1

flOCb B TOM, '-IT06bt o6ecne'-ll!1Tb flO-

3111/411110 111 o6ecne'-IMBaTb Kaaanep11110

cxoAHbte nerKMe KaaanepMMCKMe

Wa,[!bMl!ll!l Tf/)l(eflbiM BOOpy;KeHl!leM

Ha,£!e%HOM 6a30M Aflfl MaHeapeHHOM

COe,[!l!IHeHl!lfl; l!IX KOHHbte KOneM11.1,1!1-

Hal!16onee cnoco6HbtX K aoeHHOM npo-

aTaKl!l, pewa1011.1,eM l!ICXO,[! 61!1TBbl, a

Kl!1, TaK Ha3btBaeMbte ,[!%eHMTYPbl,

r:PeccMM npOCTOfliO,[!l!IHOB, KOTOpbte

TaJOKe ( CM. BbtWe) B TOM, '-IT06bt ne-

ocy11.1,eCTBflf/fll!1 pa3Be.£!KY 111 np1!1Kpbt-

cpa%afll!1Cb 6bt60K 0 6oK C pbtJ4apf/Ml!1

pe,[! KOHHOM aTaKOM MaCCl!lpOBaHHO

Tl!1e, a TaJOKe y'-laCTBOBafll!l B CTbi'-IKaX

111 MOrnl!l 6b!Tb npl!13BaHbl B fli060M MO-

o6cTpenMaaTb npoTMBHMKa 1113 ap6a-

c nerKoM KaaanepMeM Maapoa.

MeHT, ecn111 ceHbopy no KapMaHy nna-

aana. 3a,[!a'-!a ee 3aKniO'-Ianacb

neToa, ,[!a6bt noabtCMTb waHcbt Kaaanepl!11!1 Ha ycnex.

KasanepnifcKafl TaKTHKa B aToT nepMOA cy11.1,ecTaoaanM

CaMOO'-IeBl!I,[!HOe peweHl!le 3aKJ110'-Ia-

nonbtTKl!l BBeCTl!l KOHHbiX ny'-IHl!I-

Tl!ITb 111M 111 CO,[!ep%aTb l!IX. 3aanl!1Cb OHM

KOB B COCTaB apMl!IM, ,£!eMCTBYI011.1,1!1X

Tf/)l(eflb!Ml!l BCa,[!Hl!IKaMl!l, 111 nocTeneH-

a Eapone, K ycnexy He npMaenM, xorn

HO TepMl!IH «mileS» Ha '-!afll!l npl!IMeHf/Tb

K ycnyraM KOHHbiX ny'-IHl!IKOB 1113 BeH-

He TOflbKO K pbtJ4apf/M, HO 111 K Hl!IM. i..JT0-

repCKl!IX l!lfll!l TypeJ4Kl!1X HaeMHl!IKOB

6bt CO,[!ep%aTb nOCTOf/HHYIO apMl!IIO,

MHOrAa 3,£!ecb ace-TaKM npM6eranM.

KOPOflb l!lfll!l r:fie0,£!8flbHbiM BeflbMO%a

Tpl!l '-!eTKO pa3fll!1'-lai011.1,1!1XCfl Tl!lna Ka-

He npl!13btaan cao111x aaccanoa Ha

aanepl!11!1. Bo-nepabtX, KOHHbte ny'-1-

Cfly;K6Y, a 6pan C Hl!IX ,[!eHbrBMl!l, '-ITO

Hl!IKM Bl!13aHTl!1MCKOM 111 rypeJ4KOM ap-

ycTpaMaano ace 3al!1HTepecoaaHHbte

Ml!IM; np111 3TOM Bl!13aHTl!1MCKl!1e 6btnl!1 cy11.1,eCTBeHHO 6onee .£!1!1CJ4MnnMHl!1poaaHbt, ny'-lwe 3a11.1,11111.1,eHbt 111 cno-

BOEHHAH CJIY)KEA B CPE)J,HEBEKOBOH EBPOIIE

CTOpOHbl. Ha nnoxo o6y'-!eHHYIO 111 cna6o

co6Hbt npl!l He06X0,£!1!1MOCTl!1 ,[!eM-

,[!efll!l, nonaraTbCfl 6btno Henb3fl, TaK

CTBOBaTb B Ka'-!eCTBe Kaaanepl!11!1 BTOporo TMna -

Tf/%enoi4 y,[!apHo£4 KOH-

ao-

opy%eHHYIO neXOTy, KaK Mbl y;Ke Bl!l-

'-ITO KOMaHAY1011.1,1!1e 6btfll!1 BbtHy)f(,ll.eHbl KaK Mbt y%e BM,[!enM, rnaaHoM

cnew111aaTb pbtJ4apei4 111 Tf/%enbtX

Hl!1J4bt. 8 pa MKaX 3TOrO BTOporo Tl!lna

y,[!apHo£4 cMno£4

r:Peo,[!anbHOM 3a-

BCa,[!Hl!IKOB. 3TO, B CBOIO 0'-lepe,[!b,

HenpeB30M,£!eHHOMf/Bflf/flaCb3ana,£!-

na,£!Hoeaponei4cKoi4 apMMM 6btna m-

np111aeno K He06X0,£!1!1MOCTl!11!13 '-ll!ICTO

HOeaponeMCKaf/ KaaanepMfl; Hl!l O,[!Ha

%enafl Kaaanepl!lf/. nocKOflbKY opy-

3KOHOMl!1'-leCKl!1X C006pa%eHl!1M opra-

apMl!lf/ B Ml!lpe He MOrna BbiCTOf/Tb

%1!1e 111 ,[!ocnex111 cToMnM ,[!oporo, no-

Hl!130BbtBaTb Ha,[!e%HYIO npor:fieCCl!IO-

npOTl!IB paBHOrO no '-ll!ICfleHHOCTl!l

Ha'-!any cHapf/%aTb ce6fl MornM Tonb-

HaflbHYIO neXOTY, HOpMaflbHO aoopy-

r:fipaHKCKOrO BOMCKa ( r:fipaHKaMl!l Bl!1-

KO 6oraTbte apMCTOKpaTbt.

111 nepao-

%eHHYIO 111 CHapf/%eHHYIO, XOTfl He C

3aHT1!1MJ4bll!1 MYCYflbMaHe Ha3btBanl!1

Ha'-lanbHo ,[!peBHepl!IMCKl!IM TepMl!IH

TaKl!IM pa3MaXOM, KaK BOOpy;Kafll!l 111

acex 3ana,[!Hoeaponei4!4eB)- 3aKo-

«miles» ( BOMH) npMMeHf/flCfl nMWb no

CHapf/%afll!1 KOHHl!IKOB. 8 OCHOBHOM,

aaHHbtX B KOflb'-lyry pbtJ4ape£4 111 Tf/)l(e-

OTHOWeHl!IIO K Hl!IM; TaKl!IM o6pa30M,

neXOTl!1H/4bl 6btnl!1 KOneM11.1,1!1KaMl!1;

flbiXKOHHl!IKOB. 8-TpeTbl!IX, 3TOnerKaf/

3fll!1Ta Tf/)l(eflOM Kaaanepl!11!1 O,[!HO-

maBHaf/ 3a,[!a'-!a l!IX B cpa%eHl!11!13aK-

apeMeHHOnpl!1Ha,[!fle%anaKcpe,[!He-

fliO'-Ianacb B TOM, '-IT06bt CTOf/Tb COMK-

BeKOBOMY pbtJ4apCTBY.

HYTOM r:PanaHro£4, y,£!ep%1!1BaTb no31!1-

KaaanepMfl, KaK npaa111no,

nerKMX

,[!ocnexax 111 aoopy%eHHafl KOnbeM 111 Me'-IOM. npMMeHf/Tb nerKyiO KOHHII1/4Y

ii13MeHeHl!1fl B CflO)I(l!IBWeMCfl Cl!1TY-

/411110 111 o6ecne'-IMBaTb onopHyiO 6a3y,

aKa '-!ecTae y,[!apHo£4 cMnbt ocMenMaa-

aJ41!11!16btnl!1 nopo)f(,ll.eHbt ABYMfl r:fiaKTo-

noKa M,[!eT ap6aneTHafl «apTno,[!ro-

nMcb TOflbKO apa6bt, erMnrnHe 111 ce-

paMM. Bo-nepabtX, 3HaTbl!1KoponMo6-

TOBKa» l!lfll!l MaHeBpl!lpyeT Tf/)l(eflaf/

aepoa¢pMKaH/4bt; 3TO 06bf/CHf/eT,

HapYJK1!1fll!1, '-ITOAflfl opraHM3a/41!11!1 o6o-

Kaaanepl!lf/. KaK pa3 TaKMe nexoTMH-

no'-!eMy KpeCTOHOC/4bl ,£!0 nOf/BfleHl!lfl

poHbtl!1nl!1 HacrynneHMfl Heo6xoAMMO

/4bt OT61!1fll!1 aTaKYHeMe/4Kl!1X pbtJ4ape£4

Ha Ml!lpoao£4 apeHe Canax-a,[!-)J.MHa

BOMCKO 6onee MHOrO'-Il!ICfleHHOe, '-!eM

111 o6ecne'-1Mnl!1 no6e,£!y MMnaHcKoM

cTonb ycnewHo aoeaan111 npoTMB

B03MO%HO Ha6paTb cpe.£!1!1 MenKono-

Kaaanepl!11!1 Ha,[! BOMCKOM ctJpl!l,[!pl!IXa

MHOrOKpaTHO npeBOCXO,£!f/11.1,1!1X no

MeCTHoro ,[!BOpf/HCTBa, CBf/3aHHOrO C

5ap6apOCCbl B 61!1TBe no,£! fleHbf/HO.

'-ll!ICfleHHOCTl!l erMneTCKl!IX Cl!lfl.

Hl!1Ml!1 aaccanbHOM 3aBl!1Cl!1MOCTbiO.

Bnpo'-!eM, 111 KpecTOHOCJ4bt, Koe-

5onee Taro, cpoK cny;K6bt aaccana

'-ITO nepeHf/B y Bl!13aHTl!1M/4eB 111 My-

apMMM CI03epeHa Aflfl HacTynaTenb-

cynbMaH, CaMl!l CTafll!11!1CnOflb30BaTb

HbtX onepa14111i4 6btn '-!eTKO oroaopeH 111,

nerKyiO Kaaanep11110 Aflfl 3a,[!a'-l npM-

KaK npaa111no, He,[!onor; '-ITO cepbe3HO

KpbtTl!lfl 111 pa3Be.£!Kl!1, a TaJOKe opraHl!130BbtBaTb no,[!pa3,£!eneHl!1fl KOHH btX ny'-IHMKOB. B nerKyiO Ka aanep11110 npl!1Hl!1Mafll!1Cb 111 HaeMHl!IKl!l 1113 MyCYflbMaH; no3%e OTPfiAbt nerKoaoopy%eHHbtX KOHHbiX ny'-IHl!IKOB CTafll!l Ha61!1paTb 1113 TaKHa3btBaeMbiXTYPKO-

HacKonbKO l!13BeCTHO,

a XII a eKe ny'-1-

Wl!IX KoneM11.1,1!1KOB roTOBMnM a HM,[!epnaH,[!ax. E11.1,e paHbwe,

a AHrn111111,

Hear:P-

r:PeKTMBHocTb onon'-!eH'-!ecKoro cPMPAa 3acTaa111na Koponfl KHYTa Ha6paTb

1 Ey)zy'IH BeJlliKJIM HcropHKoM, ):\lK. <l>ynnep TeM He MeHee B CBoefi «BoeHHOH HCTOpHH 3ana,u;Horo MHpa» (T. 1, c. 424) oiiiH6o'!Ho rronaran, 6ywo TYPKOIIOJ!hl - 3TO He3aKOHHop0lK)IeHHh!e )leTli KpeCTOHOCI.(eB H CHpHHCKIIX lKeH!Iij1H (rrpHMe'!. T. H 3. ):\JOIIlOH) .

60flbWYIO neXOTHYIO raap,£!1!110, TaK Ha3btaaeMbtX xycKepnoa, KOTOpbte CTafll!l fiAPOM era r:fie0,£!8flbHOM apM1!11!1 111 f/Bnflnl!lcb maaHo£4 y,£!apHoi4 cMno£4 aHrnl!IMCKOro BOMCKa ,£!0 pa3rpoMa B 6111Tae npMiacTMHrce.

BOEHH~ETEHAEHU~~

Koe-KTO 113 3HaTI1 3aHI1MancH TeM, 'ITO Ha611pan 11 o6y'lan u.en&te HaeMHbte apMI111, a nOTOM «C/],aBan a apeHAY" APYII1M api1CTOKpamM 11n11 KOpOnfiM, ecn11 TeM 6&tnO He no KapMaHy CO/l,ep)l(aTb nOCTOf/HHOe BOMCKO 11n11 nepe/1, HI1MI1 BCTaBana 3a/l,a'la, c Kompotli pe,-ynHpHaH apMI1fl OKa3btBanaCb He B COCTOf/HI111 cnpaBI1TbCR. Kol/l,a Bl1n&len&M I 3aaoeaamn&, ,-epu,o,- HopMaH/l,CK11tli, BTOpiCfl B AHtnl110, 3Ha'II1TenbHYIO 'laCTb e10 apMI111 COCTaBnflnl1 HaeMHI1KI1.

MOPCKME BOEHHbiE .IJ:EMCTBIDI

MopcKor:16oH

(XII

B.). CTeHHaH pocniiiCb BO ABop'-'e npaBIIITenbCTBa B C111eHe

XII

ace Cpe/1,113eMHOMOp&e KOHTponl1-

Hanpi1Mep, a

poaanl1 ¢noT&t 3TI1X 'leT&tpex CTpaH.

cTpaH&t /llmn1111 11 CMu,MnMH 113PRAHO

aeKe npi1MOpCKI1e

B 3TOT nepi10/1. oco6eHHO Bbtpoc-

Bl13aHTI1MCKI1M ¢noT npe6&taan a 3a-

pa360taTenl1 Ha nepeao3Ke apMMM

no MOpCKOe MOIYll.leCTBO 11TanbfiH-

MeTHOM yna/],Ke, maBHb/M 06pa30M,

KpecmHocu,ea a CBRTYIO 3eMntO, a

CKI1X np11MOpCKI1X IOpO/l,OB-IOCy-

6nam/l,apH pa3opeHI110 no6epe)/(bfl

nOTOM Ha CHa6)1(eHMI1 MX npOBMaH-

/l,apCTB BeHeU,I111, nl13b/ 11 leHyl1.

AHamn1111 ( Manotli A31111) nocne 611T-

TOM 11 opy)/(MeM. He 6yA& Mycyn&-

Cl1n&Hotli MopcKotli /l,ep)/(aaotli cTano

Bbt np11 MaHU.11KepTe.

MaHCK11tli ¢noT M31HaH 113 Cpe/l,M-

11 HOpMaHHCKoe KHfl)l(eCTBO a C11u,11n1111. K KOHU.Y

XII

aeKa npaKTI1'1eCKI1

C/JnoTcKaH MOll.lb c&,-pana pewaIOll.lYIO pon& a Kpe cma&tx noxo/l,ax.

3eMHOMOp&H a Hao;ane XI aeKa, /l,a)/(e 'laCTM'IHbttli y cnex Kpecma&tx noxo/l.OB OKa3ancR6bt HeB03MO)I(eH. /naBHb/M/11 60eBb/MI1 KOpa6nRMI1 6&tnl1, KaK 113a MHOIO BeKOB /1,0 TOIO, /],nMHHbte HI13KMe lanepbl, KaK npaBMnO, c pa6aMM Ha aecnax. MeTO/l,bl MOpCKMX BOeHHb/X /l,eMCTBI1M B Oni1CbtBaeMbltA nepl10/], npaKTI1'1eCKI1 He 113 MeHI1nMCb. 3a/l,a'la n106010 MOpCKOIO 60R CBO/l,MnaCb K TOMy, 'IT06bt npompaHMTb 11n11 B3RTb Ha a6op/l,a)/( KOpa6nb npOTMBHMKa. ECTb KOCBeHHbte /],aHHble , 'ITO B

XI aeKe a

K11me, KOIAa

y anaCTI1 Ha -

XO/l,Mnac& CeaepHaH AMHaCTMR CyH, Ha'lanM nOnb30BaTbCfl nepBb/M/11 npMMI1TI1BHb/MI1 KOMnaCaMI1 .

QEPKOBb M BOEHHAH UOJIMTMKA 0611.1111H BillA nerKor:1 BeHe'-'lllaHCK0.:1 ranepbl. 3Ta ranepa ,AniiiHOIO OKano WlllpiiiHOIO

5,0-5,2

M Ill OCa,AKOH

1, 75-1,9

M SlBnHnaCb y,AniiiHeHHbiM

HIII3K060pTHbiM CYAHOM C XOpOWIIIMIII XOAOBbiMIII Ka'!eCTBaMI/I no,A BecnaMI/I j B Ka'leCTBe BCnOMOraTenbHOrO Cpe,ACTBa ,AnSI ,ABIIIJKeHIIIH OHa HOCIIIna KOCble

3ana,qHasr u,epKOBb B mop1111 KaTOnl1'1ecKaR u.epKOBb nocne/l,OBaTen&HO BbtCTynana npo-

(naTI/IHCKIIIe) napyca Ha O,AHOH 111n111 ABYX Ma'!TaX. 0Tniii'II/ITenbHaH OC06eHHOCTb

TMB )f(eCTOKOCTI1 11 HaCMnMfl, u,apMB-

ranep -

WMX a Eapone a Cpe/l,HMe aeKa. Ha

,AniiiHHble pe111, B HeKOTOpbiX Cny'laSlX nO'ITIII paBHble ,AniiiHe CaMOH ranepblj nepeA 6oeM napyca y6111pan111Cb

npaKTMKe )/(e u,epKOBb pean&HO no-

BOli1HA on~Tb CTAHOBV1TC~ V1CKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rr.

c:J -KaTOIUI~H3M D

-npaBOCMBHe

0 -HCMM

PenHnm H OCHOBHble 14epKBH B Eapone K H3"f3ny XII B.

HflfMana, c KeM uMeeT .aeno, 111 Hepe.aKo ee ee.ayll..lue uepapxu nanbJ, Kap.auHanbJ 111 enucKonbJ npflfMeHRflflf CflfflY .ll.flR .fl.OCTflf)KeHflfR ~epKOBHb/X ~eneilt KaK.tJ.YXOBHbiX, TaK 111 MflfPCKflfX ( oco6eHHO noKa .anunacb 3aTR)I(HaR 6opb6a Me>Kay nanaMu 111 HeMe~KflfMflf flfMnepaTOpaMflf). Co6cTBeHHO, o.auH 1113 napa.aoKcoe BpeMeHII138KIIFO<iancR B TOM, <ITO HeKOTOpbJe CBRll..leHHOCflY)I(flfTenflf nu<~Ho y<~acTeoeanu B 6oeBbJX .aelltCTBflffiX. MHOTflfe 1113 HflfX CKOpee no30Pflfflflf CBOW CaH, <!eM cnoco6CTBOBBnflf cnaee ~epKeu; KaK npaeuno, 9TO 6bJnflf apflfCTOKpaTbl, npflfHf/BWflfe caH He no npfi13BaHflfFO, a .aa6bJ o6paTfi1Tb K C06CTBeHHOW Bb/TO.tJ.e npflfBflfnerflfflf, KOTOpbJMflf ~epKOBb nOflb30eanacb B MflfPY. C .ll.PYTOW CTOPOHbl, MHOTflfe BOflfHb/-CBRll..leHHflfKflf6bJnflf flfCKpeHHe BePYIOll..lflfMflf 111 craparenbHO 11136eranu 6111TB, ~enb KOTOpbJX, no flfX MHeHflfiO,

6bJna HeCOBMeCTflfMa C y<ieHflfeM ~epKBflf. HanpuMep, enucKon AaeMap .11.10 n10111 Bepun, <ITO, cpa)l(aRCb C HeBepHb/Mflf, CaMb/M npf!Mb/M o6pa30M cnoco6cTeyeT TOp)l(eCTBY xpucTuaHCTBa 111 cnaee rocno.aHeilt. B 9Tflf )l(e eeKa OTMe<~eHbJ nepebJe nonbJTKflf ~epKBflf KaK-TO KOHTpOflflfpoBaTb unu orpaHflf<iflfBaTb eoiltHbJ: npe.anpflfHflfManocb flfX, KaK MflfHflfMYM, Tpflf. nepBaf/ nonbJTKa 6bma B KOH~e X eeKa ( npuMepHo 990 r.), Kor.aa lj>paH~Y3CKafl ~epKOBb cTana nponoee.aoeaTb enonHe noHf!THbJilt npuH~un, <ITO BO BpeMf/ BOeHHb/X .aeiltCTBflfW Heflb3fl npflf<iflfHf/Tb Bpe.a CBflll..leHHflfKaM, MOHaXaM 111 MOH8Xfi1Hf/M. no3)1(e 9TO 6bJnO pacnpOCTpaHeHO Ha nacTyxoe, wKonbHflfKOB, Toproe~ee 111 nyTewecTBeHHflfKOB. Ell..le no3)l(e - Ha ~epKBflf 111 Ha flFO.tJ.eilt, flf.ll.Yll..lflfX T}'.ll.a Ha BOCKpeCHYIO Cfl}'>K6y flfflflf CO cny)l(6bJ. 0TcFO.aa 111 npoucxo.auT,

npaKTflf<ieCKflf noeceMecTHoe, npu3HaHue ~epKOBHb/X 3.tJ.aHflfW KaK HenpflfKOCHOBeHHOTO y6e)l(flflJ..Ia. YcnoBflffl «Mflfpa bO)I(bero» 6onee unu MeHee <~ecTHo co6n10.aanucb no ecellt Eepone, eepof!THO, noToMy <ITO He CflflfWKOM npenRTCTBOBBnflf 6oeBb/M .aeiltCTBflff/M. Gonee eceo6beMnFOll..lflfM 111, coOTBeTCTBeHHO, MeHee 9lj>lj>eKTflfBHbJM, 6bmo «nepeMupue bO)I(be». 9To ~epKOBHoe npe.anucaHue, BnepBb/e 06bRBneHHOe, HaCKOflbKO 1113BecTHo, e Ha<~ane XI eeKa e AKBflfTaHflfflf, 3anpelJ..Iano cpa)l(aTbCfl no BOCKpeceHbf/M. noHa<!any OHO C06nFO.tJ.aflOCb, HO KOT.tJ.a enflfCKOnbJ 3anpeTunu cpa)l(aTbCfl 111 e cy66oTy, a nOTOM C Be<!epHflf B cpe.ay .11.0 BOCXO.tJ.a B noHe.aenbHflfK, a TaK)I(e e npo.aon)l(eHue ecero BenuKoro nocTa, Po)l(.tJ.eCTBeHcKoro nocra 111 no eceM ~epKOBHb/M npa3.tJ.Hfi1KaM, CTano, no npeflfMYll..leCTBY, flfTHOpflfpOBaTbCfl. TpeTbe ~epKOBHoe npe.anucaHue Ha BOeHHYIO TeMynpe.tJ.CTaBflflflO C06oilt, no)l(anyllt, nepey10 e ucTopuu nonbiTJ<Y KOHTpOnR H8.11. BOOp}'>KeHflff/Mflf, KOCBeHHO nO.tJ.TBep)l(.tJ.aBWY/0 9l/>l/>eKTflfBHOCTb ap6aneTa. BaruKaHCKflfM 9.11.111KTOM 1139 TO.Il.Y 9TO opy)l(flfe KaK cnuwKoM eapeapcKoe 6bmo 38npelJ..IeHo K npuMeHeHflfFO e 6oeBb/X .aeiltCTBflff/X Me/K;ay XPflfCTflfaHaMflf; npae.aa, nonb30BaTbCfl 111M, BOIOfl C MYCYflbMaHaMflf flfflflf flfHb/Mflf HeeepHbJMflf, pa3pewanocb 6ecnpenfiTCTBeHHO.

Bocro'IHaR l.lepKos& B Bu3aHTflfiltcKoilt uMnepuu npaeocnaeHafl ~epKOBb OTHOCflfflaCb K eo litHe 111 y6uiltcTBY 6onee 6ecKoMnpoMflfCCHO, He)l(eflflf KaTOflflf<ieCKaR, <!ero 111 cne.aoeano O)l(flf.fl.BTb oT o6ll..leCTBa 6onee eynbrypHoro 111 He cTonb arpecCflfBHOTO. O.aHaKO KOHCTaHTflfHOnOnbCKflfe naTpuapm npfi13Haeanu y6uiltcTeo npu caM038ll..lfi1Te 111 omycKanu e 9TOM cny<~ae rpexu, npu<~eM, caMo3all..lfi1Ta flfMenacb B Bflf.ll.Y KaK flfH.Il.flfBflf.ll.YBnbHaR, TaK 111 rocy.aapcTBeHHafl.

3AnA)J.HA~

EBPOnA

3AIINUIAH EBPOIIA AHr.JIMH tlnnacnt'leCKaR 6op&6a caKcos, p,aHOB H HOpMaHHOB,

1000-1066 rr. B caMOM Ha'lane aeKa c noco6Hbli1 npaavTTenb ,D,aHIII/11 Kopon b CaeH Blllno6opo,ll,bli1, aocnonb30BancR 6ecCIIInllleM KOpOnR C8KCOB 3Tenbpe.n.a HepewiiiTenbHoro 111 Ha'lan 3aaoeaaHIIIe AHm/11111, 3aaepweHHOe era CbiHOM KH}'TOM, 6necTRll.IIIIM npaaiiiTeneM Ill BOeH8'18flbHIIIKOM, B30We,ll,WIIIM Ha npecmn nocn e CMepTIII cmpwero CbJHa 3Tenbpe.n.a, 3.n.MyH.n.a II )Kene3H060KO/O. nplll KH}'Te AHmlllfl 6ecnpeL(e,ll,eHTHO .n.onro Hacna>K,ll,anacb MlllpOM Ill npOL(BeT8HIIIeM; B TO

>Ke apeMR KHYT pacwlllp/1/n rpaH/1/L(bl c ao111x ana.n.eHIIIiii, 3aaoeaaa Hopae111110, WoTnaH,ll,lll/0 111 '18CTb Wael..(/11111. noao.n.oM ,ll,flfl L(enoro pr~.n.a ,ll,IIIHaCTIII'IeCKIIIX BOMH, 38n}'T8HHb/X Ill cjJyH,l1,8MeHT8flbHO CK838BWII/XC!il H8 ,l1,8flbHei1wefiiiiiCTOp111111 CTp8Hbl, nOCfl}'>K/11n a >KeHIIITb6a KHyTa Ha a.n.oae 3Tenbp e.n.a HepewiiiTeflbHOro 3MMe, ,ll,O'Ieplll Plll'lap.n.a I, repl..(ora HopMaH,ll,CKOro. OT 6onee paHHeill CBR3111 y KH}'Ta 6bln CbiH laponb,ll, 3aR'Ibfl flana, 38KOHHOCTb pO>K,ll,eH/1151 KOTOpOrO npe,ll,CT8Bflflfl8Cb COBpeMeHHIIIK8M COMH/11TeflbHOill, 8 OT 6p8K8 C 3MMOM - Cb/H Xap TaKHyT. TeM ap eMeHeM 3.n.yap.n. 111 AnbcjJpe.n., .n.aoe CbJHoaei13Tenbpe.n.a 111 3MMbl ( 6paTbR 3.n.MyH.n.a II )f(ene3Ho6oKoro), )1(11/fl/11 B CCblflKe nplll ,ll,BOpe po.n.cTaeHHIIIKOB, repl..(oroa Hop-

-nepabiH Kp6CTOBbiH noXOA 2

Haaappa AparoH

fpa<jJCTBO 6apcenoHa

Macwral5

200

400

Espona

B KOHL!e

MBH,ll,CKIIIX. Hacne.n.oaaTb npecmn 6bm 11136paH /aponb,ll,, 'ITO np111aeno K TpeXCTOpOHHeill BOi1He Me)f(,ll,y /apOflb,ll,OM, XapTaKHYTOM 111 AnbcjJpe.n.oM. /aponb,ll, 3axaaTIIIn /II y6111n AnbcjJpe.n.a 111 OT6111n nonbJTK/11 XapTaKH}'Ta ( no,ll,ll,ep)f(aHHoro era MaTepbJO 3MMoi1) 38BaeaaTb TpOH. LJ,en 111 caoeill XapTaKH}'T ace )f(e ,ll,06111flCR, HO TOflbKO nocne cMepTIII laponb,ll,a, a 'lepe3 .n.aa ro.n.a yMep caM. Hacne,ll,HIIIKOM OH 11136pan caoero cmpwero cao.n.Horo 6pam 3.n.yap.n.a. lfenoaeK my6oKo penlllriii03Hbli1 Ill nOTOMY BOWe,ll,WIIIM B 11/CTOplll/0 no.n. 11/MeHeM 3.n.yap.n.a /lfcnoae,ll,H/11Ka, OH nonO)f(/1/fl Ha'!ano pacKony a 8Hifl/IIMCKOM 06ll.leCTBe, npMBe3R C C060fii KO ,ll,BOpy MH0/0'111/CfleHHb/X COBeTHIIIKOB-HOpMaHHOB. 3TO nplll-

BOli1HA on~Tb CTAHOBV1TC~ V1CKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rr. 968-1 016 rr.I._W)CTBOBAH~E 3TEJlbPEAA HEPEW~TEJlbHOfO. 1003-1013 rr. 3ABOEBAH~E AHrJl~~ AAHAM~. 0Ho 6bmo ocyl.l..leCTBneHo KoponeM CeeHoM BMno6opo,abJM npM noMOI.l..IM ero CbJHa KHyTa. 3Tenbpe.a HepewMrenbHbJW 6e)l(an B HopMaH,aM/0.

1014-1016rr. BOII'IHAME>KAY 3TEJlbPEIJ,OM ~ KHYTOM. ApMMR BTOp)l(eHMR 3Tenbpe,aa 6bJna pa36wa; 3Tenbpe.a yMep ef1oH,aoHe, KOr,aa KHyr BO maee CBOMX BOWCK no6e,aOHOCHO npM6flM)I(BnCR K ropo,ay.

1 016 r. BOII'IHA ME)I(JJ.Y KHY31J.MYHIJ,OM II :>KEJlE3H060K~M (CbiHOM 3TeJ1bpe.Qa).

TOM~

WneM. Mopaav.s.. XI a. Beno K Hey,aa'lHOW rpa)l(,aaHCKOW eolrlHe, 3aTeRHHolrllo,aeMHOM, rpalj>oM Y9cceKCKMM, M CbJHOM ero /aponb,aoM, c ~enb/0 nono)I(MTb KOHe~ BflMRHM/0 HOpMaHHOB. nocne He,aonrolrl CCblflKM t0,l1BMH CTan 6flM)I(atrlWMM M CaMb/M ,aoeepeHHb/M COBeTHMKOM 3,ayap.aa, a ecne.a 3a ero KOH'lMHOW9Ta ponb nepewna K laponb,ay, 'lTO MnOflO)I(MflO KOHe~ HOpMaHHCKOMY BflMRHM/0 npM ,aeope 3,ayap.aa l1cnoee,aHMKa. Cy.as:~ no BCeMy, nepBOHa'lBnbHO 3,ayap,a Ha3Ha'lMfl Hacne,aHMKOM BMnbrenbMa, rep~ora HopMaH,acKoro, HO Ha CMepTHOM o,ape Ha3Ban CBOMM npeeMHMKOM rpalj>a /aponb,aa ( Cb/Ha tO,l1BMHa), M BMTaH- COBeT Bb/CWetrl 3HaTM TaHOB- M36pan ero KOpOneM. nonaras:~, 'lTO no npaey aHrnMWCKMirl npecTon npMHa,ane)I(MT eMy, BMnbrenbM HopMaH,aCKMirl cnewHo npMcrynMn K no.aroroeKe BTOp)l(eHMR Ha bpMTaHCKMe OCTpOBa. Ho npe)l(,ae, 'leM lj>noT BMnbrenbMa ycnen omnbJTb M3 HopMaH,aMM, Ha'lanocb erop)l(eHMe e HopryM6PMIO, B03maens:~eMoe TocTMroM, 6paToM laponb,aa, M Hopee)I(CKMM KoponeM Xapanb,aoM Ill Xap.apa,aOM (/p03Hb1M), )l(eHaTb/M Ha ,ao'lepM KMeBcKoro KHR3R }lpocnaea My,aporo. laponb,a If pa36vm MxnpM CTaMlj>op,a-GpM,a)l(e, KaK pa3 nepe.a TeM, KaK Ha /O)I(HOe no6epe)l(be AHmMM BbJca,aMncs:~ BMnbrenbM.

BcKope nocne TOrO, KaK BMTaH M36pan ero KoponeM, 3,aMyH,a If )[(ene3Ho6oKMI1 o.aep)l(an no6e,aye 6Mree npM neH -Ceney,ae ( B COBp. rpalj>CTBe CoMepceTwMp) Ha.a ,aaHaMM no.a KOMaH,aoeaHMeM KHyra. B 6Mree npM WepcroHe ( B coep. rpalj>cree YMnrwMp) pewa101.1..1ero nepeeeca He ,ao6Mnacb HM O,aHa M3 CTOpOH. 3,aMyH,a OTOrHan OT J10H,l10Ha OCa)l(,aaBWY/0 ropo.a apMM/0 KHyTa, HO 6bm pa36Mr KHyToM B 6Mree npMAccaH,ayHe ( COBp. ropo,a AWMHrTOH B 3cceKce) - oNacrM M3-3a npe.aarenbCTBa B apMMM CBKCOB. B KOH~e KOH~OB KHYT M 3,aMyH,a II )[(ene3H06oKMI1 no.anMcanM B OnHM MMP, .aoroeopMBWMCb no.aenMTb AHmM/0: KHyr npaeMn ceeepoM crpaHbl, a 3,aMyH,a If- 10roM. BcKope nocne 9TOrO 3,aMyH,a If yMep, M BMTBH M36pan KHyra KoponeM ecelrl AHmMM.

1016-1 035 rr. UAPCTBOBA-

6pocMn Bbi30B 3nblj>rap, rpalj> MepCMM M BOCTO'lHb/X BHmOB. C0/03HMKOM ero B 9TOW, HM%MM O,l1H03Ha'lHb/M nepeBeCOM He KOH'lMBWeWCR eolrlHe, BbJCTynan lpMl/>l/>MT, Koponb CeeepHoro Y9nbca.

1063 r. BTOP)I(EH~E ~3 CEBEPHOfO Y3JlbCA. npM no.a.aep)I(Ke ceoero 6paTa TocrMra, rpalj>a HopryM6pMirlcKoro, laponb,a HaHec nopa)l(eHMe lpMlj>lj>my.

1064 r. KJlSITBA fAPOJlbAA. laponb,a noTepnen Kopa6neKpyweHMe y 6eperoe HopMaH,aMM M 6bm B3RT B nneH IBM, rpalj>oM noHTbeCKMM. lep~or BMnbrenbM BHec 38 laponb,aa BbJKYn M oceo6o,aMn M3 nneHa, HO BbiHY.l1Mfl nOK!IRCTbCR, 'lTO TOT no.a.aep)I(MT npeTeH3MM BMnbrenbMa HB TPOH AHmMM KBK 3aKOHHOrO Hacne,aHMKa 3,ayap.aa l1cnoee,aHMKa.

1065 r. MSITE)I( B HOPTYM6p~~.

TocTMr cMel.l..leH e nonb3Y MOno.aoro rpalj>a MopKapa, CbJHa rpalj>a 3nblj>rapa (eM. BbJWe) M Mna.awero 6paTa 3,aBMHa, yHacne.aoeaewero no cMeprM 3nblj>rapa TMryn rpalj>a MepcM~1cKoro. /aponb,a npM3Han Hoe oro rpalj>a, reM caMbJM o6peTR e TocTMre HenpMMMPMMoro epara.

6 S1HBapS11 066 r. CMEPTb 31J.YAPIJ.A ~cnoBEAH~KA. BMraH M36pan KoponeM laponb,aa, eowe.awero B MCTOPM/0 no,a MMeHaMM /aponb,aa CaKCOH~a M laponb,aa Hec'lacTHoro. BMnbrenbM HopMaH,aCKMirl npMrOTOBMflCR K BTOp)l(eHM/0 B }Q)I(HY/0 AHmM/0. BecHolrl M neToM laponb,a OT6Mn HeCKOflbKO Ha6erOB

H~EKHYTA.

CK8HaMHaBO~npe,aBO,l1MTeflbCTBye足

1035-1040 rr. UAPCTBOBAH~E rAPOJlbAA 3ASIYbEII'I JlAnbl. 1 040 -1 042 rr. UAPCTBOBAH~E XAPTAKHYTA. 1042-1 066 rr. UAPCTBOBAH~E 31J.YAPAA ~CnOBEIJ,H~KA. 1051 r. BOCCTAH~E fOIJ,B~足 HA ~ fAPOJlbiJ,A. 0Ho 3aKOH'lM-

Mb/Xero 6paToM TocTMroM.

nocb Hey,aa'letrl M CCblflKOW BO)I(JJ,etrl, o,aHaKo y)l(e ro.a cnycrs:~ OHM onRTb CTBnM nOflb30B8TbCR 6narOCKflOHHOCTb/0 3,ayap.aa.

1053 r. CMEPTb

fOIJ,B~HA.

laponb,a cTan rpalj>oM Y9cceKCKMM.

1055-1057 rr. fPA)I(JJ.AHCKASI BOII'IHA. BnMRHM/0 laponb,aa

CeHTS16pb 1 066 r. HOPBE)I(CKOE BTOP)I(EH~E. BolrlcKa Xapanb,aa If I Xap,apa.aa M TocTMra no.aHRnMcb Ha Kopa6ns:~x no peKe XaM6ep; HOpBe)I(CKMW KOPOflb comacMnCR c.aenaTb TocTMra rpalj>oM HopryM6pMI1CKMM, ecnM TOT nOMO)I(eT eMy 3aeoeeaTb ocTanbHY/0 AHmM/0.

20 ceHTS16pS1 1066 r. 6~TBA <J>YJl<J>OPIJ,E. Pa36MB coe,aM-

nP~

HeHHble eolrlcKa 3,aBMHa, rpalj>a MepcMirlcKoro, Mero 6paTa MopKBpa, rpalj>a HopryM6pMirlcKoro, .aPY/KMHbl Xapanb,aa Ill M TocTMra 3aHRnM f71opK. TeM epeMeHeM laponb,a co6pan ap-

3AnNJ,HA~ MM/0 M

so mase ee

16 ceHrn6pH Bbt-

cTynMI1 M3 floH.aoHa Ha ceaep.

EBPOnA

MCT04HMKaX OL!eHKM aapbMPYIOTCfl OT

we apMMM ,aaT4aH M aHri10CaKCOB

7 .ao

M3MOTa/OT ,apyr ,apyra- M 3aHf/11

50 TbtCf/4. BepoHTHO, HM)f(Hflfl

Ei~TBA

rpaHML!a 611M)f(e K MCTMHe. 0MaH, Ha-

o6opOHMTel1bHbte n03ML!MM Ha IO)f(-

nP~ CTAMOPA-6P~A>f(E. Xorn

npMMep, no11araeT, 4TO aoi1IcKo BMI1b-

HOM no6epe)f(be. 8btCTpOMB MOJ.J..j-

Ia pol1b,IJ,Y Hec4aCTHOMY M y.aa11ocb 3a-

rel1bMa HaC4MTbtBai10 12Tb1Cf/4 KaBa-

HbiM 6peaeH4aTbti1I rpopT Ha 6epery

CTaTb npOTMBHMKa Bpacni10X, TeM He

11epMM M 20 Tb!Cf/4 neXOTbl.

25 ceHTS16pSI 1066 r.

MeHee cpa)f(eHMe BbfJl.ai10Cb He6btaa-

611M3 neaeHcM, oH noc11a11 KaBal1e-

OrpoMHaH apMa.aa BMI1brel1bMa

pMi1IcKMe OTPHAbt pa30PHTb Cyc-

110 )f(eCTOKMM M KpOBaBbiM. 5MTBa AJ1M-

6bma roToaa oTnpaBMTbCfl aAHri1M/O

ceKc - no.aco6paTb npMnacoa M Bbt-

11aCb HeCKOI1bKO 4aCOB, npe)f(,l].e 4eM

}?Ke K cepe,aMHe 11eTa, HO OTnl1biTMe

HYAMTb lapOI1b,IJ,a K,aeiiiCTBMf/M.

/113 300

.ao11ro 3a,aep)f(MBai10Cb M3-3a He611a-

lapol1b,IJ, o.ao11e113a 5 CYTOK pac-

KOpa611ei1J, OTnl1biBWMX B AHri1MIO, B

ronpMHTHbtX BeTpOB. 8 KOHL!e KOHL!OB

CTOHHMe B 320 KM Me)f(,ay JllopKOM M

27 CeHTH6pf/ BeTep M3MeHMI1Cfl; CO

floH.aoHoM. Ha HeCKOI1bKO .aHeiii, c 6

HOpBe)f(CKaf/ apMMf/ yc-rynMI1a.

HopaerM/0 aepHyi1MCb TOI1bKO 24.

TocTMr, M Xapal1b,IJ,

Ill Xap.apa.a

no-

rM611M. TH)f(el1ei1IwMe noTepM noHeCI1M

Cl1e,ay/OJ.J..jero AHfl HOpMaH,aCKaf/ ap-

no 11 OKTH6pfl, OH 3a,aep)f(ai1Cfl B

0e-

flOHAOHe- Ha6paTb OnOI14eHMe M ,aaTb M3Pf/AHO noTpenaHHbiM B 6MT-

MMf/ Ha4al1a BbtCa)f(MBaTbCH611M3

M xycKapl1bl KOp011f/JapOI1b,IJ,a, e,aMH-

BeHCM. BMI1brel1bM, pa3yMeeTCH,

CTBeHHaf/ Ha TOT MOMeHT B AHmMM pe-

3Hal1 0 BTOp)f(eHMM TOCTMra M Xa-

Be npM CmMrpop.a-5pM.a)f(e xycKap-

ryi1HpHaf/ apMMfl, a TaK)f(e HOPT}'M6-

pal1b,IJ,a

Ill Xap.apa.aa; He MCKI1/04eHo,

11aM XOTb HeMHOrO nepe,aOXHYTb.

pMMCKOe M MepCMMCKOe onOI14eHMf/.

4TO Me)f(,ay HMMM ,aa)f(e 6btl1 3aKJ110-

3aTeM, ,aHeM 13 OKTH6pf!, OH npM6btl1

28ceHTS16pS11 066 r. HOPMAHACKOE BTOP>KEH~E. ApMMfl BMI1b-

4eH KaKoiii-To mi11Hbti1I co/03. OH pe-

B OKpeCTHOCTM laCTMHrca, npeo.ao-

WMI1 He BMeWMBaTbCf/ -

11eB 90 KM 3a 48 4aCOB Mapwa. 8bt6-

nyCTb 11Y4-

rel1bMa HopMaH,acKoro Bbtca,aMI1acb Ha no6epe)f(be coapeMeHHoro rparpCTBa BocT04Hbti1I CycceKc, npM611M3MTel1bHO B 1 0 KM K 10ry OT YCTbfl peKM PoTep, 611M3 .aepeaywKM neaeHCM.

2 oKTS16pSI 1066r. rAPOllbA OTnPABJlSIETCSI HA IOL KaKTOI1bKo nocTynMI10 M3BeCTMe

CPA)KEHiffi I!J>H rACTHIITCE 14 OKTHOpR 1066 r.

---

200

400 M

Bbtca.aKe

BMI1brel1bMa, lap011bA CO CBOMMM xycKapl1aMM cnewHbtM MapweM ABMHYI1Cfl Ha /Or.

14 OKTR6pR 1066 r. J>IITBA llPH fACTHHfCE (HJIH HA XOJIME CEHJIAK) E,aaa lapOI1b,IJ, Hec4aCTHbiM BCTynMI1 Ha aHri1Mi1ICKMi1I TPOH, BMI1brel1bM

HopMaH,acKMiii TYT )f(e Ha4al1 co6MpaTb apMM/0: OTBOeBbtBaTb CBOe, KaK OH C4MTal1, 3aKOHHOe HaCI1e,aCTBO. 00CKOI1bKY A11fl CTOI1b KpynHOMaCWTa6HOM M npo,aOI1)f(MTel1bHOM BOeHHOM onepaL!MM 3a npe.ae11aMM HopMaH.aMM OH He MOr paCC4MTbtBaTb Ha o6bt4Hoe rpeo.aal1bHoe onol14eHMe, 60I1bWYIO 4aCTb ero apMMM COCTaB-

..,... -··-··-··

ilOllmllll aT&Xa BopMliii]I;CKOII: IID.IIIIHQbi 11 ee OTXIJil:. IIpecneIIOBIIHHe OTXOIIHIIIeii IID.IIIIHQbi \facroKOJI llpHI<pH1llll

aBI'JIOCIIKCIIMH

(naJIBcan)

IloJIOlKelllle aJII'JIOCal(CKIIX

MI1M rpeo.aa11oa, npMBI1e4eHHbtX no.a

IIopMWI,!ICKIIC BOHCXll

IIOpMIIBIICJW.li: KOIIHHIUi

3HaMeHa BMI1brel1bMa o6ei.J..jaHMHMM

il}"DDHXB lie3)'CilCllllil> aTIIXI!

ATBD IIOpMIIBIICKOA KOIIHHIUi B Dex<mil; pasi'pOM II }'IDI'ITOlKCHHC apMHH aBI'JIOCIIKCOB

11f/11M no,apa3,ael1eHMfl HaeMHMKOB

3eMel1b M no)f(MBbt a AHri1MM. To4HaH 4MCI1eHHOCTb ero apMMM HeM3BeCTHa. B pa311M4HbtX aoeHHO-MCTOPM4eCKMX

BOitcK DOCJie llpecJie.D:OBamBI

H OTXIJ)l; ~CKHX BOitcK

BOli1HA on~Tb CTAHOBV1TC~ V1CKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rr.

3An.A)J.HA$l EBPOnA

3mt30AbiOHTBbl npH raCTHHrce. Q)parMeHTbl KOBpa H3 6a~e. KoHei,\XI B.

paB XOJIM B

13 KM

K CeBepo-3ana.n.y

or ropo.n.a, laponb.n. 3BHflfl o6opoHurenbHYFO n03M~MIO, nOCKOflbK'/ 6b!JI yBepeH, 'lTO BunbrenbM Hana.n.er npu nepBoilt )f(e B03MO)f(Hocru. KaK u C HOPMBH.ll.CKOW BPMUeilt, TO'lHBfl 'lUCJieHHOCTb BOWCKB /apOflb.ll.B He YCTBHOBJieHB. Ho, CY.ll.fl no .n.owe.n.WMM .ll.O HBC OnMCBHMf/M CpB)f(eHUfl M M3BeCTHOW WMPMHe lj>pOHTB BHmOCBKCOHCKOW BPMMM, nOXO)f(e, 'lTO B pacnopf!)f(eHuu laponb.n.a 6bmo

Tb/Cfl'l 'leJIOBeK, B TOM 'lMCJie 3 Tb/Cf/'lU xycKapnoB. Ha3bJBanucb u 6onee Bne'lBTJif/IOlJ.IUe ~ulj>pbJ, HO 9TO KpailtHe MBnOBepOf/THO, Yf.lUTbJBBfl orpBHM'leHHYIO nnoma.n.b nonR6MTBbJ 1• Bbl.ll.Buranucb npe.n.nono)f(eHMR, 'lTO ecnu 6bJ /apOflb.ll. Bbl)l(.ll,BJI eme HeCKOJibKO .n.Heilt, K HeMy npucoe.n.uHunucb 6bJ HopryM6puiltcKoe u MepcuiltcKoe

liCXO,!{ll, He B TIOCJ!e,!{HIOIO oqepe,!{b, H3

3Toro coo6pa)f(eHHll, 6oJibWHHCTBO cospeMeHHblX HCTO'lHHKOB CXO,!{HTCSI B TOM, 'lTO 'lHCJieHHOCTb npOTHBOCTOlii.UHX apMHi't 6blJia npH6JIH3HTeJibHO paBHa H ,!{OCTHraJia 'leJIOBeK.

10-12 TblCll'l

BOli1HA on~Tb CTAHOBV1TC~ V1CKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rr.

Me~ BI1KI1Hra, 06HapylKeHHblj;i Ha AHe TeMabl. 0Kono 1000 r.

onon4eHU>I, a B npu,aa4y K HUM y,aanocb 6b! npuene% no6onbwe Hapo.ay c 10ra AHmuu. npae,aa, eCTb OCHOBaHU>I COMHeBaTbC>I, 4TO ceeepHoe onon4eHue eoo6we Ha6upanocb unu .aa)l(e reoperu4ecKu Momo 6b!Tb Ha6paHo. 4TO ,ao JO)I(Hb!X rpalj>CTB, TO fapOflb,a f/BHO C4UTafl CBOe nono)l(eHUe Iii B nOJIUTU4eCKOM, Iii B BOeHHOM OTHOWeHU>IX .f10CTaT04HO WaTKUM, TaK 4TO B ero UHTepecax 6b!JIO KaK MO)I(HO CKOpee .ao6urbcfl pa3B>I3KM. C4ura>~ (eepo>~rHo, npaBMflbHO), 4TO npOTUBHUK npeBOCXO,aUT ero B )1(/iiBOiii CUJie Iii 4TO, He c4ura>~ xycKapnoB, p>i,abl KOTOpb!X M3P>I.f1HO nope,aenu, BOiiiCKO ero CHapfDKeHO Iii o6y4eHO ropa3,ao Xf)Ke, 4eM HopMaH.acKue HaeMHUKU, fapOflb,a peWUJI He Hana.aarb, a o6opoH>!TbC>I. OH npuKa3aJI CBOUM KOHHbiM xycKapnaM cnewurbc>~, u re BMecre C xycKapnaMU-neXOTUHUaMU COCTaBUJIU UeHTp ero o6opOHUTeflbHOiii JIUHUU Ha BepWUHe BbiTfiHYTOTO XOJIMa. 0CT8JibHa>! apMUfl, lj>up.a, unu onon4eHue, 6b!fla Bb!CTaBJieHa lj>JiaHraMU no o6e CTOpOHbl OT xycKapnoB: MeTpoB Ha 300-400 no l/>POHTY, nnoTHbiM newuM crpoeM, 4enoBeK, HaBepHOe, Ha 20 B my6UHY. ApMU>I raponb,aa 0)1(/il,aana Hana.aeHUfl HOpMaH.aUeB paHO YTPOM ' 14 OKTR6p>i. He UCKJI/04eHO, 4TO Be4epOM 13 OKT>i6p>i aHmocaKCbl nocnewHo coopy.aunu nepe.a CBOUMU n03UUUfiMU He TO 3aceK}f, He ro 3aean, He ro nanuca.a4acroKon; Ha 9TOT C4eT y4eHbiMU ee.ayrc>~ cnopb!. BcKope nocne pacceera HopMaH,acKa>~ apMUfl TpeM>! JIUHU>IMU nowna B HacrynneHue. Bnepe.au 6b!JIU fiY4HUKU ( B TOM 4/iiCJie HeKOropoe Konu4ecreo ap6aner4uKOB- nepBOe ,aoKyMeHTUpOBaHHOe npuMeHeHue ap6anera B Cpe,aHeBeKOBbe). Bropa>! nuHUfl

cocro>~na M3 newux KoneiiiwuKOB. B rperbeiii Haxo.aunacb pb!UapcKa>! KaBanepU>i. Ha4anu 6urey HopMaH.acKue fiY4HUKU, OTKpb!B CTpeJib6yMeHee4eMCO 100M. HonoCKOflbKY crpen>~Tb MM npuxo.aunocb CHM3Y eepx, crpenbl B ocHOBHOM UJIU He ,aoneranu, UJIU nepeneranu, unu orpa)l(anucb WUTaMU aHmocaKCOB. Paccrpen>~B 6oe3anac, ny4HMKM, cy.a>~ no eceMy, orcrynunu 3a JIUHU/0 KOneiiiWMKOB, a Te 6eroM 6pocunucb B HacrynneHue, HO 6b!JIU BCTpe4eHbl .f10)1(,aeM ,apOTUKOB Iii KaMHeiii (WBblpfleMbiX KaK pyKaMU, TaK Iii U3 npaweiii) u or6poweHbl aHmocaKcaMu, BOOpy)l(eHHbiMU Me4aMU, KOnb>IMU Iii orpOMHbiMU ,aBypy4HbiMU, C .l1BYMfl Jle3BUfiMU, 6oeBbiMM ronopaMu. nocneroroKaKHacrynneHue nexoTbl 3axne6Hynocb, BunbrenbM noeen B 6oiii KaeanepuJO - u c reM )l(e pe3yflbTaroM. fleeoe KpblfiO HOpMaH,aCKOiii apMUU 6b!JIO CM>ITO Iii o6paweHO B 6erCTBO; COOTBeTCTBeHHO, aHrJIOCaKCOHCKUe OnOJI4eHUbl Ha npaeoM lj>naHre ryr )l(e 6pocunucb BHU3 no CKJIOHY B.l10TOHKY. no p>!,aaM HOpMaH,aCKOiii apMUU npoHecc>~ cnyx, 6y.aro BunbrenbM y6ur, u Ha4anacb naHuKa. C6pocue wneM, 4T06b! ece eu.aenu ero nuuo, BunbrenbM ranonoM npoHecc>~ e.aonb orcryna10wero ueHrpa ceoeiii apMuu, u Kaeanepu>~ co6panacb c cunaMu. BunbrenbM B03maeun araK}f Ha npaBbliiilj>JiaHraHTJIOCaKCOB, HapyWUBWUiii crpoiii u puHyewuiiic>~ npecne,aoBaTb HOpMaH.aUeB. Kaeanepu>~ 6b!crpo B3Rna eepx Ha.a npecne.aoearen>~MM, pacce>!BWUMUC>I no CKJIOHYU HUKaK He 0)1(/il,aaBWUMU TaKOTO noBOpora co6b!TMiii. BunbrenbM on>~Tb noeen KaeanepuJO Ha ueHrp apMuu aHmocaKcoe u onRTb 6bm or6ur. B Ha.ae.>K;ae Bb!MaHUTb C 3aHUMaeMbiX n03UUMiii ewe KaK}f/0-TO 4aCTb apMUU raponb,aa, BunbreflbM npuKa38JI HOpMaMaUaM npUTBOPMTb-

c>~, 6y.aro o6pawaJOTCfl B 6ercreo. HecMorp>~ Ha crpo)l(aiiiwuiii npuKa3 raponb,aa HM B KOeM cny4ae He noKU,aaTb n03UUMiii, 3Ha4UTeflbHa>! 4acrb onon4eHuee1 nonanacb B noBYWKY BunbrenbMa; OHM 6bmu oKpy)l(eHbl u YHM4TO)I(eHbl y no,aHO)I(Ufl xonMa, Kor.aa BunbrenbM B03maeun BTOPYIO KOHTpaTaKy. Ho OCTaflbHafl 4aCTb aHmocaKCOHCKOTO BOiiiCKa CTO>!Jia TBep,ao Iii OTpa)l(aJia O,aUH HOpMaH,aCKUiii npucryn 3a ,apyruM. HecKOflbKO 4acoe HopMaH,aUbl4epe.aoeanu o6crpenbl M3!1Yf<OB uap63neroe C neWUMU Iii KOHHbiMU aTaKaMU. BunbrenbM npuKB3811 f1Y4HMKBM crpeflf/Tb HaBeCHO, no,a 60JibWUMU ymaMU, 4T06b! CTpeJibl U3 fiYKOB Iii ap6aJieTOB na,aanu Ha aHmocaKCOHCKOe BOiiiCKO CBepxy. 3TO npuBeJIO K3Ha4UTeflbHbiM norep>!M, HOB Ha48Jie Be4epa apMU>I fapOflb,aa no-npe)I(HeMy KpenKO y,aep)I(UB8Jia n03UUUU Ha XOJIMe, XOTfl, He UMe>! B03MO)I(HOCTU nepe,aOXHYTb OT nOCTO>IHHOTO o6crpena Iii aTaK, aHmocaKCbl6yKB8JibHO 4YTbHe na.aanu or ycranocru. B 9TOT MOMeHT cny4aiiiHa>! crpena nonana raponb,ay B ma3 u cMeprenbHO paHuna Kopon>~. HopMaH.aUbl, KOTOpb!M 9TO npu,aano CUll, TYT )l(e cHoBa nownu Ha npucryn, u nuwuewuec>~ KOMaH.aoeaHu>~ aHmocaKCbl Hapywunu crpoiii. Onon4eHue ( lf>u p,a) y,aapunocb B nocrbl,aHoe 6erCTBO, Iii BCKOpe HaXOJIMe OCTaBaJIUCb y)l(e O,aHU xycKapflbl, COMKHYBWUe p>i,abl BOKpyr rena ceoero noru6wero Kopon>~. Ho renepb nono)l(eHue ux crano coeepweHHO 6e3Ha.ae)I(Hb!M; HOpMaH,aUbl OKpy)I(UJIU UX CO BCeX CTOpOH Iii, B KOHe4HOM UTOre, CM>~nu. K HacrynneHU/0 reMHOTbl HOpMaH,aUbl OBJI8/l,eJIUXOJIMOM. Bo3maeue npecne.aoeaHue orcrynaJOwux, BunbrenbM Heocropo)I(HO ymy6UJIC>I B nee Iii 4YTb 6b!JIO He noru6, Kor.aa ocrarKu xycKapnoB nonb!Tanucb B0306HOBMTb 6urey. Ho BCKOpe HOpMaH,aUbl o,aonenu Iii 9TUX. 6urea npu racruHrce 3aeepwunacb.

B pl!~e BOeHHO-HCTOpH'ieCKHX HCCJie~o足

BaHHJ;i roBOpHTCll, 'iTO, KOr~a IIO'iTH BCe aHrJIOCaKCbl CIIYCTHJIHCb C BbiC0rbl, OHM BHe3aiiHO 6blJIH KOHTPaTaKOBaHbl HOpMaH~CKOJ;i KOHHHI.:(eJ;i, 'iTO H peWHJIO HCXO~ cpaJKeHHll.

3An.A)J.HA$l EBPOnA

21 I1TaJIHH. Mx npHBJieKaJia BOeHHaSI A06hlqa, B03MOiKHOCTh 3axBaTHTh 3eMJIH aHrJIOCaKCOB H IIpHo6peCTH HOB hie rroMeCThSI H KperrocTHhlX. BoJ;icKo BHJihreJihMa6hlJio MHoroqHcJieHHee H Jiyqrne BoopyiKeHo, qeM BoJ;icKo aHmocaKcoHcKoro KopoJISI.

K TO-

MY iKe repuor BHJihreJihM HMeJI TBepAyiO BJiaCTh H3A CBOHMH BaccaJlaMH, IIpHllie.LJ.IliHMH C HHM H3 <DpaHUHH HOpMaH.LJ.CKHMH 6apoHaMH, a BJiaCTh aHrJIHJ;iCKOrO KOpOJii! H3A KpyiiHhlMH 3eMJieBJI3.LJ.eJihUaMH 6biJia oqeHh cJia6a. 3pJihl CpeAHeJ;i H CeBepo-BocTOqHoJ;i AHrJIHH He OKa3aJIH fapOJihAY BOeHHOJ;i IIOMOll.IH.

PaHHeeHopMa~cKoe

Koponescrso, 1067-1200rr.

HVI 0/l.HO ep8)1(eHVIe He 6blfl0 Bb/VIrpaHO e 66nbWVIM TPY.ll.OM, CleM 6VITB8 npVI raeTVIHree, VI HVI O/l.H8 no6e.n.a He noeneK!Ia 38 eo6ow 6onee mo6anbHbJX noene.n.eTBVIW. Ka3anoeb 6bJ, 9TO 6bmo eeero nVIWb 38Kfi/O'lVITenbHoe epa)l(eHVIe B BowHe 38 npeeTon He6onbworo oeTpoBHoro KoponeeeTea. B .n.eweTBVITenbHOeTVI )l(e 6VITB8 9T8 noeny;KVIna nOBOpOTHOW TO'lKOW: VIMeHHO OT Hee H8'lVIH8eT VleTOPVI>I OTe'leT Lienoro P>l/1.8 eo6bJTVIW, KOTOPbiW 38BepWVITe>l e03/1.8HVIeM 8HmoeaKeoHeKO-HOPM8HHeKOW VIMnepVIVI, .n.a)l(e 6onee rpaH.ll.VI03Hol4, CleM .ape BH epVIMeK8>1. Cpa3y noene 6VITBbJ BVInbrenbM 38XB8TVIfl ,fl,yBp VI /l.BVIHyne>l H8 floH/l.OH. CnepBa eTonm~a OTBepma ero Tpe6oBaHVIe o e.n.a'le. Tor.n.a BVInbrenbM npVIH>~ne>~ pa3op>!Tb 6nVI3ne)1(8UJ.YIO eenbeKy/0 MeeTHOeTb, VI flOH/l.OH 6bJeTpO K8nVITYflVIPOB8fl. npeTeH3VIVI BVInbrenbM8 H8 TPOH 6bmVI npV13H8HbJ, VI B Po)l(.n.eeTBO 1066 T0/1.8 ero KOPOHOB8flVI B BeeTMVIHeTepeKOM a66aTeTBe KaK BVInbrenbMa I, Kopon>~ AHmVIVI. B

rroxoAe B AHrJIHIO rrpHHSIJIH

yqacTHe He TOJihKO HOpMaH.LJ.CKHe 6ap0Hhl, HO H MHOiKeCTBO phlUapeJ;i H3 ApyrHX o6JiacTeJ;i <DpaHUHH HAaiKe H3

nocne 6HTBbl npH r3CTHHrce: H3XOJKAeHHe Ten3 KOpOnSI r3pOnb,l:\3. K3pTHH3

0. BepHe, 1828 r.

AP3K3p BHKHHroa " HOPM3HHOB. AP3K3p 6bln noAnHHHbiM GoeBbiM

KOp36neMHOpM3HHOB.~06p3~eHHH T3KHX KOp36ne£:i HMeiOTCSI H3 KOBpe H3 63He, KOTOpbiH Xp3HHTCH HbiHe B co6ope ropO.t\3 63£:ie. Koaep

Gbln

BbiWHT npHHuecco£'i M3THnbAOH "ee .pe£'inHH3MH

03H3MeHOB3HHe

noKopeHHSI AHrnHH BHnbrenbMOM 33aoeB3TeneM

(1027-1087

rr.), 33

Koroporo M3THnbA3 Bb1Wn3 33My~. X3p3KTepHo£'i oco6eHHOCTbiO T3KHX KOp36neH 6blnH yKp3W3BWHe HOC H KOPMY ronoabl CTP3WHbiX 'fYAOBHLI.\

3a 'leTbJpe ro.n.a BVInbrenbM nonHOeTb/0 no.n.'lVIHVIn ee6e AHmVI/0, noKOPVIB Bee KpynHb/e 8HmoeaKeOHeKVIe rpalj>eTBa. KoponeeeTBO ero, KOHe'lHO, Bee ew.e OeT8B8flOeb lj>e0/1.8flbHbiM, O/l.H8KO 6blfl0 rop83/l.O l.leHTpanVI30BaHHel4, CleM n106afl eeponetlieKa>~ MOH8PXVIfl TOTO BpeMeHVI Vl.l1.8)1(e 6flVI)I(8WWVIX HeeKOflbKVIX BeKOB. HanpVIMep, HVI 0/l.VIH 6apOH He VIMen npaea noeTpOVITb K8MeHHOTO 38MK8, He nony'lVIB H8 TO BbJeO'l8Wwero KOponeBeKOTO eOVI3BOfleHVIfl; 8 KOT/1.8 H8 BOeHHY/0 eny;K6y K 6apoHy npV13b/B8flVIeb ero Baeeanbl, OHVI 6bJnVI 06fi38Hb/ npVIHeeTVI Kfl>ITBY BepHOeTVI KOPOfl/0.

BOli1HA on~Tb CTAHOBV1TC~ V1CKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rr.

B cne.ay101.1.1eM cTonen11.1 l..leHTpa-

pM.[l,)I(WMp, B 10 KM K ceeepO-BOCTOK'j

nM30BBHHBR KOponeBCKBR BflBCTb

oT MecTa cnMRHMR peK Y3 111 KaM).

HeCKOflbKO ocna6na; O.ll,HBKO, HeHeCKOflbKO rpB)I(JJ.BHCKMX BOWH, CTpa-

1072 r. BTOP:>KEHII1E B WOTJlAHA11110. WoTnBH.ll,CKMiii Koponb ManbKOnbM Ill 6bm BbJHy)I(JJ.eH npu-

HB OCT8B8fl8Cb 06be.ll,MHeHHOiii.

3H8Tb C/03epeHMTeT BunbrenbM8.

CMOTpR HB <f>eO.[l,BflbHY/0 yco61111.W 111

1087-1100 rr. ~PCTBOBA Hii1E Bli1JlbfEJlbMA II (BToporo CbiHa BwnbrenbMa 1). OH no'lTM HenpepbJBHO BOeean CO CTBPWMM 6paTOM Po6epTOM, nocne CMepT/11 OT/..l8 CTBBWMM rep1.10r0M HopM8H.ll,CKMM,

,[lo KOH/..l8 paCCMBTPMBBeMoro

1 073 r. OTBOEBAHII1E MEHA.

111 38 BHmMiiiCKMiii npecTOn, 111 38 KOH-

nepuo.aa aHmuiiicKue Koponu o.aHo-

noKa BunbrenbM eoeean e AHmuu,

TPOflb HB.ll, CeMeiiiHb/M/11 BflB.ll,eHMRM/11

epeMeHHO RBflRflMCb KpynHeiiiWMM/11

3T8 <f>p8Hl..lY3CK8R npOBMHI.IMR npe.[J,-

BO 4>pBH1.1111111.

3eM!Ieena.aenbl..lBMM4>p8HI.IMM; npa-

npMHRn8 nonbJTKY BbliiiTM/113-no.a ero

eo H8cne.aoeaHMR repl..lorcTea Hop-

enacTM.

M8H.ll,CKoro MMeno .llJIR HMX He MeHbwe 3H8'leHMR, 'leM BHmMiiiCK8R KOpO-

1 075 r. BOCCTAHII1E fPAOB XEPEOPAA111 HOPOJlKA. Boc-

11 00-1135 rr. ~PCTBOBA Hii1E fEHPII1XAI (qeTaepToro CbiHa BwnbrenbMa 1). npu HeM npo.aon-

HB. Vf3-38 <f>p8HI.IY3CKMXTeppMTOpMiii

CT8HMe 6bmo pewuTenbHO no.a8ene-

MMH81.1Meiii KOTOporo RBII1fl8Cb 6MTB8

8HmMiiiCKMe KOpOfl/11 Hepe.[J,KO BCTy-

HO BunbrenbMOM.

npu TuHwe6pe, r.ae reHpMX, pa36MB

)l(aJICR KOH</>nMKT c Po6epToM, eynb-

nan/11 B KOH</>flMKTb/ C MeCTHb/M/11 <f>eO.[l,BflbHbiM/11 Bfl8CTMTeflRMII1 111 C

111 B3RB e nneH Po6epT8, npoeo3ma-

<f>p8HI.IY3CKMMII1 BeHI..IeHOCI..IBM/11.

flMWCKMM, HO 111 rep1.1oroM HopMaH.a-

cun ce6R He TOflbKO KOponeM BHr-

nocne.ll,HMM 38 p8CCM8TPMB8e-

CKMM. CepMR BOWH C KOponeM c1>p8H-

Mb/W nepuo.a KoponeM AHmuu 6bm

1.1111Mfl/O.ll,OBMKOM VI, KOTOPbiWOK83b/-

Puqap.a I no npo3B8HM/O flbBMHoe

B8fl no.a.aep/KKY HOPMBH.ll,CKMM MR-

Cep.a1.1e. MHorue C'lMT8/0T ero eenu-

Te/KHMKBM, 38Bepwunacb nopa/Ke-

'l8iiiWMM BOeH8'48flbHMKOM 38 BC/0

HMeM fliO.[l,OBMKB B 6MTBe npM bep-

MCTOPM/0 Cpe.aHeeeKOBbR (xoTR Haiii-

Myne ( 1119 r.).

.aeTcR 111 HeMano /Ken8101.1.1MX ocno-

een e eoiiiHax 38 rp8HMI.Ieiii 111 np8BM-

1135-1154 rr. ~PCTBOBA Hii1E CTEAHA 6JlYACCKOfO (nneMQHHr.'IKa feHpwxa; oKono 1097-1154 rr.). H8 npoTR/KeHMM

TeneM 6bm, MRrKo roeopR, nocpe.a-

BOCeMHB.ll,I.IBTMneT( 1135-1153 rr.)

PMTb 9TO yTBep)I(JJ.eHMe). bOflbWY/0 'lBCTb CBOero 1.18PCTBOB8HMR OH npo-

cTBeHHbJM. V/pOHMR CY.ll,b6b/ 38KJI/O-

OH 6bJn 38HRT O.ll,H006p83HOiii, 1113M8-

'l8eTCR B TOM, 'lTO BCe KBMnBH/11111, B

Tb/B8101.1.1eiii BOWHOiii 38 npeCTOflOH8C-

KOTOpb!X OH CHMCKBfl ce6e CflBBY

ne.aue co ceoeiii .aeo10po.aHoiii cecT-

(TpeTuiii KpecTOBbliii noxo.a), nonHo-

poiii MaTMflb.[l,Oiii ( .[l,O'lepb/0 reHpuxa)

CTb/0 npoeanunucb K8K e nonMTM'le-

111 ee Cb/HOM, KOTOporo TO/Ke 3B8flll1

CKOM, TBK 111 B CTP8TerM'leCKOM OTHO-

reHpMX; 'l8W8 BeCOB CKflOHRflBCb TO

WeHMRX.

B O.ll,Hy, TO B .apyry/0 CTOPOHY, HOpe-

1067-1071 rr. YKPEnJlEHII1E ~EHTPAJlbHO~ BJ1ACTII1 nPII1

Bli1JlbfEJlbME I 3ABOEBATEJ1E.

WMTeflbHOiii no6e.[l,bl O.[J,ep/KBTb T8K YGH~CTBO ca. <PoMbl 6eKeTa. MHHHaTJOpa H3 ncamHpH XII a.

CaM8R cepbe3H8R 1113 HecKonbKMX K8Mn8HIIfiii YMMPOTBOpeHMR- nO.ll,8B-

HMKOMY 111 He Y.ll,BflOCb. rn8BHbiM npoTMBHMKOM CTe</>BH8 Bb/CTynan Po-

1076 r. BTOP)I(EHII1E B 6PE-

6epT, rp8<f> rnocTep (OKOflO 10901147 rr.), 6paT MaTMflb.ll,bl. «AHapXMR» KOH'lllffl8Cb nocne 6MTBb/ np/11

neHMe MRTe/Ka rpa<f>a Xepeyap.aa Y3iii-

TAHb. BunbrenbM npe.anpMHRn 3TOT

KCKoro ( unu «BenuKoro ceeepHoro

noxo.a c Ll enb/0 npeno.aaTb ypoK rep-

YonnuHr<f>op.ae ( 1154 r.), nepeeec8

BOCCTBHMR»; 1069-1071 rr.). npu

/..lOry bpeTOHCKOMY, npe.[J,OCTBBMB-

B KOTOpoiii He Y.ll,8JIOCb.[l,06MTbCR H/11-

no.a.aep/KKe .aBTcKoro eoiiicK8 no.a KO-

WeMy y6e/KMI.ile MRTe/KHOMY rp8<f>Y

KOMY, 111 B pe3yflbT8Te 6bJn 38KJI/O'leH

MBH.ll,OB8HMeM Rpn8 Oc6bopH8, no-

Hop<f>onKCKOMY. O.aHaKo no.a .ll,8Bne-

Mllfp.

3cT-

HMeM <f>pBHI.I}I3CKOrO KOpOnR cJ>unun-

pu.aceHoM, nOBCTBHI.Ibl 38XB8TIIfflll1

na I BunbrenbM 3aeoeeaTenb 6bm

ffopK. BunbrenbM pa36un o6be.au-

Bb/Hy)I(JJ.eH OTBeCT/11 BOWCKB.

1154-1189 rr. ~PCTBOBA Hii1E fEHPII1XA II (CbiHa MaTr.'lnb.llblj 1133-1189 rr. ). 0CHOB8Teflb

HeHHYIO BPM/11/0 MRTe/KHMKOB, OTBOe-

1 077-1 082 rr. A111HACTII1lfECKii1E PA3AOPbl. B HopMBH.ll,/11111 epe-

cnaHHoro KoponeM CeeHoM

BaJI ffopK 111 OTOrHan .[l,BHOB KMX KOpa6-

.ll,MHBCT/11111 nnaHTBreHeTOB, O.ll,BpeHHbliii npBBMTeflb 111 BOeH8'48flbHMK,

flRM. 38KOH'lllffl0Cb BOCCT8HMe, KOr.ll,B BWlbrenbM wrypMoM B3Rn yKpenneH-

MR OT epeMeH/11 nO.ll,HMMaJI MRTe/K/11

reHpMX II BOCCTBHOB/Iffl B AHm/11111 MMP

Po6epr, cTapwuiii Cb/H BunbrenbMB.

111 npO/..lBeTBHMe . .>KeHMTb68 HB AnM-

Hbliii 38MOK Xepey8p.aa H8 ocTpoee

1 087 r. BO~HA C <1>111Jlli1nnoM I PAH~Y3CKII1M. BoepeMR

6p8K C KOponeM 4>pBHI.III1111 fliO.[l,OB/11-

V/n111, CO BCeX CTOPOH 381.1.1111/.ileHHOM

eHope AKBMT8HCKOiii ( 1152 r.), 'leiii

Henpona3HbJMM 6onoTBMM (6nu3

3Toiii K8MnaHMM BunbrenbM noru6 e

KOM Vll(oKono 1120-1180rr.) 6bm

coep. ropo.aa Vlnu e rpa<f>cTBe KeM6-

pe3yflbT8Te HeC'lBCTHOrO CflY'lBR.

8HHynupoeaH,c.aenanaeroen8CTM-

3AnA)J,HAs:l EBPOnA

TBflBM npOBMHl.l,/1711 nyaTy 11 o6naCTei!t l/17BHb 117 taCKOHb, TO BCTb KpynHeilfWMM 80 C/JpaHU,//111 3BMflBBfla/],BflbLl,BM, HO BMBCTB C TBM 3afl0)f(fl7fla OCHOBbl /l,flR 6y/l,yl.l..lei!t CTOneTHei!t aoi!tHbt. BpeMR OT apeMeHM leHp117x II aoeaan CO CBOMM C/03BpBHOM fli0/1,0BMKOM

VII Mna,[J,WMM (KOTOpbti!t npa-

BMn a 1157-1180rr.). HecKOflbKO pa3 OH BTOplaflCR B Y3flbC ( 11581165 rr.) 11 B KOHU,B KOHU,OB nO/],'IMHMfl era aHm117iltCKOi!t KopoHe. OH nocbtnan CBOMX aaccanOB BOBBaTb B /1/pnaH/1,1110 ( 1169-1175 rr.) 11 B KaKOM-TO MOMBHT ,[J,a)f(B fl/17'1HO 803/flaBflRfl apM/1710 BTOP)f(BH117R( 1171 r.). OH pewMTBflbHO no,[J,aBMn nocne,[J,Hee KpynHOe BOCCTaHMB aH/flOCaKCOHCKMX rj)BO/l,aflOB ( 1173-1174 rr.); HB MCKfl/O'IBHO, 'ITO BOCCTaHMB 3TO BCnbtXHYflO B OTBBT Ha y6Mi!tCTBO HOpMaH/l,CKMM//1 pbtLJ,apRM//1 CBRTOIO TOMaCa 5eKeTa, apxMenMcKona KeHTep6ep117iltcKoro (/l,eKa6pb 1170 r.); HeKoe yl..faCTMB B Op18HM3aU,Ml1 BOCCT8Hl1R

1191 rr:); a nneHy aAacTpMM( 1192-

npMHII7Mafll1, no KpailfHeilf Mepe, /],BOB

1194 rr.); a noTOM ,[J,onro aoeaan

1173 Cb/HOBeilf teHpMXa. 3TO RBMflOCb

rj)paHLJ,Y3CKMM KOponeM C/JI!7flfl7n-

Ha'laflOM Ll,BflOM cepMMMHTpMI 117 KOH-

noM

AarycTOM ( 1194- 1199

rr.,

IIIIII BJia.[(eHIIH ITpiiMepHO

300 COITpO-

BOM.[(aBIIIIIM ero 6oeBhiM .o:pyMIIHHIIKaM, II3 KOTOphlX OKOJIO

40,

TaK Ha-

rj)flfi7KTOB (a BpBMR OT BpBMBH//1 Cny-

npM'IBM nOI..fT//1 BCR BOilfHa CBO/l,MflaCb

3hiBaeMhle JIOp.[(bi IIJIII, ITO 6oJiee IT03.[(HeMy 0603Ha'leHIITO 6apOHbi 1 ,

l..faflMCb ,[J,a)f(B nOflHOMaCWT86Hb/B 60-

MCKfl/O'IMTBflbHO K OCa,[J,aM KpenOC-

ITOJIYY:IIJIII OY:eHb 60Jibiiiiie BJia.[(eHIIH

TBilf. E,iJ,MHCTBBHHaR KpynHaR no6e,[J,a

C 06H3aTeJibCTBOM BblCTaBIITb 3a 3TO

leHpMxOM, PM-

PM'Iap,[J,a B 3TOi!t BOMHB - B3RTMB )/(M-

pbiiiapeii B paCITOpHMeHIIe KOpOJIH.

BBb/B /l,BMCTBMR) MB)f(,lJ,y lBHPMXOM 11 era CbtHOBbRMM -

'Iap/l,OM, ,il,)f(erj)rj)pMM ,il,)f(OHOM, KOTO-

30pa ( no/1, napM)f(eM; 1197 r.). YMep

qiiCJIO TaKIIX, BbiCTaBJIHeMhiX ITO ITO-

pbtB HenpepbtBHO TO 3aKfl/OLfaflM, TO

OH OT paHbt, nony'leHHoi!t np117 oca/l,e

BIIHHOCTII (servitia debita) pbriiapeii,

c /l,pyroM

Wan10 ( no/1, flfi7MO)f(BM). Hacne,[J,oaan

BKJITO'IaH II TeX, KOTOpbie .[(OJI)KHbl

1189 rr.). YMep

BMY Mfla,[J,W/17M 6paT ,il,)f(OH ( npaBMfl B

6hTJIII .[(OCTaBJIHTbCH BbTCIIIIIM .O:YXO-

1199-1216 rr.).

BeHCTBOM, COCTaBJIHJIO B 06II1eM OKO-

pacTOpr-anM C0/03bt /l,pyr 117flM c OTU.OM ( 1173 -

teHp117X II, KOI/l,a np0111pan BOilfHy npoT//18 PM'Iap,[J,a 11 rppaHu,y3cKoro Kopo-

JIO

5 TbiCH'I.

II Aarycm; K no6e,[J,MTB-

IlocJie CBoeii IT06e.o:hr BIIJihreJibM

)J,JIH BbiiiOJIHeHITH 3TOH ITOBIIHHO-

flRM npMCOB/l,MHMflCR 11 Mfl8/l,Wl1ilf Cb/H

BCTYITIIJI Ha ITpeCTOJI ITO.[( BII.[(OM 3a-

CTII 6apOHbi, CO CBOeH CTOpOHbi, ITpii-

lBHpMxa, ,il,)f{OH.

KOHHOH ITpeeMCTBeHHOCTII TpOHa.

BJieKaJIII ITO.[('IIIHeHHblX ce6e BaCCa-

1189-1199 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHLIIE PLII'iAP,D,A I JlbBLIIHOE CEP,D,LI,E (CbiHa reHpL-1xa II). )/(Maoe BO-

OH Hli'IeM He OBJia.[(eJI ITO ITpaBy BOH-

JIOB, 6e3 TOrO, O.[(HaKO, Y:T06bi Y:IICJIO

Hhi KaK 3aBOeBaTeJib, a KOHqliiCKOBaJI

ITO.[(JieHOB ITOKpbiBaJIO Y:IICJIO BblCTaB-

TOJibKO ITOMeCTbH .[(OMa fapOJih.[(a II

JIHeMhiX ITO ITOBIIHHOCTIT pbiiiapeii,

nflOI.l..IBH/17e 11/],BaflbH0/0 o6pa3a

ero ITprmepMeHireB KaK ITO.[(JieMamee

TaK KaK 6apoH Mor .o:epMaTb pbiiiapeii

nR C/JMnMnna

cpe,[J,HeaeKoaoro pbtu,apR, PM'Iap/1,

KoH<PIIcKaiiiiii IIMYIIIeCTBO MHTeMHII-

ITpii CBOeM .[(BOpe II He ITOCeJIHH IIX,

CBBpWMfl MHQ)f(BCTBO XOpOWO /l,OKy-

KOB. Mory<JIIe 3pJibT ceBepa, He oKa-

paBHO KaK Ha6IIpaTh IIX JIITIIIb B MO-

MBHT117pOBaHHb/X /l,06flBCTHb/X nO,[J,-

3aBrrriTe fapOJib.[(Y B peiiiiiTeJihHbiH

8117108. KpoMe TOro, a TpeTbeM Kpe-

MOMeHT HIIKaKOH ITOMOIIIII, BOCCTa-

CTOBOM nOXO/],B OH 3apeKOMBH/],OBafl

JIII IT03.[(Hee, HO 6hiJIII TaKMe HIICIT-

/IOCJTOBHO o6o3Ha'!aeT «KopM!IJTel(». TIIT)'JT «6a-

CB6R KaK 0/],MH 113 6yKBaflbHO HB-

poBeprHyThl II TOJibKO yBeJIII'IIIJIII

pom> rrpmrren B AIITJTHIO BMecTe c 3aBoenaHH-

CKOflbKMX 3a ace Cpe,[J,HBBBKOBbe

CBOIIMII ITOMeCTbHMII KOpOJieBCKIIe

eM H 03Ha'laeT TO lKe, 'ITO «homo» -

6neCTR1.1..111X BOBHa'laflbHMKOB . npa-

BJia.[(eHIIH.

1 «JlOp/1» -

Ha3BaHHe aHrJTOCaKCOHCKOe H

BaCCaJT.

n epBOHa'la'ThHO OH pacrrpOCTPaHHJTCH, O'leBH/1HO, Ha BCeX IIOJI)"'HBIIDIX JTeH Herrocpe/ICTBeH-

B/17TBflBM OH 6btfl BBCbMa nocpe/1,-

TaK coe.[(IIHIIJI BIIJihreJihM ITPIIH-

CTBBHHbiM, nOCKOflbKY npaKTMI..fBCK//1

IIIIIT 3aKOHHOCTII C ITpaKTIIKOH 3aBO-

ace u,apcTaoaaHMe npoaen 3a rpaHM-

eBaHITH; OH pa3.[(apiiJI 60JibiiiYTO

60JICC KPYIIHhlM H3 Hnx, H3 KOTOphiX caMhiC

u,ei!t: C KpBCTOHOCLJ,aM/17 ( 1190-

<JaCTb co6paHHbiX ITyTeM KOH<l>ITCKa-

KpyrrHhlC rrony'IHJTH THTYJI 3pJIOB.

HO OT KOpOJTH , HO IIOCTeiieHHO IIOHHTHe 3TO CY3HJTOCh II CTaJTO OTHOCHThCJI TOJThKO K HaH-

BOli1HA on~Tb CTAHOBV1TC~ V1CKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rr.

MeHT Heo6xo,.qHMOeTH. TaKHe phH~a

eTH"'h TOJihKO y.s~eHHB ee6e, qTO ,.qeno

pH Ha3hlBaJIHeh eo,.qep)KaBlliHMHe.si OT

6hlJIO He B OAHOM JIHIIIh MaTepHaJih-

,.qsopa roerro,.qHHa (super dominium).

HOM B03HarpiD£QJ,eHHH, HO "'TT TOJih-

BapoH, KOTOphi~ AOJI)KeH 61>m

KO 3TO B03Harpll)f(,!J,eHHe AaBaJIO B03-

phln:ape~, IIpHHa,.qJie-

MO)KHOeTh OeHOBaTh KaKO~-JIH60 po,.q:

)KaJI y)Ke KqHeJiy HaH6oJiee Moryme-

3TO 61>mo He,.qoeryrrHo BOHHY, )KHB-

eTBeHHhiX 3pJIOB.

IIIeMY IIpH ABOpe eeHhOpa.

BhleTaBHTh

KpyrrHhiMH KopoJieBeKHMH Baeea-

KaKoro-JIH6o yeTaHOBJieHHoro

Jiru.m 6hlJIH HeKJIIOqHTeJihHO HOpMaH-

pa3Mepa AJI.si phln:apeKoro JieHa, Ha-

Hhl, epe,.qH MeJIKHX BaeeaJIOB BeTpe-

rrpHMep

qaeTe.si HeeKOJlhKO eaKeOHeKHX HMeH,

6h1Jlo. BoeHHa.si rroBHHHOeTh paerrpe-

HJIH 60Jihiiie Ha,ll.eJIOB, He

rrpHqeM epe,.qH rro,.qsaeeaJioB HX 6hlJIO

AeJI.siJiaeh M~Y rpa<J:>eTBaMH TaK)Ke

,.qoBOJihHO MHoro 6Jiaro,.qap.s~ TOMY,

He no onpe,.qeJieHHOMY MaeiiiTa6y.

KopoJih yeTaHaBJIHBaJI "!HeJio rroBHH-

eaKeOHeKHe T3Hhl BXOAHJIH B eo-

rJiaiiieHHe e rro6e,.qHTeJI.siMH H rroery-

HoeTe~ JIHIIIh B eaMOM o6meM BH,.qe,

IIaJIH K HHM Ha eJiy)K6y. 06mee qHe-

B KpyiiHhlX U:H<J:>pax, KpaTHhlX

JIO BOHHOB, Ha,.qeJieHHhlX JieHaMH,

H B03JlaraJI HX Ha KpynHhlX JieHHHKOB

10 H 5,

BKJIIOqa.sJ eiO,.qa eaKeOB (TaK)Ke ,.qaT-

eopa3MepHO HX BJia,ll.eHHliM. 01fl..eJih-

qaH) H HopMaHHOB, rrpH BHJihreJihMe eoeTaBJI.siJIO OKOJIO 5 Thle.sJq1, H3

Hhle npliMO HJIH KOeBeHHO o,.qapeHHhle JieHOM H BOABOpeHHhie phln:apH HMe-

KOTOphlX OKOJIO OAHO~ qeTBepTH

JIH BJia,ll.eHHll eaMO~ pa3H006pa3HO~

IIpHXOAHJIOeh Ha rrpe)f(Hee MeeTHOe

BeJIH"'HHhl, BIIJIOTh AO He60JihlliHX

HaeeJieHHe, oeTaJihHhie 6hlJIH rroee-

yqaeTKOB 3eMJIH.

JieHHhiMH BHJihreJihMOM phln:ap.siMH,

bOJlhiiiHe BJia,.qeHH.si, KOTOphle OT-

roBOpHBIIIHMH Ha <J:>paHU:y3eKOM .ll3hl-

AaBaJI BJieH BHJihreJihM3aBoeBaTeJih,

Ke. qHeJIO 3THX IIOeJie,.qHHX eoeTaB-

Jie)KaJIH He pHAOM, a 6hlJIH pa36poea-

JlliJIO OT

3 ThleJiq AO 4

ThleJiq qeJio-

Hhl no BeeMY KopoJieBeTsy. 3TO e,.qe-

BeK. Hap.s~,.qy e Ha,ll.eJieHHhiMH JieHHhl-

JiaHo 6hlJIO e .siBHO e03HaTeJihHhlM Ha-

MH BJia,.qeHH.siMH HOpMaHHaMH Ha

MepeHHeM He ,.qonyeTHTh epaeTaHH.si

eJiy)K6e KOpOJill HJIH y

eHJihHhlX

HX B 3aMKHYThle KHJI)KeeTBa, KaK 3TO

eTpaHhl OeTaBaJIOeh H3pliAHOe qHeJIO

6hlJIO Ha KOHTHHeHTe. BJiaro,.qapH TaKO~ IIpaKTHKe, HeeMOTp.si Ha eyme-

H HeHa,.qeJieHHhlX. Ho, _qa)Ke BKJIIO"'a.si

BoHH. MHHHaTIOpa XII a.

eTBOBaHHe KpyiiHhlX 6apOHOB, HOp-

AOJirO YTBep,.qHThe.si B TaKo~ 6oJih-

"'HHa 3TOro, Ha,ll.O IIOJiaraTh, Jie)KaJia

HHH ynpaBJIHTh rpa<J:>eTBaMH qepe3

IIIo~, 3aeeJieHHO~ KOr,.qa-TO O"'eHh

He TOJlhKO B )KeJiaHHH HX pa,ll.H eBOe-

"'HHOBHHKOB H IIIepH<J:>OB. ,[{OJI)KHOeTh

BOHHeTBeHHhlM Hapo,.qOM eTpaHe, e

ro MorymeeTBa HMeTh 6oJihiiie BOH-

B ynpaBJieHHH He eTaHOBHJiaeh Jie-

HOB B eBOeM paenop.si)KeHHH, TaK KaK

HOM. MMH 3pJia npespaTHJIOeh B npo-

IIOeJie,.qHHX, "!HeJIO BOHHOB, eyMeBIIIHX He TOJlhKO 3aBOeBaTh, HO H Ha-

HaeeJieHHeM B

MHJIJIHOH

800

Thl-

MaH-HeKHe KOpOJIH 6hlJIH B eoeTOli-

e.sJq ,.qyiii, Bee )Ke oqeHh MaJio.

OHH Be,.qh MOrJIH ,.qep)KaTh HX H npH

eTo~ THTyJI. IlpaB,.qa, npH BHyKe

IloeTeiieHHO "'HCJIO phln:ape~, IIO)KaJIOBaHHhlX JieHaMH, HeeKOJlhKO

eBOHX ABOpax. 0Ka3hiBaeTe.si, qTo

BHJihreJihMa, KopoJie CTe<J:>aHe, rroJio-

HMeHHO BO BpeMll rpll)f(,!J,aHeKO~ BO~

)KeHHe eTaJIO nOXOAHTh Ha TO, KaKOe

B03poeJio. Kor,.qa rrpH rrpasHyKe 3a-

Hhl rrpH KopoJie CTe<J:>aHe HOBhlX phi-

6hlJIO Ha KOHTHHeHTe: 6apOHhi 3axBa-

1166 ro,.qy

n:apeKHX JieH 6hlJIO eo3,.qaHO MaJIO.

ThiBaJIH IIpaBHTeJiheTBeHHhle rrpasa H

rrpoH3Be,.qeHa6hmarreperrHeh, TO oKa-

IlpH"'HHY 3TOro eKopee eJie,.qyeT He-

AOJI)KHOeTH, eTpOHJIH 3aMKH, qeKaHH-

3aJIOeh, ~0 qHeJIO TaKHX phll.lape~ eo-

KaTh B TOM, "'TO IlO)KaJIOBaHHhie Jie-

JIH MOHery, BeJIH qaeTHhie BO~Hhl

KaK

Hlll.IH phln:apH 6hmH 6oJiee 3HaTHhiMH

Me)K)J,y eo6o~. HO npeeMHHK CTe<J:>a-

eBeTCKHe, TaK H ,.qyxoBHhie MarHaThi

BOHHaMH. TaKHM o6pa3oM, nyTeM rro-

Ha, feHpHx

H3,ll.eJIHJIH JieHaMH eTOJihKHX eBOHX

)KaJIOBaHH.si JieHHOrO IIOMeeTh.si, )Kep-

Bee 3TO eHOBa IIOAaBHJI, ephiB AO oe-

APY)KHHHHKOB, "'TT qaeTo HMeJIH phl-

TBY.si rrpH 3TOM qaeThiO eBoero HMy-

HOBaHHll 3aMKH H BOeeTaHOBHB eTpO-

n:ape~ 6oJihiiie, qeM HX o6H3aJI ,.qoe-

meeTBa, 6apoHhl eo3,.qaBaJIH ee6e ,.qpy-

rH~ KOpOJieBeKH~ aBTOpHTeT. IloeTO-

TaBJIHTh KOI]J,a-To BHJihreJihM. IlpH-

)KHHhl H3 JIIO,.qe~, Bhlllle eTO.siBIIIHX B

.siHHOe rrpeHMyl.l.leeTBO Ha eTopoHe

BOeBaTeJI.si, feHpHxe

eTaBJI.siJIO oKoJio

II,

ThleJiq

400.

CfHCJlO pbll.lapei't, BblCTaBJll!eMblX ITO

«servitia debita» HenoceJteHHbTMH, H <fHCJlO

II, rrepBhi~ IlJiaHTareHeT,

eOU:HaJihHOM OTHOIIIeHHH H 6oJiee

KOpOJieBeKO~ BJiaeTH 6hlJIO pe3yJihTa-

y,.qoBJieTBop.siBIIIHX HX 6Jieecy H qee-

TOM He o,.qHoro TOJihKO yMenoro pae-

TOJII06HIO, a B TO )Ke BpeM.si B03Har-

rrpe,.qeneHH.si KpyiiHhlX 3eMeJihHhlX

noceJteHHbTX cBepx «servitia debita» 6bTJto

pa.JK,!J,aJIH Bl:iJAaiOI.l.IHeell 3aeJiyrH eBO-

BJia,.qeHH~, HO H pe3yJihTaTOM HaU:HO-

npH6.JTH3HTeJtbHO O}l,HHaKOBblM H B 060HX CJty-

HX BepHonoMaHHhlX. Bee 3Ha"!eHHe

HaJihHOro IIpOTHBOpeqH.sJ Me)IQJ,y phi-

5 Tb!Cll<f.

TaKOrO B03HarpiD£QJ,eHH.si MO)KHO no-

n:apeTBOM H Hapo,.qoM, rrpeiiliTCTBO-

<fal!X COCTaBJll!JlO

3AnA,lJ,HA~ BaBinero liX 06'heLJ,IIHeHIIIO npOTHB KOponeBCKOH BJiaCTll.

EBPOnA

CTOpOHY 3Jib6bi, nOTOM)' 'ITO rpacp, 6yAytiii '!eM-TO cpeil,HIIM Me)J{,Uy ce-

OTLJ,e.JIIIB o6rn:ecTBeHHoe ynpaB-

HbOpOM II tiiiHOBHIIKOM, MOr npii-

neHne (meplllpCTBO) II 6apOHCTBO

BJie<Jb cpe.ucTBa Bcero rpacpcTBa. OT

Apyr OT Apyra, HOpMaHHCKIIe KOpO-

aHrJIIIHCKOrO :>Ke 6apoHa KOpOJib He

Jlll AHrJillll TeM CaMh!M BOCIIpemiT-

MOr Tpe60BaTh, 'l:T06hl TOT BbiCTaBIIJI

CTBOBaJIII npOHIIKHOBeHIIID KOHTII-

eM)' pbrn:apeil: Ha CBOII cpe,UCTBa Ha He-

HeHTaJibHOro <)>eoLJ,aJIII3Ma B AHrJIIIIO,

orpaHll'!eHHOeBpeMH,HanpiiMep,Ll,JIH

YHWITO:>KIIJIII Bcm<yro caMOCTOHTeJib-

BOHHbl Ha KOHTIIHeHTe. CKopo B AH-

HOCTh OT)l,eJibHb!X 06JiaCTeil:, C03)l,aJill

f.JIIIII, KaK II Ha KOHTIIHeHTe, CTaJIO

60JibillOe, CTporo U:eHTpaJIII30BaHHOe

npaBIIJIOM, "'ITO Ha CBOIIX ll3Ll,ep:>KKaX

KOpOJieBCTBO II BCe :>Ke COXpaHIIJill

Bacca.JI ,UOJI:>KeH CJIY:>KIITb 40 ,UHeil:: 0)),-

BOeHHOe ycTpOHCTBO CBOeil: 3nOXII,

HaKO, OTHOCIIJIOCb Jill 3TO K C.JIY:>K6e

OCHOBOH KOTOpOrO HBJIHJICH KBaJIII<)>II-

II no Ty CTOpOHy KaHana, OCTaBaJIOCb

U:HpOBaHHbrH O)l,llHO'IHb!H 6oeu:. 3TO-

cnOpHbiM, a CO CTOpOHbl 6apOHOB

ro OHM )l,OCTllfJill TeM, 'ITO BBeJIII CO-

6biJIO BCTpetieHO npHMbiM OTKa30M.

BCeM HOBb!H 3JieMeHT: LJ,eHhrii, LJ,eHe:>K-

Ho orpaHWieHHaH

HOe B03Harpa:>K,UeHIIe, HaJIOfll.

Ha B006II(e He MOrna 6hiTb HII'l:eM

P~4apbcocsoe~cBHTO~

(pHCYHOK 1190 r.)

HeLJ,eJIHMII Boil:-

XoTH cnepBa BIIJihreJihM Tpe6o-

llHhiM, KaK pacnpeil: coce.ueil: . .Jirrnn,

CHapH)J{eHIIe II Bb!CTaBJieHHe HeCKOJib-

Ban, 'IT06hr ero Baccanhr B ciiJiy neH-

npn 6ecnopHAKax, pa36oil:HIItibiiX

KllMll pbrn:apHMll O)l,HOfO BOIIHa.

Horo npll3b!Ba CTHriiBaJIIICb K HeMy, a

BTop:>KeHHHX II norpaHHtiHhiX pacnpHX

Han6onee KpynHhre II3 HIIX npHBOAII-

c moTnaH.uu:aMII IIJIII Y3JihCU:aMll LJ,eil:-

3KcneLJ,nu:nro (maximam expeditionem) npOTIIB Y3nhca: )l,J1H 3TOH 3KC-

1157 roLJ,y feHpiiX II coBepiiilln

JIII C C060H yCTaHOBJieHHOe )l,JIH Ka:>K-

CTBIITeJihHO npll6eranii K cpeo.uanh-

)l,OfO 'IIICJIO nOLJ,BaccaJIOB, HO O'IeHb

Hoil: nOBIIHHOCTll B CTpOrOM CMbiCJie

neLJ,ll!IIIII Ka)J{,Ubie LJ,Ba phru:apH cHapH-

CKOpO 3TOT npiieM noKa3aJI ce6H He-

3Toro cnoBa; Boo6rn:e :>Ke oHa 3aMe-

:>Kann TpeTbero «duo milites de tota

1198 roey

npaKTll'IHb!M IIJIII HeBhliiOJIHIIMb!M.

HHJiaCb .ueHe:>KHbiM HanoroM. IIepe-

Anglia tertium pararent». B

Y:>Ke caM BIIJihrenhM BO BpeMH OAHO-

xoLJ,eyro cTyneHh npeLJ,cTaBJI51Jlll, aHa-

PII'Iap.u I noYpe6oBan, t:J:T06hr AJIH no-

1084 roLJ,y BMeCTO

noriitiHo npeLJ,niiCaHIIHM KapOJIIIHr-

xoLJ,a B HopMaH,Unro Ka)J{,Ubie LJ,eBHTh

TOrO, 'IT06hi C03BaTh CBOIIX BaCCaJIOB,

CKIIX KaiiiiTYJIHpiieB, COBMeCTHOe

pbrn:apeil: CHapH,UIIJIII LJ,eCHTOro.

ro HaJieTa LJ,aT'!aH B

ycTaHOBIIJI HaJIOr nO

6 illllJIJillHrOB Ha

Ka)J{,Ub!H HaLJ,eJI II Ha C06paHHhie LJ,eHhrii BbiCTaBIIJI HaeMHIIKOB. .JJ;o BpeMeHH3AyapAOB (3eyap.u

1272 - 1307 rr.) npoAOJI:>KaJIII cyrn:eCTBOBaTh TO pH,UOM, TO CMeHHH ,Upyr Apyra, cpeOLJ,aJibHbiH npii3biB II HaeMHll'IeCTBO. BennKaH xapTIIH 3anpeTIIna HaeMHll'IeCTBO, 3TO MOry'Iee II OnaCHOe cpe,UCTBO B pyKaX KOpOJIH. Cnyt:J:anoch, 'ITO 3HaTHhle 6apoHhr OTKa3b!Bannch nonytiaTb LJ,eHe:>KHyro IIJiaTy 3a BOeHHbie ycnyrn, TaK KaK OHM nOHHJIII, "'ITO CIIJia IIX nOJIIITII'IeCKOH n03IIU:llll B OTHOilleHIIll KOpOJIH OCHOBaHa TOJibKO Ha HaTypaJibHbiX cpeoLJ,aJibHbiX nOBIIHHOCTHX, HO ecTeCTBeHHh!H XO,U Bell(ell: OKa3aJICH CIIJibHee TaKIIX IIOJIHTIItieCKIIX C006pa:>KeHIIH, II HaeMHIItieCTBO BOCTOp:>KeCTBOBaJIO. C CaMOfO Ha<JaJia 6biJIO HeHCHO, KaK LJ,aJieKO pacnpOCTpaHHeTCH BOeHHaH noBHHHOCTb neHHHKa. KaKoMyHn6yAb cppaHKCKOM)' rpacpy Ha Jlyape Kapn BenHKHil: Mor npnKa3aTb OTnpaBHTbCH CO CBOHM OTpH,UOM II Ha CBOH C<JeT B MeCHqHbiH nOXO,U no TY

AHrnH~CKoe CYAHO speMeH Pw-mpAa llbBHHOe CepA4e KOpOml AHrnHH H rep4ora HopMaHAHH

BOlllHAOns:!Tb CTAHOBvtTCs:l vtCKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rr.

BecbMa no.a:po6Ho MO)I{HO npocne.a:HTh 3TO pa3BHTHe B a66aTCTBe CBHTOH A.rrb6aHH. Y a66aTa 6bill0 6 pbiQapCKHX neHOB, KIDK)J,biH neH 6bm pacnpe.a:eneH Me)I(Jiy MHOiliMH no.a:BaccanaMH. Kor.a:a Kopoflh co3biBan CBOe BOHCKO, pa3flli'IHbie Bfla!l:eflbQbi KalKJl:OrO neHa COeJl:HHHflHCb H BbiCTaBflHflH o.a:Horo pbiQapH. HHor.a:a 3TO .a:enanOCb TaK, lfl'O OHM HaHHMaflH OJl:HOro pbiQapH HflH Jl:BYX cep)l{aHTOB, a HHor.a:a OHM Bbi6HpanH Jl:flH HeceHHH cny)l{6bi Koro-nw6o H3 cBoell: co6cTBeHHoll: cpe.U:hi, ynnatiHBaH coOTBeTcTByromwe cyMMhi Ha ero cHapH)I{eHHe H co.a:ep)l{aHHe. Ehmo 6bi He coBceM npaBHflhHO oxapaKTepH30BaTh 3TOT nopHJl:OK KaK npoCTOH «OTKJTI» OT BOHHCKOH nOBHHHOCTH B TOM CMbiCfle, lfl'O KIDK)J.OMY 6apoHy HflH pbiQapiO B KIDK)J,OM OTJl:eflbHOM cnytiae npe.a:oCTaBflHnCH Bhi6op: HflH BbiTIOflHHTh npHKa3, HflH ynnaTHTh onpe.a:eneHHYIO CYMMY .a:eHer. Eonee npaBHnhHhiM HBnHeTcH npe.a:nono)l{enne, lfl'O KoponH TBep.a:o .a:ep)l{aflHCh TaKOrO OCHOBHOrO npaBHna: He cne.a:yiOIQHe npH3biBY TepHIOT CBOH neHHbie npaBa, HOoT 3Toro HaKa3aHHH MO)I{HO OCB060Jl:IIThCH, BHeCH onpe.a:eneHHYIO cyMMY .a:eHer B Ka3Hy. liTaK, BOeHHoe 3Hatienne KpyTIHoro noMeCTHHtieCTBa OTHbiHe npOHBflHeTCH TaKHM o6pa30M, lfl'O B 3TOM COCflOBHH BOeHHbiH Jl:YX nepe.a:aeTCH H3 po.a:a B po.a: no 1pa.a:HQHH, nyTeM BocnHTaHHH H ynpamHennll:, 6naro.a:apH tie MY H3 cpeJl:bl 3TOrO COCflOBHH MO)I{HO Bep6oBaTh BOHHOB. He B cuny npw-

3biBa ceHbopa, a no co6CTBeHHoMy pernennro, )l{eflaH .a:o6lflbcH HarpaJl:hi, BbicrynaeT B nOXOJl: aHrflHHCKHH pbiQapb, nOMep)I{HBaH, TaKHM o6pa30M, BOeHHYIO 1pa!l:HQHIO H Jl:06neCTh. CMerneHHe HaeMHHtieCTBa H pbiQapcTBa B aHrnHHCKOM BOeHHOM C1pOe BCKOpe OTTeCHHeT CaMO nOHHTHe 0 cpeOJl:aflbHOM npaBe Jl:afleKO Ha 3aJl:HHH nnaH. Ecnw 6bi He 6ecnpepbiBHbie BOHHbi, npOHCXOJl:HBIIIHe H3-3a CBH3H aHrflHHCKOH KOpOHbi C KpynHhiMH cppaHQy3CKHMH cpeo.a:anaMH (HopMaHJl:HH, EpeTaHb, IlyaTy, racKOHHH), B03MO)I{HO, lfl'O HopMaHHCKoe PhiiiapCTBo Ha EpHTaHCKOM OC1pOBe otieHb CKOpO npeBpaTHflOCb 6bi B MHpHOe KpyTIHonoMeCTHoe cocnoBHe. O.a:HaKO BOHHbi, co6na3HHBIIIHe nonytieHHeM 6onhrnoro )l{anoBaHhH, no.a:.a:ep)I{HBanH BOeHHYIO TPaJl:HQHIO, xoTH cTpororo KOHTponH, OTJl:aBaBIIIero, cornaCHO nepBOHatiaflbHOMY nOHHTHIO, BOeHHbiH neH TOflbKO Jl:eHCTBHTeflbHOMY BOHHY, y)l{e He cymecTBoBano. HaCTOHIQee nOHHTHe BOeHHOrO neHCTBa H3rna.a:wnocb TaK 6biC1pO, 'ITO B 3aKOHe, H3Jl:aHHOM eiQe feHpHXOM II, npaBHYKOM BHflhreflhMa (ChiHOM BHYtiKH ero MaTHnhJl:hi), Mhi He HaxOJl:HM H cne.a:a cpeOJl:anH3Ma, a BOeHHaH opraHH3aQHH CTpOHTCH no npHHQHTIY 'IHCTO rpiDK)J.aHCKOH MHflHQHH. YKa3 o Boopy)l{eHHH ( «Assisa de armis habendis in Anglia») oT 1181 ro.a:a npe.a:nHCbiBaeT, lff06bi TOT, KTO Bna.a:eeT pbiQapCKHM neHOM, HMen 6bi

3aMoK TaMsopc. XII B.

naHQHpb, IIIfleM, IQHT H KOnhe; KTO Bna.a:eeT CKOTOM HflH KaKHM-HH6YJl:b Jl:pyrHM Jl:BH)I{HMbiM HMyiQeCTBOM 6onhrne tieM Ha 16 MapoK, - TO )l{e caMoe; KTO HMeeT 6onhrne 10 MapoK - Harpy.U:HHK, )l{ene3Hhlli rnneM H KOnhe; BCe OCTaflbHbie CB060Jl:Hble MY)I{tiHHhi- KYPTKH, )l{ene3Hbie IIIfleMbi H KOnhH. 3To opy)I{He HH n o .a: KaKHM BHJl:OM He Jl:Ofl)I{HO npOJl:aBaTbCH, a oneKyHhi Jl:Ofl)I{Hbl COXpaHHTb ero MH HecoBeprneHHoneTHHX .a:o .a:oCTH)I{eHHH nocneJl:HHMH npH3biBHOrO B03pacTa. Pa3be3Jl:Hhie CYJl:hi Jl:Ofl)I{Hbi tiepe3 npHCH)I{HbiX pacnpe.a:enHTh nro.a:ell: no pa3HhiM KnaccaM, npotiecTh HM 3TH npe.a:nHCaHHH Ha co6paHHHX rpacpcTBa H npHBeCTH K npwcHre. He HBHBIIIHHCH Ha TaKOe 06IQerpacpCKOe co6paHHe .a:onmeH caM HBHThCH B BeCTMHHCTep, T.e. Ha KOponeBCKHH Jl:BOp, TaM npHCHrHYTb H nonytiHTb Ha3Hatienne. Cy!l:hH Jl:Ofl)I{Hhi noBceMecTHo 06bHBHTh, 'ITO ecnH KTO-HH6yJl:h He 6y.a:eT HMeTh npeJl:TIHCaHHOro opy)I{HH, TO Kopoflh He orpaHHtiHTCH OJl:HHM TOflbKO III1pacpoM, a pe'lb 6y.a:eT HJl:TH 0 )I{H3HH H CMepTH. YKa3 KoponH HoaHHa oT 1205 ro.a:a npe.a:TIHcbrnaeT, lfl'O npH nepBoM H3BeCTHH 0 Bpa)l{eCKOM Hana.a:eHHH BCHKHH .a:on)l{eH c opy)I{HeM nocneIIIHTh K o6opoHe. Bna.a:eromHll: noMeCTheM B cnytiae HeHBKH 6e3 YBamHTeflhHOH (He no 6one3HH) npHtiHHhi Ha Bee BpeMeHa nHIIIaeTCH 3Toro noMeCThH Jl:flH ce6H H CBOero nOTOMCTBa. He HMeromwe Bna.a:eHHll: nonaJl:aiOT BMeCTe CO CBOHMH nOTOMKaMH B pa6CTBO H Jl:Ofl)I{HbJTiflaTHTh no.a:yrnHhiH Hanor B 4 Jl:eHapHH e)l{erOJl:HO. HHKTO no npHtiHHe 6e.a:HocTH He MO)I{eT y Kn OHHThCH oT npH3biBa, TaK KaK HBHBIIIHHCH KOpMHTCH 3a CtieT KOpOflH. IIIepHcpbi H 6anHBbi (63ll:nHcpbi) Jl:Ofl)I{Hbl 6billH nOBCeMeCTHO, Ha 6a3apax H HpMapKax, onoBeiQaTb 0 6 3TOM npHKa3e H no.a: flH'IHOH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTbiO C006 IQaTb KOponiO 0 KIDK)J.OM yKnOHHIOIQeMcH oT npmhrna. HoBhlli yKa3 o Boopy)l{eHHH feHpHXa III oT 1252 ro.a:a 6epeT 3a wcXOJl:HYIO TO'IKY npeJl:TIHCaHHe feHpHxa II oT 1181 ro.a:a, OJl:HaKO HJl:eT H .a:anhrne nocne.a:Hero. B TO BpeMH KaK feHpHX II KaTeropHtieCKH npe.a:nHChiBaeT BOopy)l{eHHe TOflbKO BCeX CBO-

3An.A)J.HA$l EBPOnA

27 illOTJIAH,[(H.H

AHf AHR s XII- XIII sa.

- ·- -·-· rpaaMua •opOAeBeTOl -··-··~ ........... rpu'l4\lbl

AHrMtH

rp3!p-CTI

~c"p'/tc~~::. tt,::::.o_..~es:::~~~ 1- naAII1'HRny

Aape)l

B Haqane XI BeKa Wor.naH,a/1110 co-

- - rpaMMUtai Apynuc TCppMTOpMA 2 - naUTHH.T)' Yeuep Coxp• tJ!eHUJI s.- SeA~op,&wHp r .- rcttTHKrA.ottwt!p M .- MMAAccKc P.- Pe ncHA.

cTaBn>~nlll qeTbJpe KpynHble o6miiiH-

HbJe

opraH/1138~111111,

111!1111 KoponeB-

CTBa- CKOTTOB, niiiKTOB, 6p/IITTOB Ill aHmoB; IIIMenocb TBK)I(e HeKoTopoe KOJI/IfqecTBO He38B/IIC/11Mb/X CK8H,aiiiH8BCK/IIX noceneHIIIVt, OC06eHHO H8 nplll6pe)I(HbiX ocTpoBax. B e.a111Hoe WomaH,D,cKoe KoponeBCTBO Bee OH/11 6blfl/ll 06be,a/IIHeHbl np/11 KOPOJI>IX CKOTTOB ManbKOflbMe II ( 1005-1034 rr.) 111 JlYHKaHe ( 1034-1040 rr:) -

npaB.aa,

OCTpOB8 no-npe)I(HeMy OCT8B8JI/11Cb CKBH.a/IIHBBCKIIIM/11. O.aHaKo, xoT>~cf>op ManbHO CI03epeH/IITeT Kopon>~ WoTnaH,D,/11111 npiii3H8B8flC>I BCeM/11, B CTpaHe nocTO>IHHO ~ap111na aHapxlll>l. He cqllfTB>I npaKT/IfqecK/11 HenpepbJBHbiX BHYTPeHH/IIX BOVtH Ill yco6111~, CKOTTbl qacTO ycTp8111B8fllll Ha6erlll B CeBepHb/e BHm/IIVtCK/IIe npoBIIIH~/11/11 Ill, B CBOIO oqepe.ab, no.aBepranlllcb oTBeTHbiM BHm/IIVtCK/IIM K8p8TeflbHb/M 3KCne,a/II~/II>IM.

1009-1010 rr. BTOP)I(EHVISL

AATCKVIE II 6bm

ManbKOflbM

pa36111T CBeHoM

I B111no6opo,abJM

np111 H3pHe ( 1009 r. ), o.aHaKo CBeH noqeMy-To oTcTynllln. Kor.aa cne.ayFOmiiiM neToM CBeH on>~Tb BToprc>~ B WomaH,aiiiFO, ManbKOflbM o.aep)l(an Bepx B O)l(eCToqeHHOM cpa)l(eH/11/11 np111 MopmaKe (1010r.), BbJHy,aiiiB ,aaHOB cneWHO OTCTyniiiTb H8 KOpa6JI/II. no6e.aa B 3TOM Cp8)t(eH/II/II MOIna 6bl n03BOJI/IITb /liM 38Kpen/IITbC>I B WoTnaH,a/11111, 111 oHa 6bma noqTIIf B

III pacnpocTpaHi!eT

MeJIKoe opy)Kue. OnoJI<JeHMil 3TH

pyKax- ManbKOflbMY

31'0 Ha BCeX JIHI.I OT 16- AO 60-JieTHe-

AOJI)f(Hbl B03rJiaBJiliTbCil KOHCTe6Jii!-

6pOC/IITb B 60Vt CB0/11 nocne,aH/IIe pe-

ro B03pacTa, «rpiDKAaH ropo,.qoB, cBo-

MM M rJiaBHblMM KOHCTe6Jii!MM.

3epBbl.

6o,.qHhiX, feHpux

6o,.qHbiX ,.qep)KaTeJielt, BHJIJiaHOB M

Pa3)l.eJieHMe aHrJIHltcKoro Hapo,.qa

npo<JMX» (cives burgenses, libere

B OTHOIIIeHMH BOMHCKOi:t llOBMHHOCTH

tenentes vi llanos et alois); ecJIM feH-

np111wnocb

1018 r. 6VITBA nPVI KAP3ME. ManbKOflbM

BToprc>~ B HopTyM6-

KJiaCCOB CO cryneHeo6pa3HblM

PIIIFO, pa36/IIJI HOpTyM6piiiVt~eB H8

BOopy)KeHHeM cpaBHHBaeTCil C TaKHM

peKe Ty111.a 111 aHHeKclllpoBan Teppiii-

3 KJiacca, 5; OT nep-

)Ke pa3)l.erieHHeM Ha 5 KJiaCCOB B ,.qpeB-

TOP/1110 Me)I(JJ.y Ty111.aoM Ha FOre 11138-

BOrO Tpe6yeTCil KOHHail CJiy)K6a;

HepHMCKMX ueHTYPMliX. BHeiiiHee

fi/IIBOM <t>epT-ocf>-<t>opT Ha ceBepe.

pux

pa31IM<JaeT TOJibKO

TO Tenepb HX CTaHOBMTCil

1040-1057 rr. UAPCTBOBA-

npe,.qnocJie,.qHilil cryneHb Hapg,.qy c

CXOACTBO 6pocaeTCil B rJia3a, HO pa3-

Me<JOM M KHH)KaJIOM ,.qomKHa MMeTb M

HMI.Ia3aKJIIO<JaeTCil B TOM, 'ITO y pHM-

HVIE MAK6ETA.

JIYK co cTpeJiaMu; nocJie,.qHilil cryneHb- BJia)l.eJibl.lbi MeJib<Jaltumx 3e-

JlliH pe'Ib u,.qeT o nopi!,.qKe Ha6opa B

BJ18CTb, 38XB8T/IIB TPOH, BepO>!THO,

AHCI.IMllJIHHHpOBaHHOe BOltCKO, y aHr-

nocne y6111VtCTB8 KOPOJI>I JlyHK8H8.

MeJibHblX yqacTKOB MJIH BJla)l.eJibl.lbl C

JIH'JaH )Ke- o6 onoJI<JeHMM, cyme-

XomnpaB/IITeneM oH oKa3anc>~ Becb-

ABM)KHMOCTbiO 6oJiee <JeM B 40 IIIMJI-

CTBOBaBIIIeM llO'JTH TOJlbKO Ha 6yMa-

Ma pa3yMHbiM, CTP8H8 T8K Ill He CMO-

JIMHrOB 06i13aHbl HMeTb TOJlbKO KOCbl,

re, napaJIJieJibHO KOTopoMy co,.qe~a

ma ero npiiiH>ITb. MHor111e KpynHble

KMH)KaJibl, HO)KH u TOMY no,.qo6Hoe

JIOCb llOAJIMHHOe BOMHCTBO.

cf>eo.aanbl o6be,a111HIIInlllcb BOKpyr

OH y3ypn111poBan

BOli1HA on~Tb CTAHOBV1TC~ V1CKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rr. pepOCflltf B nonHOM8CWT86HyiO BOiiiHy. B o'lepe.tJ.HOiii pa3 Broprwucb B AHmltfFO, ManbKOnbMIIInorltf6BnepBoiii 113 61tfTB npu AnHitfKe ( 1093 r.).

1124-1153 rr. UAPCTBOBAHVIE ,D.ABVI,D.A I. no.fl..fl.ep)l(ltfBBR MaTitfflb.ll.Y ( M8Tb reHpltfXB II) B ee BOiiiHBX c aHmuiiicKitfM KoponeM CrecpaHOM bnyaCCKitfM, )J,BBM.ll. 38BOeBan 6onbWYFO 'lBCTb npoBitfH~Itfiii HopryM6epneH.D. ltf KaM6epneH.D., HeCMOTPR HB nopa)l(eHitfe, noHeCeHHOe OT BOWCK MeCTHOiii 3H8Titf ltf onon'leHMR B 6uTBe npu CrsH.D.BP.D.e ( coBp. ropo.tJ. HopranneproH; 1138 r.). npltf nonb/TKBX .ll.BflbHeiiiWitfX reppltfTOpl18flbHb/X 38XB8TOB 6bJn or61tfr KoponeM CrecpaHOM (1149r.).

1153-1165 rr. UAPCTBOBAHVIE MAJlbKOJlbMA IV (BHyKa AaBVI.Qa). 0H 6bJn BbJHy)l(.lJ.eH B03BpaTl1Tb HopryM6epneH.D. ltf KaM6epneH.D. reHpltfxy II nnaHrareHery.

1165-1214 rr. UAPCTBOBAHVIE BV!JlbfEJlbMA I JlbBA (6paTa ManbKOJlbMa IV). Bo BpeMR BenltfKoro MRTe)l(a ( 1173-1174 rr.) nO.fl..fl.ep)l(ltfBBfl BHmltfiiiCKMX 6yHTOB~ItfKOB-cpeO.f1.8JIOB ltf Cb/HOBeiii reHpl1X8 II; norepnen or reHpltfxa nop8)1(eHltfe BO BTOpoiii 6MTBe npltf AAHMKe, 6bJn 38XB8'leH B nneH ltf Bb/H'Y)I(.D.eH 3BnnaTitfTb BHmltfiiiCKOMY KOPOfl/0 Bb/Kyn ( 1174 r.).

HPJIAH,llJHI

80J.1Hbl. MHHJ.13T10pa BHH'fecTepcKO~ 6J.1611J.1J.1.

ManbKOnbMa KeHMopa, CbJHa y61tfroro )J,yHKaHa( 6y.D.y~ero KoponR ManbKOnbMa Ill). 8 1054 TO.ll.Y BHmOCBKCOHCKBR apMitffl nO.tJ. npe.tJ.BO.ll.ltfTenbCTBOM no.D..tJ.ep)l(ltfBaBwero ManbKOflbMa CltfBBP.ll.B, rpacpa HopryM6epneH.tJ.CKoro, HaHecna MaK6ery COKPYWitfTeflbHOe nop8)1(eHitfe B 61tfTBe npltf )J,yHCitfHBHe; norepltf aHmocaKCOB COCT8Bitfflltf OKOflO 1 Tb/Cfl'lltf 500 'leflOBeK, TOT.l1.8 KBK WOTnBH.D.~eB- .D.O .tJ.eCRTitf TbJCR'l. TpeMR ro-

1170 r.

.D.BMitf no3)1(e MaK6er 6bm cBeprHyr c npecrona ltf y61tfr.

1057-1093 rr. l...\APCTBOBAHVIE MAJlbKOJlbMA Ill. BpeMR or BpeMeHitf OH ycrpaltfBan c aHmltf'laHBMitf npltfrpaHitf'lHbJe CTbNKitf. BltfnbrenbM I 3aBoeBarenb BroprcR B WornaH.tJ.Itf/0 ltf 3acraBitfn ManbKOnbMa Ill npltf3HBTb ero CF03epeHitfrer (1072r.).

1 077-1 080 rr. B0171HA C AHfJ1VIE171. norpaHitf'lHb/e CTbl'lKl1 ne-

Ha py6e)l(e X-XI BeKoB bpltfaH bopoiiiMe ynpo'lltfn nltf.tJ.ItfPYFO~ee nono)l(eHitfe cBoero rocy.tJ.apcrBa B PR.ll.Y ltfPflBH.tJ.CKitfX KOponeBCTB. B cne.tJ.yFO~eM .D.ecmltfnerltfltf oH ltf3rHan .D.BHOB ltf cran 6e3pB3.tJ.enbHbJM BnacrltfreneM ocrpoBa. Bnocne.D.CTBitfltf .l1.8Hb/ e~e pa3 nonbJTBflltfCb 38XB8TitfTb VfpnBH.ll.ltf/0 ltf 6blflltf HBroflOBY pa361tfTbl B 6uTBe npltf KnoHrapcpe ('lYTb ceBepHee )J,y6nltfHa), HO bpltfaH nom6 B cpa)l(eHitfltf. He Hawnocb TBKOTO npeeMHl1K8, KOTOpbliii CMOr 6bJ Y.tJ.ep)I(8Tb B Y3.D.e HenOKOpHb/X ltfPflBH.D.~eB, ltf HB nonropa BeKa B crpaHe Bo~apltfncR xaoc. B Ha'lane XII BeKa Koponb HopBemu MarHyc IV

3An.A)J.HA$l EBPOnA Cnenoiii eo3maevm nocne,aHee cKaH,aMHaBcKoe BTOp)l(eHMe B /lfpnaH,lJ,M/0, HO norM6 no.a OnbcTepoM, Mero apMMfl OTCTynMna. 8 CaMOM Ha4ane BTOpoiii nonOBMHbl BeKa B /lfpnaH,aM/0 c o,ao6peHMfl leHpMxa II nnaHTareHeTa BTOPTnMCb aHmM4aHe BO maee c PM4ap,aoM, rpa<f>oM Kn9pCKMM. nocne TOTOKaKeTOBOWCK038XBaTMflO nna~..~.aapM Ha BOCT04HOM no6epe)l(be, fiBMncfl caM leHpMx II c 6onbwoiii apMMeiii M C nonHOM04MfiMM OT nanbl PMMCKOTO Ha ynpaeneHMe /lfpnaH,aMeiii. He pewaflcb npoTMBOCTOf~Tb npeBOCXO,l1flll..IMM CMnaM HOpMaHHOB M yea)l(afl nancKoe noeeneHMe, MpnaH,l1l.lbl nO,l14MHMflMCb. /1,0 KOHJ.la BeKa Ha OCTpOBe 6b!n0 OTHOCMTeflbHO CnOKOWHO.

CKAH,)JJ1HABHH

B Ha4ane XI eeKa M B KOHl.le XII BeKa /],aHM$01 6bma O,l1HOiii M3 CaMb/X Moryll..lecTBeHHb!X ,aep)l(aB B CeeepHoiii M 3ana,aHoiii Eepone. Ho Me)l(,ay 9TMMM .l1BYMfl nepMo,aaMM MOTyll..leCTBa CTpaHa 6bma OTHOCMTeflbHO cna6oiii, a B KaKOW-TO MOMeHT ,l18)1(e HaXO,aMnacb Ha rpaHM pa3Bana.

1174 f'OAY

984-1014 rr. 1..\APCTBOBAHVIE CBEHA I BVIJl060PO,O.OrO. npM HeM/],aHM$01 CTana O,l1HOiii M3 CaMb/X MOryll..leCTBeHHbiX ,aep)l(aB Eeponbl, 3aBOeBaB K TOMY )l(e n04TM ec10 AHmM/0. AHmMiiiCKMe ena,aeHMfl OH 3aBell..lan O,l1HOMY CBOeMy Cb!HY, KHYTY, a /],aTcKoe KoponeecTBO ,apyroMy, Xapanb,ay(ro.a~npaene足 HMfl 1014-1018). nocne CMepTM Xapanb,aa KHyry oTOwen M ,aaTCKMiii npecTOn.

1 019-1 035 rr. 1..\APCTBOBAHVIE KHYTA II. nocne cMepTM Xapanb,aa (1018r.) oH yTBep,aMn c noMOll..lb/0 aHmMiiiCKMX BOWCK CBOM npaBa Ha yHacne,aoBaHHb!W OT 6paTa npecTOn.

1026-1030 rr. BOiliHA CHOPBErV!Eill VI WBEI..\V!Eill. KHYT II Hanan Ha HopeerM/0, MKoponb Ona<t> II

EcJIH He C<JHTaTh BOCCTaHHSI HpJiaHAueB B

rrpoTHB aHrJIH-

"laH, TO pa3.L~,ophl Me)K)l.Y BO)K.Ll,SIMH KJiaHOB IIOMelllaJIH HM H3rHaTh aHrJIHi:tCKHX 6apoHoB H3 MpJiaHAHH. IloJiy<JHB HOBble IIO.Ll,KperrJieHHSI, aHrJIHi:tCKHe <Peo.LJ,aJihl COXpaHHJIH CBOe f'OCIIO.LJ,CTBO B 3axBa<JeHHhlX 3eMJISIX, o6pa30BaBIllHX yKpeiiJieHHhli:t pallOR aHrJIHi:tCKHX BJiap,eHHil B IOro-BocTO<JHoi:t qacTH MpJiaHAHH, Ha3BaHHhli:t II03)Ke Il3i:tJI (6yKBaJ1hHO- orpap_a, oropoJKeHHaSI TeppHTOpHSI), OTKYAaOHH coBeprnaJIH rroCTOi!HHhle Ha6erH H

Ha ApyrHe

o6JiacTH MpJiaHAHH. OrHi!Thle y HpJiaHACKHX KJiaHOB 3eMJIH CTaJIH C06CTBeHHOCThiO aHrJIHi:tCKHX <Peo.LJ,aJIOB, a CB060.LJ,Hble "'JJeHhl 3THX KJiaHOB 6blJIH rrpeBpai.I.IeHbl B KpeiiOCTHhlX.

1002 r. 6PVIAH 60P0171MEBEPXOBHbllll KOPOJlb. OH no6e,avtn npe,abl.l1Yll..leTO BepXOBHOTO KOponfl, Ma9nf!CeKHeiiinall, MTOTnpM3Han bpMaHa CBOMM npeeMHMKOM.

1014 r. AATCKOE BTOP)I(EHVIE. K ,aaHaM c OpKHeiiicKMxocTpoeoe npMCOe,aMHMflMCbMX B36yHTOBaBWMeCfl copo,aM4M, .Y>Ke .aaeHo oceewMe Ha 3eMnm< no,a/],y6nMHOM. B 6wBe no,a KnOHTap</>OM bpMaH o,aep)I(Bn nocne,aH/010 ceo10 no6e,ay- pa36Mn 38XBaT4MKOB Mno,aaBMfl BOCCTaHMe.

1 014-11 67 rr. XAOTVIlfE CKVIE BHYTPEHHVIE PACnPVI. 1167-1171 rr. HOPMAHHCKOE 3ABOEBAHVIE.

0ce6eprCKH~ KOpa6Jlb. 0ce6eprcKH~ KOpa6Jlb 6b111 H8~AeH B

1904 rOAY B Hop-

aerHH B MOrHJlbHHKe npeABOAHTeiiSI BHKHHrOB, Teno KOTOporo 06HapylKHJ1H BHyTpH. Tenepb KOpa6Jlb H8XOAHTCSI B MY3ee B Ocno, A8THpyeTCSI OH XI CTOneTHeM. AsJHHa ero

21,58 M, WHpHHa- 5,2 M. Kopnyc AY60Bbl~, HMeeTCSI KPen-

KH~ KHJlb B BHAe 6pyca, KapKaC H ABeH8Al(8Tb OORCOB 06WHBKH no K8)f(AOMY GopyY. Hoc" KOpMa yCTpoeHbl coaepweHHO OAHHaKoao, "o6a 3aaepwaiOTCSI BbiCOKO B3JleT810U4HMH H3RU4HbiMH 38BHTK8MH.

K8)f(AOM 6opyY- no nRTH8A-

1.(8Tb OTBepCTH~

AJ1St aecen, H "'YTb BnepeA no OTHOWeHHIO K l(eHTpy KOpa6J1R, Ha KHJle- CTeOC AJ1St M81.fTbl. Y"'HTbiB8R 38MeTHyiO WHpHHY KOpa6nR- OKOJ10

"'eTBepTH ero A11HHbl, -

MOJKHO npeAOOJ10lKHTb, "'TO KOpa6Jlb npeAH83H8"1811CSI

CKOpee AJ1St nepeB030K, HeJKeJlH AJ1St BoeHHbiXAeOCTBH~

BOli1HA on~Tb CTAHOBV1TC~ V1CKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rr.

CKaHA"HaacKHeao"H~

1 042-1 047 rr. UAPCTBOBAHII'IE MArHYCAI OJlA<t>COHA HOPBE>KCKOrO. MarHyc orpa3111n HanaP.eHI!IR cnaBRH-BeHeP,OB Ha JOrnaHP.III/0 111 oP,ep)l(an no6eP.y B 6111ree np111 fl111c6bepre (1043 r.). KpoMe roro, MarHycy np111wnocb 6opo TbCR c BOCCTaHI!IeM CBeHa 3cTpi!IP,CeHa, nneMRHHI!IKa KHyra II ( oKono 10451047 rr.), KOTOPOIO OH, HeCMOTPRHa MHOIO'li!ICfleHHb/e no6eP,bl, TaK Ill He CyMen noP,aBI!ITb. 1047-1074 rr. UAPCTBOBAHII'IE CBEHA II 3CTPII'IACEHA. BcKope nocne roro, KaK 25 OKTR6pR 1047 roP.a MarHyc I Onaif>coH yMep B CK1!16610, CeeH ll3axBarl!ln rpoH, HO eMy npi!IWflOCb OT61!1BaTbCR OT HOpBe)I(CKOIO KoponR XapanbP.a Ill XapP.PaP.a, KOrP,a TOT nbJTaflCR 3aBOeBaTb )J,aHI!I/0 ( 1047-1064 rr.). BnocneP.CTBIIIIII CeeH II ornpae111n apMIII/0 e AHm11110 noP.P,ep)l(arb aHmocaKCOHcKoe BOCCTaHI!Ie npOTIIIB BlllnbrenbMa I 3aeoeearenR ( 1069 r.). CeeH II ocHoean P.I!IHacrl!l/0 BanbP.eMapoe, 111 TPOH MIIIPHO, no O'lepeP,I!I, nepexoP.IIIfl K Ka)l(aOMY 1113 nRTepbJX ero CbiHOBei1(1074-1134 11.). 1131-1157 rr. rPA>KAAHCKASl BO~HA 3A nPECTOJlOHACJlEAI!'IE. Ccopa ecnbJXHyna Me)I(P.Y MarHycoM Cl!lnbHbJM, CbJHOM KoponR Hl!lnbca ( roP.bl npaeneHI!IR 1104-1134 rr. ), Ill KHyTOM flaeapP.OM, Cb/HOM 6bJBWero KOpOnR 3i1piiiKa 3i1eroP.a(oKono 1095-1103 rr.). Vf3-3a y6111i1crea KHyra MamycoM

IX-XI BB.

3aBR3anacbrpa)l(aaHCKaRBOWH~KO足

XapanbP.COH ( lllnlll I!IHa'le - Onaif> CeRro iii) np1113ean Ha noMOWb KoponR Weel..ll!llll AHaHP.a ~lKy6a. B MopcKoi1 6111ree np111 CraHre6bepre ( 1026 r.) KHyr II norepnen nop8)t(eHI!Ie, HO COXpaHI!Ifl P,OCTaTO'lHO Clllfl, 4T06bJ npOP,Ofl)l(aTb KOHTpOnl!lpOBaTb MOPCKI!Ie TOPIOBbJe nyrlll, 4TO noMorano eoeearb c Onaif>oM. nocne pewaFOll.lei1no6eP.bl KHyra e 61!1ree np111 XenbryMe ( 1028 r.) Onaif> 6e)l(an e Poccl!l/0 ( Pycb). C noMoll.lb/0 AHaHP,a ~JKy6a B 1030 IOP.Y OH BepHyncR 3aRBIIITb npereH3111111 Ha rpoH, HO norepnen nopa)l(eHI!Ie or ropa3P,O 6onee MHOIO'li!ICfleHHOW

P,aTCKO-HOpBe)I(CKOW apMIIIIIIIII nor1116 B 6111ree np111 Cri!IK!IbCTaP.e ( 31 aeryera 1030 r.). BcneP. 3a reM KHyr II nOP,'li!IHI!Ifl BC/0 Hopeer11110 Ill ycraHOBIIIfl KOHTPOflb nO'lTIII H8,ll. BCeW /0)/(HOW 6anTI!IKOW. 1 035 r. CMEPTb KHYTA II. VfMnepiiiR 6bma pa3P,eneHa Me)I(P.Y rpeMR ero Cb/HOBbRMI!I: rapanbP.Y 3aR%eW flane P,ocranacb AHmi!IR, XapraKHyry- )J,aHI!IR, a CeeHy- Hopeeri!IR. 1 035-1 042 rr. UAPCTBOBAHII'IE XAPTAKHYTA. OH ropa3P.O 6onbwe IIIHrepecoeancR aHmllli1CKI!IMIII P,enaMI!I, 'leM P,aTCKIIIMI!I.

TOpaR TO BCnbJXI!IBana, TO 3aTI!IXana, noKa Ha TpOH He B30Wen Cb/H KHyra flaeapP,a BanbP.eMap I ( 1157 r:), no Marepi!IHCKOWfli!IHIIIIII npi!IXOP.IIIBWI!IWCR BHYKOM Kl!leBCKOMY KHR3/0 BnaP,I!IMIIIPY MOHOMBXY. 115 7-1182 rr. UAPCTBOBAHII'IEBAJlbAEMAPAIBEJlii'IKOrO. np111 COP,eWCTBIIIIII TaKOW npi!IMe'larenbHOW nl!l'lHOCTIII, KaK enl!lcKon A6canoH (oKono 1128-1201 rr:), BbJP.aFOll.li!IWCR BOeHa'laflbHIIIK Ill noni!ITIIIK BanbP,eMap I BOCCTaHOBI!Ifl nopRP,OK B CTpaHe Ill 3a C'leT WBeP,OB, BeHeP.OB 111 HeMl..leB pacwl!lpllln cif>epy P,arCKOIO Bfli!IRHIIIR Ha baflTI!IKe. 1160-1169 rr. BO~HA C BEHEACKII'IMII'I nii'IPATAMI!'I. B KOHl..le

3An.A)J.HA$l EBPOnA KOH~oeA6canoH 3axeamn onnoT eeHe.aoe Ha ocTpoee PtoreH.

1170-1182 rr. AATCKASl 3KcnAHC"'Sl. A6canoH 38XBanm MeKneH6yprCK}'IO 6yxry M OCHOBBn cf>opnOCTb/ B 3CTOHMM.

1182-1202 rr. UAPCTBOBAH"'E KHYTA IV. A6canoH ocTaeanc$1 rnaBHb/M KOponeBCKMM COBeTHMKOM; .tJ,aTCKMe MOrywecTBO M BJIM$/HMe npo.ao.JI)I(anM pacTM. A6canoH oTpa3Mn HeMe~KOe BTOp)l(eHMe ( 1182 r.) M npeceK nonbJTKM noMepaHMM ocnopMTb Bfla.tJ,b/4eCTBO ,£1aHMM Ha bBnTMKe, O.tJ,ep)l(aB peWMTenbHYIO no6e.ay B MOPCKOM cpa)l(eHMM Ha Tpaeep3e WTpene ( coep. ropo.a WTpanb3YH.a e c:t>PI; 1184 r.).

HopserHfl HopeerM$1, e KOH~e XeeKa 3aeoeeaHHa$1 GeeHoM I Buno6opo.tJ,bJM, 4epe3 .aea .aec$/TMneTM$1, npM Kopone Onacf>e IIXapanb.acoHe, HeHaaonro eocnp$1Hyna: e nepuo.a, Kor.aa KHYT II 3aKaH4Mean 3aeoeebJBaTb AHmMto. Ho 4epe3 HecKonbKO neT KHYT II on$1Tb no.a4MHMn HopeerMto (eM. BbJWe), M TOnbKO nocne ero CMepTM CTpaHa eepHyna He38BMCMMOCTb.

nocne 6MTBbJ npM CTMKnbcTa.ae cnepea Ha Pycb, r.ae cny;KMn e .apy)I(MHe KHf/3$1 }lpocnaea My.aporo, a noToM e KoHcTaHTMHononb, r.ae BCTynMn B eapf/)I(CKY/0 reap.tJ,M/0 (OKOJIO 1034-1042 rr.). npo3BaHMe /p03Hb/W OH nony4Mfl M3-3a CBOMX BbJ.tJ,atoWMXC$1 60W~OBCKMX Ka4eCTB; Ha ero 6oeBOM WTaH.tJ,apTe 3Ha4Mf10Cb «Pa30PMTeflb». nocne CMepTM MarHyca OH cTan e.aMHOfiM4HbJM npaBMTeneM HopeerMM M )l(eHMnC$1 Ha .ao4epu KH$13$1 }lpocnaea My.aporo EnM3aeeTe. OH eoeean c.aaTCKMM KOponeM CeeHOM II, M B MOPCKOM cpa)l(eHMM 6nM3 ycTb$1 HuccbJ(9aerycTa 1062 r.) O.tJ,ep)l(afl Ha.tJ, HMM CTOflb COKPYWMTenbHYIO no6e.ay, 4TO .tJ,aTCKMW cf>noT OKa3aJIC$1 npaKTM4eCKM YHM4TO)I(eH, a CaMOMY GeeHY II npuwnocb cnacaTbCf!6ercTBOM Ha OCTPOB 3enaH.tJ,Mfl. 0.tJ,HaKO enocne.tJ,CTBMM Xapanb.a 3aKnto4Mn c HMMMMP( 1064 r.). B 1066 ro.ayXapanb.tJ, BTOPTCfl B AHmMto, Haronoey pa36Mn npM c:t>yncf>op.ae MecTHoe

31 onon4eHMe, HO noTepnen nop8)1(eHMe M norM6 B 6MTBe npM CTaMcf>o p.a -6pM.tJ,)I(e.

1 066-1 093 rr. UAPCTBOBAH"'E OJlA<PA Ill XAPAJlbACOHA (T"'X0f0). npaBMfl OH COBMeCTHO CO CTapWMM 6paTOM MarHyCOM ( KaK M caM Onacf>, CbJHOM Xapanb.aa Ill), a nocne ero cMepTM ( 1069 r.) cTan e.aMHOnM4HbJM enacTMTeneM HopeerMM. B ro.tJ,bJ ceoero ~apcTeoeaHMfl Onacf> He een HM o.aHow BOWHbJ.

1 093-11 03 rr. UAPCTBOBAH"'E MAfHYCA Ill fOJlOHOfOfO. npo3BaHHb/W TaK 3a npMCTpaCTMe K WOTJiaH.tJ,CKOMY KMnbJY, OH opraHM30Ban HecKonbKO noxo.aoe Ha OpKHewcKMe M/e6pM.tJ,CKMe OCTpOBa, KOTOpbJe BepHyn no.a BnaCTb HOpBe)I(CKOW KOPOHbl. YMep OH BO epeM$1 noXO.tJ,aHaVfpnaH.tJ,Mto(aBryCT 1103 r.).

11 03-1130 rr. UAPCTBOBAH"'Sl CbiHOBE&it MAfHYCA Ill. Hau6onee M3BeCTHbJM M3 HMX 6bm Curyp.a I, y4aCTHMK KpecTOeoro noxo.aa.

1015-1028 rr. UAPCTBOBAH"'E OJlA<PA II XAPAJlbACOHA (OJlA<PA CBSlTOfO) . l13rHaHHbiW KHyToM ( 1028 r.), oH nonbJTancf! eepHyTbCfl, HO noTepnen nopa)l(eHMe M noru6 e 6MTBe npM CTMKnbCTa.ae ( CM. Bb/We).

1035 r. UAPCTBOBAH"'ECBEHA (cbtHa KHyTa II). BcKope OH 6bm HM3no)l(eH e nonb3Y MarHyca, CbJHa Onacf>a II.

1035-1047 rr. UAPCTBOBAH"'E MArHYCA I A06POfO. HM3nO)I(MB CeeHa, Hopee)I(CKMe BO)I(.ll,M npOB03macMnM KOponeM O.lJ,MHH&Q~aTMJieTHero MarHyca. Kor.aa yMep XapTaKHYT ( 1042 r.), MarHyc cTan TaJOKe KOponeM )J.aHMM. nocne 803epaweHMfl Xapanb.aa Curyp.acoHa MarHyc pa3.aenun c HMM KoponeecTeo( 1045 r.), HoecKope3a6onenM yMep ( OKT$16pb 104 7 r.).

1 045-1066 rr. UAPCTBOBAH"'E XAPAJlbAA Ill XAPAPAAA (fP03H0f0). nfiTHa.tJ,~aTM neT OT po.ay Xapanb.a 6e)l(an M3 HopeerMM

Pbl"'apb XI-XII BB. <l>parMeHT ro6eneHa Ha'fana XIII a.

BOli1HA on~Tb CTAHOBV1TC~ V1CKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rr. apmenMcKoncTBo B Yncane( 1164 r. ), nfiTb envtcKoncTB no WBe~MM M no3)l(e e~e o.aHo B ct>vtHflfiHJJ.MM, B A6o ( wBe.acKoe HB3BBHMe ropo.aa TYPKY).

CKHAHH3BCK1fj;l WHeKKap.

XII B.

WBe.tJ.bJ npo.aon)I(BJIM nonbJTKM /II Xp/IICTM8HM38~MM IOT0-3ana.tJ.HOW npvt6pe)I(HOW 4:>/IIHJifiHJJ.MM ( npo~eCC 3TOT H848JICfl C KOJIOHM38~MM

VIII B.).

1157 r. WBEACK'-'Illl KPECTOBbll'l nOXOA B <P'-'IHJlSIHA'-110. npoBe.tJ.eH KOpOJieM 3Wp/IIKOM llf3wPMKCOHOM C ~eflb/0 nOJJ.'lMHMTb M 06paT/IITb B XPMCTMBHCTBO l/>MHCKMX f13bNHMKOB. ConpoBo)I(JJ.an 3wpuKa 8HTJIMWCKMWenMCKOn (eHpMX, norvt6WMW 111 Bnocne.acrBM/11 KBHOHM3vtpoBBHHbJW KBK CBfiTOW noKpOBMTeJib ct>mmfiHJJ.IIIM.

0Kono 1172 r. nAnCKASIEiYJlJlA. nana AneKcaH.ap Ill 1113JJ.an 6yn-

1130-1217 rr. fPA)I(.Q.AHCK'-'IE BOli!Hbl '-1 60Pb6A CBETCKOlll '-1 AYXOBHOlll BJlACT'-1.

'-lro Kacaercfl WBe~MM ( MeHee ~MBMJIM30B8HHOW MXPMCTM8HM3MpOB8HHOW, 'leM HopBervtfl M ,il,aHMfl), 3TM JJ.B8 BeKa MO)I(HO p83JJ.eJIMTb H8 rpu no.anepuo.aa. B nepBbJW M3 HMX WBe~Mfl no'lTM nocrofiHHO BOeBana c HopBeruew u ,il,aHuew. Ha nporfl)l(eHMM BTOporo B CTPBHe ~8pMJI8 aHapxvtfl. B rperuw- no.a ~eHrpanu30BBHHow BJIBCTb/0 CMJibHOW MOH8pXMM YCTBHOBMJICfl MMp.

994-1021 rr. UAPCTBOBAH'-'IE OJlA<PA I CKf:TKOHYHfA. B 1015-1019 rr. BbJTecHeH Ona-

1 060-1 066 rr. L.I.APCTBOBAH'-'IE CTEHK'-'IJlSI. Kor.aa 3JJ.MYHJJ. yMep,HeOCT8BMBH8CJie.tJ.HMK8,TpOH nepewenKero3fiTIO, CreHKMn/0. Tor norepnen nopa)l(eHvte or o6be.auHeHHoro HopBe)I(CKo-.aarcKoro BowcKa Xapanb.aa Xap.apa.aa M CBeHa II. YMep CreHKMJib, He OCTBBMB H8CJie.tJ.HMK8, 'leM 6b/JIO nOJIO)I(eHO HB48110 .anurenbHOMY nepuo.ay rp8)1(JJ.BHCKMX BOWH.

1066-1134 rr. fPA>KAAHCK'-'IE BOli!Hbl. B HMX co'leranvtcb 6opb6a 38 npecron M nocne.aHue ycunvtfl f13bJ4HMKOB nporMBOCTOfiTb XPMCTM8HM38~MM CTP8Hbl.

0Kono 1130-1156 rr. UAPCTBOBAH'-'IE CBEPKEPA. 3ror3e-

1000

MenbHbJW M8TH8T M3 OCTTOTOB BOCCTBHOBMJI ~eHTP8JIM30B8HHYIO BJIBCTb M nOJIO)I(MJI KOHe~ rpa)I(JJ.BHCKMM BOWHBM.

1 021-1050 rr. L.I.APCTBOBA-

1156-1160 rr. L.I.APCTBOBAH'-'IE 3l'IP'-1 KA Ill 3lll P'-'IKCOHA. OH

Q>oM II Xapanb.tJ.COHOM M3HOpBe)I(CKMX npOBMH~MW, 38BOeB8HHb/X B

ro.ay.

H'-'IE AHAHAA SIKYEiA. AHBHJJ. M KOPOflb HopBeruu Onalj> II Xapanb.tJ.COH ( wm MHa'le OnaQ> CBflrow) o6be.tJ.MHMnvtcb B C0/03 npOTMB JJ.BTCKOTO KOPOllfl KHyra II, HO norepnenu coKpywurenbHoe nopa)l(eHvte ( 1026-1030 rr.).

1 050-1060 rr. L.I.APCTBOBAH'-'IE 3AMYHAA (MnaAwero 6paTa AHaH.Qa Slt<y6a).

B03maBvtn KpecroBbJW noxo.a B ct>vtHnfiHJJ.M/0 ( 1157 r.) M 6b/JI y6MT B pe3YllbT8Te 38roBopa. Bnocne.acrBMM K8HOHM3MPOB8H KBK CBfiTOW noKpOBMTeJib WBe~MM.

11 60-121 o rr. onSITb rP A)l(AAHCK'-'IE BOli!Hbl. Benvtcb Me)I(JJ.y Hacne.aHMKBMM 3wpuKa Ill u CBepKepa. B 3TOT nep111o.a 6bmo Y'lPe)I(JJ.eHo

ny, Koropafl noo~pflna wBe.aoB no.a'lMHf/Tb M o6pa~8Tb B Xp/IICTMBHCTBO l/>MHHOB.

<PPAHQIHI nep111o.a nocreneHHoro ycMneHMfl Bnacru u pacwupeHMfl reppurop/11anbHbJX Bna.aeHMW Koponew ct>paH~MM M3JJ./11Hacruu KaneTMHroB. KoponeBcKafl BJIBCTb M CBMO cy~eCTBO足 BBHMe KOponeBCTB8 6b/JIM cepbe3HO nocraBneHbJ no.a yrpo3y, Kor.aa feHpuxAH)I(yWCKMW CO'leTBJICfl 6paKOM C AflvteHopowAKBMTBHCKOW (6bJBWeW )l(eHow J710JJ.OB/11Ka VII) u cran Q>eo.aanbHbJM BJIBCTMTeJieM BCeW /OT038n8JJ.HOW cJ>paH~IIIM, 8 TBJOKe HOpMBHJJ.CKMX TeppMTOPMW H8 CeBepe M ceBepo -3ana.ae crpaHbJ; BCKope noCJie.tJ.OB8JI8 M ero KOPOH8~/IIfl KBK KOponfl AHmM/11 feHpuxa II. Ho fl!OJJ.OBIIIK VII 111 CbJH ero ct>vtnMnn II ABrycr, Bnocne.a CTBMM YHBCJie.tJ. OBBBWMW TPOH, no.acrpeKanM Cb/HOBeW (eHpMX8 6yHTOB8Tb M BeCbM8 He6e3yCneWHO; TBKMM o6p830M, yrp038 nOJIHOTO nOJJ.'lMHeHMfl cJ>paH~MM 8HTJIMWCKMM KOPOllfiM 6b/JI8 npe.tJ.OTBpa~eHa. B nocne.aHue JJ.Ba .aecf/T/11nervtfl XII BeKa ct>ununn II ABrycr .ao-

3An.A)J.HA$l EBPOnA 6vmcfl l.lenoro Pfl/1.8 Bbi/1.8/0/J..IMXCfl BOeHHb/X MJJ.MnflOMBrM'leCKMX ycneXOB, o6ecne'luewux eMy 6e3oroeopO'lHOe npeBOCXOJJ.CTBO.

1031-1060 rr. L.I,APCTBOBAH"'E fEHP"'XA I. OH ycnewHo noJJ.8BMn M>ITe)l( ceoero 6p8T8 Po6epT8 (1032r.), nocne 'lero een p>~.o. eoi1H c rp8cpCTB8MM E>ny8, W8Mn8Hb M .o.pyrMMM KpynHbiMM cpeOJJ.8MM ceBepHOi1 4Jp8H/..lMM ( 1033-1043 rr.). B nepBbiX K8Mn8HMfiX 6onbWYIO noMOI.l..lb eMy OK83b/Ban Po6epr, repl.lor HopM8HJJ.CKMi1.

1035 r. B"'JlbfEJlbM I CTAHOB"'TCS1 fEPL.tOfOM HOPMAHJJ.CK"'M. 03-38 roro, 'lTO BMnbrenbM 6blfl He38KOHHOpO)I(JJ.eHHbiM, npoTMB Hero BOCCT8fl8 3H8'lMTeflbH8>1 'l8CTb Bb/CWei1 HOPM8HJJ.CKOi1 3H8TM (1035-1047rr.). 8 KOH/..le KOH/..lOB Mf!Te)l( 6bm no.o.8eneH c noMOI.l..lb/0 Kopon>I ct>p8H/..lMM leHpMX8 I; pew8/0ll..lei1 OK838fl8Cb no6e.o.8 BMnbrenbM8 B 6Mree npM Banb-.o.e-,[liOHe (6nM3 ropo.o.8 K8H8 B coep . .o.en8pT8MeHre K8nbB8JJ.OC). ,[leyM>I ro.o.8MM n03)1(e BCnbiXHYfl8 BOi1H8 Me)l(ll.y leHpMXOM I M BMnbrenbMOM I; npM'leM nocne.o.HeMYYJJ.8nocb orp83MTb cpp8H/..lY3CKOe BTOp)l(eHMe ( 1049 r.). no rOM BOi1H8 Me)l(ll.y HMMM H8'l8fl8Cb on>ITb, OJJ.H8KO nepeeec8 T8K M He JJ.06MflCfl HMKTO ( 1055-1058 rr.).

l.IHH, aHMeHHO rep1.1orcTBo HopMa.HAHH (cBSI3aHHoe c AHmHe~ co BpeMeHH HOpMaH,qCKOrO 3aBOeBaHHSI 1066 r.), rpa4>cTBO AH)f()' c rro,q<JHHeHHhiMH eM:y rpa<PcTBaMH M3H H TypeHh H rep1.1orcTBo AKBHTaHHa, norrasrnee

<f>pa.Hl.IY3CKoro Kopo.JIJI Jiro,qoBHKa VII. BJiageHHH aHrJIH~cKoro KopoJIH Ha KOHTIIHeH're B XII CTOJieTHH B rnecTh pa3 rrpeBOCXOAHJIH BJiageHIDI KOpOJISI <l>pa.Hl.IHH H, KpOMe TOro, 3aKpbiBaJIH AJIH Hero BhlXOA K Mopro. BrroJIHe rroHHTHO, 'IT'OBOIIpOC OAaJihHe~IIIeM paclliHpeHHH KOpOJieBCKOrO AOMeHa H 061>e,qHHeHHH IIOJIHTH'IeCKH pa.:3,Ap06JieHHO~ <l>paHI.IHH 6hm CaMblM HeiiOcpe,qcTBeHHI>IM o6pa30M CBSI3aH C 6oph60ti IIpOTIIB aHrJIHtiCKOro KOpOJISI. PernaromHti xapaKrep 3Ta 6op1>6a rrpHIDIJiaB rrpa:BJieHHe <l>HJIHnna IIABrycTa.

B pyKH feHpHXa Il.na.HTareHeTa B pe3YJII>TaTe ero 6paKa c AJIHeHopo~ AKBHTaHcKoti, pa3Be,qeHHO~ JKeHoti

1180-1223 rr. L.I,APCTBOBAH"'E "'Jl"'nnA II ABfYCTA. B c8-

leHpMX8 II nn8HT8reHeT8. Moryll..leCTBO M npeCTM)I( cpp8H/..lY3CKOi1 KOpOHbl B pe3yflbT8Te 9TOTO M3P>1.0.HO noCTP8.0.8flM. B pyKax a.HrJIHtiCKHX KopoJieti H3 AHHaCTIIH TIJiaHTareHeTOB OKa3aJIHCh, Ta:KHM o6pa30M, orpOMHhie BJiageHHSI: AHmHH H 3Ha'IHTeJII>Haa qacTh pa.H-

1060-1108 rr. L.I,APCTBOBAH"'E "'Jl"'nnA I. He OTMe'leHo no'lTM HMK8KMMM JJ.OCTM)I(eHM>lMM, 38 MCKfl/O'leHMeM no6e.O.bl H8JJ. BMnbrenbMOM I 38eoee8reneM ( 1079 r.).

11 08-1137 rr. L.I,APCTBOBAH"'E JliOJJ.OB"'KA VI TOJlCTOfO. OH JJ.B8)1(ll.bl eoee8n c 8HmMi1CKMM KoponeM leHpMXOM I, u o68 p838 HM OJJ.HOi1 M3 CTOPOH He Y.0.8fl0Cb JJ.06MTbCfl nepeeec8 ( 1109-1112 rr. M 1116-1120 rr.). 38TeM 0Tp83Mfl HeMel.lKOe BTOp)l(eHMe ( 1124 r.) M M3Pfi.O.HO YCMflMfl KOponeBCJ<YIO Bfl8CTb 38 C'leT KpynHOi1 8pMCTOKp8TMM.

1137-1180 rr. L.I,APCTBOBAH"'E JliOJJ.OB"'KA VII MJlAJ].WEfO. OH 6bm BJJ.OXHOBMreneM u Y'l8CTHMKOM Broporo Kpecroeoro noxo/1.8. lfl8BHbiM C06b!TMeM 38 BeCb CpOK ero npaeneHMfl >IBMnocb pacrop)l(eHMe 6paKa C AnMeHopoi1 AKBMT8HCKOi1, nocne 'lero T8 Bb/Wfl8 38MY?K 38

3aMOKApyHAenb. nOCTpOeH B KOHI49 XI B.

BOli1HA on~Tb CTAHOBV1TC~ V1CKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rr.

AHrm<H

ru. 6P.A6AHT : ./

HaKo <DHJIHIIII

ABrycT O.LI.epw.aJI

rro6e.LI.y Ha)l. K~biM H3 CBOHX rrpoTHBHHKOB O'Ifl:eJibHO, a 3aTeM HaHeC peiiiHTeJibHoe rropiDKeHHe Bpa:w-.LI.e6-

(

!'yo" ~<>

r·u. HOPMAHHHIIQ

(

Holt KOaJIHI.IHH B 6HTBe rrpH ByBHHe, rAe B HIOHe

1214 ro.LI.a eMY

YAaJIOCh

pa36HTb COe.LI.HHeHHble BOltCKa repMaHCKOrO HMrrepaTopa H rpa4>a ¢.JiaH.LI.pCKOI'O. 3Ta rro6e.LI.a HMeJia 6oJibiiioe 3Ha<JeHHe AJIH AaJihHeltiiie-

I'P. BPETA.H b

ro pa3BHTHll <DpaHI.IHH H 6biJia BCTpe0 lloo~ct

'leHa HaceJieHHeM ee ceBepHbiX H ceBepo-BOCTO'IHhiX o6JiaCTelt C 60JibIIIOlt p3,l1.0CTbiO.

6HCICAilCKII/l

7AJIIIB

D D D

lll~f'CS>••· "'" <XPtAC ' •t~HO J<J.t<lllu.t~t

01' c»OIHUYJ •

CoeoM oe()(JO.. ••

CPU/1!3£MHOJ;.'

4P•f'd.l• • . .. enocpeA,C'T8tHMO l.a eMC•u,~

or KOpO""

MOPE

AptrOH.IJ

6 oae

ru. -

rep~e.rt:leO

rp, - ro•«••o

<J>paHLtHH B Ha~ane npa&neHHH HnHnna II ABryCTa (1180 r.) MOM Ha4ane npaeneHM>I OH nO.ll,4MHMJI KpynHb/X {j>eo.[J,aJIOB ceeepa M ceeepo-3ana.ll,a crpaHbJ ( 11801186 rr.), a 4T06bJ ocna6MTb enu>~ HMe nnaHTareHeTOB BO 4>paHI..lMM BCTynMJI B C0/03 C M>!Te)I(Hb/MM Cb/HOBb>IMM reHpuxa II ( 1187-1190 rr.). He C4MTa>l co103a eo epeM>I Tperbero Kpecroeoro noxo.ll,a- KpaTKoro M OTMe4eHHOTO 4aCTb/MM pa3MOJIBKaMM, <t>ununn II no4TM nocro>~HHO eoeean c aHmuCicKMM KoponeM Pu4ap.tJ.OM I J1bBMHoe Cep.tJ./..le. K KOHLlY BeKa B CBOMX nonbJTKaX BOCCTaHOBMTb M yKpenMTb MOry~eCTBO M npeCTM)I( {j>paHI..lY3CK0£1 KOPOHb/ 4>Mf1Mnn 1/.tJ.ocrur Hennoxux pe3ynb raTOB.

B pe3yJihTa.Te MHOroJieTI!elt 6opbII

6bl c TimunareHeTa:tviH <DHJIHIIII

ABrycT, HeH3MeHHO orrHpaBIIIHltcH B CBOelt .LI.eliTeJibHOCTH Ha IIOMOII.Ib ropO.LI.OB, cyMeJI IIOA'IHHHTb CBOelt BJiaCTH HopMaHAHIO, M:3H, AH:a<y H qacTb Tiyary c ropo.LI.OM TiyaThe.

pyKax

aHrJIHltCKHX KOpOJielt OCTaJiaCb JIHIIIb IOiKHrui qacTb Tiyary H repuorcTBO AKBHTaHHll. Ho 3TO ycHJieHHe BJiac-

™ 4>paHI.IY3CKOI'O

KOpOJill cpa3y iKe

Bbl3BaJIO OIIaCeHHll CO CTOpOHbl ero Herrocpe.LI.CTBeHHhiX coce.LI.elt, H rrpoTHB <DHJIHrrrra

ABrycTa cocTaBH-

Jiacb 06IIIHpHrui KOaJIHI.IHll, B COCTaB KOTOpolt BOIIIJIH

rprup ¢.JialfApHH, rep-

l.IOr JioTapHHrHH, aHrJIHltCKHlt KOpOJib H repMaHCKHlt HMnepamp. OA-

rEPMAHH.H npu Tpex He3ayp>i.ll,Hb/X MMnepaTOpax, /..lapCTBOBaBWMX 3.[J,eCb B Ha4ane XI eeKa, orMe4anc>~ nocreneHHbJ£1 POCT npeCTM)I(a M MOry~eCTBa KOponeBCK0£1 BJiaCTM. noTOM CTpaHY CT8Jia COTp>!CaTb CJIO)I(Ha>l, 3anyTaHHa>l nonMTM4eCKa>l M penMrM03Ha>l Me)l(.ll,oyco6vtl.la. BnacTb MMneparopoe Ce>~~eHHo£1 PMMCKo£1 MMnepuu HeyKJ10HHO cna6ena, HecMoTP>I Ha epeMeHHoe yKpenneHMe npeCTM)I(a KOPOHb/ npM 4>pM.tJ.PMXe I 6ap6apocce eo eropo£1 nonoBMHe XII BeKa. JeM He MeHee MCKOHHO npucy~a>l repMaHCKMM nneMeHaM 9HepTM4HOCTb npO>!BMJiaCb B BM.[J,e nnaHOMepH0£1 9KCnaHCMM Ha BOCTOK, B 3eMnM coce.tJ.e£1-cnae>~H. BHyrpurepMaHCKM£1 pa3na.tJ. >IBn>~nc>~ cne.tJ.CTBMeM 38T>I)I(Ho£16opb6bJ Me)l(l1y MMneparopaMM M nancreoM 3a eepxoeeHcreo KaK B P.enax MMPCKMX, TaK M P.YXOBHb/X. /l,BM)I(eHMe 3a l.lePKOBHbJe pe(j>opMbJ npueeno K TO MY, 4TO e XI eeKe l..leflbJ£1 P>IP. nan ( oco6eHHO TaKa>! BbJ.tJ.a/O~a>~c>~ (j>urypa, KaK rpuropu£1 VII, npuo6~eHHbJCi Bnocne.ll,CTBMM K JIMKY CB>ITbJX; OKOJIO f 020-1085 rr.) Ha4aJIM OTCTaMBaTb CBOe npaBO Ha3Ha4aTb enMCKOnOB M 6opOTbC>I C KOppynl..lMe£1, npO/..lBeraewe£1, maBHbJM o6pa30M, B cuny roro o6cro>~renbcrea, 4TO P.YXOBeHCTBO B repMaHMM 06>!3aHO 6blfl0 npM3HaBaTb npMMaT MMneparopCK0£1 enacru. Bo3HMKWMMM Me)l(.tJ.Y nano£1 M MMneparopoM rpeHM>IMM He 3aMe.ll,JIMJIM BOCnOflb30-

3AnNJ,HA~ BaTbCf/ KpynHb/e HeMe~KMe rpeo,lJ.af1bl, KOTOpb!e Ha,lJ.ef/!1MCb YCMJ1MTb C06CTBeHHYIO BJ1aCTb 3a C4eT OCJ1a6!1eHMf/ KOp0!1eBCKOM. PMMCKMM npeCT0/1, B CB0/0 04epe,l1.b, BOBC/0 aKcnnyaTMpoaan BHYTPMrepMaHcKY/0 Me)J(J].oyco6M~Y JJ.!1fl JJ.OCTM)J(eHMR CBOMX ~e11efll. VfMnepaTOpbl )J(e ( oco6eHHO leHpMx IV M r:bpMJJ.PMX I 5ap6apocca) HepeJJ.KO ompaB!1Rf1M B VfTaJ1M/O BOMCKa J].f1fl B03J].eMCTBMf/ Hanan. B Ha4ane XI aeKa waa6cKoe ceMeillcTao loreHwTay¢eHoB M caKcoHcKo-6aaapcKoe KHf/)J(ecKoe ceMeillcTBO Benb¢oa saTeR!1M JJ.pyr c JJ.pyroM O)J(eCT04eHHYIO 6opb6y 3a HacneJ].oBaHMe MMnepaTopcKoro npecTona. BcnbiXMBaawMe M3-3a 9TOrO rpa)J(,lJ.aHCKMe BOMHbl TeM M/1111 MHb/M o6pa30M BOBJ1eKaf1MCb Bop6MTY MHOrOJ1eTHero MMnepaTOpCKOnanCKOro JJ.Mcnyra. nocKOf1bKY ¢aMMf1bHoe MMeHMe loreHWTayrpeHOB pacnonaranocb 6111113 Bail16nMHreHa, 9TY rpa)J(J].aHcKy/0 aoiliHy eTa/1M Ha3b/BaTb BOMHOM Bef1bcPOB M Bail16!1MHreHOB. TaK)J(e- c cooTBeTCTBYIOLl.jMMM r:fioHeTM4eCKMMM MOJJ.McPMKa~Mfi MM- Ha3b/Baf1M npOTMB060pCTBYIOLl.jMe CTOpOHbl B MTaf1bf/HCKOil16opb6e <<rOCyJ].apCTBeHHMKOB» C «nanMCTaMM»: rBe!1bcPbl- CTOpOHHMKM nanbl, rM6ennMHbl- MMnepaTopa.

1002-1024 rr. UAPCTBOBAII CB~TOrO. B Ha-

H~E rEHP~XA

4ane caoero npa B!1eHMR HeCKOf1bKO pas aoeaan c KoponeM floM6apJJ.MM ApJJ.y9HOM, KOTOporo B KOH~e KOH~OB no6eJ].Mf1 M HM3f10)J(Mf1 ( 1002-

10 14 rr. ). MeHee ycnewHo leHpMx II aoeaan c nonbCKMM KoponeM 5onecnaaoM Xpa6pb!M, KOTOpblill saxaaTM/1 y HeM~ea fl}?KM~Y ( coap. Jla ysM~ B r:tJPI) M CM!1e3MIO( 1003-1017 rr.). KpoMe Taro, leHpMx II noJ].aBM/1 aoccTaHMe 50!1JJ.YMHa, rparpa r:bnaHJJ.pCKoro ( 1006-1007 rr.).

IIpn feHpnxe II KopeHHh!M o6pa30M 6b!Jia H3MeHeHa BOCTD'IHaH noJIHTIIKa. feHpHx II Ha<Ian Bofu:ry c nonbCKHM KHH3eM, CTpeMHCb He ,o:onycTHTb npoHHKHOBeHHH IIoJibiiiH B nona6cKHe 3eMJIH H "l!eXIIIO. IIonbCKHH KHH3b EonecnaB Xpa6pb!H HaMepeBancH co3):(aTb

EBPOnA

60JibiiiOe 3ana,O:HOCJiaBHHCKOe rocy,o:apCTBO oT Bncnbl ,o:o 3nb6bl. CnnbHoe cnaBHHCKoe rocy,o:apcTBo cnoco6Ho 6b!JIO npe,o:oTBparnTh HeMeQKoe nopa6omeHHe CJiaBHHCKHX HapOJJ:HOCTeH H HX HaCHJibCTBeHHYIO accHMHJIHQHIO. B xo,o:e ,o:aJibHe:HIIIe:H 3BOJIIOQHH nona6CKHe CJiaBHHe CMOrJIH 6bl, KOHCOJIHJJ:HpOBaBIIIHCb 3THH'!eCKH, C03):(aTb CaMOCTOHTeJibHOe rocy,o:apCTBO H OTCTDHTb CBOIO He3aBHCHMOCTb. 0):(HaKO 3KCnaHCHOHHCTCKaH noJIHTIIKa nonbcKoro paHHecpeo,o:aJibHOro rocy,o:apcTBa IIIJi a 3Ha<IHTeJibHO ,o:anbiiie; EonecnaB Xpa6pb!:H BMeiiiHBaJICH B ,o:ena KHeBcKo:H Pycn, nomep)!{HBaH npHTH3aHHH Ha npeCTDJI CBOero 3HTH CBHTDnonKa 0KaHHHoro. Bee 3TO npHBeJIO K C03):(aHHIO aHTHnOJibCKOH KOaJIHQHH, B03rJiaBJIHeMOH repMaHCKHM HMneparopoM feHpHXoM II. KpoMe fepMaHHH, B ee cocTaB B pa3Hoe BpeMH BXOJJ:HJIH "l!exnH, BeHrpHH H JIIOTH'IH. feHpHx II ,o:enan noiib!TKH 3aKJIIO'IHTb BOeHHb!H COI03 H C KHeBCKHM BeJIHKHM KHH3eM 5IpocJiaBOM My,o:pb!M. 0):(HaKo 3Ta KoaJIHQHH oKa3anacb Henpo<IHOH. Me)!{ey coi03HHKaMH cymecTBOBaJIH HenpHMHpHMble npornBope<IHH, Koropb!e YMeJio ncnoJib30BaJIHcb noJibCKHM KHH3eM. 5I3bl'IHHKH-JIIOTH'IH He HaMepeHbl 6b!JIH noMoraTb HMnepaTopy H caKcoHcKo:H 3HaTH yKpeiiJIHTb CBOH no3HQHH B nona6CKHX 3eMJIHX. liM O):(HHaKOBO 6b!JIH HeHaBHCTHbl K aK nOJibCKHe, TaK H HeMeQKHe 3aXBaT'IHKH. B TO )!{e BpeMH COI03 C H3bl'IHHKaMH npOTHB XpHCTHaH-nOJIHKOB Bbl3blBaJI onn03HQHIO B cpe,o:e HeMeQKHX npenaTDB, oco6eHHO B pHJJ:aX CaKCOHCKOH 3Harn, C'IHTaBIIIe:H JIIOTH<Ie:H CBOHMH ):(aHHHKaMH. 3THM B 3Ha'IHTeJibHOH CTeneHH H 06bHCHHIOTCH Hey,o:a'IH HeMQeB B nOJibCKHX BOHHaX 1003-1018 rr. EonecnaB Xpa6pb!:H, BocnoJib30BaBIIIHCb rn6eJibiO cBoero po,o:CTBeHHHKa MeHCeHCKOro MapKrpacpa 3Krap):(Ta, 3aHHJI B 1002 roey MncbHeHCKYIO H JI~HQKYIO o6nacrn. Eonbiiie TDrO, OH 3aXBaTHJI ,O:a)!{e HeCKOJibKO nyHKTOB Ha JieBoM 6epery 3 n b6bl. Koponb He npH3HaJI 3a noJibCKHM KHH3eM 3TH o6nacrn H nepe,o:an MapKrpacpcTBo Cb!HY y6HToro MapKrpacpa

35 fYHQenney. EonecnaB Xpa6pb!:H oTKa3aJICH O'IHCTHTb 3aHHTble o6nacrn H Ha o6paTHoM rryrn Hanan Ha HeMeQKHe YKPenneHHH. B ro )!{e BpeMH o6ocTpHJiacb o6CTaHOBKa B "l!exnn. EonecnaB Xpa6pb!:H BMeiiiaJICH B 6opb6y 3a '!eiiiCKHH npecToJI , 3aHHJI IIpar y H o6bHBHJI ce6H <IeiiiCKHM KHH3eM. Kor,o:a feHpnx II noTpe6oBaJI oT Hero BaccanbHOH npncHrH ("llexnH C'IHTanacb HMnepcKHM JieHOM), nocJie,O:OBaJI peiiiHTeJibHbiH OTKa3. IIono)!{eHHe repMaHcKoro KopoJIH B 3TO BpeMH OKa3aJIOCb BeCbMa KpHrn<IeCKHM. IIpornB Hero Bcnh!xHYJI 3aroBop HeMeQKOH 3Harn, B KOTopoM y<IacTBoBaJI ero po):(HOH 6paT EpYHo; 3aroBopmHKH BOIIIJIH B coi03 C nOJibCKHM KHH3eM. 0):(HaKO BCKOpe garoBop 6b!JI no):(aBJieH, H feHpHx II, 3aKJIIO'IHB aHTHIIOJibCKHH COI03 C JIIOTH'laMH, JJ:BHHYJI CBOH BOHCKa B "l!eXHIO. B IIpare H npyrnx ropo,o:ax BCIIb!XHyn o BOCCTaHHe. IIonHKH 6b!JIH Bb!HY)!{):(eHbl ocTaBHTb "llexnro. Ha 'leiiiCKOM npeCTOJie 6b!JI BOCCTaHOBJieH npencTaBHTeJib IIp)!{eMb!CJIOBH<Ie:H RpoMHp, Koropb!H B03o6HoBHJI BaccaJibHYIO npHCHrY repMaHCKOMY HMnepaTopy. HeMQbl B coro3e c <IexaMH H JIIOTH'laMH npo,o:oJI)!{aJIH HacrynneHHe H Bb!TeCHHJIH noJIHKoB H3 MHcbHeHcKo:H MapKH. B cneeyromeM roey OHH npennpHHHJIH HOBb!H nOXO):( H npOJJ:BHHyJIHCb ,o:o IIo3HaHH. Eon ecnaB Xpa6pb!:H noiiien Ha 3aKJIIO'leHHe MHpa ( 1005 r. ), no KoropoMy IIoJibiiia oTKa3anacb oT JI~Ko:H H MHcbHeHcKo:H o6nacTe:H H npH3HaJia He 3aBHCHMOCTb "lleXHH. MopaBHH oCTaBanacb 3a IIonbiiie:H. IIoJibCKHH KHH3b, nonrrncaB 3TDT TH)KeJih!H MHp, C'IHTaJI ero TDJibKO nepe,O:bllliKOH H ycHJieHHO roTOBHJICH K B03o6HoBJieHHIO BOHHbl. B 1007 roey Ha<Ian acb HOBaH BOHHa. feHpHX II He pacnonaran Tenepb ):(OCTaTD'!Hb!MH CHJiaMH: npOTHB noJIHKOB 6b!JIH ):(BHHYTbl TDJibKO CaKCbl, JIIOTH'IH 3aHHJIH Bbl)!{H):(aTeJibHYIO no3HQHIO, a raBOJIHHe na)!{e BCTYIIHJIH B neperoBopb! c EonecnaBoM Xpa6pb!M . CaKcbl noTepnenn nopa)!{eHHe, H nonHKH 3aHHJIH MncbHeHcKyiO H Jl~QKYIO o6nacrn H npOJJ:BHHYJIHCb no Marne6ypra. fepMaHHH 3aKJIIO'IH-

BOV1 HA on~Tb CTAHOB V1TC~ V1CKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rT.

Jia COI03 c BeHrpne:H II ITh!TaJiacb oTBOeBaTh noTepmrnbie o6Jiacm, HO ycnexa He 1J:06IIJiacb. 0IJ:HaKO B 3TO BpeMH Ha'!anacb BOHHa MeEIJ:Y IIoJibrne:H II KneBcKo:H PycbiO. HyE):laHcb B MIIpe Ha 3ana):le, EoJiecJiaB Xpa6pbi:H B 1013 ro):ly HBIIJICH B Mep3e6ypr II npiiHec feHpnxy II BaccaJibHYIO npnCflrY 3a MncbHeHCKYIO II JiyEIJ:UKYIO o6JiaCTll, C'IliTaBIIIIIeCH HeMeiJ;KliMll MapKaMII. Mnp MeEIJ:Y IIoJibiiie:H II fepMaHIIe:H ):!JIIIJICH He):loJiro. EoJiecJiaB Xpa6pb!:H, roTOBHCb K HOBOH BOHHe, nbiTaJICH npiiBJie'lb Ha CBOIO CTOpoey '!eiiiCKOro KHH3H YiJ:aJibpiiXa II noCJiaJI B IIpary nOCOJibCTBO BO rJiaBe CO CEOliM CbiHOM MernKo. Ho 'IeiiiCKIIH KHH3b npiiKa3aJI apeCTOBaTb nOCJIOB II BbiiJ:aJI MernKo repMaHCKOMY KopoJIIO, KOTOpbiH peiiiiiJI IICnOJib30BaTb ero KaK 3aJIOEHIIKa. Ho no):! ):laBJieHIIeM HeMeu;Ko:H 3Ham MernKo 6biJI omyrneH, B Ha}J;e)KIJ:e, 'ITO nOJibCKliH KHH3b CTaHeT 6oJiee CrOBOp'IIIBbiM. BBIIIJ:Y peiiiiiTeJibHoro oTKa3a EoJiecJiaBa Xpa6poro HBIIThCH Ha cyA HeMeU:KIIX KHH3eH, Ha3Ha'!eHHbiH feHpiixoM II B Mep3e6ypre, IIMnepaTop KOHcpiiCKOBaJI npiiHa):lJieEaBIIIIIe nOJibCKOMY KHH3IO MIICbHeHCKYIO II JlYEIJ:UKYIO o6JiaCTII. 3TO npiiBeJio K TpeTbeH Bo:H:He fepMaHIIII c IIoJibrne:H (1015-1018 IT.). HecMOTpH Ha TO, 'ITO feHpiiX II pacnoJiaraJI 3Ha'IIITeJibHbiMII BOeHHbiMll CliJiaMll (Ha CTOpOHe HeMIJ;eB 6biJill '!eXII II JIIOTII'Ill ), OH noTepneJI EeCTOKOe nopaEeHIIe. Bonpe}J;eJieHHOH cTeneHII Hey}J;a'III HaCTYTIJieHIIH Ha IIoJibiiiY 6biJIII o6yCJIOBJieHbi npOTliBOpe'IIIHMll B CTaHe aHTllnOJibCKOH KOaJIIIU:IIII: XpiiCTIIaHe-CaKCbi noCTOHHHO ):leMOHCTpiipOBaJIII CBOe Bpa)KIJ:e6HOe OTHOIIIeHIIe K H3bl'IHliKaM-JIIOTll'IaM, }J;eJIO IJ:OXO}J;llJIO ):10 BOopyEeHHbiX CTOJIKHOBeHIIH. HeMIJ;bi II IIX coi03HIIKII IJ:BHHYJIIICb TpeMH 60JiblliliMll KOJIOHHaMll K 0}J;epy, 'IT06bl cpopcnpoBaTh peKy II 3axBaTliTh CTOJIIJ:UY IIoJibiiiii fHe3HO. Ho noJIHKII xoporno opraHII30BaJIII o6opoHY Ha 0):lepe II 3a~J:epEaJIII ):!Be rpynnnpoBKII BOHCK: CaKCOB C JIIOTll'IaMII, nbiTaBIIIIIXCH nepenpaBliTbCH Ha ceBepHOM cpJiaHre, II 6aBapOB CaBCTpiiHU:aMII II '!eXaMII, HaCTYTiaBIIIliX Ha IO)KHOM cpJiaHre. 0}J;HaKO rpynne BOHCK,

KOTOpOH npe}];BO}J;IITeJibCTBOBaJI feHpiiX II, y):laJIOCb nepenpaBIIThCH '!epe3 0}J;ep II npOIJ:BHHYThCH B rny6b noJibCKOH TeppiiTOpiiii. Ho oHa nonaJia B OKpYEeHIIe K nOJIHKaM, KOTOpbie OTPe3aJIII nYTh K OTCTYTIJieHIIIO II 3arnaJIII npOTliBHIIKa B 6oJIOTO, npll'IllHliB eMy 6oJibiiiiie noTepii. IIpecJieiJ:YH 6ecnOpHIJ:O'IHO OTCTYTiaBIIIIIe BOHCKa feHpnxa II, noJIHKII CHOBa cpopcnpoBaJIII 3Jlb6y II coErJill Me:HceH (MllcbHbi). CroJib Ee Hey}J;a'IHOH OKa3aJiaCb npeATipHHHTaH no3Ee nonbiTKa 3aXBaTIITh y IIoJibiiiii CIIJie3IIIO (Ill.rreHcK ). H y)KIJ:aHcb B MIIp e Ha 3aTia}];e B CBH3II c roTOBIIBIIIIIMCH noxo):!OM Ha KIIeB B noMomb ll3rHaHHOMY KHH3IO CBHTOnoJIKy, EoJiecJiaB Xpa6pbiH 3aKJIIO'IliJI C repMaHCKliM IIMnepaTOpOM Mllp B Ey~J:IIIIIIIHe ( 1018 r. ). MncbHeHcKaH, JiyEIJ:UKaH o6Jiacm II MopaBIIH ocTaBaJIIICb 3a IIoJibiiie:H. feHpiix II o6H3aJICH nOMO'Ib nOJibCKOMY KHH3IO B nOXO}J;e Ha KIIeB: BbiCTaBliTh BCnOMOraTeJibHbiH OTpHIJ: B 300 BOIIHOB. C Jie}J;yeT cKa3aTh, 'ITO npncoeiJ:IIHeHHble K IIoJibrne o6JiaCTII B BepXHeM IIoJia6be npnHaiJ:JleEaJIII e:H He}J;oJiro. B 1031 rDIJ:Y, BOCTIOJib30BaBIIIliCb CMYTOH B IIoJibiiie, repMaHCKIIH KopoJib OTIHTb 3aXBaTIIJI MncbHeHCKIIe II Jiy)KliiJ;KIIe 3eMJIII. XapaKTepll3yH BOCTO'IHYIO noJIIITliKY feHpnxa II, cJie):lyeT oTMeTIITh, 'ITO OHa, HeCMOTpH Ha MHOriie nopaEeHIIH, IIMeJia HeKOTOpbie ycneXII. XoTH HeMu;aM He yAaJiocb BepHyTh OCB060}J;liBIIIIIeCH B 983-1002 ro}J;aX 3eMJill o6o}J;pliTOB II JIIOTII'IeH, HO OHII, TaK liJill IIHa'Ie, COXpaHIIJill CBOll no3IIU:IIII B IO)KHOM IIoJia6be, y):lepEIIBaH TeM CaMbiM cpopnOCT ):!JIH 6y):lymnx HacTynJieHIIH npomB cJiaBHH.

1 024-1 039 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHIIIE KOHPAAA II. 3Heprvr'IHbti1I OJ],apeHHbiM BOBH8'18!1bHI!FK I!F npaavrTBJ1b, OH nOJ].'II!FHI!F/1 HenOKOpHbiX HeMBJ4KI!FX rj)eOJ].8!10B I!F yKpenvr/1 CBOI!F n031!FJ41!FI!F B VfT8!11!FI!F. npvr nonbtTKe BTOp)I(BHI!FR B KoponeM

8 eHrpi!FIO OH 6btf1 OT61!FT I CBRTbtM

VfwTaaHoM

( 1030 r. ). 3aTeM KoHpaJJ. pa36vrn nof1RKOB vr apeMeHHO aepHyn noJJ. repMaHcKvri1I KOHTp0!1bJ1Y?/(I!FJ4Y(flay3MJ4;

1031 r.).

IIepBbiH KopoJib <DpaHKOHCKOH II np O):lOJI)KaJI noJlliTliKY OTroHoB. IIepe:HiJ:HAJibiThl, oH npHHHJI B ilaBIIll EeJie3HYIQ KOpoHy MTaJIIIII II3 PYK MIIJiaHcKoro apxnenncKona Apn6epTa; 3aTeM ABIIHYJIcH Ha PIIM, 3aHHJI ero He 6e3 KpoBonpoJiliTIIH II BeH'IaJICH IIMTiepaTOpcKo:H KopoHo:H. Cy):lb6a 6JiaronpiiHTCTBOBaJia eMY. OH pacrnnpiiJI IIMTiepiiiO npiio6peTeHIIeM ApeJiaTa, IIJIII EypryHACKoro KopoJieBcTBa. TaK KaK 3TO KOpoJieBcTBo JieEaJio no o6e cTopoHbi 3aTia}];HbiX AJihn, TO IIMTiepaTOp coe~J:II足 HIIJI B CBOIIX PYKax Bee BaEHeHIIIIIe npoxoiJ:bl B MTaJIIIIO. (,[J;o TeX nop repMaHCKIIe KopoJIII BJiaAeJIII JIIIIIIb EpeH'IepoM, npOXO}lOM B AJ!bnax BOCTO'IHbiX; 'ITO KacaeTcH CeH-foTap):la, npoxo):la B AJibnax u;eHTPaJibHbiX, TO liM CTaJIII noJib30BaTbCH 3Ha'IliTeJibHO no3}];Hee.) 3TO }laJIO eMy B03MOEHOCTb 6biCTPO nepe}];BIIraTb repMaHCKIIe BOeHHble CliJibi Ha IOr II }J;epEaTb B 3aBIICliMOCTll OT ce6H KaK MTaJIIIIO, TaK II piiMCKliH npeCTOJI. Ey):!Y'!ll HerpaMOTHbiM, KoHpaA II, Ha}];eJieHHbiH He3aypHIJ:HbiM npiipO}J;HbiM yMoM II YMeBIIIIIH u;eHIITh coBeTbi o6pa30BaHHbiX JIIO}J;eH, npOHBIIJI cnoco6Hocm KpynHoro rocyAapcTBeHHoro ):leHTeJIH, TBep):loro noJIIITIIKa. OH ITh!TaJicH YKpeniiTh nopHIJ:OK B CTpaHe, nOBbiCliTh OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb BaccaJIOB II 3aCTaBIITh liX BblnOJIHHTh IJ:OJir nepen KopoJieM. Ha BocroKe KoHpaA II npoAOJIEaJI nOJIIITliKY CBOero npeAIIIeCTBeHHIIKa. B IIoJibrne nocJie cMepm EoJiecJiaBa Xpa6poro Ha'laJiliCb BHYTpeHHIIe CMYTbl - 6opb6a 3a npecTOJI MeEAY ero npeeMHIIKaMII. M3rnaHHbiH CBOIIM 6paTOM MernKo II KHH3b EecnpiiM HarneJI y6e)Kllme y KIIeBcKoro KHH3H HpocJiaBa My):lporo. HeMeu:KIIH KOpOJib peiiiiiJI BOCnOJib30BaTbCH CMYTOH, 'IT06bl B3HTh peBaHIII 3a nopaEeHIIH, noHeceHHble B npeiJ:biiJ:Ymee BpeMH. B 1029 roiJ:Y oH BTOprcH B CnJie 3IIIO, HO 6biJI OTTYIJ:a Bbl6IIT nOJibCKliM BOHCKOM nO}l KOMaHIJ:OBaHIIeM MernKo II. EecnpiiM 3aKJIIO'IIIJI c KoHpaAOM II coi03, 'IT06bl c noMombiO HeMu;eB 3aBoeBaTb ce6e noJibCKIIH npecTOJI. B 1031 roiJ:Y Ha'!aJiacb HOBaH BOHHa. C BOCTOKa HaCTYTiaJIO pyccKOe BOHCKO, nOCJiaHHOe ~J:HHaCTllll KoHpaA

3AnNJ,H A~ HpocJiaBOM My):(pbiM, c 3arra):(a- HeMeUKO-'IeiiicKoe. MeiiiKO

BbiHY:lK-

):(eH 6hiJI rroilTII Ha MHP c fepMmrueil,

EBPOnA

):(a HHKTO He OCMeJIHJICH 3arOBOpHTb 06 H36paHHH HJIH yTBep:lK):(eHHH HOB Oro KopoJIH, H feHpnx

III,

rrpo-

):(HBIIIHe OT IIaCCHBHOll OIIII03H[(HH K aKTHBHOMY COIIpOTIIBJieHHIO IIOJIHTHKe KOpOJIH.

OTJ<a3aBIIIHCb OT IIpHCOe):(HHeHHbiX ITO

3BaHHblll '-!epHbiM, 6biJI IIpH3HaH 6e3

B Herrocpe):(CTBeHHoM IIO):('IHHe-

Ey):(HIIIeHcKoMy ):(oroBopy K IToJibiiie

BCHKOro crropa. Me:lK):(Y TeM KaK

HHH y KOpOJIH HaxO):(HJiaCb 3Ha'IHTeJib-

.liYMHUKOil H MncbHeHcKoil o6nac-

KoHpa):( paciiinpnn rocy):(apcTBo Ha

HaH'IaCTh TeppnropHH CTPaHbi: <DpaH-

Tell. OLlHaKO 3TO He crracno em. IToJib-

garra):(e, ero rrpeeMHHK yBeJIH'IHJI

KOHHH, IllBa6HH, EaBapHH H KapHH-

IIIa 6biJia 3amrra pyccKHM BOHCKOM, a

BJIHHHHe fepMaHHH H pa3):(BHHYJI

TIIH. ToJibKO JioTapHHrHH H CaKcOHHH

EecrrpHM rroca:lKeH Ha rrpecToJie B

rpaHH[(bi HMIIepHH Ha BOCTOK. B 3TO

rrpnHa):(Jie:lKaJIH OT):(eJibHbiM repuo-

6e:lKaJI B '-Iexmo.

BpeMH repuor 6oreMCKHH EpH'IHC-

raM- KopoJieBCKHM BaccanaM, rrpn-

BcKope EecrrpHM rrorn6 oT PYK garo-

fHe3HO . MeiiiKO

JiaB, BOCIIOJib30BaBIIIHCb MaJIOJieT-

HOCHBIIIHM KOpOJIIO IIOJIO:lKeHHYIO

Boprn:HKOB, H MeiiiKO cHoBa BepHyJI-

CTBOM IIOJibCKOrO KOpOJIH Ka3HMH-

BaccaJibHYIO rrpncary. Ka3aJIOCh, oc-

1033

CH B IToJihiiiy. B

ro):(y oH 3a-

3axBaTIIJI IToJibiiiY H rrepeHec

TaBaJICH O):(HH IIIar K IIOJIHOMY 06be-

KJI IO'IHJI B Me p3 eH6ypre HOBblll

MOII(H CBHTOrO A):(aJib6epTa, rJiaB-

):(HHeHHIO rocy):(apcTBa. HeKoTopbie

):(oroBop c repMaHCKHM KoponeM,

HYIQ CBHTb!HIO IIOJibCKyiO, H3 fHe3Ha

HCTOpHKH TaK H O[(eHHBaiOT CJIO)KHB-

IIpH3HaB ce6H BaCCaJIOM HMIIepHH H

B ITpary: ero ueJibiO 6biJIO co3):(aTh

IIIYIQCH CHTYa[(HIO.

III

ycTyiiHB eli He60JibiiiYIO TeppHTO-

60JibiiiOe CJiaBHHCKOe rocy):(apCTBO,

0):(HaKo rroJIHTHKa feHpnxa

pHIO Ha garra):(e.

He3aBHCHMOe OT fepMaHHH. 3TH

CBH):(eTeJibCTByeT, 'ITO OH He BH):(eJI

III 6blc-

rro):(o6Hoil rrepcrreKTIIBbi. BcKope Ko-

Ha IOro-BocToKe ):lena o6cTOHJIH

IIIHpoKne 3aMbiCJibi feHpnx

II rrpHIIIJIOCh BecTII

Tpo paccTponn. 0Kpy:lKHB EoreMHIO

ponh rrepe):(aJI IO:lKHble repuorcTBa,

TH:lKeJiyiO o6opoHHTeJihHYIO BOHHY

C Tpex CTOpOH CBOHMH BOeHHbiMH

HaXO):(HBIIIHeCH HeKOTOpoe BpeMH B

rrpoTIIB BeHrpnn, ycnJIHBIIIeilcH rrpn

HHa'!e. KoHpa):(y

cnnaMH, oH 3acTaBHJI EpH'IHCJiaBa

ero Herrocpe):(CTBeHHOM Be):(eHHH, HO-

BeHrpHH 3aHBH-

oTKa3aTbcH oT BJiacTII Ha):( IToJibiiieil

BbiM repuoraM : EaBapHIO- feHpnxy

na IIpHTH3aHHH Ha 6aBapCKHe 3eMJIH

H IIpH3HaTb ce6H IIOKOpHbiM Bacca-

JliOT[(eJib6yprCKOMY, lliBa6HIO -

JIOM fepMaHHH.

rrQ_:JaJihUrpaQ_:Jy peilHcKoMy OTToHy.

Kopone lliiiTBaHe

(rrpn):(aHoe :lKeHbi lliiiTBaHa

fH3e-

Jibi- cecTpbi HMrrepaTopa feHpH-

II).

ITo):( BJIHHHHeM cBoeil :lKeHbi Ar-

KCTaTH cKa3aTh, B 3TO BpeMH feHpnx

II, Ha'!aBIIIHil BOHHY,

Hecbl ITyaThe, QJPaHUY:lKeHKH, ):(O'Ie-

III Haxo):(HJICH Ha BepiiiHHe

rroTeprren rropa:lKeHne. BeHrpbi 3a-

pn fHJihOMa AKBHTaHcKoro, caMoro

cTBa, H HHKTO ero He IIOHY:lK):(aJI K

Moryrn:eCTBeHHOro H 3 Q_:lpaHUY3CKHX

rro):(o6HbiM ):(eilcTBHHM. Bn):(HMo, Ko-

III rrpoHHKCH H):(e-

ponh C'IHTaJI, 'ITO ero cnna 3aKJIIO'Ia-

KoHpa):(

HHJIH BeHy. B

1031

ro):(y 6hiJI 3a-

Moryrn:e-

KJIIO'IeH MHp Ha ycJIOBHHX ycTyiiKH

ceHbopoB, feHpHX

BeHrpnn 3eMeJih, pacrroJio:lKeHHbiX

HMH KJIIOHHH[(eB 0 He06XO):(HMOCTH

eTCH B TOM, 'IT06bl HMeTh BepHbiX BaC-

Me)K):(y peKaMH <Dniiieil, Jieroil H )J;y-

MopaJibHoro rrpeo6pa3oBaHHH o6rn:e-

caJIOB, KaKHMH H IIpe):(CTaBJIHJIHCb

CTBa. ITo):():(aBIIIHCh pennrH03HOMY

eMy HHBeCTIIpyeMble JIH[(a.

HaeM.

HaCTPOeHHIO, OH 06bHBHJI Ha CHHO):(e

fepuorn JloTapHHrnH H CaKCOHHH

1039-1056 rr. UAPCTBOBAHIIIE rEHPIIIXA Ill. OH yKpenMn

B KoHcTaHUe (y Eo):(eHcKoro o3epa),

):(ep:lKaJIHCb CaMOCTOHTeJibHO, H feH-

'ITO rrporn:aeT BCeM CBOHM BparaM H

pHX

LJ,BHTpaflM30B8HHYIO Bfl8CTb M pac-

OTMeHHeT HaJIO:lKeHHble Ha HHX HaKa-

rryTeM ):(po6neHHH repuorcTB. ITocne

III IIbiTaJICH ocna6nTh HX BJiacTb

WMPMfl TeppMTOPMIO MMnepMM. He-

3aHHH; OH IIpHHHJI TaK:lKe MbiCJIH KJIIO-

CMepTII JIOTapHHrCKOrO repuora fo-

CKOflbKO pa3 eMy npMWflOCb BCTy-

HHll[(eB o peQ_:JopMe uepKBH, rrpeKpa-

[(eJIO KOpOJib CHOBa pa3):(eJIHJI JloTa-

naTb B KOHrjlflMKTCO CBOMMM Bacca-

TIIJI IIpO):(a:lKy errHCKOIICKHX MeCT H

pHHrHIO Ha ):(Ba repuorcTBa- Bepx-

fl8MM- 5on,ayMHOM V r:tJnaH,apCKMM

TaKHM o6pa30M OTCTYIIHJICH OT CHMO-

HIOIO H HH:lKHIOIO JioTapHHrmo.

M tOTrjlpM,aOM floTapMHTCKMM; B

HHH, KoropyiO TaK oxoTHo rrpnMeHHJI

ITepBoe oH rrepe):(aJI cTapiiieMy

1047

KopbiCTOJII06HBblll ero oTe[( KoH-

CbiHY roueno, fOTQJpll):(y Eopo):(aTO-

ro.ay leHpMx

Ill

no.aaaMn MX

II.

HaM6onee cepbB3HOe COBMBCTHOe

pa):(

BOCCTaHMe. Q,aep)l(afl OH no6e,ay M

y):(ep:lKan 3a co6oil rrpaBo Ha3Ha'!aTh

Ho 3TO rrpHBeJio K HOBbiM ocJio:lKHe-

eiiHCKOIIOB H CaMoro rJiaBy HX, pHM-

HHHM: rrpeTeH):(OBaBIIIHll Ha BCIO Jio-

CKOrO rrarry.

TapHHlliiO fOTQJpH):( BOIIIeJI B COI03 C

Ha,a

5paTMCfl8BOM

( 1041

5oreMCKMM

r.), 38TO HeO,aHOKpaTHbte no-

nbtTKM BTOp)l(eHMfl

Ho rrpn 3TOM oH rroJIHOCThiO

My, Bropoe -

MJia):(IIIeMy, foueno.

BeHrpMIO Ka)l(-

ITo MHeHHIO MHOrHX HCTOpHKOB,

,abtM pa3 BCTpe'laflM ,aOCTOMHbiM OT-

KOpOJieBCKaH BJiaCTb B fepMaHHH HH-

KOr):(a He ):(OcTIIrana TaKoro Moryrn:e-

TIIB cBoero BepxoBHoro CI03epeHa-

III.

repMaHCKoro KoponH. ITpaB):(a, Ha

Ho TaKOe BIIe'!aTJieHHe OCHOBbiBaeT-

BpeMH ero y):(aJIOCb YCMHpHTh, HO,

CH TOJibKO Ha BHeiiiHHX Ha6JIIO):(eHH-

KOr):(a feHpnx

gacTa-

HX. Ha caMOM ):(eJie B cTpaHe Bbipac-

JihHHCKHH rroxo):(, foTQ.:lpn):( Eopo):(a-

nop co cTopoHbt Koponfl AH,apef/

(1049 -1052 rr.).

CTBa, KaK Bo BpeMeHa feHpHxa

0TrrpaBJIHHCb B CBOll rre pBbill pHMCKHH rroxo):(, KoHpa):(

Q_:JpaHUY3CKHM KoponeM feHpnxoM

H Ha'IaJI Bpa:lK):(e6Hble ):(eilCTBHH rrpo-

III ompaBHJICH B

HTa-

BHJI repMaHCKHX CeHbOpOB IIpHCHr-

TaJIH Bpa:lK):(e6Hble KOpOJieBCKOll BJia-

Tblll B COI03e C QJJiaH):(pCKHM H roJI-

HYTb CBOeMy BOCbMHJieTHeMy CbiHY

CTII H rocy):(apcTBeHHOMY e):(HHCTBY

JiaH):(CKHM rpaQJaMH (KOTOpbie TO:lKe

feHpnxy. B MOMeHT cMepTII KoHpa-

rrapTIIKYJIHpHCTCKHe CHJibi, rrepexo-

6biJIH BaccaJiaMH repMaHCKoro Kopo-

BOV1 HA on~Tb CTAHOB V1TC~ V1CKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rT.

JHI) ITO.a;HIDI BOCCTaiUie . 0HO 6biJIO C

3aBHCHMYIO ITOJIHTHKy. HoBble IToxo-

MopaBHH, CnJie3HIO H 3aXBa'!eHHble

Tp)?J:OM ITO):(aBJieHO C ITOMOmbiO HHO-

JJ:bi HeMueB B BeHrpHIO oKa3aJIHCb

ITOJibCKHe 3eMJIH. qaCTh MOpaBCKOH TeppnTOpHH ITepeiiiJia K fepMaHHH.

CTpaHHbiX BOeHHbiX Cilll H 6Jiaro.o:apll

6e3yciTeiiiHbiMH, cTpaHa o6peJia ITOJI-

ITO):():(epmKe JIOTapHHrCKHX eiTHCKO-

HYIO He3aBHCHMOCTh. BeHrpbi CHOBa

BcKope ITOJibCKHe o6JiaCTH CHOBa B03-

ITOB.

yrpomaJIH BTOpmeHHHMH B IOrO-BOC-

BpaTIDIHCb ITOJJ: BJiaCTh KHll3ll Ka3H-

1034

MHpa, BepHyBIIIerocll B IIoJibiiiY.

III ITpHIIIJIOCb 3aKJIIO-

ro.o:y BCITbiXHYJIO HapOJJ:HOe BOCCTa-

0.a;HaKO c 3aBHCHMOCThiO IIoJibiiiH OT

'IHTb «Mem):(yHapOJJ:Hblll aJibllHC» B

HHe B lloJibiiie, HaiTpaBJieHHoe ITpo-

fepMaHHH 6biJIO ITOKOH'leHo . IIoJI-

COCTaBe cppaHUY3CKOro, aiiTJIHHCKOro

THB cpeO):(aJibHOrO rHeTa, XpHCTHaH-

HbiM ITpOBaJIOM 3aKOH'IIDIHCb ITOIIbiT-

I IpoTHB CBOHX HeiToKopHbiX BaccanoB feHpnxy

TO'IHble o6JiacTH HMITepnn. B

H ):(aTcKoro KopoJieil, ITpecJie):(oBaB-

CKOll [(epKBH H HeMe[(KOro BJIHliHHll.

KH BepHYTb ITO):( HeMe[(KOe rOCITO):(CT-

IIIHX CBOH ueJIH Ha ceBepo-3aiTa):(e

KHll3b Ka3HMHp 6biJI H 3rHaH H3 cTpa-

BO 3eMJIH ITOJia6cKHX cJiaBHH. Kor.o:a

EBpOITbi. Ha 9TOT pa3 foT<jJpHJJ: Eo-

Hbi H HaiUeJI ITpHIOT ITpH ):(BOpe rep-

feHpnx

po.o:aThiil OKOH'laTeJibHO ITOTepiDI Jlo-

MaHCKOrO HMITepaTopa. 3THM BOC-

o.o:pe, B focJiap ITpHIIIJIO H3BecTHe o6

III JiemaJI yme

Ha cMepTHoM

TapHHrHIO. Ho, meHHBIIIHCb Ha BJJ:O-

ITOJib30BaJICll '!eiiiCKHH KHH3b Epme-

HCTPe6JieHHH HeMe[(Koro BoilcKa, ITO-

Be TOCKaHcKoro MapKrpa<jJa EeaTpH-

THCJiaB . qeiUCKOe BOHCKO BTOprJIOCb

cJiaHHoro Ha 3aBoeBaHHe JIIOTH'leil.

'!e, oH ITOJIY'JIDI B ITpHJJ:aHoe 6oJibiiiHe

B IIoJibiiiY H ITOJJ:'IHHIDIO 3Ha'!HTeJib-

BJia.o:eHHll B Cpe.o:Heil H CeBepHoil

HYIO '!acTb ee TeppHTOpnn: MaJIYIO H

YJ: TaJIHH. )],Jill HMITepaTopa C03):(aJiaCb

BeJIHKYIO IIoJibiiiY H ITo3HaHb. Epme-

H~E rEHP~XA

6 neT aT po.Qy). Cms coaepweHHOneTHVIM, leHpVIx IV 6bm BbiHY)I(JJ.eH npVIflO)I(VITb HeManble ycVInVIR, 4T06bi YJ<penVITb u,eHTpanVI30Ba HHYIO ana CTb,

cepbe3HaH yrpo3a o6beJJ:HHeHHll ero

THCJiaB ITpecJie.o:oBaJI ueJib C03JJ:aTb

ITPOTHBHHKOB B JloTapHHrHH, HH.o:ep-

e.o:HHoe3aiTa.a;HOCJiaBHHCKoerocy.o:ap-

JiaHJJ:ax H YlTaJIHH. OH ciTeiiiHO ITpe.o:-

cTBo, 'ITO yme .o:o Hero HaMepeBaJICll

X pa6pbiil .

ITpHHIDI ITOXO):( B YlTaJIHIO, '!T06bl ITO-

ocymecTBHTh EoJiecJiaB

MeiUaTb foT<jJpn.o:y yKpeiTHTb TaM

Ha ITYTH peaJIH3aUHH 9THX ITJiaHoB

CBOH IT03H[(HH. He Ha):(ellCb Ha CBOH

CTOIDia fepMaHH5I, ):(Jill KOTOpOH ITO-

CHJibi, foT<jJpn.o: 6emaJI Ha ceBep K

JIHTHKa EpmeTHcJiaBa ITpe.o:cTaBJiarra

CBOeMy COI03HHKY rpacpy <l:>JiaH):(pHH,

JJ:BOHHYIO oiTacHocTb: MeiiiaJia ITpo-

a ero meHa EeaTpme ITOITaJia B ITJieH

HHKHOBeHHIO B ilOJibiiiY H yrpomaJia

K HMITepaTopy. B cOI03e c ITarroil feH-

ITOTepeil CI03epeHHTeTa Ha):( CaMOll

pnx III ITO):('IHHHJIBCIO Cpe):(HIOIO YJ:Ta-

qexneil. )J,eilcTBHll '!eiiicKoro KHll3ll

JIHIO.

CBH):(eTeJibCTBOBaJIH, 'ITO OH HaCTOH-

Y.o:a'!Hee, '!eM B JloTapnHrHH H

'IHBO ):(06HBaJICll OCB060m):(eHHll OT

Hn.o:epJiaH):(ax, CKJia):(biBaJiocb ITOJio-

HeMe[(Koro BepxoBeHcTBa KaK B ITo-

meHHe B CaKcoHHH. 3Ta o6JiacTb ITpH-

JIHTH'!ecKoil o6JiaCTH, TaK H B [(ep-

o6peTaJia Bee 6oJibiiiee 3Ha'!eHHe ):(Jill

KOBHbiX .o:eJiax. OH o6paTIDicll K ITaiTe

KOpOJill, TaK KaK TaM 6biJIH paCITOJIO-

c ITpocb6oil ITpeB paTHTb II pamcKoe

1 056-11 06 rr. UAPCTBOBAIV (KOPOHOBaH

VI3PRJJ.HO ocna6eawy10 3a roJJ.b!6e3JJ.apHoro pereHTCTBa. OH no,ll,aBVIn oco6eHHO Kpoaaaoe aoccTaHVIe s CaKCOHVIVI ( 1073-1075 rr.). 5opb6a C PVIMCKVIM npeCTOflOM ( 10 731077 rr.) no,l],opaana era aampVITeT VI cepbe3HO ocna6VIna VIMnepVIIO. E,lJ,VIHCTBeHHbiM, KTO B 9TOM 6opb6e ,ll,eMCTBVITeflbHO Bb/VIrpan, 6blfl enVICKOn IVIflbJJ.e6paHJJ., anocne,ll,CTBVIVI nana lpVIropVI£1 VII, nepeJJ. KOTOpb!M leHpVIXY B KOHLJ,e KOHLJ,OB VI npVIWflOCb yHVI)I(aTbCR s KaHocce.

meHbi cpaBHHTeJibHO KOMITaKTHble ):(0-

eiiHCKOITCTBO B CaMOCTOHTeJibH)'IO [(ep-

MeHHaJibHble BJia):(eHHll. qT06bi CO-

KOBHYIO MHTpoiTOJIHIO, 'ITO 03Ha'!aJio

KpymHTh cBoero HeiToKopHoro Bacca-

OCB060m):(eHHe '!eiUCKOH uepKBH OT

feHpnx

Jia- repuora EnJIJIYHra -

BepxoBeHCTBa MaHH[(CKOrO apXH-

CBOell MaTe pH ArneCCbi, KOTOpall ITbi-

KopoJib

aKTHBHO ITOJJ:JJ:epmHBaJI ero ITpoTHB-

eiTHCKOITa.

IIIecTHJieTHHil KopoJib fepMaHHH

HaXOJJ:HJICll ITOJJ: oiTeKoil

TaJiaCb ITpOJJ:OJimaTb ITOJIHTH'leCKHll

A.o:aJib6epTa, coiTepHH'IaBIIIero c rep-

IUeHHH BaccaJibHoro .o:oJira, feH-

uoroM B 3aXBaTe ciTopHbix TeppnTo-

pnx

pllil.

KHll3eil B YlHreJibreilM, a Kor.o:a Epme-

eiiHCKOITOM KeJibHCKHM AHHoHoM, H

K KOHUY uapcTBOBaHHll feHpH-

THCJiaB He 5IBHJICll, HarraJI Ha qeXHIO .

.o:ocTaBJieH B KeJibH. Ha coCTOHBIIIeM-

III

OITIT03H[(H5I KHll3eil Bee 6oJiee

Ho HeMe[(Koe BOHCKO ITOTepiTeJio me-

cll TaM co6paHHH KHll3bll ITpHH5IJIH pe-

HapaCTaJia, rOTOBaH BbiJIHTbCll B BO-

cToKoe ITopameHHe B EoreMCKOM

IUeHHe, 'ITO rocy.o:apCTBOM 6yp;eT yrr-

cy.o: HeMe[(KHX

Ho B

1062

06BHHHB '!eiUCKOrO KHll3ll B Hapy-

III Bbi3BaJI ero Ha

Kypc feHpnxa

III.

HHKa- apxneiTHCKOITa 6peMeHCKOrO

ro.o:y

MaJIOJieTHHH KOpOJib 6biJI ITOXHmeH KHll3bllMH, B03rJiaBJilleMbiMH apXH-

opymeHHOe BOCCTaHHe . B TO me Bpe-

Jiecy, r.o:e '!exn ycTpoHJIH JieCHble 3a-

paBJIHTb TOT eiTHCKOIT, ITO):( OITeKOH

MH yxYJJ:IIIaJiaCb BHeiUHeiTOJIHTH'leCKaH

BaJibi H HCTpe6HJIH 3Ha'!HTeJibHYIO

KOToporo Haxo.o:HTCll KopoJib . IIep-

o6cTaHOBKa. <DpaH[(Y3CKHll KOpOJib

'!acTb BpamecKoro BolicK a qepe3 ro.o: feHpHx

(1 040 r. ) . III ITOBTopHJI ITo-

BbiM OITeKyHOM KOpOJill CTaJI apXH-

Tpe6oBaJI B03BpameHH5I JloTapHHrHH. Bo3o6HOBHJIHCb CTOJIKHOBeHHll c

xo.o:, Ha 9TOT pa3 OH OKa3aJICll yJJ:a'l-

):(OCTaBIIIYIOCll eMy BJiaCTh ):(Jill o6orameHHll C06CTBeHHOH eiTapXHH H

eiTHCKOIT KeJibHCKHH. OH HCITOJib30BaJI

BeHrpneil. YlMITepaTOpcKHil CTaBJieH-

HbiM. ITo PereHc6yprcKoMy MHPY

HHK Ha BeHrepCKOM ITpeCTOJie KOpOJib

1041 ro):(a 'leiUCKHHKH5I3b, OCTaBallCb

cBonx 6JIH3KHX. TaKyiO me ITOJib3Y

IIeTp 6biJI cBeprHyT H ocJieiTJieH .

B BaCCaJibHOH 3aBHCHMOCTH OT HMITe-

H3BJieK H3 OITeKH Ha):( KOpOJieM Hap-

BcTyiTHBIIIHil Ha ITpecToJI AH.o:paiii

paTopa, yp;epmnBaJI ITOJJ: cBoeil BJiac-

XHeiTHCKOIT MaHH[(CKHll . 3aTeM 6e3-

A piTa):( (1046 r.) Ha'laJI ITpoBOJJ:llTh He-

ThiO qeXHIO, 3Ha'IHTeJibHYIO '!aCTb

pa3):(eJibHOe BJIHHHHe Ha MOJIO):(OrO

3AnA)J.HA~

EBPOnA

KOpOIDI II ITOnHOC pereHTCTBO B rocyll,apCTBC nony'iiin apxiieniiCKon 6peMeHCKIIH Ananh6epT, KOTOpb:rll:, no cnonaM ero 6IIorpacpa AnaMa EpeMCHCKoro, HaMepenancH C03AaTh Ha CCBepe fepMaHIIII HC3aBIICHM)'10 MIIYpOTTOJTlTIO H CpaBHHTbCH BJTaCTbiO C nanoll:. 11cnonhJYH cnoe nonmKeHIIe cpaKTH'iCCKorornanhlrocyAapcTBa,oH npii6pan K pyKaM n npenenax 6peMCHCKOH enapXHH BbiCmyiO 10piiCJJ:HKUHIO II CBCTCKYIO BJTaCTb. Ilpii 3TOM JJ:nH o6orarueHHH 6peMeHcKo:ii uepKBII 6binO HCManO npiiCBOCHO II ll,OMCHIIanhHbiX nnaJJ:eHHti: KopoiDI.

B 1066

ro.LJ:y rocnOJJ:CTBO AJJ:anb6epTa na.JIO B pe3ynhTaTe OTTII03HUIIII KHH3CH. 3Ha'IIITCnbHaH qaCTb ero nnaneHHti: 6hlna 3aXBa'ieHa Ca.KCOHCKIIM repuorOM. feHpiix

IV,

JJ:OCTHrmHll: mecTHanua-

THneTHero B03paCTa, HaKOHCU II36aBIInCH OT KHIDKCCKOH OIICKII II Ha'lan CaMOCTOHTCJibHO yrrpaBIDITb rocynapCTBOM. 11cTopHKII yKaJbmaroT Ha cxon CTBO IIOnHTHKII 3TOrO KOpOJIH C TCMH MCTOil,aMH, KOTOpbiC IIpiiMCHHn B ynpasneHIIII rocyAapcTBOM KoHpa.JJ:

II.

HeKOTOpbre 6eJ o6IIHHKOB Ha3bmaiOT 3yY rroniiTHKY a6coniOTIICTCKo:ii, yYnep)l{gaH, 'ITO feHpiix

IV CYpCMIInCH

rrpeo6pa3oBa.Th yrrpanneHIIe rocynap-

IIIMnepaTop reHpi1X IV. MI1HI1anopa (Ha"'ano XII B.)

CTBOM Ha «COBpeMeHHbiX Ha'lanaX», He C'liiTaHCb C COCnOBHbiMII IIpHBIInerHHJVlli II npiiBneKaH Ha BbiCrnyiO ro-

no <l>paHUHM. Eonee pe3y n hTaTIIBHbiM

mo,L:(ell:: KoponencKIIX xon onon, BOnh-

cyg apCTBCHHYIO cny)l{6y n rog ell: «xy-

opyAIICM OKaJan cH KOponeBCKIIH MII-

HOoTrryiUeHHHKOB II ApyriiX 3aBIICII-

gopO.AHhlX» II T. II. ):(pyriie IICTOpHKII

HIICTepiian iiTeT. 11MeHHO OH o6ecrre-

MbiX n iiu. 11MeHHO Ha 3TOT rryTh II

YTBCp)KJJ:aiOT , 'ITO 3TO rrpOII3BOnbHOe

'IIIn Ha npeMH OTHOCIITenhnyiO He3a-

ncTyrriinii Koponii <l>paHKOHCKOH .AII-

BIICIIMOCTb KOpOnH OT KHH3efi B BO-

HaCTHII. EeHecpiiUIIfi cny)I{IInoro 'le-

eHHOM OTHOIIIeHHM.

noseKa (MIIHIICTepuana) cocTannHn

rrpeynenll'ielllle. 0JJ:HaKo feHpiixy

Henb3H OTKa3aTb B IIIHpOTe ITOnHTIIqeCKOrO Kpy r030pa , CMenOCTII II pe-

3TO 6bma BTOpaH BOeHHaH pecpop-

o6bl'lHO He MeHee Tpex Ha.LJ:enon (rycp),

IIIIITenbHOCTII. Ho OH rrpogon)l{an no-

Ma IIOCne BBeJJ:eHHH CIICTeMbi 6eHecpii-

II 3a 3TO OH JJ:On)l{eH 6bin BbiiiOJTHHTb cnoeMY rocrro.AIIHY KOHHYIO noeHHYIO

niiTIIKY CBOIIX rrpe,AIIIeCTBeHHHKOB II

UIIeB (ycnoBHbie snaJJ:eHHH). Cso6o.LJ:-

HII'iero IIpiiHUIIIIHan bHO HOBOrO He

Hhre g ep)l{a.Tenii 6eHecpMUIIen -

Men -

c n y)l{6y, He HOpMIIpOBa.HHYIO n eH-

II3o6peTan, a niiiiih 6onee HaCTOWIII-

KIIe naccanbi- CTanii pbruapHMII,

HbiM 06hi'IaeM. 0THOIIIeHHH Me)l{gy

no II peiiiHTeJibHO men K Ha.Me'leHHOH

KOTOpbre, corn acHo neHHOMY o6br-

rOCIIO,AHHOM H ero MIIHIICTepuanaMH

uenii.

'la10, 06H3aHbJ 6binii BbiiiOJTHHTb BO-

peryniiposaniicb oco6biM MHHIICTe-

TT,

CHHYIO c .rry)f{6y TOJThKO n TC'ICHIIC

piia.JTbHbTM rrpaBOM, KOTOpOC YTBCp-

n 6opb 6e c cpeoll,aJihHhiMH MarHaTaMH

copoKa AHell: n ro11,y. K TOMY )l{e rro-

)l{ll,an caM rocrrOil,HH.

OIIIIpanCH Ha Men KIIX neHHIIKOB -

AaBIDIIOIUee 6onbiiiiiHCTBO IIX HaXO-

Kopon encKIIH MHHIICTepiianiiTeT

CBOIIX IIO,ABaccanon, IIOMOraH HM yrr-

Il,IIn OCb n naccanhHOH J aBIICHMOCTII

p a crrpocTpaHIIn cH T aK)I{e Ha rapHII-

fcHpHx

TV,

Ka.K II KoHpa.JJ:

pO'IIITb cnoii rrpana Ha n n aJJ:eHIIe ne-

He OT KOpOn H, a OT ero naccaJIOB II

30HHY10 6yproByJO cny)l{6y II rrpiiMe-

HaMII, rrpenpa.THTb IIX B HacneJJ:CTBeH-

IIOJJ:BaCCanOB. ):(IDI C03,L:(a.HII5! HeJaBII-

HIDTCH B X03HllCTBeHHO-a,AMHHIICTpa-

HOe JJ:OCTOHHIIe. 0JJ:Ha.KO 3 Ta ITOnHTII-

CIIMOrO OT BOnii KHH3e:ii Ha.JJ:e)KHOro

THBHOM yrrpaBJTeHIIH IIpii ABOpe II B

Ka B ycnommx fepMaHIIII He Morna

BOIIHCTBa OCTanancH TOn bKO OJJ:IIH

goMelllianhHOM X03HHCTBe. C TpeMHCh

)J,aTh TaKHX IIOn O)I{IITCJibHblX ll,nH KO-

rryTh -

HaJJ:en eHIIe BOCHHbiMII 6eHe-

COJ,AaTb KOMIIaKTHbiH ,AOMCH B CaKCO-

poneBCKOH Bn aCTII pe3ynhTa.TOB, KaK

cpiiUIIHMII HCCB060,AHbiX CJIY)I{IInbiX

HO-TIOpiiHrCKOM paHOHC C UCHTpOM B

BOV1 HA on~Tb CTAHOB V1TC~ V1CKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rT.

focnape, KOpOnli ¢pa.HKOHCKOH )];llHaCTllli npOBO~llnli peBIIH~IIKaUIIID (B03Bpaii(eHIIe C nOMOII(biD cy~e6HO ro liCK a) npiiCBOeHHbiX 3HaTbiD KOpOHHbiX Bna~eHII:H, coopymanii 6yprii, pa3Meii(aH B HliX rapHII30Hbi ll3 MIIHIICTepiiaJIOB. OHII cTaBIIJIII MIIHIIcTepiian oB Ha Bb!COKIIe npii~OpHb!e cnym6b! II nopy'Ianii liM ynpaBneHIIe ~OMeHIIanbHbiM X03HHCTBOM . 3TH Mepb! YKPeTIJIHJIII He3aBIICIIMOCTh KOponeBCKOH Bnacrn OT cpeo~aJIOB, HO, C~pyro:H CTOpOHbi, OHII Bb!3b!BaJili He~OBOnbCTBO MarHaTOB II CJIYlKIIJIII noBO~OM ~nH opraHII3auiiii 3aroBopoB npOTliB KOpOnH. 1 077-11 06 rr. rPA>KAAHCKASI BO~HA B rEPMAHii1111. 836yHTO-

aaawMcb npoTMB leHpMxa, KpynHble rpeoJ],anbl Bb!6panM Ha era MecTo PyJJ.onbrpa Waa6cKoro, npw~eM aocCTaHMe npoJJ.on%anocb JJ.a%e nocne nopa%eHM>I M rM6enM PyJJ.onbrpa ( 1080 r. ). 8 KOHI4e KOHI40B teHpMX pa3rpoMMn et1.4e OJJ.Horo conepHMKa, lepMaHa fliOKCeM6yprcKoro ( 10861088 rr.). BoccTaHMe m acnbiXMBano, TO 3aTyxano JJ.O caMoro KOHI4a npaaneHM>I leHpMxa. BoiiiHa Me>K,Qy reHpiiiXOM IV 111 ero conepHIIIKOM Py.Qonb<t»oM

B TO BpeMH KaK feHpiix IV HaxoB liTaJillli, r~e liCKan npiiMlipeHIIH c nano:H fpiiropiieM VII II npiiHOCIIJI B Ka.Hocce uepKOBHoe noKaHHIIe, B ¢opxreHMe BO ¢paHKOHllli co6paniicb Bp<DK~e6Hb!e eMy repMa.HCKIIe KHH3bH II II36paJIII KOponeM repuora Py~onbcpa lliBa6cKoro, Myma o~Ho:H II3 cecTep feHpiiXa (15 MapTa 1077 r.). O~aKo, Koma feHpiix nocne CHHTIIH C Hero OTnY<JeHIIH OT uepKBII B03BpaTIInCH B fepMa.HliiD, Ha ero cTopoHy nepernno TaK MHoro rpacpoB II eniicKonoB, 'ITO Py~onbcp ~on:lKeH 6b!n OTCTYTiliThii3 IO:lKHo:H fepMa.Hllll B CaKcoHIIID, me cTapaH Bpa~a caKcoHUeB K KOpon iD CHliCKana eMy liX CIIMnaTIIID. Ho xoTH perniiTenbHoe 6oJibiiiiiHcTBo 6aBapueB, IIIBa6oB II cppa.HKOB II nepernno Ha CTopoHy KoponH, Bee :lKe KHH3bH He 6b!nll CKnOHHbi HeMe~neH HO nOHTli C HliM B peiiiiiTen bHbiH 6o:H ~IIJICH

npornB y3ypnaTOpa II :lKenanii noKoH'IliTh cnop 0 npeCTOne nyTeM MIIpHOro cornarneHIIH. TaK KaK TaKoe corn arneHIIe npii niD6b!x ycn oBIIHX Bee :lKe ~OJI)KHO 6b!nO 3aKOH'IliThCH OTKa30M Py~oJibcpa oT npecTona, Py~onbcp co6pan BCe CliJib! II, o6be)];l!HliBIIIliCb C o6oiiMII repuoraMII - Ben bcpOM EaBapcKIIM II EepTOJib~OM KapiiHTIIHCKIIM II3 po~a IJ;epiiHreH, npo~BIIHyn CH C OTpMOM CaKCOHCKoro BOHCKa ~0 caMoro HeKapa. li Bee :lKe, HecMoTpH Ha 3TO 06be)];l!HeHIIe, OH 6b!n He HaCTOn bKO CIIn eH, 'IT06b! 3aCTaBIITh feHpiixa n piiHHTh perniiTenbHb!H 6o:H. OH Bb!H)')K~eH 6b!n B03BpaTliTbcH Ha3 ~; 3IIMa II Ha<Jano cne~II(ero neTa npornnii B neperoBopax, HecKonbKIIX MenKIIX onycTOIIIIITenbHb!X noxo~ax II oca~e oT~enbHb!X KpenocTe:H. Ton bKO no 3~HIIM neToM Py~onbcp npe~npiiHHJI BTopyiD nonb!TKY ~06IITbCH peiiiiiTenbHOrO cpa:lKeHIIH II CHOBa Bb!Cryniin C CaKCOHUaMII ~nH COe~IIHeHIIH C ID:lKHOrepMaHCKliMli repuoraMII. CpiDKeHIIIe np111 MenbpiiiXWTa.QTe 7 aBrycTa 1 078 ro.Qa Py~oJibcp npo~IIrancH no TIDpiiHrnii, IIIBa6CKaH apMIIH no~ KOMa~OH repuoroB Benbcpa II EepTOnb~a co6IIpanacb Me:lKey Pe:HHoM II HeKapoM. Ho Ha 3TOT pa3 II caM Koponb feHpiix liMen ~OCTaTO'IHYID apMIIID, OH ~BIIHyncH HaBCTpe'Iy CaKCOHUaM II BCTpeTIIJicH c HIIMII y MenbpiiXIIIT~ Ta, Ha rpa.HIIUe TIDpiiHrnii II <DpaHKOHIIII. Eo:H 3TOT 6b!n 'IIICTo pb!uapCKIIM II KOH'IllnCH TeM, 'ITO Ha o6eiiX cTOpoHax o~a <JacTb Bo:HcKa no6e)];llna, ~pyraH 6e:lKaJia. 3TO 6b!Bano BO MHOrliX cp<UKeHIIHX. B pNUapcKoM cpa:lKeHIIII 3TO IIMeeT eii(e oco6oe 3Ha'IeHIIe B TOM oTHorneHIIII, 'ITO nO'ITli HeB03MO:lKHO OCTa.HOBliTh pb!Uape:H, pa3 OHII no6e:lKaJIII. 3TO TH:lKeno ~<UKe npii ~liCUIIn niiHIIpOBa.HHOH KaBanepiiii, y pb!UapeH :lKe 3TO He TOnbKO nciiXonorn<JeCKli TH:lKenee, HO He~OCTll)KliMO eii(e oco6eHHO nOTOMy, 'ITO OHII He B COCTOHHHli 3a.HHTb liCXO~O e nono:lKeHIIe ~JIH TOrO, 'IT06b! CKOBb!BaiDII(liM 6oeM Bb!HCHliTh o6CTa.HOBKy. f. ,lJ;eJib6piDK TIIIIIIeT, 'ITO pb!Uapii He MOryT

BeCTII o6opOHIITeJibHb!H 6o:H ( OCTaBJIHH B CTOpOHe COBepiiieHHO liCKniD'IIITenbHb!e o6cToHTenbcTBa); Kor~a Ha HliX H~BIIraeTCH npOTliBHIIK, OHII ~On:lKHbi IInli nOM'IaTbCH eMy HaBCTpe<JY, IInii ycKaKaTh. Cpe)];ll caKcoHUeB, pa36IITbiX II o6paTIIBIIIliXCH B 6ercTBo npii MenbpiiXIIIT~Te, Haxo)];llnCH II caM Koponb P~onbclJ. Ero xpa6pocTb nony'Illn a o6II(ee npii3HaHIIe. Ha caMoM ~ene cp<DKeHIIe 6b!n o liM He npoiirpa.Ho, TaK KaK ero npoTIIBHIIK feHpiiX TO:lKe nOKIIHyn none cp<UKeHIIH, II niiiiib O)];IIH CaKCOHCKliH oTpM no~ KOMa~o:H ncpaJibUrpacpa <Dpii~piixa ~ep:lKan none cp<DKeHIIH B KOHe'IHOM c<JeTe 3a co6o:H. HecMOTpH Ha 3TO, Py~onbclJ TOT<Jac :lKe npo~OJI)KIIJI cBo:H oTXo~ B CaKCOHIIID. ITo ~opore <JacTb ero KHH3e:H 6biJia orpa6n eHa II y6IITa KpeCTbHHaMII, a <JaCTb nOHMa.Ha II npiiBe~eHa KKOponiD feHpiiXy. IIo6e~oHOCHb!e caKCOHUb! ncpanhurpacpa <Dpii~piixa TaK:lKe He npii~yManii HII'Iero n y<Jrnero, KaK 3aXBaTIITb ~06b!'IY II OTnpaBIITbCH ~OMOH. 0)];IIH 6onee no 3~HliH liCTO'IHliK, KOTOpb!H, O~aKO, MOr OCHOBb!BaTbCH Ha KaKOH-TO ycrno:H nepe~a <Je, IIenb~CKIIe aHHanb!, coo6II(aeT, 'ITO Koponb Py~onbcp, Y3HaB 0 TOM, 'ITO OH 6e:lKan OT co6CTBeHHOH no6e~' c ~oca~ roTOB 6b!n yMepeTh. O~HaKo, HecMoTpH Ha nopa:lKeHIIe, KOpOJib feHpiiX ~06IInCH CBOeH cTpaTerii<JecKo:H uen ii - He ~aTh coe~IIHliThCH o6eiiM HenpiiHTenbCKliM apMIIHM. HymHo 6b!no 6b! O:lK~aTh, 'ITO Tenepb OH HanpaBIIT CBOII CliJibi Ha IIIBa6CKYID apMIIID, TeM 6on ee 'ITO r epuor EoreMCKIIH K 3TOMY BpeMeHII no~en eMy HOBble BOHCKa. Ho nOTOMY Jill, 'ITO o6paTIIBIIIIIecH B 6erCTBo pb!Uapii, feHpiiXa OTTipaBIInliCb npHMO ~OMOH, IInli no ~pyrnM Heli3BeCTHbiM npli'IIIHaM. feHpliX CHa'IaJia HII<Jero He npe~piiHHJI, a oTTipaBIIncH B naBapiiiD II TOnbKO B OKTH6pe C06pan HOBYID apMIIID ~nH onycTOIIIIITenbHoro noxo~a npoTIIB Bna~eHIIH ero conepHIIKa B lliBa6IIII. f . ,lJ;enb6piDK 3aMe<JaeT, 'ITO 3TO co6b!rne o<JeHb xapaKTepHo MH Be~eHIIH BOHHb! B 3noxy pb!uapcTBa, II Henb3H yTBep~aTb, KaK 3TO ~enaeT fii3e6pexT, nonaraH, 'ITO feHpiix noTO MY OTCTYTIIIJI, 'ITO IIHa'Ie oH O<JY-

3AnNJ,HA~

EBPOnA

41 CpiDKeHIIIe Ha 3nbcTepe 15 OKTS16pSI 1080 r .

TIIJICH 6bi Me)!{):{)' o6em..m HenpiDITeJTh-

npOTHBHHKa B TOT MOMeHT, KOrAa OH,

cKmm apMIDIMII: Be;a;b CaKCOHIJ;bi OTO-

nepeXOAH pytieil:, B30HAeT Ha KOCO-

IIUIH Ha3a}];, H e CJIH 6bi AmKe OHH CHOBa

rop . Ho feHpnx ytieJI HeyAo6cTBO

BepH)'JIHCb, TO KOpOJib TeM BpeMeHeM

MeCTHOCTH H o6oiiieJI 3TY n03HIJ:HIO .

ITocJie <l:>Jiapxrell:McKoro cpam:e-

MOr 6bi pa36HTh Io:lKHOrepMaHCirnX rep-

0THOCHTeJibHO HCXOAa pa3birpaB-

HHH nana fpnropllil: BTOpH'IHO H OKOH-

U:OroB . Ta.IOKe Henpa.BHJThHO 3aMe'!aHHe

IIIeroCH cpa)KeHHH HCTO'IHHKH npoTH-

'!aTeJibHO OTCTynHJICH OT feHpHXa,

<l:>JIOTO, B03pmKaeT f. ,lJ,eJib6piOK, 'ITO

Bope'IaT Apyr Apyry. ITo EpyHo H

CHOBa OTJIY'IHB ero Ha nacxaJibHOM

KOpOJib He MOr npecJieAOBaTh CaKCOH-

EepTOJibiJ:Y, caKCOHU:bi no6e~J:HJIH, a

co6ope

U:eB nOTOMy, 'ITO IO)KHOrepMaHU:bi,

feHpnx 6e)KaJI. ITo 3KKerapiJ:Y (<I:>py-

AapH 3TOMY H BOeHHOe nOJIO)KeHHe

pacnpaBHBIIIHeCH TeM BpeMeHeM C

TOJibcp) H Ayrc6yprcKHM aHHaJiaM,

AOCTHrJIO HaHBbiCIIIero HanpH)KeHHH:

KpecTbHHaMH Ha HeKape, 3aiiiJIH

6e)KaJIH caKCOHU:bi, a repu:or EpaTH-

BCe HJIJII03HH OTHOCHTeJibHO MHpHOro pa3peiiieHHH KOHcpJIHKTa, CBH3bi-

1080 roAa oT u:epKBH.

EJiaro-

eMy B TbiJI; B 3TOM CJiy'!ae OHH Bbi-

cJiaB EoreMCKHil:, coi03HHK feHpnxa,

IIIJIH 6bi npHMO Ha KOpOJIH, KOTOpbiH

3axBaTHJI Aa)Ke 30JIOToe Konbe Py-

BaBIIIHe AO 3TOrO BpeMeHH CHJibi o6e-

B JII06oll: MOMeHT MOr nOKOH'IHTb C

AOJThcpa. 3To KOnbe npeAHa3Ha'IaJIOCb

HX CTOpOH, Tenepb HC'Ie3JIH, H o6e

PyAoJibcpoM B 6yAyrueM AJIH Toro,

cTOpOHbi cTaJIH AYMaTh TOJibKO o co-

CaKCOHU:aMH. «CrpaTerH'!eCKHMH MOTHBaMH no-

'IT06bi B TOp)KeCTBeHHbiX CJIYtJaHX ero

cpeAOTO'IeHHH MaKCHMaJibHbiX CHJI

CTYTIOK feHpnxa 6e3ycJIOBHO HeJib3H

HecJIH BnepeAH 6oreMCKHX repu:oroB .

AJIH AOCTH)KeHHH CKOpell:rnell: H OKOH'!aTeJibHOH pa3BH3KH. ITo onblry no-

06bHCHHTb»,- nHIIIeT f. ,lJ,eJib6piOK .

HoBO BpeMH cpa)KeHHH, npoAOJI)Ka-

ITpa.BHJibHOe 06bHCHeHHe MO)KHO CKO-

eT 3KKerapA, oTpM caKCOHUeB Hanan

cJieAHHX JieT PYIJ:OJibcp 3HaJI, 'ITO AJIH

pell: HCKaTh B caMoll: npnpoAe pbiu:ap-

Ha KopoJieBcKHil: Jiarepb, y6nJI opy-

HacrynaTeJibHbiX AeHCTBHH OH HeAO-

cKoro BOHCKa ( eCJIH npH 3TOM He Hr-

)KeHocu:eB H 3a6paJI 6oJibiiiYIO A06bi-

CTaTO'IHO CHJieH; HHHU:HaTHBy 3aXBa-

paJIH poJTh Apyrne, HaM COBepiiieHHO

'IY·

THJI feHpnx KaK 6oJiee CHJThHbiH. Bee

ITocJie 3TOro KopoJTh oTTipa.BHJI-

He3HaKOMbie MOTHBbi), KOTOpoe AmKe

CH o6paTHO B BOCTO'IHYIO <l:>paHKOHHIO

JieTO feHpHX 6biJI 3aHHT u:epKOBHbi-

nocJie npocToro noJiynopa)KeHHH

H pacnycTHJI CBOIO apMHIO.

MH AeJiaMH, npoBeJI OAHH co6op B

6biJIO Hecnoco6Ho K BoeHHbiM Aell:CTBHHM .

CpiDKeHIIIe np111 <l>napxreiiiMe 27 SIHBapSI 1080 r.

Ha nepBbiH B3rJIM KmKeTcH, pac-

Mall:Hu:e H BTopoll: B EpHKceHe, no-

cy)KAaeT f.,lJ,eJib6piOK B CBOeM aHa-

cJieAHHH- COBMeCTHO C HTaJibHH-

JIH3e 3Toro cpa)KeHHH, 'ITO TaKoe

CKHMH eTIHcKonaMH. Ha 3THX co6o-

o6bHCHeHHe OTCTynJieHHH KOpO-

pax OH noiiieJI Ha KpaHHIOIO Mepy H

JIH- npOCTaH OITOBOpKa C U:eJibiO

Bbi6paJI HOBOrO nany . IToKOH'IHB C

CKpbiTb nopa)KeHHe H 'ITO nOAJIHH-

3THM, oH cHoBa 3aHHJICH PyAoJThcpoM.

Cpa)KeHHe noA MeJibpHXIIITaA-

HOH no6eAbi feHpnx, 6e3ycJIOBHO, He

EJiaroAapH o6cTOHTeJibHOMY pac-

TOM OCTaJIOCb nO'ITH 6e3pe3yJibTaT-

OAep)KaJI. 0AHaKO, He TaK y)K HeB03-

cKa3y EpyHo, KOTOpbiH, B03MO)KHO,

HbiM AM o6enx cTOpoH. HoB KOHe'!-

MO)KH0, 'ITO cpa)KeHHe npoTeKaJIO

CaM npHCYTCTBOBaJI npH 3TOM, 0 no-

HOM BbiHrpbiiiie OCTaJICH KOpOJib, TaK

noAo6Ho MeJibpHXIIITaATCKoMy, H

XOAe H cpa)KeHHH Mbi OCBeAOMJieHbi

KaK, BO-nepBbiX, BbiHCHHJIOCb, 'ITO

feHpHX noBepHyJI Ha3aA He nOTOMy,

cpaBHHTeJibHO xoporno. Hoy npeAaH-

CHJibi PyAOJibcpa CJIHIIIKOM cJia6bi AM

'ITO OH AeHCTBHTeJibHO 6biJI pa36HT

Horo OAHOH CTopoHe CBHIIIeHHHKa-

cTpaTerntiecKoro HacrynJieHHH, H,

npH <l:>Jiapxreil:Me, a CKOpell: nOTOMy,

nHCaTeJIH Mbi, eCTeCTBeHHO, He MO-

BO-BTOpbiX, 'ITO MHpHbiM nyTeM pa3-

'ITO yBHAaJI Hec6biTO'IHOCTh cBoell:

)KeM HCKaTh nOJIHOTbi MOTHBHpOBKH

AOpa He peiiiHTh. 3TO BbiHY)KAaJIO

Ha}];e)KIJ:bl Ha HeCO'IYBCTBHe CaKCOH-

Aeil:cTBHH HH caKCOHCKHX PYKOBOAH-

CTOpOHHHKOB KOpOJIH nOMOTh eMy Ha-

U:eB PyAOJibcpy. qTO feHpHX Aeil:cT-

TeJiell:, HH, TeM 6oJiee, KOpOM feHpHXa.

CTOJibKO, 'IT06bi OH, CO CBOeil: CTOpO-

BHTeJibHO He 6biJI pa36HT, HBCTByeT

Hbi, Mor nepell:TH B HacrynJieHHe.

erue H3 Toro, 'ITO EpyHo HH'Iero He

3a,o:a'!eil: KOpOM HBJIHJIOCb 06be1J:H-

roBopHT o 3aXBaTe Jiarepa; no cJio-

HeHHe 3aTia}];HOrepMaHCKHX H IO)KHO-

oH npeAnpHHHMaeT AmKe 3HMHHH

nOXOA.

BaM EepTOJibAa, TOJibKO HaCTynJie-

repMaHCKHX OTPHIJ:OB c '!eiiiCKHMH oT-

HeKoTOpbie CHJibHell:rnne caKcoH-

HHe HO'IH pa3beAHHHJIO 6oll:u:oB. He-

PMaMH H OTPMaMH MapKrpacpa Mell:-

cKne KHH3bH nOTepHJIH Bepy B KOpO-

cMoTpH Ha 3TO, OH npHnHCbiBaeT no-

ceHcKoro, CTa.BIIIero Ha ero cropoey.

M -cone pHHKa H OTCrynHJIHCb OT Hero;

6e1J:Y,HeCOMHeHHO,CaKCOHU:aM,H60

feHpHXBbi6pan onaCHbiHnYTh H3 fee-

n03TOMY feHpHX, O'IeBHAHO, noJia-

PyAOJibcp ocTa.BaJICH Ha noJie cpa)Ke-

CeRa tiepe3 TropHHrniO, BAOJTh IO)KHOH

raJI, 'ITO npH BHe3aTIHOM ero nOHBJie-

HHH AO noJiyHO'IH H TOJibKO H3-3a He-

rpaHHUbi CaKcOHHH MH Toro, 'IT06bi

HHH PmoJibcp 6yAeT He B mJiax OKa-

BbiHOCHMOrO XOJIOAa OTTipaBHJICH Ha

Ha peKe 3aane, HJIH 3JThcTepe, BcTpe-

3aTb eMy conpoTHBJieHne B OTKpbi-

noCTOH B 6JIH)KaHIIIYIO AepeBHIO; C

THThCH C OCTaJibHbiMH KOHTHHreHTa-

TOM 6oiO .

HacrynJieHHeM )Ke AHH OH CHOBa no-

MH. ITyTeM AeMOHCTpaU:HH npOTHB

0AHaKo PyAOJibcp coBMecrno c

HBHJICH Ha noJie . TaKHM o6pa3oM, o

focJiapa eMy cnepBa YAaJIOCb OTBJie'Ib

0TTOHOM HopArell:McKHM BbiCTYTIHJI

npeCJieAOBaHHH, BO BCHKOM CJiy'!ae,

BHHMaHHe CaKCOHIJ:eB B 3TY CTOpoHy,

eMy HaBcTpetJY IO)l{Hee MIOJibray3e-

He 6biJIO H pe'IH. ITo CJIOBaM Eep-

B TO BpeMH KaK KOpOJieBCKaH apMHH

Ha B TropnHrnH. CaKCOHU:bi nocTpon-

TOJibAa, co cTopoHbi PyAOJibcpa naJio

ABHraJiaCb 'Iepe3 3pcpypT Ha BOCTOK.

JIHCb 3a pyTheM Ha XOJIMe IJ:]lH aTaKH

TOJibKO

3 8 '!eJIOBeK.

Ho CaKCOHIJ:bi BCKOpe 3aMeTIIJIH CBOIO

BOli1HA on~Tb CTAHOBV1TC~ V1CKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rr.

eTCH AOJIHHa, KOTOpaJI AO 3TOrO npeACTaBJIJIJia co6o~, oqeBHAHO, 6o-

Mcpcc6ypr~

JIOTO. Il)'Tb, no KOTOpOM:Y feHpHX npHIIIeJI

)

peKH 3aaJie IIIeJI BAOJib

nepeceK3Jl B6JIH3H 3JibCTepa 6oJiaro C Kp)'ThlM nOBOpOTOM H 3):J,eCb BeJI K

Bei-iceHcl)!~ ~ H ayM6yp~

IO)f(Horo KpaJI 3TOJ;i AOJIHHhl, 3aTeM

IJ;e~ucKoM:y Mocry. TaKHM o6pa3oM, feHpHX nepeiiieJI 3TO 60JIOTO H HaxOAHJICJI K CeBepy O'f Hero, KOrAaBTbiJI)'

fOCH\ICJib8Cil t:> I

J !!!O Bcl\,!\a

nOJIBHJIHCb CaKCOHI.Ibl.

B BHAY HenpHJITeJIJI caKCOHI.Ihl He 6biJIH B COCTOJIHHH nepeJ;ITH 60JIOTO.

fran~l_\efb.t

Phii.IapH cTaJIH nepe6paHHBaTbCJI H .si3BHTeJibHO Bhl3biBaTb Apyr Apyra nepeJ;ITH Ha Ap)'ryiO CTOpOH)'. IlOA

npHKpbiTHeM 60JIOTa KOpOJib 6biJI B AaHHbl~ MOMeHT HeAOC.llraeM.

CaKCOHI.Ihl HMeJIH B03MO)KHOCTh, BepH)'BIIIHCb HeMHOrO Ha3a.A, o6oJ;iTH 60JIOTO C 3ana.AHO~ CTOpOHbl. feHpHX, oqeBHAHO, yqeJI 3TO, HO OH HJIH cqHT3Jl, qm Ha 3TO Y~AeT AeHb, B TeqeHHe KOTOporo MO)KHO ycneTh ycTaHOBHTb nepenpasy qepe3 3JibCTep, HJIH )Ke, ~0 BO BpeM.si ABH)KeHHJI HenpHJITeJIJI CMO)KeT CHOBa noJ;ITH qepe3 6oJIOTO Ha IOr H, TaKHM o6pa30M, Me'A<AY o6eHMH apMHJIMH onJITb-TaKH 6y-

(

AeT Jie-A<aTb npenJITCTBHe. Ho KopoJib PyAOJihq> H OrroH

HopAreJ;iMCKH~ 3H3JIH, qTQ CTOHT Ha KapTe, H 6biJIH AOCTOJ;iHbl CBOero noJIO)KeHH.ll. MHorHe BOHHbi caKcoHcKo~ neXOTbl O'f )'CTaJIOCTH 3aCTpJI-

JIH B n)'TH, H n03TOM)' 6biJIO O'I)l.aHO pacnop.ll)KeHHe, ~o6bl Bee pbii.IapH, HMeiOII.IHe CJia60CHJibHbiX JIOIIIa.Ae~, cneiiiHJIHCb H Cpa)KaJIHCb B neiiieM CTPOIO. ,ll;JIJI KaKoJ;i l.leJIH Hy:lKHa 6biJia nexoTa? BeAb 3TO He 3HaqHT, ~o pbii.IapH cneiiiHJIHCb H3-3a HerOAHOCTH JIOIIIa.AeJ;i, a TOJibKO JIHillb AJIJI TOro, qTo6bl 3aMeHHTb HeAOCTaBaBIIIHX neiiiHX. Mbi 3HaeM, HaCKOJibKO

MACWfA~

•

B OTKpbiTOM 6010 KOHHbiJ;i ueHHee

15 ~-

neiiiero. HcKyccTBeHHO C03AaHHaJI 3AeCb neXOTa HMeJia, 6e3yCJIOBHO,

CpalKeHHe Ha peKe 3nbctep

oco6oe Ha3HaqeHHe, H Ha3HaqeHHe oqeHb Ba)KHOe, TaK KaK KOMaHAOBa-

OIIIH6Ky, nOI1f3JIHCb 3a npOTHBHHKOM

MOrJIH HenocpeACTBeHHO aTaKOBaTb

HHe Ha.A HeJ;i npHHJIJI Ha ce6JI 0TTOH

H HarHaJIH ero Ha 3JibCTepe. bblTb

ero. 3To 6oJioTo, no EpyHo, Ha3bl-

HopAreltMCKHlt, nocJie KopoJIJI Py-

MO)KeT, 6asapuhl, IIIeAIIIHe c IOra, )')Ke

B3JIOCb fpoHa. Mo)KHO noJiaraTb,

AOJihq>a nepBoe JIHI.IO B apMHH. 3Ta

npHCOeAHHHJIHCb K HeMy, qexH H Me~

3TO Ha3BaHHe COXpaHHJIOCb B Ha-

nexoTanpeAHa3Haq3Jlacb, KaKMhl MO-

CeHI.Ibl 6biJIH eiiie no TY cTOpoHy peKH.

3BaHHH AepeBHH fpaHa, HJIH fpoHa,

)KeM 3aKJIIoqHTh, AJIJI 3aHJITHJI H npe-

KopoJib 3aHJIJI no3Hl.IHIO 3a 6oJio-

npoTHB IJ;e~ua. 3Aecb, y peKH 3Jib-

rp~eHHJI nepenpaB qepe3 fpoH-

THCTO~ AOJIHHO~, rAe CaKCOHI.Ibl He

cTep, C 3ana.Aa Ha BOCTOK npOCTHpa-

cKoe 60JIOTO BO Bpe~fJI 06XOAHOI'O

3An.A)J.HA$l EBPOnA

43 3To phluapcKoe qecTOJII06He H npHHecJio eMy cMepTb. Ero cTopoHHHKH c,.qeJiaJIH eMY T3eyiO H3,.qiiHCb Ha IIa?vffiTHHKe: «TaM, I)l.e ero BOilCKO II06e,.qHJIO, IIaJI OH CBJIII.IeHHOil iKepTBOil. )KH3HbiO 6hiJla e:tvty CMepl'b, IIOHeCeHHaJI pa,.qH uepKBH». Ho 3KKerapT HaiiHCaJI B cBoell xpoHHKe, qTO Kor,.qa Py,.qoJib<J:>y IIpHHeCJIH ero OTpy6JieHHYIO IIpaByiO pyey, OH liK06hl CKa3aJI CTOliBlliHM BOKpyr Hero eiiHCKOII31.f, CO CTOHOM: «BOT pyKa, KOTOpOilll KJlliJICll B BepHOCTH MOeMy rocy,.qapiO feHpHxy: CM01pHTe Bbl, B03Be,.qlllHe MeHJI Ha ero

CpaJKeHI1e Ha peKe 3nbCTep. ABI1lKeHI1e reHpl1xa IV 11 coeA11HeHI1e ero c 6aaap._aMI1, 6oreM._aMI111 Me~ceH._aMI1 ABHiKeHHll KOHHHUhl, a TaKiKe H AJIJI

rop,.qhlll phluapb, «6eiKaBlliHil OT co6-

1pOH, IIpaBHJibHblM JIM IIYTeM Bbl BeJIH MeHJI».

,[(eJib6piOK YTBepiK,.qaeT, qTQ

rJiaBHOil IIpHqHHOil IIOpa:>KeHHll feH-

IV JIBJIJieTCJI ero IIpo,.qBHiKeHHe

TOro, qT06hl Ca1.-toil BC'I)'IIHTb OTCIO-

CTBeHHoll IIo6e,.qhl» IIpH MenbpHx-

pHXa

,.qaB 6oll. CaKCOHCKaJI apMHH, HecoM-

lli'I'3)J;re H IIOTepliB lllHil II pH <f>Jiapxre li-

qepe3 TIOpHHrHIO. HeH3BeCTHO, KTO

HeHHO, qHcJieHHO npeBOCXOAHJia KO-

Me CBOe KOpOJieBCKOe KOIIbe, qT06hl

6hiJl 6hl IIo6e,.qHTeJieM, ecJIH 6bJ feH-

poJieBCKyiO. TaKHM o6pa3oM, oHa

BOCCTaHOBHTh CBOIO CJiaey, ,.q06hi1)'IO

pHx, IIpoll,.qH AaJihrne Ha IOr qepe3

MOrJia II03BOJIHTb 3TO pa3)l.eJieHHe

HM HaiioJie YHc1pyTCKoro cpa:>KeHHJI.

<l>paHKOHHIO, coe,.qHHHJlCll C 6aBap-

CHJI, noHy~aeMaJI feHpHXOM BcryIIHTh B cpa:>KeHHe, IIpHqeM B TaKOe, II pH KOTOpOM OTCTYIIHTb MOiKHO TOJlbKO B peey. lleXOTa 6biJia B COCTOJIHHH KaK o6opoHJITh 6oJioTO, TaK H <J:>opcHpoBaTb ero B MecTax, Henpoxo,.qHMblX AJIJI KOHHHUhl. lloJIOiKeHHe KOHHHUhl, CpaiKaBrneilCJI <J:>poHTOM Ha BOCTOK H 3ana,LJ,, 6h!JIO HeycTOJlqHBhiM; qacTh CaKCOHUeB o6paTHJiacb 6bmoyiKe B 6ercTBo, KOI)l.a c IOra noJIBHJICJI OrroH Hop,.qreilMCKHil C neXOTOil. llo CJIOBaM BpyHo, OrroH pa36HBaeT qacTb HenpHHTeJibCKoll apMHH, IIpHXOAHT B HeiipHHTeJibCKHil Jiarepb, He ,.qaeT CBOHM JIIOAHM rpa6HTh H BegeT HX Ha ry qacTb IIpOTHBHHKa, KOTOpaH erne ,.qepiKHTCll. 0TTOH no6e~aeT.

XoTH

feHpHx 6h!JI coBeprneHHO

pa36HT H qacTb ero apMHH yTOHyJia B 3JibCTepe, BCe iKe, IIOCKOJibKY II06eAHTeJib, KopoJib-COIIepHHK Py,.qoJib<J:>, IIaJI, lliaHChl OCTaBaJIHCb paBHhiMH.

'(/ llo/ioJifettue n~ed cpolkettueN

Y Py,.qoJib<J:>a 6hiJla oTCeqeHa IIpaBaJI

Jlazepb

pyKa H eMY HaHeCeHa paHa B iKHBOT,

06zod ifMHUI.lbl ~puxo c Janada Orzoa nezorot. ycu/leHHOu cneweHHbi.MU pblli.O,DRMu l?ral<a cnewettllbtZ potqapeu

OT KOTOpoil OH H CKOHqaJICll. Eme H IIOHbJHe MO'A<HO BH,AeTh B Mepce6yprCKOM co6ope ero Ha,.qrpo6Hhlil IIarvrnTHHK. MoiKHO ce6e IIpe,.qcTaBHTh, KaK xpa6po H MyiKeCTBeHHO cpa:>KaJICll

CpaJKeHI1e Ha peKe 3Jibctep. nopaJKeHI1e reHpl1xa IV

BOli1HA on~Tb CTAHOBV1TC~ V1CKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rr.

CKHM, qeiiiCKHM H MeltceHCKHM 01p.SIAaMH B paltoHe BepxHero TeqeHHll

11 06-1125 rr. 1...\APCTBOBAH"'E fEHP"'XA V. npo.aon)l(8fi8Cb

T8pb II noBefl 8PMIII/O B Hey.tJ.8'1Hbliii noxo.a H8 Po)l(ep8 II ( oKono 1095-

peKH 3aa.Jie H 3aTeM IIOIIIeJI 61>1 Ha

nOJIIIITIIIKO -penlllriii03H8fllll, B TOM '1/IIC-

1154 rr.),

Bpara coMKHYThiMH pliAaMH.

Jie BOOpy)l(eHH8f160pb68 111Mnep8TO-

HCKOrO Clll~lllflllliiiCKOrO KOponeBCTB8

paccyJKAaeT

p8 c n8n8MIII. no'ITIII Bee cBoe np8B-

Clll~lllflllllll (

<fi'O rro6yAHJ10 KOpOJill

neHMe leHpiiiX BOeBan K8K H8 C06-

Mhl

f. ,[(eJih6piOK,

3HaeM,

nepBoro KOPOflfl HOPM8H-

1136-1137 rr.).

K HeOCTOpOiKHOMY Bhl6opy TaKOlt AO-

CTBeHHOiii TeppiiiTOPIIIIII, T8K 11138 rp8-

1138-1152 rr. 1...\APCTBOBAH"'E KOHPA.Q.A Ill. OH CT8fl nep-

porn AJill rroxoAa. Bepol!THO, coo6pa-

HIII~eiii: oH ycnewHo npoBen GoreM-

BbiM MMnep8ropoM CBRmeHHoiii

JKeHHll OTHOCHTeJlhHO CHa6JKeHHll rrpo-

CKY/0 K8Mn8HIII/O (

1107-1110 rr. ), HO

PMMCKoiii 111Mneplllllllll3.ll.IIIH8CTIIIIII lo-

AOBOJlhCTBHeM rro6yAHJIH ero BhVJ,BH-

noTepnen Hey.a8'1111 np111 nonbJTK8X

reHWT8y<f>eHoB. no'IT/11 Cp83Y )l(e

HYTh MeCTO COeAHHeHHll BCeX CBOHX

BroprHyrbcR B BeHrp11110 (

KOHTHHreHTOB KaK MOJKHO 60Jlhiiie

nonbwy (

BrrepeA. EcJIH 61>1 feHpHXy YAa.JIOCh co-

noxo.a8 B l1T8fiiii/O (

1110-1111 rr.)

coHCKIIIMIII: leHpiiiXOM tOP.ll.b/M Ill ero

6paTh B OAHOM MeCTe peltHCKHe, IOJK-

flBIIIJIOCb BpeMeHHOe nO.tJ.'IIIIHeH/IIe

Cb/HOM teHpiiiXOM JlbBOM. teHpiiiX

1109 r.).

1108 r.)

111

npOTIIIB Hero nO.tJ.Hflfl/11 BOCCT8HIIIe

Pe3yflbT8TOM ero

Benb</>bJ BO m8Be c rep~or8MIII CaK-

II.

4ro .ao ~enoro

1142-1180)

HOrepMaHCKHe, qeiiiCKHe H MeltceH-

n8nbJ n8cX8fllllfl

CKHe 01pSJAhl, TO BC.SI apMHll 6h1Jla 6hl He06hJqaltHO 60JlhiiiOlt H CMOrJia 6hl

Pfl.l1.8 6yHTOB B J10T8PIIIHrlllllllll.ll.PYriiiX

CT8fl, no CYTIII .aen8, He38BIIICIIIMb/M

repM8HCKIIIX npOBIIIH~IIIflX (

KOponeM Ill p8CWIIIPIIIJI CB0/11 Bfi8.D.e-

rrepeABHraThCll JlHIIIh C 60JlhlliHM Tpy-

1115 rr. ),

TO nO.tJ.8BIIITb IIIX leHpiiiXY

Hlllfl H8 BOCTOK 38 C'leT Cfi8Bf1H, B TO

AOM. KpoMe mro, rrpH Mapiiie 3arra)J.-

Y.l1.8fiOCb fiiiiWb '18CTIII'IHO. BpeMR oT

)l(e BpeMR COXP8Hflfl He38BIIICIII-

1112-

f1eB (ro.abJ np8BfleHIIIR

HhlX KOHTHHreHTOB qepe3 TIOpHHrHIO

BpeMeH/11 oH c nepeMeHHbJM ycnexoM

MOCTb OT IIIMnep8TOp8. BMeCTe CO

OHH I.Ua)J.HJIH CBOIO o6JiaCTh H HaHOCH-

BOeB8fl

1120-

CBOIIIM nneMRHHIIIKOM <1>piii1J.PIIIXOM,

JlH yiiiep6 HerrpHliTeJihCKolt. BeqHalJ

1124 rr.).

np111 BTOp)l(eH/11111 BO <1>p8H-

BeCbM8 cnoco6Hb/M BOeH8'18flbHIII-

TPYAHOCTh Bcex BOeHHhiX orrepan:Hn,

~III/O OH 6blfl OT6111T J110.tJ.OBIIIKOM ( 1124 r.).

3aKJllO'qaiOJ.Ual!Cll B TOM, qro 60JlhlliYIO apMHIO TPYAHO rrepeABHraTh H cHa6JKaTh IIpOAOBOJlhCTBHeM, a eCJIH ee

t0Jifi8H.l1.111111

(

1125-1137 rr. 1...\APCTBOBAH"'E JlOTAPs:lll. BbJCW8R HeMe~K8R

IIOApa3}\eJIHTh HJIH yMeHhlliHTh, TO

3H8Tb BbJ6p8fl8 H8 ~8pCTBO J10T8pflll,

He60JlhiiiHe apMHH Jierqe IIOABepraiOT-

npe.ano<~m ero <1>PIII.ll.PIIIxy loreHWT8y<f>eHy, rep~oryWB86cKoMy. ConepHIII'IecTBO IIIX Bb/JIIIIJIOCb B rp8)1(1J.8H-

Cll rropaJKeHHIO,- 3Ta TPYAHOCTh 6hlJia B 3IIOXY <J:>eOAaJihHOro rrpH3h1Ba

1125-1135 rr.)

KOM, leHpiiiX npiiiHflfl Y'I8CT/IIe B 3JIOnony'IHOM BTopoM KpecTOBOM noxo.ae (

1146-1148 rr.).

1152-1190 rr. 1...\APCTBOBAH"'E P"'AP"'XA I 6AP6APOCCbl. OH RBMncR c8MbJM BbJ.tJ.810mMMcR np8BIIITeJieM 1113 .ll.IIIH8CTIIIIII /oreHWT8y<f>eHOB. B xo.ae 9niii30.tJ.III'IecKIII

H Harypa.JihHOro X03llltCTBa eme 60Jih-

CKYIO BOiiiHy (

IIIelt, qeM B Apyme 3IIOXH. TOT <J:>ah'T,

CJIY)I(IIIJIO H8'18JIOM MHOroneTHero

JlbBOM <1>piii1J.PIIIX

,[(enh6piOK, qro IIO-

npOTIIIBOCTOflHIIIfl Beflb</>OB ( rBeflb-

no6e.a111n 111 cMecrMn rep~or8 Benb-

rrpeoAOJieTh 3TH

</>OB) Ill B8iii6JIIIIHreHOB ( r1116eJIJIIII-

<f>oB( 1182 r.). B npoMe)I(}ITK8X Me)l(-

TPYAH ocTH oKo H'qHJiach H eyAaqelt, AJill

HOB). P836111B loreHWT8y<f>eHoB, Jlo-

.ll.YIIIT8flbRHCKIIIMIII nOXO.l1.8MIII OH npo-

AeJiaeT BhlBOA

IlhlTKa feHpHxa

Ill no-

BCnbJXIIIB8BWeiii BOiiiHb/ C /eHpiiiXOM

HaC BeChMa rroyqHTeJieH KaK IIOKa3aTeJlh mro, qro B Cpe,n.H He BeKa rr orrhrrKH A06HThCll peiiiHTeJihHoro ycrrexa

Mac:w>aO

000

OOU

1000M

60JlhlliHMH cocpeAOTOqeHHhlMH CHJiaMH AeJia.JIHCh B006J.Ue oqeHh pe,n.KO.

1081-1085 VI 1090-1095 rr. "'TAJlbs:IHCK"'E nOXO.Q,bl rEHP"'XA IV. OH HeHa.aonro 3BXB8TMfl P111M ( 1083 r.),

HO n8ne lpMropllllo

VII npe-

.aocT8BIIIfl y6e)t(fllme HOPM8HHCKIIIiii KHR3b /O)I(HOiii l1T8flllllll Po6epT IBMCK8p, KOTOpbJiii BCKOpe Ill Bb/6/IIJI leHPIIIX8 1113 PIIIM8 (

1084 r.).

1093-1106rr. Ms:ITE>K CbiHOBE"' fEHP"'XA. CbJHOBbfl leHpiiiX8

IV-

leHplllx ( Bnocne.acTB/11111 leH-

PIIIX V) 111 KoHp8.tJ. - npMcoe.aMHIIIJIIIICb K HeMe~KIIIM IIIIIIT8flbf1HCKIIIM Mf1Te)I(HIIIK8M. VfMnep8TOp 6blfl B3f1T B nneH, HO 6e)l(8fl (

1105 r.)

BY/0 8PMIIIIO, yMep (

Ill, C06111p8fl HO-

1106 r.).

60~ y neHbHHO B

1176 r.

I B KOH~e KOH~OB

3An.A)J.HA$l EBPOnA Ben HeCKOflbKO ycneWHb/X K8Mn8Hl1W B nonbwe, boreMMM l1 BeHTPl1l1 ( 1156-1173 rr.).

1154-1186 rr. WECTb

~TA足

JlbSIHCK~XnOXOAOB <PP~AP~足

XA. HeyrMxa/OmY/0 6opb6y c nancreoM 4JpM.tJ.PMX I een c nepeMeHHbJM ycnexoM. XorR e 4ereepTbJW CBOW nOXO.ll. ( 1166-1168 rr.) OH 38XB8Tl1fl PMM, HO BCKOpe OK838flCR BbiHY:>K.ti.eH Bb/BeCTM BOWCK8 113 t1Tafll1l1, T8K K8K B 8PMl1l1 H848fl8 CBl1penCTBOB8Tb 3nM.tJ.eMMR. nRTb/W noXO.ll. ( 1174 -1177 rr.) KOH4l1flCR K8T8CTpOlj>l14eCKl1M nopa)l(eHMeM B 6MTBenpMfleHbf!H0(29M8R 1176 r.), KOT.l1.8 4JpM.tJ.Pl1X BO maee 4l1CTO KOHHOTO BOWCK8 onpoMeT4l1BO npMHRfl 6ow C npeBOCXO.tJ.Rml1Ml1 Cl1fl8Ml1 floM68p.tJ.CKOWfll1Tl1,nO.l1..tJ.ep)I(8HHOW BeHe~Mew l1 nanow. l1T8flbRHCKl1e KonewmMKM y.aep)l(anM no3M~M/O 11 OT6Mnl1 8T8KY K8Banepl1l1 <1JpM.tJ.Pl1XB; a noM6ap.acKaR KaeanepMR o6owna HeMe~Ky:/0 apMM/0 C l/>fl8HTOB l1 OKpy)l(l1fl8. (l1Hor.aa owM604HO yreep)l(.aaercR, 6y.aro npM fleHbRHO enepBb/e B BOeHHOW l1CTOPl1l1 nexoT8 B3Rna eepx Ha.a KaeanepMew; HO noM6ap.a~bJ .ao6MnMcb ycnexa MMeHHO 6naro.aapR KOOP.ll.l1H8~l1l1 .tJ.eWCTBMW neXOTb/ l1 KOHHM~bl.) 1189-1190 rr. TPET~~ KPECTOBbl~ nOXOA. <1JpM.tJ.Pl1X I b8p6apocca yroHyn e KMnMKMM ( 1190 r.). C HMeHeM ~PHApHxa

Bap6a-

pocchl CB1!3aHhl BIDKHhle C06J>ITH11 B HCTopHH fepMaHHH H B cy.L~,J>6ax CBi!-

meHHO~ PHMCKO~ HMnepHH.

B oueH-

Ke llOJIHTHKH :noro HMnepaTopa B

HeMeUKO~ HCTOpHorpa<J:>HH HMeiOTCil 3HaqH'reJIJ>Hhle pacxo)K,!J,eHHJI. 0AHH npHllHChlBaiOT eMy CTpeMJieHHe yKpenHTI> KOpOJieBCKYIO BJiaCTI> B fep-

111MnepaTop PHAPHX 6ap6apocca. MHHH3Ttopa 1179-1191 rr.

MaHHH, paCIIIHpHTh H KOHCOJIH.Ll,HpOBaTJ> AOMeH, qTo AOJI)KHO 6J>IJIO

CllJioqeHHH fepMaHHH, a CTpeMHJI-

rocy.L~,apCTBa. J1TaJII>JIHCKaJI llOJIHTH-

CllJIOTHTI> rocy.L~,apCTBO. 3HeprHq-

CJI TOJII>KO COXpaHHTI> cymeCTByiO-

Ka He yKpenJIJIJia ll03HUHH HMnepa-

HYIO HTaJIJ>JIHCKYIO noJIHTHKY Bap-

lllee paBHOBeCHe llOJIHTHqecKHX

TOpa, a ycHJIHBaJia3aBHCHMOCTI> HM-

6apocchl OHM o6J>i!CHJIIOT 3THMH

CHJI, OllHpaJICI> Ha OT.Ll,eJII>Hhle rpyn-

nepampa oT KHJI3e~ (f. BeJioB, ~.

3a.L~,aqaMH.

nHpOBKH KHJI3elt ITo MHeHHIO 3THX

KepH,

HTaJIHJI, TaKHM o6pa3oM, AOJI)f(Ha

HCTOpHKOB, HTaJII>i!HCKaJI llOJIHTHKa

)KaJiy~. eCTI> .Ll,OJIJI HCTHHhl.

BHyTpHrepMaHCKHMH

JlHHTUeJII>).

B 3TOM,

no-

6J>IJia llOKphlTI> H3.L~,ep)KKH yKpen-

Bap6apocc1>1 sosce He cnoco6cTBo-

fJiaBHhlMH pJ>IqaraMH KOpOJieB-

JieHHil fepMaHcKoro rocy.L~,apcTBa

BaJia yKpenJieHHIO KOpOJieBCKO~

CKO~ noJIHTHKH ~pH,!J,pHxa Bap6apoc-

BJiaCTH B fepMaHHH, a Tpe6oBaJia

Chl, KaK H.Ll,pyrnx npe.L~,IIIeCTBOBaBIIIHX

(K.

faMne, H. faJIJiep, ,[(. Ille<J:><J:>ep

HAP.). ,[(py rn e, Hao6opoT, cqHTaiOT,

TOJII>KO orpOMHhiX

3a cqeT

eMY npe.L~,CTaBHTeJie~ AHHaCTHH fo-

qm ~PHApHx

BHyTpeHHHX cpe.L~,CTB fepMaHCKOI'O

reHIIITay<J:>eHOB, CJIY)KHJIH: C03)l.aHHe

I y)Ke He noMhliiiJIJIJI o

H3.L~,ep)KeK

BOV1 HA on~Tb CTAHOB V1TC~ V1CKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rT.

KOMITaKTHoro ):{OMeHa, ITOJillTII'IeCKHe

HOpMaJIH30BaTb OTHOIIIeHHH C HaH-

COI03bl C omeJibHbiMH rpyiTIIHpOBKa-

6oJiee BJIHHTeJibHbiMH KHH3bHMH, C

Ha Bpa)K,a:e6HO HaCTpOeHHbiX ITpOTHB 3KCITaHCHOHHCTCKOH ITOJIHTHKH 3TOH

MH KHH3eH, YCHJieHHe BJiaCTH Ha):{

KOTOpbiMH Bpa)K):{OBaJI ero ITpe,a:IIIe-

)lHHaCTHH HeMel(KHX MarHaTOB . Bee

eiTHCKOITaTOM, paCIIIHpeHHe HMITep-

CTBeHHHK. CBoeMy ,a:BoiOpo,a:HoMy

3TO IT03BOJIHJIO, HeCMOTPH Ha HHTeH-

CKOrO MHHHCTepHaJIHTeTa H ycHJie-

6pary feHpHXY JlbBY ( CbiHY feHpH-

CHBHbiH poeT KHH)KeCKOrO TeppHTO-

HHe JieHHOH 3aBHCHMOCTH MeJIKHX

xa fop,a:oro) oH BepHyJI CaKCOHHIO

pHaJibHOrO rociToncTBa B cTpaHe, Ha

BaCCaJIOB OT KOpoJieBCKOH BJiaCTH.

H EaBapHIO. IIpH 3TOM Eap6apocca

HeKoTopoe BpeMH YKPeiiHTb IT03Hl(HH KopoJieBcKoli BJiacTH . IIocJie,a:oBa-

<DpH,a:pHx

ITbiTaHCb yKpeiTHTb

He o6H,a:eJI H feHpHxa 230MHproTa

o6rn:erocy,a:apCTBeHHYIO BOeHHYIO

(H3 .O:HHaCTHH Ea6eH6eproB ), ITepe-

TeJibHO ITpHMeHHeMble ITpHHl(HITbi

opraHH3aiiHIO, Tpe6oBaJI o6H3aTeJib-

,a:aB eMy B HacJie,a:cTBeHHoe BJia,a:e-

BaCCaJIHTeTa YCHJIHJIH 3aBHCHMOCTb

HOH BOeHHOH CJI)')K6bl KOpOJIIO BCeX

HHe ( C ITpaBOM HaCJie):{OBaHHH ):{a)Ke

KHH3eH OT HMITepaTopa, B 'IaCTHOCTH

,a:ep)KaTeJiell: BOeHHbiX JieHoB. HapH-

ITO )KeHcKoll: JIHHHH) ABcTpHIO, KO-

B BOeHHOH o6JiaCTH, yKpeiiHJiaCb o6-

.o:y c pbii."IapHMH cBo6o,a:Horo ITpoHc-

TopaH 6biJia BbiJJ:eJieHa H3 EasapHH H

rn:erocynapcTBeHHaH BOeHHaH opra-

xo)KJJ:eHHH OCHOBHOH KOHTHHreHT BO-

ITpeBpall(eHa B CaMOCTOHTeJibHOe

HH3aiiHH.Y'cHJIHJiocbrociTo,a:cTBoKo-

(1156

HHOB COCTaBJIHJIH KOpOJieBCKHe MH-

repQOrCTBO

HHCTepHaJibi. HMeHHO BO BpeMeHa

ITpe,a:cTaBJIHeT HHTepec C pa3HbiX TO-

r . ). 3TOT <iJaKT

<lJopMaJibHO BopMcKoro KOHKopnaTa,

IIITay<lJeHoB o<lJopMHJICH HMITepcKHH

'IeK 3peHHH. IIpe)K,a:e Bcero oH CBH-

Eap6apocca BMeiiiHBaJICH B QepKoB-

MHHHCTepHaJIHTeT, o6Jia):{aBIIIHH OC0-

neTeJibCTByeT 0 )laJieKO 3aiiie)liiieM

Hble Bbi60pbi, ITpOBO)lH Ha )lOJI)KHOC-

6biM CTarycoM H HaH60Jiee ITpHBHJie-

ITpOQecce <lJopMHpOBaHHH TeppHTO-

TH eiTHCKOITOB H a66aTOB CBOHX CTaB-

rHpOBaHHbiM ITOJIO)KeHHeM cpe,a:H

pHaJibHOH KHH)KecKoll: BJiacTH. BHOBb

JieHHHKOB. OH cTpeMHJICH ocJia6HTb

poJIH Han QepKOBbiO . He HapyiiiaH

CJI)')KHJioro cocJIOBHH. HMITeparopbi

co3)laHHOe repQorcTBO o6Jia,a:aJio

3aBHCHMOCTb HeMel(KHX ITpeJiaTOB OT

HCITOJlb30BaJIH B CBOHX BOeHHbiX ITO-

IOpH)lH'IeCKHM CTarycoM aBTOHOMHO-

pHMcKoli KYPHH, 'IHHH BcmecKHe ITpe-

XO):{ax B l'ITaJIHIO H KOHTHHreHTbi BO-

ro KHH)KeCTBa ~ ITOJIHOH IOpHC):{HK-

ITHTCTBHH HX aiTeJIJIHl(HHM K ITaiTe.

HHOB-MHHHCTepHaJIOB, ITpHHa,a:Jie)KaB-

l(HeH H CaMOCTOHTeJibHOCTbiO B BO-

KoHe'IHo, ITOITbiTKH HMITepaTopa pac-

IIIHX eiTHCKOITaM H a66aTaM. EoJib-

eHHOM OTHOIIIeHHH. fepl(Or o6H3aH

cMaTpHBaTb eiTHCKOITOB B .o:yxe Kapo-

IIIYIO poJib HrpaJI X03HHCTBeHHbiH

6biJI HeCTH TOJibKO BeCbMa orpaHH-

JIHHrCKOH Tpa,a:Hl(HH KaK rocy,a:apCTBeHHbiX CJI)')Kall(HX He HMeJIH pe-

MHHHCTepHaJIHTeT, 3aiTOJIHHBIIIHH cy-

'IeHHble JieHHble ITOBHHHOCTH: HB-

,a:e6HO-a):{MHHHCTPaTHBHbiH aniTapaT B

JIHTbCH ITO ITpHrJiaiiieHHIO KOpOJIH B

aJibHbiX OCHOBaHHH. EIIHCKOITbi, KaK

KOpoJieBCKHX ITOMeCTbHX. MHHHCTe-

KypHIO, eCJIH OHa C03biBaJiaCb B ITpe-

H CBeTCKHe KHH3bH, OCTaBaJIHCb TOJib-

pHaJibi COCTaBJIHJIH TaK)Ke CBOero

)leJiaX EasapHH, H BbiCTaBJIHTb KOH-

KO KopoJieBCKHMH BaccaJiaMH. O,a:Ha-

po,a:a BeyTpeHHHe BOHCKa-rapHH30Hbi

THHreHT BOHHOB )lJIH BOeHHbiX )leH-

KO Eap6apocca Tpe6oBaJI OT HHX

KOpoJieBCKHX KpeiTOCTeH, oxpaHHB-

CTBHH B coce,a:HHX o6JiaCTHX .

IIIHe ):{OMeH H ITO):{aBJIHBIIIHe BbiGryiTJieHHH ITpOTHB KOpOJIH. Bo BHyTpHrepMaHcKoll: ITOJIHTH-

60Jibiiie, '!eM OHH ITpHBbiKJIH )leJiaTb

Co3)laHHe HOBbiX repQorcTB ITpe-

)lJIH ITOJib3bi rocynapcTBa : oH C'IHTaJI

cJie,a:oBaJio H3BeCTHble ITOJIHTH'IeCKHe

CBeTCKYIO HHBecrnrypy ITpeJiaTOB He

l(eJIH, BITOJIHe COrJiacyHCb C ITOJIHTH-

aKTOM MHJIOCTH, aKopoJieBCKHM ITOJI-

H ero ITpeeMHHKOB

KOH JiaBHpoBaHHH Me)KJJ:y KHH)KeCKH-

HOMO'IHeM. 3aKOHO):{aTeJibCTBO <l>pH-

Bcer.o:a ITpeo6Jia,a:aJio o,a:Ho cTpeMJie-

Ke <DpH,a:pHxa

MH rpyrriiHpOBKaMH: CTapbie repQor-

,a:pHXa

COXpaHHTb XOpOIIIHe OTHO-

CTBa pa3yKpyiiHHJIHCb H TepHJIH CBOe

ITpHHQHIIax BaCCaJibHO-JieHHbiX OTHO-

IIIeHHH c KHH3bHMH . BpeMH, Kor,a:a

ITpe)KHee Moryrn:ecTBo; BJia)leTeJIH

IIIeHHH, Tpe6oBaJIO OT <lJeo)laJIOB ITO):{

repMaHCKHe KOpOJIH ITbiTaJIHCb ITO):{-

HOBbiX repl(orcTB, ITOJiy'IHB CBOH ITOJI-

yrpo3oll: CTPornx a,a:MHHHGryaTHBHbiX

'IHHHTb CBOeMy rOCITO):{CTBY BCIO <lJe-

HOMO'IHH H3 pyK KopoJIH, cTaHOBH-

HaKa3aHHH BbiiTOJIHeHHH rocynapcTBeHHOrO ,a:onra. I I po,a:oJI)KaH Ha'IaryiO

HHe

XOTH H OCHOBbiBaJIOCb Ha

o,a:aJibHYIO 3HaTb B CTpaHe, 6e3B03-

JIHCb, ITO Kpall:Hell: Mepe Ha ITepBoe

Bpamo MHHOBaJIO . TeiTepb MO)KHO

BpeMH, ero coi03HHKaMH . TaK HJIH

feHpHXOM

6biJIO l(apCTBOBaTb, TOJibKO ):{06HBa-

HHa'Ie 3TO YKPeiiJIHJIO IT03Hl(HH Kopo-

3eMCKoro MHpa, <DpH,a:pHX

BBe,a:eHHH o6rn:ero MHpa B CTpaHe,

HCb COrJiaiiieHHH C KHH3bHMH

IV ITOJIHTHKY YKPeiTJieHHH I no6HJICH

HJIH

JieBCKOH BJiaCTH, XOTH o6paTHOH CTO-

CO BCeMH Cpa3y, HJIH C OT):{eJibHbiMH

poHOH HBJIHJIOCb ycHJieHHe TeppHTO-

ycTaHOBHB )KeCTOKHe HaKa3aHHH )lJIH

COITepHH'IaBIIIHMH rpyiTITHpOBKaMH.

pHaJibHOH pa3,a:po6JieHHOCTH B CTPa-

Hapyrn:HTeJieH.

HMeHHO ITO 3TOMY ITYTH H IIIeJI <DpHJJ:-

He. Eap6apocca yMeJio HCITOJib30BaJI

pHX Eap6apocca. BcH ero ITOJIHTHKa

ITpOTHBOpe'IHH Me)K,a:y BbiCIIIHM KJIH-

He MHpa OT

O,a:HaKo aHaJIH3 3aKOHa o6 oxpa-

B fepMaHHH CTpOHJiaCb Ha 6aJiaHCH-

poM H CBeTCKOH 3HaTbiO, a TaK)Ke

'ITO Ka paTeJibHble Mepbi 6biJIH HaITpaBJieHbi ITpe)KJJ:e Bcero ITpoTHB Ha-

1152

rona ITOKa3biBaeT,

poBaHHH Me)K):{y Bpa)KJJ:YIOII(HMH

Bpa)KJJ:y HeMel(KHX ITpeJiaTOB K pHM-

rpyrriiHpOBKaMH KHH3ell:, 'ITO o6eciTe-

CKOH KYPHH, 'IT06bl TecHee ITOJJ:'IH-

ponHbiX Mace, 6opOBIIIHXCH C HaCH-

'IHBaJio B03MO)KHOCTh ocyrn:eCTBJIHTb

HHTh CBOeH BJiaCTH HeMel(KHH eiTHC-

JIHHMH yrHeTaTeJiell:. KpecTbHHaM

):{aJieKO H):{yrn:He HMITepCKHe ITJiaHbi B

KOITaT. KoHe'IHO, o B03pO)K)leHHH OT-

3aiTpell(aJIOCb HOIIIeHHe opy)KHH.

HTaJIHH.

TOHOBCKOH eiiHCKOITaJibHOH CHCTeMbi

,[l;JIH HHX COBepiiieHHO 6biJI 3aKpbiT

He MorJio y)Ke 6biTb H pe'IH. B 6opb-

,a:ocTyiT B pbiQa peKoe BolicKo. Pbi-

Cpa3y )Ke ITOCJie B03Be,a:eHHH Ha ITpecToJI <DpH,a:pHx

ITocTapaJicH

6e c BeJib<iJaMH <DpHnpHx

oiTHpaJicH

QapcTBo ITpeBpaTHJIOCb B 3aMKHYTOe

fEPMAHMJJ H HT AAHJI B Xll-nepsoii noAOBKHe XIII a.

RHUbl epMancKoro KOpo>\eecTsa H npHCOCAHHCHHbiX K HCMY aewe>\b 1< Ha'laAy Xll 8. -·-·-

Koe~u '

· fpaHH!;!bl npO'IHX ICOpO>\eBCTB B erase ,.CBRIJ!CHHoli PHMCKoli MMn!'

~ !JepKOBHble B>\3ACHHII (B npeAe~ >\3X fepM3 RCKOrO KOpOACBCTBa)

n•·-n~ HanpaoAeHHR DOXOAOB RellfeuKHX KpCCTOHOCyeB B aeM>\ H DOJ\36CKHX CAaBIIH B 114 7 r .

,..~.,....."<"<"""""' 3eMA1'1 CAaBAR , 33XB3'1CKHbiC RC~teJ&KHMH cpeO·

~>::~~~::.~ A3J\3MM a

X II- nepeoli

OOAOBitHe

I e 1158-1162

- - -. . rroxOA bt ctlpMApltXa

XlLI a. rr.

6pewua fopOA3, BXOAIIBWHe B ,.AoM6apACKYIO IIHry"

l)puH,4USiol0

l______

n oALUCQCn1p0

:_.1:..-=-------t-~oC,_;z_,_-----~:J ,.. O '1-

(1167 r.)

!J!g x1178

" $

f opoA-3 , BbtCTynaowHe na CTopone COpHAPltxal

_ . Iloxo..t $puAp11Xa

1174-1177

MecTa " ABTbl cpal!leHitli

901

rr.

ct[apcttmo

lal (.0

0 180

270

~:~~~~~=======±'======~±=~====~·

k>l

BOli1HA on~Tb CTAHOBV1TC~ V1CKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rr. CTBOBaJI BO BTOpOM nOXOAe Bap6apOCChl B I1TaJIHIO B 1158 rOAY· YcH-

,[(Jill o60CHOBaHHJl npHTi13aHHJ:i Ha

rocnoACTBO H3A ropoAa:MH CesepHoii

BTOphlM 6pa:KoM Ha rprujmHe BepxHeii

I1TaJIHH H PHMOM Bap6apocca o6pa-

BypryHAHH BeaTpHcce. 3m yJiyqiiiHJio CTpa-rernqecKOe nOJIOJKeHHe HMnepHH Ha rpaHHUe C I1TaJIHeii. TaKHM o6pa3oM, so smpoii no-

KoAeKca IOcTHHHaHa noJioJKeHHJI: «TBOJI BOJIJI eCTh 3a:KOH, H60 fOBOpHTCHJIY 3aKOHa», «nOA06aeT, qTo6hl

reMOHHH fepMaHHH B 3ana,u.Hoii, U:eHTpaJII>HOI!t H lOJKHoii Espone H

HMnepaTOpCKOe A OCTOHHCTBO orpaJKAaJIOCI> He TOJII>KO CHJIOJ:i opyJKHll, HO

AJiil nOBhl!lleHHil npeCTHJKa «CBii-

H 3aKOHOM», «rocyAapil 3a:KOH He or-

I.l.leHHOJ:i PHMCKoii HMnepHH». I1MeHHO B 3TO BpeMil H nOiiBHJICil HOBhlii

paHHqHBaeT». 3TH HanOMHHaHHJl 0 pHMCKHX 3aKOHa:x nOAKpenJiiiJIHCI>

THTYJI cpeAHeBeKosoii fepMaHcKoii

cchlJIKa:MH Ha npaso 3a:BOeBaHHJI. Ta:K,

HMnepHH. 0Ha CTaJia HMeHOBaTI>Cil

B oTBeTe <l>pHApHxa Bap6apocchl Ha

CsilmeHHoii. I1MnepaTopcKail AOl\'TpHHa Csil-

nHCI>MO pHMCKOfO CeHaTa yKa3hlBaJIOCI>, ~0 I1TaJIHJl H PHM 6hlJIH 3a:BO-

meHHoii HMnepHH, KOTopyiO TeopeTHqecKH o60CHOBaJI 0TTOH <f>peit-

HOM I H npHHa,zvieJKaT HMnepampy no

eBaHhl KapJioM BeJIHKHM H Orro-

3HHreHCKHii, 61>ma HanpasJieHa npo-

npasy 3asoeBaHHJI. B aHaJiorHqHoM

THB nanhl, KOTOphlii cqHTaJI ce611

AYXe Tpa:KTOBaJiaCI> H H3BeCTHail TeO-

snpase pacnopiiJKaTI>Cil KopoHoii

pHll «nepeHeceHHJI HMnepHH» (trans-

pHMCKHX HMnepaTOpOB, HHBeCTHpO-

latio imperium), c noMOI.l.II>IO KOTOpoii

BaTI> ee KaK «6eHe<}>HUHii» repMaHCKOMY KopoJIIO. YTBep)f()J,aJIOCI>, qm

o60CHOBhlBaJIHCI> npHTJl3aHHJl repMaHCKOfO HMnepampa Ha MHposoe

HMnepHil CBill.l.leHHa H 6e3 TOro, ~0

rocnoACTBO. B na:rrcKoM TOJIKOBaHHH

HMnepaTopccyiO KopoHy <J:>opMaJII>HO

«nepeHeceHHe HMnepHH» cosepiiia-

B03JiaraeT Ha roJiosy HMnepaTopa

eTcil no soJie na:rrcKoro npecToJia,

na:rra. fJiaBa HMnepHH a6coJIIOTHO cy-

KOTOpOMY JIK06hl 6hlJia npeAOCTa:BJie-

sepeHeH B ocymecTBJieHHH CBeTCKOJ:i

Ha «AapoM KoHCTaHTHHa>> sepxoBHail BJiaCTI> H3)l. 3an3AHOJ:i qaCTI>IO HMne-

6ory, H HHKOMY Ha 3eMJie, H BJia,u.eeT «CBeTCKHM MeqoM» He3aBHCHMO

pHH. Jles III spyqHJI

OT nan1>1. BoJII>IIIe Toro, oH npH3BaH

JIHKOMY. B

3al.l.IHI.l.laTI> 3THM MeqoM XpHCTHaH-

6hlJI nepeAaH na:rroit repMaHCKHM KO-

CKYIO uepKOBI> H caMoro nany. I1MnepaTopcKail KaHUeJiilpHil H o<}>HUH-

pOJIJIM, HO OH MOJKeT 6hlTI> B03BpameH H nepeAaH KypHeii ApyroMy ro-

aJII>Hail HCTOpHorpa<}>Hil npOBOAHJIH

Me 6JiaropoAHhlX JIHU «pMuapcKoro 3BaHHil», MOrJIH CTaTI> TOJII>KO B03-

Cil: qm yroAHO rocyAapiO- HMeeT

qecKHe ycJIOBHil AJiil yKpenJieHHil re-

Ml>lCJII>,

cocJIOBHe. PMuapiiMH Tenepl>, Kpo-

maeTcJI K pHMCKOMY npasy. B 3a:KOHOAaTeJII>HhlX aKTax AJIJI I1TaJIHH BCTpeqaiOTCil 3aHMCTBOBaHHhle H3

JIOBHHe XII seKa CJIOJKHJIHCI> BHYTpHnoJIHTHqecKHe H BHeiiiHenOJIHTH-

BJiaCTH, OH noAqHHileTCil TOJII>KO

(XII B.)

per augustus).

JIHJiacl> 3aBHCHMOCTI> BypryHAHH B pe3yJII>TaTe JKeHHTI>6hl <l>pHApHxa

3anaAHOeBpone~CKHe M~H

Romanorum, rex Romanorum sem-

HMnepaTop npa:BHT MH-

3TY BJiaCTI> BMe-

cTe c pHMCKoii KopoHoii KapJiy Be-

X seKe pHMCKHii npecToJI

cyAapiO, Ha:IIpHMep BH3aHTHiiCKOMY HMnepaTopy- HCTHHHOMY npeeM-

poM no «6oJKeCTBeHHOMY MaHAary»,

HHl\'Y ApeBHepHMCKHX HMnepaTOpOB.

IIponaraHAa lllTay<}leHoB npOTHBO-

MHHHCTpOM 6ora». I1MnepaTOpCKail

nocTaBJIJIJia 3TOJ:i nancKol!t sepcHH

nponaraHAa cTpeMHJiacl> BcilqecKH npHHH3HTh 3HaqeHHe nancKoii Kopo-

«nepeHeCeHHJl HMnepHH» CBOIO: HM-

Ha:uHH B PH Me H noAqepKHBaJia poJII>

BOCCTaHOBJieHa B pe3yJII>TaTe 3aBOeBaHHll, H repMaHCKHii (pHMCKHii) KO-

OH iiBJiileTCil

«H~feCTHHKOM

nepaTOpCKail BJiacn Ha3a:rr3Ae 6hlJla

BhlCHBIIIHeCil B COCJIOBHOM OTHO!lle-

KHiiJKeCKOfO H36paHHil H nOMa3aHHil

HHH MHHHCTepHaJII>I.

Ha uapCTBO, npHAaBaBIIIHX MOHap-

pOJII> nOJII>3yeTCJl eiO He3a:BHCHMO OT

3a:MeTHO yKpenHJIOCI> BHeiiiHenoJIHTH'IeCKOe nOJIOJKeHHe fepMaHCKOJ:i

XHH CBill.l.leHHhllit H cysepeHHI>lii xapa:KTep. fepMaHCKHe KOpOJIH emeAO

na:rrhl. PHMCKail H KapoJIHHrCKail Tpa,u.H-

HMnepHH. Ka:K YKa3hlBaJIOCI> Bhliiie, B

noJiyqeHHil HMnepaTOpCKOJ:i KOpOHhl

op6Hry HeMeUKOfO BJIHiiHHil 6hlJIH

B PHMe o<}>HUHaJII>HO HMeHoBaJIHCI>

UHJI CJIYJKHJIH opyAHeM BHeiiiHenoJIHTHqecKOJ:i 3KCnaHCHH repMaHCKHX

BOBJieqeHhl, KpOMe 1JeXHH, IlOJII>!lla

THTyJiaMH -

«KOpOJII> pHMJliiH»,

HMnepaTopos. ITo cJioBaM OrroHa

H BeHrpHil. BeHrepcKHii KopoJII> yqa-

«a:BrycTeiiiiiHii KOpOJII> pHMJliiH» (rex

<l>peii3HHreHcKoro, «nepeHeceHHe

3AnNJ,HA~ IIMnepHII» OT 3aTia)];IIbiX cppaHKOB K BOCTO'!Hb!M HII B KaKOH CTeTieHII He II3MeHIDIO xapaKTepa 3TOH IIMnepllll. HMnepaTOp coxpaHIIJI CBOII npeporaTIIBbi B npe):lenax npe:lKHero paHKcKoro rocy):lapcTBa, T. e. II B 3ana):lHoll: ero 'IaCTII. TaK o6ocHOBbiBaJIIICb npiiTH3aHIIH Ha BepXOBeHCTBO Ha):l paHu:IIell:. B TIIICbMax piii=lpiixa Eap6apoccbi K cppaHU:Y3CKOMY KopoJIIO .llio):(OBIIKY VII no):l'IepKIIBanocb, 'ITO repMaHCKO-pliMCKIIH IIMnepaTOp coxpaHHeT BepxoBHbie npaBa, YHacne):loBaHHbie oT Kapn a BeJIIIKoro Ha Bcell: TeppiiTOpiiii KapoJIIIHrcKoll: IIMnepiiii. B 3Toll: CBH3II cneeyeT paccMaTpiiBaTh npeAnpiiHf!TYIO B 1166 roey Eap6apoccoll: KaHOHII3aU:IIIO Kapna BeJIIIKoro II o6bHBJieHIIe AxeHa CBHrueHHb!M ropo):loM. ArpecciiBHbie ycrpeMJieHIIH piiApiiXa Eap6apoccbi npocTIIpaniicb II Ha BOCTOK. 0H C'IIITaJI y:lKe He):lOCTaTO'IHbiM ypaBHHThCH B TIIryJie C BII3aHTIIHCKIIM IIMTiepaTopoM, a npeTeH):lOBaJI Ha npeBOCXO):lCTBO II Ha):l «BOCTO'IHbiM PIIMOM». B TIOCJiaHIIHX K BII3aHTIIHCKOMY ):(Bopy npOBO):ll!JiaCb MbiCJib, 'ITO IIMnepaTOp «CBHrueHHOH PIIMCKoll: IIMnepiiii» - npeeMHIIK piiMCKIIX IIMTiepaTOpOB, KOTOpbiM TipiiHa):(Jie:lKaJia B CBOe BpeMH II BOCTO'!HaH '!aCTb IIMnepiiii. CaMo co6oll: pa3yMeeTcH, 'ITO oT noA06HbiX 3aHBJieHIIH AO ):leil:cTBIITeJibHOCTII 6biJIO otieHb AaJieKo. Ho HY:lKHO C'IIITaTbCH C TeM, 'ITO 3Ta 3KCTiaHCIIOHIICTCKaH IIAeOJIOriiH OTipe):leJIHJia BHeiiiHeTIOJIIITII'IeCKIIH Kypc «CBHrueHHOH IIMnepiiii». XapaKTepHo, 'ITO c ocna6neHIIeM BJiacTII IIMnepaTopoB BHYTPII caM oil: fepMaHIIII 3TOT Kypc cTaHOBIIJICH Bee 6onee arpecCIIBHbiM.

1190-1197 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHii1E rEHPII1XA VI. CHOBa BGnb/XHy110 aoccTaHMe aenbrpoa, ao3rnaaneHHoe y)/(e aecbMa no)I(Mf1b!M, HO no-npe)I(HeMy aHeprwiHbiM leHpMxoMflbBOM. 3aaepWMJ10Cb OHOno,anMC8HMeM r:tJynb,aCKOro MMpa (Ha peKe r:tJynb,IJ. B /epMaHMM; 1190 r.). B /O)I(HOM tlfranMM MMnepaTop aoeaan c TaHKpe,aoM CMLJ.Mf1MMCKMM ( 1191-1193 rr.) , HO no6e,abl He ,ao-

EBPOnA

6MJ1CH HM TOT, HM ,apyroi4; n03)1(e JeHpMX BCe-TaKM 38BOeBaf1 OCTpOB M Ha,aen KopoHy CMLJ.Mf1MM ( 1194 1195 rr.). YMep OH, no,aaBf1HH BOCCTaHMe B /O)I(HOM tlfTaf1MM ( 1197 r. ). HeO)I(M,aaHH8H KOH'IMHa era Bb/388118 a /epMaHMM xaoc: 6blf1M Bbi6paHbl ,aaa aHTMKoponH (Py,aonbrp Waa6cKMM M OrroH CaKCOHCKMM), KOTOpb!e conepHM'IanM ,apyr C ,apyroM M C Mf1a,aWMM Cb!HOM leHpMxa, r:bpM,apMXOM II.

IIPIIMOPCKIIE fOPO)J;A-fOCY)];APCTBA CEBEPHOM llTAJillll rEHYR B Ha'lane XI aeKa leHyH, a npownoM TH)I(eno cTpa,aaawaH aT Ha6eroa MycynbMaHCKMX nMpaToa, cTana KpenHYTb M 6oraTeTb KaK He38BMCMMb/M npMMOpCKMM ropo,a-rocy,aapCTBO. B co103e c nM3aHLJ,aMM reHya3LJ.bl nOf10)1(Mf1M KOHeLJ, BOeHHO-MOpCKOMY ana,abl'leCTBY MycynbMaH a ceaepHoM Cpe,aM3eMHOMOpbe; KYI1bMMHaLJ,Mei4 aTOM 6opb6bi nocny)I(M/1 COBMeCTHb/M reHy33CKO-nM38HCKMM MopcKoM noxo,a npoTMB nMpaTa MoraxM,aa, onopHb!e 6a3bl KOTOporo Haxo,aMnMcb Ha ocTpoae Cap,aMHMH (1005-1016rr.). KpoMe TOrO, JeHy33CK8H M 0M38HCK8H pecny6!1MKM npe,anpMHMM8f1M COBMeCTHb/e noxo,abl npoTMB MycynbMaHCKMX ropo,aoa a CeaepHoM ArppMKe. 3axaaTMB Max,aM/0 (a coap. TyHMce; 118 7 r. ), OHM o6ecne'IMf1M ce6e KOHTponb Ha,a aceM 3ana,aHbiM Cpe,aM3eMHOMopbeM. LfeM ,aanbwe, TeM Kpen'le M 6ora 'le CTaHOBMJ18Cb JeHyH, M a Ha'lane XII aeKa 6pocMna Bbi30B rocno,acTay 0M3bl a ceaepHoM Cpe,aM3eMHOMOpbe, a TaJOKeHa ocTpoaax KopcMKa M Cap,aMHMH ( 11181132 rr.). CMI1bl CTopoH 6blf1M npM6nM3MTenbHo paBHbl, ,ao6MTbCH nepeaeca He y,aaaanocb HM leHye, HM 0M3e, M nocne aToro,aae pecny6nMKM BOeBaf1M npaKTM'IeCKM nOCTOHHHO. 8 1195 ro,ay, ,ao6MBWMCb KOHTp0!1H Ha,a np0!1MBOM oOHMrpa'IO, reHY33LJ,bl 3axaaTMf1M Ha KopcMKe nepBb!M nnaLJ,IJ.apM.

nH3A HecMOTPH Ha O)l(eCTO'IeHHoe conepHM'IecTao JeHyM, 0M38HCK8H pecny6nMKa ocTaaanacb HaM6onee Moryw,eCTBeHHOM MOPCKOM ,aep)l(aBOM 3ana,aHoi4 tlfTanMM a Te'leHMe acero paccMaTpMaaeMoro nepMo,aa. nocne no6e,abl Ha,a pecny6nMKoi4 flyKKa ( 1003 r.) nM3aHLJ,bl no,aaeprnMcb pa3pywMTef1bHOMY MycynbMaHCKOMY Ha6ery- 3TO 6blf1 nocne,aHMM KpynHbiM pei4,a MycynbMaHCKMX nMpaTOB B tlfTaf1M/O ( 10 11 r. ). DbiCTpO BOCCTaHOBMB CMJ1bl, nM38HLJ,bl CT8f1M ,aeMCTBOB8Tb npoTMB MycynbMaH coaMeCTHO c reHY33LJ,aMM(cM. Bb!We). 3Ha'IMTenbHbiM MX ycneXOM HBMJ1CH 38XB8T M CQ)I()I(eHMe nM38HCKMM rp!10TOM 0anepMO ( 1063 r. ). C nancKoro o,ao6peHMH 0M3a o6pena npaao C/03epeHMTeTa Ha,a KopCMKOM (1077r.). 0pMcoe,aMHMBWMCb K nepaoMy KpeCTOBOMY noxo,ay, nM38HCKMe KOpa6f1M no,aB03Mf1M npMnaCbl BO apeMH 6oeBb/X ,aeMCTBMM no,a AHTMOXMeM ( 1098 r.) M npM HacTynneHMM Ha tlfepycanMM ( 1099 r.), 'ITO pewa/0W.MM o6pa30M nOBJ1MHJ10 Ha XO,a o6eMX KaMnaHMM. tlf3 nM38HCKMX noxo,aoa a 3ana,aHoM Cpe,aM3eMHOMOpbe oco6eHHO cne,ayeT Bbl,aenMTb ,aaa BeCbMa y,aa'IHb/X M BblrO,aHb/X pei4,aa Ha 5aneapcKMe ocTpoaa ( 1113M 1115 rr.). HecMOTPH Ha no'ITM Henpepb!BHY/0 aoi4Hy c leHyei4, ,ao OKOH'I8HMH OnMCb/BaeMoro nepMo,aa 0M3a ocTaaanacb pecny6nMKOM 'lpe3Bb/'18MHO MOW,HOM M npeycneaa/OW,eM.

BEHEL.4HR He3aBMCMMOCTb BeHeLJ,MM BM3aHTMH npM3Hana ew,e a 584 ro,ay B 774 ro,ay aeHeLJ,MaHLJ,bl oTpa3Mf1M o,aHoapeMeHHoe Hana,aeHMe c cywM M c MOPH aoi4cK Kapna BenMKoro. 3a cne,ay10w,Me HeCKOf1bKO aeKoa BeHeLJ.MH crana npeycneaa/OW,MM ToproBb!M ropo,aOM. 5eC'IMHCTBa ,aanMaTMHCKMX nMpaTOB, HBJ1HBWMXCH B KOHLJ,e X BeKa maBHOM MOpCKOM CMf10M Ha A,apMaTMKe, BbiHYAMf1M BeHeLJ,MaHLJ,eB ,af1H 38111,MTbl CBOMX TOproBb/X MHTepeCOB C03,a8Tb MOW,Hb/M

BOli1HA On~Tb CTAHOBVITC~ VICKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rT. --=----T

r---/-~

-·-··- -·-- - ---

,,_,,......_,, .... ...... .,

'v,_

BOi:iCKaX lo1Tani11111MenaCb TaK H33biBaeMaSI «KapO'I'II10»- TSI>KenaSI nOB03Ka B ynpSI>KKe 113 BOCbMI1 BOnOB, C BOAPY>KeH-

HbiM Ha Hei:i 3HaMeHeMj B nepeAHei:i 'laCTI1 nOB03KI1 6blna yKpenneHa AapOHOCI1l.la C OCBII11.1eHHbiMI1 •<AapaMI1>> (xne6 11 BI1HO Amt penl1ri103Horo o6pS1Aa), aHa noao3Ke cToSin CBSI11.1eHHI1K. B 6o10 Kapo'I'II10 HaXOA11nacb no3aA11 6oeaoro noPSIAKa; CIOAa HanpasnRni1Cb TSI>KenopaHeHbte, 'IT06bl nony'II1Tb nepeA CMepTbiO OTny11.1eH11e rpexos; K KapO'I'II10 ycTpeMnllni1Cb BOI1Hbl B cny'lae HeycTOi:i'II1BOro nono>KeHI111 B 6010 11 cocpeAOTO'II1Bani1Cb BOKpyr csoei:i CBSITbiHI1, 3311.11111.1aR ee AO nocneAHei:i B03MO>KHOCTI1. BnepBble KapO'I'II10 ynOMI1HaeTCSI B

1039

r. (r. M11naH). KapO'I'II10 6btnO MopanbHOi:i

OnOpOi:i 11T3nbSIHCKI1X B011HOB

<jJnoT. npiA ,D,O>Ke n beTpo Op ceono II BeHeU,IAaHCKIAiJt <jJJIOT HaHeC niApaT8M nopa>KeHIAe lA 3axaaTIAfl lAX o n opHbte 6a3bt Ha o cTpoaax Kypu,ona { c oap. mpo,n, 8ena flyKa Ha ocTpoae Kop'wna, XopaaTwil) lA namcm {coap. mpo,n, nac mao Ha ocTpoae nacmao, XopaaTIAR), nocn e 'le,-o 8 e HeU,IAR CT8Jia m a BHOiJt MOp CKOiJt C/AJIOiJt Ha A,n,piAaT/AKe. 8 cKop e nocne 3TOI OaeHeu,MaHU,bt 3axaaTIAfiiA y MycynbMaH nopT SapiA { 10021.}. no3>Ke, a pe3YflbTaTe aoiltHbt c KoponeM 8eHipiAIA KanoMapoM I ( 1097-1102 11.), 8eHeu,MR fiiAWIAnacb nO'ITIA ace,-o ,n,anMaTIAHCKOIO no6epe>KbR. A aeHiep CKIAill KOPOflb 5ena /II OT61AJI aeHeU,//1aHCK/Ae nOnbtTK//1 OTBOeaaTb Jl,anMa Ll,//110 ( 1172-1196 11.). Ha npom){(eHIAIA nO'IT//1 BCeiO paCCMaTpiABaeM010 nepMo,n,a 8eHeU,IAR npe6btaan a a c o103e c 8M3aHTIAeilt, lA aeHeu,Ma HCKIAill <jJJIOT IAipan Ba){(HY/0 p Oflb B 60pb6e BIA3aHTIAiJtU,eB C HOpMaHHa -

MIA. Ho c nop IA3 -3a TOpiOBb/X KOHu,eCCIAilt c 8M3aHTIAeilt npMaen K aoiltHe { 1171 1.}; aeHeu,MaHcKaR nonbtTKa BTOp>KeHIAR6btfla OT61AT8, /A B MOpCKOiJt 6/ATBe 8eHeU,IAR noTepnena nopa){(eH/Ae.

HOPMAHHCKHE KHJDKECTBA IOlKHOM HTAJIHH 11 CHQHJIHH 8 /O){(HOilt /ITTaJI/A//1 /A Ha CIAU,IAJIIA//1 HOpMaHHbl nORB/Afl/ACb, CY,D,R no aceMy, Cfly'laiJtHO: 1pynna niAJIIAIPIAMOB B03Bpaw.an aCb 1/13 CBRTOilt 3eMJIIA lA noMoma 3aW.MW.aTb CanepHo OT Hana,n,eHIAR MycynbMaHCKOIO <jJnom { 1016 1.). 8cKOpe 1/13 HopMaH,D,IAIA npiA6btfiiA ew.e IACKaTeniA np iAKfi/O'IeHIAill, /A HeKOTOp bte 1/13 HI/IX 060CHOBa fi/ACb a KpenocTIA Aaep ca, no,n, Heano -

n eM. OTTy,n,a aniARHIAe HopMaHHOB CT8f10 p acnpOCTpaHRTbCR nO /O){(HOiJt /ITm n iAIA. CaMbtM npMMe'laTenbHbtM HOpMaHHCKIAM nM,n,epoM 6btn Po6epT lBIACKap, npORBIABWIAM ce6R 80 BTOpoilt nonoaMHe XI aeKa; OH IA31Han 1/13 IO>KHOilt /ITTaniAIA capau,IAH lA BIA3aHTIAillu, ea lA OTBOeaan y MYCYflbMa H 6onbwy/O 'laCTb CMU,IAfiiAIA. 3aTeM OH npe,n,npiAHRfl n onbtTKY 'lepe3 3n1Ap, (/)eccaniA/0 lA MaKe,n,OHIA/0 BTOPIHYTbCR B 81A3aHTIA/O, HO npe,n,npiARTIAe 3TO He yaeH'Ianocb ycnexoM. 8 cne,n,y/0w.eM BeKe HOpMaHHbl yKpen/Afl//1 CB0//1 n031AU,IAIA a /O){(HOilt /11Tafi/AIA lA Ha CMU,IAfliAIA, a T8K){(e IAipaniA Ba>KHY/0 ponb B KOH<jJJIIAKTe l epMaHCKIAX IAMnepaTOpoa c nanaMIA, o,n,HoapeMeHHO npiAHIAMaR y'laCT/Ae B 60eBb/X ,n,eiJtCTBIARX Ha Cpe,n,M3eMHOMOpbe lA a Kp ecmBbtx noxo,n,ax .

H opMaHHCKoe rocyAap cTBO B HmKHeii HTannn 6hiJio ocHoBaHo

3AnNJ,HA~

EBPOnA

He3a,r:(OJiro ):(O 3aBoeBamm AHrmm.

2 TbiCH'III <reJioBeK.

06a 3TII rocy):(apcTBa 6biJUI ocHoBa-

IIIoe 'lllCJIO COCTOHJIO He TOJibKO ll3

Po6epT YMep, TO HopMaHHCKIIe rap-

Hbi IIO'ITII O):(HOBpeMeHHO. f. lJ,eJib6-

O):(HllX HOpMaHHOB, a CIO):(a BXO):(llJIO

HII30Hbi, eme Haxo):(IIBIIIIIecH B Bn-

Ho II 3TO He6oJib-

a KOr):(a ):(Ba ro):(a crryCTH (1 085 r.) caM

piOK OTMe<raeT, 'ITO 3TO CJIY)KHT ell(e

II MecTHoe HaceJieHIIe, rrpncoe):(IIHIIB-

3aHTIIII, IIOCTyiiiiJill Ha CJiy)K6y, KaK

O):(HllM ):(OKa3aTeJibCTBOM TOrO, KaKII-

IIIeecH K HIIM B 6opb6e rrpoTIIB rpe-

3TO CJiy<raJIOCb II paHbiiie, K CBOeMy

Mll He 60JiblllllMll CIIJiaMII MO)KHO

KOB. ITo ):(pyrnM IICTO<rHIIKaM, rrpn

rrpe)KHeMy IIpOTllBHIIKy.

6biJIO B Te BpeMeHa BeCTII BOeHHbie

0JIIIBeHTO HOpMaHHbi HaC'lllTbiBaJill

):(eilcTBIIH. IIeperrpaBJIHHCb <repe3 Ka-

500

HaJI, <rT06bi 3aBOeBaTh AHrJIIIro, rep-

KHeXTOB. IIpo caMoro Po6epTa fBnc-

700

500 rreiiiiiX

u:or BIIJibreJibM ):(a)Ke He pacrroJiaraJI

Kapa (Guiscard) paccKa3biBaiOT, 'ITO

1027 r. nEPBOE nOCTOS1HHOE HOPMAHHCKOE nOCEJlEH Ill E B liiTAJllillil. 0Ho 6btno ocHoaa-

BCeMII CIIJiaMII CBOIIX o6JiaCTeH, TaK

B Ha<raJie CBOeH Kapbepbi OH Ha6paJI

HO PatiHyn bcPOM B Kpenocm Aaepca.

KaK <raCTh llX y)Ke OTIIJibiJia B liTa-

ce6e CTOpOHHllKOB cpe):(ll KaJia6piiH-

1030-1059 rr. PACWIIIPE-

JilliO. KaK Mbi cell'lac YBII):(IIM, <riicJio

CKOH <repHII, IIOTOMKOB piiMCKllX KO-

HiiiEHOPMAHHCKIIIXB11AAEHiil~

B AnYJllillillil KA11A5Piillil. 1 038 r. Blii3AHTIII~CKOE BTOP>KEHIIIE B IO>KHYIO CliiLI,IiiJlliiiO.

IIJIII

pbiu;apeil II

::~ry

JIOHOB II pa6oB, II C HllMll rpa6IIJI CTpa-

IIOe3):(Ky, 6biJIO COBCeM HeBeJIIIKO, HO

HY路 TaKIIM o6pa3oM, HopMaHHbi, CIIJ!b-

):(JIH He60JibiiiOH o6JiaCTII, IIO):(BJiaCT-

Hble CBOeH yHaCJie):(OBaHHOH OT

HOpMaHHOB, ompaBIIBIIIIIXCH B

HOH BIIJibreJibMY, II 3TO 'IIICJIO IIMe-

BllKIIHrOB xpa6pOCThiO, COCTaBJIHJill

Jio 3 Ha<reHIIe. C ):(pyroH CTOpOHbi,

JIIIIIIb H):(po, BoKpyr KOToporo co6n-

eCJill ):(JIH OCHOBaHllH KOpOJieBCTBa B liTaJillll 6biJIO ):(OCTaTO'IHO CTOJib He-

6oecrroco6Hbiil Hapo):(.

pancH BCHKOrO po):(a BOHHCTBeHHbiH II

6oJibiiiOro 'lllCJia BOIIHOB, TO ll3 3TO-

focy):(apCTBeHHbiH CTpoil, co3):(aH-

ro MO)KHO C):(eJiaTh BbiBO):( II B OTHO-

HbiH HopMaHHaMII B Hn)KHeH MTaJillll,

IIIeHllll AHrJillll. liCTOpllH HOpMaHHOB B liTaJillll

IIpllHHJI QJOpMbi, COBepiiieHHO aHaJIOrii'IHbie C03):(aHHbiM llX e):(IIHOMbiiii-

coo6maeT o pbiu;a pHx, B03BpaTIIB-

JieHHllKaMll B AHrJillll. IIpii'IIIHa 3TO-

IIIIIXCH II3 IIaJIOMHII<recTBa B Mepyca-

ro CXO):(CTBa Jie)KHT He B KaKOM-JIII60

JIIIM II CJIY'laHHO IIOHBIIBIIIIIXCH B Ca-

OC060M paCOBOM II IIJieMeHHOM CBOe-

1016 ro):(y, Kor):(a ropo):( 3TOT

o6pa3llll3TOro Hapo):(a, a o6ycJIOBJie-

rOTOB 6biJI IIOKOpllThCH Capau;HHaM.

Ha llCTOpll'leCKllMll C06biTIIHMII. 3TOT

JiepHO B

Pbiu;apeil 6biJIO Bcero

<reJioBeK.

rocy):(apcTBeHHbiH CTpOH OCHOBaH Ha

BMeiiiaTeJibCTBa ::~roro MaJieHbKoro

KOM6IIHaU:llll pbiu;apcTBa II 'IHHOBHll-

M~eCTBeHHOro OTpH):(a 6biJIO ):(OCTa-

'lbe-HaJioroBoro yrrpaBJieHIIH. 3aJio-

TO'IHO, 'IT06bi OCB060):(llTh ropo):(, II

)KeHHoe B pbiu;apcTBe CYpeMJieHIIe K

3TO o6CTOHTeJibCTBO IIOCJIY)KHJIO IIO-

C03):(aHlliO CTyiieHeo6pa3HO IIOCTpO-

BO):(OM K TOMy, 'ITO HOpMaHHbi CTaJill

eHHOH QJeO):(aJibHOH CllCTeMbi B HOp-

MTaJIIIIO B

MaHHCKllX rocy):(apcTBax 6biJIO 3a):(ep-

60JibiiiOM 'lllCJie C rrpe):(JIO)KeHIIeM

)KaHo II IIO):(aBJieHO CllJibHOH MOHap-

ompaBJIHThCH B HII)KHIOIO

CBOIIX BOeHHbiX ycJiyr. B Te BpeMeHa

XIIeH C ee 'IHHOBHIIKaMllll HaJioraMII,

B Hll)KHeH liTaJillll eme Cyll(eCTBoBaJI

TaK KaK 6e3 TaKOH MOil(HOH MOHap-

MaJieHbKIIx JiaHro6ap):(CKIIX rep-

Xllll Boo6me HeJib3 H 6biJIO 6bi coxpa<r~e3eMHbiX

u:orCTB, rpaQ_:lcTB II ropo):(OB, rrpe6bi-

HIITh rocy):(apCTBO

BOll-

BaBIIIIIX B IIOCTOHHHOH 6opb6e Me)Key

HOB. CaMnrro ce6e HopMaHHCKIIe pbi-

co6oro II c BII3aHTIIHCKOH IIMrrepneil,

u:apn 6biJill He MeHee HeiiOKOpHbi II

a TaK)Ke c capau;HHaMII, u;eJIIIKOM rro-

CaMOHa):(eHHHbi, <reM QJpaHU:Y3CKlle

KOpiiBIIIIIMII Cnu;IIJIIIIO. HopMaHHbi

llJill HeMeu;KIIe, HO OHll ):(OJI)KHbi 6biJill

HBJIHJillCb B Ka<reCTBe HaeMHllKOB,

IIO):('lllHHThCH MOHapXllll, IIOTOMY 'ITO

'IT06bi CJI~llTh TO rpeKaM IIpOTllB

6e3 Hee liM rrpiiiiiJIOCb 6bi BepHynCH

capau;IIHOB, TO JiaHro6ap):(CKIIM rocy):(apcTBaM II BJia):(eTeJibHbiM ):(OMaM-

K 6e 3):(0MHOMY IIpllKJIIO'leH<reCTBy.

IIpOTllB rpeKOB, II B KOHIJ;e KOHIJ;OB OHll

MaHHbi 'IYBCTBOBaJill ce6H TaK CJia6o

Eme B

1083

roey IITaJibHHCKIIe Hop-

CaMll CTaJill X03HeBaMII CTpaHbi TaK

CBH3aHHbiMll C llX CYpaHOH, 'ITO Kor-

)Ke, KaK HeKor):(a 0):(oaKp IIJIII roTbi B PnMcKoil IIMrrepnn. B o6onx rrepBbiX

):(a rrpe):(IlpiiHHTaH Po6eproM fBIICKapoM C TaKOH )Ka)K):(OH ):(06bi<rll BOHHa

peiiiiiTeJibHbiX cpa)KeHIIHX- IIpll

OKa3aJiaCb He O<reHb ycrreiiiHOH II CaM

0JIIIBeHTO II rrpn KaHHax, -

r.),

OH BepHyJICH B liTaJIIIIO, TO 3Ha'!IITeJibHaH <raCTh BOHCKa rrepe):(aJiaCb Bll-

3 TbiCH'lll ll

3aHTIIHCKOMY IIMrrepaTopy AJieKcero,

pbix OHll O):(OJieJIII rpeKOB CllJibi llX llC'lllCJIHJillCb B

B KOTO-

(1041

BM3aHTMMCKafl apMMfl BTOp)l(eHMfl, KOMaH/],oaan KOTopoti /eoprMM MaHMaKMC, MMena B CBOBM COCTaBe 3Ha'IMTBflbHOe 'IMCflO HOpMaHHOB. Kor11.a MaHMaKMca OT03BanM B KoHcTaHTMHononb, MycynbMaHe co6panMcb C CMflaMM M OT6MflM BM3aHTMMLJ,BB.

1053 r. 5111TBA nPiil '-1111BiiiTE1111E (cosp. '-IIIIBIIITaTa Ha cesepo-3ana.Qe Anyn111111). TpeXTb/Cf/'1Hoe BOMCKO HOpMaHHOB, B03rna BnRBMOe XaMcPPM IBMCKapoM M era 6paTOM Po6epToM, OIJ.Bp)l(ano 3/l.BCb no6e/1,y Ha/1, HBMBLJ,KO-MTaflbf/HCKOM apMMeM nanbl flbaa IX, KOTopaR Hanpa Bnf/nacb cnacTM AnynM/0 oT HopMaHACKoro pa3opeHMf/. flMWb HBMLJ,bl OKa3aflM HOpMaHHaM cepbB3HOe conpOTMBflBHMe, 0/],HaKO B pe3yflbTaTB 6btnM nO'ITM noronOBHO nepe6MTbl. nana nb!Tancfl cnacTMCb 6erCTBOM, HO 6btn3aXBa'IBH B nneH.

1059 r. B03BbiWEHIIIE POSEPTA rBIIICKAPA. 3a noMOJ.JJ,b, OKa3aHHYIO BO BpBMfl BOMHbl npOTMB repMaHcKoro MMnepaTopa leHpMxa IV, nana HMKonati 1/IJ.apoaan Po6epTy TMTyn repu,ora Kana6pMM M AnynMM M ynonHoMO'IMn 3aaoeaaTb CMLJ,MflM/0.

1060-1091 rr. 3ABOEBAHIIIE HOPMAHHAMIII CIIILI,Iillllillil. 1 071 r. B3S1TIIIE 5APIII - noC11EAHErO CliiLI,IiiJllii~CKOrO On110TA Blii3AHTiillil. 1081-1085rr. BTOP>KEHIIIE B Blii3AHTIII~CKYIO liiMnEPIIIIO. jJ,06MBaf/Cb MMnepaTOpCKOro TpOHa, Po6epT IBMCKap noaen HopMaHHCKMe apMM/0 M rpnoT 'lepe3 A,D.pMaTM-

BOV1 HA on~Tb CTAHOB V1TC~ V1CKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rT.

KY Ha 3axaaT ocTpoaa Koprpy ( coap. rpe'-leCKII1iii o-a KepKII1pa; 1081 r.), a noTOM oca,11,111n )J.ypa14140 (aHTII1'-IHbiM )J.111ppax111iii, coap. ropoJJ. )J.yppec a An6aH111111; 17 111/0nfl 1081 r.). PacKaapTII1poaaHHbiM a ropo,11,e MaKeJJ.OHCKII1M rapHII130HOM KOMaH,IJ,OBan leopr111iii naneonor. HecMOTPfl Ha nopa)l(eHII1e B MOpCKOM cpa)l(eHII1111 np111 )J.111ppax111111 (aarycT 1081 r.), noHeceHHoe OT 06be,IJ,II1HeHHOrO Bll13aHTII1MCKO-BeHe!4111aHCKOrO ¢nom, Po6epT, a apMII1111 Komporo ocmaanocb MeHbWe 20 Tb!Cf/'-1 '-lenoaeK, BCIO 3111MY npO,IJ,On)l(an OCa)I(,IJ,aTb)J,II1ppaXII1fii, O,IJ,HaKO 6bln BbiHY)I(JJ.eH CHf/Tb oca,11,y, KOrJJ.a np1116b1na nf/TII1JJ.eCf/TII1TbiCfi'-IHafl 1Bll13aHTII1MCKaf/ apMII1f/ n0,11, KOMaHJJ.OBaHII1eM 111MnepaTopa AneKcef! KoMHII1Ha.

1 082 r. 5111TBA nPIII AYPAU,U,O (lllnlll AIIIPPAXIIIIII)2. B Ha'-lane cpa)l(eHII1fl HOpMaHHbl e,IJ,Ba He 6blnll1 cnoMneHbl, O,IJ,HaKO np111 nOMO~II1 caoero Cb!Ha 5oaMyHJJ.a Po6epT BHe3anHoiii OT'-Iaf/HHOM Kaaanepii1MCKOM aTaKoiii YMYJJ.PII1ncfl o6paTII1Tb nopa)l(eHII1e a no6e,11,y, Haronoay pa36111a 3HaMeHII1TYIO aapf/)I(CKYIO raap,11,11110 111MnepaTopa AneKcef/. HacKonbKO 1113BeCTHO, )l(eHa Po6epm, Cll1!4enbreTa, TO)I(e npii1HII1Mana a 6111Tae aKTII1BHoe y'-laCTII1e 111 noMorana MY)I(Y noJJ.Hf/Tb 6oeaoiii JJ.YX aoiiicK nepe,11, nocne,IJ,Heiii pewa10~eiii aTaKoiii. Bll13aHTII1Ml4bl noTepf/nll1 OKOnO 6 Tb!Cf/'-1 '-lenoaeK; cepbe3Hble noTepll1 noHecnll1 111 acnoMoraTenbHble 111Tanbf/HCKII1e BOMCKa, cpa)l(aBWII1eCf/ Ha CTOpoHe HOpMaHHOB; cpe,11,111 nor1116WII1X 6blfl0 111 ,1J,Ba,11,14aTb HOpMaHHCKII1X pb!!4apefii. B amiii 6111TBe HopMaHHCKoiii Kaaanep111111 npoTII1BOCTOflnll1 aHrnocaKCOHCKII1e neXOTII1H!4bl, BOopy)l(eHHble TOnopaM111; MHOrll1e 1113 HII1XaeTepaHb!6111TBbl np111lacT111Hrce, nocTynii1BWII1e Ha Cny;K6y K Bll13aHTII1M!4aM nocne 3aaoeaaHII1fl 5pii1TaHII1111

I1H1Ie HCTO'IIDIIill C'IHTaJOT, 'ITO apMIDI

3Ta )l;OCTIII<Ula 'IHCJieHHOCTH

ThiClP! '!eJio-

BeK, a )l;aTOH npn6h!THJI ee ITO)]; ,[(yp~o Ha31IBaJOT 18 OKTH6pll 1081 fO)l;a 2 Koe-KTO H3 HCTOpHKOB OIIIH.60'!HO Ha31IBaeT 3TO CpaJKeHHe <l>apcaJ!hCKOH 6HTBOH, HeBepHOHCTOJIKOBaB 3aM1ICJIOBaTLIHKOMMeHTapHH 3zyap)l;a fH66oHa (npHMe'!.

n3. ,[\JoiiiOH).

HOpMaH,11,!4aMII1. (8oo6~e roaopfl, cpaBHII1Tb,IJ,Be 3TII16111TBbl '-lpe3Bbl'-lafiiHO 111HTepeCHO; B 060111X cny'-laf/X MOHOnii1THble rpanaHrll1 CTOMKII1X OTBa)I(HbiX aHrnocaKcoa npe)/(,l].eapeMeHHO, 6e3 npii1Ka3a, Hacrynanll1 -111 a KOHe'-1HOM 111Tore Tepnenll1 nopa)l(eHII1e oT 06beJJ.1!1HeHHbiX Cll1n ny'-IHII1KOB 111 Tf/)l(enofii HopMaHJJ.CKoiii Kaaanep111111.) Po6epTcHoaa oca,11,111n)J.ypa14140, 111 npe6b!Baawll1iii B KaTaCTp0¢111'-IeCKOM nonO)I(eHII1111 ropo,11,, npo,11,ep)l(aaw111cb e~e KaKoe-To apeMfl, Bb!Hy)/(,l].eH 6bm CJJ.aTbCf/ 1. HopMaHHbl acTyn111n111 a cPeccan11110. BcKope nocneaToro Po6epT aepHyncfl a tlfTan11110, '-IT06bl no npocb6e nanbltpll1ropll1fl VII noMo'-lb eMy a aoiiiHe npoTII1B repMaHcKoro 111Mnepampa leHpll1xa IV; aecTII1 rpe'-leCKYIO KaMnaHII110 Po6epT OCTaBII1n 5oaMyHJJ.a. ToT ,11,owen ,11,0 peKII1 BapJJ.ap, HO 3aTeM, OCa)/(,l].af/ ropOJJ. flapii1CCy, noTepnen nopa)l(eHII1e oT BOMCK Bll13aHTII1MCKOro 6a3111neaca AneKcef! KoMHII1Ha, orrecHII1Bwero 5oaMyHJJ.a Ha3aJJ., a 8n111p.

1104-1108 rr.

BOEHHbiE

AE~CTBIIISI 503MYHAA B 3niii-

PE. 1105-1150 rr. U,APCTBOBAHIIIE PO~EPA II CIIIU,IIIniii~CKO ro. 3aTf/)I(HOM KOHrpnii1KTC rep140roM

3TO C06b!TII1e noHy,11,111n0 503MYHJJ.a aepHyrbCf/ B tlfTan11110.

PaiiiHynb¢oM Anyn111iiicK111M apeMfl oT apeMeHII1 Bblflii1BanCf/ B OTKpb!Tble 6oeBble ,IJ,eMCTB111fl; B KOHe'-IHOM 111TOre Po)l(ep II no6e,11,111n, cTan CI03epeHOM He TOnbKO C11114111n111111, HO 111 aceiii /O)I(HOiii tlfmn111111 ( 1137-1139 rr. ). noKa ,IJ,nll1nCf/ 3TOT KOH¢nii1KT, Po)l(ep II ycnen noaoeaaTb c nanoiii pii1MCKII1M, repMaHCKII1M 111MnepaTopoM floTapeM, 01113aHCKOfii, leHy33CKOM 111 BeHe!4111aHcKoiii pecny6nii1KaMII1, a TaK)I(e c Bll13aHTII1eiii (npll1'-leM 111HOr,IJ,a 111 He no O,IJ,HOMY pa3y); OH ycneWHO 0Tpa3111n ace BT0p)l(eHII1fl 111 no,11, KOHe14 ( 1139 r.) JJ.06111nCfl nancKoiii caHK14111111 Ha npoao3rnaweHII1e ce6f/ KOponeM (3a,IJ,HII1M '-1111CnOM: de facto npoao3maweHII1e cocTof!nocb e~e a 1130 r.). TeM apeMeHeM oH MHoro aoeaan 3a rpaH11114eiii - c MycynbMaHCKII1MII1 anacTII1Tenf/MII1 CeaepHoiii A¢pii1KII1. A,11,M111pan ero, leopr AHTII10XII1MCKII1iii, 3axaaTII1n Manbry, Tp111non111, Max,a11110, ,11,pyme ropoJJ.a Ha ceaepoa¢pii1KaHCKOM no6epe)l(be 111 OCHOBan HOpMaHHCKYIO KOnOHII110 npOTf/)l(eHHOCTbiO OT peKII1 5apKa ,11,0 KaiiipyaHa (T.e. no aceMy ceaepHoMy 111 6onbWefii '-laCTII1 BOCT0'-1HOro no6epe)l(bfl coap. TyH111ca; 1146-1152 rr.). B aTo )l(e apeMfl rpnoT /eopra AHTII10XII1MCKOro Kypcll1poaan BJJ.Onb npii1MOPCKII1X ana,11,eH111iii 81113aHT111111; 6blfl 3aXBa'-leH OCTpOB Koprpy, a TaK)I(e pa3rpa6neHbl A¢111Hbl, cDII1Bbl 111 Kop111H¢ ( 11471149 rr.). Co6cTaeHHO, leoprAHTII1oxll1iiiCKII1iii np111aen caoiii ¢noT Ha paCCTOf/HII1e noneTa CTpenbl OT 111MnepaTOpCKOrO,IJ,BOpl4a a KoHcTaHTII1Honone ( 1149 r.), HO 6bm BbiHY)I(JJ.eH OTCTynii1Tb, KOr,IJ,a 111MnepaTOp MaHy111n aepHyncf/ B CTOnii114Y C 6onbWOiii apMII1eiii.

1096-1104 rr. Y"'ACTIIIE 503MYHAA Ill TAHKPEAA B KPECTOBbiX nOXOAAX.

1154-1166 rr. U,APCTBOBAHIIIE BlllnbrEnbMAI3noro, KOPOnSI CIIIU,IIInllllll. cPnoTeronoTep-

1083-1084rr. OCB050~ AEHIIIE PIIIMA. 0oKa leHpll1x IV oca)I(,IJ,an lp111rop111f/ VII a pii1MCKOM 3aMKe CaH-AH)I(eno, Po6epT Ha6pan apMII1101113 HOpMaHHOB, noM6ap,11,14eB 111 MycynbMaH 111 ,IJ,BII1Hyncf/ Ha ceaep. He pll1cKyfl npii1Hf/Tb cepbe3Hoiii 6111TBbl, leHpll1x IV OTCTyn111n a CeaepHyiO tlfTan11110 (Maiii 1084r.). Bcne,11, 3a 3TII1M HOpMaHHCKII1e COn,IJ,aTbl pa3rpa6111nll1 P111M, 111 TOrJJ.a MeCTHoe HaceneHII1e BOCCTanO 111 npOTII1B OCB060,l1,111Tenefii, 111 npoTII1B np1113aaawero 111x nanbl. Po6epT conpoao,11,111n lpll1ropll1fl VII a CanepHo, a 3aTeM npll1coeJJ.II1HII1nCfl K 503MYHJJ.Y B 3nll1pe. 1084 r. 5111TBA Y KOPY. HopMaHJJ.CKII1iii r:finoT cpa)l(anCf/ C Bll13aHTII1MCKO-BeHe!4111aHCKII1M, HO peWaiO~ero nepeaeca He ,11,06111nacb Hll1 O,IJ,Ha 1113 CTOpOH.

1085 r. CMEPTb PO SEPTA.

1 C)l;al£Y ropo)l;a, nocJie)l;oBaBinyiO sa HeolKH)l;aHH1IM HO'!H1IM lliTypMOM, HH1Ie HCTO'lHHKH )l;aTHpYIOT

8 <jleBpaJIH 1082 r.

nen nopa)l(eHII1e oT Bll13aHTII1iiicKoro, 111 apMII1fl naneonoroa BToprnacb a Anyn11110 ( 1155 r.). B cyxonyrHoiii 6111Tae np111 5pii1HJJ.II13111 ( 1156 r.)

3An.A)J.HA$l EBPOnA

53 'lMTb MMp 11 OTK838TbCfl OT HeJJ.8BHI1X reppi1TOPM8flbHb/X

38BOeB8HI1W

(1191r.).

1190-1194 rr. UAPCTBOBAHIAE TAHKPEAA (He3aKOHHopo)I(AeHHoro BHyKa Po)l(epa II). Ero np8BO H8 TPOH OCn8pi1BBn repM8HCKI1W MMnep8rop leHpMx

VI,

MY% 38-

KOHHoiii JJ.O'lepM Po%ep8, KoHCT8H-

~1111. T8HKpeJJ. ycnewHo or6Mn Brop%eHI1e leHpMX8

VI ( 1191 r.) M noJJ.8-

BI1fl 68pOHCKI1e Mf/Te%11 ( 11921193 rr.).

1194 r. Y3YPnAUIASI rorEHWTAY<t>EHOB. nocne p8HHeiii cMeprM T8HKpeJJ.8.11.11H8CTMfl IBI1CK8poB npeceKJI8Cb, M TPOH 38XB8TI1fl leHpl1x

VI,

H8CfleJJ.OB8fl KoropoMy

ero CbJH, <t>pMJJ.PI1X II. ,ao coBepweHHoneTI1fl nocneJJ.Hero TOCYJJ.8PCTBOM cp8KTM'leCKI1 ynp8Bflflfl8 H8 np8B8X pereHT8 ero M8Tb,

MMnep8TPI1~8

KoHCT8H~I1fl ( 1198-1208 rr.).

HCIIAHHH Xp11CTI18HCK8fl peKOHKI1CT8 MeJJ.fleHHO npOJJ.Ofl)l(8fi8Cb, XOTfl BpeMeH8MI1

npo~ecc

M TOPM0311f1Cfl B rex

CfiY48fiX, KOTJJ.8 y MYCYflbM8H nOf!BflflfiCfl HOBb/W 3Hepri14Hb/W np8BI1Teflb. nocTOf/HHO 11MefiM MeCTO CTOfiKHOBeHI1fl H8 rp8HI1~e, TJJ.e 6 OH8 B fii060iii OTJJ.eflbHO B3f/Tb/W MOMeHT Hl1 npOXOJJ.I1fl8. 0JJ.H8KO M no o6e ee CTOpOHb/ K8K y Xpi1CTI18H, T8K My MycynbM8H Wfl8 %ecroK8fl Me%JJ.Oyco6H8fl 6opb68, B pe3yflbT8Te KOTOpoiii B03HI1KBnl1 nonyHe38BI1CI1MbJe KOpOfleBCTB8, KHf/%eCTB8 M

PoJKep II, KOpoHyeMbl~ Xpi'ICTOM. Bl'laaHnt~cKaH Moaai'!Ka cepeAI'IHbl XII a. nanepMo

3MI1P8Tbl, ~eHTP8flbHOW Bfi8CTM np8KTI14eCKM He npi13H8B8BWI1e.

B xo)l.e

Bl1nbrenbM H8ronoBy p836vm BI1-

Be3!1o. HecKOflbKO p83 oH HeYJJ.84HO

38HTI1iii~eB M 113TH8fii1X 113 VfT8fii1M.

nb/T8f1Cfl OTBOeB8Tb CeBep08cppM-

pHH HcnaHHH nocTerreHHO CJIO:>KHJIHCb KacTHJibCKoe H AparoHcKoe KO-

peKOHKHCThl Ha TeppHTO-

0JJ.H8KO OH He CMOT noMeW8Tb

K8HCKI1e KOfiOHMI111 norepnen nop8-

MeJJ.fleHHOMY, noo'lepeJJ.HOMY 38-

%eHI1e noJJ.AneKC8HJJ.pMeiii( 1174 r.).

poJieBCTBa, .liBJI.liBIIIHeC.si <}>eO)l.aJib-

BOeB8HI1/0 CeBepo8cppi1K8HCKI1X

OH Broprcfl B npeJJ.eflbJ BI138HTI1iii-

HhlMH MOHapXH.liMH C COCJIOBHhlM

Bfi8JJ.eHI1W HOPM8HHOBAnbMOX8JJ.8-

cKoiii 11MnepMM, 38XB8TMfl _ayp8~~0 11

rrpe)l.CTaBHTeJlbCTBOM. 3a)l.Ba CTOJie-

MM ( 1147-1160 rr.).

<t>eccanOHI1K11( 1185 r.), OJJ.H8KO, H8-

TH.li- c cepe)l.HHhl

CTyn8fl H8 KoHCT8HTMHononb, 6blfl

XIII

1166-11 89 rr. UAPCTBOBAHIAE BIAJlbfEJlbMA II A06POfO, KOPOJlSI CIAUIAJliAIA. HecMoTpfl H8

XI .Jl.O

cepe)l.HHbi

BeKa- rocy)l.apcTBa, HaxO)l.HB-

p836Mr 8PMI1eiii 11Mnep8TOP8 l1c88-

IIIHec.si Ha ceBepe TIHpeHettcKoro rroJiyocTpoBa, KacTHJIH.li H AparoH, Ha-

MHO%eCTBO 3Hepri14Hb/X nonb/TOK, B

II AHren8 B 611TBe H8 peKe CrpyMe (7 CeHTf/6pf! 1185 r.). 8 KOH~e KOH-

BOeHHbiX K8Mn8HI1f/X Bl1flbTeflbMY He

~OB

apa60B K

OH OK83BnCfl Bb/Hy>K;aeH 38Kfi/O-

CTOJibKO ycHJIHJIHCb, 'ITO OTieCHHJIH

IOry,

HeCMOTp.li Ha IIpHTOK

BOli1HA on~Tb CTAHOBV1TC~ V1CKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rr. Mace (oco6eHHO KaCTHJihCKHx). PoeT ropo,AoB, peMecJiaH roproBJIH B Kac-

VicnaHCKJ.f~

ABOpSIHHH (cneaa) 111 3anaAHOeapone~cKJ.t~ pbl"'apb (XII a.)

THJIHH H AparoHe, a TaK)f(e ocBoeHHe H 3aCeJieHHe KaCTHJibCKHM KpeCThllHCTBOM OTBOeBaHHhlX TeppHTOpHti 03Ha'IaJIH HOBhlti llO,A'beM npOH3BO,AHTeJibHbiX CHJI B 3THX rocy,AapcTBax. Bo BTOpotl noJIOBHHe XI BeKa npH KopoJie JleoHa AJib4:>oHce VI (1 065-

11 09 IT.)

KacTHJIHll 06'be,AHHHJiaCb C

JleOHOM H faJIHCHe~. IlocJie 3TOro BOeHHhle CHJihl Tpex o6'J>e,AHHHBIIIHXCll KopoJieBCTB OTBOeBaJIH y XaJIH4:>aTa ToJie,Ao

(1085 r.).

0TBOeBaHHe

ToJie,Ao llBHJIOCh nepeJIOMHhlM MOMeHTOM B xo,Ae peKOHKHCThl. ToJie,Ao CTaJI onopHhlM nyHh'TOM,AaJibHe~IIIe足 ro npO,ABH)f(eHHll KaCTHJibUeB Ha IOr, a c Ha<JaJia XII BeKa oH CAeJiaJica cToJIHUeti KacTHJIHH. HoBhlti 3Tan peKOHKHCThi Ha<JaJIca B XII BeKe B nepHOA 6opb6bi c AJihMopaBHAaMH. Ilo6e,Abi AJih4:>oHca VI BhlHYAHJIH Bpa)f(_AOBaBIIIHX ,Apyr C ApyroM MycyJihMaHCKHX 3MHpoB Ha IlHpeHeticKoM noJiyocTpoBe BcrynHTh B co103 c AJihMopaBHAaMH, BTopriiiHMHCll B HcnaHHIO, nocJie Toro KaK B KOHUe XI BeKa OHM o6'beAHHHJIH llOA CBOeti BJiaCTbiO 3Ha'IHTeJibHYIO qacTb CeBepHotl A4:>pHKH. AJihMopaBHAhi 6hlJIH 4:>aHaTH'IHhlMH MycyJihMaHaMH. Bo maBe peKo HKHCThl Ha3TOM 3Tane CTaJI (H_AeaJIH3HpOBaHHhlti BllOCJie,A-

...

CTBHH B HCllaHCKOM HapO,AHOM 3llOCe) KaCTHJihCKHti HAaJihro PoApHro ,[{Hac

B npe,AeJihl XanH4:>aTa HOBhlX CHJI H3

ro 3eMJieBJia)J,eHHll, B <JaCTHOCTH CO-

,Ae BHBap (CHA), )f(HBIIIHti npHMepHo

A4:>pHKH. IlpH'IHHhl ycnexoB peKoH-

cpe,AOTO'IeHHe orpoMHhlX 3eMeJihHhlX

KHCThl KOpeHHJIHCb BO BHyTpeHHe~

BJI~eHHti B pyKax y O'Ifl.eJihHhlX MY-

CTPeMHJica co~aTb co6cTBeHHoe 4:>e-

1043-1099 ro,Aax.

PoApHro ,[{Hac

HCTopHH KaK cru.-toro XanH4:>aTa, TaK

cyJihMaHCKHX npaBHTeJie~, ycHJieHHe

OAaJihHoe

H KacTHJIHH H AparoHa, a TaiOKe B

3KCnJiyaTaUHH KpeCTbllHCTBa H JIHIIIe-

TeJibHYIO pOJib B peKOHKHCTe. Ilo,A ero

xapali.'Tepe peKOHKHCThi c KOHUa XI

HHe ropO,AOB HX npHBHJierHti -

pyKoBOACTBOM KaCTHJihUhl HaHeCJIH

no KOHeu XIII BeKa.

3'1'0 npHBO,AHJIO K BHyTpeHHeMy OC-

peiiiHTeJibHoe nopa)f(eHHe AJihMopa-

Jia6JieHHIO 3MHpaTOB.

BHAaM, KOTOphle nepe,A 3THM ycneJIH

1031

ro,Ay KopAOBCKHti xanH-

BCe

BJI~eHHe

H ChlrpaJI 3Ha'IH-

4:>aT pacnaJica Ha paA MeJIKHX apa6o-

Hao6opOT, HcnaHo-xpHCTHaHCKHe

y)f(e o,Aep)f(aTh paA no6eA H3A Kopo-

6ep6epcKHX MycyJihMaHCKHX 3MHpa-

rocy,AapCTBa, B03HHKIIIHe Ha CeBepe

JieM AJih4:>oHCOM VI. BotlcKa PoApH-

TOB. HaH6oJiee 3Ha'IHTeJihHhlMH H3

IlHpeHeticKoro noJiyocTpoBa, nepe-

ro B3llJIH BaneHCHIO

HHX 6hlJIH Kop,AOBCKH~, CeBHJihCKHti,

)f(HBaJIH B XI-XIII BeKax Ha<Jano

o6JiaCTeti BOKpyr Hee. 3THM 6biJIO

(1094 r.)

H pSIA

ManarcKHti, fpaHaACKHti, Caparoc-

npouecca ueHTpaJIH3aUHH. OpraHH-

ocTaH OBJI eH o AaJihH etiiiiee n poABH)f(e-

CKHti H ToJieACKHti 3MHpaThl. Me;KAy

30BaHHYIO BOeHHYIO CHJIY peKOHKHC-

HHe AnbMopaBHAOB B HcnaHHH. Ilo-

3MHpaMH npOHCXO,AHJIH llOCTOllHHhle

Thl B 3TOT nepHOA COCTaBJillJIH OTpll-

6eAhl PoApHro, pasyMeeTCSI, He SIBJISI-

4:>eo,AaJihHhle yco6HUhl. Pacn~eHHe

Ahi phluapetl, pyKoBOAHMhle KpynHhi-

JIHCh cJiy<JatiHocTbiO. OHM o6'bacHa-

XanH4:>aTa 6hlJio 3aKoHoMepHhlM pe-

MH 4:>eO,AaJiaMH H KaTOJIH'IeCKO~

JIHCh TeM, 'ITO ero llOMep)f(HBaJIH

3YJlhTaTOM ero 4:>eO,AaJIH3aUHH, KOTO-

uepKOBbiO, HO ycnex peKOHKHCThl

KpecTbllHe, ropo)f(aHe H MeJIKHe phlua-

paa c KOHUa XI BeKa eme 6oJiee ycH-

6MJI o6ycJIOBJieH yqacTHeM B Hetl ro-

pH, CTPeMHBIIIHecSI K noJIHTH'IeCKOMY

JIHJiacb. PoeT KpynHoro 4:>eo,AaJihHO-

po)f(aH H IIIHpOKHX KpeCTbllHCKHX

e,AHHCTBY CTpaHhl (B npOTHBOBeC 4:le-

3An.A)J.HA$l EBPOnA 0,.[\3JlhHhlM yco6MUaM M pacnpliM B XaJIM<}>aTe) M CTOJih iKe e,AMHOAYIIIHO 6opoBIIIMecJI 3a M3rHaHMe M3 HcnaHMM qyiKe3eMHhiX 3aBOeBaTeJielt

JIH Ha6ern AJihMOpaBHAOB, a aparoHl.lhl B3JIJIM Caparocy (1118 r. ). B 3TO BpeMJI cpeAM a<}>pHKaHCKHX

OC06eHHO M3 <l>paHUMM, HaHeCJIM AJihMOX3,AaM peiiiMTeJihHoe nopaiKeHHe B 6MTBe npH Jlac-HaBaC-,Ae-ToJIO-

6ep6epoB 6oJihiiioe 3Ha<JeHHe npHo6-

ca(B1212r.).

XOTJI AnhMOpaBHAhi nocJie cMep-

penH AnhMOX3Ahl (oAHa M3 r.tycyJih-

TM Po,ApHro ,[{Maca BHOBh 3axBaTMJIH

MaHCKHX Cei\'T, KOTOpaJI 06'he,AMHMJia

IlocJie 3TOJ;i no6e,Ahl yen ex peKoHKHCThi 6hlJI o6ecne<JeH. MHoroBeKoBaJI 6op1>6a BC'I)'llMJia B XIII BeKe B

BaJieHCHIO, ToJie,Ao ocTaJicJI B pyKax

BOKpyr ce6JI 6ep6epcKHe nJieMeHa,

y KaCTMJihl.leB. 0,AHaKO 6oJiee <JeM

o6MTaBIIIMe B ropHhiX o6JiacTJIX Ma-

CBOlt llOCJieAHMlt nepHO,.[\. 3aBOeBaHHe

noJiyBeKoBoe rocno,ACTBO AJihMopa-

poKKo). B Ha<JaJie XII BeKa OHM Ha-

MycyJihMaHCKHX BJia,AeHMlt ycKopHJIOCh. B Te<JeHHe nepBolt noJIOBHHhi

BMAOB, KOTOphle npOBO,.[\HJIM llOJIMTH-

nanu Ha AJihMOpaBHAOB B A<}>pHKe, a

1\)' peJIHrH03HOlt HeTepnHMOCTH, yr-

B cepe,AMHe H BO BTOpolt llOJIOBHHe

XIII BeKa KaCTMJihl.lhl B3JIJIM CTOJIMI.IY

HeTaJIM M M3roHJIJIH MOCapa6oB, OT-

XII BeKa 3axBaTHJIM Bee MycyJihMaH-

Kop,AoBcKoro xaJIM<}>aTa Kop,AoBy

6HpaJIH y HHX MMyllleCTBO M B TO iKe Bper.rn 6ecnom3,AHO rpa6MJIH 3aBoe-

CKHe TeppHTOpHH IlHpeHeltCKOro llOJIYOC1pOBa.

(1236 r. ), a TaKiKe CeBMJihiO (1248 r.). IIpo,ABMiKeHMIO KaCTHJihUeB Ha 10r

BaHHhie o6JiaCTM, Bh13BaJIO BOJIHY Kpe-

XoTJI B KOHUe XII BeKa AJihMO-

CllOC06CTBOBaJIO OKOH'IaTeJihHOe

CThliHCKHX BOCCTaHMlt. 3TH BOCCTaHMJI (B 1110 M 1117 rr.) CJIMJIHCh C

Xa,Ahl M OTTeCHMJIM KaCTMJihl.leB Ha ceBep, HOB Ha<JaJie XIII BeKa coe,AH-

TOpoe npoH30IIIJIO B 1230 ro,Ay, cny-

6op1>60Jt KaCTHJihCKMX M aparoHCKHX

HeHHhle BOeHHhie CMJihl <JeThlpex KO-

BoltcK npoTHB MaBpoB. K KaCTHJihl.laM

poJieBCTB (KacTHJIHM,JleoHa, HaBap-

CTII 18 JieT nocJie 6HTBhl npu JlacHaBac-,Ae-ToJioca. 06'heAMHeHMe Ka-

npHCOe,AMHMJIOCh M MHOro H3rHaHHM-

phl M AparoHa), a TaKiKe H KpecTo-

TaJIOHMM c AparoHoM cocTOJIJIOCh Ha

KOB M3 AHAaJIYCHM. KacTHJihl.lhl OT6M-

HocueB M3 ApyrMx cTpaH EBponhl,

uenoe CTOJieTHe paHhiiie (B 1137 r. ).

o6'heAMHeHHe JleoHa M KacTHJIMM, KO-

.. f---+---J-__!}__ )'CJIOBHbf£ Ob03HA"''EtiH;t

D D

T aM~I!IHe

3M;.tpan••

Coupo·HCI'IaH.CttHe fOC)'.(I,p¢JOI

_j__-t--~~--\--\l'e /

HCnf\HH51 a 1065r.

BOli1HA on~Tb CTAHOBV1TC~ V1CKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rr.

~~-----------t-----------+~di-------+-----------+----------~~/~------~r-----------n3· HCni\HHSI a 1099 r. 10

IIpoqHoCTh o6be,LJ,HHeHHll KacTH-

CTBa, H3 COe,LJ,HHeHHll KOTOphlX COCTa-

JIHH C JleOHOM, Ha<JaJIO KOTOpOMY

BHJiaCh BnocJie,LJ,CTBHH HcnaHHll, T. e.

6hl.Jio noJio)KeHo eme B nepBoit no-

KacTHJIHll H AparoH, B

XIII BeKe

OT-

BeKa, o6bSICHSieTcll HX

Tec HliT MaBpOB TaK ,LJ,aJI eKO K IO ry, 'ITO

,LJ,JIHTeJihHhiM COBMeCTHhiM yqacTHeM

3a HHMH OCTaHeTCll JIHIIIh He60Jihlllall

JIOBHHe

B peKOHKHCTe. 06-be,LJ,HHeHHe )Ke

Ka-

o6JiaCTh BOKpyr fpaHa)l.hi.

TaJIOHHH c AparoHoM 6hiJIO Bh13BaHO npe)K)l.e Bcero pocToM mproBhiX CBll3eH Me~y npHMOpCKHMH o6JiaCTliMH BOCTO'JHOit <JaCTH IlHpeHeitCKOro ilOJIYOCTpOBa, KOTOpbie npHcpe,L~,H3eMHOMOp

HHM3JIH yqacTHe B CKOit TOproBJie.

TaKHM o6pa3oM, K KOHUY XII BeKa 3Ha'JHTeJibHYIO <JaCTh IlHpeHeitCKOro noJiyocTpoBa 3aHliJIH ,LJ,Ba

rocy,L~,ap

CTBa. 0,LJ,HHM H3 HHX 6biJIO KOpOJieBCTBO AparoHcKoe.

B 3ana,qHo8 qacTH

IlHpeHeHCKOro ilOJIYOC1pOBa CJIO)KHJIOCh CaMOCTOliTeJihHOe KOpOJieBCTBO IIopryraJIHll

(1143

r. ). ,[(Ba rocy,L~,ap-

1000-1035 rr. UAPCTBOBAH&.1E CAH"'O Ill rAPC&.1&.1, HABAPPCKOfO KOPOJU:I. noMMMO HaeapPbi9TOT MOHapx, MMeHyeMbiW TaK)I(e CaH'40 BenMKMM, yHacneP.oBan M AparoH, a B pe3ynbrare PfiP.a eoiiiH c coce.tJ.fiMM noKopMn KacrMnMJO, fleoH M bapcenoHy. TaKMM o6pa3oM, noP. ero BflaCTb/0 OKa3anacb 06be.[J,/r1HeHa BCfl XpMCTMaHCKaf/ t1cnaH/r1fl. nepe.[J, cMeprbJO oH noP.enMn Koponeecreo Me)I(.[J,y Cb/HOBbf/MM.

1002-1086 rr. YnAAOK MYCYJlbMAHCK0171111CnAH&.1&.1. noc-

ne cMeprM anb-MaHcypa xanmpoM cran ero Cb!H, A6P.yn-ManMK anbMo3al/>lf>ap. 0P.HaKo ero paHHflfl CMepTb npMBena K .[J,/r1HaCTM'4eCK/r1M pa3.[J,OpaM M rpa)I(.[J,aHCKOW BOiiiHe. XanMl/>ar pa3eanMncfl ( 1031 r.) Ha MHO)I(eCTBO He3aBMCMMb/X KHfl)l(eCTB. Ha1r16onee 3Ha'4MrenbHoiii fiBnflnacb ceBMnbcKafl P.MHaCTMfl A66aCMP.OB, '4eiif CJ03epeHMTeT np!r13HaBaflM MHome. B 9TOT nepMOP. ynaP.Ka 6onbWMHCTBO MycynbMaHCKMX P.MHacrMiii, M .[J,a)l(e A66aC/r1.[J,bl B TOM '4MCne, nnaTMflM .[J,aHb arpeCCMBHb/M HacneP.HMKaM CaH'40.

1035-1065 rr. UAPCTBOBAH&.1E <PEPA&.1HAHAA I KACT&.1JlbCKOfO, BEJ1&.1KOfO (cbtHa CaHI.fO). YO.[J,HOIO M3 6paTbeB OH OTBOeean fleoH ( 1037 r.), a noroM y P.PYroro ( lapcMM HaeappcKoro)- rep-

3AnNJ,HA~ pMTOpMM, paHee axo,aMaWMe a COCTa a KacTMnMM. OH o.aep)l(an MHO)I(ecTao no6e.a Ha,a MycynbMaHaMM; 3MMpbt Caparocbt, Tone.ao M CeaMnbM abtHy;>K,aeHbt6btnM nnaTMTb eMy ,aaHb.

1035-1065 rr. UAPCTBOBAI APArOHCKOrO.

H~E PAM~PO

)J.pyroi1I CbtH CaH'IO, PaMMpo, cTan nepabtM KOponeM He3aaMCMMOrO AparoHa; o,aHaKo TeppMTOpMto 3Toi1I ManeHbKOM CTpaHbl OH 3aMeTHO pacWMpMfl 3a C'leT CaOMX MYCYflbMaHCKMX M XpMCTMaHCKMX COCe,aei1J.

1065-1072 rr. rPA>KAAHCKAS1 BO"'HA 3A nPECTOllOHACllEA~E B KACT~ll~~ ~ llEOHE. Cnepaa aepx o.aep)I(Maan CaHcTapwMiii CbtH cDep,aMHaH,aa I KaCTMflbCKoro, a OCHOaHOM 6naro,aapf/ TanaHTY caoero aoeHa'lanbHMKa Po,apMro )].Maca .ae 5Maapa. Kor.aa CaH'IO norM6 ao apeMH o,aHoiii M3 oca.a, HeocnopMMbtM npaaMTeneM KacTMnMM cran ero Mna.awMiii 6paT Anbcj)oHc. 'IO,

1072-1109 rr. UAPCTBOBAH~E AllbOHCA VI XPA6POrO, KOPOJ1S1 KACT~ll~~ ~ llEOHA. B nepabtero,abtnpaaneHMfl, noKaapMMeiii no-npe)I(HeMy KOMaH.aoaan Po.apMro )].Mac, ace KaMnaHMM npoTMa MycynbMaH Anbcj)oHc VI abtMrpbtaan; MycynbMaHe 3aanM )].Maca «CMAM>> (noaenMTeflb) , M a MCTOPMIO oH aowen KaK CM.a KaMnea.aop. O.aHaKo 3aTeM KOpOflb, peaHyfl K nonKOaO,a'leCKOM cnaae, oTnpaaMn ero a ccbtnKy ( 1081 r. ), M CM.a npe,ano)I(Mfl ycnyrM 3MMPY Caparocbt; ao3rnaanHeMbte CM,aoM aoi1IcKa Maapoa HeM3MeHHO no6e)l(,aanM apMMM XpMCTMaHCKMX anacTMTeneiii AparoHa M 5apcenoHbt. 0Kono 1074-1104rr. UAPCTBOBAH~E nEAPO I APArOHCKOrO. AparoH wMpMncH M npo14ae-

ran. 83f!a WT}'PMOM ropo,a-KpenOCTb YacKy ( 1096 r.), ne.apo I c.aenan ee caoei1I CTOflM!4ei1I.

1085r. 3ABOEBAH~E TOllEAO KACT~ll~E"'. CeaMnbcKMi113MMP MyxaMMe.a anb-MyraMMA 6btn HaCTOflbKO acTpeaO)I(eH noTepei1J Tone,ao, 'ITO npM3aan Ha noMOll.l,b MapoKKaHcKyto AMHaCTMto AnbMopaaM.aoa. /Ocy¢ M6H Tawcj)MH npMaen a l1cnaHMto apMMIO Maapoa.

EBPOnA

23 OKTS16pSI 1 088 r. Ei~TBA CAllllAKE (6m13 COBp. ropo,Qa Eia.Qaxoca). /Ocy¢ M6H Tawcj)MH nP~

Haronoay pa36Mn apMMto Anbcj)oHca VI Xpa6poro, M Koponto npMwnocb cpo'IHO .aapoaaTb npoll.l,eHMe CM.ay, KOTOpbtM He 3aMe,anMn aepHYTbCfl, 'IT06bt peopraHM3oaaTb noTpenaHHbte OCTaTKM KaCTMflbCKMX aoi1JCK. Bnpo'leM, nocne o'lepe,aHoiii pa3MonaKM C KOponeM CM,a CHOaa OTnpa aMflCf/ a M3rHaHMe ( 1089 r.).

1086-1091 rr. 3ABOEBAH~E MYCYllbMAHCKO"' ~CnAH~~ AllbMOPAB~AAM~.

Ha rpaHM nopa)l(eHMfl OT CaOMX He,aaaHMX COI03HMKOa, anb-MyTaMMA OTaa)I(MflCf/ npe.ano)I(MTb coto3 Anbcj)oHcy VI Xpa6poMy, HO acKope noTepnen nopa)l(eHMe oT AnbMopaaM.aoa M 6btn 3aKnto'leH a TtopbMy(1091 r.); AnbMopaaM,abt3axaaTMnM acto MycynbMaHcKyto l1cnaHMto, KpoMe CaparoCbt.

1089-1094 rr.

3ABOEBAH~E

C~AOM BAllEHC~~-

Ha6paa co6cTaeHHYto apMMIO ( KaK M3 xpMCTMaH, TaK M M3 MycynbMaH), Po,apMro )].Mac .ae 5Maap cj)aKTM'IeCKM c.aenancf! He3aaMCMMbtM MOHapxoM. OH .aaa:>K,abt OT6Maan aTOp)l(eHMfl AflbMOpaaM,aoa -a 6MTae npM Kya,apoce ( 1094 r.) M npM 5ai1IneHe ( 1097 r.). nocne ero CMepTM ( 1099 r.) AflbMOpa aM,abl OTaOeaanM BaneHCMto ( 11 02 r. ).

11 04-1134 rr. UAPCTBOBAKOPOJ1S1 APArOHA. He.aonrMiii 6paK c H~EAllbOHCA I BO~TEJ1S1,

YppaKoiii, Koponeaoi1I fleoHa M KacTMnMM, anyran ero a KaCTMflbCKMe .aena. noccopMawMcb c cynpyroi1I, OH pa36Mn aoi1JCKO ee CTOpOHHMKOa a 6MTaeno.a Cenynbae.aoi1I ( 1111 r.). Anbcj)oHc I pacwMpMn TeppMTOpMto AparoHa 3a peKy 96po, 3axaaTMa Caparocy ( 1118 r. ).

1126-1157 rr. UAPCTBOBAAllbOHCA VII KACT~llb CKOrO ~ llEOHCKOrO (CbiHa YppaKIII). B aoiiiHax c coce,af/MM M xpMH~E

CTMaHCKMMM, M MYCYflbMaHCKMMM oH, KaK npaaMno, o.aep)I(Maan aepx M abtHy,aMn AparoH M Haaappy npM3HaTb ero cto3epeHoM. Ho Ky3eH ero, Anbcj)oHc ( ArpoHco) 9HpMKMW o6bflaMn He3aaMCMMOCTb 0opTyranMM ( 1140 r.; cM. HM)I(e). )J.nfl no.aa ane-

57 HMfl MYCYflbMaHCKOrO aOCCTaHMfl, ao3rnaaneHHoro AnbMoxa.aaMM ( cM. HM)I(e), Anbcj)oHc VII amprcf! a /0)1(Hyto l1cnaHMIO, HO 6btn OWMT a cpa)l(eHMM no.a Mypa.aeneM M npM oTcTynneHMM nom6 ( 1157 r.).

1145-1150 rr. 3ABOEBAH~E MYCYllbMAHCKO"' ~CnAH~~ AllbMOXAAAM~.

AnbMopaaM,abt 6btnM no6e)l(,aeHbl MaapMTaHCKOM ,aMHaCTMeiii AnbMoxa.aoa, ao rnaae KOTOpoiii CTOf/fl A6,aanb-MyMMH anbKyMM.

1158-1214 rr. UAPCTBOBAAllbOHCA VIII KACT~llb CKOrO (BHyKa Anb4>oHca VII). Ha H~E

npeCTOfl Anbcj)OHC acTynMn ao Mfla,aeH'IeCTae, M nOTOMY a IOHOCTM eMy npMWflOCb cpa)l(aTbCf/ C HenOKOpHOM abtcwei1I apMCTOKpaTMeiii, 'IT06 yraep,aMTb caoe npaao Ha TpoH. nocne 3TOrO OH npe,anpMHf/fl HeCKOflbKO ycneWHbiX KaMnaHMM npOTMa MyCYflbMaH, noKa He 6btn Haronoay pa36MT xanMcj)oM A6y-IOcy¢oM S1Ky6oM anb-MaHcypoM M3 AMHaCTMM AnbMoxa.aoa a 6MTae npM AnapKoce (ao3ne coap. ropo.aa Cbto,aa.a-PeanH; 1195 r.). nocne amra nopa)l(eHMfl a KacTMnMto pMHynMcb aoi1IcKa fleoHa M Haaappbt, a TaK)I(e MycynbMaHe, HO ace 3TM aTOp)l(eHMf/ Anbcj)OHC VIII oTpa3Mn.

IIOPTYrAJIIHI 1100-1200 rr.

0KOJIO

CTpaHa nopTyranMf/ a03HMKna Ha ceaepHoM 6epery peKM )J.yapo a X aeKe, KOr,aa KOponeacTaO fleoH OTTeCHf/flO MYCYflbMaH C 0MpeHeMCKOro nonyocTpoaa Ha tor. CenapaTMCTCKMe TeH,aeH!4MM npOf/aMflMCb a Ha'lane XII aeKa, a 6ypHoe npaaneHMe Koponeabt KacTMnMM M fleoHa YppaKM. Moryll.l,ecTaeHHbtiii rpa¢ Anbcj)oHc (Acj)OHCO) 9HpMKM11J (11121185 rr.) .aonro aoeaan c MycynbMaHaMM M o,aep)l(afl MHO)I(eCTaO no6e,a, 3a 'ITO M YAOCTOMflCf/ anocne,acTaMM npo3aaHMfl 3aaoeaaTenb; KYflbMMHa!4Mei1I HaMnacb 6MTaa npM OpMKax ( TO'IHOe MeCTOHaXO)I(,aeHMe HeM3aeCTHO; aepOf/THO, C coapeMeHHbiM ro-

BOli1HA on~Tb CTAHOBV1TC~ V1CKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rr.

HCnAHHH H nOPTYfAMiH B Xli-XID Bll. C oHmoH.At-P Q

~·-·

• ...,... .

O nepnlcH b H

•• 'o .MallopKa

(12'28)

K opmoxeHa

1248 r - - ' - - - - - - - ' - - - - - - - - - - ' - - - ' - - 1 fpaRMI!bl BAOACHHll apa6oo oll57r. fpaHHI!.bl roCyAapCT8 nupeneil· cJ<oro noAyocTpooa o 1157 r. fpaRMI!bl oreppuTopail, ocoo60;t:Ae»Hb1X 8 XOAe pCKOHKHCTbl 1< 1157 r. ,-----, TeppuTopsm, ocoo6o;t:AeHHble '----! " KOHyy XIII o. ll7l fOAbl OTBOCBaHHII y apa6oo rOpO· .(08 K SeMeAb

~ fp&H8AC1<Jiil BMHpaT (c 1238 r.)

..__...

po,aoM OpMKM B nopTyranuM He coBna.aaeT). nocne 'lero Al/>OHCO 06MlBMfl, 'lTO OTbe,aMHReTCR OT CBOero ey3eHa, Anbl/>oHca VII KacTMnbcKoro MfleOHCKOIO, KOTOpbJW B KOH~e KOH~OB HeOXOTHO npM3H8fl Mblj>OHC8 f 3aBOeBaTeflfl KOponeM nopTYIBflbCKMM ( 1140 r.). Al/>oHco npo.aon)l(an onecHRTb MycynbMaH K 10ry, 38XB8TMfl fiMCC860H M ,aoBen JO)I(HY/0 rpaHM~Y nopTyranuM .ao peKU Taxo ( 1147 r.). npu B3RTM/;1 JIUCC860H8 eMy noMoranM BowcKa KpecToHoc~eB- aHmu'laH, 6enbrMw~eB, ronnaH.a~eB, - HanpaBnRBwuecR B CBRTYJO 3eMnJO Bo BTOpow KpecTOBbJW noxo.a. 5nu)l(e K KOH~Y cBoero npaBneHMR Anbl/>OHC f OT6MB8fl HeO,aHOKpaTHb/e BTOp)l(eHUR MbMOXB,aOB. f(poMe TOIO, OH 'l8CTO COBepwan Ha6erM H8

MYCYflbM8HCKUe TeppMTOPMM, M BO BpeMR O,aHOIO M3 HMX 6bm 38XB8'leH B nneH 6nu3 5a.aaxoca ( 1169 r.), HO noToM omy1.1.1eH. OH 3axBaTMn CaHTapeH ( 1171 r.) M OTP83Mfl nonbJTKY MBBPOB OTBOeB8Tb ropo,a o6paTHO

( 1184 r.).

ceBepHhiX H IO)f(HhiX o6JiacTIIx IIop'I)'raJIHH 6hlJio pa3JIH<JHh1M.

B paHee

3a-

BOeBaHHh1X H 3aCeJieHHhiX o6JiaCTIIX CeBepHoft Ilop'I)'raJIHH KpecThSIHe y-A<e 6hlJIH 3aKpellOI.l.leHh1 CBeTCKHMH q>eoAaJlaMH H A)IXOBHO-pbiU:apCKHMH OpAeHaMH. Ha 10re, me eme ocTaJioch MHoro Heo6pa6oTaHHhiX 3eMeJih, coxpaHH-

IIancTBO npH3HaJIO He3aBHCH-

JIHCh CB060.LJ.Hh1e 06ll.IHHh1 KpeCThllH-

MOCTh IlopryraJIHH, H ee KOpOJih 6hlJI

CKHX noceneHueB. 3aBeprneHHe pe-

o6:MIBJieH BaccaJioM nanhi. :)ro cno-

KOHKHCThi B IlOJYIYfaJIHH TOJIKHYJIO

co6cTBOBaJIO qpe3BhJqa1tHOM)' ycHJie-

MHO)KeCTBO MeJIKHX pbiU:apei:i, He Ha-

HHIO AYXOBeHCTBa H AYXOBHO-phlu:ap-

XOAHBlliHX ce6e npHMeHeHHll Ha poAH-

CKHX opAeHoB B IIop'I)'raJIHH.

He, Ha 3axBaTHH<JecKHe noXOAhi B Aq>-

PeKOHKHCTa, KOTopaH HanpasJISI-

pHey. C KOHI.Ia

XIII

BeKa, B nepHOA

Jiach ~eel> HCKJIIoqHTeJihHO Ha 10r (TaK

pocTa mproBhiX cHorneHHI:i IloJYIYra-

KaK Ha BOCTOKe IIop'I)'raJIHll ameneHa

JIHH C pa3HhiMH CTpaHaMH 3an3,1J,HOft

ropHOlt u:enhiO OT OCTaJihHOlt qacTH IlH-

EBponhJ (<DpaHU:Hei:i, AHmHelt HAp.),

peHefiCKOfO flOJIYOC1pOBa), 3aKOH<JH-

3TH pbiU:apH CTaJIH npHHHMaTh TalOKe

XIII Beh'a. K 3TOM)'

CaMOe AellTeJihHOe yqacTHe H B MOpe-

JiaCh B cepeAHHe

BpeMeHH flOJIO)KeHHe h'])eCThllHCTBa B

flJiaBaHHH.

BOCTOY HAs:! EBPOnA

BOCTOlffiAH EBPOIIA1 TIOJiblliA

1 038-1 058 rr. U.APCTBOBAHHE KA3HMHPA I BOCCTAHOBHTEJlSI (CbiHa MewKo II). BoccTaHO-

nepsbte nonmpa seKa paccMaTpMsaeMoro nepMo/l,a nonbwa nocTeneHHO pacwMpRnacb no/1, snacTb/0 cnoco6HbtX npaBMTenei1 M soeHa'i8flbHMKOB. 0/l,H8KO 80 BTOpOM nOflOBMHe XI/ BeKa nOflbCKaR MOHapXMfl OCna6na; CTpaHy COTpRC8flM BHyTpeHHMe pa3/l,Opbt M 6opb6a 3a npeCTonoHacne/l,Me.

BMB a nonbwe nopR/l.OK, Ka3MMMP oTsoesan CMne3MtO ( 1054 r.).

992-1025 rr. U.APCTBOBAHHE 5011ECJ1ABA I XPASPOrO. 3 TOT BeflMKMM KOpOnb npO/l,Ofl)f(Mfl npou,eCCbl U,eHTp8flM38LI,MM Bfl8CTM M mppMTOPMMbHOro pacwMpeHMR. OH sen PR/1. soi1H c repMaHCKMM MMnepampoM leHpMxOM II ( 1002-1019 rr.), B KOTOpbtX, K8K npaBMflO, O/l,ep)f(M88fl sepx- 3asoesan npoBMHU,M/0 fly>t<Mu,a ( COBp. flay3MU, B /epM8HMM) M Bbfsen 5oreMMIO M3-nO!l. Ct03epeHMTeTa repMaHcKoro MMnepampa. noTOM OH OmpaBMflCR B nOX0/1, H8 BOCTOK, B 6MTBe Ha 5yre ( 1020 r.) pa36Mn BOMCKO KMeBCKOrD KHR3fl flpocnasa My/l,pOro MspeMeHHO 3axsaTMn KMes. Kor/l,a OH yMep, nonbW8 npOCTMpanaCb OT 3nb6bt /1,0 5yra MOT 5 anTMMCKOrD MOpR /1,0 J].yHaR.

1 025-1 034 rr. U.APCTBOBAHHE MEWKO II J1AM5EPTA (CbiHa 5olleC1laBa 1). nepM0/1, yna/l,Ka. OT KoponescTsa OT/l,enMnMCb CnosaKMR M MopasMR ( 1027 M 1031 rr.). KMesCKMi1 KHR3b flpocnaB My/l,pbtM OTBOesan '-lepsoHHY/0 Pycb, a KoponbJ].a HMM KHyT- noMepaHM/0 ( 1031 r.).

1034-1040 rr. 50Pb5A 3A nPECTOJlOHACJlEAHE. 5paTMcnas I, Koponb 5oreMMM, 3axsaTMn CMne3MtO ( 1038 r .) M speMeHHO KpaKOB ( 1039 r.). 1 EorcMHSI, BcHrptm, MopaBllSI, XopsaTM 11 EoJJrapwSI B OTL\CJJbHb!C CTaTbH HC BblHCCCHbl 11 y ITOMllHaiOTCS! TOJibKO B pa3ACJiaX, noCBH!l\CHHbiX 11pyr11M rocygapCTBaM. MHoro<rHCJJemme BOiiHbl 3 THX He60Jibiiii1X CTpaH He I!Me!lll cymecTBeHHOfO BOeHHOfO Hill! IICTOp11qecKOro 3Ha<reHHS! (rrpHMe <r.

3 . 11 T.

)J,IOITIDH).

1 058-1 079 rr. U.APCTBOBAHHE 5011ECJ1ABA II CMEJlOrO (cbrHa KaaHMHpa I). CMnbHbti1 M 3HeprM'iHbtilt npaBMTenb, 5onecnas /1,88)/(/l,bt Hey/l,a'iHO nbtTanCR sepHYTb n0/1, CB0/0 Bfl8CTb 5oreMMIO, HO 38TO ycnewHo oTBoesan BepxH/010 CnosaKM/0( 1061-1063 rr.). 0H/l,B8)/(/l,bt 38HMMan KMes ( 1069 M 1078 rr.) M OTsoesan '-lepsoHHY/0 Pycb. flMwMnCR npecTona s pe3ynbTaTe 3arosopa apMCTOKp8TOB. B 40-70-x ro.[(ax XI seKa, rrocne 6ecrrom:aAHOro rro.[(aBJieHHH <Peo.[(aJiaMH KpCCTbHHCKOrO BOCCTaHHH 1037-1038 rO.[(OB, KHH~ecKaH BJiaCTb B llOJibiiie HeCKOJibKO ycHJIHJiaCb. HarryraHHbre soccTaHHeM <Peo.[(aJibi BpeMeHHO CIIJIOTHJIHCb BOKpyr KHH3H, CTpeMHCb HCIIOJib30BaTb CHJIY ueHTpaJibHOH BJiaCTH .[(JIH .[(aJibHeHIIICrO 3aKpcrrom:cHHH KpCCTbllH. TaK o6CTOHJIO J],eJio rrpu Ka3HMHpe I BoccTaHOBHTeJie u ero CbiHe - Eonecnase II CMeJioM. B 3TO speMH Me~AyHapoJJ.HOe rroJIO~eHHe IIonbmH ynyLJmHJIOCb. 11cIIOJib30BaB 6oph6y HMrrepaTopa feHpHxa TV c nanoi1 fpuropHeM VTI, ilOJibiiia OCB060)J,HJiaCb OT IIO)J,'IHHeHHH fepMaHcKoi1 HMrrepHH. ITono~e足 HHe Eonecnasa II yKperrunocb HaCTOJibKO, 'ITO B 1076 ro.[(y OH rrpHHHJI KoponescKHH nnyn. BHeiiiHHH nonuTHKa Eonecnasa II B pa:JJ.e cny<J:aes CJIY~HJia arpeCCHBHbiM IIJiaHaM pHMCKOH KypuH. B 1069 roey Eonecnas II cosepmHJI noxoA Ha KHeB H nocaAHJI Ha BeJIHKOKHH~eCKHH rrpeCTOJI CBOero pOJJ.CTBeHHHKa 113HCJiaBa, paHee H3rHaHHoro KHeBJIHHaMH. B Kn:ese rrOJibCKHe soi1cKa cosepmaJIH rpa6e~H H HaCHJIH.H )),0 TeX IIOp, IIOKa BOCCTaHHC KHCBJIHH He 3acTasuno Eonccnasa noKHHYTb Kn:es. B 1077 roJJ.y, nocne neperosopos c nancKHMH ne-

raTaMH, DOJieCJiaB BTOpH<IHO IIOMOr I13HCJiaBy 3aHHTb KHeBCKHM BeJIHKOKHH~eCKHH rrpeCTOJI. YCHJIHBIIIaHCH IIOJibCKaH 3HaTb THrOTHJiach npasJieHHeM Eonecnasa. KpyrrHbre <Peo.[(aJibi, TaK Ha3biBaeMbre MO~HOBJia)J,Ubi, OKpemrme 3KOHOMH<J:eCKH n: noJIHTH<IecKH, He HY~AaJIHCb 6oJiee B CHJibHOH KHH~eCKOH BJiaCTH. ITpoTHB Eonecnasa II 6bur cocTasneH 3arosop, IIOMep~aHHbiH HMrrepn:ei1 H lfexueii. Ha rrpecTOJI 6hlJI B03Be.[(eH 6paT Eonecnasa - BJiaL(HCJiaB I repMaH ( 1079-1102 rr. ), rrpH KOTOpOM I1oJibiiiei1 npasuna He6oJibiiiaH rpynna MO~HOBJiaJJ;UeB. <l>eO.[(aJibHbie yco6HUbi OCJia6JIHJIH rocyrJ;apCTBO, H OHO HaLJaJio pacrra)J,aThCH Ha OTJJ.eJihHhre <Peo.[(aJihHbre sna.[(eHHH.

1079-1102 rr.

nEPHOA

YnAAKA.

11 02-1138 rr. U.APCTBOBAHHE 5011ECJ1ABA Ill KPHBOYCTOrO. CMnbHbti1 npasMTenb MxopowMi1 BOeH8'i8flbHMK, OH 0Tp83Mfl BTOp)f(eHMe a CMne3MtO HeMeu,Koro MMnepaTopa leHpMxa V M HaHec

BOli1HA on~Tb CTAHOBV1TC~ V1CKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rr.

nOAbWA B

XII -

nEPBOA noAOBHHE

Xlll e.

\.__ ..

~~~)

·~ tl1 't

Kom6gc .t;

-;, c ;~ 1-t

---=-•

416'R Jj·... f:.~:.~ .~.

·..

-t ':

06l!!a.R rpaHli!!B OOAb. Ct<llx 3eldeAb np11 ooAecAa· Be l1l f<pHBOyCTOM (1< 1138 r.) YAeA aeMst<oro KH.R3.R no CTaTyTy '--- -..J. 6oAec.~~asa Ill (1138 r.) - - - - - fpaHH!Jbl yAeAOB 11 3eMeAb - - HanpasAeHilll noxo.c~os HeMei!KIIx KpecTO Hoc· yes a 1147 r .--- -..,, Tepp11TOpH.R 3ana.c~aoro n oMOpb.R, CTa8W311 ' - - -- - ' AeHHbJM 8A3AeHIJeM repM3HCKOfO 11MilepaTOpa

.-----,1

a 1181 r . .----..,, XcAMHHCK3R seMIIII, nepeAaaHal! llOAbCKHMH '-----'· cpeoAaAa~m T esTOHCKO My OpAeHy a 1226 r. TeppHTOpH!! .I\J06ywcKoll 3eMAII, 3axsa'leHHall '----...l. MapKrpacpCTSOM 6pa11AeH6ypr

TOMY nopa)l(eHue B 6uree no.a lnoryeoM (HeM. lnoray unu XyH,accpenb,a), eo3ne Bpo1.1naea (HeM. bpecnay; 1109r.) Ha peKe O.apa (HeM. O.aep). OH OTBOeBan noMepaHM/0, o,aep)I(8B COKPYWMTeflbHY/0 no6e,ay B 6uree npu HaKno ( 1109 r.), u no.aaeun noMepaHcKoe BOCCT8HUe, B03m8BfleHHOe KHR3eM Bapl.lucnaeoM M3 lll,eLtMHa (HeM. WrerruH; 1119-1124 rr.). O,aHaKo ero nonbiTKM BTOp)l(eHUfl B bOTeMU/0 u BeHrpuJO ( 1132-1135 rr.) K ycnexy He npueenu.

:ll

..•...·

P. 60

HHe <J:>eO,AaJII>HaH pa3,Ap06JieHHOCTb

120 ...

poro BXOAHJIH KpaKOBCKaSI, Cepa,A3h-

noJiy~Jia B TaK Ha3hiBaeMoM CTaryre

CKaSI H JleHqHUKaH 3eMJIH, qacTb Ky-

(1138 r. ).

llBHH c ropo,AOM KpyiiiBHUeit H qacTh

cTaryry IloJibCKoe

BeJIHKoit IloJibiiiH c KaJIHIIIeM H

BoJiecJiaBa KpHsoycToro CorJiacHo 3TOMY

rocy,AapcTBO 6hiJIO Pa3AeJieHo MeJK-

fHe3HO. IlpaBa y,AeJibHhiX KHSI3eit

III.

IlpH

6biJIH orpaHHqeHhl BJiaCTb!O BeJIHKO-

g('()J\1 CTapiiiHit ChiH- BJia,AHCJI3B

II-

ro KHll3ll.

AY ChiHOBhllMH BoJiecJiaBa

noJiyqHJI CHJie3HIO, MeiiiKO- 6oJib-

IlpH xapaKTepHOit,AJill TOro Bpe-

IIIYIO qacTh BeJIHKoit IloJibiiiH c Ilo-

MeHH CJia60CTH 3KOHOMHqecKHX

3HaHhiO H qacTb KyaBHH, BoJiecJiaB

CBSI3eit Me)f()J,y O'I)J,eJibHhiMH o6JiaC-

KyApllBhiit- Ma30BHIO, a feHpHx-

TllMH IloJibCKoro rocy,AapcTBa ycH-

CaHAOMHpccyiO H Jli06JIHHCKYIO 3eM-

JieHHe <J:>eo,AaJibHOit 3HaTH npHBeJIO

JIH. CTaryT ycTaHaBJIHBaJI npHHUHn

K llOJIHTHqecKOMY pa3,!l,p06JieHHIO.

ceHbopaTa. CTapiiiHit B po,Ae noJiyqan sepxoBHYIO BJiaCTh c THTYJIOM

Ho HecMoTpll Ha 3KOHOMHqecKoe H noJIHTHqecKoe o6oco6JieHHe oT-

III

BeJIHKoro KHSI3ll. Ero CTOJIHUeit SIB-

,AeJibHhiX o6JiacTeit, cpeAH HapoA-

IlOJII>IIIa OKOHqaTeJII>HO BCTYflHJia B

JISIJICll KpaKoB. IloMHMO co6cTBeH-

HhiX Mace He Hcqe3JIO C03HaHHe e,AHH-

nepHOA <J:>eo,AaJII>HOit pa3,Ap06JieHHO-

Horo YAeJia, oH noJiyqan eiiie BeJIH-

CTBa llOJibCKHX 3eMeJII>, e,AHHCTBa

CTH. Csoe IOPHAHqecKoe o<J:>opMJie-

KOKHSI)KeCKHit YAeJI, B COCTaB KOTO-

noJibCKoit Hapo,AHOCTH. C,Apyroit em-

IlocJie cMepTH BoJiecJiaBa

BOCTOLJHA~ pmru, ITepno.a: cpeo,a:arrbHOH pa3,a:po6JieHHocm 6biJI BpeMeHeM ITOJIIIm'IecKoro yiTa,a:Ka IIoJibiiiii. Pa3,a:po6n eHHaH ITOJIIITII'IeCKII IIoJibiiia He Morna ITpOTIIBOCTOH'Ib Hll arpeCCllli repMaHCKliX cpeo,a:aJIOB, Hll HaiiieCTBliiO TaTapo-MOHrOJIOB.

1138-1200 rr. nEP1110A Yn.AAKA. Anb6epT MeABBAb, MapKrparp 5paH,lleH6yprcKvri1I, vr leHpvrx flea, repu,or CaKcoHcKvriii, Me,llfleHHO, HO BepHO OTTBCHf/flllr nOflf/KOB Ha BOCTOK sa Bvrcny; a ,llaT'IaHe, npvr Kopone Banb,lleMape I BenvrKoM vr envrcKoneaovrTene A6canoHe, saxaaTvrnvr 5anTvri1IcKoe no6epe)l(be.

IIoCTOHHHble yco6Hl(bl II3-3a BeJIIIKOKHIDKecKoro CTOJia Me)K):ly CbiHOBb5IMII EonecnaBa III KpnBoycTOro ITpiiBeJIII K TIDKeJibiM ITOCJie):{CTBliHM ):{JIH IIoJibiiiii. 3m yco6IIU:bl coBITaJIII c yciiJieHIIeM arpeccnn repMaHCKIIX cpeo,a:anoB ITPOTIIB ITona6cKo-ITpn6anTIIHCKIIX CJiaBHH. B 1157 ro.a:y MapKrpacp fllJib6pexT ~e,a:Be,a:b OBJia,a:en EpaHII6opoM- Ba)l(HbiM CTpaTern'IeCKIIM ITyHKTOM y rpaHHl( IIoJibiiiii, II B TOM )l(e 1157 ro.a:y repMaHCKllll IIMITepaTOp <Dpn.a:pnx I Eap6apocca ITpe,a:ITpiiHHJI ITpOTliB Hee ITOXO):{. B 6opb6e c repMaHCKIIM IIMITepaTOpoM ITOJibCKIIe KH5I3b5I ITOTepiTeJIII Hey,a:a'Iy. B 60-70-x ro,a:ax XII BeKa 6biJIO 3aBepiiieHO ITO):{'IIIHeHIIe ITOJia6CKO-ITpii6aJimllCKliX CJiaBHH repMaHCKliMli cpeo,a:anaMII. Ha 3aXBa'IeHHOHIIMII cJiaBHHCKOll 3eMJie o6pa3oBanocb rocy,a:apCTBO EpaH,a:eH6ypr, KOTOpoe BeJIO arpeCCliBHYIO ITOJIIImKy. 3TO yxy,a:IIIIIJIO Me)l():{yHapOJJ:HOe ITOJIO)l(eHIIe cpeo,a:arrbHO pa3,a:po6JieHHOll IIoJibiiiii. B caMoM TH)l(eJioM COCTOHHllli OKa3aJIIICb 3aiTa):{Hble ITOJibCKIIe 3eMJIII - IIoMopbe II CnJie3IIH. B 1181 ro,a:y KHH3b 3arra,a:Horo IIoMopbH ITpii3HaJI ce6H BaccarroM repMaHcKoro IIMITepaTOpa. ~e)l(,a:y Hapo,a:Hoe ITOJIO)l(eHIIe ITOJibCKliX 3eMeJib OC06eHHO pe3KO yxyJJ:IIIIIJIOCb ITocne ITOHBJieHII5I B IIpn6arrTIIKe TeBTOHCKoro op,a:eHa, KOTOpbiH6biJI ITpiirJiaiiieH B IIoJibiiiY B 1226 ro,a:y Ma30BeU:KIIM KHH3eM KoHpa,a:oM, pacc'IllTbiBaBIIIIIM Ha ITOMOII(b op,a:eHa B 6opb6e c ITpyccaMII.

EBPOnA

PYCb 8 paccMaTpvraaeMbtiii nepvro,ll Havr6onee npvrMe'laTenbHbtMvr rpvrrypaMvr pyCCKOM IIFCTOPIIFIIF f/Bflf/fliiFCb ,llBOe BBfliiFKIIFX KHf/3BM KIIFBBCKIIFX: Bna,llvrMvrp CBf/TOiii ( vrnvr KpacHoe ConHbtWKO) vr ero CbtH flpocnaa MyAPbtiii. 0Hvr vr vrx npf/Mbte noTOMKvr npaavrnvr Ha Pycvr B o6L1.4ei1I cno)I(HOCTM nO'ITIIF Tpllr BeKa. B XI BeKe Ha Pycn Ha'IaJICH ITpou:ecc pa3BIITII5I cpeo,a:aJibHbiX oTHoiiieHIIH. B pe3yJibTaTe 9Toro ITpou:ecca .a:peBHepyccKoe rocy.a:apcTBo paciTanocb Ha y.a:eJibi, ,a:eJIIIJIOCb II ITo,a:pa3,a:eJI5IJIOCb Me)l():{y ITOTOMKaMII 3aBOeBaTeJiell, 6biJIO pa3,a:npaeMo cpeo,a:arrbHbiMII BOHHaMII II Te pHJIO U:eJible o6JiaCTli BCJie):{CTBIIe liHTe pBeHU:IIII coce,a:HIIX Hapo,a:oB. Bo BTOpoil ITOJIOBIIHe XI BeKa B ,a:peBHepyccKoM rocy.a:apcTBe yciiJIIIJICH ITpou:ecc pa3BIImH cpeo,a:aJibHbiX OTHOIIIeHIIH. POCJIOKpyiiHoeBOT'IliHHOe 3eMJieBJia):{eHIIe, yciiJIIIBaJIOCb 3aKpeiToru:eHne cMep,a:oB, IIIeJI ITpou:ecc9KOHOMII'IecKoil,IToJIIITII'IecKoil II BOeHHoil.a:eu:eHTparrn3aU:llli. Pa3BIIBaJIIIcb HOBble 9KOHOMII'IeCKIIe II ITOJIIIm'IeCKIIe u:eHTpbi: Cy3JJ:aJib, PoeTOE, Bna,a:nMIIp II .a:pyrne. ll3MeHeHII5I 9KOHOMII'IeCKliX II o6Il(eCTBeHHbiX OTHOIIIeHIIll OKa3aJIII BJiliHHIIe Ha ITOJiliTII'IeCKllll CTpOH .a:peBHepyccKoro rocy,a:apcTBa. YcnJIIIJIOCb 3Ha'IeHIIe CTapiiieil,a:p~IIHbi KH5I35I, C KOTOpOll OH 6biJI o65I3aH «JJ:YMaTh», B03pOCJia pOJib Be'Ie, '!aCTO BMeiiiiiBaBIIIerocH TeiTepb B ,a:ena yrrpaBJieHIIH, a IIHor,a:a ITpiirJiaiiiaBIIIero IIJIII ITporoHHBIIIero KHH3H. BnacTb KH5I35I OCJia6Jia, a BeJIIIKOKHIDKeCKaH BJiaCTb CTaHOBIIJiaCb HOMliHaJibHOll. K XII BeKy Ha TeppiiTopllli ,a:peBHepyccKoro rocy.a:apCTBa 6biJIO y)l(e 12 OT):{eJibHbiX CaMOCTOHTeJibHbiX KHH)l(eCTB: KneBcKoe, C!epHnroBcKoe, CMoJieHcKoe, PH3aHCKoe, PocToBoCy3,a:aJibCKoe II .a:pyrne . IIpou:ecc ITOJIIIm'IecKoro .a:po6neHII5I rocy.a:apcTBa YCIIJIIIBaJICH Cyll(eCTBOBaBIIIliM ITOpMKOM HaCJie):{OBaHII5I KHIDKeCTB, ITpeBpall(aBIIIliXCH B HaCJie):{CTBeHHble y.a:eJibi.

61 HeKoTOpbie ropo,a:a, HBJI5IBIIIIIecH KPYIIHbiMII ToproBbiMli, ITpOMbiCJIOBbiMll II peMeCJieHHbiMli U:eHTpaMII, B ITOJIIIm'IeCKOM OTHOIIIeHIIli o6oco6JIHJiliCb. TaKOBbiMII 6biJIII HoBropo,a:, IIcKoB II .a:pyrne. B 9TIIX ropo.a:ax CIIJibHO B03pOCJia poJib Be'Ie, KOTOpoe ITO CBOell cpopMe 5IBJI5IJIOCb opraHOM Hapo):{OITpaBCTBa, HO ITO cyru:ecTBy 6biJIO opy.a:HeM B PYKax 6oHp II KyiiUOB, opy):{lleM 6opb6bl IIX pa3Jill'IHbiX rpyrriiiipoBoK. Be'Ie CIIJibHO orpaHII'IIIBaJio BJiaCTb KH5I35I, '!aCTO BbiiTOJIHHBIIIero TeiTepb Jiliiiib cl:JYHKU:llll o6bl'IHoro BoeHa'IaJibHIIKa. TeiTepb Ha Be'Ie KH5I3b Mor ycJibiiiiaTh: «Tbi, KHIDKe, HaM 6oJibiiie He JII06, liJJ:li Ty.a:a, oTKy.a:a ITpliiiiem>. B ITepno,a: cpeo,a:arrbHOll pa3,a:po6JieHHocrn Pycb, ocTaBaHcb KpyiiHoil eBpOITellCKOll CTpaHOll, He IIMeJia e):{llHOll rocy,a:apCTBeHHOll BJiacm, KOTOpaH BeJia 6bl 06Il(yiO ):{JIH BCell CTpaHbi BHeiiiHIOIO ITOJIIImKy. B cepeJJ:IIHe XII BeKa pyccKIIe KHH3bH BCTyrraJIII B COI03Hble OTHOIIIeHII5I C rocy,a:apcTBaMII, KOTOpbie BXO):{liJili BO B3aliMHO Bpa)l(,a:e6Hble KoaJIHl(IIII. Coo6ru:eHIIH o BOHHax 9TOro ITepno,a:a liHTepeCHbi TeM, 'ITO B HliX IIMeiOTCH CBe,a:eHIIH 0 6oeBbiX ITOpMKax pyccKoil pam II na,a:ell:Hoil cpnomJIIIII. TaK, B 1024 ro,a:y B pe3yJibTaTe Me)K):loyco6Hoil 6opb6bl RpocnaBa II ~cmcJiaBa ITpOII30IIIeJI 6oll: y JliiCTBeHa, He,a:arreKo oT C!epHIIroBa. C Be'Iepa ~CTliCJiaB ITOCTpOIIJI 6oeBoil ITOPMOK cBoeil pam. B «'len e », T. e. B U:eHTpe, HaxO):{IIJiliCb «BOll» CeBepHH ('IepHIIrOBU:bi ), Ha «KpbiJibHX», T.e. Ha cpnaHrax, paciTOJIO)l(liJiaCb ,a:py)l(IIHa ~CmCJiaBa, pa3,a:eJieHHa5I Ha ):{Be '!acm. Becb 6oeBoil ITOP5IJJ:OK COCTOHJI ll3 Tpex 'IaCTell: «'IeJia» II JJ:BYX «KpbiJibeB». 3TO 6biJI TaK Ha3biBaeMblll «ITOJI'IHblll PM», Ha cpnaHrax KOTOporo 6biJia ITOCTaBJieHa JlY'J:IIIaH 'IaCTb pam. Y RpocnaBa 6biJia BapiDKCKaH .a:py)l(IIHa ITO):{ KOMaH):{OBaHIIeM CJieiToro BOeHa'IaJibHIIKa. Ho'IbiO pa3pa3IIJiacb CIIJibHaH 6ypH. ~cmcJiaB peiiiiiJI BHe3aiiHO HaITaCTb Ha Bpara II aTaKOBaTb BapHrOB. 3aBH3aJicH 6oll: . BapHrii ITpOHBIIJIII CTOllKOCTh, CeBepHHe HeCJili 60Jibiiiiie ITOTepli.

BOli1HA on~Tb CTAHOBV1TC~ V1CKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rr. Momo B Ha<JaJie

XIII

BeKa 6oJirap-

CKOMY uap10 MBaHY AceHIO

O,LJ,aJibHbie pac11pH KHJI3ett, KOTOphle

HJTb 11pecToJI. PyccKHe KHH3b.ll cl1o-

He 11peKpaiUaJIHCb ,LJ,a)f(e TOr,LJ,a, Koma

co6cTBOBaJIH ycHJieHHIO 1103HUHH Ma-

B cTpaHy BTOpraJIHCb BparH. Ko<JeB-

30BeUKHX KHJI3ett B IlOJibllle. Il03)f(e

HHKH-110JIOBUhl, 3aHHB CeBepHoe

Ma30BeUKHe KH.ll3b.ll HeKOTOpoe Bpe-

IlpH'IepHOMOpbe, COBepiiiaJIH onyc-

M.ll HaxO,LJ,HJIHCb B BaCCaJII>HOtt 3aBH-

TOIIIHTeJibHhle Ha6erH Ha IOiKHhle pyc-

CHMOCTH OT PycH.

CpalKeHHe y nHCTSeHa B 1024 r. Tor,LJ,a McTHCJiaB ABHHYJI CBOIO

ee TeppHTOpHH CUOC06CTBOB3JIH <f>e-

Bep-

CKHe 3eMJIH, YBOAHJIH B 11JieH H npo-

0-menbHbie KHJI)f(eCTBa PycH pac-

AaBaJIH B pa6cTBO pyccKoe Hacene-

110JiaraJIH 3Ha'IHTeJibHhlMH BOopy-

HHe. OHM no,L~,pbiBaJIH ToproBbie H

)f(eHHhlMH CHJiaMH, KOTOphle cyMeJIH

110JIHTH<JecKHe CBH3H PycH c IlpH'Iep-

APY)f(HHY, KOTopaa CTaJia oxBaThiBaTI>

OT6HTh, a 'IaCTH'IHO H 110,Ll,'IHHHTh no-

HOMopbeM H CTPaHaMH BocTOKa. 3To

<f>JiaHrn BapHroB. 3TO peiiiHJIO HCXOA

JIOBUeB. IlpaBHTeJIH BH3aHTHH, BeH-

11pHBeJIO K yTpaTe Pyci>IO ee BJia,qe-

6oH . .HpocJiaB c

HHtt Ha CeBepHoM KasKase, a TaK)f(e

ocTaTKaMH APY)f(HHI>I

rpHH, IloJII>IIIH, fepMaHHH H Apyrnx

6e)f(aJI B HoBropo,LJ,. BnocJieACTBHH

cTpaH CTPeMHJIHCb KAHHaCTH'IeCKHM

K 110Tepe TaMaHCKoro 11oJiyocTpoBa

6paThli ilOMHpHJIHCI>, C,LJ,eJiaB ,[{Henp

CB.ll3liM C pyccKHMH KHli3b.llMH, OC06eHHO C CHJlbHettiiiHMH H3 HHX-

H qacTH KphlMa, 3axBa'IeHHhlX BH3aHTHett. Ha 3ana,qe BeHrepcKHe <f>eo,LJ,a-

TeM He MeHee HaH6oJiee KpynHhle

BJia)l.HMHpo-cy:maJibCKHMH H raJIHU-

Jihl 3axBaTHJIH Kap11aTcKyiO Pycb.

pyccKHe KHll)f(eCTBa OKa3hlB3JIH cyme-

KO-BOJlhlHCKHMH. CJiyXH 0 COKpOBH-

B IlpH6aJITHKe 3eMJIH JiaThliiiett H 3C-

CTBeHHOe BJIHHHHe Ha cy,LJ,I>6hl coce,LJ,-

max PycH nopa)f(aJIH Boo6pa)f(eHHe

TOHUeB 110113JIH 110A

cpe,L~,HeBeKOBhlX XpOHHCTOB <l>paH-

H ,LJ,aTCKHX <f>eO,LJ,aJIOB, a 3eMJIH <f>HH-

UHH, fepMaHHH H AHmHH.

HOB H KapeJI- 110A

rpaHHUett CBOHX BJia)l.eHHtt.

HHX CTPaH. Eme B

1091

ro,LJ,y, Koma

BH3aHTHH HCKaJia BCIOAY 110MOIUH npoTHB TIOpOK-<:eJII>,Ll,:lK)'KOB H 11e'IeHeroB,

PyccKHe 11yTeiiieCTBeHHHKH no-

y,L~,ap

HeMeUKHX IIIBe,LJ,CKHX.

XIII BeKe MOHroJibCKoe HaiiieCTBHe

OHa ilOJIY'IHJia BOeHHYIO ilOMep)KKJ

6biBaJIH B pa3HhlX cTpaHax. TaK, HOB-

npHBeJIO K 3aBOeBaHHIO, pasopeHHIO

OT KHH3ll raJIHUKoro BacHJII>KO. Boo6-

ropoACKHtt 6o.llpHH ,[{o6ph1Hll 5J:,L~,pett

H pac'IJleHeHHIO caMott PycH.

me )f(e pyccKHe KHH3I>ll 3aHHMaJIH 110

KOBH'I noceTHJI B Ha<JaJie

BeKa

M3MeHeHHe 110JIHTH<JecKoro ycT-

OTHOIIIeHHIO K uepKOBHOMY UeHTpy

BH3aHTHIO. OH ocTaBHJI HHTepecHoe

pottcTBa ApeBHepyccKoro rocy,L~,ap

11paBOCJiaBHH- BH3aHTHH -

XIII

ropa3-

011HCaHHe ,Ll,OCT011pHMe'IaTeJII>HOCTett

CTBa

AO 6oJiee He3aBHCHMYIO 1103HUHIO,

CTpaHI>I. llepHHroBCKHtt HryMeH ,[{a-

paKTepa Boopy)f(eHHott opraHH3auHH.

qeM Apyme eBponettcKHe rocy,L~,ap

HHHJI 1106biB3Jl B IlaJieCTHHe H TaK)f(e

IlpH 3TOM eme coxpaHHJIHCb 11pe-

CTBa 110 OTHOIIIeHHIO K UeHTPY KaTO-

011HCaJI CBOe nyTeiiieCTBHe, COBep-

)f(HHe opraHH3aUHOHHbie <f>opMhl,

JIH'IeCTBa- PHMY.

011pe,L~,eJIHJIO

H H3MeHeHHe xa-

IIIeHHOe BCKOpe 110CJie nepBoro Kpe-

a CO,LJ,ep)f(aHHe BOeHHOro ycTpOttCTBa

Ila11cKaH eypHH cTpeMHJiacb BOB-

CTOBOro 110XO,LJ,a. JleTOI1HCH H,Ll,pyrne

y)f(e cymecTBeHHO H3MeHHJIOCb.

Jie'Ib Pycb B op6H1)' cBoett 110JIHTH-

11aMHTHHKH noKa3biBaiOT xopoiiiyiO

IlepBOtt H OCHOBHOtt <JaCThiO BO-

KH, HO HaH60Jiee,LJ,aJibHOBH,Ll,Hhle 11an-

OCBe,LJ,OMJieHHOCTI> pyccKHX JIIO,LJ,ett 0

opy)f(eHHOtt opraHH3aUHH no-11pe-

CKHe 3MHCCaphl y)f(e TOr,LJ,a BH,LJ,eJIH He-

p.a,L~,e cTpaH EBp011bi H A3HH. TeM He MeHee Me)f(,!J,yHapo,L~,Hoe

)f(H eMy 6 hlJla KHJI)f(ecKaa APYA<HHa, H o

c6biTO'IHOCTb 3THX Ha)l.e'A<A. TaK, Ha 3a11pOC O,Ll,HOrO H3 H,LJ,eOJIOroB BOHH-

110JIO)f(eHHe PycH B nepHOA <f>eo,LJ,aJib-

a npeBpaTHJiaCb B KHll)f(eCKHtt «ABOp»,

CTBYIOIUero KaTOJIHUH3Ma- BepHa-

Hott pa3,L~,p06JieHHOCTH 3Ha'IHTeJibHO

B OTPM Boopy)f(eHHbiX cJiyr. TaKHe

OHa He COCTaBJI.llJla«BOJII>HbiX CJiyr»,

pa K.JiepBOCCKOro- 0 B03MOiKHOCTH

yxyAIIIHJIOCb. 3TO OTMe'IaJIH COBpe-

APY)f(HHbi cJiyr, a He «BOHHHHKOB»,

BHe,L~,peHHH Ha PycH KaTOJIH'IeCTBa

MeHHHKH-11y6JIHUHCThl. B «CJioBe o

.llBJIHJIHCb o11opott B ocymecTBJieHHH

KpaKoBCKHtt ei1HCKOI1 MaTBett B cepe-

nom6eJIH PyccKott 3eMJIH», co:maH-

KHli3bliMH Ce11apaTHCTCKOtt UOJIHTH-

AHHe

XII BeKa 11HCaJI, 'ITO

«pyccKHtt

HOM B 11epBott 110JIOBHHe

XIII

BeKa,

KH, B 3aKpe11JieHHH 110JIHTH'IeCKOtt H

Hapo,L~,, CBOett MHOrO'IHCJieHHOCTbiO

011HChlBaeTC.ll KpaCOTa H 6oraTCTBO

no,LJ,o6Hhltt 3Be:maM, He )f(eJiaeT coo6-

PycH H B TO )f(e BpeMH c TpeBorott

BTOpyiO qacTh <f>eo,LJ,aJibHoro Bott-

pasoBaTbCH HH C JiaTHHCKOtt, HH C rpe-

roBOpHTC.ll 06 OCJia6JieHHH ee Me)f(-

cKa COCTaBJI.llJIH UOJIKH H paTH 6o.ap -

qecKOtt uepKOBbiO».

AYHapO,Ll,HOrO 3Ha'IeHHH. IlpolllJlH Te

PyccKHe KHH3b.ll ru-.--rHBHO BMeiiiH-

rocy,L~,apH

3er.meBJia)l.eJibUeB. Bo.ape-BOT<JHHHH-

coce,LJ,HHX

KH 11pHBO,LJ,HJIH 110,Ll,'IHHeHHhlX HM JIIO-

BaJIHCb B Me)f(,!J,yHapO,Ll,Hhle OTHOIIIe-

CTpaH TpeneTaJIH OT O,Ll,HOrO HMeHH

,LJ,ett, KOTOphlX OHM BOOpJ)KaJIH H CHa6-

HHli cBoero BpeMeHH. BJia,qHMHpo-

PycH, Kor,LJ,a BH3aHTHttCKHtt HM11epa-

)£(3JIH. 3To 6h1Jla HeHa)l.e'A<HaH qacTh

cy~aJibCKHe

TOp, Ol1aCruiCb KHeBCKOro BeJIHKOro

H COI03Hhle HM raJIHUKHe

BpeMeHa, Koma

BOeHHOtt ,LJ,eUeHTpaJIH3auHH.

,L~,aphl

110ChlJ13Jl K

BOitCKa, TaK KaK 6o.ape 110Jlb30BaJIHCb «OThe~a>>,

KHli3bli ilOMeJY'A<HBaJIH ,Ll,HilJIOMaTH<Je-

KHli3.ll, «BeJIHKHH

CKHe OTHOIIIeHHli C BH3aHTHett, a HX

HeMy», KOr,LJ,a HeMeUKHe phlUapH pa-

JIIO,LJ,bMH MOrJIH B JII06oe BpeMJI yttTH

npOTHBHHKH- BOJlhlHCKHe KH.ll3bll-

,Ll,OBaJIHCb, 'ITO OHM HaxO,LJ,liTC.ll ,LJ,aJie-

K ,Ll,pyroMy KHli3IO.

c BeHrpHett. BottcKo raJIHUKHX KHH-

KO «3a CHHHM MOpeM».

11paBOM

T. e. CO CBOHMH

fopoACKHe 110JIKH 6hlJIH TPeTI>ett

3ett CO,LJ,ettCTBOBaJIO yKpe11JieHHIO

0cJia6JieHHIO BHeiiiHenOJIHTH'IeC-

<JaCThiO BOeHHOtt <f>eO,LJ,aJibHOtt opra-

BToporo BoJirapcKoro uapcTBa H no-

KOro 110JIO)f(eHHH PycH, coKpameHHIO

HH3aUHH. 06h!'IHO OHM C06HpaJIHCb

BOCTO~ HAs:l

EBPOnA

no perneHHIO Beqa Ha onpe,AeJieHHhJj;i

eTBo Meqej;i, ea6eJih, KOJihqyr YBeJIH-

epoK. EeJIH Beqe He AaBaJio eomaeHSI

qHBaeTCSI. IloJiyqaiOT 6oJiee rnHpoKoe

6oJihrnoe 3HaqeHHe npHo6peTaeT HX B3aHMO_Aej;ieTBHe. BoJihrnee 3HaqeHHe

Ha nOXO,A, KHSI3h MOr Bep6oBaTh ,A06-

paenpoe1paHeHHe ea6JIH, 6oeBhle TO-

no epaBHeHHIO e npe:a<HHM BpeMeHeM

pOBOJlhl.leB.

nopbi-eeKHphl H MeTaTeJihHhle MalliH-

npHo6peTaeT 6oj;i MeTaTeJihHhiM opy-

Bee 3TH qaeTH Boj;ieKa <}>aKTHqee-

Hhi,AJISI o6eTpeJia npOTHBHHKaKaMHSI-

:a<HeM. IlOMHMO TII:lKeJIOj;i KOHHHI.Ihl,

KH 6hl.JIH aBTOHOMHhlMH. OreyTCTBO-

MH H 6oJihlliHMH eTpeJiaMH. HapSIAY

noJiyqaeT pa3BHTHe JierKaSI KOHHHI.Ia,

BaJIO e,AHHeTBO opraHH3al.IHH H BOopy-

e H3J{aBHa npHMeHSIBlliHMeSI JIYKOM

KoTOpaSI HHOr,Aa paenoJiaraJiaeh Bne-

:a<eHHSI. He 61>1Jio e,AHHoro KOMaH,AO-

nOSIBJISIIOTCSI eaMOe1peJihl, KOTOphle B

pe,AH neXOThl, o6e1peJIHBaSI npOTHBHH-

BaHHSI. Bee Bonpoehl eTpaTerHH H

AaJihHej;irneM noJiyqaiOT rnHpoKoe

Ka H3 JIYKOB. HeeMOTpSI Ha Bee 3TO,

TaKTHKH pelliaJIHeh Ha eOBeTe KHSI3ej;i

paenpoeTpaHeHHe.

HeXOA epa:a<eHHSI, KaK H npe:a<,Ae, pe-

H BOeBOA ropO,AOBhlX nOJIKOB. IlpHHSI-

BoeBoj;i nopSIAOKTaK:a<e no,ABepra-

lliaJieSI pyKonalliHOj;i exBaTKOj;i.

Thle perneHHSI He 6biJIH o6SI3aTeJihHhi-

eTeSI H3MeHeHHIO. B

XI-XII BeKax oH

0'IJl,eJihHhle qaeTH 6oeBoro nopSIA-

MH,AJISI Beex, MHOrHe KHSI3hSI_Aej;ieTBO-

paeqneHSieTCSI no <}>pOHTY H B my6H-

Ka- epe,AHHHhlj;i nOJIK (l.leHTp ), KOTOphlj;i 6biJI OeTOBOM Beero noeTpoe-

BaJIH no eBoeMy yeMoTpeHHIO. KaK

HY (no noJIKaM). Iloe1poeHHe Boj;ieK

npaBHJio, oTeyTeTBOBaJIO e,AHHeTBO

B ,ABe JIHHHH eTaHOBHTeSI 06hlqHhiM

HHSI, IIOJIKH, eoeTaBJISIBIIIHe npaBOe H

,Aej;ieTBHj;i. ITo eBoeMy eyrn:eeTBY 3TO 6hiJIO <}>eo,AaJihHoe Boj;ieKo. Bo3HHK-

SIBJieHHeM. B eBSI3H e paeqneHeHHeM

JieBOe KphlJlhSI, H nOJIKH nepe,AOBhle,

6oeBOf'O noeTpOeHHSI Ha nOJIKH, KOTO-

paenoJiaraSieh B 6oeBoM nopSI,AKe, o6-

lliaSI BO BpeMeHa BOeHHOj;i ,AeMOKpa-

phle qaeTO eaMOeTOSITeJihHO BhlnOJIHSI-

pa30BhiBaJIH my6oKyiO JIHHHIO -

THH ,AeeSITHqHaSJ: BOeHHaSI opra.HH3a-

JIH Te HJIH HHhle TaKTHqeeKHe 3a,z:J,aqH,

«eTeHy».

l.IHSI 3aMeHSieTCSI B KHeBeKoj;i PyeH ApyrHM opraHH3al.IHOHHhiM ,AeJieHHeM. MeeTO eTapoj;i «ThleSJ:qH» 3aHHMaeT TeppHTOpHaJihHaSI e,AHHHI.Ia. CTaHOBHTeSI HHOj;i pOJih ThleSII.IKHX H eOTCKHX. Bo3HHKaiOT oTpaeJieBhle Be,AoMeTBa, B03rJiaBJISieMhle pa3JIHqHhiMH ABOpl.IOBhiMH qHHaMH. Ba:a<Hej;irnHMH ,ABOpl.IOBhiMH qHHaMH 6hl.JIH BOeBO,Aa, ,AOJI:lKHOeTh KOTOporo o6pa30BaJiaeh H3,AOJI:a<HOeTH ThleSII.IKOf'O, KOHIOlliHj;i, o6eeneqHBaiOI.l.IHj;i Boj;ieKO KOHeKHM eoeTaBOM, H MeqeHOllia, Be,AaBlliHj;i opy:a<HeM. 0TpSI,Ahl, npHBe,AeHHhle Ha noJie 6oSI O'I)J,eJihHhiMH KHSI3hSIMH H eo6paHHhle HMH B KaKOM-JIH60 ropo,Ae HJIH OKpyre, HOeHJIH Ha3BaHHe nOJIKOB. Ilpe:a<HHj;i «,AeeSITOK»- eaMaSI MeJIKaSI opraHH3al.IHOHHaSI e,AHHHI.Ia- e pa3BHTHeM <}>eO,AaJihHhlX OTHOllieHHj;i npeBparn:aeTeSI B HOBYIO opraHH3al.IHOHHYIO e,AHHHI.IY- «Konhe». IlpoHeXO,ASIT H3MeHeHHSI B po,Aax Boj;ieK H HX BoopyA<eHHH. C

BeKa

Bee 6oJihrnee 3HaqeHHe npHo6peTaeT KOHHHI.Ia. IlpH 3TOM HeJih3Sl 3a6hlBaTh,

pyeeKaSI nexoTa He eTaJia

npH,AaTKOM KOHHHI.Ihl, KaK 3TO 6hl.JIO B eTpaHax 3ana,z:J,Hoj;i EBponhl, H B nepHOA <}>eO,AaJihHOj;i pa3J{p06JieHHOeTH He yrpaTHJia eBoero eaMOeTOSITeJihHOf'O 3HaqeHHSI. B

XI-XII

BeKax B eBSI3H e AaJih-

Hej;irnHM pa3BHTHeM peMeeJieHHOf'O npOH3BO,AeTBa BOopy:a<eHHe pyeeKHX Boj;ieK eoBeprneHeTByeTeSI. KoJIHqe-

BoopY'f(eHI1e pyccKI1X BOI1Hoa: HaeMHI1K (IX-X BB.); 2- KHSIJKeCKI1~ .t\PYlKI1HHI1K (XII-XIII BB.); 3- KHSIJKeCKI1~ .t\PYlKI1HH11K(XII-XIII BB.)

aapSilKCKI1~

BOV1 HA on~Tb CTAHOB V1TC~ V1CKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rT.

Oco6eHHOCTII «pyccKoro 6om>,

CoJIYHCKHH

(XII B . )

roBopHJI o no-

Maxa. BJiaAHMHp BceBOJIOAOBH'I Mo-

(1053-1125 rr. )

Bbipa)KaBIIIIIeCH B TOM, 'ITO IIeXOTa

JIOBIIax: «B OIJ:HH MHr IIOJIOBeii 6JIH3-

HOMax

(TH)KeJiaH H JierKaH) He TepHeT CBOe-

KO, H BOT y)Ke HeT ero. C)];enaeT Ha-

IIIHHCH rocy)];apcTBeHHbiH ;c(eHTeJib H

Bbi;c(aiO-

ro 3Ha'IeHHH B 6mo, a no6e)];a IJ:OCTII-

egn H, CTpeMrJiaB, c noJIHbiMH PYKa-

IIOJIKOBOIJ:CII. )J;eHTeJibHOCTb ero IIpO-

raeTCH B3aHMO)];eHCTBHeM IIeXOTbi H

MH, XBaTaeTCH 3a IIOBO}:(bH, IIOHYKaeT

XO~J:HJia B ycnoBHHX BHYTpeHHHX ¢e-

KOHHHllbi H BCeX 'IaCTeH 6oeBoro IIO-

KOHH HOraMH H 6H'!OM H BHXpeM He-

onaJibHbiX BOHH, KHH)KeCKHX yco6HII,

pH)];Ka, TOT <lJaKT, 'ITO 6onee CJIO)KHbie

ceTCH nanee, KaK 6bi )KeJiaH nepernaTh

H B 6opb6e C KO'IeBHHKaMH-IIOJIOBIIa-

paC'IJieHeHHbie CTpOH IIOHBHJIHCb y

6hiCTPYIO IITHIIY · Ero eme He ycneJIH

MH. BJia~J:HMHp MoHoMax 6biJI peiiiH-

pyccKHX HaMHOrO paHbiiie, '!eM B

YBH;c(eTh, a oH y)K cKpbiJICH H3 rna3» .

TeJibHbiM CTOpOHHHKOM rocy;c(ap-

cTpaHax 3ana}:(HOH EBpOIIbi, CBH}:(e-

AHHa KoMHeH roBopHT, 'ITO 6oe-

CTBeHHOro e}:(HHCTBa PycH . CTaB B

TeJibcTByroT, 'ITO BOeHHOe HCKYCCTBO

BOH IIOpH}:(OK IIOJIOBIIeB COCTOHJI H 3

1113 rony KHeBCKHM KHH3eM, OH C}:(e-

KHeBCKOH PycH He TOJibKO He OTCTa-

OT}:(eJibHbiX OTpHIJ:OB H 'ITO C3a1J:H B

JiaJI IIOCJie}:(HIOIO IIOIIbiTKY 06be}:(H-

BaJio OT BOeHHoro HCKYCCTBa CTpaH

6oeBOM paCIIOJIO)KeHHH OHH paCIIOJia-

HHTh Pycb BOKpyr e;c(HHoro ueHTpa -

3ana)];HOH EBpOIIbi, HO H EO MHOrOM

raJIH CBOH pe3 epBbi.

npeBOCXO}:(HJIO ero.

KHeBa; 3TOH ero nonbiTKe He CYMIJ:e-

EbicTpory HX neHCTBHH H HeO)KH-

HO 6biJIO OCYliiCCTBHThCH, HO TeM He

;c(aHHOCTh Haiia}:(eHHH OTMe'IaiOT H

MeHee npennpHHHTble HM ycHJIHH no-

pyccKHe JieTOIIHCIIbi oTMe-

HaiiiH JieTOIIHCIIbi. IloJIOBllbi }:(OBOJib-

3BOJIHJIH co6paTh 3Ha'IHTeJibHbie BO-

TIIJIH HOBbie TaKTII'IeCKHe MOMeHTbi.

HO '!aCTO IIpHMeHHJIH 3 aCa)];bi. C ::noM

eHHbie CHJibi )];JIH 6opb6bi C BHeiiiHH-

rona B

IIeJibiO OHH BHa'IaJie 6pOCaJIHCbB aTa-

MH BparaMH PycH.

3eMJIIO EonrapcKyro «y3peiiia HaiiiH

KY, a 3aTeM 6bicTpo noBopa'IHBaJIH

KHeBCKHe KHH3bH He pa3 rpoMHJIH

CTOpO)KOBe IIOJIK»; BO-BTOpbiX, B 6oiO

KOHeH H HeCJIHCb Ha3 a)];, OCbiiiaH IIpO-

IIpOTHBHHKa Ha 3aHHMaeMOH HM TeppH-

Coo6maH o BOeHHbiX co6biTIIHX

XII BeKa,

Bo-nepBbiX, B noxo;c(e

C IIOJIOBIIaMH B

1185

1184

rony pyccKaH

THBHHKa CTPeJiaMH. IIpoTIIBHHK ycr-

TOpHH. Ho 3TO 6biJio B npeAIIIecTByro-

paTh HMeJia IIIeCTh IIOJIKOB, O;c(HH H3

peMJIHJICH B IIOrOHIO, IIpH 3TOM ero

IIIHH nepHOA, Korna KHeBCKHH KHH3b

KOTOpbiX COCTOHJI H3 «CTpeJibllOB»

pHAbi paccTpaHBaJIHCb, H B 3TOT MO-

CaM JIH'IHO paCIIOpH)KaJICH BCeMH BO-

(JIY'IHHKOB ) . YBeJIH'IHJIHCb B03MO)K-

MeHT, KaK coo6maeT AHHa KoMHeH,

eHHbiMH CHJiaMH. Eopb6a c IIOJIOBIIa-

HOCTII TaKTII'ICCKOrO MaHeBpHpOBa-

CBe)KHe OTPHAbl IIOJIOBIIeB Ha6pacbi-

MH CBO}:(HJiacb K IIaCCHBHOH o6opoHe.

HHH.

6opb6a pyCCKIIIX BOHCK C nonOBLI,8MIII . Bna,qiiiMIIIP MoHoMax

BaJIHCb Ha Hero C <iJnaHrOB H TbiJia .

EnHHcTBeHHOH ¢opMo:H 6opb6bi, KO-

Korna nonoBIIaM yrpo)KaJI HenpHH-

TOpaH IIpHBO}:(HJia HHOr}:(a K IIOJIO)Kll-

TeJib, OHH ycTpaHBaJIH BOKpyr Jiare-

TeJibHbiM pe3yJibTaTaM, 6biJIO Haiia)];e-

pH yKpenneHHH H3 Tener. qepe3 cne-

HHe Ha IIYTII OTXO;c(a IIOJIOBIIeB IIOCJie

IIHaJibHbie IIpOXO;c(bi MC)K):(y TeJieraMH

Ha6eroB, c TeM 'IT06bi oT6HTh nneH-

IIOJIOBllbi )];CJiaJIH 6biCTpbie BbiJia 3KH,

HbiX. Ho 3Ta ¢opMa 6opb6bi He npe-

Ha'IHHaH co BTOpo:H noJioBHHbi XI

HaHOCHJIH B TOM HJIH HHOM HaiipaB-

cJie;c(oBaJia peiiiHTeJibHbiX uene:H, no-

BeKa PycH npHIIIJIOCb BecTII nonryro

JieHHH y;c(apbi IIO IIpOTHBHHKY H CHO-

CKOJibKY OHa IIpHMeHHJiaCb TOJibKO ;c(JIH

H HaiipH)KeHHyrD 6opb6y C IIOJIOBIIa-

Ba B03BpamanHcb B CBOH YKPeiiJieH-

o6opoHbi H rnaBHbiM o6pa3oM npoTHB

MH, IIOCTOHHHO Haiia)];aBIIIHMH Ha Pyc-

Hb!H narepb.

CKyrD 3eMJIIO.

omeJibHbiX He6oJibiiiHX rpynn KO'IeB-

Eopb6y c CHJibHbiM H MHoro'!Hc-

OcHOBHbiM 3aHHTHeM noJIOBIIeB 6biJIO CKOTOBO)];CTBO. C }:(eTCKHX JieT

JieHHbiM IIpOTIIBHHKOM- KO'IeBHHKaMH-IIOJIOBIIaMH -

IIpHIIIJIOCb Bee-

HHKOB. CTpaTerHH BJiaAHMHpa MoHoMaxa, yMeJIO IIpHMeHeHHaH HM B IIOXO-

1103

1111

OHH e 31J:HJIH Ha KOHHX H BJia)];eJIH Jiy-

Til y)Ke B HOBbiX ycJIOBHHX, B IIepHO}:(

}:(aX

KOM. IloJIOBeiiKOe BOHCKO COCTOHJIO

Ha'IaBIIIerocH pacnana KHeBCKOH

HacTynaTeJibHbiM xapaKTepoM. 3a-

ro}:(OB, OTJIH'IaJiaCb

H 3 JierKOH KOHHHllbi H OTJIH'IaJIOCb

PycH.

cnyra Bna;c(HMHpa MoHoMaxa KaK

6biCTpOTOH H JIOBKOCThiO }:(eHCTBHH.

EcJIH npoTHB ne'IeHeroB H TIOpKoB

IIOJIKOBO}:(lla 3 aKJIIO'IaeTCH B H3MeHe-

IloJIOBllbi 6biJIH BOOpYMeHbi JIYKaMH

BbiCTYIJaJIH o6be;c(HHeHHbie BOeHHbie

HHH ¢opM 6opb6bi, B nepexone oT

H ca6JIHMH . KaMAb!H nonoBeii yMeJI

CHJibi, TO IIpOTHB IIOJIOBIIeB -

JIHIIIb

IIaCCHBHOH o6opOHbi K HaCTYIJaTeJib-

noJib30BaThcH apKaHOM. Co BpeMeHH

BOeHHbie CHJibi omeJibHbiX HJIH He-

HbiM ne:HcTBHHM, K nepeHocy BOHHbi

o6beiJ:HHeHHH nonoBeiiKHX opA IIOIJ:

CKOJibKHX IQ)KHbiX pyccKHX KHH)KeCTB .

B r n y6b IIOJIOBeiiKHX CTeiieH. IlOJIKO-

(XII B.) B BOH-

0praHH3aiiHH COBMeCTHbiX IIOXO}:(OB

BO;c('IeCKHe cnoco6Hocm BnaAHMHpa

cKe IIOJIOBIIeB IIOHBJIHIOTCH 60JibiiiHe

KHH3e:H-4Jeo;c(aJIOB, OXBa'IeHHbiX Me)K-

MoHoMaxa npoHBHJIHCb TaK)Ke B

BJiaCThiO xaHa KoH'IaKa

MeTaTeJibHbie MaiiiHHbi. )J;o HaC }:(OIII-

}:(Oyco6HOH 6opb60H, Tpe6oBaJia HC-

opraHH3 aiiHH 6biCTpbiX MapiiieH, B

JIHTaK)Ke CBe}:(eHHH 0 TOM, 'ITO IIOJIOB-

KJIIO'IHTeJibHO 6oJibiiiHX ycHJIHH .

IIOHHMaHHH pOJIH po}:(OB BOHCK H Ba)K-

llbi IIOJib30BaJIHCb rpe'IeCKHM {()Kll-

C 3TOH 3a}:(a'IeH, OT peiiieHHHKOTOpOH

HOCTII 'IeTKoro HX B3aHMO)];eHCTBHH

BbiM» OrHeM .

3aBHCeJI HCXO;c( 6opb6bi C IIOJIOBIIaMH,

Ha IIOJie 6oH, B HCKYCHOM Be}:(CHHH

TaKTH'IeCKHX IIpHeMax KO'IeB-

6necTHIIIe cnpaBHJICH BJiaAHMHP Mo-

6oH, B o6eCIIe'IeHHH B 3 aHMO}:(eHCTBHH

HHKOB Mbi MO)KeM C)'AHTh IIO coo6me-

HOMax. B 6opb6e c noJIOBIIaMH pa3-

IIOJIKOB, Ka)K}:(biH H3 KOTOpbiX B03-

HHHM BH3aHTIIHCKHX IIHCaTeJieH H Ha-

BepHynocb 60JibiiiOe IIOJIKOBO}:('IeC-

rJiaBJIHJICH KHH3eM TOM HJIH HHOH pyc-

IIIeH n eToiiHCH. BH3aHTIIeii EBcra¢H:H

KOe MacTepcTBO BJia)];HMHpa MoHo-

CKOH o6nacm. Bnai];HMHp MoHOMax,

BOCTO~ HAs:l

EBPOnA

Boopy.KeHHeCTenH~xHapoAOB

B OTJIH'IHe, HanpHMep, OT KHeBCKOT'O KHll3ll CBSITonoJIKa l13llCJiaBH'Ia, npe-

80CT0'4HO£:i EBpon~:

He6pe)KHTeJibHO OTHOCHBIIIerOCll K

1- TIOpKCKH£:1 BOHH (VIII

neiiiej;t paTH, K «BOllM», IIIHpOKO npH-

B.); ne'4eHQ)I(CKH£:i H3QMHHK

BH33Hnt£:1CKO£:i KOHHHL\~

BJieKaJI onoJiqeHHe «BoeB» H ornaBaJI

3 -

(XI B.);

nOI10BQL\KH£'i BC3AH HK (XIII B.)

AOJI)KHOe nexare. OH ycHJIHBaeTKOHHHUy, npeif<Ae Bcero JiereyiO, KOTOpaSI ycneiiiHO COCTll3aJiaCb C llOJIOBUaMH B 6hiCTpOTe, JIOBKOCTH H yMeHHH BJia)l.eTb JIYKOM H ca6Jiej;t (HJIH JierKHM KOllbeM). B 3TOT HCTopHqecKHj;t nepHOA ycnex Boj;tHhl H 6oSI 3aBHCeJI npeJKAe BCero OT COrJiaCOBaHHOCTH ,LJ,ej;tCTBHj;t KHll3ej;t'¢eo,LJ,aJIOB. ,[(o6HBIIIHCb 3TOro, MoHoMax cMor ,LJ,aTb B

1111

ro,LJ,y

,LJ,Ba 60JiblllHX Cpa)KeHHll, C npoMe~TKOM

Meif<Ay HHMH B,LJ,Ba,LJ,Hll.

PyccKH~ noJIKOBOAeu HceycHo BhiCTpaHBaJI BO~CKa B 6oeBoj;t nopll-

,LJ,OK- B ,LJ,Be JIHHHH no nOJIKaM- H

BOBpeMll BBO,LJ,HJI B 60~ HX orneJibHhle qacTH. BJia)l.HMHp MoHoMax HanHcaJI ,LI,Jlll CBOHX,LJ,eTe~ «IloyqeHHe», KOTOpoe BMeCTe C ero llHCbMOM KHll3IO OJiery 1IepHHroBcKoMy noMeiiieHo B «IlOBeCTH BpeMeHHhiX JieT» no,LJ, 1096 ro,LJ,OM. «IloyqeHHe» co,LJ,ep)KHT co6CTBeHHO HaCTaBJieHHe ChiHOBbllM H OnHCaHHe )KH3HH H ,LJ,ellTeJibHOCTH caMOT'O aBTopa. MoHoMax, onHChiBaSI CBOH MHoroqHcJieHHbie BOeHHhle noXO,LJ,hl H cpa)KeHHll, KacaeTcll pHAa o6rn:Hx BonpocoB BOeHHoro ,LJ,eJia. «IloyqeHHe» peiiiHTeJibHO ocyJKAaeT

Me'~oyco6ey10 6op~>6y pyccKHX KHll3eH. ,[(ej;tCTBOBaTb npOTHB BparoB He pa3p03HeHHO, a 06-be,LJ,HHeHHblMH CH-

OT,LJ,eJibHbie o6JiaCTH. ,[(aJibHej;tiiiee

pi!A noJioBueB H pa36HJia ero. Bora-

JiaMH pyccKHX KHll)KeCTB- BOT rJiaB-

pa3BHTHe pyccKOT'O BOeHHOT'O Hceyc-

HOe Tpe6oBaHHe «IloyqeHHll». bOJib-

CTBa y)Ke CBll3aHO C nepHO,LJ,OM <J:>eo-

Tall A06bRa nonaJia B pyKH no6e,LJ,HTeJiej;t, 7 ThiCllq nOJIOBUeB H 417 HX

IIIOe BHHMaHHe B HeM YAeJilleTCll co-

,LI,3JlbHOH pa3,LI,p06JieHHOCTH.

KHll3e~ 6biJIO B3llTO B UJieH.

cTaBJieHHIO npo,LJ,yMaHHhiX nJiaHOB

Bo BTopofi noJIOBHHe XII BeKa

XaH KoHqaK c maBHhiMH CHJiaMH

noxo,LJ,a, HaHeceHHIO BHe3anHbiX yAa-

nOJIOBUbi YCHJIHJIH Hana,qeHHe Ha

IIIeJI HaBCTPeqy pyccKoj;t paTH. IIoJioB-

poB, 6,LJ,HTeJibHOCTH H xpa6pOCTH B

Pych. IloJioBeUKHj;t xaH KoHqaK B

Uhl HMeJIH TaKHe CaMOCTpeJihl, KOTO-

6o10. BJia,qHMHp MoHo Max Tpe6oBaJI

1184

pbie e,ll,BaMOrJIH HaT.llHYTh

He n03BOJillTh BOHHaM BO Bpel.IJI no-

TOIIIHJI 60JibiiiHe o6JiaCTH. 3TO 3a-

Y HHX 6bmH HeH3BeCTHbie opy,LI,Hi!,

XO,LJ,OB «npHqHHllTh Bpe,ll, HH CBOHM, HH

CTaBHJIO MHOrHX pyccKHX KHll3ej;t

CTpeJillBIIIHe (()KHBhiM OrHeM» (MO)KeT

qy)KHM HH B CeJiax, HH B HHBax».

BHOBb o6-be,LJ,HHHThC.ll. B TOM )Ke

II pH BJia,qHMHpe MoHoMaxe Hero ChiHe McTHCJiaBe KHeB KaK 6hl BHOBb

T'OAY COBepiiiHJI Ha6er H onyc-

1184

ro,LJ,y KHeBCKHj;t KHll3b CBSITOCJiaB, a BMecTe c HHM AO

12 KHSI3ej;t

IO)KHoj;t

50 BOHHOB.

6h1Th, «rpeqecKHM orneM»). B6JIH3H peKH XopoJI.ll

1 MapTa 1185 ro,LJ,a Boj;t3Ta no-

cKo llOJIOBUeB 6hiJIO pa36HTO.

npHo6peTaeT 3HaqeHHe CTOJibHoro

PycH (nepei!CJiaBCKH~, cMoJieHCKH~,

6e,LJ,a BOOAyiiieBHJia Ha 6opb6y ceBep-

ropo,LJ,a, npHqeM ~e Ha 6a3e 6oJiee

rypoBCKH~, raJIHUKHj;t, BOJihiHCKHj;t H

CKHX KH.ll3e~, KOTOphiX B03rJiaBHJI

pa3BHTbiX <J:>eo,LJ,aJibHhiX OTHOIIIeHHj;t.

Apyrne) BhlcrynHJIH B llOXOA npOTHB

Mropb CBi!TOCJiaBHq- KHll3b HoBro-

0,LJ,HaKO 3TOT nepHOA 6hiJI HenpO,LI,OJI-

nOJIOBUeB. qepe3 nllTb nepeXO,LJ,OB

po,LJ,a-CeBepcKoro.

)KHTeJibHhiM. <l>eo,LJ,aJibHaSI Pyc~> HeyK-

pyccKaSI paTh Ha 6epery peKH Yrphl

JIOHHO IIIJia no nyTH Apo6JieHHll Ha

BCTPeTHJia CHJibHhlj;t nepe,LJ,oBoj;t oT-

anpeJI.ll

1185 ro,LJ,a Mropb

Bbi-

crynHJI H3 HoBropo,LJ,a, npHcoe,LJ,H-

BOli1HA on~Tb CTAHOBV1TC~ V1CKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rr. H opy)f(Mll. 3To no3BOJIHJIO yTo<JHHTh MeCTO IIOJill 6oll, KOTOpoe H3XO,LJ,HTCll B

250-300

KM K CeBepo-3arra,L\y OT

npe,LJ,noJiaraBllleroc.ll paHee nyHKTa. B JieTonHCHOM CKa3aHHH o noxoAe KHll3.ll Hropll CeBepcKoro Mbl HaXOAHM CJie,LJ,yiOIUee OIIHCaHHe 6oeBOro nop.li,LJ,Ka pyccKHX IIOJIKOB: «H TH H3PliAHllla noJIKOB

Hro-

peB noJIK cepe,LJ,e, a nonpasy 6paTa ero BceBOJIO)f(, a noJieBy CBliTOCJiaBJih ChlHOBUll ero, Harrepe,LJ,e eMy ChlH BoJIOAHMHp M ApyroJ:i nOJIK JlpoCJiaBJib, H)f(e 6Hxy c OJibCTMHOM KoyeBe, a TPeTHJ:i noJIK HarrepeAH *e CTPeJIUhl, H)f(e 6HXYTb OT BCHX KHli3HJ:i BhiBe,LJ,eHH; H TaKO H3pli,Ll,Mllla nOJIKbl CBOll». CJie,LJ,oBaTeJihHO, 6oeBoJ:i nopHAOK pyccKoJ:i paTH 6h1JI paccpeAOTO<JeH no <}>poHry H B my6HHy. IIepByiOJIMHHIO COCTaBJiliJIH JIY<IHMKH, Bhl,LJ,eJieHHhle OT BCeX nOJIKOB; BO BTOpol!t JIHHMH H3XO,LJ,HJIHCb ,LJ,Ba IIOJIKa, B TpeTbeJ:i JIMHHH -

TPH noJIKa, cocTaBJiliBlllHe

rJiaBHhle CHJihl. TaKoe nocTpoeHHe pyccKoJ:i paTH o6ecneqHBaJIO ycToJ:i<IHBOCTb B 6010. Ilo,LJ,OJ:iAH K peKe CIOypJIH, pycCKHe noJIKM YBHAeJIH noJIOBUeB. H3 noJioBeUKHX OTPHAOB OTAeJIHJIHCh YcnosH~e o6oaH a~ e HHR

CTpeJIKH H3 JiyKa, nO,LJ,CKaKaJIH K peKe, o6cTpeJIHJIH pyccKHX H YM<Ia-

- - - - nyTb l-1ropfl - - - nyTb Bcesonop,a 50

MacwTa6 0

JIHCh B CTenH BMeCTe C TeMM, KOTOphle CTOliJIH BAaJIH oT peKH. IIepeAOBhle nOJIKM pyccKMX CTaJIH npe-

100KM

CJie,LJ,OBaTb noJIOBUeB, a Hropb c rJiaBHhlMH CHJiaMH ,LJ,BHraJIC.ll 3a ne-

nyn. BOi<iCK3 l1rops1 Ceaepctroro B nonoBeL\KYIO CTenb B 1185 r. (aaplll3HT npo<j>. KYAPHWOBa)

pe,LJ,OBhlMH nOJIKaMH B 6oeBOM nop.li,LJ,Ke K peKe KaHJia. K Beqepy pycCKHe OBJia,L\eJIH CTaHOM nOJIOBUeB H

Hl:UI K ce6e no nyTH CBOMX COI03HH-

PyccKMe ,LJ,opeBOJIIOUHOHHhle H co-

B3liJIH IIJieHHhlX.

KOB: APY*HHY ChlHa BJiaAHMHpa,

BeTCKMe HCTOpHKM H apxeOJIOrH 3aHH-

Hropb pelllHJI npecJie,LJ,oBaTb npo-

APY*HHY nJieMHHHMKa H3 PhlJihCKa,

M3JIMCb HCCJie,LJ,OBaHHeM BOnpoca 0

THBHHKa HOqhiO, HO JIOlll3AH nepe,LJ,O-

APY*HHY KHll3ll nyTHBJihCKoro, CHJibl qepHHrOBCKOrO KHll3.ll H CBOe-

MeCTe 6oll pyccKMX nOJIKOB C nOJIOB-

BblX nOJIKOB CMJibHO ycTaJIH, H npH-

UaMM. YcTaHOBJieHo, <JTO 6oJ:i npoH30-

lllJIOCb 3aHo<JeBaTh. Ha paccBeTe B

ro 6paTa BceBoJio,LJ,a. IIepeJ:i,LJ,ll qe-

llleJI Ha HarrpaBJieHHH H3IOM- CJia-

cy66ory nOJIOBUhl cocpe,LJ,OTO<JHJIH

pe3 ,ll;oHeu, pyccKaH paTh cocpe,LJ,o-

BliHCK. IIopa)f(eHHe nepeAOBhlM qac-

BCe CBOH CHJibl npOTHB pyccKHX. Ilpo-

ToqHJiacb Ha 6eperax peKH OcKoJI,

TliM nOJIOBUeB 6hJJIO HaHeCeHO y

TMBHMK, HMell 60JibiiiOe qHcJieHHOe

a 3aTeM ,LJ,BMHyJiaCb K peKaM ,lJ;oHy H

foJIOJ:i ,lJ;OJIHHhl, HO<JeBaJIM pyccKHe

npeBocxo,LJ,CTBO B CHJiax, OKPY*HJI

CaJie.

Ha6epery peKM MaKaTHXM, HMeBllleJ:i

pyccKYIO paTb.

KoHqaK H IlliTh Apyrnx noJioBeuKMXXaHOB C 60JiblllMM BOJ:iCKOM Harrpa-

o6phlBHCThle 6epera (BC.li,LJ,JIHHa peKM

7-8 KM). B

6oiO rJiaBHhlX CHJI noJioB-

B co3,[(aBllleJ:icll He6JiaronpHHTHOJ:i o6CTaHOBKe pyccKMe KHll3bll pelllMJIH

BHJIHCb HaBcTpeqy pyccKMM. Me)f()l.y

UhlTeCHHJIH pyccKMX KCJiaB.liHCKOMY

npo6HBaTbCll K peKe ,ll;oHeu, cnelllHB

OcKoJioM H ,ll;oHoM, Ha 6epery peKM

(CoJieHoMy) o3epy. B

1894 ro,LJ,y npH

KOHHhlX BOHHOB H Be,LJ,ll 6oJ:i B nellleM

CIOypJIH (CyJia), pyccKMe KH.ll3hll

nocTPOJ:iKe )f(eJie3HOJ:i ,LJ,oporH Me)f()J,y

CTPOIO. KHH3b.ll I'OBOpHJIH: «ECJIH no-

BCTpeTHJIH nepe,LJ,OBhle <JaCTH nOJIOB-

coJieHhlMH o3epaMH BeJ:icoBhlM H

PaJ:i-

6e)f(HM, y6e)f(HM CaMH, a IIpOCThlX

UeB.

HhlM 6biJIO HaJ:i,LJ,eHO MHOrO CKeJieTOB

JIIO,LJ,eJ:i OCTaBMM, TO 6y,LJ,eM HaM rpex,

BOCTO~ HAs:l 'ITO BI:JAaJIH HX BparaM, HJIH yMpeM, HJIH iKHBhl 6yAeM BMecTe». CJie,AoBa-

EBPOnA

o6'beAHHeHHIO AJIH6opb6bi c BHelllHHMH BparaMH.

o6ecne'lHBllleM MaHeBpHpOBaHHe, Hapall.IHBaHHe YCHJIHJ;i H CTOltKOCTb B

TeJibHO, B IIOXO,Ae yqacTBOBaJIH He

<J>eO,AaJibHall pa3,Ap06JieHHOCTb

TOJlbKOAPYiKMHhl KHll3eJ;i, HO H «BOH».

llBHJiaCb IIpH'lHHOlt OCJia6JieHHll BOeR-

6o10. CJieAyeTTaKJKe OThteTHTI> OAHH TeXHH'leCKHJ;i MOMeHT. MoJKHO rroJia-

B cy66ory pyccKHe cpa:)KaJIHCb

HOlt MOll.IH pyccKHX KHllJKecTB. BMe-

raTb, 'ITO JKapa yMeHblllaJia yrrpy-

ycrrelllHO. Ho Ha paccseTe B socKpe-

cm 6opb6hl C IIOJIOBI.IaMH HeKOTOpble

rocTb pyccKHX JIYKOB H TeTHB, 'leM

ceHbe «B03l'vlllTOlllacll Koyese B rroJI-

pyccKHe KHll3bll B XO,Ae Me'A<;IJ,Oyco6Hl.l

3Ha'lHTeJII>HO CHHJKaJiaCb ~4>eKTHB

KY H rro6erollla>>. Mropb HaKoHe 6po-

CaMH rrpeC'I)'IIHO IIpH3b1BaJIH Ha pyc-

HOCTb HX IIpHMeHeHHll.

CHJICll K OTC'I)'IIaBlllHM, 'IT06bl Bep-

CKYIO 3eMJIIO IIOJIOBI.IeB, CTaBll CBOH

HYTb HX B cTpoJ;i, HO 6e3ycrrelllHO.

4>eo,AaJibHbie HHTepechl Bbillle o6rn:e-

Korna KHll3b B03BpalllaJICll K csoHM

pyccKHX HHTepeCOB. 0,AHaKO BHelll-

IIOJIKaM, IIOJIOBI.Ihl 3axBaTHJIH ero B

Hllll onacHOCTb He pa3 3acTaBJillJia

rrJieH. BoJ;i rrpo,AOJIJKaJICll H rrocJie rrJieHeHHll Mropll. BoHHhl cpaJKaJIHCb

KHll3eJ;i o6'be,AHHllTb CHJlhl ,AJill TOI'O, <JT061>1 ,AaTb oTnop spary. PyccKHe

B cesepHolt qacTH BOAHoro rryTH «H3 Bapllr B rpeKH» CJI<»KHJIOCb rocy-

B IIellleM ClpOIO.

KHllJKecTBa BeJIH reponqeceyiO 6opb-

,AapcTBeHHOe o6'beAHHeHHe- Hosro-

B «CJioBe o rroJiey Mropese» orrHcaH 3TOT KpOBOIIpOJIHTHbllt 6oJ;i:

6y c KO'leBHHKaMH, H Pyc1> 6h1Jla 6apbepoM, KOTOpbiJ;i 33lllHlllaJI OT Bap-

poACKaH 3eMJill, UeHTpOM KOTOpolt 6h1Jl ropoA HosropoA Ha peKe BoJIXoB.

«C 3apaHHa AO seqepa, c seq epa AO

BapoB 3ana,AHYIO Esporry.

Hoaropo,A VI ero aoopy)l(eHHaSI opraHVI3al-'VISI

HosropoA 3aHHMaJI Bhli'OAHOe reorpa-

CBeTa JieTIIT ClpeJihl KaJieHhle, rpHM-

<<CJioBo o rroJiey Mropese» socne-

4>nqecKoe IIOJIOJKeHHe- OH CTOllJI B

JIIOT ca6JIH C llleJIOMhl, Tpern:aT KOIIHll

BaJIO xpa6pOCTh H MYJKeCTBO pyccKHX

UeHTpe pe'lHblX rryTelt, CBll3hlBaBlllHX

xapaJiyJKHhlll B rroJie He3HaeMe, 3peAH 3eMJIH IloJioBel.IKhlH. 1lp1>Ha 3eMJill IIOA KOIIhlThl KOCThMH 6b1Jla IIOCellHa, a KpOBHIO IIOJlbllHa: 'I)'I'OIO B3hl-

6acceltHhl peK BaJITHJ;icKoro H BeJioro YcnoeHble oCSo3Ha'4&HHA

nyr• HropR )( Mecra cpameHHH Maeuna6 I! 0 I! IPHM

AOllla no PyccKolt 3eMJIH.

MOpelt, KacnHltCKOI'O H 1JepHOI'O MOpeJ;i. HosropoA OKa3aJICll BaJKHhlM3KOHOMH'leCKHM H IIOJIHTH'leCKHM UeHTpoM 6oraThlX 3eMeJib, pacnoJioJKeH-

... BHlllacll ,AeHb, 6nlllacll ApyrhlJ;i;

HbiX K CeBepy, BOCTOKY H IOry OT Hero.

TpeTbllrO AHH K IIOJIYAHHIO Ila,AOllla

BeKe B cocTaB HosropoA-

CTll3H MropeBhl. Ty ell 6paTa pa3Jly'lHCTa Ha 6pe3e 6hlcTpoJ;i KMJihl; ry

cKolt 3eMJIH BXOAHJia BoAbCKaH IIllTHHa (rro6epe-A<be <DHHCKoro 3aJIHBa).

KpOBaBOI'O BHHa He AOCTa; 'I)' IIHll

C cesepa HosropoA 61>m 33lllHll.leH

AOKaH'lallla xpa6pHH pycH'lH; CBaThl IIOIIOHllla, a CaMH IIOJierollla 3a 3eM-

xopolllo yKperrJieHHolt lla,Aorolt, Ha

JIIO Pyccey10. HH'lHTh TpasaJKaJiorn:a-

IlcKoB, c IOra oH 6h1Jl rrpHKphlT CTa-

ero 3aiia,AHblX IIOAC'I)'Il3X H3XO,AHJ1Cll

MH, a ,ApeBO C 'I)'I'OIO K 3eMJIH IIpH-

poJ;i Pyccolt, BeJIHKHMH llyKaMH H

KJIOHHJIOCb» .

TopiKKOM. C

IloJIOBI.Ihl IIO,AaBHJIH pyccKHX CBO-

BeKa TeppHTopHll

Hosropo,AcKolt 3eMJIH CTaJia pacum-

eiO 'lHCJieHHOCTI>IO H YHH'lTOJKHJIH

pHThCll Ha CeBep -

HX paTb. PaHeHbiJ;i KHll3b Mropb

0He'A<CKOMY o3epaM H K 6eperaM Be-

srrocJieACTBHH c 6oJiblllHM TPYAOM 6eJKaJI H3 nJieHa. B noxo,Aax 1187 H 1191 I'O,AOB OH JKeCTOKO OTOMCTHJI

nyTb BOHCKa HropSI CeaepcKOro OT CanbHVIL\bl AO KaHnbl VI MecTa cpa)f(eHVIH y peK C10ypnV1H " Kasmbl

IIOJIOBI.IaM 3a CBOe IIOpa:)KeHHe B 1185 ro,Ay.

K lla,AOJKCKOMY H

Jioro MOpll, H Ha BOCTOK- K YpaJiy. PaJ;ioH CesepHolt ,[J:BHHhl (3asoJio'lbe) H paltoH YpaJia (IIepMb, Ileqopa, IOrpa), KoTOphlMH BJia,AeJIH HOBro-

BOHHOB. ABTOp <<CJioBa>> IIO.LJ.'lepKHBa-

POAI.Ihl, 61>1JIH 6oraThi rrpoMhlCJiaMH.

ABTOp «CJioBa o noJII\')' Mropese»

eT, 'ITO BblCOKOe MOpaJibHOe COCTOllHHe

PacrroJI<»KeHHblJ;i B ueHTpe pe'lHI>IX

yKa3hlBaeT Ha IIpH'lHHhl IIOpaiKeHHll

soltcK- 33Jlor HX 6oeBhlX ycrrexos; oH

IIYTeJ;i coo6rn:eHHll HosropoA llBJillJI-

KHll3ll Mropll. OH IIHllleT: «YJKe 6o,

o6pylllHBaeTCll HaKHll3elt, KOTOphle, He

cll KpyrrHI>lM ToproBhlM nyHKTOM Ce-

6paTHe, HeBeCeJiall I'O,AHHa B'bCTaJia,

IIOA'lHHllllCb pyKoBOAHTeJillM noxo,Aa,

sepHolt PycH. HosropoACKHe KYIII.Ibl

yJKe IIYCThlHH CHJIY rrpHKphlJia.

cphlBaJIH ycrrelllHoe BhliiOJIHeHHe 6oe-

mproBaJIH c apa6aMH, BH3aHTHelt H

BMTaJia o6HAa B CHJiax ,[J:aJK1>6oJKa

BhlX 3a,Aa'l H ,AorrycKaJIH «noraHhlX c

3ana,AHOJ;i Esporrolt.

BHyKa... Yco6nua KHll3eM Ha rroraHhlll

no6e,AaMH AeJiaTh Ha6ern Ha PycceyiO

Hosropo,AcKHe eyrruhl HMeJIH CBOH

rror1>16e, peKocTa 6o 6paT6pary: "Ce MOe, a TO MOe iKe". I1 Ha'lllllla KHll3H rrpo MaJIOe "ce BeJIHKOe" M'bJIBHTH, a

3eMJIIO». B noxo,Ae AOJIJKeH 61>1Th OAHH

o6'be,AHHeHHll- «COTHH», KOTOphle 6hlJIH He TOJlbKO KOMMep'leCKHMH opraHH3311HllMH, HO H IIOJIHTH'leCKOlt CH-

caMH Hace6e KpaMoJiy KOBaTH. A no-

IIOJI KOBOAe1.1 - TaKOBO y6e-A<;IJ,eH He aBTOpa «CJIOBa>>. l13 JleTOIIHCHOI'O OIIHCaHHll IIOXO-

JIOJ;i. CaM HosropoA HMeJI csoeo6pa3-

raHHH c scex cmpoH npnxo;KAaxy c

,Aa Mropll Mhl HMeeM nepBhle AaHHhle

Hoe a,AMHHHClpaTHBHOe YClpOltCTBO:

rro6e,AaMH Ha3eMJIIO PyceyiO». ABTop

0 pacqJieHeHHOM IIO 4lp0H'I)' H B my-

ropOAAeJIHJICll Ha «KyneueyiO» (fop-

,ApeBHelt II03Mhl IIpH3hlBaJI pyccKHX K

6HHY 6oeBOM IIOpll,AKe pyccKOlt paTH,

rosyiO) H «BJia,AI>l'lHYIO» (Co4lH!tc-

BOlllHA On~Tb CTAHOBV1TC~ V1CKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rT.

ToProsa~

CTOPOH3

onaCHOCTh, KOHHOrO BOIIHa BbTCTaBJIH.JIII 'leThrpe «COXII»; B Apyrrrx CJIY'laHX )J:eCHTb « COX» )J:aBaJJiil 0}:\HOro BOIIHa. HecocTOHTeJibHbie cnou naceneHHH. KOMnJieKTOBaJIH newyro paTh. npH 3TOM )l,BOe )I{HTeJieH «IIOKpyqaJIII», T. e. CHapH)I(aJIII, TpeTbero, KOTOpbrH oTnpaBJIHJICH B noxo11:. OT y<Ja-

HePeBCKI414 KO.Heu,

CTIIH B nOXO)J:e OCB060)1(L(aJIOCb TOJibKO ll:YXOBeHCTBO. Oprann3aUHH HOBropoJJ:CKoro BOHcKa onpeJJ:emmach aJJ:MJJHHCTpaTIIBHhTM ycrpoi1cTBoM HoBropoJJ:a H ero npiiropoAOB. Boil:cKo cocTOHJIO II3

1. KPeMilb

2. S!PocnaBOB ABOP 3. Co<PMHCKI11:i co6oP

IIH.TH nOJIKOB, BbiCTaBJIHBillHXCH IIH.ThiO «KOHl(aMII», Ha KOTOpbie )J:eJIHJICH ropOJJ:. Ka)I{JJ:hlli nonK L(eJIIIJICH na JJ:Be

Co Kafl CTOPOHa 3aroPOACKI1H KOHeU,

COTHH , COTHIO KOMnJieKTOBaJIII HeCKOJibKO yJIIIU. IIoJIKII B03rJia.BJIHJIIICh II36paHHb!MII Ha Be'le BOeBO)J:aMII. KHH3h caM KOMaH)l,oBan cBoei1 APY)I{H-

eyro) cTopoHhi. Ha K yrreu;Koil: cTopo-

KHH3H, JJ:PY)I(IIHa BJia):(biKII, «rpiiJJ:II»,

He HaXOL(IDICH TOpr II JlpOCJia.BOBO L(BO-

KOH'IaHCKIIe noJIKII II OnOJI'leHIIH no-

EcJIH oT «KOHUa» Ha3Haqanocb no

p~e,

Ha KOTOpOM npOBO}U1JIOCh Be'Ie.

Ca)J:OB. KpoMe Toro, IIMeJIIICh APY)I(II-

)J:Ba BOeBO)J:hi, TO Ka)I{)J:brH II3 HTIX KO-

Ha Bna):(bl'IHOH cTopone naxo):(IIJICH

Hhi «nOBOJibHIIKOB)) (II3 BOJibHbiX JIIO-

MaH)J:OBaJI Oll:HIIM noJIKOM. Bo rnaBe

,[(eTHHeU -

)J:eil:), HBJIHBmrrecH qacTHhiMII oprann-

meCTII BOeBO)J: H33Ha'laJICH OL(IIH, «'ITO

3aUIIHMII 6oraThrx 6oHp rr KYIIUOB.

Haii60JibiiiOH BOeBO)J:a», a ropOJJ:CKIIM

KpenOCTh C xpaMOM CBH-

TOH Cocpiiii. CToponhr L(eJIIIJIIICh na

noil:. EMY nOJJ:'IIIHHJIIICh BOeBOJJ:hi.

na yJIIIUhL

HoBrOpOACKOe BOHCKO COCTOHJIO

nOJIKOM KOMaH)J,OBaJI «rJia.BHbrH BOeBO-

IIMeJIII CBOIIX «yJIII'IaHCKIIX»

II3 KOHHOH II nemeil: paTH. KonnaH

)J:a». CoTHHMH KOMaH)l,OBaJIII coTHIIKrr.

CTapOCT, BO rJiaBe «KOHI.J;a» CTOHJI Bbi-

paTh IIHOrJJ:a cnellliBanach II Bena 6oil:

TaKaa opraHII3au;IIa HOBropOJJ:CKoil:

6opHblil: « KOH'IaHCKIIH» CTapOCTa.

B nemeM cTporo. IIemaH paTh 'IaCTO

paTrr rr nprrropOJJ:OB HoBropoJJ:a o6ec-

«KOHUbD>, a «KOHUhi» -

YJIIII.(bl

IIoJJiiiTII'IecKoe ycrpoil:cTBO HoB-

nepeJJ:Buranacb no peKaM na JiaJJ:hHX,

ne'IIIBana yrrpaBJieHIIe BolicKaM KaK na

ropoAa IIMeJIO CBOII OC06eHHOCTIL

II TOrJJ:a ona HBJIHJiaCh na):(eil:Hoil: pa-

nOXOL(e, TaK II B 60IO.

BepxoBnoil: BJiaCThiO 6hmo Be'Ie.

ThiO. Oco6eHHOCThiO HOBropOACKoil:

Ka)I{)J,biil: BOHH IIMeJI c co6oil: na

HoBropoA npeJJ:cTaBJIHJI co6oil:

paTH 6biJIO TO, 'ITO B ee COCTaBe He

onpeJJ:eJieHHblli CpOK npOJJ:OBOJibCTBIIe.

ropOJJ:CKYIO apiiCTOKpaTII'IeCKYIO pec-

IIMeJIOCb cneu;IIaJibHbiX JIY'IHIIKOB,

Kor11:a 3anacbr KOH'IaJIIICh, H3 Boil:cKa

ny6JIIIKY. Be'le npii3hiBaJIO HJIH OT-

'ITO BJIIDIJIO Ha xapaKTep 3aBH3KII 60H.

Bh!LieJIH.JIIICh cneurraJ1bHhre OTPH.Ahi rr

cTpaHHno KHH3H, Bhi6IIpano nocaJJ:HII-

IIo'lTII Bee HOBropoJJ:CKIIe BOIIHhi

nOCbiJiaJIJJCb B «3a)I(IITbe», T. e. Ha

XII

rrMeJIII nyKII. BhmycntB CTpenhr, onn

cpypa)l{rrpoBKy. 3TH orpallbr na3biBa-

BeKa II BJiaL\hiKY ( eniicKona). KHH3h

6eCCTpaiiiHO Bpy6aJIIICb B pHJJ:hl npo-

JIHCh «3a)I(HTHIIKaMII». 3anaCbl IIpOJJ:OBOJibCTBIIH II opy)I{IIH, Warpbi, CTeH0-

Ka H ThrcauKoro, a c cepeJJ:HHhi

6biJI BOeHa'laJibHIIKOM; nOCa)J:HHK HB-

TIIBHIIKa. B 6oro c 3aKoBaHHhiMII B

JIHJICH IICnOJIHIITeJihHbiM opraHOM

JiaThl pbii.J;apHMII OHII rrycKaJIII B XO)J:

6IITHhie II MeTaTeJihHhie MaiiiiiHbl B0-

Be'Ie II 06H3aH 6hiJI CJie):(IITb 33 KHH-

KOnbH C KpiO'IKaMII, 'IT06hi CTaCKII-

3IIJIIICb B «TOBapax» (B 0603e).

3eM, a npH ero OTCYTCTBHH B03rJiaB-

BaTb pbiUapeil: C KOHeH, a TaK)I(e

EoeBoi1 nopaaoK HOBropoacKoi1

JIHTb HOBropOJJ:CKoe BoiicKo. BnaJJ:bi-

HO)I{II- «3aCaiiO)I{HIIKH», KOTOpbiMII

paTH COCTOHJI II3 nOJIKOB, H.BJIHBillHX-

Ka IIMeJI CBOIO co6CTBeHHYIO ll:PY)I(II-

pacnapbiBaJIII )I(IIBOThi nomaJJ:HM.

HY, KOTOpyro COJJ:ep)l(aJI na CBOH

HoBropoacKoe BOHCKO no pewe-

cpeJJ:CTBa. B noJJ:'IIIHeHIIII y nocaJJ:HII-

HIIIO

Ka 6biJIH «rpHJJ:H». 0HH HeCJIH rapHH-

oaiiH onpeaeneHHblli noxoa. OcnoBoi1

TIIBHOro) nopaaKa. ITo TaKTII'leCKOMY

30HflYIO cJiy)l(6y, 3a 'ITO nonyqaJIII OT

Ha3Ha'leHIIIO nOJIKII )J:eJIIIJIHCb Ha CTO-

nocaJJ:HIIKa )l(aJIOBaHbe. «fpliil:II» no-

pac'IeTa KOMIIJieKTOBaHIIH 6hiJia «COXa» 1. HecKOJibKO «cox» BhiCTaBJIHJIII

ChiJiaJIHCh B Ka'leCTBe «3aCa)J:b!)) (rap-

nOJIHOCTbiO CHapa)l{eHHOrO KOHHOrO

(npaBoe H neBoe). Crpoi1JIIICh nonKII

HII30Ha) B npiiropoJJ:hT (HoBropoJJ:

BOIIHa . EcJIII HoBropoAy yrpo)l(aJia

B «TTOJI'IHb!H pHil:», IIMeH BnepeJJ:H CTO-

IIMeJI AO

Be~re

CHapH)I(aJIOCb TOJibKO Ha

CH TaKTII'IecKIIMH e}U1HIIUaMII. K3)1(JJ:aH paTb BKJIIO'laJia B ce6a HeCKOJibKO nOJI-

30 npiiropoJJ:OB: IIcKoB, Jla-

)l,ora, Ih6opcK, Kopena HAP·). TaKHM o6pa30M, B COCTaB HOBrOpOJJ:CKOro BOHCKa BXO)J:IIJIII ll:PY)I(IIHa

KOB OpraHJJ30BaHHOrO ( a)J.MliHIICTpa-

pO)I(eBOH noJIK, «'leJIO)) H «KpbiJihH»

pO)I{eBOH IIOJIK. 1 EJIHHlll.\a IIO/IaTHOro o6noJKCHHH B PocCIIll -

llllOIUaLlh 3CMJIII, KOTopyiO MOf 3aiiaXaTb

Bnaueneu caM-TPCT!lli II Ha TPCX llOIIIa/IHX

B paTH IO)I{HhiX KHH)I{eCTB 3aBH3hiBaJIII 6oi1. CTpeJIKH, BbT)J:eJieHHhle OT BCeX IIOJIKOB. B HOBrOpOL\CKOM BOHCKe

BOCTO~ HAs:l

EBPOnA

6olt Ha<JHHa.JI CTOpO:>KeBOlt IIOJIK, 3aTeM

3b1Ba.JIH MOpa.JibHOe BJIHSIHHe Ha BOlt-

B aTary IllJia rrernru~ pan, 3a KOTOpolt

CKO H Hrpa.JIH opraHH3YIOII.IYIO pOJih.

B 6olt BC'I)'Ila.JIH KOHHrul pan H KHSI-

PaTh HMeJia HHCTpyMeHThl BoltcKo-

:>KeCKHe APYA<HHhl. Korna HoBropo)l.Uhl

Bolt l'vfY3hlKH -

«)l.OCeKa.JIHCh» )l.O «TOBapOB», T. e.

Hbl.

Tpy6hi, HaKpbl H 6y6-

06030B, IIpOTHBHHK «B)l.aBa.JI, IIOKa3hl-

6bmo 60 TPY6 H 6y6HoB, y cy3)l.a.JihUeB

Brui rrJie<JH». Ha BOltHe rnHpoKo rrpH-

H BJia)l.HMHpoBueB- 80 TPY6 H 6y6-

MeHSIJIHCh «IIO)l.Ca)l.hl», «3aC3)l.hi», «3a-

HOB.

B JIHrreuKoM B

6oiO y HOBropo)l.ueB

rroxo)l.e rrpOTHB KaMCKHX 6oJI-

II3)l.Hhle paTH» )l.JISI BHe3aiiHOI'O Harra-

rap B 1220 I'O.LJY pyccKOe BOltCKO HMe-

)l.eHHSI Ha IIOXO)l.e HJIH BO Bpetvffi 6oSI.

JIO TPY6hi, 6y6Hhl, cypHhl H correnH.

B H oBropo)l.cKolt paTH, KaK H B BoltCKaX)l.pyrnx pyccKHX KHSI:>KeCTB, 60JiblllOe 3Ha<JeHHe HMeJIH «CTIIni» -

3Ha-

MeHa H BOeHHrui MY3MKa. CTarH B MHpHoe BpeMSI XpaHHJIHCb B xpaMax, a Ha BOltHe TII.IaTeJihHO OXpaHSIJIHCb.

Ka:>K)l.oro rroJIKa HJIH APY:>KHHhi

HMeJICSI cBolt cTar.

B JIHrreuKoM 6010

B 1216 I'O.Jl.Y y cy3)l.aJihCKOI'O KHSI3Sl 6hlJIO 17 CTIII'OB, y HOBI'OpO)l.UeB-13 CTSirOB. «lloCTaBHTh» HJIH «HaBOJIO<JHn» cTIIr 03Ha<Ja.JIO rrocTPOHn BoltcKo )l.JISI 6oa. BoltcKo cTpeMHJIOCh «IIO)l.py6HTb CTIIr>> y IIpOTHBHHKa, "'TO qacTO 03Ha<Ja.JIO rro6e)l.y. CTarH oKa-

978-1015 rr. KHSDKEHVIE BJl.AAVIMVIPA I KPACHOE COJlHbiWKO. 1015-1019 rr. 60Pb6A 3A nPECTOJl ME)I(Jl.Y CbiHOBbSlMVI BJl.AAVIMVIPA. B KOHe<~HOM MTore no6e.ay o,aep)l(an flpoenaB, pa3rpoM!AB CBf!TononKa !A BbJTeeH!AB MeTMenaBa H8 BOeTOK OT,{JHenpa, r,ae TOT !A npe6bJB8fl ,ao eaMOM eMepT!A ( 1036 r.) B eTaTyee nonyHe3aB!Ae!AMoro npaBMTenf!.

1019-1054rr. KHSJ)f(EHVIE SlPOCJlABA MYAPOfO. OH B ue-

<PeoAanbH3S1 Pycb BXII-XIIJ BB.

69 JIOM yeneWHO 38ll..l!AT!AJI eBO!A Bfla,aeH!Afl OT nOflf/KOB (HeeMOTpfl H8 HeeKOJibKO nopa)l(eH!AM; eM. Bb/We), a Ta/OKe oT ne<~eHeroB.

1054-1136 rr. nonoBEUKOE HAWECTBVIE. nonoBUblTJOpKeKoe nneMf!, ,aa)l(e ewe 6onee BO!AHeTBeHHOe, </eM ne<~eHer!A enoeo6eTBOB8JI!A yna,aKy Befi!AKOTO KHf!)l(eeTBa KMeBeKoro. B TO )l(e BpeMfl npouBeTanM HoBropo.a !A Cy3.aanb- Bfla,aeH!Afl, HOM!AH8JibHO no,aBnaeTHbJe KMeBy. t1 K!AeBeKMC1, !A HOBropo,aeK!AM, !A ey3,a8JibeK!AM KHfi3bfl- Bee 6blfi!A nOTOMK8M!A flpoenaBa.

1113-1125 rr. KHSJ)f(EHVIE BJl.AAVIMVIPA II MOHOMAXA. noene,aH!AM Befi!AK!AM K!AeBeK!AM KHf/3b, OH nO'-IT!A Bee BpeMf/ BOeBan e nOJIOBUBM!A.

115 7-117 4 rr. KHSJ)f(EHVIE AHAPESl 60fOJ1106CKOfO. OH 38XBBT!Afl KMeB y eBoero po.aM<~a, MeTMenaBa II Y.aanoro.

BOli1HA on~Tb CTAHOBV1TC~ V1CKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rr.

EBPA3IDIII IiJ1lDKHJiii BOCTOK BH3AHTHMCKAH HMTIEPH.H

HHe <j>eO)\aJihHOlt pa.3)l.p06JieHHOCTH.

crroco6cTBOBaJIO TaJOKe 3aKpenome-

KpaltHe o6oc1pHJiach 6op1>6a pa3JIH"l-

HHe CB060AHOro KpeCThllHCTBa H pa-

HhlX rpyrrrr roCIIOACTBYIOlllero KJiaCCa3arrpeCTOJI. C 1057 no 1081 roAhl

30peHHe cTpaTHOTOB. BH3aHTHJI rroTepnena PHA HeyAa<J B 6op1>6e c BHeiii-

CMeHHJIOCh

B Te'leHMe nep8oC1 nono8MHbJ paccMaTpM8aeMoro nepMo.aa BM3aHTMVIcKaR l1MnepMR npo.aomKana JJ,eVtCT808aTb CTOflb )l(e 9HeprM4HO, KaK npeJJ,bl/l,YWMe /1,8a 8eKa, KOTJJ,a cHo8a crana caMoVI Morywecr8eHHoC1 .aep)l(a8oC1 bnM)I(Hero BocroKa. KoHeu ee ma8eHCT8Y 6bm nono)l(eH HeO)I(MJJ,aHHO M KaTaCTpOcpM4eCKM nOR8fleHMeM Ha MCTOPM4eCKOVt apeHe TYPOK-Ceflb.Jl)KyK08, KOTOpbJe no/1, KOMaHJJ,08aHMeM Ann-ApcnaHa HaHeCfiM COKPYWMTeflbHOe nopa)l(eHMe 8M3aHTMVtCKOVt apMMM MMneparopa PoMaHa no.a MaHUMKeproM. He8epos:~rHo 6bJCTpo rypKM-cenbJJ,)I(YKM 38X8aTMfiM 8Ce a3MaTCKMe 8flaJJ,eHMS1 BM3aHTMM, KpoMe ropcTKM yKpenneHHbJX nopT08bJX ropo.ao8 Ha no6epe)l(be AHaTOfiMM. npM 3Ha4MTeflbHOM COJJ,eVtCT8MM {a Ta/OKe M HeKOTOpOM conpoTM8fleHMM) y4aCTHMK08 nep8oro KpeCT080TO noxo.aa MMneparopAneKcec:t KoMHMH, o.aapeHHbJVt npa8MTeflb M 80eHa4aflbHMK, Ha'lan MeJJ,fleHHb/Vt M MY4MTeflbHb/Vt npo-

5 HMIIepaTOpOB.

¢eo)\aJihHhle Me:>KAoyco6Hl.lhl

HHMH BparaMH- IIe<JeHeraMH Ha CeBepe H TIOpKaMH-CeJihA:>K)'KaMH Ha

1071

npHBeJIH K ocJia6JieHHIO BH3aHTHlt-

BOCTOKe. B

cKoro rocyAapcTBa H yxyAIIIeHHIO ero

:>KYKCKoro cyJITaHaAJin-ApcJiaHaHa-

roAy BOlt CKa CeJihA-

BHeiiiHeiiOJIHTH"leCKOfO IIOJIO:>KeHHJl.

HeCJIH coKpyiiiHTeJihHoe nopa:>KeHHe

Yrra.AJ-.')' BOeHHolt MOlllH BH3aHTHH

BH3aHTHH B 6HTBe rrpH MaHUHKepTe.

UeCC803pO~eHMRMMnepM~6onee

MfiM MeHee ycneWHO 8010$1 C HOpMaHHaMM, 6onrapaMM, TypKaMM, a MHOTJJ,a - M C TeMM )l(e KpeCTOHOCUaMM. HecMOTPR Ha yJJ,M8MTeflbHYFO )I(M8y4eCTb M CTOVtKOCTb, npoJJ,eMOHCTpMp08aHHbJe BM3aHrMeC1 npM AneKcee KoMHMHe M ero Hacne.aHMKax, MMnepMR TaK M He CyMena nOfiHOCTb/0 onpa8MTbCS1 OT nofly'leHHOTO npM MaHUMKepre y.aapa. TeM He MeHee K KOH/..lY paCCMaTpM8aeMOTO nepMOJJ,a BM3aHTMR 8ce ewe ocra8anacb caMoVI 6oraroC1 M MoryweCT8eHHoVI.aep)l(a8oC1 Bocro4HOC1 E8ponbJ M /Oro -3ana.aHoC1 A3MM. CJieAyer OTMeTIITh, 'ITO B cepeAHHe

BeKa B BH3aHTHH rrpoHCXOAH-

JIH O:>KeCTO"leHHhie <j>eo)\aJihHhie Me'A<AOYC06Hl.lhl, 3HaMeHoBaBnme ycHJie-

BOHHbl. naneCTHHCKYle HKOHbiiX-X BB. CHH3~

EBPA3V1~ V1 5JlV1>KHV1V1 BOCTOK llMnepaTop PoMaH IV ,lJ;IIoreH 6biJI 3aXBa<JeH B TIJieH. BII3aHTiffi noTepHJia no'ITII BCIO Manyro A3IIIO II ApMeHIIIO. Ha 3ana,o:e noJiomeHHe BII3aHTIIII TCU<)Ke CliJibHO TIOIIIaTHyJIOCb B CB5I3II C TIOHBJieHIIeM HOBOrO MOryiiieCTBeHHOrO conepHHKa B JIIIU:e HOpMaHHOB, KOTOpbie o60CHOBaJIIICb Ha IOre llTaJIIIII. HopMaHHCKIIH repu:or Po6epT Ha'IaJI 3Heprll'IHo npii6IIpaTh KpyKaM BII3aHTIIHCKIIe BJia,o:eHIIH B IOmHoli llTaJIIIII, TIO cyrnecTBy O'IeHb MaJIO CBH3aHHble c IIMnepiieH. B 1071 ro.o:y HOpMaHHbi 3aXBaTIIJIII TIOCJie):(HIIH OTIJIOT BII3aHTIIllu;eB B llTaJillli - ropo,o: Ea pii, a B Ha<JaJie 80-x ro,o:oB BTOprJIIICb B 3niip II CTaJIII OTiyCTOIIIaTb no6epembe ,lJ;aJIMaU:IIII. B 1081 ro,o:y K BJiacm npiiiiieJI AJieKceli I KoMHIIH, CTaBJieHHIIK npoBIIHU:IIaJibHOH BoeHHo-cny)KIIJIOH 3Ham. IIepe,o: JIIIu;OM BHeiiiHeH OTiaCHOCTli II BCJie,O:CTBIIe yrp03bi HapO,O:HbiX BOCCTaHIIH BII3aHTIIHCKIIe <iJeo,o:aJibi BpeMeHHO CTIJIOTIIJIIICb BOKpyr HOBOH ):(liHaCTIIII KoMHIIHOB. Eiopb6a Blll3aHTIIIIII c neL!eHeraMIII

B KOHU:e 80-x ro,o:oB XI BeKa BHeiiiHeTIOJIIITII'IeCKOe TIOJIO)KeHIIe B BII3aHTIIII KpaliHe ocJiomHIIJI OCb. C ceBepa ee Bee 6oJiee HaCTOH'IliBO TeCHIIJIII Tie'IeHerii, Ha BOCTOKe B0306HOBIIJIII CBOe HacrynJieHIIe TIOpKII-CeJib):()KYKII. B 1088 ro.o:y AJieKceli KoMHIIH noTepneJI T5I)KeJioe nopameHIIe oT ne'IeHeroB B 6IITBe npii ,lJ;opocToJie. IIe<JeHern 3aHHJIII <l>IIJIIInnonoJib II BToprJIIICb EO paKIIIO. Hx TIOJJ:JJ:epmaJIII 6orOMIIJibi, KOTOpbie B 6opb6e C HeHaBIICTHbiM BII3aHTIIHCKIIM npaBIITeJibCTBOM IICTIOJib30BaJIII JII06ble B03MO)KHOCTII ):(JIH ero OCJia6JieHHH. B MaJioH A 3IIII BoeHHble ,o:eliCTBIIH npOTliB IIMTiepiiii Ha'IaJI 3MIIp qaxa, YKPeTIIIBIIIIIHCH Ha 3ana,o:HoM 6epery MaJioli A3llll II Ha Cnopa,o:CKIIX ocTpoBax. OnacHOCTh, HaBIICIIIaH HaJJ: BII3aHTIIHCKIIM rocy.o:apcrBOM, CTaJia oco6eHHO rp03HOH, KOr,o:a qaxa 3aKJIIO'IliJI coi03 c ne<JeHeraMII II Ha'IaJI COBMeCTHO C HliMli HacrynJieHIIe Ha BII3aHTIIHCKYIO CTOJIIIU:Y. qaxa roTOBIIJICH K oca,o:e KoHCTaHTIIHonoJIH c MOpH, ne<JeHern- c cyiiiii.

3IIMOH 1090-1091 ro,O:OB TIOJIOmeHIIe BII3aHTIIHCKOH IIMnepllli cTaJio KpliTII'IeCKIIM, II AJieKceli KoMHIIH 6biJI BbiHym):(eH o6paTIITbC5I 3a TIOMOIu;biO K 3aTia):(HOeBponeHCKIIM npaBIITeJIHM. KpoMe Toro, eMy y,o:aJiocb nocpe,o:cTBOM TIO):(Kyna TipiiBJie'Ib Ha CBOIO CTOpOHY TIOJIOBIJ;eB, KO'IeBaBIIIIIX B HII30Bb5IX )J;Henpa II )J;oHa. IIoJIOBU:bi, paHee ,o:eHCTBOBaBIIIIIe coBMecmo c ne'IeHeraMII, BecHoH 1091 ro,o:a HaTiaJIII Ha HIIX II B COI03e C BII3aHTIIHCKliMII BOHCKaMII HaHeCJIII liM mmeJioe nopameHIIe. 3MIIp qaxa He ycneJI oKa3aTh TIOMOiu;II ne<JeHeraM II BCKOpe CaM CTaJI mepTBOH npOIICKOB BII3aHTIIHU:eB. BII3aHTIIHCKIIe nocJiaHU:bi ,o:oHeCJIII npaBIIBIIIeMy B KoRbe ceJib,o:myKcKoMy cyJITaHy KbiJibi'IApcJiaey I (1092-1106 rr.), 'ITO ero 3HTh qaxa HK06bl 3aMbiiiiJIHeT 3aXBaTHTh BJiacTh II cBepreyTh ero c npeCTOJia. IIoBepiiB ,o:oHocy, cyJITaH B 1093 ro,o:y y6IIJI qaxy. B pe3yJibTaTe Bcex 3TIIX co6biTHH rpo3HaH onacHOCTh, HaBIICIIIaH Ha):( IIMnepiieH, 6biJia BpeMeHHO npe,o:oTBparu;eHa. EoJibiiioe 3Ha<JeHIIe B oTpameHIIII HaTHCKa ne<JeHemcKIIX op,o: Ha BII3aHTIIIO IIMeJia 6opb6a Pycii npomB KO<JeBHIIKOB. O,o:HaKo caMa BII3aHTIIH npii 3TOM nrpana JJ:BOHCTBeHH)'IO poJib. To, 6oHcb yciiJieHHH ,lJ;peBHepyccKoro rocy,o:apcTBa, oHa HaTpaBJIIIBaJia op,o:bi KO'IeBHHKOB Ha ero 3eMJie,o:eJib<JecKIIe o6JiaCTII, TO, CaMa TeCHIIMaH KO'IeBHIIKaMII, npiiey)K):(eHa 6biJia o6paru;aTbC5I 3a TIOMOiu;biO K pyccKIIM KH5I3b5IM. Blll3aHTIIIH 111 KpecTOBble noxo,Qbl

3Ha'IIITeJibHOe BJIIIHHIIe Ha ):(aJibHeHIIIIIe cy,o:b6bl BII3aHTIIHCKoro rocy,o:apcTBa oKa3aJIII KpeCTOBble noxoJJ:bi. EcJIII ,o:o 1091 ro,o:a AJieKceli KoMHIIH )K):(aJI noMOiu;II OT 3ana):(HoeBponelicKIIX rocy,o:apcTB npomB HarnecTBIIH ne<JeHeroB, TO nocJie Toro, KaK 3Ta onacHOCTh 6biJia npe,o:oTBparu;eHa, TIOHBJieHHe KpeCTOHOCIJ;eB Ha TeppiiTOpiiii BII3aHTIIII (B 1096 r.) 'Ipe3Bbi'IaliHo o6ecnoKOIIJIO npaBIITeJibcTBo. 0HO TIOCTapaJIOCb 6biCTpeH nepenpaBIITb KpecToHocu;eB B MaJIYIO A3IIIO II II36aBliThCH oT yrpo3bl IIX HaTia):(eHIIH. C ,o:pyroH CTOpOHbi,

BII3aHTIIH crpeMIIJiacb II3BJie'Ib onpe,o:eJieHHble BblrO):(bi II3 KpeCTOHOCHbiX npe):(llpliHTliH II ,o:o6IIJiaCb npii 3TOM II3BeCTHbiX ycneXOB. 0Ha IICTIOJib30BaJia no6e,o:bl KpeCTOHOCU:eB Ha):( TIOpKaMII-CeJib):()KyKaMII ):(JIH BOCCTaHOBJi eHIIH BJiacm BII3aHTIIII B MaJioH A 3llll, oTBoeBaJia y TIOpoK ee 3ana,o:HYIO <JacTh c KpynHhiMII ropo,o:aMII CMIIpHoH, 3¢ecoM, Cap,o:aMII II ,o:p ., a 3aTeM pacnpocTpaHHJia CBOIO BJiaCTh Ha o6JiaCTH, 6JIII3KIIe K rpaHIIU:aM CIIpiiii. O,o:HaKo yme B KOHIJ;e npaBJieHIIH AJieKceH KoMHIIHa II oco6eHHo npii ero npeeMHIIKax lloaHHe II (11181143 rr.) II MaHyiiJie I ( 11431180 rr.) omorneHIIH BII3aHTIIII c KpeCTOHOCU:aMII 'Ipe3Bbi'IaHHO yxy.o:IIIliJIIICb. Me)K):(y IIMnepiieli II rocy,o:apcTBaMII KpecToHocu;eB npoiicxoJJ:IIJIII HeO)J,HOKpaTHble BOeHHble CTOJIKHOBeHHH. KpoMe Toro, BeHeu;IIaHCKIIe II reHy33CKIIe KYTIU:bi, IICTIOJib30BaBIIIIIe KpeCTOBble TIOXO):(bl ):(JIH npOHIIKHOBeHliH B BII3aHTHIO, HaHOCIIJili CEOeli KOHKypeHIJ;IIeH 60JibiiiOH yrnep6 BII3aHTIIHCKOMY peMeCJIY II ToproBJie, 'ITO Bbi3biBaJIO OCTpYIO HeHaBIICTh HaCeJieHHH K 3TliM KynU:aM. B Mae 1182 ro,o:a BOCCTaBIIIIIH Hapo,o: 6ecnoma,o:Ho pacnpaBIIJICH c TeMII IITaJibHHCKIIMII KyniJ;aMII, KOTOpbie Haxo,o:IIJIIICb B TO BpeMH B KoHCTaHTHHonoJie. 0niipaHCb Ha 3TO Hapo):(Hoe BOCCTaHIIe, K BJiaCTII npiiiiieJI npe,o:cTaBIITeJib 6oKoBoli JIIIHHII KoMHIIHOB, AH,o:poHHK I KoMHHH (11821185 rr.). 3aXBaTIIB TpOH BonpeKII meJiaHIIIO <iJeo,O:aJibHOH 3HaTH II OKa3aBIIIIICb BbiHY)K):(eHHbiM JJ:JIH YKpenJieHIIH CBOeH BJiaCTII IICKaTb TIOJJ:JJ:ep)KKY y IIIIIpOKIIX Hapo,O:HbiX MaCe, AH,o:poHIIK ,o:oJimeH 6biJI noHTII Ha npoBe,O:eHIIe HeKOTOpbiX pe<iJopM: o6Ji er'IIITh HaJi oroBbiH rHeT, yHII'ITOmiiTh npo,o:amy ,o:oJimHoCTeH, Ha<JaTh 6opb6y c 3JioynoTpe6JieHHHMII c6opIu;IIKOB TIO,O:aTeH, ynpoCTHTh 'IIIHOBHH'IIIH annapaT. B 6opb6e c KpynHbiMII ¢eo,o:aJiaMII AH,o:poHIIK CTpeMIIJICH, KpoMe TOro, onepeThcH Ha BII3aHTHHcKoe Kyne<JeCTBO II TIOKpOBIITeJibCTBOBaJI B03pom,o:eHIIIO rpe'IeCKOH ToproBJIII. IIoJIIITIIKa AH,o:poHIIKa Bbi3BaJia CliJibH)'IO 3Jio6y CO CTOpOHbi KpynHbiX

BOli1HA on~Tb CTAHOBV1TC~ V1CKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rr. 1185

roAy OHH o6pa-

lllaJIHeh H3-3a paeTOqHTeJihHOeTH HM-

qeTBepToro KpeeToBoro rroxo):\a

THJIHeh 3a IIOMOII.IhiO K eHI.IHJIHi:teKO-

rrepaTopa H ero ABopa, H3-3a HX 6e-

rrpoTHB BH3aHTHi:teKoro roeyAap-

II, rro6y)K-

3YMHoi:t poeKOIIIH H HerrpephiBHhlX

eTBa.

AaJI ero K BOi:tHe rrpoTHB BH3aHTHH.

rrpa3):\HeeTB. «Haiiia A<jlHHeKaJI o6-

<jleo):\aJIOB. B

MY KopoJIIO BHJihreJihM)'

Apyroi:t eTOpOHhl, IIOJih3Yileh

3axBaTHJIH

JiaeTh,- IIHeaJI TOr):\aiiiHHi:t apXH-

,lJ;HppaxHJ:t (,Il:paq), a 3aTeM IIOeJie

errHeKOII ropoAa A<jlHH MHxaHJI

eKaJI HMIIepHii TaK)Ke IIhlTaJiaeh IIOA-

KpaTKOBpeMeHHOi:t oea,qhl OBJia)J,eJIH

AKOMHHaT,-B KOTOpoJ:t e ):\aBHero

qHHHTh ee eBOeMy BJIHiiHHIO. fep-

Boi:teKa BHJihreJihMa

oeJia6JieHHeM BH3aHTHH, fepMaH-

<!>eeeaJIOHHKoi:t. BoeHHhle HeyAaqH

BpeMeHH yMeHhiiiaeTeJI qHeJIO ee

MaHeKHi:t HMIIepaTOp <l>HJIHIIII lliBa6-

HMIIepaTopa, O'ITOJIKHYBIIIHe OT Hero

)KHTeJiei:t BeJie):\eTBHe HerrpepbiBHhlX

eKHtt, OIIHpaJieh Ha ):\HHaeTHqeeKHe

qaeTh HaeeJieHHJI, 6hlJIH HeiiOJlh30Ba-

Tii)KeJihlX rro6opoB, B HaeTOilll.lee

eBi13H e AOMOM AHreJioB (<!>HJIHIIII

Hhl BH3aHTHi:teKHMH <jleO):\aJI3.MH ):\JIJI

BpeMil IIOABepraeTeil orraeHoeTH npe-

6hlJI )KeHaT Ha AoqepH HMrrepaTopa

eBep)KeHHJI AHAPOHHKa e rrpeeToJia.

BpaTHTheil B TO, qTo Ha3biBaeTeil

MeaaKa

eKH<jle Kott rryeThlHett». BoeHHhle

HeHHH ABYX HMnepHtt. ITo3TOM)', Kor-

roBopa H 6hlJI rrpe}:\aH MyqHTeJihHOi:t

eHJihl HMIIepHH, eoeTOiiBIIIHe rJiaB-

Aa MeaaKAHreJI 6hlJI eBeprnyT e rrpe-

Ka3HH. IIpeeToJI 3axBaTHJI rrpeAeTa-

HhlM o6pa30M H3 HaeMHhlX BOi:teK, Ha

eTOJia eBOHM 6paToM AJieKeeeM

BHTeJih <jleo):\aJihHOi:t 3HaTH TpyeJIHBhli:t H HH~O)KHhli:t MeaaK II AHreJI,

eo}:\ep)KaHHe KOTOphlX y rrpaBHTeJih-

(1195-1203

eTBa He XBaTaJIO epe}:\eTB, IIpHXOAH-

eKHtt OKa3aJI BeeMepHyiO IIOMep)K-

OeHOBaTeJih HOBOJ:t ):\HHaeTHH AHre-

JIH B yrra,qoK. B yna)J,oK rrpHIIIeJI H

KY ero ehlHY- uapeBHqy AJieKeeiO,

1185 roAy oH

JIOB

rraJI )KepTBoi:t HX 3a-

(1185-1204 rr.).

II AHreJia), Me~aJI

o eoe,u.H-

III

rr.), <l>HJIHIIII IIIsa6-

<jlJioT. 0eJia6JieHHe BH3aHTHH 6hlJIO

o6paTHBIIIeMyeJI K HeMy 3a IIOMO-

IIpaBJieHHe 3Toi:t AHHaeTHH 6hlJio

HeiiOJlh30BaHO ee BHeiiiHHMH Bpara-

ll.lhiO. BoeeTaHOBJieHHe Ha rrpeeTo-

BpeMeHeM IIOJIHTHqeeKOfO H 3KOHO-

MH H IIpe;KAe Beero ee KOHeypeHTOM

Jie «3aKOHHhlX» HMIIepaTOpOB eTa-

l'vfHqeeKOfO yrra)J,Ka BH3aHTHH. He-

B ToproBJie e BoeTOKOM- BeHel.IH-

JIO OeHOBHhiM rrpe}:\JIOfOM ):\Jlil Hana-

eMoTpJI Ha poeT HaJioroB, roeyAap-

aHeKott peeny6JIHKott, eyMeBIIIett

):\eHHil KpeeToHoeueB Ha BH3aHTHIO,

eTBeHHhle AOXOAhl Bee BpeMJI yMeHh-

HeKyeHo HanpaBHTh yqaeTHHKOB

a IIpOBO):\HHKOM IIOJIHTHKH <l>HJIHIIrra lliBa6eKoro iiBHJieJI rrpe}:\BOAHTeJih KpeeToHoeHhlX 01piiAOB BoHH<jlauHtt MoH<jleppaTeKHtt. BH3aHTHtteKoe rrpasHTeJiheTBo, He HMeBIIIee HH eBoett IIOeTOiiHHOtt apMHH, HH epe}:\eTB ):\Jlil yrrJiaThl )KaJIOBaHhil HaeMHHKaM, OKa3aJIOeh Heerroeo6HhiM

13 arrpeJIJI 1204 ro):\a KoHeTaHTHHOIIOJih rraJI IIOA

OTpa3HTh HaTHeK Bpara.

yAapaMH KpeeToHoeueB, aTaKOBaBIIIHX ropoA e Mopa H eyiiiH H yqHHHBIIIHX B HeM eTpaiiiHhltt pa3rpoM. Ha pa3BaJIHHax BH3aHTHtteKoro roeyAapeTBa B

1204 fOAY 6biJia OeHOBaHa Ta.K

Ha3biBaeMaJI JiaTHHeKaJI HMIIepHii.

flPOP.ORJKEHHE 803PO~EHHRBH3AHTH~

1000-1067 rr.

8H38HTHi1CK11e BOHHbl. KOCTSIH8SI 06K118AK8 nap'-'a.

X B.

976-1025r~ UAPCTBOBAHIAE BACIAJliAs:l II 60JlfAP060171Ubl. 996-1018 rr. 3ABOEBAHIAE 60JlfAPIAIA. B 6VITBe Ha peKe CnepXVIOC ( B COBp. rpel.IVIVI; 996 r.) 88CVIflVIt11f pa36VIn 6onrapcKoro l.lBPfl CaMyVIna VI eepHyn no.a enacTb 6a3VIneecoe rpel.IVIIO c MaKe,aoHVIet1. BcKope nocne 9Toro CaMyVIn, cHoea BToprwVIcb B MaKe,aoHVIFO, 3axeaTVIn VI C)l(er A,apVIaHononb ( 1003 r.).

EBPA3Vl>l V1 6JlV1>KHV1Vl BOCTOK Bo3o6Hoeue HacrynneHue, BacunuVI If B KOHUe KOHUOB OKOH48renbHO Bb/TeCHMfl 6onrap M3 4Jp8KMM u MaKe.aoHMM ( 1007 r.); eynbMMHauueVI noxo.aoe e bonrapuJO Reunacb 6urea npu banarucre ( 1014 r. ), nocne KOTOpoVI BacunuVI II ocnenun 15 Tb/C>/4 6onrapCKMX nneHHbiX M OTOCfl8JI MX o6paTHO CaMyMnY, KOTOpb!Vt OT noTp>!CeHM>I yMep. nocne 9TOTO conporueneHue bonrapuu pe3KO ocna6no; ecKope BacunuVI II noKopun ec10 crpaHy ( 1018 r.), reM caMb!M nOflO)I(MB KOHeU Cyll.leCTBOB8HMIO nepeoro bonrapCKOTO U8PCTB8: ero ceeepo-eocro4HBR 48CTb npeeparunacb e MMnepceyJO npoeuHUMJO napMCTpMOH,' 38n8.ll,Hble MIOT038n8.ll,Hble 3eMJIM, CT8B npOBMHUMeVt, coxpaHunu MMfl bonrapuu; o6nacrb )l(e CpeMa Ha J],yHae, crae npoeuHuueVI, nony4Mfl8 H8MMeHOB8HMe CupMMVt. BoJirapmi 6hlJia rroJIHOCThiO JIHrneHa KaKOlt 6hl TO HH 6hlJIO Ca:tvtoCTO.liTeJihHOCTH H npeBpameHa B norpaHHqHyiO BH3aHTHltCKYIO IIpOBHHUHIO. B

TeqeHHe Bcero nepHoga

CBOero rocnogcTBa (1018-1185 rr.) BH3aHTHltCKOe npaBHTeJibCTBO CMOTpeJIO Ha BoJirapHIO TOJibKO KaK Ha O.LJ-HH H3 BIDKHeltlliHX HCTOqHHKOB MaTepHaJibHhlX cpegCTB, He06XO.LJ-HMb1X eMy AJI.ll BegeHH.ll noqTH HenpephiBHblX BOltH. Bopb6y 3aocBo6oJK)l.eHHe 6oJirapCKHlt Hapog HaqaJI B nepBhle :a<e ge-

Bac~umi'i

II. Ma.tHa.taTJOpa a.~nnJOMa.tHa.tpoaaHHOH ncama.tpa.t 1004 r.

C.liTHJieTH.ll nocJie yTpaThl CBOelt He3aBHCHMOCTH. Bo rJiaBe BOCCTaHHlt

BoJirapHH Torqac :a<e Bhl3BaJIO Boc-

6hlJI npegaTeJibCKHM o6pa30M OCJien-

npoTHB BH3aHTHltcKoro rocygapcTBa

CTaHHe B Cep6HH- B 3eTe H B pal:i-

JieH H B3.liT B nJieH.

HepegKO OKa3hiBaJIHCb rrpegCTaBHTe-

oHe ropoga ,[{paqa. 0Ho oxBaTHJIO

He MeHee 3HaqHTeJibHhlM no cBo-

JIH TOlt qacTH 6oJirapCKHX <J>eogaJIOB,

BCIO IOro-3ana,qHyiO qacTb BaJIKaH-

HM MaClliTa6aM 6hlJIO H BTOpoe BOCCTaHHe 6oJirap, pa3pa3HBrneeca B

KOTOpa.ll no TeM HJIH HHhiM npHqHHa:tvl

cKoro IIOJIYOCTpOBa- noqTH BCIO

6b1Jia He.LJ-OBOJibHa I'OCIIO.LJ-CTBOM BH-

MaKegoHHIO, Co<J>HltCh.')'IO o6JiaCTh,

1071-1073

3aHTHltUeB. Ho HHHUHaTHBa ABH:a<e-

3rrHp H qacTb CpegHett fpeUHH.

Hott BoJirapHH rrog pyKoBOACTBOM

no~H

rogax B CeBepo-3ana,q-

BCerga HCXOAHJia OT lliH-

K BoccTaBlliHM npHcoegHHHJiacb H

6oJiapHHa feoprHa BottTexa.

pOKHX HapO.LJ-HhlX Mace, CTpa,qaBlliHX

qacTb BH3aHTHltCKOrO KpeCTb.liHCTBa.

3TOT pa3 6oJiraphl H cep6hl6opoJIHCb

OT ABOltHOrO rHeTa- HH03eMHhiX H

CoBMeCTHoe BhlC'I)'IIJieHHe 6oJirap-

BMecTe. I.:(apeM 6oJirap H pyKoBOAH-

CBOHX <J>eogaJIOB.

cKoro H cep6cKoro HapogoB B03rJia-

TeJieM BOCCTaHH.ll 6hlJI npOB03rJiallieH ChlH 3eTCKoro KH.ll3.ll MHXaHJia, KoH-

HH.ll

IIepBoe MaccoBoe BoccTaHHe B

BHJI IIeTp ,[{eJiaH, BHYK 6oJirapcKo-

3arra,u,Hott BoJirapHH npoH30lliJIO B 1040-1041 rogax. HerrocpegcT-

ro uapa CaMyHJia. BH3aHTHltcKoe

CTaHTHH BogHH, npHH.liBlliHlt (no-BH-

IIpaBHTeJibCTBO cnpaBHJIOCb C 3THM

AHMoMy, B qecn ,[{eJiaHa) HM.ll IIeT-

BeHHott npHqHHOlt ero 6hlJIO OCTpoe

ABH:a<eHHeM JIHllib c oqeHb 6oJiblliHM

pa. BoJIHa BOCCTaHH.ll goKaTHJiacb go

He.LJ-OBOJibCTBO pa3opeHHOrO KpeCTb-

TPYAOM, npHqeM qacTh cep6cKHX

HHrna- Ha ceBepe H go no6epe:a<b.ll

.liHCTBa nepeBO.LJ-OM HaTypaJI bHblX

3eMeJib (3eTa) BhllliJia H3-nog ero

3rettcKoro Mopa- Ha 10re. IIoga-

HaJioroB B geHe:a<Hhle. BoccTaHHe B

BJiaCTH. Bo)(()J.b BOCCTaBlliHX ,[{eJI.liH

BHTh 3'1'0 BOCCTaHHe BH3aHTHltCKOMY

BOV1 HA on~Tb CTAHOB V1TC~ V1CKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rT.

npaBHTeJibCTBY y):(aJIOCb JIHIIIb C TIOMOil(biO HaeMHbiX HeMeU:KHX H HOpMaHHCKHX BolicK . BcH MeCTHOCTb, OXBa'IeHHaH nBH)J{eHHeM, 6biJia npeBparn:eHa B nycTbiHIO. TeM He MeHee, HeCMOTpH Ha )J{eCTOKHH Teppop, OCB06onHTeJibHaH 6opb6a He npeKparn:aJiacb. B nocJienyiOrn:He ro):(bi 6oJIrapbi, Ha):(eHCb Ha OCB06mK):(eHHe OT BH3aHTHHCKoro Hra, npHHHMaJIH y'IaCTHe B MHTe)J{ax BH3aHTHHCKHX MeCTHbiX npaBHTeJieil. B 1077 rony oHH aKTHBHO Y'JaCTBOBaJIH B MHTe)J{e HHKHcpopa BpHeHHHH npoTHB HMnepaTopa MHxaHJia VII ):(yKH, a 3aTeM, 'Iepe3 2 ro):(a, B BOCCTaHHH HHKHcpOpa BacHJiaKH. B 1078 rony B03HHKJIO Hapo}:(Hoe ):(BH)J{eHHe B pailoHe MeceMBpHH no):( pyKoBO):(CTBOM ):(o6poMHpa, a BCKOpe TIOCJie 3TOrO- B pailORe ropona OnpHHa (AnpHaHonoJIH). B ocBo6onHTeJibHOH 6opb6e npoTHB BH3aHTHHCKOrO Hra 60JibiiiOe Y'JaCTHe npHHHMaJIH 6oroMHJibi. HHorna OHH HBJIHJIHCb He TOJibKO y'IaCTHHKaMH, HO H PYKOBO}:(HTeJIHMH BbiCTyTIJieHHH. TaK, B 1084 ro):(y BO rJiase BOCCTaHHH B <l>HJIHTITIOTIOJie CTOHJI 6oroMHJI TpaBJI. EoroMHJibi )J{e 6biJIH opraHH3aTopaMH omopa KpeCToHocu:aM - Y'JaCTHHKaM IIepBoro KpecToBoro noxona B 1096-1097 ronax, onyCToiiiaBIIIHM EonrapHIO. IIpe):(aHHOCTh HaponHoMY neJiy o6ecne'IHJia naJibHeHIIIHH poeT H ycHJieHHe ):(BH)J{eHHH 6oroMHJIOB B XII BeKe, HeCMOTpH Ha TO, 'ITO BH3aHTHHCKOe npaBHTeJibCTBO BeJIO C HHMH HenpepbiBHYIO 6opb6y . ToJibKO B Te'IeHHe 20 JieT ( c 1140 ):(O 1160 r . ) B KoHcTaHTHHonoJie 6biJIO co3BaHO 'IeTbipe u:epKOBHbiX co6opa CTieU:HaJibHO nJIH ocy)J{}:(eHHH H onpoBep)J{eHHH 6oroMHJibCKOH epecH. Ho 3TO He TIOMOrJIO BH3aHTHH. B KOHU:e 80-x ronoB XII BeKa 6oroMHJibi npHHHJIH caMoe aKTHBHOe y'IaCTHe B TOM ):(BH)J{eHHH, KOTopoe HenocpencTBeHHO npHBeJio K ocBo6o)J{neHHIO EoJirapHH. PyccKo-6onrapcKHe CBH3H He 6biJIH coBepiiieHHo o6opBaHbi HH rocnonCTBOM BH3aHTHHueB B EoJirapHH, HH nepenBH)J{eHHeM KO'IeBHHKOB (ne'IeHeroB, a 3aTeM TIOJIOBU:eB) B IO)J{HOpyccKHX cTenHx. B XI-XII BeKax 3TH CBH3H TIOJIY'IHJIH naJibHeHIIIee pa3BHTHe.

IIponoJI)J{aH TIOJib30BaThcH ycJiyraMH 6oJirapCKHX nepeBO}:('IHKOB (MHOme 6onrapbi, 6e)J{aB H3 nopa6orn:eHHOH EoJirapHH, )KHJIH B TO BpeMH Ha PycH), pyccKHe KHH)J{HHKH B CBOIO o'!epe}:(b oKa3biBaJIH HenocpencTBeHHoe BJIHHHHe Ha pa3BHTHe 6oJirapcKOH KYJibTYpbi. B EonrapHIO Ha'IaJIH npoHHKaTh OpHrnHaJibHbie npOH3BeneHHH npeBHepyccKOH JIHTeparypbi (HanpHMep, )J{HTifH KHHrnHH OJibrn, EopHca H fJie6a, <Deo):(OCHH IIe'IepcKoro H ):(p. ), TIOJIHTII'IeCKaH HanpaBJieHHOCTh KOTOpbiX - 6opb6a npOTIIB KaKHX 6bi TO HH 6biJIO TIOTIOJI3HOBeHHH BH3aHTHH TIO):('IHHHTh ce6e ):(peBHepyccKoe roCy):(apcTBo OTBe'IaJia 'IYBCTBaM H cHMTiaTHHM 6onrapcKoro Hapo):(a. HenocpencTBeHHbie CBH3H c PycbiO cKa3biBaJIHcb H B ):(pyrHX o6JiaCTHX 6oJIrapcKoil KYJibrypbi, HanpHMep B 3on'IeCTBe, KaK 06 3TOM CBH):(eTeJibCTByeT nocTPOHKa u:epKBH HoaHHa B MeceMBpHH B XII BeKe . Ho pyccKo-6oJirapcKHe CBH3H H B 3TOT nepHon OTHIO}:(b He orpaHH'IHBaJIHCb TOJibKO KYJibTYPHbiM o6rn:eHHeM. 0 cyrn:eCTBOBaHHH TIOJIHTH'IeCKHX CBH3eil Me)J{ny EoJirapHeil H PycbiO roBopHT, HanpHMep, H3BecTHH JieTOTIHCeH 0 TIJiaHe Tepe60BJibCKOro KHH3H BacHJibKa PocTHCJiaBH'Ia (KoHeu: X I - Ha'IaJio XII B.). XopoIIIO OCBe):(OMJieHHbiH 0 KpaHHeM He):(OBOJibCTBe HaceJieHHH EoJirapHH rOCTIO):(CTBOM BH3aHTHHCKHX cpeonaJIOB, OH BbiCKa3biBaJI )J{eJiaHHe TIOCeJIHTh 'IaCTh 6oJirap Ha pyccKHX npH):(yHailcKHX 3eMJIHX. 0nHaKO 3TOT nJiaH He ocyrn:ecTBHJICH H3-3a npoTHBO):(eHCTBHH BH3aHTHH. MaccoBoe BoccTaHHe npoTHB BH3aHTHHCKoro Hra Ha'IaJIOCb B CeBepo-BocTO'IHOH EoJirapHH B KOHU:e 1185 rona. HenocpencTBeHHbiM TOJI'IKOM K HeMy HBHJIOCb BBeneHHe HOBbiX o6peMeHHTeJibHbiX no6opoB C HaceJieHHH. ):(JIH BH3aHTHH 3TOT MOMeHT 6biJI KpaHHe He6JiaronpHHTeH. B HMnepHH KHneJia ocTpaH 6opb6a Me)J{ny ):(BYMH cpeonaJibHbiMH rpynnaMH, npHBe}:(IllaH K cBep)J{eHHIO AH):(poHHKa KoMHHHa. Ern:e naJieKo He noJIHOCThiO 6biJia ycTpaHeHa onacHOCTh BTOp)J{eHHH HOpMaHHOB. IIo3TOMY BH3aHTHHCKOe npaBHTeJibCTBO He HMeJIO B03MO)J{HOCTH cpa3y )J{e

HanpaBHTh B AYHailCKYIO EoJirapHIO 3Ha'IHTeJibHbie BOopymeHHbie CHJibi. Bo3rJiaBHBIIIHe 3):(ecb BoccTaHHe 6paThH IIeTp H AceRb, 6oJIHpe H3 TbipHOBO, yMeJIO HCTIOJib30BaJIH o6cTaHOBKy. BH3aHTHHCKHe rapHH30Hbi B BOCTO'IH06oJirapCKHX ropO):(ax 6biJIH YHH'ITO)J{eHbi. BoccTaHHe 6YKBaJibHO B HeCKOJibKO HeneJib pacnpocTpaHHJIOCb BTIJIOTb no CTapoil IIJiaHHHbi (EaJIKaHCKOro xpe6Ta), BCTpe'IaHTIOBCIOny CaMyiO aKTHBHYIO TIO}:():(ep)J{KY co cTOpOHbi IIIHpOKHX KpyroB HaceJieHHH . BMecTe c BoccTaBIIIHMH 6oJirapaMH TipOTHB BH3aHTHHU:eB cpa)J{aJIHCb TIOJIOBU:bi «H Te, - KaK nHcaJI XoHHaT,- 'ITO npoHCXO):(HT H3 BopnoHbi, npe3HpaiOil(He cMepTh, BeTBb pyccKHX, Ha pon, JII06e3HbiH 6ory BOHHbi». 3To 6biJIH 6ponHHKH- pyccKoe HaCeJieHHe, )J{HBIIIee B HH30BbHX AYHaH. IIo'ITH ):(Ba rona BH3aHTHHCKaH HMnepHH HanpHraJia BCe CBOH CHJibi, TibiTaHCb BHOBb nopa6oTHTh EoJirapHIO. ToJibKO B ):(yHailcKyiO EoJirapHIO B 1186 -1187 ro):(aX 6biJIO opraHH30BaHo TPH 6oJibiiiHX noxona TIO):( npe):(BOnHTeJlbCTBOM HMnepaTOpa HcaaKa II AHreJia. 0):(HaKo Bee OHH OKa3aJIHCb 6e3pe3yJibTaTHbiMH. B 1187 rony BH3aHTHH 6biJia BbiHymneHa 3aKJIIO'IHTh C BOCCTaBIIIHMH nepeMHpHe H TeM CaMbiM npH3HaTh He3aBHCHMOCTh Been CeBepo-BocTO'IHoil EoJirapHH. B KOHUe 80-x- Ha'IaJie 90-x ronoB Ha'IaJIOCb ):(BH)J{eHHe H B ):(pyrnx o6JiaCTHX - B MaKenoHHH H B pailoHax, pacnoJio)!{eHHbiX K IOry oT CTapoil IIJiaHHHbi . MHoro'IHCJieHHbie TIOTibiTKH BH3aHTIIHueB nonaBHTh ):(BH)J{eHHe 3necb TaK)J{e He HMeJIH ycnexa. K cepe}:(HHe 90-x ronoB B MaKenoHHH o6pa30BaJIOCb HeCKOJibKO He3aBHCHMbiX 6oJirapCKHX KHH)J{eCTB. TaKHM o6pa30M, K KOHU:Y XII BeKa TIO'ITH BCH TeppHTOpHH, HaCeJieHHaH 6oJirapaMH, 6biJia OCB06o)J{neHa OT BJiacTH BH3aHTHH. H xorn Ha 3TOH TeppHTopHH B pe3yJibTaTe oco6eHHoCTeil COU:HaJibH0-3KOHOMH'IeCKOrO pa3BHTHH EonrapHH B nepHo):( nopa6orn:eHHH o6pa30BaJIOCb He onHo, a HeCKOJibKO cpeO):(aJibHbiX rocy):(apcTB, 3TO 6biJIO KpynHeHIIIeil no6enoil 6oJIrapcKoro Hapona.

EBPA3Vl>l V1 6JlV1>KHV1Vl BOCTOK Cep6VISI VI ee 6opb6a 3a He3aBVICVIMOCTb

ra.JIH 6opb6y Me~y cep6CKHMH <j>eO_AaJilThtH, 'ITO CIIOC06CTBOBaJIO CO-

HHH BH3aHTHH.

XpaHeHHIO <j>eo_AaJibHOit pa:3,!:\po6JieH-

saMHXaHJie (1051-1081 rr.) H rrpH BHyKe KoHCTa.HTHHe BoAHHe (1 081-

CBOIO o6JiaCTb OT BCHKOI'O IIO_AqHHe-

IIpH Ch!He BoitHHCJia-

B cep6cKMx 3eMllilx BH3aHTHitCKHit

HOCTH CTpaHhi. TaK )f(e, KaK H B bOJI-

rHer qyscTBOBaJICH MeHee OCTPO, qeM

rapHH, B Cep6HH OCHOBHOit CHJIOit B

1101 rr.) K 3eTe 6hiJI IIpHCOe_AHHeH

B bOJirapHH. bOJiee O'I)l.aJieHHaH OT

6opb6e 3a He3aBHCHMOCTh 6h!JIH Ha-

PHAApyrnx cep6cKHX 3eMeJib. Ho HH

BH3aHTHH, a rJiaBHoe, MeHee 6oraTa.a:

pO_AHbie Macchi. Y)f(e so BTopoit rro-

3KOHOMHqecKHe, HH COUHaJibHhle yc-

H IIOTOM)' He CTOJib IIpHBJieKaTeJibHaH

JIOBHHe 20-x I'OAOB

seKa rrpoTHB

JIOBHH, IIOpOJK,LJ.aBIIIHe <j>eO_AaJibHYIO

AJIH BH3aHTHitcKMx <j>eo_Aa.JIOB, Cep6H.a:

BH3aHTHitUeB BOCCT3JIO HaCeJieHHe

pa:3,!:\po6JieHHOCTb, K 3TOMY speMeHH

B Te'IeHHe scero rrepHOAa BH3aHTHit-

,[{paqcKott o6JiaCTH H 3eTbi (qacTb

ern:e _AaJieKO He 6h!JIH H3)f(HTbl, H B

cKoro BJia,IJ,b!'lecTBa coxpaH.a:Jia H3Be-

qepHoropHH). AKTHBHO IIOMep)f(H-

Ha'IaJie

CTHYIO AOJIIO caMOCTOHTeJibHOCTH.

BaJIH IIIHpOKHe CJIOH cep6CKOI'O Hapo-

Ha HeCKOJibKO CaMOCTOHTeJibHhiX qa-

XII

seKa Cep6H.a: pacrraJiacb

Ilo'ITH so scex cep6cKHX KHH)f(ecTBax

_Aa TaK)f(e BOCCTaHHe 6oJirap B 1040-

CTeit, H3 KOTOphiX JIHIIIb 3eTa. BCe Bpe-

IIpO_AOJI)f(aJIH cyrn:eCTBOBaTb KHH3bH

1041 ro_Aax IIOA pyKoBOACTBOM IIeT-

MH coxpaH.a:Jia <j>aKTHqecryiO caMo-

()K)'IIaHhi) H3 cep6cKoit 3HaTH. Ho H

pa ,[{eJIHHa, a 3aTeM H IIOCJie_AyiOIUHe

CTOHTeJibHOCTh.

cep6CKHit HapOA 6hiJI BhiHy~eH yrr-

soccTaHHH. Ho OTMeqeHHhle Bbiiiie

Jia'IHBaTb BH3aHTHH o6peMeHHTeJib-

oco6eHHOCTH rroJio)f(eHHH Cep6HH

HoBhiM ueHTPOM, soKpyr KOToporo B XII seKe Haqa.JIH crrJia'IHBaTbCH

Hhle _AaHH, _AeCHTHHY H BCHKOI'O po_Aa

IIpHBeJIH K TOM)', 'ITO pOJib MeCTHhiX

cep6cKMe 3eMJIH, OKa3aJiacb PaiiiKa-

XI-XII seKax Cep6HH He

IIpaBHTeJieit ()f()'IIaHOB) B 6opb6e 3a

o6JiaCTb, r_Ae B HaH60Jibiiieit CTeiieHH

pa3 CTaHOBHJiaCb apeHOit BeCbMa pa-

ocso6oJK,LJ.eHHe H o6'beAHHeHHe cTpa-

COXpaHHJIOCb CB060_AHOe KpeCThHH-

rro6ophl. B

30pHTeJibHOit AJIH Hee 6opb6bi BH-

Hhi 6hiJia 3,qec1> 6oJiee 3HaqHTeJibHoit,

CTBO. YcrrexH BeJIHKHX )K)'IIaHOB Paiii-

3aHTHH c BeHrpHeit H HopMaHHaMH.

qeM B BoJirapHH.

KH-ByKaHa, THXOMHpa H CTe<j>aHa

Oco6eHHO orrycTOIIIHTeJibHbiMH 6bi-

Y)f(e B rrepBbiX soccTaHHHX Bhl-

JIH Ha6erH BeHrepCKHX <j>eO_AaJIOB, B

ABHHYJICH 3eTCKHit KHH3b BottHHCJiaB,

cepeAHHe

HeMaHH (1159-1195

rr.)- B o6'be-

AHHeHHH Cep6HH B 3HaqHTeJibHOit

seKa AOXOAHBIIIHX AO

IIOA pyKoBOACTBOM Koroporo rrpeAKH

Mepe o6'bHCHHJIHCb TeM, 'ITO HapHAY C

HHIIIa Ha socTOKe H AO Kocosa rroJI.a:

cospeMeHHhiX qepHoropues ABIDY-Ahl

<j>eO_AaJibHhiMHAp~HHaMH OHM IIIHpOKO HCIIOJib30BaJIH OIIOJiqeHHH KpeCTb-

Ha IOre.

(B 1040 H OKOJIO 1043 r.) HarOJIOBY

B HHTepecax yKperrJieHHH csoeit

pa36HJIH IIOCJiaHHhle IIpOTHB HHX BH-

HH. 06JiacTH PaiiiKM (CTa.poitCep6HH)

BJiaCTH BH3aHTHitUhi BCH'IeCKH pa3"A<H-

3aHTHitCKHe BOitCKa H OCB060_AHJIH

HBJIHJIHCb H KOJihi6eJibiO cep6CKOI'O HC-

lO.lKHOCAABHHCKHE rOCYAAPCTBA B KOH !JE XII- HA4AAE XIII BB.

Ill

.....,_

0 ~

BOli1HA on~Tb CTAHOBV1TC~ V1CKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rr. 38HTVIfiiCKMfii cf>nor, B KOTOpOM Cfl}?KMflVI no npeVIMYLUeCTBY CKBH.ll,MHBBCKMe HBeMHMKM, no.n, KOMBH.ll,OBBHVIeM Xapanb.n,a Xap.n.pa.n.a 04VICTVIn or MycynbMBHCKMX nMpBTOB n04TM BCe Cpe.n,u3eMHOMOpbe VI HecKonbKO pa3 COBepwan HBn8,lJ,eHMR HB MX ceBepoacf>pMKBHCKVIe 6eperOBb/e 683b/.

K)'CCTBa, B 'CJaCTHOCTII 30A<JeCTBa, OTJIH"laBIIIerOC11 MOHyMeHTaJII>HOCTI>IO <j>opM, CBOeo6pa3HeM apXHTeKfYpHOro AeKopHpoBaHH11, rrpHMeHeHHeM o6JIHU:OBKH H3 Mpa!vtopa H IIIHpOKHM HCIIOJ11>30BaHHeM AJI11 yKpaiiieHH11 3,!J,aHHlt CI\'YJli>II'I)'pHI>lX H306piDKeHHlt. HaH6oJiee B@AaiOII.IHMHC11 IIaM11THHKaMH cep6cKolt apxHTeK'T)'pl>l

XII BeKa

1038-1040 rr. BTOP)I(EH&.1E fEOPf&.1SI MAH&.1AK&.1CA HA C&.1l..l&.1Jl&.110. 8 ero BPMVIVI B OCHOBHOM

6h1JIH BenHKaSI n:epKOBI> B CryAeHHn:e H n:epKOBI> HHKOJIM B KypiiiyM11He. CoxpaHHBIIIHecSI <j>pameHThl <j>pecoK

cn}?Kunu HaeMHMKM Xapanb.n,a Xap.n.pa.n.a M HOPMBHHb/ Vl3 /O)I(HOfii VfraflMVI. leopmfii MaHMBKVIC 3BXBarun MeccVIHY ( 1038 r.) VI o.n.ep)l(an BB)I(HbJe no6e.n,bJ B 6VITBax npVI PaMerre ( 1038 r.) u ,£1parVIHe (coBp. ropo.n. ,£1paroHu; 1040 r.). Kor.n.a ero oro3BBnVI B KoHcraHTMHononb no.n.aBnRTb 6onrapCKOe BOCCTBHMe, HBCTynneHVIe npoBanunocb; MycynbMaHe OTBOeBBflM OCTpOB( 1040 r.).

H3 n:epKBH B CryAeHHn:e 11BJI11IOTC11 11pKHM CBHAeTeJII>CTBOM Bl>lCOKOrO ypoBH11 pa3BHTH11 cep6cKolt cpeAHeBeKOBOH <j>peCKOBOH iKHBOIIHCH. HaH60JII>IIIHX ycrrexoB B o6beAHHeHHH Cep6HHAOCTHrCTe<j>aH HeMaH11- ocHoBaTeJII> AHHaCTHH HeMaHHqeJ;i, rrpaBHBIIIelt B Cep6HH AO KoHn:a

XIV BeKa. B

pe3yJII>TliTe MHOroJieTHHX

BOltH c BH3aHTHelt H HeKoTOphlMH ee COI03HHKaMH H3 cep6CKHX KH113elt eMJ

1040-1041 rr. HEYAAlfHOE BOCCTAH&.1E B 60JlfAP&.1&.1. leop-

YAaJIOCI> o6beAHHHTh IIOA cBoelt BJiacThiO 3Ha'CJHTeJII>HYIO 'CJaCTh cep6CKHX

rVIfii MaHMBKMC no.n.aBun MRTe)l(, B03maBneHHblfii nerpoM ,£1enRHOM.

3eMeJII> H BhlHYAHTh BH3aHTHIO rrpH3HaTI> OKOJIO

1190 roAaiiOJIH)'IO He3a-

1 041-1 042 rr. BOCCTAH&.1E M&.1XA&.1JlA V. HeHa.n.onro y3ypnVI-

BHCHMOCTI> ero AepiKaBhl. 0KOJIO 3TOro iKe BpeMeHH H TOiKe IIpH aKTHBHOit

poeaB rpoH npu VIMneparpVIi..je 3oe, OH 6blfl CBeprHyr BVI38HTMfiiCKOfii 3H8Tbf0.

IIOMepiKKe HapoAHhlX Mace c6pocHJia C ce611 BH3aHTHltCKOe Hro H bOCHH11 1. TaKHM o6pa3oM, K KOHU:Y

XII

BeKa

1 042 r. 6&.1TBA nP&.1 MOHOn011&.1. 3.aecb leoprufii MaHMBKMC Haro-

cep6CKHe 3eMJIH OCB060AHJIHCI> OTBH3aHTHltCKOro rHeTa, XOT11, 1\'ll.K H bOJIrapH11, OHH emeAaJieKO He o6oeAHHHJIHCI> B eAHHOM rocyAapcTBe.

1 018 r. 6&.1TBA nP&.1 KAHHAX. Bu3aHn11/ii..jbJ o.n.ep)l(anu no6e.ay Ha.n. flOM68p.ll,i..j8MM M HOPMBHHBMVI, nbiTBBWVIMVICR BTOPTHYTbCR B /O)I(HY/0 Vfranuto.

1020 r. AHHEKC&.1SI APMEH&.1&.1. >IBVInacb cne.n.cTBVIeM o6paLUeHVIR apMRH c npocb6ofii o 38/..UMTe OT rypOK-Ceflb.ll,)I()IKOB.

1 025-1028 rr. u,APCTBOBAH&.1E KOHCTAHT&.1HAVIII. 0rMe4eHo Ha6eroM ne4eHeroB M3-3a ,£1yHaR. KoHCTBHTMH,£1uoreH pa36VIn BapBapoB VI nporHan o6parHo 38 ,£1yHafii ( 1027 r.). 1 0CB060I{HBWal!Cll DOCHHSI CKOpO 110/{IIaJla no){ BJiaCTb BeHrepcKHX <j>eol{aJioB. Ho ylKe rrpH 6aHe KyJIHHe

(1180-1204

rr.) EocHHl!

CTaJla <j>aKTH'leCKH CaMOCTOl!TeJlbHOit

"'Mneparop KoHCTaHTHH IX H HMnepalPHQa 3os:t. Mo3aHKa Cocf>H£:icKOro co6opa s KoHCTaHTHHonone. 1044 r.

1028-1050 rr. u,APCTBOBAH&.1E &.1MnEPATP&.11..lbl 30&.1. My)/( ee, VIMneparop PoMaH, 6bm pa36VIT MYCYflbMBHBMM B CVIpVIM ( 1030 r.). nonO)I(eHMe VIMnepMVI B 9TOfii npoBVIHLjMVI HBXO.ll,MflOCb HB rpBHM KpaXB, HO 6blfl0 cnaceHO Bbl.ll,B/0/..UMMCR nonKoeo.n,LjeM leoprvteM MaHVIBKMcoM(1031 r.).

noBy pa36Mn HOPMBHHOB, BTOPTWMXCR B BVI38HTVIWCKYIO /O)I(HY/0 VfTBflVI/0.

1042-1059 rr. YnAAOK. B npaeneHMR KoHcraHTMHa IX(eroporo M}?Ka 3ou; 1042-1054 rr.); c:t>eo.n.opbJ ( cecrpbJ 3oVI; 1054-1056 rr.); MVIXBVIna Vi( 1056-1057 rr.) u VfcaaKa I KoMHVIHB ( 1057-1059 rr.) apMVIR VI cf>noT npe6bJBBnM B yna.n,Ke VI He6pe)l(eHVIM.

1043 r. MSITE)I( fEOPf&.1SI MAH&.1AK&.1CA. YcnewHo nepenpaBVIB-

1032-1035 rr.MOPCK&.1EBO~

WVICb Vl3 VfTBflVIVI 4epe3 A.n,pVIBTVIKY, OH nOTVI6 B pe3yflbT8Te HeC48CTHOTO cnY4BR, Kor.n.a newuM MapweM Ben eofiicKo Ha KoHcraHTMHononb.

Hbl C MYCYJlbMAHCK&.1M&.1 ni.1PATAM&.1. B coto3e c pary3CKVIM

1048-1049 rr. nOSIBJlEH&.1E TYPOK -CEJlbA)I(YKOB. >IBVIBWVICb

cf>nOTOM BVI38HTMfiiCKVIfii o.n,ep)l(8fl PR.ll. no6e.n, H8,ll, 9CKB.ll.PBMVI MycynbMBHCKVIX nVIpBTOB HB A.n,pVIBTVIKe ( 1032 r. ), 38BepWVIB TBKVIM o6p830M .n.eno, Ha4aroe eeHel.jMBHLjBMM. Bu-

CBOCTOKB, TYPKM-Ceflb.ll.)I()IKM pa36MflVI apMRH no.n. KapcoM VI 3BXBBTVInVI pacnono)l(eHHblfii K 3ana.n.y or o3epa BaH ropo.n. Ap.n.ywuH; 3areM cocroRnacb 6MTB8 C BM38HTVIWI..j8MM npVI

EBPA3V1~ V1 5JlV1>KHV1V1 BOCTOK KanMTpoHe, a xo,ae KOTopoill nepeaeca He y,aaf70Cb ,ao6MTbCH HVI O,QHOM V13 CTOpoH; HaKOHe/4 OHM 6btf7V1 pa36MTbl no,a CTparHoill M oTorHaHbt aT

BHOBb y'laCTV1J7V1Cb rypeJ4KMe Ha6erM. OTorHaa TypoK, oH HanpaaMncH Ha BOCTOK VI OCa,QMf7JYpeJ4KYIO KpenOCTb AxnaT Ha o3epe BaH. lfacTb apMMM oH

MaH/4MKepm ( coap. ropo,a Mana3mpT a Typ/4MM).

nocnan e1.11e ,aanbwe Ha aocToK, a MM,aMto, r,ae aHa 6btna pa36MTa AnnApcnaHoM. PoMaH IV CHHJ7 oca,ay M HanpaBMJ7CH Ha BCTpe'ly C Ann-Apc-

1048-1054 rr. nE'-IEHE>KCKIIIE HA5Erlll 1113-3A AYHASL 1059-1067 rr. U,APCTBOBAHIIIE KOHCTAHTIIIHA X. ApMMM npo,aomKaJ70 OKa3btBaTbCH HBHO He,QOCTaTO'IHOe BHMMaHMe, 'ITO HeM36e)f(H0 npMaeno K 14enoMy PHAY nopa)f(eHMill. B 111Taf7MM HOpMaHHbt 3axaaTMf7M PerMto M 3aaepwMnM 3aaoeaaHMe Kana6pMM ( 1060 r.). Bo3ma anHeM bte Ann-Apcna HOM TYPKMcenb,a)f(yKM pa30pV1f7V1 nO'ITVI BCIO ApMeHMto ( 1064 r.) M cTanM coaepwaTb Ha6em ,aaneKo a my6b AHaTof7MM ( 1065-1067 rr.). nonOBJ4bl OTnpaBMJ7V1Cb B Ha6er 3a )J.yHaf11 VI ,QOWJ7V1 ,ao ct>eccaJ70HV1KOB ( 10641065 rr.).

POMAH IV H MAHL.lHKEPT, 1067-1071 rr.

1067-1 071 rr. U,APCTBOBAHIIIE POMAHA IV AHOrEHA. 3a aToro cnoco6Horo aoeHa'laf7bHMKa Bbtwna 3aMy)f( MMnepaTpMJ4a Ea,aoKMH, a,aoaa KoHcTaHTMHa X- HBHO no,a,aa BJ7eHMeM BV13aHTV1MCKOM apMCTOKpaTMVI, nOCKOJ7bKy, C y'leTOM TH)f(eJ70M BHeWHenOJ7V1TM'IeCKOM o6CTaHOBKV1, Ha npeCTOJ7e 6btf7 Hy)f(eH peWMTeJ7bHbiM BOeHHbiM J7M,aep.

1068-1069rr. PAHHIIIE KAMnAHIIIIII POMAHA AHOrEHA. noTpaTMB nO'ITVI ro,a Ha BOCCTaHOBJ7eHMeapMMV1, PoMaH IVnpoaen ycnewHyto 3V1MHIOIO KaMnaHMIO npOTVIB JYpOK, KOTOpbte CMeJ70 BCTaJ7M Ha 3MMHV1e KBapTMpbt npHMO BO cJ>pMrMVI VI Kanna,aOKMVI noHTVIMCKOM. OH pa36MJ7 Ann-ApcnaHa a 6MTBe npM Ce6acTMM ( coap. ropo,a CMaac a Typ/4MM), BbtHYAMB TOro OTCTynMTb B ApMeHMIO VI MeconoTaMMto. 3aTeM PoMaH IV ao3rnaaMn ycneWHbiM MOJ7HMeHOCHbiM noxo,a a CMpMto, r,aeapa6bt, aocnonb3oaaawMcb ycnexaMM cenb.[l)f(yKoa, BOCCTaJ7M npOTVIB BM3aHTV1V1. noTOM, no,aaBMB MHTe)f(, BCnbtXHYBWVIM cpeAM co6cTaeHHbtX HaeMHMKOB, PoMaH IV aepHyncH a Kanna,aoKMto, r,ae

J7aHOM, KOTOpbtM BTOprCH B AHaTOJ7V110, ,aep)f(a nyTb Ha ii1KOHMi11 ( coap. ropo,a KoHbH a TypJ4MM). CoaepwMa

TbiCH'I 'leJ70BeK. lfaCTb BOMCK OH OTnpaBMJ7 anepe,a no,a KOMaH,aoaaHMeM BacMnaJ4MH - pa3opMTb MecTHOCTb BOKpyr KpenOCTVI AXJ7aT B paf110He o3epa BaH, a TaK)f(e ,anH npMKpbtTMH ma BH btX cMn. PoMaH IV oca,aMn M 3axaaTMf7 MaHJ4MKepT, nocne 'lero HanpaBMf7CH oca)f(,aaTb AXJ7aT,

XMTpbtill o6xo,aHoi11 MaHeap, PoMaH IV 3aWeJ7 rypKaM B Tblf7 VI pa36MJ7 VIX B cpa)f(eHMM npM lepaKJ7ee ( coap. ropo,a 3pemM a BMnailleTe 3oHryn,aaK a

TOr,aa KaK BOMCKa npMKpbtTVIH TeM apeMeHeM Bbi,QBMHYJ7V1Cb B paMOH Xoo (MM,aMH, Ha TeppMTOPMM coap. 1!1paHa), r,ae Ann-ApcnaH co6Mpan apMMto. BbtcTynMn cenb,a)f(yKCKMill nOJ7KOBO,QeJ4 B KOHJ4e VIIOJ7H V1J7V1 Ha'laneaarycTa- aornaaeapMMM 'IMC-

Typ/4MM). Ann-ApcnaH oTcTynMn a Anenno. He C'IMTaH HeCKOf7bKMX KpenocTeill a ApMeHMM, PoMaH IV BbtTec-

neHHOCTbto B 50 V1J7V1 6onee TbiCH'I 'lenoaeK. BM3aHTMi11cKyto apMMto npMKpbiTVIH ( aepOHTHO, 1Q-15 TbiCH'I

HMf7 JYPOK CO BCeill TeppMTOpMM MMnepMM.

'leJ70BeK) OH OTOrHaJ7, VI BaCMJ7aJ4MM, cy,aH no aceMy, oTcTynMn Ha toro-3ana,a, HM o 'leM He M3BeCTMB PoMaHa IV nocKOJ7bKy3a,aa'la BacMJ7aJ4MH B TOM V13aKJ7to'laJ7aCb, 'IT06 o6ecne'IMBaTb npMKpbtTMe, OH HBHO 6btf7 BOBJ7e'leH B WV1pOKOMaCWTa6HbiM npe,aaTef7bCKMi11 3aroaop. (lnaaoill

1068-1071 rr.IIITAJlbSIHCKIIIE KAMnAHIIIIII. Bocnonb3oaaawMcb TeM, 'ITO PoMaH IV )J.MoreH nonHocTbto norno~.J..~eH aoi11Hoi11 c TypKaMM, HOpMaHHbl B0306HOBV1J7V1 Hana,aeHMH Ha BV13aHTV1MCKMe rapHV130Hbl B /Q)f(HOM 111Taf7MM, 3axaaTMf7M OTpaHTO

( 1068 r.) M yrpo)f(aJ7M5apM. PoMaH IV nocnewMn a 111Taf7Mto ( 1070 r.), r,ae OKano ro,aa c nepeMeHHbtM ycnexoM aoeaan C HOpMaHHaMM. Ho BCKOpe co6btTMH a AHaTOf7MM3acTaBMf7M era aepHYTbCH. nocne era oT6btTMH HopMaHHbt3axaaTMf7M 5apM- nocneAHMill BV13aHTV1MCKV1M r:/)opnOCTB fi1TaJ7V1V1 (1071 r.).

1070 r. B0305HOB11EHIIIE TYPEU,KOrO BTOP>KEHIIISI. noKa MMnepaTop PoMaH IV Haxo,aMncH a fi1Taf7MV1, Ha TeppMTOpVIIO MMnepMM BTOprf7V1Cb ,aae TypeJ4KMe apMMVI. 0,aHa V13 HVIX, KOTOpoill KOMaH,QOBaJ7 ApMCbHXM, 3HTb Ann-ApcnaHa, pa36Mna npM Ce6acTMM rnaBHbte BM3aHTMi11CKMe CV1J7bl no,a KOMaH,QOBaHMeM MaHyMna KoMHMHa. Ann-ApcnaH, CTOHBWVIM BO maae ,apyrof11 apMMVI, 3axaaTMf7 KpenocTb MaH/4MKepT, HO 6btf7 M3rHaH M3 3,aeccbt ( coap. ropo,a Yprj)a a TypJ4MM).

1 071 r. MAH U,lll KE PTCKASI KAMnAHIIISI. PaHHeill aecHoill PoMaH IV BbtcTynMn M3 Ce6acTMM ( coap. ropo,a CMaac a TypJ4MM) Ha tor 'lepe3 ct>eo,aocMononb ( coap. ropo,a 3p3ypyM a Typ/4MM) ao maae apMMM, ,QOCTMra aweill 'IV1CJ7eHHOCTbiO 4Q-5Q

3arOBOPI.J..IVIKOBHBJ7Hf7CH maBHbiM noMOI.J..IHVIK 6a3Mneaca, AH,apoHMK )J.yKa; He V1CKJ7to'leHO, 'ITO 3a ace HVITO'IKVI ,aeprana, OCTaBaHCb B TeHM, MMnepaTpMJ4a Ea.aoKMH.) B nto6oM cny'lae, a cepe,aMHe aarycTa apMMH Ann-ApcnaHa, K y,aMBf7eHMto PoMaHa IV, noHBMnacb no,a AXJ7aToM M Haronoay pa36Mna oca)f(,aaawMx. PoMaH IV nocnewHo oTcrynMn K MaHJ4MKepTY M npMroTOBMf7CH ,aaTb 6oi11 Me)f(,ay MaH/4MKepToM M AXJ7aTOM. Bo apeMH aToro oTcTynneHMH ,ae3epTMpoaana HaeMHaH nerKaH KaaanepMH, COCTOHBWaH V13 KMn'laKOB VI ne'leHeroa; aoillcKo PoMaHa IV coKpaTMnocb, TaKMM o6pa3oM, ,ao 35 TbtCH'I 'lenoaeK.

19 (?) asrycTa 1071 r. 5111TBA nPIII MAHU,IIIKEPTE. PoMaH IV BbtcTpoMn CBOIO apMMIO Ha OTKpbtTOM XOJ7MV1CTOM MeCTHOCTVI KJ7aCCM'IeCKV1M BV13aHTV1MCKV1M 6oeBbiM nopH,aKOM - ABOMHbiM pa3aepHYTbfM CTpOeM. nepayto J7V1HV110 OH B03rf7aBMJ7 J7VI'IHO, BTOpof11 KOMaH,QOBaJ7 AH,apoHVIK )J.yKa. noKa WJ7V1 CTbi'IKVI Me)f(,lly OTpH,aaMM nerKOM KaaanepMM, a TypeJ4KaH apMMH BbtcTpaMaanacb a 6oeabte nopH,aKM, Ann-ApcnaH Bbtcnan napnaMeHTepa c npe,ano)f(eHMeM MMpa. C'IMTaH, 'ITO a To He 6onee 'IeM

BOli1HA on~Tb CTAHOBV1TC~ V1CKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rr.

ynOBKa (He MCKJI/04eHO, 4TO TaK OHO M6bmo) PoMaH IVKareropM4eCKM orKa3ancf£ 06C}I)K,aaTb KaKMe 6bJ TO HM 6b!fl0 ycnOBMff, KpOMe HeMe,aneHHOro Bb/BO,aa rype~KMX BOMCK C BM38HTMMCKOiii reppMropMM. BcKope nocne 9Toro Ha4anacb 6MrBa. OrKpbmM ee C ,aanbHeiii ,aMCTaH~MM rype~KMe KOHHbJe ny4HMKM. Pa3yMHO co4eraff ,aeiiiCTBMR C06CTBeHHb/X ny4HMKOB M araKM Tff)l(enoiii KaBanepMM, PoMaH IV Tll.leTHO nbJTaflCR BCTynMTb C Type~ KOiii apMMeiii B 6nM)I(HMiii 6oiii. Bnpo4eM, npM 9TOM OH OTOrHan HeynOBMMOTO npOTMBHMKa HaCTOflbKO ,aaneKO, 4TO K KOH~Y ,aHR BM3aHTMiii~bl 38XBaTMflM rype~KMiii narepb. C y4eTOM TOTO, 4TO BOT-BOT ,aOfl)I(HO 6b!fl0 Ha4aTb CMepKaTbCR, a MCXO,a 6MTBbl TaK M OCTaBanCR Heonpe,aeneHHb!M, a Ta/OKe TO, 4TO BM38HTMMCKaff apMMff HBXO,aMnacb B OTKpbJTOM none, B HeCKOflbKMX MMflffX OT C06CTBeHHOTO, nerKo oxpaHffeMoro narepff, PoMaH IV pewMn orcrynMTb. TypKM HeMe,a-

neHHO nyCTMflMCb B npecne,aoBaHMe, Mpff,abl HaeMHMKOB yrpO)I(BnM paCCTpoMTbCff. )J,a6bJ npe.aorBpaTMTb pacnpocrpaHeHMe 6ecnopfl,aKa, PoMaH IV npMKa3an: «Croiii! KpyroM!», - M co cBoeiii nepBoiii nMHMeiii o6pywMnCR Ha rypoK. HecMorpR Ha npMKa3 OCTaHOBMTbCR, AH,apOHMK )J,yKa CO BTOpoiii flMHMeiii M <J>naHTOBbJMM OTpff,aaMM npMKpbJTMR npo,aOfl)l(afl OTCTynaTb. TypKM HeMe.aneHHO Bocnonb30BanMcb npe.aocraBMBweiiicR B03MO)I(HOCTb/O M C no,aaBflR/Oll.IMM 4McneHHbJM nepeBecoM oKp}I)KMnM PoMaHa IV, KoropbJiii He ycnen nepecrpoMTb ocraBweecff y Hero BoiiicKo ,anff KpyroBoiii o6opoHbl. ConporMBneHMe o6oMx <J>naHroB nepBoiii nMHMM 6bmo 6bJcrpo cnoMneHo. Y)l(e CMepKanOCb, KOr,aa TYPKM OKP}I)KMflM OCTaBWMMCff no,a Ha4anOM PoMaHa IV He6onbwoiii orpff,a MBcex .ao e.aMHoro nepe6MnM MflM 3aXBaTMflM B nneH; MMneparop ra/OKe cran nneHHMKOM Ann-ApcnaHa.

AsrycT-ceHT~6pb 1071 r. BCnbiWKAfPA)I(AAHCKOPI BOPIHbl. Kor.aa M3BecrMe o pa3rpoMe npMwno B KoHcraHTMHononb, Bnacrb 3aXB8TMfl VfoaHH )J,yKa M noca,aMn Ha rpoH cBoero nneMffHHMKa- MMxaMna VII, CbJHa KoHcraHTMHa X. PoMaH, BCKOpe OCB060)I(JJ.eHHbliii Ann-ApcnaHOM no.a o6ell.laHMe 3annarMTb BbJKyn, nonbJTanCff BepHyrb TpOH, HO norepnen nop8)1(eHMe, 6bm cxBa4eH M ocnenneH AH,apoHMKOM )J,yKoiii, a BCKope nocne 9roro yMep. nocne.aHMM 6naropo,aHbJM)I(eCTOM 9TOiii TpaTM4eCKOiii </>MrYPbl 6bma ompaBKa ,aeHer, KaKMe PoMaH MOT co6paTb ,aflR o6emaHHoro Ann-ApcnaHy Bb!J<Yna.

BHTBa rrpH MaHUHKepTe 6biJia rrpoHrpaHa He H3-3a HepaBeHCTBa CHJI HJIH IIJIOXOro KOMaH,qOBaHHll; e,qHHCTBeHHOlt IIOAJIHHHOlt IIpH<JHHOlt IIOpiDKeHHll liBJlliJIOCb rrpe,qaTeJibCTBO. llocJie,qCTBHll 6biJIH KOJIOCCa.JlbHbiMH. lloKa B KoHCTaHTHHorroJie nma 6opb6a3a 1pOH, rypKH 3aHSIJIH rrpal\'TH<JecKH BCIO AHaTOJIHIO- cep,que HMIIepHH- H IIpHHliJIHCb 6e3)Ka.JIOCTHO pa30pliTb: OT<JaCTH H3 BapBapCTBa, OT<JaCTH IIpOBOAll C03HaTeJibHYIO IIOJIHTHKY. llo<JTH BCe HaCeJieHHe IIOrH6Jio; HeMHOrHe yueneBnme 6e)KaJIH. Kor,qa BrrocJie,qcTBHH BH3aHTHll BepHyJia HeKOTOpbie H3 3axBa<JeHHbiX IIOCJie IIOpiDKeHHll no,qMaHUHKepTOM TeppHTOpHlt, Ha6paTb B 3THX MeCTax apMHIO 6b1JIO y)Ke IIpHHUHIIHaJibHO HeB03MO)KH0. JhaK, e,qHHCTBeHHbiM BIDKHblM C BOeHHOlt TO<JKH 3peHHll pe3yJibTaTOM MaHUHKepTCKolt 1pareAHH liBHJIOCb TO, <JTO BH3aHTHll JIHIIIHJiacbTeppHTOpHH,Bcer,qacny~BIIIelt

AJIJI HMnepHH rJiaBHbiM pe3epBoM ~ Bolt CHJlbi- 3,qecb Ha6HpaJIHCb ap-

120 TblCll<J <JeJIOBeK H 60JibC 3Toro MOMeHTa BH3aHTHll Bbi-

MHH IIO IIIe.

Hy)K)l.eHa 6bma IIpH <}>opMHpOBaHHH BOopy)KeHHbiX CHJI OIIHpaTbCll, rJiaBHbiM o6pa30M, Ha HaeMHHKOB; TIJ)KeJlas! KaBaJiepHll, KaK npaBHJIO, Ha6HpaJiaCb H3 3arra,qHoeBporreltueB, rrexoTa- H3 pyccOB H CKaH,qHHaBOB, JierKasi KaBaJiepHll -

H3 rre<JeHeroB H

IIOJIOBUeB. fJiaBHblM peryJillpHblM TypKH-CQJlbA>fCYK11:

TR~eJ10BOOpy.«eHH~HBC3AHHK " apoanel'fHK

rro,qpa3,qeJieHHeM BH3aHTHltCKOlt apMHH CTaJia Bapll)KCKas! rBap,qHJI; H3 OAHOro Ha3BaHHll IIOHliTHO, "'TT CJiy-

EBPA3Vl>l V1 6JlV1>KHV1Vl BOCTOK

lj>opa BoraHMara B pa3opeHHowAHaronMM ( 1078 r:). BoraHMaT c noMoll.lb/0 rypoK o.aep)l(an eepx 111 B3owen Ha npecron no.a MMeHeM MMneparopa HMKMl/>opa Ill. Tyr )l(e ecnbJXHynM ell.le HeCKOflbKO BOCCTaHMW. BoeHa4aflbH!IIK HMKMl/>opa Ill AneKcew KoMHMH no6e.a111n B BOCT04HOW 4>eccafl!ll!ll HMKMl/>opa BpMeHHMfl B O)l(ecro4eHHow KaBanepMWCKOW 6MTBe npM KanaepMTe, r.ae MAneKcew, 111 BpMeHHMW npofiBMnM BbJC04awwee npolj>ecCMOHanbHoe MaCTepCTBO ( 1079 r:). Ho BCKope nocne 9Tow no6e.abJ peeHOCTb MMneparopa no6y.a111na AneKcefl B36yHTOB8TbCf1 Ill 38XBaTMTb TPOH (1081 r.). TeM epeMeHeM TYPKM BOCnOflb30Bafl!IICb BHYTP!IIMMnepCK!IIM!II pa3.aopaMM !113aXBaT!IIfl!ll HMKe/0 ( coep. ropo.a V13HMK B Typ~m1; 1080r.).

1081-1118 rr. UAPCTBOBAH~E

MHxaHn VII AyKa" MapHH AnaHa. MHHH3Ttopa HnntoMHHHpOB3HHOF'O M3HYCKPHOTa. 1071-1081 rr.

AJIEKCES1 KOMH~HA. O.aMH !113 CaMb/X XMTPOYMHb/X Ill HaX0/1.4!11Bb/X .ll.MnflOMBTOB Ill npaBMTeneW 3a BC/0 !IICTOP!IIIO npM TOM, 4TO pecypCb/ y Hero B pacnopfl)l(eHMM 6bmM HM4TO)I(HbJe: MMnep!llfl pa3Bafl!I1Banacb 6yKBaflbHO no.a pyKaMM, a CO BCeX CTOPOH Hace.aanM BHeWH!IIe BparM: B a3MaTCKMe eopora KoHcTaHTMHOnonfl cry4afl!I1Cb TYPKM, IO)I(Hee ,ayHaf/6eC4!11HCTBOBBn!ll ne4eHel!ll Ill noflOB~bl, eoccran111 6onrapbl, a 4epe3 3n!llp Ill cJ>eCCBn!ll/0 K CTOR&-1~e /l.B!IIranMCb Po6epr (BMCKap 111 b09MYMa.

:lKHJIH TaM B OCHOBHOM pycchl H CKaHAHHaBhi. CaMoe YAHBHTeJihHoe, qTo HMrrepHH rrpo,Aep:lKaJiach eme rroqrH qeThlpe BeKa, H 6Jiaro,AapH e,ABaJIH He e,AHHCTBeHHOMY <}>aKTOpy- COXpaHHBIJleJ;IcJI rrpeeMCTBeHHOCTH H3)'MHTeJihHOJ;i apMeJ;iCKOJ;i CHCTeMhl H BOeHHOJ;i AOh'TpHHhl

(KoM. aem. ).

Sop &6a BH3SHTHH 38 B&I>KHBSHHe,

1071-1200 rr.

1 071-1081 rr.

BHYTPEHH~~

XAOC. 3a MCKn/04emteM HecKonbKMX npMMOPCK!IIX IOPO.ll.OB, TYPKMCeflb.lJ.>KYK!II 3aXBaT!IIfl!ll npaKT!I14eCK!II ec10 AHaronM/0. O.aHoepeMeHHO co ceep)l(eHMeM MMxaMna VII npoM30WnM BOCCTaH!IIfl BOeHa4aflbH!IIKOB HMK!IIlj>Opa BpMeHHMfl B 3nMpe 111 HMKM-

KopoHa, OOAHeceHHaH MHxaHnoM VII AYKOH BeHrepctroMY troponto. 1074-1077 rr.

BOli1HA on~Tb CTAHOBV1TC~ V1CKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rr. aH-epeTMKOB B03HMKna B

X BeKe B

Gonrapuu, HO 3areM pacnpocTpBHMnacb M HB Pf!a COCe,aHMX CTPBH. noCKOflbKY O.f1HMM &13 nonMTM'leCKMX ( BHepenMrM03HbiX) fl03YHTOB 6orOMMflOB f/B!IWIBCb 6opb68 npOTMB BflB.ll,bl'leCTBB KoHCTBHTMHononfl, OHM 38Kn/O'lMnM 8HTMBM38HTMWCKUW C0/03 C ne'leHeraMM u nonoe~aMM. AneKce!li noTepnen nop8>KeHue B 6MTBe npu ,lJ,opocTone ( MHB'leJJ.pucTp unuJJ.ypocTpyM; coep. ropo.a CunucTpa B bonrapuu; 1086 r.), HOB KOH~e KOH~OB BOCCTBHMe OH no,aaBWI, 8 ne'leHerOB pa36Mn B 6MTBe npM f1e6ypHMM MOTTeCHMfl H83B.ll,, 38/1.YHBW( 1091

r.).

1094 r. BOCCTAHIIIE KOHCTAHTIIIHAAIIIOfEHA. C nonoee~足 KMM BOWCKOM OH nepenpBBMflCfl 'lepe3/1,YHBW BO 4JpaKM/O M OCB.ll,Mfl A.apM8HOnOflb, HO 6bm pa36MT MMnepaTOpOM AneKceeM B 6MTBe npu TaepoKoMoHe.

1 098-11 02 rr. nEPBbllll KPECTOBbllll nOXOA.CnoMOll.lbiOKpeCTOHoc~ee AneKce!li OTBoeean y Ty-

poK no'lTM nonoBMHY AHaronuu.

1098-1108 rr. B0306HOBJJEHIIIE BOIIIHbl C HOPMAHHAMIII. npu'lMHOW9Toro nocnYJI(Mn oTKB3 b09MYH.aa eepHyTb BM3BHTMIIicKolli MMnepMM AHTMOXM/0 -

BOnpe-

KM o6ell.IBHM/O KpeCTOHOC~eB. npu no.a.aep)I(Ke PalliMyH.aa Tyny3cKoro u TpunonuTaHcKoro BM38HTMW~bl epeMeHBMM 3BTeeanu B ceeepHolli

Cu-

puu CTbNKM C b09MYMaOM M ero nnelitMnepaTop HHKHOP

Ill

80T8HH8T B OK:pylKeH HH npHABOpHbiX.

1 081

Mf/HHMKOM

TaHKpe.aoM

( 1099-

1104 rr.). 3aTeM b09MYH.a eepHyncfl CaMoe y.aueuTenbHoe, 'lTO, HecMo-

CTBM/0 3ana.aHoeeponellicKMX Kpec-

B VfT8flMIO, H86pan MHOTOf/3bl'lHYIO

TPfl H8 MHO)I(eCTBO nop8>KeHMW, BCe

TOHOC~eB).

,ao6pOBOflb'leCK}'/O BPMM/0 ( B OCHOB-

yrpo3bl M3BHe AneKce!li no6opon -

1081-1085 rr. BOIIIHACHOP-

HOM, &13 HOPMBHHOB) M nepennbln A.apuaTMKy. OH oca.aun JJ.ypa~~o

npM'leM CO CTOWKOCTb/0 M yMeHMeM,

MAHHAMIII.

.f10CTOWHbiMM nOTOMK8 repaKflMfl.

9Tolli yrpo3o!li, AneKce/0 KoMHMHY

0co6eHHO MCK}'CeH OH 6bm B HBTPBB-

npuwnocb 3BKfl/O'lMTb MMP c TYPKB-

6bm oT6MT (1106r.), nocne 'lero

flMBBHMM npOTMBHMKOB ,apyr HB ,apy-

MM-cenb,a)K}'KBMM M BpeMeHHO npM-

AneKce!li KoMHMH Bbmrpan y Hero

r a - B paBHOW Mepe K8K BHeWHMX,

3H8Tb MX 38BOeBBHMfl B AHBTOflMM,

~enbJ!Ii pfl.a cpa)l(eHulli, npae.aa, YJI(e

TBK M BHyTpeHHMX. K KOH~Y ero ~ap足

nocne 'lero oH ucnonb30Ban TypoK B

He CTOflb MBCWT86HbiX, BbiHY.l1Mfl

CTBOB8HMfl eeponeWCKMe rpBHM~bl

KB'leCTBe HBeMHMKOB B BOWHe CHOp-

b09MYH.l18 npe.[J,!IO)I(MTb MMp M OTK8-

MMnepMM 6bJnM BOCCTBHOBfleHbl

MBHHBMM.

38TbCfl OT npeTeH3MW HB AHTMOXM/0

npBKTM'leCKM B TOM )l(e BM,ae, B KBKOM Cyll.leCTBOBBflM 40 nopa)l(eHMfl no.a

1084 r. OXIIIIII.

4To6bl cnpaBMTbCfl c

nAAEHIIIE

AHTIII-

CenbWKYKM 3BXBBTMnM no-

r.).

nocne,aHee, npaB,aB, 6bJnO

Cu-

1 086-1 091 rr. BOCCTAHIIIE

oT epeMeHM B ceeepHolli Cupuu 3B-

cne.aHulli BM3BHTMWCKM!Ii onnoT B

Tonuu -

puu.

TOM 'lMCne- OTBOeB8H8 (B OCHOB-

( 1108

6eccMbJcneHHO, nocKonbKY TaHKpe.a OTK838nCfl npM3H8B8Tb no,anMCBH-

MaH~MKepToM, a no'lTM TpeTb AHaM BCfl 6eperOB8fl flMHMfl B

(coep. ropo.aJJ.yppeceAn6aHMM), HO

HbiW b09MYH.l10M .aoroeop, M BpeMf/

HOM, 6naro,aapfl HeyMb/WfleHHOMY M

60fOMIIIJJOB. Ha3BBHHBfl no MMeHM

Bfl3bJBanucb 6oeBbJe .ae!licTBMfl Me)/(-

He CflMWKOM-TO OXOTHOMY co,ae/li-

CBOero OCHOB8Teflf/9T8CeKTaxpMCTM-

,ay BM38HTMW~BMM M HOPMBHHBMM.

EBPA3Vl>l V1 6JlV1>KHV1Vl BOCTOK 1110-1117 rr. B0306HOBJJEHI-1E BO~Hbl C CEJJbWKYKAMl-1. CH8~8n8 TYPKM no6e)l(,ll8fllr1 1r1 BHOBb p830Pir1fllr1 Blr138HT!r1WCK!r1e Bfl8,aeH!r1>1 B AH8TOfllr11r1; or.aenbHbJe 1r1x H86er1r1 .aocr!r1r8nlr1 .f18)1(e 6eperoB C8Moro Goc<f>op8. TeM He MeHee AneKcew KoMHMH, BOJOR B np1r1cywew eMy p8C~eTn!r1BOW M8Hepe, OT61r1n lr1X lr1 H8HeC COKPYW!r1TeflbHOe nop8)1(eH!r1e B 61r1TBe np1r1 ftJ!r1flOMefl!r11r1 ( COBp. ropo.a AKwex1r1p B Typ~1r11r1; 1116 r.). TypK!r138npoc!r1nlr1 Mlr1P8 1r1 com8c!r1n!r1cb ycrynMTb Blr138HT!r11r1 Bee 8H8TOn1r1wcKoe no6epe)l(be.

1118-1143 rr. UAPCTBOBAHl-1E l-10AHHAII KOMHl-1HA(cbtHa AneKcest). OH p8361r1n cenb,a)/o/KOB 1r1 OTBOeB8fl no~Tir1 BC/0 AH8TOfllr1/0 ( 1120-1121 rr. ); H8HeC BTOPTW!r1MC>I B Gonr8plr1JO ne~eHer8M nop8)1(eH!r1e CTOflb COKPYW!r1TeflbHOe, ~TO C rex nop OHM H!r1Kor,a8 6onbwe He npe.acr8BnRnlr1 yrpo3bl .an>~ lr1MnePir11r1 ( 1121-1122 rr.). np8B.f18, .ao61r1TbCR ycnex8 B .aonrow MopcKow BOWHe c BeHe~1r1ew eMy He y,a8nocb ( 1122-1126 rr.). OH BMew8ncR B BeHrepcKyJO BOWHY 38 npecron 1r1

BbJHY.aMn BeHrpMJO nplr13H8Tb Blr138HTir1WCK!r1W CJ03epeH!r1TeT (11241126 rr.); BepHyn no.a Bfl8CTb KoHCT8HT!r1HononR ceBepHyJO KMnlr1Kir1JO ( 1134-1137 rr.), r.ae 8PMRHe coxp8HRnlr1 He38Bir1Cir1MOCTb lr1 OT TyPOK, lr1 OT Blr138HTir1W~eB CO BpeMeH 61r1TBbJ np1r1 M8H~!r1Kepre. OH o.aep)1(8!1 no6e.ay H8,a P8wMyH,aoM AHTMoxMwcKMM ( nOMOT8BWir1M 8PM>IH8M) lr1 TOTOBir1flCR KO BTOp)l(eH!r1/0 B rep~OTCTBO AHTir10XIr1WCKoe, Kor,a8 yMep ( 1143 r.).

HOB!r1fl CT8pbJW C0/03 C BeHe~1r1ew; 06be,a!r1HeHHbiW Blr138HTir1WCKO-BeHe~lr18HCKir1W </>nOT p8361r1n HOPM8HHOB (1148r.)lr10TBOeB8nKop<f>y(1149r.). 38TeM M8Hylr1n I BToprcR B V1ran1r1JO 1r1 38XB8Tir1flAHKOHy(1151 r.), KOTOPYJ01r1 y,aep)l(fr1B8fl - HeCMOTp>l H8 TO, ~TO Bee nonbJTKir1 ,aanbHewwMx repp!r1TOPir18JibHbJX 38XB8TOB HOPM8HHb/ OT61r1fllr1( 1155-1156 rr.).

1150-1152 rr. BOCCTAHI-1E CEP60B. 0Ho 6bmo ycnewHo no.f18BneHo M8HyMnoM I.

1143-1180 rr. UAPCTBOBA-

1151-1153 VI 1155-1168 rr.

Hl-1E MAHYI-1JJA I KOMHI-1HA (cbtHa J-1oaHHa) . npo,aOfl)l(8>1 H8~8TYJO OT-

Bl-13AHTl-1~CKl-1E BTOP:>KEHI-1SI B BEHfPl-110. no6e,a8 M8HY1r1fl8 I B

~OM K8Mn8Hir1JO B C1r1p1r11r1, oH p8361r1n

61r1TBe np1r1 CeMnMHe ( coBp. ropo.a 3eMyH B Cep61r11r1) BbJHY.aMn8 BeHrPir1JO 38KnJO~Ir1Tb Mlr1P 1r1 ycrynMTb Blr138HT!r11r1 ,ll8nM8~1r1JO 1r1,apyr1r1e repp!r1rop!r11r1 ( 1168 r.).

P8wMyH,a8 AHrMoxMwcKoro 1r1 BbJHy.aMn TOTO np!r1HeCTir1 lr1Mnep!r11r1 B8CC8flbHYJO npMcRry ( 1144 r.). Bcne.a 38 TeM OH lr13TH8JI rypoK !.13 ropHb/X Kpenocrew B V1c8BP!r11r1 ( 1145 r. ).

1147-1149 rr.

BTOPO~

KPE-

CTOBbl~ nOXOA. BO~HA CPOCl-1LJ,l-1JJl-1~CKl-1M. Hop-

1147-1158 rr. :>KEPOM

M8HHCKir1W <Pnor 38HRn ocrpoB Kop<f>y ( coBp. KepKir1P8) 1r1 cran P830PRTbrpe~ecKoe no6epe)l(be. M8HYMnl BOCCT8-

1158-1177 rr. B0306HOBJJEHl-1E BO~H C CEJJbWKYKAMl-11-1 P~MYHAOM AHTl-10Xl-1~CKl-1M.

M8Hylr1n I BbJHY.aMn KMnlr1.f1)1(-Apcn8H8 IV np!r13H8Tb CJ03epeH!r1TeT Blr138HTir11r1 ( 1161 r.), norepnen KpynHoe nop8)1(eH!r1e B 61r1TBe np1r1 Mlr1p!r1oKe<P8noHe ( 1176 r. ), HO ro.aoM no3)1(e

llloaHH II KoMHHH" HMnepaTpH"'a lllpHHa. Mo3aHKa Coci>H"'ctroro co6opa a KoHCTaHTHHonone. Otrono 1118 r.

BOli1HA on~Tb CTAHOBV1TC~ V1CKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rr. 1180-1196rr. HE3ABVICVIMOCTb CEP6VIVI. YcnewHoe eocB H33 HTHHI.\bl: 1 - Kaaanep~-tCT; 2- nemacT; 3- HOpM3HHCKHH H3eMHHK (XII-XIII BB.)

craHMe eo3maenf!n Crelj>aH HeMaHf!.

1189-1195 rr. nEPBOE UAPCTBOBAHVIE VICAAKA II AHrEJlA. ll/caaK II pa36Mn BMnbrenbMa CMl.lMnMwcKoro e 6Mree Ha peKe CrpyMe, a BM3aHTMWCKMW BOeHa~anbHMK M lj>noroeo.ael.l AneKcew 6paHa o.aep)l(an pewMrenbHY/0 no6e.ay e MopCKOM cp8)1(eHMM y rpe~ecKoro no6epe)l(bfl 6nM3 .£1eMerpM/..lbl ( 1185 r.). 8 KOHI..le KOH~OB HOpMaHHbl flMWMflMCb CBOMX 3aBOeBaHMW ( 1191 r.). TeM epeMeHeM ycnewHo eoccranM 6onrapbJ no.a pyKoeo.acreoM ll/oaHHa M nerpa AceHew ( 1186-1187 rr.) M CTanM nepMOJ1M~eCKM COBepWaTb Ha6erM BO ct>paKM/0. npM 6epp09 OHM pa36MnM ll/caaKa II ( 1189 r.) M, HeCMOTpfl Ha no6e,ay BM3aHTMWl.leB npM ApKa.aMonone ( 6nM3 A.apMaHononf!; 1194 r.), 3aBOeBaHMfl CBOM y.aep)l(anM.

1186-1195 rr. BHYTPEHHVIE PA3.0.0Pbl. L(eHrpanbHaf! enacrb ocna6na, nocKonbKY ll/caaK II 6bm BbiHy)l(ll.eH 3all.IMil.laTb CBOW TpOH OT BCeB03MO)I(Hb/X nOCfl rarenbCTB (nepBb/M nOCf/THyn 6paHa, KOTOPOro MMneparop e 1186 r. pa36Mn M y6Mn no.a KoHcraHTMHononeM). 8 KOH/..le KOH/..lOB llfcaaK 6bJn CBeprHYT, ocnenneH M 3aK!I/O~eH e T!OpbMY co6creeHHbJM 6paroM AneKceeM.

1195-1203 rr. UAPCTBOBAHVIE AJlEKCESIIII AHrEJlA. l1Mnec noMOil.lb/0 ll/oaHHa Bara~~<m B03Mecnm norepM e BMij>MHMM M.aonMHe MeaH.apa ( coep. peKa 6onbwow MeH.aepec e Typ~vm).

1169 r. noxo.o. B EnmET. 0KOH~MBWMWCfl Hey,aa~e/1 COBMeCTHb/W noxo.a BM38HTMWl.leB M KpeCTOHOC/..leB, B03maeneHHb/W AManbpMKOM, KOponeM MepycanMMCKMM. 1170-1177 rr. BO~HAC BEHEUVIE~ VI HOPMAHHAMVI. BM3aHTMWl.laM y.aanocb nonHOCTb/0 BbJ6MTb BeHel.lMaHCKMW lj>nOT M3 3rewcKoro MOPfl ( 1170 r.). O.aHaKo c nOMOil.lb/0 HOpMaHHOB BeHe~MaH/..lbl 3axearMnM XMoc M Pary3y( 1171 r.), XOTfl M 6bJnM OT6MTb/ OT AHKOHb/ ( 1173 r). 80WHa OKOH~Mnacb BHM-

%10.

1180-1185 rr. PErEHTCTBO VI UAPCTBOBAHVIE AH.O.POHVIKA KOMHVIHA. 6y,a}I4M pereHTOM npM KOPOHOBaHHOM pe6eHKOM MMnepaTOpe AneKcee II, 9TOT 6necn111.1MW, HO )l(eCTOKMW BOeHa~anbHMK HM3fl0)1(Mfl M ecKope Ka3HMn ManoneTHero 6a3Mneeca. Ero pewMrenbHoe npaeneHMe Bb/3Bano He,aOBOflbCTBO apMCTOKpaTMM, M Ha nOMOil.lb 6bJn npM3BaH BMnbrenbM CMl.lMnMwcKMW ( 1184 r.). Tor HeMe.aneHHO eroprcf! B /pe/..lM/0 M3aXBaTMfl ctJeccanOHMKM, nocne ~ero e KoHcraHTMHonone ecnbJXHyn 6yHr; AH.apoHMK 6bm CBeprHyr M )l(eCTOKO y6MT. J1MHaCTMfl KoMHMHOB npeceK!Iacb. Ha KOHcraHTMHOnOflbCKMW npecron B30Wen HOBb/W MMneparop- ll/caaK II AHren.

PMfl Ha~ana pacna,aaTbCfl; TYPKM, He ecrpe~af! HM Manewwero conporMBneHMfl, X03f!WHM~anM B AHaTOflMM, a 6onrapbJ pa3opf!nM eeponewcKMe npOBMHl.lMM.

CTPAHhl HCJIAMA 5nH)f(HHM BocroK (CHpHfl, ApasHfl, MeconoraMHfl, AnaronHfl) Ha 6nM)I(HeM BocroKe, He yrMxaf!, 6ypnMna HaCTOflll.laf! KpOBaBaf/ Kawa. MenKMe MycynbMaHCKMe rocy.aapcrea npaKTM~ecKM Henpepb!BHO eoeeanM .apyr c .apyroM. 113 9TOTO xaoca MO)I(HO BbNfleHMTb TPM OC-

EBPA3V1~ V1 5JlV1>KHV1V1 BOCTOK HOBHb/X MCTOpM'IeCKMX TeH,aeHJ4MV1. Bo-nepBbiX, noKopeHMe no'ITM acero 5nmKHero BocToKa TypKaMMcenb,IJ,)KyKaMM BO BTOpoill nonOBMHe XI aeKa. Bo-ampb!X, KpecTOBble noxo,abl, KOTOpb!e OCHOBOnonara/011./,MM o6pa30M BnMRnM Ha C06b!TV1fl B perMOHe a Te'leHMe acero XII aeKa. 8-TpeTbMX, BpeMeHHOe 06be,aMHeHMe no.a pyKoao,acTBOM Hyp-a.a)J.MHa M era npocnaaneHHoro Hacne,aHMKa, Canax-a,a-)J.MHa (Cana,aMHa), 6nmKHeBOCTO'IHb/X apa60B, erMnTf/H VI TypoK-MycynbMaH - KaK peaKJ4Mfl Ha KpecTOBble noxo,abl.

1000-1098 rr. XAOC B MECOnOTAMHH H CHPHH. 8 'IMcno MHO)I(eCTBa 60pJ40B 3a BnaCTb VI BnMf/HMe B 3TMX CTpaHaX BXO,aMnM BM3aHTMM/4bl, KOHTponM poaa B11JMe ceaep VI ceaepO-BOCTOK (MX perMOHanbHb/M 14eHTPOM .ao 1087 r. RBnRnacb AHTMOXMR), 6ar,aa,acKaf/,aMHaCTV1floyM,aOB (,ao 1055 r.), VI r:tJaTMMMAbl, CTOnMJ4eill KOTOpb!X 6b!n )J.aMaCK(,ao 1079 r.).

1043-1055 rr. 3ABOEBAHHE MECOnOTAMHH CEJlbA>KYKAMH. 3axaaT 5ar.aa.aa Torpyn-5eKoM (OKano 993-1063 rr.) nonO)I(Mn KOHe/4 AMHaCTMM 5yM,aOB VI 03HaMeHOBan co6oill co3,aaHMe cenb,IJ,)KyKcKoro rocy,aapcTaa.

1055-1060 rr. BOCCTAHHE B MECOnOTAMHH. Bo3rnaanRn MRTe)l( anb-5acacMpM - TypeJ4KMill BOeHa'lanbHMK, npe)l(,ae cny)I(MBWMM 5yM,aaM, a ceill'lac no.a.aep)I(MBaeMblill r:baTMMM,aaMM. noKa Torpyn5eK YCMMpf/n Mf/Te)l( B CBOeill apMMM, anb -5acacMpM apeMeHHO 3aHRn 5ar,aa,a ( 1058 r.), HO BCKOpe 6blfl pa36MT.

1063-1092 rr. 3ABOEBAHHE CEJlbA>KYKAMH CHPHH H AHATOJlHH. 1092-1098 rr. PACnAA HMnEPHH CEJlbA>KYKOB. Bocnonb3oaaawMcb rpa)l(,aaHCKOM BOMHOM 3a npecTon a caMoM cep.a14e MMnePMM cenb,a)l(yKoB, KMnM,a)I(-ApcnaH, Cb!H CyneiliMaHa M6H KYTanMMwa, BOCCTaHOBMn OT/40BCKOe Bna,aeHMe a AHaTonMM - l1KOHMiliCKMill ( MnM, MHa 'le, KoHMiliCKMill , MnM PyMMillcKMill) cynTaHaT CO CTOnMJ4eill B l1KOHMV1 ( coap. ropo.a KoHbfl a Typ/4MM). TypeJ4KMill aTa6er («reHepan» MnM

«npMH/4») )J.aHMWMeH,a OCHOBan B Ce6acTMM (coap. ropo.a CMaac a TypJ4MM) KOHKYPMPYIOW.Mill pe)I(MM. B CMpMM M CeaepHoill MeconoTaMMM npaaMn anenncKMill aMMP PM,aBaH, Cb!H Tyrywa. 1097-1102 rr. nEPBbl~ KPECTOBbl~ nOXOA.

11 02-1144 rr. M HOrOCTOPOHHSUI 50Pb5A 3A MECOnOTAMHIO. Ceaepo-3ana,aHblill perMOH, npMnera/011./,Mill K 9.aecce (MnM, MHa 'le, 5aM6MKe, MnM rMepanon/0; coap. ropo.a MeM6M,a)/( a CMpMM), KOHTpOnMpOBanM KpeCTOHOCJ4bl ( ,ao 1144 r.). HaM6onbWMM anMRHMeM nonb3oaanMcb PM,aBaH M era Hacne,aHMKM, HO C HMMM conepHM'IanM KOHMMCKMe cenb,a)l(yKM VI e11.1,e HeCKOnbKO MycynbMaHCKMX cynmHaTOB M aMMpaToB. KoHMiliCKMill cynTaH KMnM,a)I(-ApcnaH 3axaaTMn Mocyn (BCOBp.l1paKe; 1102r.), HOnOTepnen nopa)l(eHMe aT PM,aBaHa M norM6 a 6MTBe Ha peKe Xa6yp 1 (a coap. l1paKe; 1107r.).

1102-1127 rr. 50Pb5A 3A CHPHIO. KpecTOHOCJ4bl y,aep)I(MBanM ace no6epe)l(be M ynpo'IMnM Ha,a HMM CBOM KOHTpOnb, HO MX 6blnO CnMWKOM Mana, 'IT06bl npo,aBMraTbCf/ a rny6b nonyocTpoaa. nocne cMepTM PM,aaa Ha ( 1117 r.) cenb,IJ,)KyKOB AnenncKoro aMMpaTa caeprnM .aaMaCKCKMe am6erM5ypM,abl, rna BHbiMM conepHMKaMM KOTOpb!X f/BnflnMCb ApTaKMAbl M3 ceaepo-aocTO'IHoill CMpMM. Bee aTM ro,abl - M cneAY!OW.Me, annoTb .ao KOHJ4a aeKaaccacMHbl (nocne.aoaaTenM o,aHoro V13 OTBeTBneHMill MCMaMnMTOB) y,aep)I(V!BanM ropHy/0 KpenocTb K ceaepoaocToKy aT TpMnonM, M B3f/Tb ee He y,aaaanOCb HM XpMCTMaHaM, HM MycynbMaHaM.

1127-1146 rr. nPABJlEHHE HMAAA Allb-AHHA 3AHrH, ATA5ErA MOCYJlbCKOrO. OH o6beAMHMn no.a caoeill anacTb/0 CeaepHY/0 MeconoTaMM/0 M CeaepHy/0 CMpMIO, 3axaaTMB y KpecTOHOCJ4eB rpa¢cTBO 9.aeccKOe ( 1144 r.). 1

Tpy)l;Ho CKa3an, KaKali M3 )l;By x o)l;Ho-

MMeHHhlx peK MMeeTCli B BM}zy, Ta, 'ITO OTHOCMTCli K 6accefiHy THrpa, MJIM Ta, 'ITO K 6accefiHy EBij>paTa,.

1146-1174 rr. nPABJlEHHE HYP-AA-AHHA (CbiHa 3aHrlll). OH 3aaoeaan ac10 MycynbMaHcKy/0 CMPM/0 M no6e,aMn PailiMyH,aa, rep14ora AHTMOXMMCKOro (1149-1150rr.). no3)1(e era aoeHa'lanbHMK WepKyx 3aaoeaan EmneT ( 1163-1169 rr.). 1147-1149 rr. BTOPO~ KPECTOBbl~ nOXOA.

1155-1194 rr. B03PO>KAEHHE A55ACHAOB. HecMOTPfl Ha nOCTOf/HHOe npOTMBO,aeiliCTBMe cna6el011.1,eill cenb,a)I(YKCKOM AMHaCTMM, HOBOf/BneHHb/e a66acM,aCKMe xanMcPbl no,a'IMHMnM/O)I(HY/0 VI ~eHTpanb HY/0 MeconoTaMM/0.

1174-1186 rr. B03BbiWEHHE CAJlAX-AA-AHHA. Ha'laa c ErMnTa, oH 3aaoeaan CMpMIO M CeaepHy/0 MeconoTaMM/0, T. e. aoccTaHOBMn MMnepMIO B rpaHMJ4aX, B KaKMX cyw.ecTaoaana npM Hyp-a.a)J.MHe.

1187-1189 rr.

A>KHXAA

(«CB~W,EHHA~ BO~HA»). CA-

JlAX-AA-AHHA nPOTHB KPECTOHOCU,EB. OH 3aKOH'IMncR B3fiTMeM l1epycanMMa M 3aaoeaaHMeM npaKTM'IeCKM BCero KOponeBCTBa KpeCTOHOC/4eB. 1189-1192 rr. TPETH~ KPECTOBbl~ nOXOA.

CesepHafl Ac/JpHKa MapoKKO 1t1 3ana.qHI>IM A.n)I(Hp. Ceaepo-3ana.aHaR Ar:PpMKa 6bma no,aeneHa Me)l(,ay MHO)I(eCTBOM MenKMX 6ep6epCKMX BO)I(,aeill, noKa a cepe,aMHe XI aeKa M3 Caxapbl BHe3anHo He RBMnocb nneMR Tyaperoa VI He OCHOBano 3HeprM'IHYIO AMHaCTM/0 AnbMopaaM,aoa (MnM MHa'leMypa6MTOB). B caoMx 6ypHycax OHM npoHecnMcb no MapoKKO M 3ana.aHOMY An)I(Mpy, o,aHoapeMeHHO 3aaoeaaa HerpMTf/HCKOe KOponeBCTBO raHa. noTOM OHM nOKOpMnM MycynbMaHCKY/0 l1cnaHM/O VI 'laCTb ~eHT panbHOM l1cnaHMV1, He,aaBHO OTBOeBaHHY/0 xpMCTMaHaMM. MeHbwe 'leM 'lepe3 BeK, CTOnb )l(e CTpeMMTenbHO, KaK VI 3aXBaTMnM BnaCTb, AnbMopaaM,abl 6b!nM caeprHyTbl nneMeHeM rop14ea -6ep6epoa, KOTOPble OCHOBanM,aMHaCTMIOAnbMOxa,aoB (MnM MHa'le- MyaaxxM,aoa),

BOV1 HA on~Tb CTAHOB V1TC~ V1CKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rT.

npaBl!IBWY/0 TOM %e Teppl!ITOpl!le£1. noTOM Al1bMOX8J].bl H848!11!19KCnaHCl!1/0 Ha BOCTOK.

AnbMOpaBIII,Qbl

B cepe):(HHe XI BeKa B CeBepHoil AcppnKe Ha'Iarrocb HOBoe ):(BHJKeHne 6ep6epCKHX KO'IeBHHKOB ll KpeCThHH, HarrpaBJieHHoe rrponm rrpnTecHeHnil CO CTOpOHbl MeCTHblX cpeo):(aJibHblX BJia):(eTeJiell. )J;BHJKeHHe 3TO pa3BHBaJIOCb ITO):( Jlll'IHHOll peJIHrH03HOll 6opb6bl c «oTcryrrn eHHHMH» rrpamrmen BepxyiiiKH OT MYCYJibMaHCKOro 3aKOHa C Tpe6oBaHHHMH BOCCTaHOBHTb «'IHCTOTY HCJiaMCKOll Bepbl». II porroBe):(HHKOM «BoccTaHOBJieHHH 3aKOHa», a BMeCTe C TeM ll «CBHII(eHHOll BOHHbl c HeBepHbiMH» B Marpn6e, B cpe):(e 6ep6epcKHX IIJieMeH BblcTyrrnJI 6orocJi oB A6nannax n6H RcHH. Era cmpoHHHKHHMeHoBaJIHcb aJib-Mypa6nryH, 6YKBaJibHO «60pUbi ( c HeBepHbiMH) B rror paHH'IHblX IIYHKTax». 3To apa6cKoe HanMeHOBaHne mHTeJin HcrraHllll II03):(Hee rrepenenaJIH B aJibMOpaBH):(bl. TeM me HMeHeM CTaJia Ha3b!BaThCH AHHaCTHH, OCHOBaHHaH OKOJIO 1061 rona O):(HHM ll3 y'IeHHKOB H6H RcnHa, IOcycpoM n6H TaiiicpHHOM. AJibMopaBH):(bl rroKopnn n K KOHUY XI BeKa rro'ITH Becb Marpn6, cnenaB cmnnueil HOBoro rocynapcTBa ropon MappaKYIII (MapoKKo).PyKoBOAHTeJIH nBHJKeHHH, 3axBaTHB 3eMJillll 6oraTCTBa Hll3JIOJKeHHblX IIpaBHTeJiell, HH'Iero He cnenann AJIH HaponHblX Mace. IIocne pacrrana 0MeilHncKoro xarrncpaTa B HcrraHHn ( 1031 r. ), B CBH3H c pocToM cpeonarrbHoil pa3):(po6JieHHOCTH, MeJIKne MycyJibMaHCKne rrpaBHTeJIH B IOmHoil HcrraHnn 6b!JIH He B COCTOHHllll CBOHMH CHJiaMH COrrpOTHBJIHTbCH peKoHKHc Te . Korna BOllCKa KOpOJIH neoHa ll KaCTHJillll AnbcpoHca VI oBnanenn Toneno (1085 r.), MycyJibMaHcKne 3MHpbi l'IciiaHllll IIpH3BaJIH Ha IIOMOII(b BOllCKa AJibMOpaBnnoB. IOcycp n6H TaiiicpnH rreperrpaBHJICH B HcrraHHIO EO rnaBe 6oJibiiioro orroJI'IeHHH H3 cpaHaTH'IecKn HaCTpOeHHblX 6ep6epCKHX KO'IeBHHKOB ll B 6nTBe IIpH 3aJIJiaKe HaHec CTPaiiiHoe rropameHHe ncrraHoxpncTHaHCKHM OIIOJI'IeHHHM. )];EHlKe-

Hlle peKOHKHCTbl 6b!JIO Ha HeKOTOpoe BpeMH 3anepmaHo. Ho, oTpa3HB BolicK a ncrraHo-xpncTnaHcKnx rocynapCTB, OIIOJI'IeHHe IOcycpa n6H TaiiicpnHa BMeCTO TOrO, 'IT06bl B03BpaTHTbCH B AcppnKy, o6paTHJIO cBoe opymne rrpoTHB MYCYJibMaHCKHX 3MHpoB B IOJKHoil HcrraHnnn 3axBaTHJio HX KHHJKeCTBa onHo 3a npyrHM. TaK non BJiacTbiO rocynapcTBa AJibMopaBHAOB oKa3aJincb Marpn6, IOJKHaH n IOro-BocTO'IHaH HcrraHHH. BHyTpeHHHH rronnTnKa nnHacTnn AJibMopaBnnoB xapaKTepn3oBarracb IIOKpOBHTeJibCTBOM cpeonarrbHOll BOeHHO-KO'IeBOll 3HaTH, YBeJin'IeHHeM rronaTeil c ocennblx KpecThmr n ropomaH, ycnJieHneM BJIHHHHH Han6onee peaKUHOHHblX cnoeB MycyJibMaHcKoro nyxoBeHCTBa, IIpHTeCHeHHHMH xpncTHaH n nyneeB, a BMeCTe c TeM roHeHneM Ha cBeTCKYIO KYJibrypy, B '!aCTHOCTH Ha ecTeCTBeHHble HaYKHH cpHJIOCOcpHIO. )J;eJIO noXOAHJIO no rry6JIH'IHOrO commeHHH KHHr. YpoBeHb KYJibTYPHOll JKH3HH pe3KO CHH3HJICH. AnbMOXa,Qbl

IIonnTHKa AJibMopaBnnoB Bbl3BaJia B Ha'!arre XII BeKa HOBoe nBnmeHne cpenn 6ep6epcKnx KO'JeBblX rrneMeH Marpn6a. KaK n Ha'!aJibHoe ):(BnmeHne AJibMopaBHAOB, 3TO ):(BHmeHne o6neKJIOCb B cpopMy peJIHrn03Hoil rrporroBenn o Heo6xonHMocTH BeCTH 6opb6y IIpOTHB pOCKOIIIHOll 1Kll3Hll 3HaTH ll HapyiiieHHH eiO MycyJibMaHCKoro 3aKoHa. IIporroBenHnKH IIpH3b!BaJIH B03BpaTHThCH K «'IHCTOTe rrepBOHa'!aJibHOrO HCJiaMa» ll ycnJIHTh «CBHII(eHHYIO BOHHY c HeBepHbiMH». B Ka'!ecTBe «arrocmJia» Ha 3TOT pa3 Bb!CT)'IIHJI 6ep6ep-6oroCJIOB H6H TyMapT, Tpe6oBaBIIIHil «O'IHII(eHHH» llCJiaMCKOll Bepbl OT pa3Hb!X «HOBIIIeCTB», Bpone pacrrpoCTpaHHBIIIerocH B IX-X BeKax KYJibTa CB5ITblX, HX rpo6HHU ll CBHII(eHHblX MeeT. C'InTaH 3TOT KYJibT «H):(onorroKJIOHCTBOM», OTCT)'IIJieHHeM OT OCHOBHOrO MycyJibMaHcKoro norMaTa enHHo6omnH, H6H TYMaPT Ha3b!BaJI O):(HllX TOJibKO CBOHX IIOCJienoBaTeJiell «enHHo60JKHHKaMH» (rro-apa6CKH aJI-MyaxxHAYH, B HCIIaHCKOM IIpOH3HOIIIeHllll- aJibMOXa):(bi).

H6H TYMaPT o6bHBHJI ce6H MaxAHeM, T. e. rrocJiaHHblM 6oroM Meccneil - BOCCTaHOBHTeJieM Bepb!. B 1121 rony 6oJibiiiOe 6ep6epCKOe IIJieMH MacMyna rrpn3HaJio HOBoro MaXAHH CBOHM rnaBoil. TaK 6b!JIO rronomeHo Ha'!arro TeoKpaTH'!ecKOMY AJibMOXMCKOMY rocynapCTBy, EO rJiaBe KOTOpOro CTOHJI «HerrorpeiiiHMb!ll» Maxnnil, a 3aTeM era rrpeeMHHKH, TaKme «HerrorpeiiiHMble» HMaMbl-XaJIHcpbi. IIpn MaX):(He 6b!JI C03naH Bb!Clllllll COBeT ll3 10 rJiaBHblX era YlJ:eHHKoB, PYKOBOAHBIIInil rocynapcTBeHHblMH nenaMn. B oco6o BaJKHblX cny'IaHX BMecTe c 3THM coBeToM necHTH 3acenan eme npyroil coBeT H3 50 rrpenCTaBHTeneil 6ep6epCKHX KO'IeBblX IIJieMeH. «MycyJibMaHaMH» n «eAHHo6omHHKaMH» OTHb!He IIpH3HaBaJIHCb TOJibKO rrocnenoBaTeJin MaXAHH H6H TyMapTa, a Bee rrpo'Ine HMeHoBaJIHCb «HeBepHbiMH» ll «MHOro60JKHHKaMH». BoilHa c HHMH 6blJia o6bHBJieHa peJIHrH03Hb!M nonroM. IIepBhlllHMaMxarrncp A6n arr-MyMHH, y'IeHHK H6H TYMapTa, 3axBaTHJI ropon MappaKYIII n Becb Marpn6, pa36HB BoilcKo A JibMopaBHAOB (1146 r. ), a BCJien 3a TeM 3aBoeBaJI n nx BnaneHHH B IOJKHoil HcrraHllll. IIocne rro6enbl PYKOBOAHTeJin aJibMOXancKoro nBHJKeHHH, B CBOIO O'Iepe):(b, 3aBJianeJIH 3eMJIHMH, IIOMeCThHMHH 6oraTCTBaMH CBeprnyTblX cTopoHHHKOB AJibMopaBnnoB. AJibMOXMaM ynarrocb HaHecTHncrraHo-xpncTHaHCKHM pb!UapCKHM OIIOJI'!eHHHM B HcrraHHn THJKeJioe rropameHHe B 1195 rony, HO COBCeM OCTaHOBHTh peKOHKHCTY OHH He CMOrJIH. IIonnTHKa AJibMoxanoB B IOmHoil HcrraHllll OTJIH'!arracb eme 6onee peaKUHOHHblM xapaKTepoM, HemeJin rroJIHTHKa AJlbMOpaBnnoB. Ho n B cBonx acppnKaHCKHX BJianeHHHX A JibMOXMbl He rrpoBeJin HHKaKnx pecpopM n He 3a6oTHJIHCb o pa3BHTHH 3eMJieneJIHH ll CKOTOBOnCTBa. HMe)K):(bl pH):(OBblX KO'IeBHHKOB Ha AJibMOXa):(OB cMeHHJIHCb pa3o'!apoBaHHeM. B 1212 rony aJibMoxancKne BoilcKa B HcrraHHn 6b!JIH HaroJIOBY pa36H1bl coenuHeHHb!Mll OIIOJI'!eHHHMll HCIIaHO-XpHCTHaHCKHX rocynapcTB, rrocne qero nBnmeHne peKOHKHCTbl cnenano 6biCTpble ycrrexn. flHIIIHBIIIHCb IIOA):(epJKKll 6ep6ep-

EBPA3Vl>l V1 6JlV1>KHV1Vl BOCTOK CKHX nJieMeH, AJII>MoxagcKoe rocyAapcTBO B A<flpHKe Haqano 6blcTpo pacna,n.aThCJl Ha MeJIKHe <fleOAaJihHble BJia,z:I.eHHJI. Ilp~e scero AJII>MoxaAhl noTepllJIH THJIHMCaH (fJieMceH), noToM TyHHc, H, HaKoHeu, B 1269 roAy HOBaJI AHHaCTHJI MepaHHAOB OTHJIJia y AJII>Moxagos Mappaeyrn H llOJIO:>KHJia KOHeU HX npaBJieHHIO.

1053-1056 rr. CTPEML-1TEJlbHbl"' POCT MOfYlltECTBA TYAPEfOB. 3TO )1(11Bwee B Caxape 6ep6epcKoe nneMR no.a pyKoeo.acreoM npl1po)I(Jl,eHHoro eoeHHoro reHI1R >IHb/ 116H 0Mapa 38XB8TI1fl0 60flbWI1HCTBO 08311COB 3ana,aHOW CaxapbJ. >1Hai16H 0MapocHoean,ai1Hacrl1to AnbMOp8BI1,aOB 11 Haqan IOTOBI1Tb CBOW Hapo,a K BOWHe.

1 054-1 076 rr. nOKOPEHLt1E AJlbM OPABLt1JJ,AM Lt1 3AnAJl,HO"' A<PPLt1KLt1. 3ro 03Haqano nepeoe npOHI1KHOBeHI1e 11Cfl8M8 K tory OT CaxapbJ.

rpanbHoiii qacrbto CeeepHoiii Alj>pi1KI1,ao cepe,ai1HbJXI eeKa no-npe)I(HeMY npaBI1fll1 K811PCKI1e X8fll1lj>bJ ,ai1H8CTI111 fP8TI1MI1,aOB- nOK8 MeCTH8R ,ai1H8CTI1R 311pl1,aOB He npOB03maCI1fl8 He3aBI1CI1MOCTb. B Kaqecree KapaTeflbHOW Mepbl fP8TI1MI1,abl OTpR,al1fll1 HeCKOflbKO ,ai1KI1X KoqeBb/X apa6cKI1X nneMeH pa3opRTb pemoH. Ha no6epe)Kbe qacro o6pywl1eanl1cb Ha6erl1 ni138H~ee, reHp3~ee 11 HOPM8HHOB; H8 HeCKOflbKO neT 6onbW8R qacTb npi1MOPCKI1X peri10HOB 6bma noKopeHa HOPMBHHBMI1. TeM He MeHee, Kor.aa B caMoM Haqane eropoiii nonoBI1Hbl XII eeKa Haqanacb 6ypH8R 9KCn8HCI1R AnbMOX8,aOB, 11 311pl1,abl, 11 apa6bl, 11 Xpi1CTI18He OK838fli1Cb Bb/TeCHeHb/. Bo BTopol!l noJIOBHHe XI BeKa, npu xan:H<fle MycTaHcupe (10361094 rr. ), ueH1paJII>HaJI BJiaCTh B <t>aTHMHACKOM XaJIH<flaTe OCJia6eJia. PoeT noJIHTH<JecKoro BJIHJIHHJI rsap-

AHH MatvfJIIOKOB npHBeJI K TeM :>Ke llOCJieACTBHJIM, "'TO H B rocyAapCTBax A66acHAOB, Car.taHHAOB H Apyrux: XaJIH<fl npespaTHJICJI B npocToe opyAHe BOeHHOI!I rBapAei!ICKOI!I BepxyrnKH. BcnhlXHBaJIH qacTble MHTe'.tKH H Me'A<,LJ,Oyco6HJI TIOpKCKHX H HerpHTIIHCKHX rsapAei!IUeB. 0cJia6JieHHe BOeHHOI!I MOI.UH <J>aTHMHAOB npHBeJIO K noTepe AJI:>KHpa H TyHHca (s cepeAHHe XI B.); CHpHH H IlanecTHHa6blJIH 3axBaqeHbi CeJihAiK)'KaMH H 3alla)l.HOeBponei!ICKHMH KpeCTOHOCUaMH. OcHOBHOI!I npH"'HHOI!I ocJia6JieHHJI ueHTpaJihHol!l BJiacTH 6blJio AaJihHei!lrnee pa3BHTHe HHCTHryTa HKTa 3a C<JeT <flOHAa rocyAapCTBeHHhlX 3eMeJib. llKTa OTAaBaJiaCb BOeHHhlM qHHaM CHa<JaJia BO BpeMeHHOe Aep:>KaHHe. 0AHaKO K KOHUY rocnoACTBa <t>aTHMHAOB HI..'TII. H B ErnnTe <flai..'TII<JecKH npeBpaTHJiaCb B HaCJieACTBeHHhii!I JieH (<fleoA). K 3TOMY :>Ke speMeHH npeo6JI3AaiOI.UaJI qacTh 3eMeJibHoro <flOHAa BMeCTe C CHAeBlliHMH Ha 3eM-

1 056-1 080 rr. nOKOPEHLt1E AJ1bMOPABLt1JJ,AMLt1 MAPOKKO, A TAK)f(E 3AnAJl,HOfO Lt1 U.EHTPAJlbHOfO AJ1)f(Lt1PA. CoeepweHo no.a pyKoeo.acreoM A6y E>aKpa 116H YMapa 11 ero .aeotopo,aHoro 6para, 6necrRwero eoeHaqanbHI1Ka IOcylj>a 116H Tawlj>I1Ha.

1 086-1 092 rr. 3ABOEBAHLt1E AJ1bMOPABLt1.0.AMLt1 MYCYJlbMAH CK0"' Lt1CnAHLt1 L-1. 0Kono 1120-1130 rr. CTAHOBJ1EHLt1EAJ1bMOXAAOB. BArnaccKI1X ropax MyxaMMe.a 116H TyMapr yqpe,a11n BOI1HCTBeHHYIO peni111103HYIO KOHlj>e,aepa~l1to 6ep6epoe.

1130-1147 rr. CBEP)f(EHLt1E AJlbMOPABL-1,0.08. AnbMoxa.aoe B03maBnRnA6,a anb-MYMI1H 116H An11 ( anb-KYM11), nocne.aoearenbi16H TyMapra 11 eeni1KI1iii eoeHaqanbHI1K.

1145-1150 rr. nOKOPEHLt1E AJlbMOXAJJ,AML-1 MYCYJlbMAHCKO"' Lt1CnAHLt1Lt1. 1147-1160 rr. 3ABOEBAHLt1E AJlbMOXA.O.AML-1 AJ1)f(Lt1PA, TYHLt1CA Lt1 3AnAJl,HO"' TPLt1nOJ1Lt1TAHLt1Lt1. nocne ceo11x no6e.a A6.a anb-MYMI1H 116H An11 anb-KYMI1 npi1Hflfl TI1Tyn Xan11lj>a. Bocrot~HbJH AmKHp, TyHHC H TpHno.nHTaHHfl. HoMI1HBnbHO ~eH-

PycTeMnoar.tTapKaHoM KaMYca KyMceHr.t. Mr.tHr.taTIOpa pyKOnr.tcr.t «WaxHaM3»

BOli1HA on~Tb CTAHOBV1TC~ V1CKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rr.

Jie KpeCThiiHaMH yJKe H3XOAHJiaCb B

OT f1>BTY1MY1,aOB Y1 OTpeKCfl OT WY1Y13-

pyKax BJia)l.eJII>UeB HKTa. YTBep)fQJ,e-

M8, BepHyBWMCb K CYHHMTCKOMY

HHe B rrpH6peJKHoJ;i rroJioce CHpHH

y4eHMIO.

KpeCTOHOCUeB, C KOTOphiMH <f>aTHMH-

1147-1160 rr. 3ABOEBAH~E AJlbMOXAAAM~.

EnmeT H KHpeHaHKa.

1058-1060 rr. KAPATEJlb-

CeBepo-

BOCT04Hoi4 A(j>p!IIKOW no4TM Becb

AaM B XII BeKe rrpHIIIJIOCb Bl>l,ll,epJKaTb

HbiE MEPbl q>AT~M~AOB.

TIIJKeJIYIO 6op1>6y, H 3axBaT CHUHJIHH

MM.acKMi4 Kanmt> anb-MycraHCMP

xanM(j>bJ, xorfl B XII BeKe peanbHBfl

nocnan apa6cKMX K04eBHMKOB pa3o-

Bfl8CTb npiiiHatJ.fle)l(8fl8, KBK npaBM-

HOpMaHHaMH

(1 071

r.) JIHIIIHJIH <f>a-

ct>am-

9TOT nep1110,a npBBIIIflM {j>aTMMM,aCK/IIe

B cepe.aMHe

THMHAOB IIpe"A<Hero rrpeo6Jia)l.aHHJI Ha

pf/Tb 3eMflY1 3MpM,aOB, 4TO OHM Y1 c.ae-

no, MeCTHbJM BM3111PfiM.

Cpe,qH3eMHOM Mope H rrocTerreHHO

fl8flY1, - KPOMe reppiiiTOPMM, npMne-

XII BeKa npoMcxo.aMna cno)I(HBfl

rrpHBeJIH K rrepexo,qy cpe,qH3eMHO-

raJOmei;f Henocpe.acrBeHHO K cronM-

6opb6a 38 KOHrponb Ha.a EmnroM

MopcKoi:i mproBJIH B pyKH HTaJII>JIH-

~e, ropo.ay Max.aMM.

Me)l(,ay KOponeM 38XB84eHHOTO Kpe-

1 060-1 091 rr. ~3fHAH~E 3~

cKHX ropo,qoB.

~3fHAH~E

C C~l..l~Jl~~. 1 087 r. BPEMEHHbiVI3AXBAT

KOM (AMOplllf) Y1 rype~KMM/11 8PMY1fiMY1 ara6era anenncKoro M Mocynb-

KOPCAPOB C CAP-

MAXA~~ fEHY33l..lAM~ ~ n~-

cKoro Hyp-a.a-/l,MHa ( M3 ,aiiiHBCTIIIM

3AHI..lAM~.

38HrM,aOB). B KOH~e KOH~OB npaBMreneM Emnra (j>aKTM4eCKM cran ry-

1015-1016r~ 3~P~ACK~X A~H~~.

1049r.

CTOHOC~8MIIIl1epycanMM8 AManbpM-

P~AOB

HE3AB~C~MOCTb

1135-1160rr. HOPMAHH-

3~P~AOB. 3MMP MyM33 M6H Ga-

CK~E BTOP:>KEH~Sl B CEBEPHYIO

pe/..lKMW ara6er Canax-a.a-/l,MH, oc-

.aMp npOB03r.n8CY1fl He38BY1CY1MOCTb

Aq>P~KY.

HOBarenb .aMHBCTIIIM Ai4J06111.aoB, XOTfl HOMY1H8flbHO OH Ill no,a4Y1HflflCfl Hyp-a.a-/l,MHy. nocne CMepTIII Hypa.a -/l,IIIHB Canax-a.a-/l,MH npoBo3macMn He38BY1CY1MOCTb Y1 38BOeB8fl npaKTM4eCKIII BCe 6bJBWMe BflatJ.eHIIIR 3aHm.aoB B CMpMM, Kyp.a111craHe M MeconOT8MY1Y1. noroM OH 38XB8TY1fl t1epyC811111M M60flbWYIO 48CTb naneCTMHbl, 4eM B 3H84MTeflbHOW creneHM cnpoBOI..liiiPOBan TperMw KpecroBbJW noxo.a. OH orpa3Mn nonbJTKIII KpeCTOHOCI..leB CHOB8 38Hf/Tb ltfepyC811Y1M Y1 38Kfl/04111fl KOMnpOMMCCHbiW MMP c PM4ap.aoM I flbBMHoe Cep.a/..le, KoponeM AHmMM.

996-1020 rr.

nPABJlEH~E

AJlb-XAK~MA. )l(ecroKMW TMPBH M .aecnor, B Mcrop11110 oH Bowen maBHbJM o6pa30M reM, 4TO B ro,abl ero npaBneHMR 6blfl8 OCHOB8H8 WY1Y1TCK8R CeKT8 ,apy30B, H83B8HH8R TBK no MMeH/11 Y1CM8111fl/IITCKOTO MMCC/110Hepa )J,ap83111. l1MeHHO 9TOMY nnaMeHHOMY nponoBe.aHMKY BnepBbJe npMwna 6nMcrarenbHBR MbJCnb Bbl,aBMHYTb Te3MC 0 60)I(eCTBeHHOW cymHOCTM cynTBHB 8flb-XBKY1M8M,aefl, KOTOp8RC8MOMYCYflT8HY, ecTeCTBeHHO, He MOma He npiiiWTIIICb no .aywe.

B Emnre nponoBe.alll )J,a-

pa3M.aon)I(Horo orKnMKa He nony4MnM, 38TO BCTpeTMfl/11 WMPOKY/0 no.a,aep)I(KY cpe.aM ropl..leB CMpMIII M flMBaHa.

1020-1035 rr. AJlb-3~PA.

nPABJlEH~E

C Hero H848flCR yna.aoK

ct>ariiiMM.aoB. Er111ner crpa.aan or Ha-

6o" rt.taa c repyH 3ap9. MHHI13T10pa pyKOnHCH «WaXH3M3»

6eroB p83flY14HbiX CIIIPIIIWCKMX MR-

EBPA3Vl>l V1 6JlV1>KHV1Vl BOCTOK

Te)I(HMKOB, B TOM <mcne Canuxa u6H Mup.aaca M3 Anenno. nowaTHyBWMC1CR KOHTpOflb ct>aTMMM,aOB Ha,a Cupuee1 6b/JI BOCCTaHOBJieH B pe3YflbTaTe no6e,abl AHyw-TeKMHa anb,llu36upu Ha.a Mup.aacoM B cp8)1(eHMM no.a YXOHOC1 ( 1029 r.).

1 035-1 094 rr.

nPABJJEH~E

AJJb-MYCTAHC~PA.

OHO 6b/JIO 03HaMeHOBaHO npo,aOJI)I(eHMeM yna,aKa c!>BTMMM,aOB. Mup,aac OCHOBaJI B Anenno co6creeHHYIO .auHaCTM/0 Mup.aacu.aoe (oKono 1040 r.). MeKKa M Me.auHa o6penu He3aeucuMOCTb ( 1047 r.). TyHuccKaR .auHacTMR 3upu.aoe 38RBMna o6 or.aeneHMM ( 1049 r.; CM. Bb!We). bOJibWYIO 'laCTb Cupuu u nanecrMHbl noKopunu rypKM-cenb,a)l(yKM ( 1060-1071 rr.). Eruner corpRcanu apMeC1cKMe 6yHTbl MMRTe)I(M, no,aHMMaeMb/e COJI,aaTaMM M3 rypoK ( 1060- 1074 rr.). flMWb nocreneHHO BOeHa48JibHMK M BM3Mpb apMRHCKOTO npOMCXO)I(,aeHMR ba,ap aJib-,l/)KaMBJIM BOCCTaHOBMJI nopR,aOK B ErMnTe M OT'laCTMe /O)I(HOC1 Cupuu ( 1074-1094 rr.).

1094-1101 rr.

nPABJJEH~E

AJJb-MYCTAJJ~

(cbtHa anb-MycTaHcHpa). B ocrpoe1 6opb6e 3a npecron oH o.aonen ceoero 6para He B nocne,aH/010 o'lepe.ab 6naro.aaPR no.a.aep)I(Ke Bflb-A<f>.aanR WaHMHwaxa ( Cb/Ha ba,apa aJib-,l/)KaMaJIM), KOTOPb!C1 Bnocne,aCTBMM 3aXBaTMJI UepycaJIMM M.apyrue ropo.aa naneCTMHbl M /O)I(HOC1 Cupuu ( 1098 r.). npae,aa, BCKOpe KpeCTOHOCU.bl OTBOeBaJIM VfepycaJIMM M HaHeCJIM anb-A<f>.aan/0 pewa10wee nopa)l(eHMe B 6uree npu AcKanoHe ( coep. ropo.a AwKenoH B t13paune; 1099 r.; CM. C. 657).

1101-1121 rr.

nPABJJEH~E

AJJb-A<PAAJJSL XorR B 9TM ro,abl HOMMHB!IbHO M u.apCTBOBaJIM MapMOHeT04Hb!e KaJIM<f>bl, O,aHaKO peaJibHOC1 BJiaCTb/0 o6na.aan MCKJI/04MTeflbHO anb-A<f>.aanb. TeM He MeHee ece ero nonb!TKM oreoeearb naneCTMHY 6b/JIM OTpa)l(eHbl KpeCTOHOCU.aMM. 1121-1163 rr. rP.A)f(J\AHCKASI BOli'IHA ~ PACKOJJbl. Bocnonb30eaewucb9TMMM BHyrpeHHMMM HeypR.aMU.aMM, KpecroHOCU.bi3BXBBTMJIM AcKanoH, nocne.aHMC1 onnor erunercKMX

Y6H~CTBO

waxa Aapa. MHHHanopa pyKonHcH «WaxHaM3»

ct>BTMMM.aoe B Cupuu ( 1153 r: ), a BTa6er anenncKMC1 M MocynbCKMC1 Hypa.a-,lluH nOKOPMfl ,llaMaCK ( 1154 r.), nocne qero Hau.enuncR Ha Eruner. 1163-1169 rr. 60Pb6A KPECTOHOCL.tEB ~ 3AHf~AOB 3A Er~nET. B Emner npu6bma rypeu.Ko -CMpMC1CKaR apMMR no.a KOMaH,aOeaHMeM Aca.a-a.a-,lluHa WupK}Ixa, nocnaHHaR Hyp-a.a-,liMHOM c u.enb/0 noMo% erunercKoMy BM3MPIO Weeapyu6H My.a)I(MPY no.aaeurb MRTe)l( ( 1163 r.). B 9TO caMoe epeMR KpecTOHOCU.bl coeepwanu M3 UepycanuMa Ha6erM Ha ropo,aa HMJibCKOC1 .aenbTbl. 06Hapy)I(MB, 4TO WMPKYX nnaHMpyeT He CTOJibKO nOMOiaTb eMy, CKOflbKO 3axeaTMTb Eruner .anR Hyp-a,a-,lluHa, Weeap u6H My.a)I(MP

o6paTMJICR 38 nOMOWb/0 KXpMCTMaHCKOMy Kopon/0 UepycanuMa AManbPMKY I. KpecroHOCU.bl noMomu Weeapy o.aep)l(aTb no6e.ay Ha.a WupKyxoM no.a KaupoM ( 11 anpenR 1167 r.) M 3aCTaBMTb ero OTCTynMTb (B 9TOC1 6uree omM4MfiCR nneMRHHMK WupKyxa, Mono.aoe1 Canax-a.a-,lluH). KpecroHOCU.bl npo4HO o6ocHoeafiMCb B KaMpe, K KOTOPOMY HeCKOJibKO pa3 no.acrynancR eepHyewuC1cR c no.aKpenneHMRMM WMPKYX, a ra/OKe nb!TaJIMCb, XOTR M Hey,aa4HO, OCa,aMTb Canax-a.a-,lluHa B AneKcaH.apuu. nocne neperoeopoe o6e cropoHbl comacunucb ye1ru M3 Erunra; npae.aa, B Kaupe, no YCJIOBMRM MMpHOTO ,aorOBOpa, ,aOJI)I(eH 6b/JI OCTaTbCRXpMCTMaHCKMC1rapHM30H.becno-

BOli1HA on~Tb CTAHOBV1TC~ V1CKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rr. naX-a/1.-,lJ,MH f/BflflflCfl He3aB!.1C!.1Mb/M npae1.1reneM, 1.1 nepe11. cMepTb/0 Hyp -a.a. -,lJ,MHa ( 1174 r:) Me)l(.fl.y H!.1M!.1 B03H!.1Kfla 3aMeTHaf/ XOflO/l.HOCTb. Bnocne.fl.CTB/.1!.1 Cana11.1.1H 3af/B!.1n o CBOeM 3aKOHHOM npaee Ha BCe Bnall.eH!.1fl 3aHr!.1/l.OB !.1 nO/l.TBep.fl.!.1fl ero B cep1.11.1 KaMnaH!.1W npOT!.1B ll.PYrMX npereH.fl.eHTOB( 1174-1183 rr.). YcnexoM oH 6bm o6f/3aH, e nepey10 oqepe.fl.b, ceoewxopowo o6y4eHHol4 perynflpHOW apM!.1!.1 !.13 rype~K!.1X pa6oe (MaMRIOKOB), BKfll04aBWeW B CBOW COCTaB, B OCHOBHOM, KOHHb/X ny4H!.1KOB, a raK)I(e Y.fl.apHb/e orpfl.fl.bl KOHHb/X KOneWUl!.1KOB. 8 Te4eH!.1e 3Toro nep1.1011.a y Canax-a11.-,ll,1.1Ha CflY4Bn!.1Cb 4aCTble, HO He3Ha4!.1TeflbHb/e CTb/4K!.1 C KpeCTOHOC~aMM; no Mepe yKpenneHMfl ero enacr1.1 1.1 pac-

BOHHbl apMHH cynTaH8 Canax-aA-AHHa

wMpeHMfiBna.a.eHMW(BKOH~eKoH~oe

Pfl/l.K!.1, BCKOpe 3aTef/HHb/e MYCYflbMaHaM/.1 e Ka1.1pe, 3acrae1.1n1.1 AManbPMKa I eepHyTbCfl eEmner( 1168 r:). OH 3aKfll04!.1fl C0/03 c B!.13aHT!.1WCK!.1M MMneparopoM MaHyMnoM I KoMHMHOM, KOTOPbiW B Ha4ane 1169 ro11.a MopeM nocnan B Emner cj>nor 1.1 He6onbwow 3Kcne.fl.!.1~!.10HHbiW Kopnyc. YMenoe MaHeBpMpoeaHMe ( KaK nonMT!.14ecKoe, raK 1.1 eoeHHoe) WMPKYxa 1.1 Canax-a11.-,ll,1.1Ha, npecne.fl.OBaewee npOT!.1BH!.1Ka HeBe3eH!.1e, a TaK)I(e B3a!.1MHOe He/l.OBep!.1e Me)l(.fl.Y KpeCTOHOC~aM/.1 !.1 B!.138HT!.1W~aM!.1 BCe 3TO npenf/TCTBOBBnO ycneWHOW KOOP/1.!.1Ha~!.1!.1 .fl.eWCTB!.1W, !.1 nOTOMY o6e apM!.1!.1, KpeCTOHOC~eB !.1 B!.13aHT!.1W~eB, orcryn1.1n1.1 !.13 Er1.1nra. W1.1p-

KYX cran B!.13!.1peM np1.1 KanMcj>e c:t>aT!.1M!.1/l.OB, OCTaBaf/Cb np1.1 3TOM B nO.fl.4!.1HeH!.1!.1 Hyp-a.a.-,lJ,MHa, HO BCKOpe yMep (Maw 1169 r.). Hacne11.oBan eMy Canax-a11.-,ll,1.1H, cj>aKT!.14eCK!.1 craew1.1w npae1.1reneM Er1.1nra. 1169-1193 rr. PErEHTCTBO VI nPABJlEHVIE CAJlAX-AA-AVIHA IOCYA VI6H A~I06A (Mmt CanaAMHa eaponeHCKMX xpoHMK). Type~KMW KYP/1., OH OCHOBBn /1.!.1HaCT!.110 Al4106!.1.fl.OB. CMecr1.1e cj>ar!.1M!.1/l.CKOro Kan1.1cj>a, OH BOCCTaHOB!.1fl B ErMnTe cyHHMTCKYIO eepy ( 1171 r.). OH oreoeean y AnbMOXa/l.OB TpMnonMraHM/0 ( 1172 r.). HoMMHBnbHO coxpaHflfl eepHOCTb MOCYflbCKOMY ara6ery Hyp-a/1.-,ll,MHY, cj>aKT!.14eCK!.1 Ca-

3eMn!.1 ero KOflb~OM OXBaT!.1fl!.1 repp!.1TOP!.1!.1, 3aXBa4eHHb/e KpeCTOHOC~aM!.1) CTbi4K!.1 Mano-noMany nepepacranM e nonHoMacwra6HyiO eowHY ( 1183-1187 rr:). 1187-1192 rr. A)I(VIXAA («CBSiutEHHASI BO~HAI,) CAJlAXAA-AVIHA. Canax-a11.-,ll,1.1H 3aeoeean t1epycan!.1M 1.1 6onbWYIO qacrb naneCT!.1Hbl, 4TO Bb/3Bano TpeT!.1W Kpecroeb/W noxo11.. HecMorpfl Ha HecKonbKO nop£()1(eHMW, Canax-a/1.,ll,MH Y.fl.ep)l(an t1epycan!.1M 1.1 6onbWYIO 4aCTb CB0!.1X naneCT!.1HCK!.1X 3aBOeBaH!.1W; 0/l.HaKO, no ycnOB!.1f/M 11.oroeopa, 3aKnl04eHHoro c P!.14ap/l.OM I flbBMHoe Cep11.~e, KoponeM AHmMM, xpMcrMaHaM npe.fl.ocraenflnMcb e t1epycan!.1Me oco6bJe npaea ( 1192 r.). 1193 r. CMEPTb CAJlAX-AAAVIHA. rocy.fl.apCTBO 6blfl0 pa3.fl.eneHO Me)l(.fl.Y ero Cb/HOBbf/M/.1: Bnb-A3!.13 cran npae1.1reneM Er1.1nra, anb-Acj>/l.Bnb - C1.1p1.11.1. 1196-1200 rr. BO~HA 3A nPECTOJl ME)I(AY HACJlEAHVIKAMVI CAJl.AAVIHA. ,ll,fl/l.fl 6parbee, A6ynb 6aKp ManMK anb-Ail.Mn, cpa)l(aflCfl KaK Ha TOW, TaK !.1 Ha ll.PYrow CTOpOHe. 8 KOH~e KOH~OB B pe3YflbTaTe no6e.fl.bl Hall. anb-Acf>ll.aneM B 61.1ree np1.1 b!.1nb6el43e (ErMner; fiHBapb 1200 r.) OH o6pen enaCTbH8/l. ecew !.1Mnep!.1el4 Canaxall.-j],1.1Ha.

EBPA3Vl>l V1 6JlV1>KHV1Vl BOCTOK flepCHfl H IO>KHafl '13CTb UeHTpan&Hon .A3HH

Bo3maenf!eMb/e MaxMy,aoM ra3HeB!II, ra3HeB!II.f1b/ H848fl!ll 9KCn8HC!II/O 1113 XopacaHa Ha 101, crpeMf!Cb noKOPIIITb BC/0 BocT04HYIO nepCIII/0, 111 Ha ceeep, no,a4!11Hflfl Xope3M (><Y!ey) 111 6onbWYIO 48CTb TypKecraHa, ne)I(Bll.IY/0 Me)l(,ay AMy,aapbetli 111 CbJp,aapbetli. Ho maBHbiM!II noxo.aaM!II MaxMy.aa ra3HeB!II f/Bflflfl!IICb !IIH4111WCK!IIe. nocne ero CMepT!II ra3HeBIII4bl np111wn111 e yna,aoK, M 3ana,aHbJe repp!IITOPMIII 6blflM 38XB84eHb/ cenb4)1(yK8M!II no.a KOMaH.aoeaH!IIeM Torpyn-6eKa M 4arpbJ-beKa. 3areM Torpyn-6eK HanpaBMflCfl OTBOeBb/B8Tb y bYM40B 3ana.aHYIO nepCM/0 M MeconoraMM/0, a ra/OKe H84MH8Tb rype~Koe npoH!IIKHOBeHMe e AHarofl!ll/0. npaKTMK8 cenb,a)l(yKOB H83H848Tb BOeH848flbHMKOB nonyaBTOHOMHb/MM npaB!IITeflf/M!II 38BOeB8HHb/X npOBMH~MW BCKOpe npMBena K pacna.ay cenb,a)l(yKcKotli .aep)I(BBbl ( KPOMe XopacaHa) Ha MHO)I(ecreo MenKIIIX, nocrof!HHO epa)l(,ay/0/.J..I!IIX crpaH. B 9TO epeMf! e ropax 3nb6ypc, ,aetlineMe, e ropHotli KpenocrM AnaMyr npo~eerana Mano4!11cneHHBfl MCM8Mfl!IITCK8fl CeKTa 8CC8C!IIHOB. B caMoM Ha4ane eropotli nonoBMHbl XII eeKa xopacaHCKMtli cynraH CaH,a)l(ap MenMKwa~ nocne,aH!IItli npaBMTeflb Ceflb4)1(YKCKOW4111H8CTMM no npf!Motli n!IIHIIIM, 6bm ceeprHyr e pe3yflbT8Te MMrpa~MM TIOPKCKMX nneMeH M3 TypKecraHa. BcKope nocne 9roro TIOPKCKMe wax111 Xope3Ma ( ><Y!Bbl), 38XBBT!IIB XopacaH 111 t1clj>axaH, OCHOB8flM HOBY/0 MOryi.J..IeCTBeHHY/0 nepcM,aCK}'/0 MMnep!ll/0.

BHOBh CJIOiKHBIIIYIOCH 3HaTh H3 BOeHHhlX JieHHHKOB, B 3HaqHTeJihHOlt qac-

BhJBe3 H3 llH.Jl.HH, comacHo coo6meHHIO HCTOqHHKOB, 57 ThlCSJq pa6oB,

TH TIUOKe TIOpOK. 3nl3HaTh BeJia 6oph-

)l.eHer H UeHHOCTelt Ha

6y 3a 3eMJIH H BJIIDIHHe CO CTapHHHOlt

XeMOB H

MJIH. )l.Hp-

350 CJIOHOB.

BOCTOqH OH paH CKOlt n po BHHUHaJihH Olt

fpa6HTeJihCKHe noxo)l.hl B MH-

3HaThiO- )l.exKaHarvtH. HaH60Jihiiie-

.Jl.HIO, llOMHMO 3axBaTa )l.06h]qH, HB-

npaBHTeJihCTBa MaxMy-

ro noJIHTHqecKoro MorymecTBa fa3-

JIHJIHCh )l.JIH

HeBH.Jl.CKoe rocy)l.apCTBO )l.OCTHrJIO

)l.a fa3HeBH TaKiKe cpe)l.CTBOM XOTH

npH

(998-

61>1 Ha BpeMH npHrJIYIIIHTh BOCCTaHHH

MaxMyA HaqaJI 3aBoeBa-

HaCeJieHHH B C06CTBeHHOlt CTpaHe.

cyJITaHe MaxMy)l.e

1030 rr. ).

TeJihHhle noxo)l.hl B CeBepHyiO llH.Jl.HIO

Ilo)l. 3HaMH «BOltHhl 3a Bepy» CTeKa-

llO)l. JI03yHroM «CBHIUeHHOlt BOltHhl»

JIOCh MHOiKeCTBO o6e33eMeJieHHhlX

MYCYJII>MaH c «H)l.OJIOllOKJIOHHHKaMHMaCIIITa6ax npOH3Be-

KpeCThHH, npHBJieqeHHhlX Ha)J.e)f9J,Olt Ha o6orameHHe. Ho qpe3Bh]qaJtHhle

)l.eHHhlX TaM onycTOIIIeHHlt MOiKHO

HaJIOrH, B3HMaBIIIHeCH )l.JIH opraHH3a-

HH.Jl.YCaMH».

cy)l.HTh no TOMY,

B pe3yJihTaTe

UHH llOXO)l.OB B llH)l.HIO, )l.OBO)l.HJIH

TOJihKO O)l.H0£'0 TaKOro llOXO)l.a, a BCeX

TPYAHIUeecH HaceJieHHe .Jl.O noJIHoro

17, MaxMyA fa3HeBH

pa3opeHHH. ITo coo6meHHIO HCTOpH-

noxo)l.OB 61>1JIO

focy.QapCTBO fa3HeBH,QOB IIocJie pacna)J.aCaMaHH.Jl.CKoro rocy)l.apcTBa

(999 r.) 3ervum K 10ry H 3a-

na,n.y OT peKH AM)'.LI.aphH (XopacaH, CHcTa.H H HhlHeiiiHHlt A<J:>raHHCTaH) nepeiiiJIH no)l. BJiaCTh rocy)l.apcTBa fa3HeB!f)J,OB (977

-1187 rr.), KOTOpoe H3

He60JihiiiOro BaCCaJihHOro KHIDKeCTBa B paltoHe ropo)l.afa3Hhl npeBpaTHJIOCh Teneph B 60JihiiiYIO <J:>eo)l.aJII>HYIO HMnepHIO. fa3HeBH)l.hl, )l.HHaCTHH TIOpKCKOrO npOHCXOJf9],eHHH, OllHpaJIHCh Ha

~~~->W./.JL:-

~>~ jlft_;;~ ~~ --l..~~~~jt)JJJ!)!ti;t;;._~ 60~ 33Hr3 C AxB310M. MHHH3T10p3 pytronHCH «W3XH3M3»

BOli1HA on~Tb CTAHOBV1TC~ V1CKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rr. BeKa KpyrrHeltrnelt IIOJIHTH'IeCKOj;j CHJIOit B Ilepe.LI.Helt A3HH. CeJih.Jl.iKYKH IIO.Jl.'IHHHJIH ce6e CTPaHhi 3aKaBKa3hJI H BeJIH ycnernHhle BOltHhi c BH3aHTHej;j, y Koropolt rrocJie rro6e.Jl.hl CeJih.Jl.JKYKOB rrpH MaHI.IHKepTe B

1071

ro.Jl.y 6hiJia OTHJITa IIO-

'ITH BC.ll ManaJI A3HJI. BoeBaJIH cenh.Jl.iKYKH H CO cpe.J1.Hea3HaTCKHMH KapaxaHH.Jl.aMH, KH.lliKeCTBO KoTOphiX OHH IIO.Jl.'IHHHJIH H o6JIOJKHJIH .Jl.aHhiO B

1089 ro.Jl.y. YJKe c KOHI.Ia XI BeKa CeJih.Jl.JKYK-

cKHe cyJITaHhi OIIHpaJIHCh He TOJihKO Ha ory3CKYIO BOeHHO-KO'IeByiO 3HaTh, HO H Ha IIpHMHpHBlliHXCJI C 3aBOeBa-

BOHHbl. Penb~ H3 ra3HH, Acl>raHHCT3H. 0Kono 1000 r.

TeJIJIMH HpaHCKHX KpyrrHhiX <}>eo.LI.aJIOB. B llpaHe rrpH CeJih.Jl.JKYKax rrpe-

Ka YT6H, BO BpeMSI O.Jl.Horo H3 rro6e-

KphiJIH ce6e .Jl.Opory B XopacaH H 3a-

o6Jia.LI.aiOlllHM BH.Jl.OM<}>eO.Jl.aJihHOlt 3e-

.Jl.OHOCHhlX rroXO.Jl.OB MaxMy.LI.a B I1H-

IIa.Jl.Hhlj;j llpaH .

MeJihHOlt C06CTBeHHOCTH IIOBCIO.Jl.Y

.Jl.HIO B XopacaHe CBHperrcTBoBaJI Ta-

IIopaJKeHHe rocy.LI.apcTBa fa3He-

CTaJiaHI\'TIL CeJih.Jl.JKYKCKHe cyJITaHhi,

Koj;j roJIO.Jl., 'ITO TOJihKO B oKpyre HH-

BH.Jl.OB i!BHJIOCh cJie.Jl.CTBHeM ero BHYT-

y KOTOphlx KO'IeBaH 3HaTh TPe6oBana

rnarrypa rrorH6no CBhlrne

100

ThiC.ll'I

peHHelt CJia60CTH B CB.ll3H C 6op1>6oj;j

3eMeJih, CTaJIH lliHpOKO pa3.Jl.aBaTh B

qenoBeK. MaxMyA fa3HeBH BOeBan

MeiK.Jl.Y <}>eO.Jl.aJiaMH, pa3.Jl.OpaMH H

HKTa He TOJihKO .Jl.epeBHH, HO H l.leJihle

Ta!OKe c rocy.LI.apcTBoM ByH.Jl.OB H c

yrra.LI.KOM.Jl.HCI.IHIIJIHHhi B<}>eo.Jl.aJihHOM

o6JiacTH c ropo.LI.aMH. BJia)J,eTeJIJIMH

Xope3MOM, KOTOphllt oH 3axBaTHJI B

orroJI<JeHHH. HeMaJIYIO poJih chlrpana

KpyrrHhiX HKTaCTaHOBHJIHCh rrpe.Jl.CTa-

1017 ro.Jl.y. Cenb~~KcKoerocy~apCTao

H Bp~e6HOCTh KpeCThi!H H ropOiKaH

BHTeJIH O£Y3CKOj;j KO'IeBOlt 3HaTH, KO-

XopacaHa K rrpaBHTeJihCTBY Macy.LI.a H ero XHlllHhiM 'IHHOBHHKll};l. fa3He-

TOphle, He rrpeKparn:aJI KO'IeBoj;j iKH3-

BH.Jl.hl rroTepliJIH Bech XopacaH H XoB XI BeKe CeJih.Jl.JKYKCKHe ory3hi

pe3M

(1 043

r. ), XOTJI ern:e .Jl.O KOHI.Ia

HH H CBJI3H CO CBOHMH IIJieMeHaMH, rrpeBparn:aJIHCh B <}>eO.Jl.aJihHhiX 3KCIIJiyaTaTOpOB OCe.Jl.JIOro KpeCThi!HCTBa.

H3 Cpe.LI.Helt A3HH rrpo.Jl.BHHYJIHCh B

XII BeKa y.LI.epiKHBaJIH B CBOHX pyKax

MeJIKHe HKTa pa3.J1.aBaJIHCh HH3-

HpaH H Ilepe.Jl.HIOIO A3HIO. CTOJIK-

HhiHelliHHlt A<}>raHHCTaH H IleH.LI.JKa6.

lliHM 'IHHaM <}>eO.Jl.aJihHOrO OIIOJI'Ie-

HYBlliHCh c .LI.pyrHMH KO'IeBhiMH 3a-

06pa3oBaJIOCh Cenh.Jl.JKYKCKoe rocy-

HHJI, B 60JihliiHHCTBe CBOeM- KO'IeB-

BOeBaTeJI.llMH- KapaxaHH.Jl.CKHMH

.LI.apcTBo BO maBe c Torpyy-BeKoM.

HHKaM. TaK, rrpH MenHK-rnaxe HKTa

1040

CeJihA-

6hiJIH p03.Jl.aHhl

46 ThiC.ll'IaM

MeJK,ll.y

30B o6paTHJiaCh K ChiHY H rrpeeMHH-

JKYKH 3aBOeBaJIH BeCh llpaH. 3-ro 3a-

B 3TO BpeMJI Hh.-"l'a IOPH.Jl.H'IeCKH ern:e

KY MaxMYAa fa3HeBH, cyJITaHY Ma-

BOeBaHHe COIIpOBOJKAaJIOCh 60JihlliH-

He C'IHTaJiaCh HaCJie.Jl.CTBeHHOj;j, HO Ha

CYAY, c rrpoc1>6olt rrpe.Jl.OCTaBHTh elt

MH pa3pyrneHHJIMH IIpOH3BO.Jl.HTeJih-

rrpaKTHKe 3HaTh .Jl.06HJiach rrpeBparn:e-

3eMJIH.Jl.JI.ll KO'IeBaHh.ll B paltoHe A6H-

HHX CHJI H 3KOHOMH'IeCKHM yrra.LI.KOM

HHJI 60Jihllielt <JaCTH .Jl.OJliKHOCTeit, a

Bep.LI.a, Cepaxca, HHchi H MepBa, o6e-

cTpaHhi. TaK, rrpH 3aBOeBaHHH CeJihA-

Ta!OKe 3eMeJih, IIOJiyqaeMhiX B CB.ll3H

llla.ll HeCTH 3a 3TO BOeHHYIO CJiyJK6y.

JKYKaMH IIJIO.Jl.OPO.Jl.Hej;jrnero llc<}>a-

C 3aHJITHeM 3THX .Jl.OJliKHOCTelt, B Ha-

IlpH He.Jl.OCTaTKe BOitCKaMacy.LI.y IIpH-

XaHCKOro Oa3HCa CeJieHHJI 6hiJIH cpaB-

CJie.Jl.CTBeHHhle. lil--"l'a COe.Jl.HHJIJiaCh C

lliJIOCh ycryiiHTh H rrpe.Jl.OCTaBHTh

HeHhi c 3eMJielt, a KpecThi!He pa36e-

HMMYHHTeTOM -

1035 ro.LI.y 'IaCTh rrpo-

JKaJIHCh. KpyrrHej;jrnHj;j ropo.LI. lliHpa3

TH'IHO cy.LI.e6HhiM. IIocTerreHHO Kpyrr-

CeJih.Jl.JK)'KaM B

1055 ro.Jl.aMH

TIOpKaMH, 3HaTh CeJih.Jl.JK)'KCKHX ory-

BOHHaM.

HanoroBhiM H qac-

CHMhlX HMH 3eMeJih. Coce.Jl.CTBO BO-

61>IJI TaK orrycTorneH H pa3rpa6JieH,

Hhle HKTa CTaHOBHJIHCh O'I:r(eJihHhiMH

HHCTBeHHhiX KO'IeBHHKOB OKa3aJIOCh

'ITO, COrJiaCHO HCTOpHKO-reorpa<}>H-

KHJIJKeCTBaMH, BJia.Jl.eTeJIH KOTOphlX

6e.Jl.CTBHeM.Jl.Jl.ll rrorpaHH'IHhiX CO CTe-

<JeCKOMY OIIHCaHHIO <l>apca- «<l>apc-

CTPeMHJIHCh K rroJIHolt He3aBHCHMoc-

IIhiO CeJihCKHX paltOHOB. C Kaw;z:{hiM

Hll};13» I16H aJI-BaJIXH,- .Jl.aiKe B Ha-

TH. B CBJI3H c pocToM <}>eo.Jl.aJihHoj;j

rO.Jl.OM BOeHHO-<}>eO.Jl.aJihHa.ll 3HaTh

'IaJie XII BeKa JieJKaJI B pa3BaJIHHax.

pa3.J1.p06JieHHOCTH Ha<JaJIC.ll IIOJIHTH-

CeJih.Jl.JK)'KOB CTaHOBHJiaCh BCe 6oJiee

Cenh.Jl.JKYKH, rrpo.Jl.BHraHCh Ha 3a-

<JeCKHlt pacrra)J, Cenh.Jl.JKYKCKolt HMne-

HaCTOit'IHBOlt B CBOHX Tpe6oBaHH.llX

IIa.Jl., 3axBaTHJIH llpaK, A3ep6aj;j.LI.JKaH

pHH. BManoftA3HH o6pa3oBaJIC.ll oco-

HOBhiX 3eMeJih. HaKoHel.l Macy.LI.ABH-

H ApMeHHIO. B

HYJI rrpOTHB CeJih.Jl.JKYKOB CBOH Bolt-

JIH Bar.LI.a.LI. H 3aCTaBHJIH a66aCH.Jl.CKO-

TaHaT

cKa. 0.LI.HaKO CeJih.Jl.JK)'KCKHe BO)f'.,r{H

ro xanH<}>a KaHMa.Jl.aTh TorpyJI-Beey

BeKa B03HHKJIH H .LI.pyrne CeJih.Jl.JKYK-

TorpyJI-BeK H llarphi-BeK HaHecJIH HM

THTYJI cyJITaHa. Cenh.Jl.JKYKCKaJI HMrre-

CKHe cyJITaHaThi: KepMaHCKHft, CH-

pHJI cTana BO BTopoj;j rroJIOBHHe XI

pHj;jcKHj;j H HpaKcKHft (B Hero BXO.Jl.HJIH

IIOJIHOe IIOpaiKeHHe

(1 040

r.) H OT-

1055

ro.LI.y OHH 3aHJI-

6hlj;j, TaK Ha3hiBaeMhllt PyMcKHlt, cyJI-

(1 077 r. ).

B X I - Ha<Jane XII

m CD

c.u

:s:: :::0 :s:: en ~

:s:: ;:.E

:s::

:S::< CD

?\:

BocTOlfR.a.R

CCJibA"'Yl<OB

X 10n

y><aa>HHe" A 3T)

c·-·-·,

MecTO " tOA'" sa,.HdwHx 6HTB f paHHUbl BAa..teHHft f aSKetcHAOD AO 6HT8bl npH

A••A••••aae (1040 r.) AO

1055 r.

r-paHH\.JB BHsatrrKH AO 6HTDhl npH

Maaaa•epTe (1071 r.)

HanpauAeaw A saeoeaaTeAbHI;Irlx noxo.AOD

c==J

rpaHHJ,!bl

BA8AeHMit K apaxaHHAOB '8 R8\faAe

TeppHTOpHR, gaeoea&HK&M ceAtt.ucyxaMH

SO·x

Xla.

BaceaAbHbte aeMAH CCAbAJCYKOB !~

180

360

$40 • •

(0 Cenb,QJKYKCtroe rOCYA3PCTBO Ha TeppHTOpHH litpaHa H conpeAenbHbiX CTpaH B KOHUe XI B.

.....

BOli1HA on~Tb CTAHOBV1TC~ V1CKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rr.

Hpruo!3arraAHhltl HpaH). Bo BJiacTH

TH'IeCKH BOCIIHTaHHhlX IOHOIIIeti. ITo

<PaxaHe. HAeoJiornqecKotl o6oJIO'IKOti

BepXOBHOI'O CeJihA)f()'KCKOrO cyJITIIHa,

Ha3BaHHIO HapKOTHKa, KOTOphlM OIIh-

3THX BOtiH .liBJI.siJiaCh peJIHrH03Ha.si

TaK Ha3hJBaeMoro «BeJIHKoro CeJihA-

HHHJIH ce6SI HCMaHJIHThl H3 CeKfhl

6op1>6a Me~y cyHHHTaMH H IIIHHTa-

)f()'KHAa», ocTaJicH TOJihKO XopacaH

XacaHa Ca66axa, HX CTaJIH HMeHo-

MH, a TaK:>Ke

c qacThiO CpeAHetl A3HH.

BaTh «K)lpHJihll.IHKaMH XalliHIIIa>> (no-

CKHMH 6orOCJIOBCKHMH TOJIKalviH -

apa6CKH- XalliHIIIHtiyH ). KpecmHoc-

llla<l>HHTCKHM H XaHe<l>HTCKHM, pacxo-

L1cMaHJU1Tbl

l.lbl B CHpHH nepeAeJiaJIH 3TO cJioBo B

AHBIIIHMHC.ll B o6p.li,ll,OBhlX MeJIO'Iax H

accaCCHH, IIOJIY'IHBIIIee BO 4>PaHLIY3-

Bonpocax npaBa. B ropoAax HpaHa

HpaHe BO BTopotl noJIOBHHe

XI BeKa aKTHBHYIO Ae.siTeJihHOCTh

Me~y ABy~m

cyHHHT-

CKOM H HTaJihHHCKOM H3h1Kax 3Haqe-

XI-XII BeKoB cyHHHThl-llla<l>HHThl

HHe «y6HtiUa>>.

6hlJIH lf)J,eOJIOraMH <t>eOAaJihHOti 3HaTH

pa3BepHyJia IIIHHTCKM Cei\'Ta HCMa-

IIepBoHa'IaJihHO Mace a HCMaHJIH-

CBH3aHHhlX c HeiO BepxoB eyneqecTBa,

HJIHTOB, Tpe6oBaHH51 KOTOphlX B TO

TOB-accaccHHOB COCTOSIJia H3 peMeC-

cyHHHThl-XaHe<l>HThl- HAeoJioraMH

BpeMSI OTpa:>KaJIH eme, AO H3BeCT-

JieHHHKOB H KpecThHH. YcaMa H6H

cpeAHHX CJIOeB ropO:>KaH, IIIHH3M :>Ke

HOti CTeneHH, CTpeMJieHHH 3KCnJiya-

MyHKhl3, cHpHtlcKo-apa6cKHti <Peo-

Olpa:>KaJI HHTepechl ropOACKOti 6eAHO-

THpyeMblX HH30B. B KOHUe XI BeKa B

AaJI XII BeKa, aBTop MeMyapoB, Ha-

Thl H IIIHpOKHX Mace KpeCThHHCTBa.

HpaHe H3 cpeAhl HCMaHJIHTOB BhJAeJIHJiach oco6aH BOHH-

3hlBaJI HCMaHJIHTOB «MY:>KHKaMH» H

CTpalliHhlti yAap cyJITaHa'I)' «Be-

«'IeCaJihll.IHKalviH lllep-

JIHKHX CeJihA:>KYKHAOB» HaHecJio Boc-

CTBYIOII.IM Cei\'Ta, OCHO-

CTH». Ho pyKoBOAHTe-

CTaHHeT10poK-ory3oB, KoqeBaBIIIHX B

BOnOJIO:>KHHKOM KOTO-

JIH CeKThl, 3aBJia,z:J,eB

patiOHe baJIXa. baJIXCKHe ory3hl Bbl-

potl 61>1JI XacaH H6H

3aMKaMH H 3eMJI51MH,

C'I)'nHJIH C IIpOTeCTOM IIpOTHB T51)f(e-

Ca66ax. B 1090 roAy oH

nocTeneHHO CAeJiaJIHCh

JihlX nOCTaBOK Harypotl (24 ThlC.li'I 6a-

H ero npHBep-A<eHUhl 3a-

KpynHhlMH <PeoAaJia-

paHOB B I'OA) AJIH CTOJia cyJITaHa Hero

XBaTHJIH B ropax K CeBe-

MH, a HCMaHJIHTCKOe

ABopa. 0HH pa36HJIH cyJITaHcKoe

py oT ropoAa Ka3BHHa

rocyAapcTBO B HpaHe K

OnOJI'IeHHe, B3HB B IIJieH CaMOI'O cyJI-

KpenocTh

Haqany XIII BeKa npe-

TaHa CHHA:>Kapa (1153 r.), a 3aTeM,

AJiaMyT

(«OpJIHHoe rHe3AO» ),

BpaTHJIOCh B 06hl'IHOe

pa3opHB AOTJia ropoAa MepB H HH-

KOTOpa.si CTaJia rJiaBHOti

<t>eOAaJihHOe rocyAap-

Illanyp, onycTOIIIHJIH XopacaH. IIpH

TBepAhlHeti 3TOti CeKrhl.

CTBO.

IIo3:>Ke HCMaHJIHThl 3a-

CouHaJihHhle npo-

3TOM B OAHOM TOJihKO HHIIIanype 6hlJIO CO)f()f(eHO 8ueHHblX 6H6JIHOTeK.

xBaTHJIH eme pHA Kpe-

THBopeqHSJ Me'K-AY pe-

IIepcHACKHti nroT AHBapH Kpaco'IHO

nocretl H 3alvfKOB B ro-

MeCJieHHHKaMH, C OA-

H306pa3HJI 3TO pa3opeHHe B 3JierHH

pax 3JI~>6ypca, KyxHc-

Hotl cmpoHhl, H 3HaThiO,

«CJie3bl XopacaHa>>. CTOHBIIIM BO

TaHa H <l>apca, a TaK:>Ke

BhlC'I)'IlaBIIIeti COBMeCT-

rJiase ory3cKHX nJieMeH H poAOB KO-

B JlHBaHCKHX ropax B

HOC K)'IIe"!eCTBOM,- C

'IeBM 3HaTb HCIIOJib30BaJiaBOCCTIIHHe

CHpHH, no coceACTBY c

Apyrotl, AOCTHrJIH npH

AJIH 3axBaTa 6oramtl BOeHHotl A06hl-

BJia,z:J,eHHHMH KpecToHoc-

CeJibA)f()'KHAax TaKotl

'IH H HOBhlX 3eMeJih C <t>eOAaJihH0-3a-

ueB. TaK o6pasoBaJIOCh

ocTpOThl, qm 6op1>6a

BHCHMhlMH OCeAJihlMH KpeCTbSIHaMH. Macca pHAOBhlX KO'IeBHHKOB oT 3TO-

TeOKpaTH"!eCKOe, ynpaB-

Mew-Ay HHMH 3a BJiaCTb

JIHeMoe rJiaBOIO ceK-

B ropoAax

Thl- «ropHhlM CTap-

<t>opMy

UeM»- HCMaHJIHTCKOe rocyA apcTBO (1 0901256 IT.), c qepecnoJioc-

CTPeMeHa • ll1paH. XI-XII aa.

npHHHJia

ro BOCCTaHHH HH'Iero He BhlHrpaJia.

HaCTO.llll.IHX

IIocJie cMepTH cyJITaHa CHHA:>Kapa

BOtiH, IIpOAOJI:>KaBIIIHX-

(1118-1157 IT.) cyJITIIHaT «BeJIHKHX

cH, c nepephlBaJvfH, ueJihle AeCHTHJieTHH. Ha

CeJibA:>KYKHAOB» pacnaJic.si Ha pHA MeJIKHX BJI3,ll,eHHti.

HhlMH BJia,z:J,eHHHMH B ropHhlX patloHax

yJIHUax ClpOHJIHCh 6appHK3Abl, UeJihle

B CBH3H c ocJia6JieHHeM cyJITaHa-

HpaHa H CHpHH.

KBapTaJihl nocJie no6oHm npeBpama-

Ta «BeJIHKHX CeJihA:>KYKHAOB» B XII

qJieHhl ceKfhl 61>1JIH CBH3aHhl :>Ke-

JIHCh B pasBaJIHHhl. B TerepaHe ropo-

BeKe ycHJIHJIOCh IIOJIHTH'IeCKOe 3Ha-

Jie3Hotl AHCUHnJIHHOti H KJIHTBalvfH.

:>KaHe ClpOHJIH ce6e IIOA3eMHhle :>KH-

qeHHe Xope3Ma, nepBoHa'IaJihHO

.HBJIHSICh aKrHBHhlMH BparaMH CeJihA-

JIHII.Ia, qm6hl Jierqe 61>m0 HX 3all.IH-

6hlBIIIero TOJibKO KpyiiHhlM JieHOM-

)f()'KOB, HCMaHJIHThl B TO :>Ke BpeMH

maTh. B Petie, IJJ,e K Ha'IaJIY XIII BeKa

HKra CeJihA)f()'KCKotl HMnepHH. PasBeTBJieHHM opOCHTeJihHaH CeTh, poeT

BeJIH 6opb6y H c APYrHMH <PeoAaJih-

no6eAHJia 3HaTh, no coo6meHHIO HC-

HhlMH BJI3,ll,eTeJI51MH, B 'IaCTHOCTH, C

TO'IHHKOB, BO Bpe!'.ffi 3THX BOtiH IIO-

CeJihCKOI'O X03HtiCTBa H pacnOJIO:>Ke-

KpeCTOHOCI.IalviH B CHpHH. HcMaHJIH-

rn6Jio 6yATO 61>1 AO 100 ThlCH'I ropo-

HHe Ha CKpemeHHH KapaBaHHhlX ny-

Thl AJiaMyrao6hl'IHO cTapaJIHCh y6H-

:>KaH. 3TOT ropoA 61>1JI HanoJIOBHHY

Teti, coeAHHHBIIIHX CpeAHIOIO A3HIO,

BaTh Bpll)f()J,e6HhlX HM rocyAapetl H

pa3py11IeH, a OKpeCTHhle CeJieHHH CO-

HpaH, IIpH'IepHoMopcKHe crenH, IIo-

nOJIHTH'IeCKHX AeHTeJietl, Bep6yH

)f()f(eHhl HJIH pa3opeHhl. TaKM :>Ke

BOJI:>Khe H Pyc~>, npHHOCHJIH 6oJihlliHe

AJIH 3TOI'O TaK Ha3hlBaeMhlX <l>HAaeB

6op1>6a, JIHIIIh B MeHee :>KeCTOKHX

MaTepHaJihHhle cpeACTBa rocyAapHM

( «:>KepTBYIOII.IHX :>KH3Hhl0») H3 <PaHa-

<Pop Max, BeJiach B HHIIIarrype H He-

Xope3Ma. HcnoJih30BaB pacna,z:~, cyJI-

EBPA3V1~ V1 5JlV1>KHV1V1 BOCTOK TaHaTa «BeJIHKHX CeJib;coK)'KH):lOB», XOpe3MIIIaXH IIpHCOe):(HHHJIH K CBOeMY r ocy):lapcTBy B 80-90-x ro):lax XII BeKa MepBCKHH oa3HC H XopacaHoPa3rpoMHB llpaKcKo-CeJib;coK)'KCKHll cynTaHaT, xope3MIIIax TeKeiii 3axBaTIIJI IIO'ITII BeCb 3aiia):lHblll llpaH (1194 ro)o IIpH xope3MIIIaxe MyxaMMe):le (1200-1220 rro ) K Xope3MY 6biJIH rrpHcoe):lHHeHbl MaBepaHHaxp c ropo):laMH Eyxapoli H CaMapKaH):lOM H 6acceliH peKH CbipAapbH (1210 ro), a TaKme Be Cb AcpraHHCTaH (K 1215 ro ) 0

pyn-5eK Ha6pa!1 peryf1HPHYIO apMMIO MaMJ110KOB M CTa/1 npO,D.BMraTbCH Ha 3ana,D., BOIOH C 5yM,D.aMM M BM3aHTMilfJ..¥1MM.

1 043-1055 rro

3ABOEBAH~ E

CEJlbA>KYKAM~

MECOnOTA-

M~~o Torpyn-5eK 3axaaTMJ1 nep-

CM,D.CKMe M ceaepoMeconoTaMcKMe

1006-1007 rr. BTOP>KEH~E B XOPACAH ~JlAKOBo l1naKCKMill xaH Hacp I M3 MaaepaHHaxpa 6btn oT6MT MaxMy,D.oM la3HeBM, o,D.ep)l(aBWMM no6e,D.y Ha,D. BTOprWMMCH B era BJ1a,D.eHMH BOMCKOM B OKpeCTHOCTHX 5anxa 0

BOCCTAH~~ B XOPE3MEo OHM 6btnM no-

1011-1016 rro roPE

,D.aBJ1eHbl MaXMYAOM, KOTOpbiilJ ynpo4Mf1 CBOIO BJ1aCTbo

1029 r. nOXOA B

nEPC~IOO

B pe3yf1bTaTe amra npe,D.npMHTMH MaXMYA no6e,D.Mf1 5yMAOB M aHHeKcMpoaan MX BOCT04Hb/e TeppMTOpMMo

nPABJlEH~E

M no3)1(e ew.e pa3 BbiHY)I(,D.eH 6bm

A11n-APC11AHA (CbiHa ~arpbi EieKa) OH BToprcH s ApMeHMIO M 3a-

XBaTM/1 CTOJ1MLJ,y- ropo,D. AHM (Ha

BepHYTbCH Ty,D.a, 4T06bi no,D.aBMTb BOCCTaHMe( 1134 ro) , KaK He3a,D.Of1rO ,D.O Taro no,D.aBJ1Hf1 BOCCTaHMe TIOpK-

peKe Apna4aill s cospo TypLJ.MM; 1064r.). OH Ha4af1 nnaHoMepHoe BTOp)l(eHMe B 8M3aHTMMCKYIO MMnepMIO, O,D.HOBpeMeHHO Be,D.H KaMna-

CKMXXaHOB MaaepaHHaxpa ( 1130 r.). lnaBHbiM npoTMBHMKOM CaH,D.)I(apa 6bif1 A3M3, era HaMeCTHMK s Xope3Me, KOTOpbiilJ 6ecnpeCTaHHO, XOTH M

HMIO no 3axaaTy CeaepHoill CMpMM ( 1068-1071 rr.). B pewa10w.eill 6MTae no,D. MaHLJ,MKepToM oH no6e,D.Mf1 BM3aHTMillcKoro MMnepaTopa PoMaHa IV )J.MoreHa ( 10 71 r.). B cne,D.yiOw.eM ro,D.y Ann-ApcnaH 3axaaTMf1 y ctJaTMMM,D.OB l1epyca/1MM.

c nepeMeHHbiM ycnexoM, 6yHToaan npoTMB cynTaHa ( 1138-1152 rro). 8 9TOT )l(e nepMO,D. COCTOHJ10Cb BTOp)l(eHMe KapaKMTaea (4aCTb Hapo,D.a KM,D.aHeilJ), K KOTOpb!M npMCOe,D.MHMf1MCb MeCTHb/e nneMeHa; MX MHOr04MCJ1eHHOe COBMeCTHOe BOMCKO Ha-

XOPE3M~~CKOE

rOf10BY pa36Mno apMMIO CaH,D.)I(apa no,D. CaMapKaH,D.OM ( 1141 ro), Bb!HyAMB era noKMHYTb MaaepaHHaxp. 3aTO OH, B CBOIO 04epe,D.b, no6e,D.Mf1 M apeMeHHO 3axaaTMf1 s nneH Anaa,D.-)J.MHa )J,)I(MXaHCy3a, npaBMTeJ1H /opa ( 1150 r.). l13-3a Henpepb!BHO-

1072 ro

BTOP>KEH~Eo 8 6MTBenpM 5epu.e-

MeAnn-ApcnaH pa36Mn flKy6a, waxa Xope3Ma. flKy6 nonan s nneH, Ho, 6ece,D.yH nocne cpa)l(eHMH, npe,D.aTef1bCKM y6Mn Ann-ApcnaHa.

1072-1092 rr. nPABJlEH~E CYJlTAHA MEJl~KWAXA (CbiHa Ann-ApcnaHa)o MenMKwax npo-

Hb!M npoTMBHMKOM MenMKwaxa 6bif1 CyneiliMaH M6H KYTaf1MMW, KOTDPblill HeHa,D.onro noKopMn no4TM aciOAHaTOf1MIO ( 1080-1086 rr.) M 3aXBaTMJ1 y BM3a HTMilJLJ,eB AHTMOXMIO ( 1084 r.) CyneiliMaH 6btn pa36MT no,D. Anenno 6paToM Mef1MKwaxa, TyTyweM, M

ro npMTOKa s XopacaH TYPKMeHoB Cf1y4aJ1MCb M011/,Hb/e BOCCTaHMH, KOTOpb!e B KOHe4HOM C4eTe M npMBeJ1M K na,D.eHMIO ,D.ep)l(aBbl CaH,D.)I(apa ( 1153-1157 rro)o 1148-1152 rro BO~HA ME>KAY rOPOM ~ rA3H~o Cnepaa Cawp-a,D.-)J.MH CyMp M Ana-a,D.-)J.MH no6e)I(,D.af1M 5axpaMwaxa la3HMillcKoro, HO noToM lop 6btn apeMeHHO 3axaa4eH CaH,IJ.)I(apoM ( 1150 r.; eM. Bb/We). 5axpaMWaXOTBOeBaJ1 /a3HM y Cawp-a,D.-)J.MHa, KOTOpbiill 6btn 3aKf1104eH B TIOpbMY M y6MT. 00CJ1e 4ero Ana-a,D.-)J.MH cHoaa 3axaaTMf1 la3HM M cpoBHH/1 ropo,D. c 3eMneill, 4eM rpaTaf1bHO nO,D.OpBa/1 M011/,b M Bf1MHTeJ1bHOCTb 5axpaMwaxa ( 1152 r.). 3m

norM6 ( 1086 r.)o Xope3MMeu. A3M3 npowen c O,D.Hoill M3 apMMill MenMKwaxa no CMpMM, 3axaaTMf1 )J.aMacK

o6ecne4Mf10 ycnoBMH Af1H cTpeMMTef1bHoill 9KCnaHCMM /opa B l1H,D.MIO M XopacaH.

,D.Of1)1(Mf1 noKopeHMe AHaTOf1MM ( 10 72-1081 rr.). HecMOTPH Ha MHO-

1034-1055 rro B03BbiWEH~E TYPOK-CEJlbA>J(YKOBO Torpyn-5eK

Horo BM3MPH HM3aM ynb-MynbKa , KOTOpbiilJ nOKOpM!1 MaaepaHHaxp M ,D.owen AD caMoro Kawrapa. lnaa-

Tbl0 Cef1b,D.)I(YKCKOilJ apMMM OCT8!1CH B XopacaHe, AD caM oil! cMepTM ( 1063 r.) ycnewHo BOIOH c la3HeBM,D.aMM. Tor-

1092-1117 rro YnAAOKCEJlbA>KYKCKO~ ~MnEP~~o noKa cbiHoBbH MenMKwaxa ( CaH,IJ.)I(ap, 5apKMHPOK M MyxaMMe,D.) 6opo!1MCb 3a npeCT0/1 B LJ,eHTpa!1bHOilJ 4aCTM ,D.ep)l(a Bbl ( l1paK M 0epCMH), nepwpepMilJHb/e npOBMHLJ,MM OT,D.eJ1MJ1MCb.

1117-1157 rr. nPABJlEH~E CAHA>KAPA, CEJlbA>KYKCKOrO CYJlTAHA XOPACAHA (CbiHa MenHKwaxa) OH 3aHHf1 la3HM ( 1117 r.)

llEPlf0)1, )l,lfHACflflf CEJib)l,)KYKlf)l,0 B, 1040-1150 rr.

M lfarpb!-5eK, CbiHOBbH Cenb,D.)I(yKa, BOCCTaJ1M npOTMB /a3HeBM,D.OBo 0epenpaBMBWMCb 4epe3 0Kc ( coap. peKa AMy,D.apbH), OHM 3aHHf1M 6onbWYID 4aCTbXopacaHa M pa3rpoMMf1M Macy,D.a, Cb!Ha MaxMy,D.a la3HeBM, npM HMwanype ( 1038 ro) M B03!1e Mepaa ( 1040 r.). lfarpb!-5eK c maaHoill 4ac-

( 1 086 r.) M Ha npa BMJ1CH K HM11y, r,D.e, O,D.HaKO, HaTKHYI1CH Ha HenpeO,D.OJ1MMbiilJ OTnop ctJaTMMM,D.OB.

BJ1a,D.eHMH 5yM,D.OB, Ha4aB K TOMY )l(e coaepwaTb Ha6erM s ApMeHMIO M BM3aHTMillcKyiDAHaTOJ1MIO( 1048 r.). OH 3aXBaTMJ1 5ar,D.a,D., nOf10)1(MB KOHeLJ, npaBJ1eHMIO ,D.MHaCTMM 5yM,D.OB (1055 r.).

1063-1072 rro

llEPlfO)l, )l,lfHACflflf f A3HEBI1)1,0B, 1000-1040 IT.

ro4MCJ1eHHble BOCCTaHMH, OH cyMe/1 COXpaHMTb LJ,eJ10CTHOCTb,D.ep)l(aBbl, a s ~eHTpanbHoill A3MM ,D.a)l(e pacwMPM/1 ee c noMOW.biO caoero cnoco6-

BOli1HA on~Tb CTAHOBV1TC~ V1CKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rr.

IIEPI10,[1; XOPE3MI1HCKOH ,[I;I1HACTI1I1,

1150-1200 IT. 1172-1199 rr. nPABJlEH ~E XOPE3MWAXA TAKAWA. nepuo.a nJiaHoMepHolli 9KenaHeMM Xope3Ma B XopaeaH M Vfe<f>axaH yBeH~aJief!3aBoeBaHMeM MeeonoraMMM ( 1194 r.). TeM He MeHee BJiaerM Xope3Ma Ha.a JO)I(HbJM MBoero~HbJM XopaeaHoM noerof!HHO yrpo)l(aJIM eMJibJ lopa.

11 73-1203 rr. nPABJlEH ~E r~SlC-AA-A~HA

roPcKoro. OH

yTBep,aMJief!6e3yeJIOBHb/M npaBMTeJieM Bee!li TeppMTOPMM eoBpeMeHHOro A<t>raHMeraHa, noeJie ~ero HenpePbJBHO BOeBaJI B XopaeaHe e Xope3MOM, npM~eM peWMTeJibHOTO yeneXa He y,aanoeb,a06MTbef/ HM O,l1HOW M3 eropoH. 0H Ha3Ha~MJI eBoero 6para MyM33-a,a-,aMHa MyxaMMa.aa M6H CaMa, M3BeeTHOrO no,a np03BaHMeM MyxaMMe.a /ypu, npaBMTeJieM la3HM M nopy~MJI roMy paenpoerpaHMTb BJiaerb lopa Ha reppuropMJO CeBepHolli VfH,aMM.

HMM) MJIM epeTMKOB ( KaK aJib6MTOWeKMe BOWHbJ). B .aellieTBMTeJibHoerM )l(e eMJibJ, BbJ3BaBwMe K )I(M3HM KpeeroBbJe noxo,abJ, 6bJJIM npMBe,aeHbl B ,ae!lieTBMe no6e.aolli rypoK-eeJib.ll)K}'KOBHa.tJ, Bu3aHrMelli npu MaHl.lMKepre M B3fiTMeM MMM B TOM )l(e ro,ay VfepyeanMMa y 6oJiee TepnMMb/X KaMpeKMX XaJIM</>OB M3 ,l1MHaeTMM cJ>aTMMM,l10B ( 1071 r.). BeJie,a 38 reM MyeyJibMaHe-eeJib.L1)1(YKM 3aXBaTMJIM npaKTM~eeKM BeJO AHaTOJIMJO. XpueruaHeKMe naJIOMHMKM, eJie,aoBaBWMe B VfepyeanMM KCBf!TbJM MeeraM, eraJIM no.aBeprarbefl npeeJie,aoBaHMfiM, ~TO BeKOJib/XHYJIO e,aBa JIM He Beeb XpMeTMaHeKMW MMp. noeJie HeeKOJibKMX rmeTHbJXnpM3b/BOB BM3aHTMWeKMX 6a3MJieBeOB K nanaM M38na,aHOeBponellieKMM MOHapxaM o noMomu nana pMMeKMIIi Yp6aH II npoM3Hee Ha KnepMOHeKOM eo6ope ( 1095 r.) 3a)I(MTaTeJibHYJO pe%, npM3bJBafl K,ae!lieTBM/0. 3ro ueropmo y ero eJiywareJie!li enoHraHHbJe BbJKPMKM: «TaKoBa bO)I(bfl BOJifl!»- eJIOBa, eraBWMe BnOeJie,aeTBMM ,aeBM30M KpeeTOHOel.leB.

fJiaBHYIO BOeHHYIO CHJIY KpecTOHOCHhlX OTpS!,l1.0B COCTaBJISIJIH p1>IUapH. OcHOBHoe cpe.Jl.CTBO rrpoH3BOACTBa B 3IIOXY <J:>eO,l1.aJIH3Ma- 3eMJISI- oKa3aJiacJ> Ha 3arra,l1.e K

CKOJ:I H.Jl.YXOBHOJ:I 3HaThiO. TipeBpameHHe :>Ke IIO:>KH3HeHHOI'O 6eHe<J:>HUIDI B HaCJie,l1.CTBeHHJ>IJ:I <J:>eO.Jl. IIpHBeJIO K ycTaHOBJieHHIO onpe.LI.eJieHHoro rropSI.Jl.Ka HacJie.Jl.OBaHIDI 3eMJIH <J:>eo.LI.aJia:tviH. Terrepl> oHa cTaJia nepeXO.Jl.HTI> OT oma TOJII>KO K CTaprneMy CI>IHY (rrpaBO cTaplllHHCTBa, HJIH MaJ:IopaT). B pe3YJIJ>TaTe 3TOro B 3arra,AHOJ:I EBporre o6pa30BaJICSI MHoroqHcJieHHJ>IJ:I CJIOJ:I p1>IUapelf, He HMeBlllHX <J:>eO.Jl.OB H :>KIDK.Jl.aBlllHX KaK 33XBaTa H rpa6e:>Ka HOBhlX TeppHTOpHJ:I, TaK H 3aKperromeHHSI :>KHBYll.IHX Ha HHX 1..--peCThSIH. KpoMe KpyrrHhlX H MeJIKHX <J:>eo.LI.aJioB, B KpecTOBJ>IX rroxo.LI.ax rrpHHSIJIH yqacTHe TaK:>Ke H rrpe,l1.CTaBHTeJIH eyrreqecKolf BepxyrnKH MHornx ropo.Jl.OB. Oco6eHHO 6oJIJ>lllYIO poJIJ> CJ>IrpaJIH eyrruJ>I HTaJIJ>SIHCKHX ropo.Jl.OB feHyH H BeHeUHH, cTpeMHBlllHecSI K 3axBaTy TeppHTopHlf B ITepe.LI.Helf A3HH, K JIHKBH.Jl.aUHH mproBoro co-

KPECTOBhiE IIOXO,[I;hl KpeeroBbJe noxo,abJ npe.aeraBJifiJIM eo6o!li BOeHHbJe 9Kene.aML.lMM, npe,anpMHMMaBWMeef/3ana,aHOeBponellil.laMM B l.leJif!X no npeMMymeerBy peJIMrM03HbJX; XOTfl HeMaJIOBa)I(HYJO poJib ~aero MrpaJIM M noJIMTM~eeKMe eoo6pa)l(eHMfl. nepBafl, Henoepe.aerBeHHafl, MJIM orKPbJTO 3af!BJieHHafl l.leJib noxo.aoB 3aKJIJO~aJiaeb B TOM, ~T06bJ OeB06o,aMTb or MyeyJibMaH CBf!TYJO 3eMJIJO ( M oeo6eHHO CBf!TbJe Meera B VfepyeaJIMMe). Bnpo~eM, eJie.ayer OTMeTMTb, ~TO B epe,aHMe BeKa repMMH «KpeeroBbJ!Ii noxo.a» ~aero MenOJib30BaJief/ ,l1Jifl 0603Ha~eHMfl JIJ06bJX BOeHHb/X 9Kene.aMl.lMW npoTMB HeXpMeTMaH, HanpMMep, fl3bJ~ HMKOB ( KaK HeMei..IKaf/9KenaHeMfl Ha BOeTOK, B eJiaBf/HeKMe 3eMJIM), MyeyJibMaH (KaK peKOHKMeTa B Vfena-

CTOJieTHIO IIO,l1.eJieHHOJ:I MeJKAY CBeT-

XplllCToc Be,lleT tcpecToHocHoe BOIIIHCTBO. MlllHIIlaTIOpa

XIII

EBPA3Vl>l V1 6JlV1>KHV1Vl BOCTOK nepHH<JecTBa BH3aHTHH H K yKpenJie-

(TIOpKH-CeJib)\~KH, ne<JeHerH H CH-

HHIO CBOelt pOJIH nocpe,.l\HHKOB Me)£(-

UHJIHltCKHe HOpMaHHbl). 0Ha 6blJia

AY BocTOKOM H 3an~oM.

BbiHy)f(,!J,eHa o6pamaThcH K 3an3,.l\y 3a

CaMYIO ah.'THBHYIO pom> B Kpe-

noMOlllbiO. fJiasHoe )f(e, B Espone cy-

CTOBhlX nOXO)\ax HrpaJia pHMCKO-Ka-

mecTBOBaJIO H3)\aBHa CJIO)f(HBilleeCH

TOJIH'IeCKaH uepKOBb, .liBJI.liBillaHCH

y6e-.tK)J,eHHe OTHOCHTeJibHO «CKa30'I-

KpynHeltlllHM <J>eO)\aJibHblM C06CTBeH-

HblX» 6oraTCTB BocToKa, CTOHBillero

HHKOM H 3aHHTepeCOBaHHaH B BOeH-

no cBoej;j MaTepHaJII>HOlt H AYXOBHoj;j

HO-KOJIOHH3auHOHHOM ABH)f(eHHH B

eyJI~>rype

CHJIY TeX )f(e npH'IHH, 'ITO H OCTaJib-

Bblllle 3an3)\a.

B TO speMH 3Ha'IHTeJII>HO

Hble KpynHI>Je <J>eo)\aJibl. Hoy uepK-

MHoro<JHCJieHHble 6oroMOJII>Ubi

BH HMeJIHCb ellle H CBOH OC06ble HH-

(naJIOMHHKH), OTnpaBJIHBillHeCH B

Tepecbl. Ko speMeHH IIepsoro Kpec-

HepycaJIHM Ha noKJioHeHHe «rpo6y

TOBoro nOXO)\a3an3)\HaH H BOCTO'IHaH

focnO)\HIO», H h.)'llUbi, TOproBaBillHe

WneM. CHpHS1. KoHe,._ XII-XIII BB.

uepKBH OKOH'IaTeJibHO OT)\eJIHJIHCb

co C1paHaMH IIepeAHelt A3HH, 61>1BaH

HallleJI y HHX ropH<JHj;j OTKJIHK. Ha-

Apyr OT Apyra. C 3TOro MOMeHTa

B ropoAax BH3aHTHH, CHpHH H IlaJie-

3JieKTpH30BaHHble 3aMaH'IHBbiMH

C1pe~1JleHHe 3all3)\HOlt uepKBH nO)\'IH-

CTHHbl, HeH3MeHHO YAHBJIHJIHCb Kpa-

o6elllaHHHMH CJiylllaTeJIH 3aKpH'IaJIH:

HHTb ce6e BOCTO'IHYIO COCTaBJIHJIO

coTe H H3HllleCTBY 3)\aHHlt H xpaMOB,

«TaKOBa bOJKbH BOJIH!» -

0)\HH H3 rJiaBHhlX nyHKTOB B nporpaM-

H306HJIHIO 6oraThlX JiaBOK H pbiHKOB

JIHCb HalllHBaTh KpaCHble KpeCTbl Ha

H 6pocH-

Me nanCTBa, )f(eJiaBillero nOCTaBHTh

H BCeB03MO)f(HbiX HeBH)\aHHhlX Ha3a-

CBOIO OA~Y. BecTh o pellleHHH HATH

BJiaCTb pHMCKOrO nanbl Bblllle BCHKOlt

n3)\e TOBapoB. B03BpamaHcb Ha poAH-

Ha BocTOK 6biC1pO o6JieTeJia 3an3)\-

HHolt CBeTCKolt H AYXOBHoj;j BJiaCTH.

HY, eynuhl H naJioMHHKH npHHOCHJIH

HYIO Espony. Y<JaCTHHKH ABH)f(eHHH

YAa'IHblMH noxoAaMH Ha BocToK Ka-

c co6olt paccKa3bl He TOJII>KO o naJib-

noJiy'IHJIH HaHMeHOBaHHe KpeCTOHOC-

TOJIH'IeCKaH uepKOBb paCC'IHTbiBaJia

Max HepHxoHa, o BOAax HopAaHa H o

UeB. BceM KpecTOHocuaM uepKOBb

TaK)f(e yseJIH'IHTb KOJIH'IeCTBO enap-

«rpo6e focnO)\HeM», HOM BOCTOp-.tKeH-

o6emaJia pHA JibroT: OTCpoqey nJia-

xHj;j (uepKOBHhlX o6JiacTej;j, o6H3aH-

Hble OT3biBbl o 6oraTcTBax BocTOKa.

Te)f(ej;j no AOJiraM, oxpaHy ceMej;j H

HhlX ynJia'IHBaTh eJ;t )\eCHTHHY) H no-

TaK B 3an3)\Holt Espone CKJI3AbiBa-

HMYllleCTBa, npomeHHe rpexoB H T.A.

BbiCHTb TaKHM nyTeM CBOH )\OXO)\bl.

JIOCb MHeHHe 0 3aMOpCKHX CTpaHax,

KpoMe Toro, yxoAHBillHe B noxoA

nOJIHblX H306HJIMH, KOTOpbie He TOJib-

JIHUa 3a<JaCTYIO )f(epTBOBaJIH CBOH

KO Bblr0)\HO, HO H He'IpYAHO 3aBOeBaTh.

c6epe)f(eHHH uepKBH HJIH O'If:(aBaJIH

1095 roAy, oceHbiO, B KJiepMo-

llOA ee noKpOBHTeJibCTBO CBOe HMy-

He (lO)f(Ha.li <l>paHUHH) co6paJICH

mecTBO. BoraTCTBauepKBH B pe3yJII>-

60JiblllOlt uepKOBHbJj;j co6op, Ha KO-

TaTe 3TOro HenpepbiBHO pocJIH.

TOpOM nana Yp6aH

B KOHUe XI BeKa AYXOBeHCTBO

B03BeCTHJI o

Ha<JaJie KpecToBoro noxoAa H npoH3-

Ha'IaJIO ycHJieHHYIO nponoBeAb noxo-

Hec 60JiblllYIO pe'Ib nepeA MHOro'IHC-

AOB Ha BocTOK H 3axBaTa CHpHH H

JieHHblMH CJiylllaTeJIHMH, co6paBillH-

IJaJieCTHHbl. [(epKOBb npH3biBaJia

MHCH Ha KJiepMOHCKOlt paBHHHe 3a

BepyiOlllHX K 3aBOeBaHHIO HepycaJIH-

ropoAOM. «3eMJIH, KOTOPYIO Bbl Hace-

Ma (6biBillero B pyKax y MycyJII>MaH),

JIHeTe,- cKa3aJI nana, o6pamaHcb K

r)\e, COrJiaCHO XpHCTHaHCKHM JiereH-

CJiylllaTeJIHM,- ...C)\eJiaJiaCb TeCHOlt

A~f, HaxOAHJiacb rpo6HHUa HHcyca

npH Balllelt MHOro'IHCJieHHOCTH. Bo-

XpHcTa. [(epKOBb BbJABHHyJia BO Bpe-

raTCTBaMH OHa He 06HJibHa H e)\Ba

MH KpecTOBhlX noxoAOB o<J>MUHaJib-

AaeT XJie6 TeM, KTO ee o6pa6aTbiBa-

Hbllt Jio3yHr: «0cBo6o~eHHe rpo6a

eT. 0TCIO)\a npOHCXO)\HT TO, 'ITO Bbl

focnO)\HH».

Apyr Apyra eycaeTe H Apyr c ApyroM cpa)f(aeTeCb ... Tenepb)f(e MO)f(eT npe-

KpoMe TOro eBponeltubi HMeJIH npeyBeJIH'IeHHOe npe,.l\CTaBJieHHe 0

KpaTHTbC.li Ballla HeHaBHCTb, CMOJIK-

JierKOCTH 3aBoeBaHHH c1paH BocTO'I-

HeT

Horo CpeAH3eMHOMopbH, pa3Apo6-

6He. IIpeAnpHMHTe nyTI> KO rpo6y

Bp~a

H 33)\peMJieT Me)f(,!J,oyco-

JieHHbiX Ha pHA <J>eoAaJII>HhlX BJI~e

CBHTOMY, HCTOprHHTe ry 3eMJIIO y He-

HHlt- CeJib)\~KCKHe 3MHpaThl, He-

qecTHBoro HapOAa H nO)\'IHHHTe ee

npepbiBHO BPa)f(AOBaBillHe Apyr c

ce6e». «KTO 3)\ecb ropecTeH,- npo-

ApyroM. B T.li)f(eJioM noJio)f(eHHH B

AOJI)f(aJI nana,- H 6e)\eH, TaM 6yAeT

3TO BpeMH HaxOAHJiacb BH3aHTHH, KO-

6oraT». IlpeJibCTHB npHCYTCTBOBaB-

TopyiO co Bcex cTopoH oKpy)f(aJIH

IllHX nepcneKTHBaMH 6oraTolt A06bJ-

BparH, 3axBaTbiBaBillHe ee BJI3)\eHHH

'IH Ha BocToKe, Yp6aH

cpa3y )f(e

neps&lif Kpecros&lif noxo.q, 1096-1099 rr.

1095-1096 rr. PYKOBOAHTEJlH. Cpe.n.1.1 rex, KTO eo3maBflfffl noxo.n., B nepey10 o4epe.n.b cne.n.yer OTMeTt.1Tb I:PPBHI..W3CKOTO ent.1CKOna A.n.eMapa .ll./0 n101.1 - OTB8)1(HOTO 1.1 6narop83YMHOTO BOt.1H8-CBffl.l..leHHt.1K8, HB3Ha4eHHoro nancKMM neraroM 1.1 4acro BbJcrynaewero nocpe.n.HMKOM B cnopax Me)l(ay HeCTOBOP4!.1BbiMt.1 BOeH848JibHt.1K8Mt.1; HOPMBHHCKOro KH>/3>1 /O)I(HOW l1ran1.11.1 1.1 Ct.11..lt.1flt.1!.1 6osMyH.n.a TapeHTCKoro ( CbJHa Po6epra (BMCKapa); rpai:Pa PawMyH.n.a Tyny3cKoro; rep1..1ora florapt.1Hrt.1!.1 ror~:PpM.n.a 6ynboHcKoro; ero 6para 6o.n.n.y1.1Ha; rep1..1ora ryro BepMaH.n.ya ( 6para I:PPBHI..IY3CKOTO KOPOfl>i); repl.IOTB Po6epra HopMaH.n.cKoro; rpa~:Pa 3rbeHa .n.e 6nya 1.1 rpa~:Pa Po6epra II c!JnaH.n.pcKoro. Anpenb-OKTS16pb 1 096 r. KPECTOBblli'l nOXOA 6EAHOTbl. Ton-

na 6e3opy)I(Hb/X nanOMHt.1KOB BO rnaBe C nponoBe.D.Ht.1KOM nerpOM nycTb/HH!.1KOM 1.1 o6e.n.HeBWt.1M pbJI..lapeM BanbrepoM ronRKOM HanpaBMnacb

BOli1HA on~Tb CTAHOBV1TC~ V1CKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rr.

cyxonyrHbJM nyreM B CBRTYIO 3eMn/O. MHonte yMepnM or rono.aa; ocranbHbJe no'lTM noronoBHO 6bmM nepe6MTbJ TYPKBMM e~e B AHBTOflMM.

Ka OHM cnpaiiiMBaJIH, He HepycanHM JIH 3TO, B KOTOphl~ OHH C1peM.liTCJI. CMJII>HO nope.LJ.eBIIIMe KpecTh.liHcKHe oTpSI,!J,hl .LJ.OIIIJIM .LJ.O KoHCTaHTHHonoJIJI M 6h1JIM cneiiiHO nepenpasJie-

KpecToBoMy noxo.LI.y <}>eo.LI.aJioB

HI>l B MaJiyro A3MIO BM3aHTHltCKHM

npe.LJ.IIIeCTBOBaJI nOXO.LJ. 6e.LJ.HOThl, KO-

MMnepaTOpOM, O:>KH.LJ.aBIIIHM C 3ana-

TOphl~ M no COCTaey yqaCTHMKOB M no

.LJ.a BOBce He TaKO~ noMOll.IH. TaM B

CBOMM lleJIJIM OTJIM'IaJIC.ll OT BOeHHO-

nepsoM :>Ke 6oro oTpH.LJ.I>l KpecThJIH

KOJIOHM3auMOHHOro .LJ.BM:>KeHMJI <}>eo-

6h1JIM HarOJIOBY pa36HTI>l apMMe~

.LJ.aJIOB. Ilo3TOMY 3TOT nOXO.LJ. Ha,L{O

CeJII>A:>f<YKOB. Ile1p AMheHCKH~ 6po-

paCCMa1pMBaTI> KaK He'ITO CaMOCTO-

CMJI KpecThJIHCKHe oTp.li.LJ.hl Ha npoH3-

JITeJihHOe H OT.LJ.eJII>HOe.

BOJI cy.LJ.h6hl H 6e:>KaJI B KoHCTaHTH-

KpecTI>HHe cTpeMHJIHCh HaltTH Ha

HonoJih. Ilo.LJ.aBJIJIIOll.lee 60JII>IIIMHCT-

BocToKe M36aRJieHHe oT rHeTa <}>eo-

BO KpecTI>.liH 6h1JIO YHM'ITO:>KeHo, a

AaJihHI>IX rocnO.LJ. M HOBble 3eMJIH .LJ.JI.ll

OCTaJII>Hhle o6pameHhl B pa6CTBO.

noceneHHJI. 0HH Me'ITaJIM yKphlThC.ll

Iloni>ITKa KpeCTh.liH 6e:>KaTh OT CBOMX

OT 6eCKOHe'IHhlX <}>eO.LJ.aJII>HhlX yco-

<}>eo.LJ.aJII>HhlX rocno.LI. M Ha~TH Ha Bo-

6Hl.l, pa30pJIBIIIHX MX X03.llltCTBO, M

CTOKe 3eMJIIO M BOJIIO OKOH'IHJiaCI>,

cnaCTHCI> OT rOJIO.LJ.a H 3nH.LJ.eMHlt, KO-

TaKHM o6pa3oM, TparM'IeCKH. ITMIIIh

TOpl>le B ycJIOBHJIX HH3KOro ypoBH.ll

He60JII>IIIMe OCTaTKH KpeCTh.liHCKHX

TeXHMKM M :>KeCTO'Ialtiiielt <}>eO.LJ.aJII>-

01p.li.LJ.OB COe.LJ.MHHJIMCI> BnOCJie.LJ.CTBMH

HO~ 3KCnJiyaTal.IMM 6h1JIH 06hl'IHhlM

c arpH.LJ.aMH p1>11.1apelt M npMHJIJIH yqa-

HBJieHMeM B cpe.LJ.HMe BeKa. B 3TMX

cTHe B cpa:>KeHHJIX no.LI. AHTHOXMelt.

ycJIOBMJIX nponoBe.LJ.HHKH KpecTOBO-

1096-1097 rr. C60P

ro nOXO.LJ.a BC1peTHJIH :>KHBOlt OTKJIHK Ha CBOIO nponoBe.LJ.h CO CTOpOHbl caMhlX IIIHpOKHX KpeCTh.liHCKHX Mace. CJie.LI.yJI npM3hlBY uepKBM K KpecToBOM)' nOXO.LJ.y, KpeCTh.liHe Ha'IaJIH B orpOMHOM KOJIH'IeCTBe nOKH,ll.aTh CBOHX CeHI>OpOB. BecHoiO

1096

ro.LJ.a HeopraHH30-

BaHHI>Ie arpH.LJ.hl KpecTI>JIHCKO~ 6e.LJ.HOThl 1pOHYJIMCh B nyTh. IlO.LJ.KOBaB 6blKOB, KaK 3TO .LJ.eJiaiOT C JIOIIIa):\I>MM, KpeCTI>.liHe 3anpJiraJIM MX B nOB03KH M, noMeCTHB 'I)'.LJ.a HeMy.LJ.peHOe CBOe MM)'ll.leCTBO, BMeCTe C .LJ.eTI>MH, CTapHK3MH H :>KeHll.IHHaMH .LJ.BHHYJIMCh K KoHCTaHTHHonoJIIO. lllim OHM 6e3oPY:>KHhle, He MMeJI HH npHnacos, HH .LJ.eHer, 3aHHMaJICh B .LJ.Opore rpa6e:>KaMH M HHll.leHCTBOM. EcTeCTBeHHO, 'ITO HaCeJieHMe TeX C1paH, no KOTOphlM .LJ.BMraJIHCI> 3TH «KpeCTOHOCI.Ihl», 6e3:>KaJIOCTHO MC1pe6JIJIJIO MX. ITo Bhlpa:>KeHHIO JieTonMcua, 6ec'IHCJieHHhle, KaK 3Be3.LJ.hl Ha He6e MJIH neCOK MOpCKOlt, MaCChi KpeCTh.liH IIIJIM, maBHhlM o6pa3oM, M3 CeBepHolt M Cpe.LJ.Helt <DpaHuHH H M3 3an3):\Holt repMaHMM BBepx no PeltHy M .LI.aJiee BHM3 no .Il:yHaro. KpecThJIHe .LJ.a:>Ke He npe.LJ.CTaBJIJIJIH ce6e, KaK .LI.aJieKo HaxO.LJ.MTCJI HepycaJIMM. IlpM BM.LJ.e Ka:>f<AOro KpynHoro ropo.LI.a MJIH 3aM-

l<nHHOK

cenbAJKYKCKOH ca6nu. 0Kono 1200 r.

C~Jl.

Pa3nM'lHbJe eowcKa .aeMranMcb K ycnoeneHHOMY Mecry c6opa- KoHcraHTMHonon/0 - 'leTblpbMR OCHOBHb/MM nOTOKBMM. tOTlj)pM,a M bOfl,ayMH CO CBOMMM BOWCKBMM M ,apyn1MM HeMe~KMMM apMMRMM cne,aOB8flM .aonMHow .£1yHaR no BeHrpMM, Cep6MM M 6onrapMM, a noroM 'lepe3 b8flK8HbJ; no nyrM CflY'lBflMCb CTb/'lKM C MeCTHb/MM CMfl8MM. 3TO BOWCKO .aocTMmo KoHcraHTMHononR nepBbJM M H8 BC/0 3MMY BCT8fl0 narepeM no.a ropo.acKMMM creHaMM. EnMcKon A.aeMap, rpacp PawMyH.a M .apyrMe wnM M3/0)I(HOW cPpaH~MM 'lepe3 CeBepHy/0 VfTBflM/0 M3HYPMTeflbHb/M M8pWeM B,aOflb nyCTb/HHOTO ,aanMaTMHCKOTO no6epe)l(bR, MMMO J1ypa~ ~o( coep. ropo.a.£1yppeceAn6aHMM) M ,aanee H8 BOCTOK, K KOHCTBHTMHOnon10. /yro, o6a Po6epra M 3rbeH c eowcKaMM M3 AHmMM M CeeepHow cPpaH~MM nepewnM 'lepe3 AnbnbJ M HanpaBMnMcb no t1ranMM Ha 10r. OcTBBMB CBOMX cnyTHMKOB 3MMOB8Tb B /O)I(HOW t1ramm, lyro ornnbm B KoHcraHTMHononb, norepnen Kopa6neKpyweHMe, HO 6bm cnaceH BM3BHTMw~aMM M OTnpaBneH B CTOflM~y, r.ae lj)aKTM'leCKM CT8fl 38fl0)1(HMKOM MMneparopa AneKceR I KoMHMHa.

EBPA3Vl>l V1 6JlV1>KHV1Vl BOCTOK Cne,ayJOLUeiii eecHoiii o6a Po6epra M 3TbeH nepennbmvtA,apvtBTMK}', Bb!CB-

KOMBH,ay/OLUIIIX noxo,aOM Kllf/TBbl B

,avtnMCb e ,llypauuo M Hanpaeunucb

MOryT eMy OTBOeBBTb y TYPOK H!IIKe/0

HB BOCTOK, K KOHCTBHTMHOnOn/0.

(coep. ropo.a V13HIIIKB Typuuu) unJ0-

BepHOCTIIIIII38BepeH!IIfl, 4TO OH/11 no-

3TMM )l(e nYTeM npocne.aoeano c Cu-

6b!e ,apyr111e 6b!BW/IIe BIII38HTIIIWCK/IIe

uvtnlllvt HOPMBHHCKOe BOWCKO b09-

ena.aeH!IIfl. 3areM AneKceiii nepe-

MyH,a8 M TaHKpe.aa.

npaeun ux 4epe3 6occf>op, TLUBTenb-

1 096-1 097 rr. TPEHVIS1 ME )KAY BVI3AHTVIE~ VI KPECTOHOCUAMVI. AneKceiii I Ha.ae~mcfl, 4TO Ha

HO 11136erafl CKOflb yro,aHO KPBTKOrO KpeCTOHOCUeB B CTeHBX CBOeiii CTO-

ero nplll3b!B 0 nOMOl.U/11 OTKJIIIIKHYTCfl,

flMUbl. KpoMe TOro, OH o6ecne4/llfl IIIX

CKOnneH/IIfl KpynHb/X KOHTIIIHreHTOB

B nyqweM Cfly4ae, HeCKOflbKO Tb/Cf/4

npOBIIIBHTOM Ill conpOBO)I(,aeH/IIeM

HBeMHIIIKOB- 9TO n03BOfllllflO 6b! no-

BIII38HTMWCKIIIX BOWCK ,ao CBMOrO

nonHIIITb nope.aeewue pfl,abl BM3BH-

VfepycanvtMa ( nocne.aHee npecne-

TvtiiicKoro eoiiicKa. Ho 6a3vtneec HM-

.aoeano 111 eropy10 uenb: npocne.aurb,

KBK He O)l(vt,aan (Ill y)l( T04HO He 6bm B

4T06b! no nyT/11 KpeCTOHOCUbl He pa-

9TOM 38/IIHTepeCOBBH), 4TO no,a CTe-

30Pflfllll BIII38HTIIIWCKIIIX 3eMenb).

HBMM ero CTOflMUbl co6epeTCfl He38BIIICIIIM8fl, 6yiiiHBfl BPMIIIfl, HBMHOrO

14MaSI-191i1toHSI1097 r. OCA-

AA HVIKEVI.

BMecre c AneKceeM

KoMHIIIHOM M ero maBHb!MM cunaM/11

Tb!Cf/4 4enoeeK. 03-38 .aaBHMX penu-

KpeCTOHOCUbl oca,allln/11 H!IIKe/0. no-

npeeocxo.afiLUBfl 4vtcneHHOCTb/O

rvto3Hb!X M non!IITIII4ecKIIIX pa3Homa-

flO)I(eH/IIe OC8)1(,[1eHHb/X 38MeTHO o6-

cvtiii Me)l(l1y BIII3BHT!IIeiii 111 3ana.aHoiii

ner4Bfl8 .aocrynHOCTb eo,abl B AcKa-

Eeponoiii AneKceiii I He .aoeepfln Kpe-

HIIIeBOM 03epe, MeWBBWeM K TOMY

CTOHOCUBM- OC06eHHO BBIII,aynpiii-

)l(e 3BMKHYTb Konbuo 6noK8/l,bl.

CYTCTB/IIfl b09MyH,aa, C KOTOpb!M 6a-

HBKO KpeCTOHOCUbl C 6onbWIIIM Tpy-

OH/11 npo,aOfl)l(fllfl/11 HBCTynneH/IIe HB

3/llfleBC BOeBan COBCeM He,aaBHO Ill

,aOM nepeTBl.UIIIfl/11 no,aK/11 C MOpfl HB

/OrO-BOCTOK. E.o,/IIHOH848flMfl He 6b!-

KOTOpb!iii npOf!BIIIfl ce6f!4pe3Bb/4Biii-

03epo Ill, TBKIIIM o6p830M, CMOm/11 nonHOCTb/0 o6no)l(f11Tb ropo.a. Co4e-

no; ece peweH!IIfl npiiiHIIIMan!llcb Ha

HO onacHb!M npoTIIIBHMKOM. K TOMY )l(e AneKCefll, KOTOPOMY H8/l,O 6b!n0

rafl yMenyJO oca.ay c vtcKycHoiii .aun-

TOflbKO OTBOeBBTb y TYPOK noTepf!H-

noMaTvteiii, AneKceiii

Hb/e Manoa3uiiicKue ena.aeH!IIfl, He

c HIIIKeiiiuaMM, 4TO ropo.a eMyc.aa.ayr,

CflMWKOM MHTepeCOB8fl8 mBBHBfl

nocne 4ero o6be,auHeHHb!e cunbl BIII-

uenb KpecroHocuee- B3f!TIIIe Vfepy-

3BHTMiiiuee 111 KpecmHocuee ycnew-

noaono..eHHoe opoHaoaoe HaaepwHe oynaabl X-XI BB.

O.a-

I .aoroeopvtncfl

BOeHHOM COBeTe, 8 nocpe,aHIIIKOM Ill npiiiMMPIIITeneM Bb/CTynan en!IICKOn A,aeMap ,a/0 n10111.

1 liii011SI 1097 r. 6VITBA nPVI AOPVIJlEE (coop. ropo.Q 3cKI!IweXIiiP B TypUiillil). fleBy/0 KOflOHHY, KO-

canuMa. KpecroHOCUbl )l(e, B ceo10

HO B3flfllll WTYPMOM Hapy)I(Hb/e yK-

TOPYIO B03m8Bflflfl b09MyH,a, HeO-

04epe,ab, ,aoeepfln/11 BIII38HTIIIWUBM C

penneH!IIfl. KpeCTOHOCUeB OCKOp6!11-

)I(fll,aBHHO 8T8KOB8fl8 rypel_lKBfl K8B8-

IIIX XIIITPOYMHOiii ,aunnOMBTIIIeiii HIII-

no, 4TO 683/llfleBC OTK838flCfl OT,aBTb

nepllliiiCK8fl BPMIIIfl no,a KOMBH,aOBB-

4YTb He 6onbWe. 0HIII He MCnb!Tb/BB-

111M ropo.a Ha pa3rpa6neH!IIe. 3areM

HMeM niii4HO Kvmfll,a)I(-ApcnaHa, cyn-

nM HM Maneiiiwero )l(enaHvtfl no.aeu-

,aByMfl napannenbHb/M/11 KOflOHHBM/11

TaHa

KOHIIIWCKIIIX

cenb,a)l(yKOB.

3BTbCfl B pon/11 neweK Ill OTBOeBb/BBTb y rypoK IIIMnepuJO ,anfl AneKcef!

B3BIIIMHb!e no,ao3peH!IIfl cepbe3HO noenvtflnlll Ha pe3ynbTBT 9Toro M nocne,ayJOLUIIIX KpecroBb!X noxo.aoe. B nepBy/0 )l(e 3/IIMY, KOr,aa KpeCTOHOCUbl croflnlllnarepeM no.a KoHCTBHT/11HononeM, M3-3B eceo6L.Ueiii no.ao3pvtrenbHOCTM nocTOfiHHO npoucxo,alllnM MenK!IIe CTbi4KIII C BIII38HTIIIWCKOiii reap.aueiii.

BecHa 1097 r. COrJlAWEHVIE ME)I(AY AJlEKCEEM I KOMHVIHOM VI KPECTOHOCUAMVI. Co4eTBfl TBep,aOCTb C ,aunnOM8TIII4HOCTbiO, AneKceiii I cyMen vt36e)I(BTb ce-

-.:::::-;::----flpo•a• HOIOHHQ noiJKo111Jom¢puiJa

pbe3Hb!X KOHcpniiiKTOB. B o6MeH Ha o6eLUBH/IIe nOMOLU/11 OH nony4111fl OT

MacwTaO

-----

6HTBa npH ,D.opHnee a 1097 r.

!>00

coo

10 00,.

BOli1HA on~Tb CTAHOBV1TC~ V1CKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rr. cnaHa. (TeM epeMeHeM, no,JJ. MX npMKPbJTMeM M eocnonb30BaBWMCb ocna6neHMeM TYPOK, AneKcew CO CBO-

JN[IPI1LIB£RJ

ew BM3aHTMWCKOW apMMeW 3aHMManM 3ana,JJ.HbJe npoBMHUMM AHaronMM.) nocne,JJ.oeana ewe o,JJ.Ha 6Mrea -y/epaKneM(coep. ropo,JJ. 3pernM B rypeuKoM BMnawere KoHbR); 3aTeM KpeCTOHOCUbl nepewnM 4epe3 ropbJ Taepa M HanpaeMnMcb K AHTMOXMM. Bo BpeMf/ 3TOTO HaCTynneHMfl orpR,JJ. no,JJ. KOMaH,JJ.OBaHMeM TaHKpe,JJ.a M bOJI,JJ.YMHa npMHflfl Tfl)l(eflb/W 6ow no,JJ. TapcoM. nocne 4ero bon,JJ.yMH OTBeTBMflCfl OT rnaBHOW KOflOHHbl,

nepenpaeMnc>~ 4epe3 Eelf;par M 3axearMn 3,JJ.eccy (MHa'le baM6MKa, MnM IMepanonb; coep. ropo,JJ. MeM6M,Jl.)K B CMpMM), KoropaR crana ueHrpoM He3aBMCMMOTO rpal/JCTBa.

21 OKTst6pst 1097 r.-3 HIOHst 1 098 r. OCAIJ.A KPECTOHOCUAMVI AHTVIOXVIVI (cosp. ropo.Q AHTaKbst B Typl.\HH). 3MMP baracMaH yMeno M 3HeprM'lHO Hana,JJ.Mn o6opoHY ropo,JJ.a. BcKope nocne Ha4ana OCa,JJ.bl TYPKM COBepwMnM y,JJ.a4HYIO BbJna3K-y, KOTOpaf! npMBena K Tf/)l(enbJM norepRM cpe,JJ.M ,JJ.e3opraHM30BaHHbJX KpeCTOHOCUeB, M Bnocne,JJ.CTBMM 'laC TO npM6eranM K no,JJ.06HOro po,JJ.a TaKTMKe. t13 CMpMM Ha noMOWb OCa)I(,Jl.eHHb/M ,JJ.Ba)I(,JJ.b/ f/Bflf/flMCb rypeuKMe apMMM, HO o6a pa3a 6bmM or6MTbJ B cpa)l(eHMRX npM XapeHKe (31 ,JJ.eKa6pR 1097 r.; 9lf;eepanR 1098 r.). KaKoe-ro epeMR cpe-

BOHHbl. HHH'-Han BHH'fecTepcK0£1 6H6nHH. 1170 r.

,JJ.M KpeCTOHOCUeB CBMpenCTBOBan rono,JJ., noroMy 4TO OHM He no3a6o-

nonb3Yf!Cb Tpa,JJ.MUMOHHOW TaKTM-

BOWCKO OKa38JIOCb 3a)l(aTO B TMCKM

TMnMcb 0 nO,JJ.B03e npOBM3MM, a 3a-

KOW KOHHb/X ny4HMKOB, TYPKM (4MC-

M norep>~no y6MTbJMM oKono 3 Tb/Cf/4

naCb/ 6bJcrpo pacraRnM. Cnacno

no MX, no HeKOTOpbJM CBe,JJ.eHMfiM,

4eflOBeK; OCTaflbHb/e nyCTMflMCb B

OCa)I(,Jl.aBWMX KpawHe CBOeBpeMeH-

npeBbJWano 50 Tb/Cf/4 4enoeeK) Ha-

naHM4ecKoe 6ercreo. 06wMe nore-

HOe npM6bJTMe He6onbWMX aHmMW-

HecnM Tf/)l(eflb/W YPOH KOflOHHe Kpe-

PM KpeCTOHOCUeB COCTaBMflM npM-

CKOW M nM3aHCKOW l/JnOTMflMW, KOTO-

CTOHOCUeB, KOTOpbJe M8!10 TOTO, 4TO

MepHO

Tb/Cf/4M 4eflOBeK 1•

pbJe 3aXBaTMflM JlaO,JJ.MKe/0 ( COBp.

OKa3aflMCb B f/BHOM MeHbWMHCTBe,

VIIOJ1b-HOst6pb 1097 r. HACTYnJlEHVIE HACVIPVIIO. Kpecro-

MeoH ( coep. ropo,JJ. CaMaH,JJ.ar B Typ-

HO ewe M HMKaK He MOmM BCTym1Tb

ropo,JJ. JlaraKMR B CMpMM) M CeH-CM-

B 6nM)I(HMW 6ow C HeynOBMMbiM, no-

HOCUbl npO,JJ.Ofl)I(MflM HacrynneHMe M

UMM) M ,JJ.OCTaBMflM npOBMaHT. 3a

,JJ.BM)I(Hb/M npoTMBHMKOM. KonoHHa

38XBaTMnM t1KOHMW ( coep. ropo,JJ. Ko-

CeMb MeCf/UeB OCa,JJ.bl OTHOWeHMfl

b09MYH,JJ.a y)l(e TOTOBa 6bma Hapy-

Hbfl B TYPUMM), cronMUY KMnM,JJ.)I( -Ap-

Me)I(,JJ.y KOMaH,JJ.YIOWMMM BOWCKaMM

WMTb CTPOW, KOr,JJ.a C TbJna B neBb/W lf;naHr rypoK epe3anacb Tf!)l(enaR KaBanepMfl BTOPOW KOflOHHbl, 803maBnflnM KOTOPYIO tOTl/JpM,JJ. bynb-

KpeCTOHOCUeB HaKanMnMCb ,JJ.O npe1 ):\pyn1e llCTO'iHilKil ,!{OBO,!{l!T 'illCJieHHOCTb BOJ;iCK KllJIIl,!{)f(·ApcJiaHa ,1{0

250 TblCl!'i

'leJIOBeK, a noTe pH rypoK C'illTalOT ,!{OCTilraB-

,JJ.ena, OC06eHHO Me)I(,Jl.y b03MYH,JJ.OM M PawMyH,JJ.OM Tyny3cKMM. B KoHue KOHUOB -

npeMMYWeCTBeHHO 6na-

OHCKMW M PawMyH,JJ. TynY3CKMW. KM-

WilMil

nM,JJ.)I(-ApcnaH He cyMen o6ecne-

)f(e yTsep)f(,!J;eHill!, 'iTO KOMaHI{OBaJI rypKaMil

O,JJ.HOTO M3 TypeUKMX Ol/JMUepOB -

4MTb npMKPbJTMR c FOra. TypeuKoe

npH,[(opHJiee cyJITaH CyJieJ;iMaH.

AHTMOXMf!6bma 38XBa4eHa (3 MIOHfl),

30 TbtCl!'l 'ieJIOBeK.

BcTPe'ialOTCl! TaK-

ro,JJ.apfl b09MYH,JJ.Y M npe,JJ.aTeflbCTBY

EBPA3Vl>l V1 6JlV1>KHV1Vl BOCTOK 3a MCK!IJ0'4eHMeM l.lMTa.aenM. E~e '4YTb-'4YTb, VI MOmo OKa3aTbCR y)l(e

llltonb-asryCT 1 098 r. liYMA 8 AHTIIIOXIIIIII. 0,aHoi1 Y13 )l(epre 9nM-

( '4aCTb apMYIYI B36Mpanacb Ha CTeHbl

(/>pM,a noBen BOWCKa Ha npMCTyn

CnMWKOM n03,f1HO: Ha no,axo,ae, B

,aeMMYI cran enMcKon A.aeMap ,a10

no WTYPMOBb/M neCTHM/..laM). Cy,aR no

.l1BYX ,f1HRX nyTM, HaXO,aMnacb, no

n10Y1. nocne ero CMepTYI OTHOWeHMR

BCeMY, 9TO 6bma e,aMHCTBeHHaR 3a

MeHbWeW Mepe CeMM,f1eCRTYfnRTYf-

Me)l(,ay

BCIO ,aByxneTH/010 KaMnaHMIO onepa-

Tb/CR'4HaR apMYIR MOCynbCKOTO 9MYI-

HaKanMnMcb e~e cMnbHee, oco6eH-

l.lYIR, CKOOp,aMHYIPOBaHHaR OT Ha'4ana

pa KMp6orM. 3rbeH .ae Gnya, '4YB-

HO Me)l(,ay b09MYH.L10M ( KOTOPbiW

VI ,ao KOH/..la. npo6MBWYICb B ropo,a,

KOMaH,ayJO~YIMYI

nOXO,f10M

creyR, '4TO CYITYal.lMR CTaHOBYITCR

TBep,ao B03HaMepMnCR COXpaHMTb

KpecroHOCl.lhl6e~anocrHonepepe-

6e3HB,ae)I(HOW, 6e)l(an.

KOHTpOnb Ha,a AHTYIOXMei1) VI Pai1-

3anM Becb rapHM30H M HaceneHMe,

5-28 HtoHQ 1 098 r. OCAAA AHH10XIIIIII KIIIP60f0~. Kpecro-

MYH.L10M Tyn}'3CKMM( Koropb!W Hacra-

KaK apa6cKOe, raK M eepei1cKoe (co-

MBan, '4TO KpeCTOHOC/..lbl 06R3aHbl

macHo XpOHMKaM, B Ha'4aBWeWCR

HOC/..lhlOKa3anMcb 6nOKYIPOBaHhlYI

BepHyrb ropo.a BM3aHTMM,

OTpe38HhlOTCBOMXnOpTOB.baraCM-

comacHo .aaHHoi1 AneK-

nom6no .ao 70 TbiCR'4 '4eno-

aH no-npe)I(HeMy y,aep)I(MBan l.lMTa-

ceJO KnRTBe).

BeK). 0TKa3aBWYIWCR OT KO-

.aenb. KpecroHOC/..lbl cHoea npe6bJ-

SIHsapb-HIOHb 1 099 r. HACTYnJlEHIIIE HA IIIEPYCAJliiiM. nocne .aonmx

poneBCKOTO TYITyna

eanM Ha rpaHM rono.aa; ropo.acKoe HaceneHMe nonano Me)l(ay .aeyx orHew. AneKcei11, KOTOPbiW nepexo.aMn

cnopoB Bee KpecroHOCl.lbl,

co ceoei1 apMMei1 '4epe3 ropbl Tae-

KPOMe b09MyH,aa C ero

BCne,a 3a WTYPMOM pe3He

ror-

{j>pM,a 6bm M36paH Crpa)l(eM l1epycanMMa.

pa, '4T06bl, co macHo .aoroBopeHHO-

HOpMaHHaMM, comaC/Il!IYICb

CTYI, 3aK!IJ0'4eHHOW C KpeCTOHOCl.la-

Yf,f1TYI Ha l1epycanMM. ( b09-

12 asrycTa 1099 r. 6111TBA nPIII ACKAJlOHE (cosp. ropo.Q AwKenoH B lll3paHne). Y3HaB, '4TO M3 Emnra Ha OCB060)1(,f1eHMe

MYI, 3aHRTb AHTYIOXYIIO, BCTpeTMn

MYJ-(a OCTBnCR B AHTYIOXYIYI,

3rbeHa Gnya, M nocne,aHMi1 yBepMn

r,ae VI OCHOBan He3aBMCYf-

l1epycanMMa ,f1BYf)l(eTCR nR-

6a3MneBca, '4TO KpecroHOC/..lbl o6pe-

MOe KHR)I(ecrBo.) Kpecro-

TM,aeCRTYITb/CR'4HaR apMYIR

'4eHbl. CooreercrBeHHO, BM3aHTMi1-

HOC/..lbl, '4YICfleHHOCTb KOTO-

9MMpa Bnb-A(j>,aanR, ror(j>-

cKaR apMYIR OTCTynMna B AHaTOnMJO.

PbiX .aocrMrana renepb 12

pM,a Bb/Ben HaBCTpe'4y ei11 0

L(apMBwee B ropo.ae or'4aRHMe He-

Tb/CR'4 '4enoBeK, Me,aneHHO

Tb/CR'4 OCTaBWYIXCR y Hero

O)I(Yf,aaHHO pacceRnocb npM o6Hapy-

KpecroHOCl.leB. B omM'4Me

)l(eHMM CBRTOTO KonbR (TOTO, KOTO-

npOWflYI B,aOnb MOPCKOTO 6epera .ao >l(j>(/>bl ( cHa6)1(e-

poe npoH3Mno 6oK l1Mcyca npM pac-

HMe npOBYfaHTOM

ocy~e足

Rna B OCHOBHOM Yf3 KOHHb/X

nRTMM). Mano KTO Yf3 YICTOPYIKOB YfflYI

CTBnRn nM38HCKYIW (/>nOT), a

ny'4HYIKOB, 4JaTMMYI,f1bl no-

reonoroB BepMr, 6y.aro Konbe 6bmo

38TeM OTBepHynM OT no6e-

naranMCb Ha KOM6MHal.lMIO

MMeHHO TeM ( C06CTBeHHO, VI cpe,aM

pe)l(bR VI ,f1BYIHYflYICb Ha l1e-

(/>aH8TYI3Ma C y,aapHOW MO-

pycanMM.

~bJO; co'4eTaHMe 9TO Bepoi1

OHO B03b/Meno BOYICTYIHY '4y,ao,aei1-

9 VIIOHQ-1 8 VIIOflQ 1 099 r. OC.AAA IIIEPYCA-

3ape YICflaMa. npoTMB TR-

CaMMX KpeCTOHOC/..leB

e~e

ror,aa

MHOTYfe COMHeBBnYICb), HO 9(/>(/>eKT

OT TYPOK, %R apMYIR COCTO-

M npaB.aoi1 cny.>KMno e~e Ha

CTBeHHb/W. YBepeHHble B no6e.ae

Jlii!MA. 3a~M~ana

6pOH30B3SI

)I(eflOBOOpy)l(eHHbiX VI 3a-

KpeCTOHOC/..lbl npe,anpMHRnM MaCCYf-

CYfnbHaR apMYIR 4JaTMMYf-

cenbAJKYKCKaH

poBaHHYIO Bb/fla3K'j.

.l10B, HaMHOTO npeBOCXO-

6ynaaa XI-XII BB.

~M~eHHbiX .aocnexaMM KpeCTOHOC/..leB apMYIR 4Ja-

28 HtoHQ 1098 r. 6111TBA HA PEKE OPOHT (cosp. peKa 3nbAcH B CHpHH). Orono.aaewMe Kpe-

,f1YIBWaR

TM'4eCKYI BCe KpeCTOHOC/..lbl npM3HanM

npax, npM'4eM K'jflbMMHal.lMeW 6MTBbl

croHOC/..lbl CyMenM Ha6paTb TOnbKO

KOMaH,ayJO~YIM ror{j>pM,aa bynbOH-

RBMnacb COKPYWMTeflbHaR KaBanePYIWCKaR araKa.

ropo.a

'4MCneHHOCTbiO

TYIMYI,f10B OKa3anaCb 6ec-

oc8)1(Jl.aBW!IfX. K 9TOMYBpeMeHM npaK-

CYfnbHa. ror{j>pM,a pa36Mn YIX B nyx VI

15 Tb/CR'4 6oecnoco6Hb/X BOYIHOB(Yf3

CKOro; noMoranM eMy Pai1MyH.a Ty-

HYIX MeHee Tb/CR'4Yf KOHHbiX). no,a KO-

ny3CKMi1 VI TaHKpe.a. '-lro6bl nonHoc-

MaH,aOBaHMeM b09MyH,aa OHM Ha

TbJO 6nOKYIPOB8Tb ropo,a, BOWCKa Kpe-

locy,qapCTBa KpeCTOHOCI.leB,

ma3aX y Yf3yMneHHb/X MYCYflbMaH

CTOHOCl.leB 6blfl0 He,aOCTaT0'4HO, a

1099-1148 rr.

nepenpaBMnMcb '4epe3 OpoHr. 3a-

paCC'4YITb/BaTb, '4TO OCa)l(aeHHbiXy,aa-

reM, OTpa)l(aR araKM TypOK, KpeCTO-

CTCR YMOPYITb rono,aOM, He npMXO,f1Yf-

B 6onbWMHCTBe cBoeM Kpecro-

HOC/..lbl KOHTpaTaKOBanM. 3a)l(aTb/e

nocb. HecMOTPR Ha cMnbHYJO HexBar-

HOC/..lbl BepHynMCb B EBpony, HO

Me)l(,ay peKOW VI 6nM3KYIMYI ropaMM,

KY BO,f1bl,

ropcrKa ocranacb B l1epycanMMe c

MYCYflbMaHe nMwanMCb B03MO)I(HOCTYI MaHeBpMpOBaTb VI He MOmM Bbi-

renbHO TOTOBYITbCR K WTypMy: CTpO-

ror{j>pM,aOM bynbOHCKMM; e~e KOe-

YITb Bb/COK'JIO ,aepeBRHHYIO OCB.aHYIO

KTO BCTan no,a 3HaMeHa TOTO VInYl

KpeCTOHOC/..lbl CTBnYI peWM-

CTORTb npOTYIB CaMOOTBep)l(eHHb/X

6awHJO M rapaH. OcbmaeMbJe c ro-

YIHOTO Yf3 XPYICTYfaHCKYIX BnaCTMTe-

aTaK KpeCTOHOC/..leB. noHeCR TR)I(e-

po,acKMX YKPenneHMi1,ao)l(aeM crpen,

nei1 Ha reppMropMM CMpMM: Gon.ay-

flb/e norepM, TYPKYI o6paTYfflYICb B

OHM no,aKaTMnM 6aWHIO K CTeHe, ne-

MHa (rpa(j>crBo 3.aeccKoe), bo9-

6erCTBO.

peKMHYflYI ,aepeBRHHb/W MOCT, VI

ror-

MYH.aa ( KHR)I(eCTBO AHTYIOXYIWCKOe ),

.....

0 0

HanpaBJitHHR noxoAoe: repuon HopHtH.ICKoro rpeta ~naJU.pc~oro

6e.lHOTV

rottPHAI 6)'/tbOKCKOf'O OoiS"WAHHCHHhll OTJ>IIlOI

PaAHy ...a;a Tyn)'JCKOro SotH)'HAt TapeHTCKo ro

X t099

Kpec-roHocu.ea • • • •• • · • • •

StnAyHHil S ynt.OHCKoro

Mecta" roaw BiUI(HCAWKJt 6HTI rpaHHU., K 1096r.: CtJiuteaHoA PHwc:xoA MMnepMtot 10poltCBCT'8, NO.IHIWHI ICOC:TII

Ce•.w:eHHOA PHHCKOA HMnepH" nanCKOA o6na.CTH

1pynu: rocy-.apcn

:S

::J :::0

--t

()

:s --t

() :::0

"!<

:s ()

Q ()

~ -q

"l'

0 8

<->1

_ 1120r; _.... Hepyc.tJntMcKoro I paHHU .. 8

Ill

.~ 0

KOpo/leKTH

0 0

I"'C)',18pcTI,

........

HaXOJI H 8W H ~Ctlll

8 UCCI/tltHOA

»IIMCHMOCTtl 01

I\)

HepyanH~tc•o ro

aoponeecrM

........ 0

10"

nepabllii KpecToabllii noxoA 1096-1099 rr.

0 ..., ...,

EBPA3Vl>l V1 6JlV1>KHV1Vl BOCTOK PafiiMyH,aa (rpacpcTBO TpunonuTaHcKoe, Ha3b!BaBWeeCf! TaK BOnpeKM TOMY 06CTOf!TeflbCTBY, 4TO CaM ropo,a Tpunonu Bee ewe ocTaBancf! B pyKax MycynbMaH, u PafiiMyH,a ero oca)l(.aan). MeHbWe 4eM 4epe3 ro.a nocne CBOMX BenMKMX no6e,a roTcppu,a 6ynbOHCKMfiiyMep(MIOflb 1100 r.). Hacne.aoBan eMy ero 6paT 6on.ayuH, KOTOPblfii npMHfln TMTyn Koponf! VfepycanuMcKoro. Tpu ocTanbHb!X rocy,aapCTBa KpeCTOHOCUeB, HOMMHaflbHO f!Bflflf!Cb BaCCaflbHb/MM no OTHOWeHM/0 K VfepycanMMCKOMY KOponeBCTBY, npaKTM4eCKM 6b!nM COBepweHHO He3aBMCMMbl. C MOMeHTa o6pa30BaHMfl Ka)l(,l10e M3 HMX Henpepb!BHO OC8)t(l1ano OCTaBWMeCf! Ha no6epe)l(be MyCYflbMaHCKMe ropo.aa u yKpenneHMfl, a TaiOKe BOeBano c coce,aHMMM MycynbMaHCKMMM cynTaHErraMM M 9MMparaMM. BnoMO/.i.lbMMM3EBponbmepuo,au4eCKM HaKaTb/BBnM HOBble BOflHbl KpeCTOHOCUeB. nepBaf! M3 9TMX BOflH, n04TM CTOflb )l(e MHOT04MCfleHHaf!, KaK BeCb nepBblfii KpeCTOBblfii noxo.a, 6bma HaronoBy pa36MTa B AHaTonuu TypKaMM. noTOM KpecTOHOCUbl f!BflWIMCb, KaK npaBMflO, MeHbWMMM rpynnaMM ( npeMMY/.i.leCTBeHHO MOpeM), OKa3b/BBnM 3,aecce, AHTMOXMM u Tpunonu nocunbHY/0 noMOI.i.lb B 6opb6e C MYCYflbMaHaMM M B03Bpa1.1.1aflMCb B EBpony. reHepanbHb/e cpa)l(eHMfl, npOMCXO,l1MBWMe ,l10BOflbHO pe,aKO, KpeCTOHOC~bl Bb!MTpb!Banu n04TM BCer,aa, O,aHaKO MM He XBaTanO fl/O,l1CKMX pecypCOB, 4T06b! 3aKpenMTb ycnex; K TOMY )l(e HM Ha MMT He y,aaBanocb npepBaTb coo6weHue Me:>K.ay MycynbMaHCKMMM Cupuefii u ErunTOM. ToT cpaKT, 4TO KpecToHoc~aM XOTb KaK-TO y,aanOCb npo,aep)l(aTbCfl, 06bf!CHf!eTCfl, B nepBy/0 04epe,ab, pa3061.1.1eHHOCTb/O Be4HO BOeBaBWMX ,apyr C ,apyroM MYCYflbMaHCKUX cynTaHErrOB U 9MMPEffOB. npaB,aa, TpeMf! .aecf!TuneTMf!MM no3)1(e VIMa,a-anb-,llUH 3aHru o6be,auHun MycynbMaH ceBepo-BOCT04Hofii Cupuu u ceBepo-3ana,aHofii MeconoTaMMU M OTBOeBan y KpeCTOHOCUeB 3.aeccy ( coBp. ropo.a MeM6M,a)l( B Cupuu).

101

BaTh <}>eo.LJ,a.JihHhle nop.li,AKH. BcH Tep-

KpynHOit 6apOHHH, Ha KOTOpble ,[l,eJIH-

pHTOpHH Mepyca.JIHMCKoro KopoJieB-

JIOCh MepycanHMCKoe KopoJieBCTBo,

cTBa 6h1Jla pas6HTa Ha<}>eo.LJ,hl, 3a KOTO-

cymeCTBOBaJIH CBOH naJiaTbl 6apo-

phle phlU:apH-KpeCTOHOCU:hl HeCJIH BO-

HOB, a B KpynHeitiiiHX ropo.LJ,ax HMe-

eHHYIO CJI)"A<6y. Ka:Jf9l.hllt TaKo~ <}>eoA

JIHCh oco6ble na.JiaThl ropoJKaH. TaKHe

npeACTaBJIHJI co6ott noMecne HJIH He-

JKe nopaAKH 61>1JIH ycTaHOBJieHhl H B

CKOJihKO noMeCTHit, pa36HThiX Ha MeJI-

Apyrnx rocy.LJ,apcTBax KpecTOHocu:eB.

KHe yqacTKH 3eMJIH, o6pa6amBaBIIIH e-

IloJIHTH'leCKO~ HX .LJ,eU:eHTpa.JIH3aU:HH

C.ll KpenOCTHhlMH KpeCTh.liHaMH.

cnoco6CTBOBaJIH TaKJKe npHTll3aHHll

MecTHhlX KpecTh.liH (apa6oB H

u:epKBH Ha IIOJIHTH'leCKOe rocnO.LJ,CTBO

CHpHitU:eB) 3aBOeBaTeJIH OCTaBHJIH B

H ee 6opb6a CO CBeTCKOit BJiaCThiO, a

KpenOCTHOM COCTO.liHHH, a CB060.LJ,-

TaKJKe CaMOCTO.liTeJihHOCTh, KOTOpoit

Hh1X HaCHJihCTBeHHO npeBpaTHJIH B

nOJih30Ba.JIHCh Ha TeppHTOpHH Kpec-

KpenocTHhiX. KpecTh.liHe nJiaTHJIH 3a

TOHOCHhlX rocy.LJ,apCTB AYXOBHO-pbi-

CBOH Ha.LJ,eJihl BJia.LJ,eJihU:Y IIOMeCTh.ll

u:apCKHe op.LJ,eHhl.

<}>eo.LJ,a.JII>HYIO peHry, AOXOAHBIIIYIO B

06i>I'IHhlX BOeHHhlX CHJI pi>lU:apeit-

50% ypo)KM.

KpeCTOHOCU:eB AJill 3alllHThl 3aBOeBaH-

TaKHM o6pa3oM, B rocy.LJ,apcTBax Kpe-

Hoit TeppHTOpHH 6b1JIO He.LJ,OCTaTO'IHO,

o6meit cJioJKHocTH AO

CTOHocu:eB npO.LJ,OJIJKaJI cymeCTBOBaTb THIIH'IHhlit <}>eo.LJ,a.JihHhlit cnoco6 npOH3BO,[I,CTBa, 'ITO HaiiiJIO OTpiDKeHHe B «l1epyca.JIHMCKHX aCCH3ax»3aiiHC.liX <}>eo.LJ,a.JihHhlX o6bl'!aeB, comacHo KoTOphlM ynpaBJI.liJIHCh rocyAapcTBa KpecTOHocu:eB. Xo3HitCTBO BO BJia.LJ,eHH.liX KpecTOHocu:eB B 3Ha'IHTeJihHOit 'laCTH OCTaBa.JIOCh HarypaJii>HhlM, U:BerymHe ropo.LJ,a Ha no6epeJKhe HBJI.liJIHCh no cymecTey nyHKTaMH 1paH3HTHOit TOprOBJIH H He BhlCTYIIaJIH B Ka'leCTBe 061>e,cJ,HH.liBIIIHX MeCTHYIO TeppHTOpHIO u:eHTpoB. Oco6o npHBHJiernpoBaHHoe nOJIOJKeHHe B 3TIIX ropo.LJ,ax 3aHHMaJIH KOJIOHHH MHOro'IHCJieHHhiX reHy-

80VIHbl. MVIHVI3T10pa

XII

33CKHX, BeHeU:HaHCKHX H <}>paHU:Y3CKHX h'YIIU:OB, 3aBHCeBIIIHX TOJihKO OT CBO-

XOTH cJiyJK6a phlu:apett He 6biJia or-

HX npaBHTeJieit B feHye, BeHeU:HH H

paHH'leHa KaKHM-JIH60 cpOKOM (BOT-

Mapcene H noJih30BaBIIIHxca noJIHoit

JIH'lHe OT 3aiia.LJ,HOeBponeitCKHX C1paH,

CaMOCTOllTeJihHOCThiO no OTHOIIIeHHIO

I)l.e pb1U:apb, IIOJI)"!HBIIIHit <}>eo.LJ, OT ce-

K BJiaCTJIM KpeCTOHOCHhlX rocy.LJ,apcTB.

Hi>Opa, 61>m o6a3aH HeCTH B ero

3KOHOMH'leCKOit .LJ,eU:eHTpaJIH3aU:HH COOTBeTCTBOBaJiaH.LJ,eU:eH1pa.JIH-

nOJih3Y BOeHHYIO CJiyJK6y BCero

AHeit B roAy). KpoMe Toro, phlu:ap-

XarH Bee <}>eo-

CTBO CTpeMHJIOCh 061>e.LJ,HHHTh CBOH

AaJihl C'IHTaJIHCh BaCCa.JiaMH KOpOJill,

YCHJIH.ll B nO.LJ,'IHHeHHH H rpa6eJKe HO-

HO CaM KOpOJih 6h1JI JIHIIIh nepBbiM

BhlX TeppHTOpHit. Il03TOMY yJKe B

3au:Hll noJIHTH'leCKaH.

cpe.LJ,H paBHhlX, TaK KaK ero .LJ,eitCTBH.ll

Ha'la.Jie XII BeKa KpecTOHOCU:hl Ha'la-

orpaHH'IHBa.JIHCh naJiaTOit 6apOHOB,

JIH C03,[1,aBaTb nOCTO.liHHhle BOeHHhle

T. e. co6paHHeM HaH6oJiee KpynHhlX

opraHH3aU:HH, H3BeCTHble no.LJ, HMe-

<}>eo.LJ,a.JIOB KopoJieBcTBa. Be3 coma-

HeM AYXOBHO-phlu:apcKHX op.LJ,eHoB.

CHll 3TOit BepxHeit naJiaTbl KOpOJih He

Op.LJ,eH TaMnJIHepoB (xpaMOBHHKOB )I,

MOr npoBeCTH HH O.LJ,HOro Ma.JIO-MaJihCKH Ba:JKHoro MeponpHaTHa. AccH3hl TO'IHO nepe'IHCJIHJIH BCe CJI)"!aH, KOr.LJ,a KOpOJih HMeJI npaBO 1pe6oBaTh Bhl-

Ha 3aBOeBaHHoit KpecTOHOCU:aMH

nOJIHeHHll BOeHHO~ CJiyJK6hl OT CBO-

TeppHmpHH npO.LJ,OJDKa.JIH rocnO.LJ,CTBO-

HX BaccanoB. KpoMe roro, B Ka.JKAOit

1 3ro Ha3BaHHe Op~eH TIOl!Yt,~HJI TIOTOMy, qro HMeHHO eMY 6brJia nep~aHa nocJie 3aBoesaHHll HepycaJIHMa KpecTOHOCllaMH MeqeTb Ky66a-:r-ac-caxpa, CTOliBWal! HaMecTe npeJKHero CoJIOMOHOBa xpaMa.

102

BOli1HA on~Tb CTAHOBV1TC~ V1CKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rr. Hapo,AaM 3aBoesaHHI>IX cTpaH

3anaAHOeapone£:icKHH Pb1143PbXII-XIII BB. "HOaHHHT (rocnHTanbep)

KpecTOBhle noxo,AI>I He npHHeCJIH HHqero, KpoMe 6ecqHcJieHHhlX 6eACTBHtt H pa3opeHHH. KpenocTHhle 11.-peCThllHe, B qHCJIO KOTOphlX BXO,AHJIH H apa6hl-MYCYJII>MaHe, H CHpHitCKHe XpHCTHaHe, ITO,ABepraJIHCh CaMOtt )KeCTOKOtt 3KCITJiyaTal.IHH CO CTOpOHhl KpeCTOHOCI.IeB. 3KCITJiyaTal.IHll llBJillJiaCh TeM 6oJiee )KeCTOKOtt, qeM 60JihIIIe 61>IJIH pa3BHThl B KpeCTOHOCHhlX rocy,AapcTBax TOBapHo-,AeHe*Hhle OTHOIIIeHHll. K <}>eo,AaJII>HOMY rnery npHCOe,AHHllJICll H rHeTqy)Ke3eMl.leB. MecTHoe HaceJieHHe HeHaBHAeJIO 3aBOeBaTeJiett. «Bee CellhCKHe MeCTHOCTH,- ITHCaJI JieTOITHCel.I-KpecTOHOCel.l,- B Haiiiett C1paHe 61>IJIH HaCeJieHhl HeBepHhlMH H capal.IHHaMH; 3Jiee HX He 6hlJIO BparoB y Haiiiero Hapo,Aa, H OHM 6hlJIH TeM Xy)Ke, qm H3XO,AHJIHCI> B Haiiiett CTpaHe, a HeT 6oJiee Bpe,AOHOCHOtt qyMhl, qeM Bpar, H3XO,Allll.IHitCll B ,AOM e. 0HH He TOJII>KO y6HB3JIH HaiiiHX, KOI)l.a Te HeOCTOpO)KHO XO,AHJIH ITO ,AOporaM, H npO,AaBaJIH HX B pa6CTBO BparaM, HO TaK)Ke H OTKa3hlB3JIHCh OT CeJII>CKHX pa60T, qm6hl HH3BeprHYTh HaiiiHX C ITOMOII.Ib!O rOJIO,Aa. 0HH Jiyqiiie rOTOBhl 61>1JIH CaMH I'OJIO,AaTh, qeM OKa3aTh KaeyiOHH6y,Ah ycJiyry HaiiiHM, KOTOphlX OHM cqHTaJIH sparaMH. H He TOJII>KO BHe ropo,AOB 6hlJIH He6e3onacHhl ,Aoporn; TaK*e H B,AOMax, paCITOJIO)KeHHI>IX 3a ropO,ACKHMH yKpenJieHHllMH, e,ABa MO*HO 6hlJlo HattTH 6e3onacHoe H cno-

Op,AeH HOaHHHTOB, HJIH rocnHTaJihe-

3eMeJih, H60 npOH3BO_AIITeJII>Hhle CHJlhl

pos, H TeBTOHCKHtt, HJIH HeMeUKHtt,

Ha BocmKe B 3TO speMH HaxOAHJIHCh

O)KeCToqeHHall KJiaCCOBall 6op1>6a, OC-

op,AeH, ocymecTBHBIIIHtt no~Hee 3a-

JIO)f(HeHHall TeM, qm KpeCThllHe Bhi-

soesaHHe IlpH6aJITHKH. lfJieHI>I AY-

Ha6oJiee BhiCOKOtt C'I)'ITeHH pa3BIITHll, qeM Ha3ana)J,e. Ha 3axsaqeHHhlX 3eM-

xoBHO-phluapcKHx op,AeHoB cqHTaJIHCh

JIHX 11.-peCTOHOCI.Ihl (MeCTHOe HaCeJie-

l.leB, 6hlJla xapaKTepHettiiiett qepmtt

O,AHOBpeMeHHO MOH3XaMH H phll.lapll-

HHe Ha3hlB3JIO HX <}>paHKaMH, ITOCKOJII>-

BHYTpeHHero cTpoH rocy,AapcTB Kpec-

MH. 0HH ,AaBaJIH MOHaiiieCKHe o6eThl

ey HaH60JII>IIIee KOJII{qeCTBO yqacTHH-

TOHoc~:~es. :flH <}>eo,AaJII>HO-pa:3)J,po6-

H 3aBHCeJIH Henocpe,ACTBeHHO OT pHM-

KOB nepBOI'O KpeCTOBOro ITOXO,Aa 61>IJIO

JieHHhle rocy,AapcTBa B ycJIOBHllX see

CKOI'O ITaiThl. .HRJillllCh MOII.IHI>IM opy-

H3 <l>paHI.IHH) BeJIH ce6ll, KaK 06hlKHO-

o6ocTpllBIIIettcll 6op1>6hl MeCTHoro

,AHeM ITaiTCKOtt TeOKpaTHH, Op,AeHhl He

BeHHhle rpa6HTeJIH H XHII.IHHKH. «BCll-

HaCeJieHHll npOTHB

ITO_AqHHllJIHCh BJiaCTH TeX rocy,AapcTB,

KHit, KTO XOpOIIIO ITOHHMaeT ,AeJia

XBa'JqHKOB He MOrJIH 6hlTh npo~hlMH.

B KOTOphlX 6hlJIH paCITOJIO)KeHhl HX

<}>paHKOB, -

RJia,rr.eHHll. Hx rJiaBHott 3a,u_aqett 6hlJla

apa6cKHtt JieTonHceu

ITHCaJI 0 KpeCTOHOCl.I3X

XII

CTOJieTHll

KOttHoe MecTo ... » TaKHM o6pa3oM,

C'I)'llaJIH npOTHB <}>eO,AaJIOB-qy)Ke3eM-

1144 ro,Ay

q~e3eMHhlX

3a-

KpeCTOHOCI.Ihi 6hlJIH Bhi-

H)'JK)l.eHhl OCTaBHTh3,Aeccy, 33XBaqeH-

BOOp~eHHall 6op1>6a CO BCe!'.tH «He-

YcaMa H6H MyHKhl3 B csoett «KHHre

HYIO MocyJII>CKHM 3MHpoM. IlOTepH

BepHhlMH».

Ha3H,AaHHll»,- ... yB!f)J,HTBO<}>paHK3X

3,AeCCKOI'O rpa<}>CTBa Cpa3y H pe3KO yxyAIIIHJia noJI<»KeHHe BJia)J,eHHtt Kpe-

KpecTOHOCI.Ihl, 3aBOeBaB TeppHm-

TOJII>KO *HBOTHhlX, o6JiaAaiOII.IHX AO-

pHIO socmqHoro no6epeKhll Cpe,AH-

CTOHHCTBOM ,A06JieCTH B Cpa)KeHHllX,

cmHocues HaBocmKe. KamJIHqecKaH

3eMHoro MOpll, He BHeCJIH H He 6hlJIH

H HHqeM 60JII>IIIe, TaK )Ke, KaK H )KH-

l.lepKOBh BHOBI> BhlC'I)'ITHJia C npono-

CITOC06Hhl BHeCTH qTQ-HH6y,Ah HOBOe

BOTHhle o6Jia)J,aiOT,A06JieCThiO H xpa6-

Be,AI>IO Kpecmsoro noxo,Aa. IloA py-

B X03llitCTBeHeyiO )KH3Hh 33XBaqeHHhlX

pOCThiO npH Hana)J,eHHHX».

KOBOACTBOM <}>paHUY3CKOro KOpOJill

103

EBPA3Vl>l V1 6JlV1>KHV1Vl BOCTOK VII M HeMeuKoro MMnepa-

JIHM PHqapA IJihBMHoeCep,LI.Ue, KopoJih

CeJih,LI.)KJKal'viM M YITOpHO CTpeMHBlJla-

ropa KoHpa)l.a III 6blJI HaqaT Bropo~

<l>paHI.IMM <l>MJIMITn II AsrycT M repMaH-

HC.ll OTHHTh y KpeCTOHOCI.IeB Te Tep-

JIIO,LI.OBMKa

KpecTOBhl~ noxo,LI.B Ilepe,LI.HIOIO A3MIO

CKH~ Hrvmeparop <l>pHAPMX I Eap6apoc-

pHTOpMH, KOTOphlMM KOr,LI.a-TO OHa

IT.). 0,LI.HaK03TOTfiOXO,LI.

ca), He AaJI ,LI.pyrMX peryJihTaTOB, KpO-

BJI a)l.en a.

3aKOHqMJIC.ll ,LI.JIH KpeCTOHOCI.IeB fiOJI-

Me TOI'O, qro BO BpeMH 3TOI'O ITOXO,LI.a

He~rne~ Hey,LI.aqe~. TaKo~ )f(e Hey,LI.a-

PJ{qap,LI. Jli>BMHoe Cep,LI.ue 3axBaTHJI B

1100 r. n11EHEH'-1E 603MYH-

qe~ 3aKOHqMJIC.ll M npOMCXO,LI.MBlliM~

CBOM pyKM OC1pOB KMITP M, cosMecTHo

fJ,A.. OH nonan B rypeuKyJO 3aca,Lly

O,LI.HOBpeMeHHO KpecTOBhl~ noxo,LI. B

c <l>MJIHITITOM

3eMJIM noJia6cKMx CJiaBHH, ey,LI.a Hanpa-

ee oKpyro~. <l>plf)l.pMX I Eap6apocca,

(1147-1149

BMJiach qaCTh HeMel.IKMX <J:>eo,LI.aJIOB.

II, -

KpeiTocn AKpy c

KOTOphl~ BeJI CBOe BO~CKO ()']}J,eJihHO,

Bo BTopo~ noJIOBMHe XII BeKa

ymHJJI ITPH ITepeiTpase qepe3 OAHY M3

onacHOCTh MepycaJIMMCKOMY Kopo-

peqeK MaJio~ A3MM. MepycaJIMM oc-

JieBCTBY HaqaJiarp03HTh J)Ke HeTOJihKO c cesepa M cesepo-socTOKa, HOM c

Ta.JICH B pyKax y M)'CYJII>MaH, a KpecroHOCHhle RJJa)l.eHM.ll CBeJIMCh K KHli)f(eCT-

lOra. IlocJie Ua)l.eHHli ,LI.MHaCTHM <l>aTM-

BY AHTHOXM~cKoM:y, o6be,LI.HHHBllieM)'-

MM,LI.OB B ErHnTe (1171 r. ), Kor,LI.a erM-

cH c rpa<J:>cTBOM TpMITOJIM B O,LI.HO

neTCKHM cyJITaHOM C,LI.eJiaJICH,LI.apOBM-

rocy,LI.apcTBo, ropo,LI.aM AKpe, TMpy M

Thl~ noJIKoBo,LI.eu CaJiax-a,IJ,-AMH, MJIM

HeKOTOphlM ,LI.pyrnM, a Ta.K)f(e K KMITp-

CaJia,IJ,MH, ErMneT, MycyJihMaHCKMe

CKOM)' KOpOJieBCTBy.

TeppHTOpMM CMpMH, a TaK)f(e XM,LI.)f(a3

MTaK, 3aBOeBaHMH KpecToHocues

COCTaBMJIM O,LI.HO rocy,LI.apCTBO- cyJI-

Ha EJIM)f(HeM BocToKe oKa3aJIMCh

TaHaT, CTa.BlliM~ CaMhlM CMJihHhlM M3

qpe3Bhlq~HO HeiTpoqHhlMM M He,LI.OJI-

MycyJihMaHCKHX cTpaH BocroqHoro

roseqHhlMM. ,[(eueHTpaJIM30BaHHhJe

Cpe,LI.M3eMHOMOphH He TOJihKO B 3KO-

KpeCTOHOCHhle rocy,LI.apCTBa, pa3,LI.M-

HOMHqecKoM, HOM B fiOJIMTHqecKOM

paeMhle BHy1peHHMMM ITpOTHBOpeqH-

OTHorneHMM. MepycaJIMMCKoe Kopo-

liMH, He CMOrJIM ITpOTHBOCTOHTh 061>-

JieBCTBO fiOfiaJIO, TaKHM o6pa30M, B

e,LI.MHMBlliHMC.ll ITOA RJJaCThiO CaJia)l.M-

TMCKM M C IOra, H C BOCTOKa.

Ha ErMITTY M CMpHM M coxpaHMTh B

CaJia)l.MH o61>HBMJI KpecTOHocuaM

CBOMX pyKax 33XBaqeHHh1e TeppHTO-

«CBHII.IeHHYIO BO~Hy» M HaHeC MM

pHM. bOJihlliYIO pOJih B OCJia6JieHMM

cTparnHoe nopa)f(eHMe npH TMsepMa-

KpeCTOHOCHhlX rocy,LI.apCTB, HeCOM-

,LI.e. 3aTeM CaJia)l.HH B TeqeHMe He-

HeHHO, Hrpana BM3aHTMH, 3aHMMaB-

CKOJihKHX He,LI.eJih 3axBaTHJI CM,LI.OH,

lliaH ITO OTHOlJleHMIO K KpeCTOHOCI.IaM

B03ne Anenno M rpM ro,Lla npo6bm B nneHy B Ce6acrvtvt ( coep. ropo,Ll Cvteac B TYPLlMM).

1101-1102 rr. PA3fPOMbl KPECTOHOCL\EB B AHATOJl'-1'-1. 4epe3AHaronvtto.LlBMHynvtcb rpvt '-!acrvt BOWCK KpeCTOHOCI..leB, B03m8BneHHb/e cooTBercreeHHO BMnbrenbMOM nyaTbe Vi PatliMYH.LlOM Tyny3CKMM; 3TbeHOM ,Lle bnya, 8 T8/0Ke ryro BepM8H,Llya. nepBaf/ '-/8CTb BOWCK, uenb/0 KOTOpbJX f~BflflflOCb Bb/3BOflMTb b09MYI-(l1.8, 6blfl8 pa36MT8 npvt Mep3w/>oHe rypKaMM no,Ll KOMBH.LlOBBHMeM MyxaMMe,Lla M6H ,[laHMWMel-(ll.a( 1101 r.). Cnacnvtcb 6yKeanbHO HeCKOflbKO '-leflOBeK, B TOM '-lvtcne PatliMYH.Ll; eropafl- norepnena nop8)1(eHMe y repaK!Ievt ( coep. roPO.Ll 3pemvt B rypeuKoM Bvtnatliere KoHbfl; 1101 r.); rpeTbfl- <iepe3 HecKonbKO MeCfll..leB 6bma vtcrpe6neHa npaKTM'-!eCKM noronoeHo, onf~Tb )l(e 6nM3 repaK!IeM ( 1102 r.).

Ee~pyT,AcKaJioH, .H<J:><J:>y M, HaKoHeu,

B OCHOBHOM Bp~e6HyiO IT03Ml.IMIO,

1101 r. nEPBASl 6'-1TBA nP'-1 PAM-AJ111AX:E. bOfl.LlYMH c OTpff.LlOM M3 1100 '-!enoeeK pa36vtn npM

MepycaJIMM (1187 r.). B npoTMBono-

HeO,LI.HOKpaTHO BCTJITaBlliali B COI03 C

PaM-Annaxe (crparervt'-leCKM Ba)l(-

JIO)f(HOCTh KpecToHocuaM CaJia)l.HH He ycTpOMJI pe3HM B no6e)K)l,eHHOM ropo,LI.e M 3a BhlKJIT BhliiYCTMJI M3 Hero xpMCTMaH. B KaqecTBe BhlKJITaCaJiaAHH B3HJI ITO 10 30JIOTh1X ,LI.MHapoB 3a MY)K<IMHY, ITO

5 30JIOThlX AHHapos 3a

)f(eHII.IMHY M ITO 1 30JIOTOMY ,LI.HHapy 3a pe6eHKa. Te JIMUa, KOTOphle He BHeCJIM BhJKyiTa, 6blJIM o6pameHhl CaJia)l.MHOM B pa6cTBO. TaKMM o6pa3oM, He ITpOlJlJIO M CTa JieT C TeX ITOp, KaK KpecTOHOCI.Ihl 3axBaTHJIM MepycaJIMM, a OH y)f(e 6h1JI HMH fiOTepHH. 3To CBM,LI.eTeJihCTBOBaJIO ITpe)K)l.e BCero 0 TO~ HeHaBMCTM, KOTopyiO KpeCTOHOCI.Ihl BHYlliMJIM K ce6e Ha BocTOKe. 3axsaT MepycaJIHMa CaJia)l.MHOM ITOCJIY)f(MJI TOJiqKOM K opraHM3al.IMM Tpenero Kpecrosoro IToxo,LI.a(11891192 IT.), KOTOphl~, HeCMOTp.ll Ha TO, qro B HeM yqacTBOBaJIM 1pM 3ana)l.HO-

eBpOITe~CKHX rocy,LI.apH (KopoJih AHr-

Cpa:lKeHHe. Cepe6pstHbl~

penb~

Ha AaxeHcKoro co6opa. 0Kono 1207 r.

104

BOli1HA on~Tb CTAHOBV1TC~ V1CKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rr.

BoHHbl. &.1ao6pa)KeHHe Ha IQ)biWKe penHKBapHR. OKOno 1140-1150 rr.

Hoe cKpell.leHue nyrei1 K 3ana.ay or VfepycanuMa) rpu.a~aru.aeyxrbJCR4HYFO eruneTCJ<YIO apM!Ii/0 no.a KOM8H.ll.OB8H!IieM Caa.aa snb-,ll,aenexa. 11 02 r. BTOPASI 61r1TBA nPir1 PAM-AJlJlAXE. C OTP5/.ll.OM !113 200 4eflOBeK bOfl.ll.Y!IiH C8MOH8.tJ.ef/HHO araKoean rpu.a~arurbJCfi4HYFO erunercKyFO apM!Ii/0 IIi 6bJn 6yKB8flbHO pa3.aaeneH. OH cyMen cnacrucb, co6pan apM!IiFO !113 8 TbJCf/4 4enoeeK, pa36un erumaH no.a >l<f><f>oi1 u 3areM npecne.aoean ux.ao AcKanoHa( coep. ropo.a AwKenoH B l13paune). 11 02-11 03 rr. AATCKir'll/1 KPECTOBbllil nOXOA. Koponb ,ll,aH!Iilli 3i1puK I ,ll,o6pbJi14epe3 Pycb .aowen

.ao KoHcraHT!IiHonona u nepenpaeuncR MopeM Ha lump, r.ae u yMep. Tor.aa KOMBH.ll.OBBH!Iie He6onbW!IiM OTPR.ll.OM B3flfl8 H8 ce6f! ero )l(eHa 5arunb.aa u npo.aon)l(una nyrb B >l<f><f>y. 1104 r. 61r1TBA nPir1 KAPPAX. b09MYH.ll., He.tJ.BBHO BblnYll.leHHb/W HB ceo6o.ay !113 ce6acrui1cKoro nneHa, norepnen nopa)l(eHue e 6uree, BeCbM8 H8nOM!IiH8BWei1 p83TpOM Kpacca. 1107-1109 rr. HOPBE)I(CKir'll/1 KPECTOBbll/1 nOXOA. Koponb Hopeernu Cwyp.a I ornpaeunca BCef/TyFO 3eMnFO MOpeM; no nyT!Ii OH HeCKOflbKO pa3 Bb/C8)1(!1iB8flCfl B M8Bp!liT8HC-

Koi1 VfcnaH!Ii!li u Hana.aan Ha npu6pe)I(HbJe noceneH!Iifl. OH 6bm nepBbJM eeponeWCK!IiM MOHBPXOM, .tJ.06p8BW!IiMCR.ll.O Cearoi13eMn!li. BMecre c eeHe~uaH~BM!Ii OH noMoran 5on.ayuHy eo B3RT!Ii!li Cu.aoHa ( coep. ropo.a Cai1.aa B flueaHe), a oca.aa Tupa (coep. ropo.a Gyp B flueaHe) npowna Hey.aa4HO, KpecroHoc~bJ 6bJn!li OT6!1iTb/ ( 1109 r.). 1116-1117rr. noXOA K KPACHOMY MOPIO. 5on.ayuH B03maeun eoeHHYFO 9Kcne.au~uFO K 38nuey AKa6a, r.ae nocraeun Kpenocrb 3i1.nar. 1118 r. BTOP)I(EHir1E B HillnET. MeHee 4eM c Tb/Cf/4Hb/M OTpfl.ll.OM 5on.ayuH nepeceK CuHai1ceyFO nyCTb/HIO, HOBO BpeMR 9TOW KBMnaH!Ii!li yMep. ManeHbKBfl apM!IiR ero BepHynacb B naneCT!IiHY, H!li4ero He .tJ.06!1iBW!IiCb. 1119 r. 61r1TBA nPir1 AHTir10XIr11r1 ( COBP. ropo.Q AHTa KbSI B Typ1.4HH). Boi1cKo rpa<f>a Po)I(epa !113 CanepHo, Bbl.ll.B!IiraeweecR KAnenno H8BCTpe4y apM!Ii!li BTOp)l(eH!IiR no.a KOM8H.ll.OB8H!IieM Vfnbl83!1i, 6bJnO 3axea4eHo epacnnox Ha Mapwe u YH!Ii4TO)I(eHo. 1124 r. HAnA,AEHir1E HAir1EPYCAJllr1M. KpecroHoc~bJ orpa3unu nonbJTKY erunercKoi1 apM!Ii!li 3axeaT!IiTb VfepycanuM. 1144 r. nAJJ,EHir1E 3AECCbl. l1Ma.a-anb-,ll,!liH 3aHr!li oreoeean 3.aeccy y rpa<f>a ,ll,)l(ocenuHa II. 3ro nocny;Kuno np!li4!1iHoi1 roro, 4TO nana npu3ean K HOBOMY KpecroeoMy noxo.ay. 1146 r. nOXOA B Clr1Pir110. YcnewHbli1 H86er KpeCTOHOC~eB H8 Kpenocrb 5ocpy, pacnono)l(eHHYFO B 160 KM K BOCTOJ<Y OT peK!Ii Vfop.tJ.BH . Bropon Kpecros&ln noxo.q, 1147-1149 rr.

8o3m8Bflflfl!li nOXO.ll. B OCHOBHOM repMaHCK!Iii1 !liMneparop KoHpa.a Ill u <f>paH~Y3CK!Iii1 Koponb J1FO.tJ.OB!IiK VII. 06a ornpaenRn!licb !113 KoHcraHT!IiHOnonR, HO pa3HbJM!Ii nyrRM!Ii ( 114 7 r.). HeM~bJ .aeuranucb npaKT!Ii4eCK!Ii reM )l(e MapwpyTOM, 4TO IIi nepBb/W KpecroBbJW noxo.a, HO eo3ne ,ll,opuneR ( coep. ropo.a 3cKuwexup B Typ~uu)

EBPA3V1s:l V1 6nV1>KHV1Cil BOCTOK y HIIIX KOH'IIIIflii/Cb npllln8Cbl, Ill 010fl0-

CKIIIX IOpO/l,OB Ill yKpenneHIIIilf B n8ne-

/],8BWII/e KpeCTOHOCL(bl He CMOifl/11

CTII/He.

105 11 63-11 69 rr. 50Pb5A 3A

ErHnET.

( C08p. rop0/1, /113HIIIK B TypL(IIIIII), a OT-

He CBOe8peMeHHOMy nplll6btTIIIIO MO-

1169-1193 rr. nPABnEHHE CAnAX-AA-AHHA. 1174-1187 rr. PACKOn B CTAHE KPECTOHOCU,EB. 3a6o-

TY/1,8 H8np8BIIIflii/Cb 8 n 8neCTIIIHY MO-

peM M8pK11138 KoHp8/1,8 MoHcfJepp8T-

neB8HIIIe 6e3/l,eTHoro KoponH 5on/l,y-

peM. C/>p8HL(Y3bt )/(e 8bt6p8nlll nyTb

CKOIO Ill He60flbWOC1 8pMIIIIII HOBb/X

IIIH8 IV npoK830C1 np111aeno K 6opb6e 38

no/],niiiHHee, 6n111)/(e K no6epe)f(b/O,

KpeCTOHOCL(eB. noK8 n8n8 PIIIMCKIIIilf

npecTonoH8cne/],llle. OT 3Toro Bbtlllr-

'IT06bt K8K MO)f(HO /],OflbWe OCT8B8Tb-

nplll3b/88fl K HOBOMY KpeCTOBOMy no-

p8n C8nax-8/l,-,ll.IIIH: OH 38KOH'IIIIn no-

C!i1 H8 TeppiiiTOPIIIIII 811138HTIIIIII. 8oc-

XO/],y, KoHp8/l, 111 tB/11/l,O npo/l,Ofl)f(8fllll

KopeHII/e Clllpllllll, He npeKp8UJ,8!i1 np111

T0'1Hee fl80/1,111Kelll ( coap. ropo/1, fl8-

cp8)f(8TbC!i1 npOT/118 C8n8X-8/l,-,ll.IIIH8.

3TOM H86e108 H8 XpiiiCTIII8HCKIIIe Tep -

T8KIII!i1 B Clllpllllll) OH/11 6btfllll OCT8H08-

PIIITOPIIIIII, xom nompnen nopa)f(eHII/e

TIIIHy. nexom npo/l,Ofl)f(8fl8 npe)f(HIIIM

1146-1174 rr. 05'bEAHHEHHE CHPHHCKHX MYCYnbMAH nPH HYP-AA-AHHE. 1153 r. 3AXBAT ACKAnOHA (coap. ropoA AwKenoH B H3paHne). 8 pe3ynbTaTe 3TOro 5on/l,yiiiH Ill,

M8PWPYTOM /1,811118TbC!i1 H8 80CTOK Ill,

xp111CTIII8HCKIIIC1 Koponb /11epycan111M8,

em 8par 18111/l,O fly3111Hb!i1H. TeM 8peMe-

B KOHL(e KOHL(OB, 6btn8 YHIII'ITO)f(eHa

nony'llllfl KOHTpOflb H8/l, 8 CeM no6e-

HeM 6ecnpiiiHL(IIInHbtC1 PeHo WaTIIIflb-

TYPK8MIII /1,0 nocne/],Hero 'lenoaeK8 .

pe)f(beM n8neCTIIIHbt.

OTP83111Tb TypeL(KOro H8n8/],eHIII!i1.

/113 KpynHb/X nopTOB B pyKaX Xpiii-

KoHp8/l, 11/111 ropcTK8 mx, KTO cn8CC!i1

CTII/8H OCTaflC!il TOflbKO T111p ( COBp. 10-

BMeCTe C HIIIM, aepHyfliiiCb B HIIIKe/0

P0/1, Gyp a fliii88He) 6n8ro/],apH Kpailt-

neHbl TypK8 MIII, HO Cp8)f(eHIIIe OKOH'111/flOCb npaKTII/'IeCK/11 BHIII'Ib/0. TOI/1,8 fl/0/l,OBIIIK VII norpy3111n cao10 K8B8nep11110 H8 Kop86nlll 111 oTnnbtn a n8nec-

a 6111TBe np111 P aM-Ann8xe (

1177 r.).

CaMbtM cnoco6HbtM npaa111mneM cpe/1,111 KpecTOHOCL(eB 6btn PailtMyH/1,, rpacp TplllnOflii/TaHCKIIIilf, HO KOponeM CTafl, )f(eHIIIBWIIICb H8 cecTpe 5on/l,yiiiH8

IV,

OHCKIIIM 1113 38MKa KpaK /],e W e8anbe

111

1156 r. 5HTBA nPH 6POAE

/1,88)/(/l,bt Hapywan nepeMIIIPIIIH, 3aK-

VII nplllcoe/],IIIHIIInlllcb K Ill, KOpOn/0 /11epyC8fliiiMnOXO/l,e H8,lJ.8M8CK( 1148 r.).

niO'IeHHbte KpecTOHOCL(aMIII c Can8x-

0C8/l,IIIB ropo/1,, 8PMIII!i1 KpecTOHOC-

SIKOBA (y ranHneV.cKoro MOpSIHnH HHa'-le- reHHCapeTCKOrO, Hnl'l THBepHaACKOrO o3epa, HnH 5axpTa6apHH). 3/l,eCb MycynbMaHe no

L(ea 8CKope p8cn8n8Cb H8 OT/l,enb-

OT/l,eflbHOCT/11 p836111nlll e8ponei1CKII/e

nplll6bta a n8necTIIIHY, KOHP8A

111

fl/0/l,OBIIIK

DOfl/l,YIIIHY CKOMY, 8

8/l,-,ll.IIIHOM, 'leM 111 cnpo80L(IIIp088n 06b!i18fleHIIIe C8!i1UJ,eHHOilf 80C1Hbl.

Hbte OTP!il/l,bl 1113-38 TpeHIIIilf Me)f(/l,y

nexoTy 111 K888nep11110, p83owe/],wllle-

HIOHb 1187 r. BTOP>KEHHE CAnAX-AA-AHHA B nAnECTHHY. C nplll6niii3111TenbHO /l,B8/l,L(8TIII -

KoHp8/l,OM Ill, fl/0/l,O BIIIKOM

C!i1 np111 nepenp88e 'lepe3 /11op/1,8H.

TbtCR'IHOC1 8pMIIIei1 C8n8X-8/l,-,ll.IIIH

AYIIIHOM

11/.

VII 111 5on-

T8K KOH'IIIIflC!il CTOflb He-

Y/1,8'/HO H8'18BWIIIi1CH 8mpoC1 KpecTOBbtilt nOX0/1,.

/ocy,o.apCTBa KpeCTOHOCL(eB,

1149-1189 rr. nocne cMepTIII /11M8/l,-8nb-,ll.IIIH8 38H1111 IOp0/1,8 KpeCTOHOCL(eB H8XO/l,lllflii/Cb nO/], nOCTO!ilHHbiM, Ill 'leM /1,8nbwe , TeM clllnbHee 803P8CT810w,IIIM, /1,8BneHII/eM era CbtH8, Hyp-8/l,,ll.IIIH8 . '-IT06bt noMeW8Tb TOMY noKoPIIITb Er111neT, Koponb lllepyc8niiiMcKIIIi1 AM8nbp111K ( AMoplll)

I nepiii0/1,111-

'IecKIII B0/1,11/n 80i1CK8 8 /l,OfliiiHY H111n8, HO, 8 KOHe'IHOM 11/TOie, 6btfl OT6111T. 8cKope clllplllillcKIIIe 111 e1111neTCKIIIe MYCYflbM8He 06be/l,IIIHII/flii/Cb nO/], an8CTbiO Canax-8/l,-,ll.IIIH8, KOTOpbtilt, np08e/l,!i1 HeCKOflbKO ycneWHb/X K8Mn 8HIIIilf, 06b!i1811/fl Xp111CTII/8H8M C8!i1 w,eHHYIO BOC1Hy- /l,)/(IIIX8/],. 8 TIIIBep1118/l,CKOM cp8)f(eHIIIIII ( XbtTTIIIHCKOM no6o111w,e) OH 8 nyx 111 npax p83rpoMIIIn KOpOfl!i1111epyC8flii/MCK010 tB/11/1,0 fly3111Hb!i1H8, a nOTOM 38XB8TII/fl /11epyC8flii/M Ill 60flbWIIIHCTBO XpiiiC TIII8H -

nponoBeAb KpeCTOBOrO nOXOAa. P11CYHOK 11306pa>KaeT CBSITOrO 6epHapAa, nponoBeAYIOil.lero BTopoiii KpecTOBbliii noxoA Ha Po>KAeCTBO 1146 roAa B WneiiiepcKOM co6ope B npi1CYTCTBI111 KoHpaAa Ill, nepaoro 11MnepaTopa 113 roreHwTaycJ>eHoB

106

BOlllHA On~Tb CTAHOBV1TC~ VlCKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rr. MYH/1.8 TpMnonMTaHCKOIO M 3asen ap-

MCKn/O'IeHMiii, nonanM B nneH MnM no-

MM/0 B 6e3B0/1.HYIO nyCTb/H/0, 1/l,e MX

m6nM npM X&rTTMHe). Canax-a.n.-,lJ,MH

8TaKOBanM M OKpy>t<MnM Mycyn&MaHe.

y>Ke wen Ha TMp, KOI/1,8 O'leHb BOBpe-

4 11110/ISI 1187 r. TIIIBEPIIIAACKOE CPA>KEHIIIE (11111111 XbiTTIIIHCKOE nOSOIIIW,E). 5nM3 /l,epeBHM

P8!1. MoHcjJeppaTCKMiii c OTPfl!l.OM Kpe-

X&rTTMH Canax-a/1,-,lJ,MH cyMen OT/l,e-

30M, IOPO!l.Y Ha/l,e>KHb/M rapHM30H .

nMTb KasanepMIO KpeCTOHOCU,eB OT

HaTMCK Canax-a/1,-,lJ,MHa 6&rn OT6MT.

nexOTbl M no O'lepe/l,M pa36Mn. Ton&-

Mfl npM6&rn MopeM MapKipacp KoH-

CTOHocu,es, o6ecne'IMB, T8KMM o6pa-

CeHTS16pSI-2

OKTS16pSI

MaH/l,OBaBwMilt ap&eplap/l,OM 6apoH

1187 r. B3s:ITIIIE CAllAX-AA-AIIIHOM IIIEPYCAlliiiMA. B OTCYTCTBMe

/116enMH c He6on&WMM OTPfl!l.OM Ka-

yKp&rswerocfl B AKpe Kopon>~ o6opo-

sanepMM cMomM npopsaT&Cfl 'lepe3

Hy ropo/l,a so3masMn 6apoH /116enMH.

KO PaiiiMYH/1. TpMnonMT8HCKMiii /1,8 KO-

OKpy>KeHMe ( COifl8CHO 0/l,HOiii M3 sep-

0/l,H8KO 38W,MTHMKOB He XB8Tafl0, npo-

CMiii, c HemacHOIO O/l,06peHMfl Ca-

/l,OBOflbCTBMfl TO)I(e. noHa'lany OTBep-

nax-a.n.-,lJ,MHa, MCKpeHHe ysa)l(aswe-

IHYB OTHOCMTeflbHO BeflMKO/l,YWHb/e

IO CTapOIO BOMHa); OCTanbHble Kpe-

npe/l,flo>KeHMR Canax-a.n.-,lJ,MHa, B KOH-

CTOHOCU,bl 6&/flM y6MTbl MnM 38XB8'1e-

u,e KOHU,OB rapHM30H npMHY>K/),eH 6&/fl

1187

Hbl B nneH, B TOM 'IMCne 6&rnM nneHe-

C/1,8TbCR.

Hbl CaM KOpOnb MepycanMMCKMiii, Be-

10/1,8 nO'ITM CTO neT npe6b!B8BWMfii B

nf/THMU,y

OKTfl6pR

nanecTIIIHe. 3ToT p111cyHoK !j>paH-

flMKMiii M81MCTp Op/l,eHa TaMnnMepOB,

pyKax XpMCTM8 H /llepyca nMM 6b!fl TOp-

LIY3CKoro XYAO>KHIIIKa 1113o6pa>KaeT

PeHe WaTMflbOHCKMiii M /l,pyme. PeHe

)l(eCTBeHHO B03Bpaw,eH MYCYflbM8-

3niii30A 1113 >KIII3HIII KOpOIISI lliOAOBIIIKa

WaTMn&oHcKoro Canax-a/1,-,lJ,MH co6-

H8M. lopo)/(aH Canax-a/1,-,lJ,MH omyc-

VII,

KOrAa eMy B OAIIIHO"'KY npiiiW/IOCb

CTBeHHOPY'IHO K83HMfl, 8 tBM/1,0 fly3M-

TMn H8 BCe 'leTb!pe CTOpOHbl npM yc-

6111TbCSI C HeCKO/lbKIIIMIII capai..IIIIHaMI1

Hbf/H8 BnOCfle/l,CTBMM OTnyCTMfl, B3RB

flOBMM, 'ITO OHM BHeCYT 38 ce6R COOT-

oca.n.Mn TMsepMio Ha 3ana.n.HoM 6epe-

6y/l,eT soesaT&. TeM speMeHeM sep-

MHOIMM Bb!KynMTbCfl He y/l,anOCb, M

IY leHMCapeTCKOIO 03epa. tBM/1,0 ny-

HyswMiltcR B TpMnOnM PailtMyH/1, CKOH-

OHM 6&/nM o6pa w,eHbl B pa6CTBO.

3 MHbRH C06pan n0/1, CBOM 3H8MeHa

'18flCR OT paH.

BCeX, K0/0 TOflbKO CMO/ ( B pe3yflbTa-

1187 r. nOKQPEHL-iE CAllAX-AA-AIIIHOM nAllECTIIIHbl. OH 3axsaTMn TMse-

1187-1188 rr. onEPALI,IIIIII no,D, TIIIPOM (cosp. ropoA Cyp B

Te nony'IMflOCb BOiiiCKO npMMepHO TaKOM >Ke 'IMCneHHOCTM) M /l,BMHyncf/

mro o6ew,aHMe,

'ITO OH 6on&we He

L-iJOnb-CeHTS16pb

BeTCTBYIOW,Miii (M HeMan&riii) Bb!Kyn.

ll~~tBaHe). 3axsaTMB /llepycanMM,

Ca-

nax-a/1,-,lJ,MH 38Hflncfl TMpoM. nepM0/1.

Ha Canax-a/1,-,lJ,MHa. Kopon& Mepyca-

PMIO, AKpy, AcKanoH M /l,pyme ropo-

OCTOpO>KHOIO npow,yn&IB8HMfl M Men-

nMMCKMilt npeHe6pel coseToM Paiii-

/l,a ( BOMHbl MX rapHM30HOB, nO'ITM 6e3

KMX CTb l'leK /l,nMnCf/ 6onee 10/1,8 .

3anaAHOeBponeHCKI1e pbll..laplll.

XII

EBPA3Vl>l V1 6JlV1>KHV1Vl BOCTOK AarycT 1189 r. OCAJJ.A AKPbl. Bo maBe He6onbworo oTpfl.aa KpeeToHoeueB tBM.lJ,O fly3l1Hbf'IH OTB8)1(HO BbJ.tJ,BMHynefl oea.aMTb AKpy. K HeMY npMeoe.aMHMnMeb KoHpa.a MoH<J>eppaTeKMMM .tJ,pyme KpeeTOHOeUbl, He.aaBHO npM6bJBWMe M3 EBponbl. l1M y.aanoeb OTOTHaTb apMM/0 Canax-a.a-,[lMHa, we.awy10 Ha BbJPY4KY oea)I(J],eHHbJM. 1189-1191 rr. CPA:>KEH&1SI nOA AKPOUI. Co eTOPOHbl eywl1 apMMfl Canax-a.a-,[lMHa OKPY)I(Mna KpeeTOHOeUeB nnOTHb/M KOflbUOM; 3a BpeMfl Oe8J],bl eoeTOflflMeb.tJ,eBf'/Tb KpynHb/X 6oeB M HeMe4Menl1MOe MHO)I(eeTBO MenKMX eTOflKHOBeHMVt. Ha Mope roeno.aeTBOBanM reHy93eKMi1l1 nM3aHeKMVt </>nOTbl, TaK 4TO npMnaebJ M no.aKpenneHMfl noeTynanM K KpeeTOHOeUaM 6eenepe60VtHO.

Tpen'lili KpecTOB&Jiti noxo,q, 1189-1192 rr. Ha npl13b!B nanbl pMMeKoro K.nuMeHTa Ill 0 HOBOM KpeeTOBOM noxo.tJ,e OTKJIMKHynMeb Tpoe eaMb/X MOryl.l.leeTBeHHb/X eBponeifteKMX MOHapXOB- repMaHeKMVt MMnepaTOP 4>pM.apMx I 6ap6apoeea, <J>paHUY3eKMi1 Koponb ct>un11nn II ABryeT MaHmuifteKMVI Koponb Puqap.a I flbBMHoe Cep.aue. Bee OHM 6bml1 enoeo6HbJMl1 M OnbJTHb/Ml1 BOeHa4BnbHl1KaMl1. 1189-1190r~ nEPEXOA <t>P&1AP&1XA I 6AP6APOCCbl. BblerynMB M3tepMaHl1l1 BeeHOVt, 4Jpl1.1J,p11x I eyxonyTHbJM MapwpyroM .ao6panefl .ao KoHeTaHTMHononfl, r.ae BeTan narepeM Ha 3l1MY ( 11891190 rr.). 89TO BpeMfl yHero noeToflHHO B03Hl1KBnl1 pa3HOmaeMfl e BM3aHTl1VteKl1M MMnepaTopoM l1eaaKoM II AHrenoM. 0.tJ,HaKO B KOHUe KOHUOB pa3HomaeMfly.aanoeb npeo.aoneTb, M ct>pu.ap11x, nepenpaBMBWMeb B AHaTonM/0, npo.aon)I(Mn nyrb. Ero TPM.aU8Tl1TbJef'/4HOe BOVteKO 6bJnO opraHl130BaHO ropa3.ao nyqwe, 4eM y npe.tJ,bJ.tJ,YI.l.ll1XY4aeTHMKOB KpeeTOBb/X noXO.ll,OB, 11 eMy y.aanoeb OT6l1Tb BeerypeUKMe Hana.aeHMfl. Ap6aneNMKl1 OKa3anl1eb qpe3BbNaVtHO 9</></>eKTMBHb/ npOTl1B KOHHb/X ny4Hl1KOB. 0H WTYPMOM B3flfl l1KOHMVt ( eoBp. ropo.tJ, KoHbfl B TYPUMM), noene qero KoHMVI-

107

MycynbMaHCK&d1scaAHHK, npecneAyeMbl" KPeCTOHoc'-'aMH. Pacns.tcHaSI AepeBSIHHaSI naHenb H3 6apcenoHbl. Otrono 1300 r.

eKMVI eynTaH 3aK!I/04Mn MMP, 11 npo.tJ,BM)I(eHM/0 HeMeuKoro BoifteKa 6onee He npenf'!TeTBOBan. no3.tJ,Hl1M neTOM MMnepaTop, 6y.aY4M _y)l(e B npeK!IoHHOM B03paeTe, yroHyn B Kl1flMKMl1TO n11 np11 pe4Hoi1 nepenpaBe, TO nu eynaf'!eb B peKe noene .aHeBHoro nepexo.aa no )l(ape. noxo.a B03rJiaBMn ero ebJH, 4>pM.apMx WBa6eKMi1, o.aHaKo, 6y.tJ,y4l1 Ha4MeTO fll1WeH OTUOBeKMX TanaHTOB, OH noTepf'!n no4Tl1 Be/0 apMM/0 M3-3a rono.aa, 6one3Hei1 11 eTbJ4eK e MeeTHb/Ml1 MyeynbMaHaMM. C OeTaBWMMefl y Hero OTP~OM ( MeHbWe 1 TbJef'/4M qenoBeK) OH B KOHUe ro.aa npl1eOe.tJ,l1Hl1nefl KapMl1l1 KpeeToHoeueB, oea)I(J],aBweift AKpy. 1190-1191 rr. n11ABAH&1SI P&1YAPAA 11lbB&1HOE CEPAUE &1 <t>&111&1nnA II ABrYCTA. 4epe3 ro.a noene BbJeTynneHMfl 4>pM.apMxa M3 lepMaHMM aHmMi1eKMi1 Koponb Puqap.a I flbBMHoe Cep.aue M <J>paHUY3eKMi1 KOPOflb 4>MnMnn IIABryeT 0Tnflblfll1 Ha CMUMnMIO, r.ae M 383MMOBanl1, npenupaf'!eb no Ka)l(.tJ,OMY noBo.ay. Cne.ayfOI.l.leift BeeHoi14>MnMnn II ABryeT omnbm npf'IMO B AKPY. Puqap.a )l(e no nyrM e.aenan OeTaHOBKY, B03HaMepl1BWMeb 3aBOeB8Tb K11np; OH e4!1Tan, 11 BnOnHe pa3yMHO, 4TO OeTpOB He noMewaeT B Ka4eeTBe onopHoift 6a3bJ. 3areM OH Ta/OKe HanpaBMflefl B AKpy. 12 Htonst 1191 r. nAAEH&1E AKPbl. noene npM6bJTMfl Puqap.aa I flbBMHoe Cep.aue (8 MIOHfl) Bee KpeeTOHOeUbJ MOfl4Bnl1BO npl13HBnl1 ero nu.aepeTBO. OH oTorHan apMM/0 Canax-a.a-,[lMHa, we.awy10 oe8)1(J],eHHbJM Ha BbJPY4KY, noene qero noBen oea.ay eTOflb 9HeprM4HO, 4TO MyeynbMaHeKMVt rapHl130H KanMrynMpOBan; TaK 3aBepwMnaeb oea.aa, .anMBWaf'!efl .aBa ro.aa. BeKope noene 9Toro OTHOweHMfl Puqap.aa I e 4>MnMnnoM II AB-

ryeTOM HaeTOflbKO MenopTl1fll1eb, 4TO <J>paHUj'3eKl1Vt KOpOnb BepHynefl BO 4>paHUl110. Me)I(J],y KOMaH.tJ,YIO/.l.ll1Ml1 KpeeTOHOeUeBnOeTOflHHOB03Hl1KanM TpeHMfl, oeo6eHHO Me)I(J],y Pl1qapaoM I M MapKrpa<J>oM KoHpa.aoM MoH<J>eppaTeKMM. AarycT-ceHTS16pb 1191 r. MAPW HA ACKAJlOH (coap. ropoA AwKenoH a &13paHne). P114ap.a 6bm nonOH peWMMOeTM HaeTynaTb Ha l1epyeanl1M. 0H ennOTl1fl MHOTOfl3b/4Hb/e apMl1l1 KpeeTOHOeUeB ( 06/.l.leVt 4l1eneHHOeTbfO, ey.tJ,fl no BeeMY, .tJ,OeTl1TaBWl1e He 6onee50TbJefl4) B e.aMHoe BOVteKO 11 BbJeTynMn B nOXO.lJ,, B KOTOPOM npOf'!Bl1fl ee6f'! BbJ.tJ,afOI.l.ll1Mef'/ TaKTMKOM MeTpaTeroM, a Taf<)l(e eyMen, 6naro.aapfl nl14Hoi1 xapl13Me, .tJ,06MTbefl nO.l1,4MHeHMfl OT HenOKOpHb!Xpa3HOnneMeHHb/X pbJuapei1M6apoHoB. Wra6Hafl en_y)/(6a 11 opraHM3aUl1fl eHa6)1(eHMfl ero apMMM Ha nopf'!.aoK npeBOeXO.lJ,Mfll1 TMnl14HbJe .ll,flfl epe.aHeBeKOBbfl. P114ap.a I npe.ayeMoTpen .l1,8)t(e npaqeqHy/0 eny)l(6y, 4T06bJ O.tJ,e.)I(J],a 6bma 4l1eTOift, BO M36e)l(aHl1e paenpoeTpaHeHMfl9nM.aeMMi1. ConpoBo)I(J],aeMbJift <J>noToM, oH Me.aneHHO npo.aBMranefl B.aonb no6epe)l(bfl KOpOTKl1Ml1 nepeXO.tJ,aMM, 4T06bJ He yroMnf'!Tb BoifteKo. Ha <J>naHrax HenpepbJBHO npoMeXO.lJ,MflM eTb/4Kl1 e apMMeift Canax-a.a-,[ll1Ha, uenb/0 KOroporo 6bJnO OTee% OT OeHOBHOVt KOflOHHbl OTeTafO/.l.ll1X l1fll1 pa36l1Tb BOVteKO KpeeTOHOeUeB Ha HeeKOflbKO M30nl1pOBaHHb/X OTPfl.tJ,OB, KaK 9TO 6bmo e.aenaHo np11 XbJTTMHe. Ho Mapw Puqap.aa I 6bm 4eTKO ennaHMpoBaH M opraHl130BaH, a nOTOMY TaKMX B03MO)I(HOeTeift Canax-a.a -JlMHY He npe.aeTaBnflnoeb. Puqap.a I eTpo)l(aiftwe 3anpeTl1n pbJUapf'!M BBfl3bJB8Tbefl B eTbNKM; 11 Bee nonbJTKM Canax-a.a-

108

BOli1HA on~Tb CTAHOBV1TC~ V1CKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rr.

~HacnpOBOUMpoB8TbXPMCTMaHCK:V~

KOflOHHY HapyWMTb CTPOW Ha Mapwe HM K 'leMy He npueo.aunu. '-IT06bJ He .aaeaTb TypeUKMM KOHHbiM nyqHMKaM npu6nM3MTbCR, Puqap.a I paccTaeun B,aOflb BCeW KOflOHHbl ap6aneT4MKOB.

7 ceHTS16pS11191 r. 61ATBAnPIA APCY<t>E. Ha no6epe)l(be eo3Jie Apcy(j>a Canax-a.a-)l,uH ycTpoun 3aca.ay, a 3aTeM opraHM30Ban MOI.UHY~ aTaK:V Ha Tblflbl KonoHHbJ Puqap.aa I, 4T06bJ BbJHy,aMTb apbeprap.a KpeCTOHOCUeB BBR38TbCR e 6oi1. Cnepea Puqap.a I 3anpeTun oKa3bJBaTb conpoTMeneHue, M KOflOHHa ynopHO npo,aOfl)I(Bfla Mapw. noTOM, Kor.aa TYPKM coeceM ocMenenu, a .aaeneHue Ha apbeprap.a cTano coeepweHHO HeBbJHOCMMbJM, Puqap.a I npuKa38n Tpy6MTb 3apaHee o6ycnoeneHHbJW curHanK aTaKe. Xopowo cKoop.auHupoeaHHa>~ KOHTpaTaKa 38CTana HM 0 'leM He no.ao3peeaewux TypoK epacnnox. bMTBa KOH'lMflaCb 6yKB8flbHO 3a HeCKOflbKO MMHYT. noBMHY>ICb npMKa38M ANap.aa, K/)eCTOHOCUbJ npeo.aonenu MCK:VWeHue 6pocMTbCR npecne.aoeaTb pa3rpoMneHHoro npoTMBHMKa. TypKM noTep>~nu oKono 7 TbJCR'l 'leflOBeK, OCTaflbHbJe o6paTMflMCb B 6ecnopR,a04HOe 6erCTBO. noTepM KpeCTOHOCUeB COCTaBMflM 700 'lenoBeK. nocne 9Toro Canax-a.a-)l,MH HM pa3y He pewanc>~ ecrynaTb c Puqap.aoM I e OTKPbJTbJW 6oi1. 1192~ HACTYnnEHIAE HA IAEPYCAniAM. noKa apMM>l KpecTO-

Hocuee 3MMoeana e AcKanoHe, KoHpa.a MoH(j>eppaTcKui16bm y6uT accal(f>ECTOHOCUW H

Hocu.. •ot•~~

rocn..,,.,"•4P"•

6ypryto.au~o~

n.,."''""~"'

A ..... yAw.•~

A p.,.,IOc n .......M C.OAul

6HTBa npH Apcycf>e

CMHOM. BcKope nocne9Toro ANap.a I BbJCTynun Ha VlepycanuM, no n>~TaM npecne.ay>~ Canax-a.a-)l,uHa, KOTopbJW, OTCTynaR, npMMeH>lfl TaKTMKY BbJ)I()I(eHHOW3eMnM - YHM4T0)1(8fl BCe noceebJ, nacT6uwa u oTpaen>~n KOno.aUbJ. HexeaTKa BO,abl, OTCYTCTBMe KopMa .an>~ nowa.aew u poeT He.aoeonbcTea e pf/,[J,ax ero MHoroHauuoHanbHoi1 apMMM BbJHy.aunu Puqap.aa eonei1-Heeonei1 npui1TM K 38Kn~4e HM~, 4TO OC8,ll.MTb VlepycanMM OH He B COCTO>IHMM, ecnM He XO'leT PMCKOB8Tb npaKTM'leCKM HeM36e)I(HOW rn6eflb~ ecero eoi1cKa. OH HeoxoTHO oTcTynun Kno6epe)l(~. )l,o KOHUa ro.aa npoucxo.auno MHO)I(eCTBO MenKux CTbNeK, e KOTOPbJX Pu'lap.a I npo>~eun ce6>~.ao6necTHbJM pbJUapeM u TanaHmMBbJM TaKTMKOM.

1192 r. AOrOBOP C CAnAXAA-AIAHOM. OcTaeue Ha.ae)l(.ay B3>1Tb VlepycanuM, Puqap.a I flbBMHoe Cep.aue 3aKn~4Mn c Canax-a.a/1,MHOM .aoroeop, co macHo KOTopoMY XpMCTMaHCKMM nanOMHMKaM B VlepycanuM npe.aocTaen>~nMcb oco6bJe npaea u npueunemu.

1193 r. CMEPTb CAnAX-AAJJ,IAHA. nocne.aoeaBWMW38 KOH'lMHOW cymaHa pacna.a ero .aep)l(aBbJ npe.aoCTaBMfl rocy,aapCTBaM K/)eCTOHOCUeB KP8TK:V~ nepe,abJWK:V.

BOEHHOE 3HAtiEHHE KPECTOBbiX IIOXO)J;OB 3ana.aHa>~ Eepona cyMena BbJCTORTb CTOflbKO BeKOB nocne na.aeHM>l PuMa TOflbKO noToMy, 4TO 6bma 3awuweHa oT HacTynneHMR ucnaMa MorywecTBeHHoi1 Bu3aHTMi1cKoi1 MMnepuew. 3a 9TM eeKa po.aunacb u 9HeprM4HO pa3BMBanacb HOBa>l {j>paHKO-repMaHCKa>l UMBMflM38UM>l. VI Kor.aa Bu3aHTMR ocna6na, KpecTOBbJe noxo,abl >IBMflMCb ecTeCTBeHHOW 3ai.UMTHOW peaKUMeW 9TOW UMBMflM3aUMM Ha 3ana,aHy~ 9KCnaHCM~ cTpaH ucnaMa. B 9TO epeM>~ eeponei1cKue eoeHHbJe MeTO,abJ6bJnM ewe OTHOCMTeflbHO rpy6bJ- HacTonbKO, 4TO KpecTOBbJe noxo,abJ npaKTM'leCKM HaeepHR-

Ka 6bmM 6bJ pa3rpoMneHbJ, He oKa)I(MCb 6nM)I(HeeocT04HbJe MycynbMaHe cTonb pa3o6weHbJ u nomoweHbJ Me>Kaoyco6Hoi16opb6oi1. Ho nepebJe ycnexu BK:Vne c co3.aaHMeM VlepycanuMcKoro KoponeecTea u .apyrux eoCTO'lHbJX rocy,aapCTB KpeCTOHOCUeB MMenu .aaneKo u.aywue nocne.aCTBMR. Ha 6nM)I(HeM BocTOKe npoucxo.auno, u K:V.aa MacwTa6Hei1, 'leM e VlcnaHMM unu Ha Cuuunuu, B38MMO.aei1cTBue Tpex coeepweHHO pa3HbJX UMBMflM3aUMW.YTOH4eHHa~K:Vflbryp

Ha>l, UMHM4Ha>l M )I(MBy'la>l BM3aHTM>l e npownoM }I)Ke nno.aoTBopHo B3auMo.aei1cTBoeana c He MeHee pa3BMTbJM M K:VflbTYPHbiM MYCYflbMaHCKMM BocTOKOM. VI Tenepb o6e eocTO'lHbJe UMBMflM3aUMM CO CMeCb~ 38BMCTM, CMexa M OTBpaweHM>l B3MpanM Ha rpy6bJX, )l(eCTOKMX M HeOTeCaHHbiX eeponewuee, 6yKeanbHo npopy6a~ wux ce6e ,aopory CKB03b MX ,aaBHO y)l(e o6ycTpOeHHbiW MMp. Xom 3a .aea eeKa, 4TO .anunacb 9pa KpecTOBbJX noxo.aoe, 9TM TPM UMBMflM3aUMM nOCTO>IHHO BOeBanM, Me)l(l1y HMMM npoucxo.auno 3Ha4MTenbHoe COUMaflbHOe B3aMMO,aei1CTBMe- OC06eHHO C yqeTOM TOrO, 4TO C0~3bl Ha epeMR BOeHHbiX ,aeWCTBMW 3aKn~48flMCb GaMble pa3HbJe; K TOMY )l(e n~6oe rocy.aapcTeo HeM36e)I(HO BMewueanocb eo BHYTPeHHMe .aena coce.aew, Kor.aa y Tex npoucxo.aunu KaKue-Hu6y.ab 6ecnop>~.aKu (a 6ecnopf/,[J,KM npoucxo.aunu HenpepbJBHO). E;onbwe ecex Bbmrpanu oT 9Toro B3aMMO,aei1CTBM>l KpeCTOHOCUbl MM 6blfl0 'leMyy'lMTbC>l. no xo.ay B3aMMO,aei1CTBM>l C UMBMflM38UM>IMM 6onee YTOH'leHHb/MM, cpe.au KOTOpbJX OHM OKa38flMCb, KpeCTOHOCUbl CMepTeflbHO ocna6nu. Ho, KC'laCTb~ .an>~ 3ana.aHoi1 EeponbJ u ee 6y.aywero, ocna6neHue 9TO oKa3anocb TeppuTopuanbHO orpaHM'leHo Cupuew u naneCTMHOW M He nepeKMHYflOCb Ha UMBMflM3aUM~, TaK CKa3aTb, MaTepMHCK:V~, KOTOpa>i MBbmrpana B pe3YflbTaTe npuo6peTeHHOrO Ha bflM)I(HeM BocToKe onbJTa, nepe.aaHHoro eepHyBWMMMC>l KpeCTOHOCUaMM. BoeHHbJe ypoKM oKa3anucb .an>~ 3ana.aa HM'lYTb He MeHee Ba)I(Hb/MM, 'leM K:VflbTYPHbJe, Hay'lHbJe M 9KOHOMM4eCKMe.

109

EBPA3Vl>l V1 6JlV1>KHV1Vl BOCTOK K YPOKBM M3 o6naCTM TBKTVIKM OTHOCMTC~ OBna.tJ,eHMe MBHeBpOM ( B BM.[J,e 38C8.[J,bl M OKpy)l(eHM~), npMMeHeHMe nerKOW KBBanepMM .[J,fl~ pa3Be.ll,KM M npMKPbiTM~, 8 TB/OKe KOHHb/X ny4HMKOB M, CBMOe mBBHOe, OC03H8HMe BB)I(HOCTM KOOp.[J,MHBLIMM .tJ,eWCTBMW neXOTb/ M KBBanepMM, ny4HMKOB M YP.BPHb/X48CTeW, KOr.tJ,B Cp8)1(8eWbC~ C M306peTBTenbHb!M nO.tJ,BM)I(-

Hb/M npOTMBHMKOM. CaMbJW o4eBM.tJ.HbJW eoeHHbJW 3¢-

noeAHHOK MelKAY XpHCTH8HCKJ1M H MycynbM8HCKJ1M BOHH8MH.

<PeKT oT KpecTOBbJX noxo.aoe Ha6mo-

.ll,BnC~ B cPOPTMcPMKBLIMOHHOM MCKyCCTBe. Oco6eHHoe eneqameHMe npo-

AetropaTHBHaH pocnHcb.

XIII

a•

BMCMT OT Tblfl8 M CH86)1(eHM~; nocne

no. KaK 3BMeTMn O.tJ.MH MCTOPMK, roeop~ 0 Heco6nJO.tJ,eHMM «MMPB bO)I(b-

38HTMWCKMe KpenOCTM M yKpenneH-

nB.[J,eHM~ PviMB 3TO MCJ<YCCTBO 6b!fl0 B 3ana.aHow Eepone npaKTM4ecKM YTPB-

.tJ.BYM~

4eHo. EeponewcKMeapMMMnMTanMcb,

CTBeHHb/W MHCTMHKT, He)l(enM nb!TBTb-

C~ o6y3.tJ.BTb ero».

M3BenM HB eeponeWLjeB MOI.l..IHb/e BMHb/e ropO.[J,B, OKpy)l(eHHb/e TpeM~

erO», 6b!fl0 «nerqe OCB~TMTb BOMH-

KOHLteHTPM4eCKMMM KpyraMM

TBK CK838Tb, nO.tJ,HO)I(Hb/M KOPMOM

TOnCTb/X CTeH CO CTOpO)I(eBb/MM

MnM, B OTCYTCTBMe OHOrO, 6yKBBnbHO

Bo-BTOpbJX, B03HMK LtenbJW p~.a

6awH~MM. Ha 3ana.ae B TO epeM~ He 6bmo HM4ero .aa)l(e oT.aaneHHO noxo-

Mcnap~nMcb. nocKonbKY epeM~ o6~-

eoeHHO-MOHawecKMX op.aeHoe: pbJ-

3BTenbHOW Cn}OK6b! CJ03epeHy 6b!fl0

LlBPM-xpaMOBHMKM (MnM TBMnnMe-

)l(ero. B pe3ynbTaTe B eeponewcKMX

CTporo orpBHM4eHO, BOeBanM 06bNHO

pbl), pbJLlBPM Ce~Toro t1oaHHB (MnM

¢opTMcPMKBLIM~x npoM3owna B XII

He.tJ,onro, He

MOBHHMTbl, MnM rocnMTBnbepbl) M

BeKe HBCTO~I.l..IB~ peBOnJOLlM~. HaM-

HMW M .tJ,eWCTBMW OTHOCMTenbHO He-

TeBTOHCKMe PbiLlBPM. nocne.tJ,HMW M3

6onee eneqam~JOI.l..lee ee npo~ene

6onbWMX HBeMHb/X peryn~pHb/X ap-

3TMX Tpex Op.tJ,eHOB, XOTb M 6b!fl OC-

HMe -3T03aMoKWam-law~p, nocT-

MMW Koponew M KpynHbJX <Peo.aanoe.

HOBBH B CB~TOW 3eMne (

poeHHbJW PM4BPP.OM J1bBMHoe Cep-

Ho B npo.tJ.OJI)I(MTenbHbJX eocT04HbJX

BCKOpe nepeMeCTMnC~ B npyCCMJO,

C4MT8~

OCB.[J,Hb/X KBMna-

1190 r.),

.aLte B HopMBH.tJ.MM no B03BPBI.l..leHMM

KBMnBHM~X C HeM36e)I(Hb/MM .ll,flMHHb/-

OTKYP.B xo.aMn B KpecTOBbJe noxo.tJ,bJ

M3 TpeTbero KpecTOeoro noxo.aa.

MM MBPWBMM no nyCTb/HHb/M TeppM-

Ha cnae~HCKMX ~3bNHMKOB. A TaMn-

TOpM~M

PM4ap.a

I npo~BMn ce6~ He TOnbKO

OCBOMTb HEfYKY oprBHM38LlMM

nMepbJ M rocnMTBnbepbl OCTBnMCb B

30PKMM HB6nJO.tJ,8TeneM HOM TBnBH-

Cn}OK6 Tblfl8 M CH86)1(eHM~ CTBnO 6yK-

CB~TOW 3eMne, r.ae COCTBBn~nM

TflMBb/M M306peTBTenbHb/M MH)I(eHe-

BBnbHO)I(M3HeHHO Heo6xo.aMMO. Co6-

~.apo peryn~pHow apMMM Koponew

pOM, nOCKOnbKY BHeC B KOHCTPYKLIMIO

CTBeHHO, B nepBOM M BmpoM Kpec-

MepycanMMCKMX; KpenOCTM MX .ll,On-

BOCT04Hb/X KpenocTeW HeCOMHeH-

TOBb/X nOXO.[J,BX ronO.[J, MnM HeXBBTKB

ro cny)I(MnM TOPM030M

¢ypa)l(a npMeenM K 66nbWMM )KepT-

CKOrO

Hb/e

YCOBepweHCTBOBBHM~.

06 OCB.ll,HOM MCKYCCTBe KpecTOHOCl.jbl HM4ero oco6o Hoeoro .an~

.[J,fl~

MCnBM-

B03PO)I(.[J,eHM~, H848BWeroc~

BaM, 4eM n106a~ .apyra~ oT.aenbHO

npM 3aHm, Hyp-a.a-,[J,MHe M Canax-

B3~T8~

rypel.jKMe

a.a-,[J,MHe. Cy.tJ,~nOBCeMY, KKOHLtYXlf

npM4MH8,

BKJI/048~

ce6~ He )13HBnM, HO ycoeepweHCTBO-

ca6nM M cTpenbJ. HacKonbKO xopowo

eeKa 3TM op.aeHa ~Bn~nM co6ow ca-

BBnM MeTO.tJ.bl M npMcnoco6neHM~,

3TOT ypoK 6bm yceoeH, oco6eHHO

MbJe 3cPcPeKTMBHbJe BOeHHbJe opra-

KOTOpb!MM TPBP.MLIMOHHO nonb30B8-

Kp8CHOpe4MBO npo.tJ,eMOHCTpMpOBBn

HM38LIMM B MMpe.

nMCb. To )l(e caMoe MO)I(HO CKB3BTb M

PM4ap.a

I J1bBMHoe Cep.aLte, opraHM-

neWCKMX npBBMTenew M BOeH84Bnb-

Y 3BnB.tJ,HOeBpO-

o6 opy)I(MM; pa3Be 4TO eeponewLtbJ

30BBB Ha KMnpe npoMe)I(}'T04HYJO

HMKOB TBMnnMepbl M rocnMTBnbepbJ

HByqMnMCb Tenepb BKTMBHee npMMe-

6a3y, HBn8.tJ.MB 6ecnepe6owHoe cHa6-

6b!flM BeCbMB B 4eCTM KBK BOeHHbJe

H~Tb ny4HMKOB. E.tJ.MHCTBeHHa~ o6-

)l(eHMe MopeM npM nepexo.ae M3AKpbJ

COBeTHMKM M KB.[J,pOBbJe OcPMLjepbl.

nacTb, B KOTOpOW OHM, MO)I(eT 6b!Tb,

BACKBnOH M OTK838BWMCb YCTPBMBBTb

B-TpeTbMX, ycMnMnMcb TpeHM~

6onbWe HBY4MnM, 4eM HBY4MnMCb, -

.anMTenbHYJO oca.ay t1epycanMMa B

Me)I(.[J,y PMMCKOW K8TOnM4eCKOW Ljep-

3TO xono.aHoe op}I)I(Me M .aocnexM. Ho

OTCYTCTBMe .[J,OCT8T04Hb/X npMnBCOB.

KOBb/0 M KOHCTBHTMHOnOnbCKOW rpe-

.ll,B)I(e M TYT OHM nonyqMnM HeKYJO Bbl-

l..fro KacaeTc~ ponM LjepKBM B Kpe-

KO-npaBOCnBBHOW. B3aMMHa~ no.ao-

rO.tJ,Y, nOCKOnbKY Y3HBnM HOBble 3cP-

CTOBbJxnoxo.aax, TO npO~BnWJBCb OHB

3PMTenbHOCTb KpeCTOHOCLteB M BM-

¢eKTMBHb/e MeTO.[J,bl npOM3BO.[J,CTB8,

no-pa3HOMy. Bo -nepBbJX, MHOrMe

38HTMWLleB, nepepaCTBBWB~ BpeMe-

n03BOn~BWMe .tJ,06MB8TbC~ OT 6onee nerKoro CH8pfl)l(eHM~ CpBBHMMOW 38-

LlepKOBHbJe .ae~TenM BM.aenM B KpecTOBbJX nOXO.[J,BX cpe.[J,CTBO OTBne%

HBMM B OTKPbiTYJO BP8)1(.tJ,e6HOCTb,

l.l..IMTb/ MnM PBBHOW YP.BPHOW MOI.l..IM.

MenKonoMeCTHOe

0P.HMM M3B8)1(HbJxypoKoB Kpecm-

.ll,BOp~HCTBO

pa3.ayna M3.tJ.BBHa meewMe ymM KOH<PeccMoHanbHbJX P83HOmBCMW. no-

Me)l(.aoyco6Hb!X eowH M nepeeecTM

cne.tJ,CTBM~ 3Toro

OC03H8HMe

BPO)I(.[J,eHHb/e BOMHCTBeHHOCTb M )l(e-

CK838Tb TparM4eCKM,

TOrO, KBK MHOrO B BOeHHOM .tJ,ene 38-

CTOKOCTb B 6onee 6narOBM.[J,HOe pyc-

4Bne cne.ayJOI.l..lero eeKa.

Bb/X nOXO.ll,OB

~BMnOCb

cepbe3HO, ecnM He CKB)I(}'TC~ B

H8-

110

BOli1HA on~Tb CTAHOBV1TC~ V1CKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rr.

IO)I{HAH A3UJI CEBEPHMI I1H,l1JUI

neHHb!e e t1H,aMM rpocpeu MaxMy.a MCnOflb30Ban KaK MaTepMaflbHYIO 6a3y ,anfl noKopeHMfl L(eHrpanbHolli A3MM, M, KOI,aa OH yMep, no,a e10 CI03epem1TeTOM Haxo.aunacb BCfl reppuropMfl coepeMeHHOIO AcplaHMCraHa, BocT04Hafl nepCMfl M MaeepaHHaxp, a TaJOKe neH_a)l(a6. 4MCneHHO npeBOCXO,aMBWMe MH,aMWCKMe apMMM oH no6e)l(l1an c noMO/.Ub/0 «CMn 6b!crpom pa3eepTb!BaHMfl» - e OCHOBHOM, KOHHb/X RY4HMKOB, KOTOPb!MM KOMaH,aoean BeCbMa MCKYCHO, OTBa)I(HO M 9HepiM4HO.

B Ha4ane XI eeKa e pe3ynbrare pfl,aa ycnewHb!X KaMnaHMIIi CeeepHafl t1H,aMfl6bma noKopeHa o,aHMM M3 HaM6onee Bb!,aafOLUMXCfl BOeHa4aflbHMKOB 3a BC/0 MCTOPMIO A3MM- MaxMy,aoM ra3Heeu, Cb!HOM Ce6yK-TeIMHa. Ho, xorfl MaxMy.a (a3Heeu M Bb/Hy,aMn KHf/3e/li MH,ayMCTCKOIO neH,a)l(a6a npMHecru eMy eaccanbHb!e K!lfiTBbl eepHOCTM, OH He nb!TBnCfl aHHeKCMPOBaTb no,aenaCTHb/X MM reppuropulli KaK Henocpe.acreeHHO 1001 r. no6EAA HAJJ. WKAli'lB neH,a)l(a6e, TaK M B VfH,aMM 8006nAJlOM, PN\)I(Oli'l JlAXOPA. OrL.Ue. TeM He MeHee oH cyLUecreeHry.aa, M3 CaMOIO cep,a~a neH,a)l(a6a, MaxMy.a (a3Heeu e nocne,ayfOLUMe HO no,aopean MOI.Ub MMaYCCKMX IOCy,aapCTB CeeepHolli m,abl ycrpauean Hat1H,aMM, a raJOKe e nyx 6e1u e ,apy1ue pallioM npax pa31POMMfl ,aMHbl neH,a)l(a6a- npeHaCTM/0 nparuxap, MMYLUeCTBeHHOHa/01 M Ha BOCTOK. CTOfiBWMX BO IRa Be ~apcreaKaHay,a)l(, TaK 1009 r. nEWA.aonm 38/.UML.Uaewelo BAPCKASI 6111TBA. t1MaMIO OT YIP03bl MCnpoTMBOCTOflna MaxnaMa. nocne CMepTM My,ay (a3HeBM KOBnMMaxMy,aa (a3Heeu ~MfiKHfl3elliCeeepHolli KpynHb/X BTOp)l(eHMW C VfH,aMM no,a npe,aeoceeepo-3ana.aa He .aurenbCTBOM AHaHI6bmo Ha npoTfl)l(eHMM nana, Cb!Ha ,IPKallina6onee 4eM era ner; na, pa,a)I(M flaxopa. pa3RM4Hb/e TIOPKCKMe no6e,abl MaxMy.a .aonneMeHa M ,aMHaCTMM 6MRCfl npMMepHO TaK 6oponMCb38 BnaCTbB )l(e, KaKHeKOI,aa(M,aOnepCMM M L(eHTpanbCTpeMS1. CeaepHaS1 "'HAHS1. BOflbHO 6nM3KO OT neHOW A3MM. Ha ucxo.ae XI-XII 88 • waeapa) AneKcaH.ap XII eeKa MyM3 a.a-.auH MyxaMMa.a M6H MaKe,aoHCKMIIi: co3,aan naHMKY cpe.au CaM (MyxaMMB.tJ. ropcKMIIi, M3Becr6oeBb!XcnoHoenpoTMBHMKa. 89TOM Hb/W TaK)I(e KaK MyxaMMe,a (ypM) m,ayuecne,ayfOLUMeMaxMy,aeypcMpoean no ecelli CeeepHolli t1H,aMM npe,anpMHflfl ~eflb/W pfl,a BTOp)l(eHMW, cpa)I(BnCfl, y6uean, 1pa6un M pa3pyMK KOH~Y XII eeKa 3aeoeean ec10 CeeepHy/0 VfH,aM/0. wan MMaYMCTCKMe xpaMbl. Or.aenbHO977-1030r. nPABJlEHII1E 10 ynoMMHaHMfl3acny)I(MBa/OT pa3opeHMe TxaHeweapa e eocro4HOM MAXMYAA fA3HEBII1. OH coeepneH,a)l(a6e ( 1 0 14 I.) M KaHay_a)l(a wun oKono ceMHa.a~aru noxo.aoe e t1H,aMIO ( 1000-1030 1r.). Xorfl oHM (1018 r.). 1 025 r. noxo.o. HA rY,O.)f{Apacwupun nerca)l(a6cKMIIi nna~.aapM or~a, MHTepecoeanu e1o, 1naBHbiM PATCKOE n06EPE>KbE. rnaeHolli o6pa30M, He TeppMTOpMaflbHb/e 38~eflb/0 9TOW BOeHHOW 9KCne,aM~MM, BOeBaHMfl, a ,ao6b!4a M, 3aO,aHO, cny.aeu1aewellicfl M3 MynraHa cnepea )l(eHMe «MCTMHHolli eepe». Ha1pa64epe3 nycTb!HIO, a noroM 4epe3 ca-

BaHHbl, 6onora, COflOH4aKM M CyxMe neca.ao caMb!X6epeme ApaeullicKom MOpfl, 6b!n0 YHM4TO)I(eHMe cpannM4eCKOIO M,aona B 3HaMeHMTOM MH,ayMCTCKOM xpaMe B COMHaTe. no HeKOTOpb!M CBe,aeHMfiM, 3a BpeMf/9TO10 noxo,aa 6b!nM y6MTb!50 Tb/Cf/4 MH,aM/Ii~eB.

1030-1175 rr. BHYTPEHHII1E BOli'!Hbl B CEBEPHOli'l 111H,O.II1111. M HOI04McneHHb!e ceeepouH,aMIIiCKMe PB.tJ.)I(M BeRM ,apy1 C,apyiOM HeCKOH4aeMb/e BOWHbl, npM4eM apMMM OCTaBaflMCb CTOflb)l(e MHOI04MCfleHHb/MM M HenOBOpOTflMBb/MM, KaK Te, 4TO IPOMMn e nyx M npax MaxMy.a ra3Heeu. Onb!T nop8)f(eHMIIi HM4eMy MX He HaY4Mfl.

11 7 5 r. n EP Bblli'l 111 H,O.II1li'ICKII1li'l nOXO.O. MYXAMMA.O.A fOPCKOfO. OH no6e.aun npaeurenelli neH_a)l(a6a M3 ,aMHaCTMM (a3Heeu.aoe. noroM eMy 3axorenocb, no npMMepy MaxMy.aa (a3Heeu, ompaBMTbCfl B ,aanbHMW noxo,a.

1178 r. nOPA)f{EHII1E B fY.O.)f{APATE. Cne,ayfl reM )l(e MapwpyTOM, 4TO paHbwe MaxMy.a (a3Heeu, MyxaMMa.a .aocTMI (y,a)l(apara, 1,ae 6b!n HaiOROBY pa36MT MeCTHb/M Pa.tJ.)1(0/li M Bb/Hy)l(l1eH OTCTynMTb.

1179-1191 rr. 06bE,O.II1HEHII1E nEHJJ.)KA6A no,o. BJlACTbiO MYXAMMAAA. EMy npe.awecreoeana no,aiOTOBKa K HOBOMY BTOp)l(eHM/0. Ha 9TOT pa3 MyxaMMa.a ropCKMIIi Ha4an OCTOpO)I(Hee - cnepea 3axearun newaeap ( 1179 1.) u flaxop( 1186 r.), nocne 4e1o coeepwan Ha6em B ,aonMHY (aHia (B eepxHeM Te4eHMM; 1187-1190 n:).

1191 r. nEPBASI 6111TBA no,o. TAPAII1HOM (HnH npH CypcyTH). MyxaMMa.a ropcKMIIi, we.awulli noxo.aoM Ha TxaHeweap, norepnen )l(ecTOKoe nopa)l(eHMe OT ,aenMWCKOIO pa_a)I(M npMTBMpa_a)I(M. t13-3a 4MCneHHOIO npeeocxo.acrea npoTMBHMKa (comaCHO HeKOTOpb!M MCT04HMKaM, y MMaMIIi~eB 6b!n0 ,ao 200 Tb/Cf/4 BCa,aHMKOB M 300 6oeBb/X CflOHOB) BOMHbl MyxaMMB.tJ.a (opCKOIO OKa3a-

IO)I(HAs:l A3111s:l

111 new CeeepHoC1l1H,aMM no.a KOM8H,l10B8HMeM B.ll)KMMpeKoro pa,a)I(M. Xom 4MeneHHb/W nepeeee l1 HB 9TOT pa3 6bJn HB eropoHe MH,l1MWI..IeB, HO l1 no,a KOMaH.aoeaHMeM MyxaMMa.aa lopeKoro Haxo.aunoeb 120 TbJef/4 eea.aHMKOB l1 10 Tb/ef/4 KOHHb/X ny4HMKOB eenoMorarenbHOW Kaeanepuu. Cpa)l(eHMe .anunoeb no4TM 1..1enbJC1 .aeHb, HO K Be4epy pa.ll)KnyTbl OK838flMeb pa36MTbJ 11 paeeef/Hbi; B03maBnfiBwuC1 ux pa,a)l(a A,a)I(MMpa nonan B nneH 11 6bm He3aMe,anurenbHO y6ur no npuKa3y MyxaMMa.aa lopeKoro. B 9TOM epa)l(eHMM MyxaMMa.a Ha ero npoJ..IeHTOB uenonb30Ban npeeoexo.aereo eBOMX KOHHb/X flY4HMKOB B no,aBM)I(Hoeru. Tenepb MyeynbMaHBM 6bJn8 OTKPbiTB Befl CeeepHBfl l1H,l1Mfl. 1193-1199 rr. ~HA~"'CK~E 3ABOEBAH~SifOPCKO"'A~HAC足 T~~ (rYP~AOB). 3axBBTMB )J.enu, MyXBMM8,ll, BepHynefl B t83HM, OeTaBMB eB0/0 MH,l1MWeKy/O apMMIO HB none4eHMe T8fl8HTflMBOIO ropeKOIO eoeHa4anbHMKa 113 pa6oe - Kyr6a.a-)J.uHa AC16aKa. Kyr6-a.a -)J.MH 3axearun beHapee ( eoep. ropo.a BapaHaeu B l1H,l1MM; 1194 1.), ep8)1(Bnef/ e pa.ll)KnyraMM B ly,a)l(apare ( 11951198 rr:), 8 TBJOKe 38XB8Tl1fl b8,l1,8YH 11 KaHay.ll)K ( 1198-1199 rr:).

IO)KHA.H HH,lUHI

CpaJKeHHe MaxMyAa raaHeBH c cenbAJKYKaMH. MHHHaTiopa 1540-x rr.

nueb oKpy)l(eHbJ 11 Haronoey pa3rpoMneHbJ. CaMoMy MyxaMMa,ay e rpy,aoM y,aanoeb 6e)I(8Tb e nonfi60fl. Tfl)l(enopaHeHbJC1, OH eepHynefl B t83HM, r,ae eran OeHOBBTeflbHO 10TOBMTbef/ K HOBOMY noxo,ay HB TxaHeWBBp.

1192 r. BTOPASI 6~TBA nOA (H11H npH CypcyTH).

TAPA~HOM

npaKTM4eeKM HB TOM )l(e eaMOM Meere, r.ae ro.aoM paHbWe 6bm pa36MT, MyxaMMa.a lopeKMW o.aep)l(an pewurenbHYJO no6e.ay Ha.a o6be,auHeHHbJMM eMnBMM MH,ayMeTeKMX npaBMTe-

B nepeoc:t nonoBMHe XI BeKa .auHaeTMfl '-lona paenpoerpaHuna (no MTOIBM KBK eyxonyrHbiX, TBK l1 MOpeKMX 6oeBb/X onep8/..IMW) eeoe l1 6e3 TOIO 3H84MTeflbHOe BflMfiHMe HB Bee nnaro )J.eKaH. B eepe,auHe BeKa '-lona 6bJnl1 BbJHy)/(,[],eHbl 060pOHf/Tbef/ OT K08fll1/..IMMMH,ayMeTeKMX roey,aapeTB, B03mBBneHHOW,l1MH8eTMeC1 '-lanyKbfl, O,l1H8KO KO BTOPOW nonOBMHe BeKa MOryll.leeTBO '-/ona eHOBB B03poeno 11 He wno Ha y6bmb ,aa)l(e B Ha4ane ene,ay1011.1ero BeKa, 6naro.aapfl B03HMKHOBeHMJO B pe3yflbT8Te Me)/(,[],MH8eTM4eeKOIO 6p84HOIO eomaweHMfl,l1MH8eTMM '-lanyKbfl-'-lona. Tor.aa )l(e KanbfiHeKafl BeTBb '-lanyKbfl eepHyna ee6e maeeHereo Ha eeeepo3ana.ae )J,eK8H8. npae,aa, Bnoene,a-

BOV1 HA on~Tb CTAHOB V1TC~ V1CKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rT.

112

I noTepnen noI 111 nom6

0HO aHOab o6peno He38aMCII1MOCTb

p8)1(eHII1e oT WoMewa8pbt

oT L{on8.

1156-1183rr. PE11111riii03HASI rPA>KAAHCKASI BO~HA BO BllAAEHIIISIX ~AllYKbSI. 9m MHO-

flOCb yc111neH111e L{on8 H8 nn8TO JI.e-

1052 r.). 1062-1070 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHIIIE BIIIPAPAA>f(EHAPbl 1113 AIIIHACTIIIIII ~OJlA. OH no6e.a111n np8-

K8H 111 a.aonb 6eperoa 5eHr8nbcKoro

aii1Tenei4 1113 A111H8CTII1111 L{8flYKbH 111

cTao AMH8CTMM; nO'ITM aecb 3TOT ne-

38flll1a8.

ao3p0,a111n T8MII1flbCKOe rocno,acTaO

pMOA MHTe)I(HMKM y,aep)I(Ma8flM ,apea-

1014-1042 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHIIIE PAA>KEHAPbl I (cbiHa Pa.Q}I(apa,q}IQ"'). H8 am apeMH npll1wen-

H8A /O)I(HOM l1H,all1ei4. 38TeM Bll1p8-

HIOIO CTOflMU.Y- ropo.a K8flbRH.

p8,a)l(eH,ap8 OTnp8all1n aOMCKO 38 Mope,

CH C8MbiM p8CLJ,aeT A111H8CTII1111 L{on8.

CKOMY KHR)I(eCTay( coap. WTaT Ke,a8X

1173-1220 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHIIIE BIIIPbl 6E1111Allbl II 1113 AIIIHACTIIIIII XO~CAJlA. 8 co103e c co-

CTall1111 o6e A111H8CTII1111 O'leHb 6btCTpO npii1Wflll1

a yn8,aOK.

985-1014 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHIIIE PAA>f(APAA>f(llll 1113 AIIIHACTIIIIII ~OJlA. npll1 HeM npo.aomK8-

P8,a)l(eH,ap8

I no.a8all1n aoccT8HII1e

oc8.a. P8A)I(8A8XII1P8

6111Tae np111 Konn8He (

a M8n8MIO, H8 noMOL1.4b Ke,a8x-

roneTHHR aoi4H8 ocn86111n8 Moryl1.4e-

M8n8M3111111) npoTII1a U.8PCTa8 Wpll1-

ce,aHII1MII1 MHAY111CTCKMMII1 rocy,a8p-

H8 L(ei4noHe. ApMII1111 ero He 111Menll1

aii1A)I(8MH. nocne CMepTII1 Bll1p8p8,a-

CTa8MM oH caepr K8nbHHCKMX L{8nyKbH (

ce6e p8aHbtX a npe.aen8x nn8ToJ].e-

)l(eH,apbt,aaoe ero CbtHoae£4 38TeHnll1

K8H. 8 KOMnneKCHOM cyxonyTHO-

aOMHY 38 npeCTOflOH8Cne,all1e,

1190 r.).

Bo apeMH aTOM aoMHbt

a KO-

BMpe 5enn8ne II noMor8n8 ero)l(eH8,

MOpCKOM noxo,ae OH p836111fl H8 6e-

TOPOM o68 111 nom6n111.

YM8,aeall1, KOTOP8H, CYAH no aceMY,

per8X l8Hr8 (a HII1)1(HeM Te'leH111111)

1070-1122 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHIIIE PAA>KEHAPbl ~Ollbl KYJlJlOTYHrlll. 9TOT np111HU. aoCTO'IHOM

no npMMepy npMHLJ,eccbt AKK8,aeaM,

flll1 38 MOpe, He 111CKfliO'IeHO, 'ITO 38

aeTall1 i..{8flYKbH )l(eHII1flCH H8 AO'Iepll1

TMa i..{8flYKbH M MX COI03HMKOa.

A8Hbl0 OT MOHCKII1X np8aii1Tene£4 ro-

8111p8p8,a)l(eH,apbt M OCHOa8n AMH8C-

KOPOflH 6eHr8flbCKOM A111H8CTII1111 n8n8 (

1022 r.).

OH nocbtn8n Kop86-

C8MOflM'IHO KOM8H,aOa8fl8 aOMCKOM, K8KMMHII1MYM, a,aayxK8Mn8HII1HXnpo-

cy,a8pCTa8 n8r8H( coap. 5111pM8), HO

TMIO L{8flYKbR- L{on8, KOTOP8R np8aM-

cKopee acero pe'lb wn8 n111wb o6

fl8 H8 aOCTOKe M H8 lOre nfl8TO J}.e-

OCHOa8HII1111 H8 6111pM8HCKOM no6e-

K8H.

pe)l(be ToproabtX noceneHII1M. cPnoT P8A)I(eH,apbt aoea8n c 111HAOHe3111M-

1076-1127 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHIIIE BIIIKPAMAAIIITblll VI. npM

CKII1M

HeM H8'18flCH no,abeM,aMH8CTMM K8-

aTopr8flMCb aOMCK8 TaMMflbCKMX KO-

flbHHCKMX L{8nyKbH H8 ceaepo-38n8-

poneacTa /O)I(HOM l1H,aMM. npMMepHO

LJ.8pcTaoM

( 10 25 r.) ,

Wp111a111,a)/(8MH

KOTOpoe nll1p8TCTaOa8flO

IJ,EHJIOH (illPli-JIAHKA) B

XI-XII

aeK8X H8 L(eunoH '18CTO

H8 TOproabtX nyrHX Me)l(,ay an8,aeHII1-

.ae J].eK8H8.

a 10 17-1070 ro,aax OCTpoa H8XOAMfl-

HMII1 L{on8 111 K111T8eM; TOproabte nyr111

CH no.a Bn8CTbiO npe.acm a111Teneu ,aii1-

1 042-1 052 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHIIIE PAA>KAAAXIIIPbll (CbiHa Pa,q}l(eHAPbl). no'ITII1 ace caoe np8ane-

1 076-114 7 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHIIIE AHAHTABAPMAHA ~OJlA rAHrA 1113 AIIIHACTIIIIII KAJliiiHrA (u,apcTBO KanHHra Ha TeppiiiTOPIIIIII COBp. WTaTa OpiiiCCa B IIIHAIIIIII).

HII1e oH aoea8n c K08flii1LJ,II1ei4 np8aii1-

npM HeM CTp8H8 ero CT8fl8 H8M60-

Tenei4 111HAY111CTCKII1X rocy,a8pCTa, KO-

nee Bflii1HTeflbHOM H8 aOCTO'IHOM no-

aen He38aii1CII1MOe 06be,aMHeHHOe KO-

TOpbtM He TepnenOCb p8CKaii1T8TbCH

6epe)l(be, Me)l(.ay peK8MM lo.a8a8pM

poneacTaO K npou.aeTaHII110. H81116onb-

38 p8Hee npii1'1111HeHHbte YHII1)1(eHII1H.

M l8HrOM.

wero aenM'IMH CMHrane3LJ,bt,aocTMrnM

Bo3rn8anHn aToT col03 np8aii1Tenb

0Kono 1100-1150 rr. 803BbiWEHIIIE AIIIHACTIIIIII XO~CA

KOM

6btnll1 OTKpb!Tbl aHOab.

1113 A111H8CTII1111 L{8nyKbR, WoMewa8p8

H8CTMM L{on8, XOTR aOCCTaHMH npOTMa 'ly;>Ke3eMHbiX np8aMTeneM acnbtXMa8flll1 perynRpHO. 8 KOHLJ,e KOHLJ,Oa 8M,a-

10651120 rr.) M3rH8n L{on8 ( 1070 r.) M npM-

)1(8R68XY ( ro.abt np8aneHII1R

npM Kopone n8p8Kp8M868xy I BenM(ro.abt

np8aneHMH

1153-

COI03e 111rp8-

JlA (B paHOHe COBp. ropo,Qa MaHcypB IIIHAIIIIII). BepxoaeHCTayL{8ny-

CKOe aTOp)l(eHMe (

fl8 npii1HLJ,ecc8 AKK8,aeall1 (T8K)I(e ,aii1-

KbH M L{8nyKbH- L{on8 6btn 6poweH

o'lepe,ab, opraHM30a8n noxo.a H8 l1H-

H8CTII1111 L{8flYKbR) -

nepabtM abt30a.

.aocmH,

( ro.abt np8aneHII1H

1040-1 068).

3H8'1111TeflbHYIO pOflb

rii1X

OAH8 1113 HeMHO-

111CTOpll1111 aoeH8'18flbH111LJ,; OH8

nii1'1HO Y'I8CTaoa8n8

PH.ae 6111Ta 111

0Kono 1130-1200 rr. Bo3po)l(.aeHMe rocy,a8pCTa8 n8H,abea.

1186 rr.),

KOTOpbtM 0Tp83Mfl TaMMflb-

1168 r.)

M, a CaOIO

M8,aypy ( OKOflO

1170 r. ) ,

aocnonb30a8aWMCb 6opb6oi4 Me)/(,[J,y rocy,a8pCTaOM n8H,abea M L{on8.

1010-BOCTOYHA~ A3V1~

113

IOrO-BOCTOqJIAH A3MH 1 068-1 069 rr. '-IAMCKOE BTOP>KEHII1E B AHHAM. 9m noBecb aToT nepMOIJ. a HaHb'l)l(ao u,apMflO OTHOCMTeflbHOe CnOKOMCTaMe. L(apcTao ocmaanocb He3aaMCMMbiM OT KMTafl, HO, CYIJ.fl no aceMY, aoeHHb/X nOXO/],Oa nO'ITM HMKy/1,a He cHapf/)l(ano. Taiiiu,bi-HaeMHMKM '!aCTO aoeaanM a KXMepCKOM, MOHCKOM M 6MpMaHCKOM apMMHX; He MCKfliO'IeHO, 'ITO a 60flbWMHCTae caoeM OHM npOMCXO/],MflM M3 HaHb'l)l(ao. npo/],Ofl)l(aflaCb nocTeneHHaf/ MMrpaLJ,Mfl TaMCKMX HapO/],Oa Ha 10r; ceiii'IaC TaM )I(MaYT MX nOTOMKM- a TaMnaH/],e, aOCTO'IHOM 5MpMe M flaoce. B KOHLJ,e XI aeKa a aTMX KpaHx CTaflM o6pa30ab/aaTbCf/ ManeHbKMe He3aaMCMMb/e TaiiiCKMe rocy/1,apCTaa; nepab/M 6bmo PaxeHr ( 1096 r.), o6pa3oaaaweecH 6nM3 MeCTa CflMf/HMfl peK nMHr M MeHaM ( ceaepo-3ana/1,Hbli1I TaMnaH/1.).

PAHOH BbEfHAMA

nbiTKa peaaHwa He yaeH'Ianacb ycnexoM.

1 07 4 r.-OKono 1100 r. nPAB11EHII1E XAPII1BAPMAHA IV, LI,AP~

1000-1044 rr. nEP1110A111'-IECKII1E BO~Hbl ME>KAY Tb~M足 no~ 111 AHHAMOM.l1HMU.MaTMaoi11, KaKnpaaMflO, ana/1,enMaHHaMMTbl; a KOHLJ,e KOHLJ,Oa OHM 3axaaTMflM 'laMCKYIO cTonMu,y BM/1,)/(aiO ( coap. roPD/1. 5MHb/l.MHb ao BbeTHaMe), y6MnM 'laMCKOrO npaaMTeflf/ M peaHHeKCMpoaanM cnopHb/e npoaMHLJ,MM ( 1044 r.).

KAMEO):VKA

Tb~Mnbl.

OH oTpa3Mn HanaAeHMH aHHaMMTOa M KXMepoa ( 10 701076 rr.), a nOTOM ycneWHO aO/],Mfl noXO/l.bl a KaM6oiJ.)I(y

1103 r. nOPA>KEHII1E Tb~M足 nbl. AHHaMMTbl OTpa3MflM aTOp)l(eHMe, npeiJ.npMHHToe c u.enbiO aepHYTb cnopHble npoaMHU.MM.

OKano 1130-1132 rr. KXMEPCKOE BTOP>KEHII1E B Tb~MnY. CypbHaapMaH II, KXMepcKMiii npaaMTenb AHrKopa, abiHYIJ.Mfl 'laMoa (He MCKfliO'IeHO, 'ITO OHM He CflMWKOM CMflbHO ao3pa)l(aflM) nOMO'Ib eMy a ocyl1.4eCTaneHMM aTop)l(eHMH a AHHaM; npe/],npMf/TMe 3TO 3aKOH'IMflOCb Hey/1,a'lei1I. 1145-1149 rr. BO~HA ME>KAY Tb~MnO~ 111 AHrKOPOM. CyPbHaapMaH II 3aaoeaan TbHMny, HO nOTOM npOM30WflO aOCCTaHMe, M OH 6blfl M3rHaH.

1149-1160 rr. B

Tb~MnE足

M~TE>KII1

no'ITM aecb XI aeK wna aoiiiHa TbHMnbiCAHHaMoM- npoiJ.Ofl)l(eHMe cTaporo pa36MpaTenbcTaa M3-3a Tpex cnopHbiX norpaHM'IHbiX npoaMHU.Miii, 3axaa'leHHbiX TbHMnoiii a npOWflOM aeKe. no6e)l(/],aflM, KaK npaaMno, aHHaMMTbl. Et1.4e O)l(ecTo'leHHeiii 6b!na aoiiiHa TbHMnbl c KXMepcKMMM npaaMTenHMM AHrKopa, KOTopaH 6yweaana aecb XII aeK M npOIJ.Ofl)l(afla Cb et1.4e M a Cfle/1,yiDL1.4eM CTOfleTMM.

1192-1203 rr. B0305HOB11EHII1E BO~Hbl ME>KAY AHrKOPOM 111 Tb~MnO~.

111 5ECnOP~AK111. 1150 r. KXMEPCKOE BTOP>KEHII1E B AHHAM. KxMepbl 6blflM pa36MTbl a nyx M npax 6nM3 ToHKMHa.

1167-1190 rr. HEnPEPbiBHA~ BO~HA ME>KAY Tb~MnO~ 111 AHrKOPOM. noHa'lany 'laMCKOe aTop)l(eHMe a KaM60IJ.)I(Y wno ycnewHo, a ocHoaHoM 6naro/1,apH arprj)eKTMaHoMy MCnOflb30aaHMIO KOHHb/X ap6aneT'IMKOa. 5blfl 3axaa 'leH M pa3rpa6neH AHrKop ( 1177 r.). ,[J,>KaHaapMaH VII o6beAMHMn KXMepcKMe CMflbl, ab/6Mn M3 CTpaHbl 'laMOa, a noToM 3aaoeaan TbHMny, KOTopy10 pa3/1,eflMfl Ha /],aa MapMOHeTO'IHb/X aa ccanbH b!X rocy/1,apCTaa ( 1190 r.).

1191-1192 rr. rPA>KAAHCKA~ BO~HA B Tb~MnE. CypbHaapMaH, 0/],MH M3 MapMOHeTO'IHb/X npaaMTeneiii, cnepaa o6beAMHMn CTpaHy, a nOTOM M3rHan KXMepCKMe OKKynaLJ,MOHHb/e aOMCKa.

8 3TOT nepM0/1, MCTOPMM KXMepoa aHMMaHMe Ha ce6H o6pat1.4a10T, a nepay10 o'lepeiJ.b, Tpoe aenMKMX aarycTei1IwMx aoeHa'laflbHMKOa - KOpOflM AHrKOpa CypbHaapMaH I, CypbHaapMaH II M ,ll,>KaHaapMaH VII, 3HaMeHMTble KaK MOHyMeHTaflbHb/MM coopy)l(eHMf/MM, a03/],aMrHyTb/MM npM HMX a CTOflMLJ,e, TaK M 06WMpHb/MM TeppMTOpMaflbHb/MM3aaoeaaHMf/MM. npaa/],a, nocne no6e1J.OHOCHOro npa aneHMH Ka)I(IJ.Oro M3 HMX cTpaHa oKa3b/aanacb ocna6neHHoi1I MMCTOL1.4eHHoi1I.

1002-1050 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHII1E CYPb~BAPMAHA I. B nepaoe /],eCf/TMfleTMe npaaneHMfl OH ynpo'IMfl noHa'lany waTKYID anacTb no6e/1,aMM a PHAe rpa)I(IJ.aHCKMX aoi1IH, nocne 'lero pacwMpMn caoM anaAeHMH Ha ceaep, noKopMa IJ.OflMHY MeKOHra 11.0 coapeMeHHoro ropo/],a flyaHrnpa6aHra a flaoce.

1 050-1066 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHII1E

YAA~A111Tb~BAPMAHA

II.

Ha npom)l(eHMM nepaoro /],eCHTMneTMfl era npaaneHMH 6ecnpepb!aHo acnbiXMaanM 6yHTbl, 'laCTM'IHO MHCnMpMpoaaHHble TbHMnoiii. MHTe)I(M 6blflM no/1,aaneHbl6necTHL1.4MM KXMepcKMM aoeHa'lanbHMKOM CaHrpaMoiii.

1066-1113 rr. BHYTPEHHII1E 5ECnOP~AK111.

1113-1150 rr. LI,APCTBOBAH 111E CYPb~BAPMAHA II. HecMoTPfl Ha u.enbliii PHil. no6e11. Hall. TbHMnoiii, ace era nonb!TKM 3axaaTMTb AHHaM HM K 'leMy He npMaenM; a KOHLJ,e KOHLJ,Oa KXMepoa ab/TeCHMflM M M3 TbHMnbi(CM. ab/We). YAa'lnMaeiii CyPbHaapMaH II oKa3ancH a aKcnaHCMM Ha 3ana/], - CYIJ.f/ no aceMy, OH nOKOpMn ace ManeHbKMe Tai1IcKMe racy-

114

BOV1 HA on~Tb CTAHOB V1TC~ V1CKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rT.

,ll,apCTaa Me)l(,lly KaM6o,ll,)Kei4 M 6Mp-

1084-1112 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHHE THJlYHH MAHA (.Qpyroro CbiHaAHopaTbl). 9TOTBeflMKMM na-

EIIPMA

MaHCKMMM paBHMH8MM. 00COflbCTB8, HanpaBflHBWMeCH MM B KMTaM, npMHMM8flMCb C yaaJKeHMeM M no4eTOM.

1150-1177 rr. BHYTPEHHH~

Bnepabte H8J4MH 6MpMaHJ4eB 6btna 3aMe4eHa

cepeJJ.MHe

aeKa 1 -

raHCKMM KOpOflb 0Tp83Mfl HeCKOflbKO BHeWHMX BTOpJKeHMM M nO,ll,8BMfl

aoc-

/48PCTBOB8HMe BeflMKOrO npaBMTeflH

BHYTpeHHMM MOHCKMM MHTeJK.

nonb3oaaTbCH 48Mb!, 38XB8TMBWMe M

M 3aaoeaaTenH AHopaTbt; o6MTanM

pa 3rpa6MBWMe AHrKop.

OHM Ha TeppMTOpMM, npaKTM4eCKM

1177-1218 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHHE A>KASIBAPMAHA VII. OH

coana,ll,atow,eu c coapeMeHHOM 5Mp-

1112-1164 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHHEAJlAYHCHTY (HllH KAHCY 1). 5onee 4eM 3a nonaeKa caoero npa a-

Moi4. Hacne,ll,HMKaM AHopaTbt y,ll,a-

neHMH OH Ben MHOJKeCTBO BOMH, B

06be,ll,MHMfl ycneBWMX OT48HTbCH

nocb COXpaHMTb J48pCTBO B OTHOCM-

OCHOBHOM

KXMepOB M pa36Mn 48MOB B rpaH,ll,M-

TeflbHOM HenpMKOCHOBeHHOCTM, He-

BTOpJKeHMH M YCMMPRH MRTeJKM B

03HOM MOpCKOM cpaJKeHMM -

XAOC.

9TMM He 3aMe,ll,nMnM

OTpaJKaH KXMepCKMe

TO flM

CMOTPH Ha cepbe3Hbte BHYTpeHHMe

JKa)l(,llyW,MX OTCOe,ll,MHMTbCR npOBMH-

Ha Mope 6nM3 ycTbH peKM MeKoHr, TO

p83JJ.Opbt M MHTeJKM cpe,ll,M nO,ll,Bfl8C-

J4MHX.

flM Ha C8MOM peKe, TO flM Ha 03epe

THbiX HapOJJ.OB.

1164-1165 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHHE HMTO CbSIHA. no OJJ.HOM M3

ToHnecan (oKono 1178 r.). OH

aoc-

1044-1077 rr. nPABJlEHHE

CTaHOBMn B CTpaHe nopH,ll,OK ( 1178-

AHOPATbl. AHHeKcMpoaaaApaKaH M

aepCMM, 3TOT Mfl8,ll,WMM CbiH, He

1181 rr.) M no,ll,aBMn MHTeJK aaccanb-

HMJKHIOIO 5MpMy, OH 38BOeaan MOH-

MMeBWMM OC06btX npa B Ha npeCTOfl,

Horo 14apcTaa ManbHHr ( coap. npo-

CKOe /48PCTBO TxaTyH, B HM30BbHX

B30Wen Ha TPOH 14eHOM OTJ4ey6MMCT-

BMH/4MH 5aTTaM6aHr B KaM60,ll,)Kej.

t1paaa,ll,M M CanyMHa ( 1057 r.), M

OH B3Hn K ce6e Ha cnyJK6y 6emoro

TaHoaMn npOJJ.BMJKeHMe KXMepOB Ha

oc-

aa.

EMy npMwnocb aecTM aoi4Hy Ha

,ll,B8 rj)pOHTa - C KXMepCKMM BTOpJKe-

48MCKOrO KHH3H M BOeH848flbHMK8

3ana,ll,. CTOflMJ4eM C,ll,enan naraH.

HMeM M MOW,HbiM 3KCne,ll,MJ4MOHHbiM

WpM BMJJ.bHHaHJJ.Y, KOTOpbtM Cbtrpan

AHopaTa B03rnaBMfl HeCKOflbKO Kapa-

KopnycoM, npMcnaHHbtM J4ei4noH-

a nocne,ll,ytow,eM noKo-

TeflbHbiX 3KCne,ll,M/4MM B TaMCKMe ro-

CKMM J48peM napaKpaMa6axy I BenM-

peHMM TbHMnbt ( 1191 r.). )J.JKaHaap-

CYJJ.8PCTBa aocT04Hee 5MpMbt M, cyJJ.H

KMM.

MaH pacnpocTpaHMn anacTb KXMe-

no HeKOTOpbtM MCT04HMK8M, ,ll,OXO,ll,Mfl

fl8Cb OKKynMpOBaHa, CTOflM/48 38XB8-

a JJ.OflMHe MeKoHra Ha ceaep JJ.O

aaJKHYto ponb

pe3yflbT8Te CTpaHa OK838-

JJ.OJJ.OflMHbt MeHaM-lfao-npaH Ha Tep-

4eHa CMHrane3/48MM, t1MTO CbHH no-

flaoce

PMTOPMM coapeMeHHoro TaMnaH,ll,a.

rM6, a Ha TpOHe B K84eCTBe M8pMO-

M Ha tor BJJ.Oflb nepewei4Ka Kpa. OH

)J.a6bt npe,ll,OTBpaTMTb Ha6erM T8M-

HeT04HOrO npaBMTeflH OK838flCH ero

nocTpoMn YJJ.MBMTenbHYto ,ll,eBHTM-

J4eB, OH nOCTaBMfl Ha BOCT04HOM rpa-

CbtH HapaTeMHKa.

coTKMnoMeTpoayto «JJ.opory JJ.PYJK-

HMJ4e HeCKOflbKO KpenOCTeM.

1 077-1 084 rr. LI,APCTBOBA-

1165-1173 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHHE HAPATE~HKH. BocbMMneT-

poa

coapeMeHHoro BbeHTbHHa

6bt», coe,ll,MHMawyto AHrKop co cToflMJ4eM TbHMnbt; ao3pOJJ.Mn MppMra-

HHECOJlY (cbiHaAHopaTbl). MoH-

HMM nepMOJJ. npoM3Bona M 6e33aKo-

14MOHHbte CMCTeMbl M BO,ll,OXpaHMflM-

CKMM MHTeJK, KOTOpbtM ,ll,Onro He MOr-

HMR B CTpaHe, npaBMTeflb KOTOpOM

w,a; co3,ll,an ceTb 6onbHM/4, a TaKJKe

nM no,ll,aBMTb, BHa4ane ,ll,aJKe yaeH-

B03Ben BOKpyr AHrKopa HOBble yK-

4ancH cepbe3HbtM ycnexoM;

penneHMH- CTOMeTpOBOM WMpMHbl

CTaawMe 38XB8TMflM M pa3rpa6MflM

poa, KaMeHHbte BOCbMMMeTpOBbte

naraH M caepmM Cony.

aoc-

ropOJJ.CKMe CTeHbl, 06W,aH ,ll,flMHa KOTOpbiX,ll,OCTMraeT 30 KM.

1192 r. B0306HOB11EHHE BO~Hbl CTbSIMnO~. (CM. Bbtwe).

OnMpanCR MCKfli04MTeflbHO Ha

4yJKe-

3eMHbte aoi4cKa.

1173-121 0 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHHE HAPAnATHCHTY (HllH KAHCY II). t13rHaa a 1174roJJ.yOKKynaH-

B )J;<r

TOB M aepHyB 0araHCKOMY J48pCTBY

JIHJIY I1paBa.n;H 6HpMallllhl BrrepBMe rrp= B

He38BMCMMOCTb, OH BOCCT8HOBMfl B

IXB.

CTpaHe nopH,ll,OK M MMp.

)J;pyrne

HCTO'IIDIKH C'!HTaJOT, 'ITO

Act>PV1KA

115

APMKA BQCTQqHAH APMKA B Ha'lane XI aeKa npaBMBWafl Ha TeppMTOpMM COBpeMeHHOM J4eHTpanbHOM 9¢monMM AMHaCTMfl 3arae npMcoe.aMHMna npMwe.awee B yna.aoK J4aPCTBO AKcyM. t1x rocy.aapcTBO CTanO y6e)I(MI.J..IeM ,aflfl XpMCTMaHCKMX MOHaXOB M J4epKOBHMKOB, cnacaBllJMXCfl 6erCTBOM M3 MycynbMaHCKOro ErMnm; acne.acTBMe a Taro B cTpaHe Ha'lanOCb aKTMBHOe CTpOMTenbCTBO J4epKBeill M MOHaCTb!peill. MycynbMaHCKaf/3KCnaHCMfl orpaHM'IMna .aocTyn K KpacHoMy MOPIO, M noToMy 9r:fmonMf/ OKa3anacb B M30nf/J4MM, HO .aa)l(e B 1200 ro.ay no.a snacTb/0 ar:fmoncKMX npaBMTeneill no-npe)I(HeMy OCTaBanMCb HeCKOnbKO aHKnaBOB Ha illeMeHCKOM no6epe)l(be. TeM apeMeHeM MycynbMaHCKMe KynJ4bl npo.aon)l(anM pacnpocTpaHf/Tb caoe BnMfiHMe B,ll.Onb no6epe)l(bfl BocTO'IHOill A¢pMKM, a Mora,aMWO CTan KpynHb/M TOprOBb/M ropo,aoM.

0Kono 1 075-1200 rr. COMAJU1~CKAS=I 3KCnAHCHS:L CoManMillcKMe nneMeHa c apa6cKMMM BO)I(Af!MM so rnaae MMrpMpoaanM Ha

10r; OHM paCWMpMnM CBOe BnMf/HMe Ha aecb pailloH A¢pMKaHcKoro Para M no6e,aMnM npe6b!Baawee B yna.a-

Ke J4apCTBO 3MH_a)l( Hapo,aHOCTM 6aHTY· MycynbMaHcKoe CoManM M fl3bl'lecKoerocy.aapcTBO Ianna aoeaanM C XpMCTMaHaMM B ropHoil19rfJMonMM.

'lane XII aeKa anMf/HMe AnbMopaBM.aoa nowno Ha cna.a; BCKope nocne Taro Ha'lancfl M yna.aoK npaBfi~.J..~eill AMHaCTMM taHbl.

1150-1200 rr. MHrPAUHSI WHPA3UEB H3 PA~OHA nEPCHACKOrO 3A11HBA. 9TM MMMMr-

0Kono 1085 r. 05PAW,EHHE KAHEMA (o6nacTb, ne>KaW,aSI K

paHTbl M3 OMaHa ocHoaanM raaaHb B 6yXTe KMnaa, a TaK)I(e nocenMnMcb Ha OCTpOBaX neM6a, 3aH3M6ap M Ha KoMopcKMX ocTpoaax.

3AITNJ:HAH APMKA 1054-1076 rr. 3ABOEBAHHSI AJlbMOPABHAOB B 3AnAAHO~ APHKE. 9m BOMHCTBYIOI.J..Iaf!6ep6epcKafl MycynbMaHcKafl ceKm noKopMna 6onbWYIO 'laCTb 3ana.aHoill ArflpMKM. XoTf/ OHM 3axaaTMnM M pa3rpa6MnM CTOnMJ4Y taHbl, a TaK)I(e, CY.afl no BCeMY, BbiHYAMnM npaBMTeneill rocy.aapcTBa npMHfiTb McnaM, o.aHaKo no,a'IMHf/Tb ce6e acero J4apCTBa AnbMopaBMAbl He cmnM. TeM He MeHee, npaBMTenM laHbl, .aa)l(e 6y,ay'IM rflopManbHO o6pa~.J..~eHHb/MM B McnaM, npo.aon)l(anM noKnOHf/TbCfl .ayxaM npe.aKoB M npMpo,abl, nocKonbKY MX anacTb Henocpe.acTBeHHo cTpoMnacb Ha aToM KynbTe. B Ha-

CeBepO-BOCTOKY OT 03epa ~a.Q). B nocne,aHMe .aecf/TMneTMfl XI aeKa KaHeMCKMill «Mail!» (Koponb) YMMe ( no3)1(e M3BeCTHblill KaK t16H A6.a anbJJ.)I(anMnb) nepewen B MycynbMaHCTBO, XOTfl HBKOTOpb!B era nOJJ.D.aHHb/e e1.1..1e ,aonrMe BeKa OCTaBanMCb f/3bi'IHMKaMM.

10/KHAH APMKA B XI aeKe nocTpoiliKM 6nM3 3MM6a6ae ('ITO 03Ha'laeT Ha fl3b!Ke 6aHTY «KaMeHHble )I(MnM~.J..~a») cTanM J4BpeMOHManbHbiM M penMrM03Hb/M 14eHTPOM 6onbwoill MMnepMM KapaHra, 3aHMMaaweill B rny6MHe MaTepMKa HenpaBMnbHOM rflopMbl TeppMTOpMIO, AOCTMraBWY/0 npM6nM3MTenbHO TpeXCOT KMnOMeTpOB B nonepe'IHMKe. 06MTaTenM aToro rocy.aapcTaa ToproaanM Ha no6epe)l(be c apa6CKMMM Kyn!4aMM M OT,aaaanM 30nOTO B 06MeH Ha CTeKnO M npMB03MMb/M M3 KMTafl rflaprflop.

116

BOli1HA on~Tb CTAHOBV1TC~ V1CKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rr.

BOCTOqJJMI II ~HTPAJibHAH A3llJI KHTAH B Ha4ane XI eeKa KurawcKas:~ ,auHacn1s:~ CyH eena nocros:~HHbJe u, KaK

npaevmo, Hey,aa4HbJe BOWHbJ c ceeepHbJMM VI ceeepo -3ana,aHbJMM coce,as:~Mu - ,llMHaCTMeW fls:~o MaHb4)l(ypCKMX KM,llaHeW VI MOflO,llb/M TaHryTCKVIM ~apcreoM 3ana,aHoe Cs:~ ( unu MHa4e - Cu Cs:~) M3 npoBVIH~VIM raHbCy. K C4aCTb/O ,llfls:/ CyH, 3TVI ce-

eepHbJe eapeapcKue ~apcrea raK)I(e 6onee VInVI MeHee HenpepbJBHO eoeeanu ,apyr c ,apyroM. Bropas:~ nonoBVIHa BeKa npowna OTHOCMTeflbHO MMPHO 6naro,aaps:~ TOMY, 4TO ceeepHb/M BapeapCKMM ~apCTBaM Bbmna4MBanacb ,aaHb. B Ha4ane XII eeKa CyH 3aKfl/04VIna c 4)1(YP4)1(3Hs:/MVI co103 .ans:~ BOWHbJ c KVI,aaHs:~MVI. Ho npaKTVI4eCKVI cpa3y nocne no6e,abJ 4)1(yp4)1(3HM ( Bnocne,a CTBM MVI3Be CTHb/e no,a VIMeHeM ,llMHaCTMM L(3MHb)

HananVI Ha ,auHacru/0 CyH u BbJTecHunu VI3 CeeepHoro Kuras:~. ,ao KOH~a BeKa CyH M L(3MHb BOeBanVI HeCKOflbKO pa3; OTBOeBaTb CeeepHb/W Kuraw CyH He y,aanocb, HO OHM He nyCTVIflM L(3MHb fO)I(Hee )/H~3bl.

1 000-1 004 rr. BTOP)I(EHIIIE KIIIAAHE~. OHO s:/BVIflOCb K}lflbMVIHa~VIeW ,llflVITeflbHOW BOWHbl Me)l(ay KVI,aaHs:/MVI VI.llVIHacrVIew CyH, e Koropow HVIKOMY ,aaBHO He y,aaeanOCb ,ll06VITbCs:/ nepeeeca. ApMMfl KVI,aaHew ,aowna .ao peKu XyaHX3, no4TVI .ao CaMOW CYHCKOW CTOflVI~bl _aans:/Ha ( coep. ropo,a Kawtj>bJH). CyH 3anpocVInVI MVIpa VI comacVInVIcb nnarVITb KpynHy/0 e)l(ero,aHy/0 ,aaHb.

1 001-1 003 rr. BO~HA CYH C UAPCTBOM 3An.AAHOE CSI. ,ao6urbcs:~ no6e,abJ He y,aanocb HM o.aHOW VI3 CTOPOH.

1038-1043 rr. B0306HOBJlEHIIIE BO~Hbl ME)I(Jl.Y CYH Ill 3An.AAHbiM CSI. npu6erHyB K no-

/JI)(' /

0'1110 -

/WTAifCKOF.

MOI.UM cuHb~3s:~HcKVIx ywrypoe, CyH y,aanocb, VICKn/04VITenbHO VI3 coo6pa)l(eHVIW rocy,aapcreeHHoro npeCTVI)I(a, 3aKfl/04VITb MVIp, cornaCHO KOTOPOMY TaHryrCKOe ~apCTBO HOMMHaflbHO npVI3HaBano C/03epeHMTeT KVIras:~, nony4as:~ B3aMeH e)l(ero.aHYIO,llaHb.

1070 r. BOEHHASI PEOPfAHIII3AU,IIISI. bb/fla 4aCTbiO mo6anbHOW I

o. TaftJJaHa. (KHT.)

o. Xai1H3Kb (K•r.)

__,.. .

/O)f(JIO - K/1 T Hi CliO/; ~lOPE

· - · -· .,,.~~~:.

~-·~·-·::·

KHTa~ XII-XIII BB. 1- TeppwropHH rOCYA3PCTBj 2 - pa~OHbl H3poAHbiX BOCCT3HH~; 3 - OOXOAbl L\3HHb npoTHB IOlKHbl~ CyH; 4- noxoAbll03 <1>3st npoTHB '~lKY!NlK3He~ (L\3HHb); 5 - OOXOAbl MOHrOnOB B 1211-1234 rr.; 6 - nOXOAbl MOHrOnOB B 12351280 rr.; 7- BenHKaH KwTa~cKast cTeHa; 8- BenwKH~ KaHan

nporpaMMbJ petj>opM ecew rocy,aapcreeHHow VI tj>VIHaHCOBOW CVICTeMbl, npoeo,auewewcs:~ BaHoM AHbWM ( 1021-1086 rr.), CYHCKVIM npeMbep-MVIHMCTPOM npu VIMneparope '-/)l(ao C10e. l13-3a nocros:~HHOW BHewHew yrpo3bl VI norpaHVI4HbJX VIH~VI,lleHTOB C KVI,llaHs:/MVI VI TaHryraMVI4VICfleHHOCTb peryns:~pHOWapMVIVI npu ,auHacrVIVI CyH B03pocna .ao 1 MVInnVIoHa 100rbJCs:/44enoeeK. TaKoro tj>VIHaHCOBOTO 6peMeHVI ( CIO,lla cne,ayer ,ao6aBMTb eme VI,aaHb, Bbmna4VIBaeMy/O ceeepHbJM coce,as:~M) CTpaHa Bb/HeCTVI He MOrna, VI noroMynpe6bJBana Ha rpaHVI6aHKPOTCTBa. BaH AHbWM co3,aan cVIcTeMy onon4eHVIfl, Ha6VIpaewerocs:~ Ha oc-

BOCT04HAs:l VI LJ,EHTPAnbHAs:l A3VIs:l

117

H08e 06R3aTeflbHOIO /],JIR 8CeX npll13bt8a, 'ITO/l,OmKHO 6btnO o6ecne'III1Tb 6onee 9r:/)(/>eKTII1BHYIO oxpaHy ,-paHMU., a TaK){(e 8HYTpeHH/O/O 111 MeCTHY/0 6e3onacHOCTb.

3m no380nfllno

COKpaT/11Tb pelynRpHy/0 apM/1110 ,l(O

500 Tb/CR'I 'lefl08eK.

3 a WeCTb neT 8

onon'leHMe 6btno npll138aHo

Mll1n-

flii10H08 'lefl08eK.

1115-1122 rr. COI03 Alt1HACTit11t1 CYH C 'i>KYP'i>K3HSIMit1. Ha ce8epe HbtHewHe£1 np08111HU.111111 X969i/1 C0/03HIIIKIII pa31POMII1flfll K/11/l,aHbCKOe u,apCTBO BenMKOe flRO, 060CH08a8WeeCR Ha flRO/l.YHCKOM nonyOCTp08e 111 npep8a8wee C8R3b KMTBR c Kopeei/1.

1123-1127 rr. BTOP>KEHIItE 'i>KYP'i>K3HE171. 0HII1/1,0Wfllll/l,O,.QaflRH8 (co8p. Kai/1cjJbtH), HO 6btnll1 OT6111Tbt (

1126 1. )

no/1, pyK080/l.CT80M

TanaHTfl/118010 80eHa'l8flbH/11K8 f1111 /aHa. npa8/l,a, y){(e 8 Cfle/l,y/Olll,eM 10/l.Y OH/11 83Rfl/11 CTOfl111U,y, npM'IeM 'l){(yp'1){(9HbCKaR KOHHMU,a 80Wfla 8 IOp0/1,, npaKTM'IeCK/11 He 8CTpeT/118 COnpOT/118fleHMR; OTnpa81118WII1eCR K 'l){(yp'1){(9HRM /l,JIR nepe1080p08 CYHCK/11£1 111MnepaTOp Xy9MU,3YH 8MeCTe CO C80111M Cb/HOM /11 HaCne/l,H/11KOM l...t111HbU,3yHOM 6btfl/11 8eponOMHO 3aX8a'leHbl 8 nneH. Mna/l,wM£1 CbtH laOU.3YH cnaCCR 6e!CT80M Ha 101, K fiHU,3bl, 1/l,e OCH08an /O){(Hy/0 /l,MHaCT/1110 CyH -

mcy/l,apcT80 co cmn111u,ei/1 8

H a HKMHe . lf)/(yp'1){(9 HII1 (npo8o3maCII18WII1e ce6R /1,/11H8CTII1e£1 l...t3111Hb, T.

30fl0TOM /1,111HaCTII1e£1) nyCT/11fl/11Cb 8 npecne/],08aHMe, nepenpa8Mflii1Cb 'lepe3 71HU.3bt, 3ax8aTMnfll HaHKMH 111 OTTeCH/11fl/11 t80U,3yHa /1,0 XaH'I){(Oy

( 1127 I . ),

OTKY/1.8 8nOCfle/l,CT8/11/11 OH

8biHY){(/l,eH 6btfl 6e){(aTb ew.e /l,aflbWe Ha /01 -

8 H111H60.

Y'iaCTOK yKpenneHHO.ti ropOACKOH CTeHbl KI!ITalficKoro ropoAa XI e. (cpeAHeeeKoeasr rpaeropa)

1128-1140 rr. KAMnAHit11t1 B AOnlltHE SIHU,3bl. np111 no/1,/],ep)/(-

np1!18ena K TOMy, 'ITO t 80U,3YH OT038afl /11 npii1K83an TaMHO yMepT8/11Tb

1141

1.};

em Cb/H

Ke pe'IHOIO r:/JflOT8 CYHCK/11M 80eHa-

/09 C/J9R (

'laflbH/11K 109 ¢ 9£1 pa36Mn 'l){(yp-

/11 Cn0/],8fii){(H/11K/11 1113 'I/11Cfla 80eHa-

/09 1/THb

'1){(9HbCKYIO apM/1110 /11 OTTeCHfllfl ee K

'laflbHIIIK08 TaK){(e 6btfl/11 Ka3HeHbl.

pe3ynbTaTe u,eno-

1141 r. HECnOK0171Hbll7! Mlt1P.

PR!l.a KaMnaHM£1 109 ¢9£1 111 !l.PYIMe

no ycn08111RM nO/],nMCaHHOIO MMPH0-

CYHCKII1e 80eH8'18flbH/11K/11 OTTeCH/11fl/11

10 /1,01080pa ipaH111U,8 Me){(/l,y /0){(-

80MCKa /l,MHaCT/11111 l...t3111Hb Ha Ce8ep,

Hb/M u,apcT80M CyH 111 u,apcT80M

/1,0 A anRHa. H o /1,80pu,o8aR MHTpMta

L.t3111Hb 6btna npo8e/l,eHa 8/l.Oflb peK

ce8epy OT peK/11.

118

BOV1 HA on~Tb CTAHOB V1TC~ V1CKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rT.

Xyai1xa (a aepxHeM Te'-leHvrvr) vr )J.acaHbryaHb (a WaHbcvr). CyHcKoe npaavrTenbcTao o6Hsanocb Bbmna'-IMBaTb '-I)I(YP'-1)1(9HHM,IJ,aHb 250 TbiCH'-1 flHHOB 1 cepe6pa M 250 TbiCH'-1 WTYK wenKa e)l(eroJJ.HO.

1161 r.

U3~HbCKOE

BTOP-

>KEH~E B IO>KHbl~ K~TA~. Bosrnaavrn BTOp)l(eHvre /43MHbCKMM MMnepaTop flHH. CyHcKvre apMvrH vr rpnoT ocTaHoavrnvr ero apMvrto y RH/43bt. B 6vrTae npvr Ltsai1wvr ( 6nvrs coap. HaHKvrHa) no6e,11,y o,11,ep)l(an CYHCKMM BOeHa'-laflbHMK /0£1 /0HbB9Hb; a cpa)l(eHvrvr oH npvrMeHHn nopox- HaCKOflbKO M3BeCTHO, BnepBbte B MMPOBOM BOeHHOM MCTOpvrvr.

BHYTPEHHHH A3lfll Ko'-leBbte aapaapcKvre nneMeHa CeaepHo£1 vr LteHTpanbHo£1 Asvrvr o6vrTanvr Ha orpoMHOM TeppvrTopvrvr ,11,yroo6pasHoi1 rpopMbt, npocTvrpaawei1cH oT RnoHvrvr, Kopevr vr )f(enmro MOPH Ha BOCTOKe, '-lepe3 COBpeMeHHYIO MaHb'-1)/(ypvrto, MoHronvrto,

HHMvr, ropaMvr vr cTenHMvr, o6vrTanvr cMyrnbte vrnvr )l(eflTOKO)I(Me HapoJJ.bt, nOXO)I(Me JJ.pyr Ha JJ.pyra 9THM'-IeCKM, KYflbT}'PHO M no H3btKy, M CTOHBWMe 6nvr)l(e K MOHronovrJJ.H0£1 pace, He)l(envr K apvrMCKOM. 9TOM CXO)I(eCTbiO Me)I(JJ.Y MOHronaMM, TtopKaMM, TaTapaMM M TaHryraMM, HaCeflHBWMMM o6wvrpHei1wvri1 pervroH, Mbt o6H3aHbt ace£1 9THorparpvr'-lecKoi1 vr vrcTopvr'-lecKo£1 nyraHvrJ4e. Boo6UI,e roaopH, MOHrOflbl M TaTapbt )I(MflM B ceaepHOM M BOCTO'-IHOM '-laCTHX; TtopKM (KOTOpbte y)/(e Ha'-lanvr pacnpocTpaHHTbCH no 3anaJJ.HOM Asvrvr vr /Oro-BocT0'-1HOM Eapone)- Ha toro-sana,11,e; a TaHryrbt - 6nvr)l(e, '-!eM npo'-lvre KO'-IeBHvrKvr, OTHOCMBWMeCH K Tvr6eTJ4aM, - o6vrTanvr, KaK npaavrno, a aoCTO'-IHOM CvrHb/43HHe vr a laHbcy )f(vrawvre a MaHb'-1)/(ypvrvr KMJJ.aHvr npe,IJ,CTa BflHflM co6o£1 OJJ.HOPOJJ.HYIO Ha/4MIO M y)l(e CTaflM yrpa'-IMBaTb xapaKTepHbte OC06eHHOCTM KO'-IeBHMKOB. 3ana,IJ,Hee vr ceaepo-sana,11,Hee o6vrTano MHO)I(eCTBO JJ.pyrvrx MOHrOflbCKMX nneMeH, 06be,IJ,MHeHHbte nneMeHHbiMM COto3aMM pa3flM'-IHOM CTeneHM aMoprjJHOCTM, HO HM 0 KaKOM

CvrHb/43HH vr TypKecTaH npvrMepHo ,11,0 peKvr CbtpJJ.apbvr. C HesanaMHTHbtX apeMeH aecb 9TOT pervroH HenpepbtBHO 6ypnvrn vr cny?Kvrn oTnpaa-

O,IJ,HOPOJJ.HOM Ha/4MM B MX cny'-lae pe'-lb He wna. Hesa,11,onro ,11,0 aToro a laH bey vr aocTO'-IHOM CvrHbJ43HHe cos,11,anvr C06CTBeHHOe J4apCTBO TaHryTbl -

Ho£1 TO'-IKOM nOCTOHHHbiX MvrrpaJ4MM M BTOp)l(eHMM Ha torO-BOCTOK ( B KvrTa£1), Ha toro-sana,11, (a MaaepaH-

3ana,IJ,Hoe CH (vrnvr Cvr CH), xorn HOMvrHanbHO vr npoJJ.Ofl)l(anvr npe6btBaTb no,11, anacTbto KvrTaH. B CvrHbJ43HHe )I(Mnvr TtopKvr-yi1rypbt, no-npe)I(HeMy noJJ.'-IMHHHCb Kvrrato, xorn HeMHorvrM 6onee, '-!eM HOMvrHanbHO. EUI,e,IJ,anbwe Ha sana,11,, Me)I(JJ.Y THHb-WaHeM vr ApanbcKvrM MopeM, )I(Mnvr TaK Ha3btaaeMbte «TtopKvr-ory3bl», K KOTOpb!M OTHOCMflMCb MHO)I(eCTBO He3aBMCMMb/X nneMeH M nneMeHHb/X COI030B, B TOM '-IMCfle cenbJJ.)KyKCKMM M vrnaKCKMM. (K ceaepo-sana,11,yoT Hvrxo6vrTanvr TtopKvr-Kvrn'-laKvr, vrnvr nonoa/4bl- sana,IJ,Ho-asvraTcKvre vr KaaKascKvre cTenHHKvr, a ell.l,e sana,IJ,Heene'-leHervr to)I(Ho-pyccKvrx cTene£1; npaa,11,a, 9TM TtopKCKMe HapOJJ.bt6b!flM CBH3aHbl CKOpee y)l(e C MCTOpvre£1 Eapasvrvr.) no'-ITvr aecb XI vr XII aeKa KMJJ.aHvr

Haxp, nepcvrto, tlfHJJ.vrto) vr Ha sana,11, ( '-lepes CKvrrpvrto- a Eapony). Kor,IJ,aTo a sanaJJ.HOM '-lacTvr pervroHa o6vrTanvr HapOJJ.bl npevrMyll.l,eCTBeHHO apvri1cKoro npovrcXO)I(JJ.eHvrH, TOrJJ.a KaK Ha BOCTOKe- npe,IJ,CTaBMTenvr MOHrOflOMJJ.HOM paCbl. C Te'-leHvreM BpeMeHM, B pesynbTaTe nOCTOHHHbiX nepeceneHvr£1, aoi1H vr T.n. pacbt a 3Ha'-lvrTenbHoi1 cTeneHvr nepeMewanvrcb. tlfsHa'-lanbHbte apvrvr- 109'-1)I(M - ell.l,e paHbwe Mvrrpvrpoaanvr no HanpaaneHvrto K Eapone, tlfHJJ.vrvr vr nepcvrvr. TaKvrM o6pasoM, K Ha'-lanyXI aeKa Ha 9TOM rpoMa,IJ,HOM ,IJ,yroo6pa3HOM TeppvrTopvrvr, cocTaaneHHo£1 nycTbt1 .J1rn- B )'l;aHHOM CJJy'!ae HMeeTCli B BH,!\j' HCIIOJI],3yeMaH B KHTae C III BeKa BeCOBal! e,!IHHHI.la, paBHal! 31,2 r.

vr rocy,11,apcTao 3ana,IJ,Hoe CH '-!acTO aoeaanvr ,11,pyr c JJ.pyroM vr c Kvrm£1cKo£1 JJ.MHacTvre£1 CyH. HepeJJ.KO a

aTvrx aoi1Hax npvrHvrManvr y'-lacTvre y£1rypb! - noMoranvr CBOMM KMTaMCKMM cotosHvrKaM npoTvra 3ana,IJ,Horo CH. B Ha'-lane XII aeKa Mono,11,oe TaHryrCKoe nneMH - '-l)l(yp'-1)1(9HM - Mvrrpvrpoaanovrs MoHronvrvr Ha toro-aocToK M CTOflKHYflOCb C KM,IJ,aHHMM, KOTOpb!X BCKOpe C KMTaMCKOM nOMOUI,biO pa3rpOMMflO. npaa,IJ,a, Ha 9TOM '-l)l(yp'-I)1(9HM ocTaHaanvraaTbCH He cTanvr vr HeMe,IJ,neHHO Hananvr Ha caovrx npe)I(HMX COI03HMKOB, KMTaMCKYIO ,IJ,MHaCTMIO CyH, '-ITO BblflMflOCb B J4eflb/M PHJJ. BOMH, npO,IJ,Ofl)l(a BWMXCH ,11,0 KOHJ4a BeKa. Ha MCXO,IJ,e CTOfleTMH B J4eHTpaflbHOM MoHronvrvr Ha'-lano cKnaJJ.b!BaTbCH HOBOe MOHrOflbCKOe J4apCTBO, B03rnaBnHeMOe 6neCTHUI,MM MOflO,IJ,b/M BO)I(,IJ,eM T9MYJJ.)I(MHOM (vrnvr vrHa'-le- TeMy'-lvrHoM, vrnvr lfvrHrvrcxaHoM).

1000-1038rr.

nEP~OA~

~ECK~E BO~Hbl ME>KAY K~AA HSIM~ ~ TAHrYTAM~ ~3

rAHbCY. 1 038-1043 rr. BOCCTAH ~ E B 3AnAAHOM CSI. B pesynbTaTe 14apcTao o6peno nonHyto Hesa avrcvrMOCTb oT KvrTaH, a ero npaavrTenb /OaHbXao( 1003-1048 rr.) npoaosmacvrn ce6H vrMnepampoM BenvrKvrx CH ( 1038 r. ). OcHOBHo£1 yJJ.apHo£1 cvrno£1 a aoi1cKax Mono,11,oro rocyJJ.apcTaa HBflHflaCbKOHHMJ4a, MMeHyeMaH «)l(efle3Hb/MM HCTpe6aMM». HecMOTPH Ha noMOUI,b yi1rypoa, noJJ.aBvrTb BOCCTaHvre KMTaMJ4aM He y,11,anocb. B o6MeH Ha BbmnaTy KvrTai1J4aMvr JJ.aHvr wenKoM vr '-laeM /OaHb Xao cornacvrncH HOMvrHanbHO npvrsHaTb Cvr CH aaccanoM CyHcKoro KvrTaH.

1044 r.

B0306HOB11EH~E

BO~Hbl ME>KAY K~AAHSIM~ ~

3AnAAHbiM CSI. 9m npovrsowno BCfle,IJ,CTBMe BTOp)l(eHMH TaHryroB B MaHb'-l)l(ypvrto,oT6vrToroKvrJJ.aHbCKoi1 ,IJ,MHaCTMe£1 flHO.

1080-1090 rr. CEJlbA>KYKCKASI 3KCnAHC~SI. 1115-1123 rr. nOEiEAA ~>KYP~>K3HE~ HAA K~AAHSIM~. 0Ha 6b!fla ,IJ,OCTMrHyra C KMTaMCKOM noMOUI,bto. Ento£1 )J.awvr, npaavrTenb flHO, 6e)l(afl C OCTaTKaMM apMMM B 6accei1H peKvr TapvrM, r,11,e a cotose c y£1rypaMM OCHOBan KapaKMTaMCKOe J4apCTBO(KapaKMTaHMM, T.e. «'-lepHb/-

BOCTOLJHA$lll1 U.EHTPAllbHA$l A3111$l MM KMTaf/MM» B Cpe.ll,Hei!tA3MM Ha3biB8JIM KM.ll,aHei!t), M3BeeTHOe B Me TOPMM no.a MMeHeM 3an8.ll,HOe flfiO.

1122 r.

~apeTBOM L(3MHb l1 nneMeHaMM Ke-

paMTOB, OH npoeen yenewHy/0 KaMnaHM/0 IOJ0-3an8.ll,Hee ro6M.

nPOB03fJ1AWEH~E

.O.~HACT~~ U.3~Hb. O.aMH M3BO)I(-

.aei!t 'l)I(YP'l)I(9Hei!t no MMeHM Ary.aa 6bm npoeo3maweH enepBa o6we'l)l(yp'l)I(9HbeKMM ~apeM, 3aTeM OH o6bf!BMn ee6f! MMnepawpoM roey.aapeTBa L(3MHb (T.e. 3onoToro; 1115 r.), a noene no6e.abJ Ha.a KM.aaHbeKoi!t MMnepMei!t flfiO 3af/BMfl eBOM npeTeH3MM Ha KMTai!teKMi!t npeeTOfl. npMHf/B TPOHHOe MMfl TfiHb <Py, OH Ha'lan BTOp)l(eHMe B KMTai!t ( 1123 r.).

1126-1141 rr.

3KCnAHC~S1

KAPAK~TAEB. 6bJBWMe KM.ll,aHM,

Tenepb M3BeeTHb/e KaK 3ana.ll,Haf/ .ll,MHaeTMfl flfiO, OHM e o6eMX eTOPOH KOHTpOnMpOBanM npe.[J,JOpbfl naMMpa. Emoi!t )J.awM pa36Mn CaH.a)l(apa, eenb.ll)K}'KeKOIO eynTaHa nepeMM, l1 BbJTeeHMn ero M3 MaBepaHHaxpa (1141r.).

KOPEH Beeb 9TOT nepMo.a ~apeTBOM Kope npo.aon)l(ana npaBMTb .aMHaeTMfl BaH. B XI eeKe OHM HeeKonbKO pa3 eoeBanM e MaHb'l)l(}lpeKMM ~ap eTBOM flfiO. nonbJTKa npe.[J,OTBpaTMTb Ha6erM M3 MaHb'l)I(YPMM, noeTpOMB nonepeK Y3Koro nepewei!tKa 6onbwyFO eTeHy, y.aanaeb flMWb 'laeTM'lHO; noKa .[l,MHaeTM/0 flfiO He no6e.[l,Mfll1 'l)l(yp'l)I(9HM ( 1123 r.), BaH nnaTMnM KM.[l,aHf/M .[l,aHb, a 3aTeM HeMe.[l,neHHO npM3HanM 'l)l(}lp'l)I(9HbeKMi!t eF03epeHmeT. B KOH~e XII BeKa .aMHaeTMfl BaH e.aea He 6bma eeeprHyTa B pe3yflbTaTe BOeHHOIO nepeBOpoTa, no.aaBMTb KOTOPbJi!t y.aanoeb e 60flbWMM Tpy.[J,OM (1170 r.).

0Kono 1132 r. nEPBOE OfHECTPEJlbHOE OPY)f(~E. t13o6pen ero - MYWKeT e O'leHb .[l,flMHHbiM 6aM6yKOBb/M eTBOflOM - 49Hb ryi!t, KOMaH.ll,YIOWMi!t rapHM30HOM ropo.aa AHbny B npoBMH~MM X969i!t.

1135 r. MOHfOJlbCKOE BTOP)f(EH~E B fOCY,D.APCTBO U.3~Hb . nepBbJi!t M3 eepMM MOHJOflbeKMX Ha6erOB B npe.aenbJ HOBoi!t MMnepMM B03maBnflnefl xaHoM Ka6ynoM.

1161 r. U.3~HbCKOE BTOP)f(EH~E B CYHCK~~ K~TA~. L(3MHbeKMi!t MMnepaTopflfiH 6bm pa36MT eo3ne HaHKMHa. Kor.aa oH npMKa38!1 eBOMM pa3rpoMneHHb/M BOi!tcKaM B0306HOBMTb HaeTynneHMe, Te B36yHToeanMeb, noBeeMnM ero MoTerynMnM 38 SlH~3bJ.

1162 r.

PO)f(,[J.EH~E

T3MY.O.-

)f(~HA. 0H 6bm eb/HOM MOHJOflbeKO-

ro BO)I(.[l,fl Eeyrefl, nneMfl KOToporo 06MTano K 1010-BOeTOKY OT 03epa 6ai!tKan.

1180-1190 rr. CTAHOBJlEHOBOfO MOHfOJlbCKOfO U.APCTBA BO fJlABE C T3MY.O.H~E

)f(~HOM. Coee.aHMe nneMeHa MnM BeTynanM B e0/03, MflM 3aBOeBbJBanMeb. 1194 r. BO~HA T3MY,[J.)f(~HA TATAPAM~. 3aKfl/O'lMB e0/03 e

HllOHHH B nepBoi!t nonoBMHe XI eeKa eaMbJM MOryweeTBeHHb/M B SJnOHMM oeTaBanefl KnaH <Py.a3MBapa. XoTfl .[l,flfl eTpaHbl B ~enOM 9TO 6bm nepMO.[l, OTHOeMTeflbHOIO MMpa Mnpo~Be TaHMfl, epa)l(.[l,a Me)l(.[l,yKnaHaMM Tai!tpa M MMHaMoTo npMeo.aMna K Henpe-

119

pbJBHb/M MeflKMM eTb/'lKaM Me)l(.ll,y cpeo.aanbHbJMM BnaeTMTenf!MM. PereHTbJ-.ll,MKTaTopbJ KnaHa <J:>y.ll,3MBapa 'laeTo npM6eranM K noMOWM o6oMx KflaHOB, 'lT06bJ enpaBMTbef/ e .[l,OBOflbHO He06bJ'lHbiMM HapyWMTenf!MM 3aKOHHOeTM l1 npaeonopf/.[J,Ka 6y.[l,.[l,Mi!teKMMM MOHaXaMM, KOTOpbJe eTaHOBMflMeb Bee eaMOyBepeHHei!t, Bee 60flbWe BTf/IMBanMeb B eBeTeJ<YIO )I(J13Hb M.[l,8)1(e HenpO% 6blfll1, B enyqae Ha.[l,06HOeTM, .[l,06MBaTbef/ eeoero eMnoi!t opy)I(Mfl. Bo3paeTaFOwafl 3aBMeMMOeTb <J:>y.ll,3MBapa OT Tai!tpa M MMHaMoTo npMeena K na.aeHM/0 npeeTJ1)1(8 <J:>y.ll,3MBapa M n03BOflMfla MMnepaTOpeKOi!t eeMbe eHOBa npMi!tTM K BnaeTM. C eepe.aMHbJ XI BeKa.ll,O eepe.ll,MHbiXII BeKa MMnepaTOPbl He TOflbKO ~apeTBOB8JIM, HO M npaBMflM. nepMO.[l, 9TOT no.aowen K KOH~Y B pe3yflbTaTe .ll,Byx lp8)1(.[J,aHeKMX BOi!tH, B03HMKWMX M3-3a enopa 0 npeeTonoHaene.aMM Me)l(.[l,y eonepHM'la/OWMMM MMnepaTopaMM. no OKOH'laHMM BOi!tH eaMb/M MOryweeTBeHHb/M eTan KnaH Tai!tpa. t1x .aaBHflfl epa)l(.[l,a e KnaHOM MMHaMOTO BeKope O)l(eeTO'lMnaeb M 060eTpM-

EpHTOMO MHH3MOTOnepBbl Iii SlnOHCKHH ceryH

120

BOli1HA on~Tb CTAHOBV1TC~ V1CKYCCTBOM. 1000-1200 rr.

C3MYP3H nOA npeABOAHTenbCTBOM MHH3MOTOCp3)1{310~ npontB BOHHOB MSITe)I{HOro KI13H3

II M CyroKy,

nacb. B MTore omnb ecnbJXHyna

paKaeoft

npaBMBWMM Ha

B nponMBe CMMOHOCeKM, COeti.MHR-

rp8)1(1J.8HCK8fl BOWHB, B KOTOpoft K!IBH

/Ol.J..IeM BHyrpeHHee )lnoHcKoe Mope

MMHBMOTO 'WTbflM He noronOBHO ne-

MOMeHT cnopa. Bo BCnbJXHYBWefl eofiHe cpa)l(anucb 4neHbJ KnaHoB

pe6Mn Taftpa M 3BXBBTMn enacTb. K

Taftpa, MMHBMOTO M 4>Y.l1.3MBapa.

MeHHO HB 6epery p83BepHyfl8Cb cy-

KOHUY BeKa )/nOHMfl H8XO.ll.Mfl8Cb no.a

no6e.aun rocMp8K8B8 II, B OCHOBHOM

xonyTHBR 68T8flMfl. no6e.ay OtJ.ep-

BflBCTb/0 BOeHHO-</>eO.ll.BflbHOW .ll.MK-

6naro.aapR no.a.aep)I(Ke Taftpa, a Cy-

)I(BnM MMHBMOTO no.a KOM8H.ll.OB8HM-

TBTYPbl.

TOKY 6bJn ompaeneH B CCblnKY HB

eM f.CMUYH9, 6p8T8 f.pMTOMO; M3

1 000-1 068 rr. BbiCW.A51 TOlfKA PACUBETA ~ nOCJlE,O.YIOI..U~~ YnA,D.OK KJlAHA <PY,0.3~BAPA. 1 051-1 062 rr. ,O.EBSIT~JlET HSISI BO~HA. BoccTaHMe ceeepo-

ocTpoe CaHyKM.

apMMM Taftpa cnacTMCb He y.aanocb

1159-1160 rr. BO~HA «XE~

npaKTM4eCKM HMKOMy. KpoMe TOTO,

,0.3~''· KnaH MMHBMOTO opraHM30BBn nyr4 M H8 HeKOTOpoe BpeMR 38X-

B 9TOW BOWHe OTnM4MflMCb MMHBMO-

B8TMfl Bfl8CTb, HO nOTOM noTepnen

Ky3eH.

RnoHcKoro KnaHa A6s, no.aaeneHHoe

coKpywuTenbHOe nopa)l(eHMe OT

K!IBHOM MMHBMOTO.

Taftpa.

HE-

1160-1181 rr. rocno,o.crso

nOCPE,O.CTBEHHO~ BJlACT~ ~M

TA~PA K~(MOP~. OH 6bm npaKTM-

nEPATOPOB.

4eCKM .ll.MKTBTOPOM.

1068-1156 rr.

nEP~O,O.

KaKnpaeuno, peanb-

Ho npaBMfl TOT MMnepaTop, KOTOpbJW

c KopeflcKMM nponueoM; o.aHoepe-

TO f.cue, 6paT f.pMTOMO, M f.CMH8K8, 1185-1199r~

BOEHHASI

A~KTATYPA M~HAMOTO (P~TO

MO.

PeBHYR K eoeHHOMY ycnexy

CBOMX PO.ll.CTBeHHMKOB M nO.ll.03peB8R, 6yti.TO f.CMUYH9,

f.cue M fcMH8-

1180-1184rr. BO~HATA~PA

K8 38Mb/Wflf/IOT npOTMB Hero 38TOBOp, f.pMTOMO npMK838fl y6MTb MX

oTpeKCR OT npecrona unu yxo.aun B

~ M~HAMOTO. KnaH MMHBMOTO eo

MOHBXM {MMnepaTop To6a, Hanpu-

maee C MMHBMOTO f.pMTOMO no.a-

BCeX {

Mep, npOUBPCTBOBBn B MHOKBX TPM.ll.-

HflflCfl npoTMB Taftpa. nocne.aoeana

y6MWCTB8 OH nOTOM B03fl0)1(Mfl H8

1123-1156 rr.). 1 083-1 087 rr. TPEXJlETHSISI

.ll.OflT8RO)I(eCT04eHH8RBOWHB.Cnep-

Kfl8H 4>Y.l1.3MB8p8, 4be MOryl.l..leCTBO

B8 no6e)l(.aanu Taftpa, HO ux )l(eCTKoe

CHOB8 H848fl0 B03p8CT8Tb, M BOC-

BO~HA. KnaH MMHBMOTO pa3rpo-

caMoyeepeHHoe npaeneHMe orron-

nOflb30BBnCfl 9TOW B03MO)I(HOCTbfO,

UBTb TPM ro.aa:

1189 T.).

0TBeTCTBeHHOCTb 38

MMn Mf/Te)I(Hb/W ceeepoRnOHCKMW

KHyno OT HMX HeKOTOpbJX B8CC8flOB,

4T06bJ OKOH48TeflbHO MX YHM4TO-

KnaH Kueeapa.

KOTOPbJe npucoe.aMHMnMcb K MuHaMOTO. Taftpa 6bmM M3THBHbJ M3 KMo-

)I(MTb. OH 6bm nepBbJM RnoHCKMM

1156 r. BO~HA «X0f3HHOPAH,,. 0Ha Ha4anacb ecne.acTBMe

TO {

1183 r.).

.ll.MKTBTOPOM, npaBMBWMM no.a TMTy-

MMHBMOTO o.aep)l(8flM

flOM «CeryH», KOTOpbJW OH nony4Mfl B

3anyTaHHoro cnopa o npecTonoHac-

88)1(HYIO no6e.ay B 6MTBe npM )IeMMe

.aap oT 6naro.aapHoro MMnepaTopa

ne.auu Me)l(tJ.Y .ll.BYMfl 6p8Tbf/MM, Cb/-

Ha ocTpoee CMKOKY. KynbMMHauueft

rocupaKBBS

HOBbRMM MMnepaTopa To6a- rocu-

BOWHb/ RBMflOCb MOpCKOe Cp8)1(eHMe

48flbHMK, reHepanMCCMMYC).

II {T.e.

BenMKMW BOeHa-

3ITOXA MOtlfOllOB 1200-1400

22.

BOEHIIbiE TEHJ(EimliM noqm Bee 9TM JJ.B8 BeKa BOeHHY/0

eKMX BOeHaqanbHMKOB. B paBHOW

M nonMTMqeeKY/0 MeTOPM/0 qenoBe-

Mepe enpaBe.tJ.nMB 9TOT Te3Me M B

poeana Haqano 9Tana roeno.aeTBa

OTHOWeHMM JJ.Byx 8HTJIMWeKMX npaBM-

KBB8JiepvtM. CoBepweHeTBY>I TBKTM-

qeeTB8

onpe.aen>~na

o.aHa-e.avtH-

eTBeHHB>I evtna. MoHronbJ T8TapeKMe Baeeanbl -

vtnvt MX

38BOeBanM

Tenew. X om e 9noxy MOHronbeKMX 3aeo-

B8 npvt AJJ.pvtaHonone eMMBOnM3M-

qeeKY/0 evteTeMy eeoero .ae.aa, 3.ayap.aa I, aHmMweKMW Koponb 3.ayap.a

MnM p830pMnM npaKTMqeeKM Bee

eeaHvti4 K8Banepvt>i K8K rnaBH8>1

lfl.ao6vtne>l nOBbJWeHM>I ee 9cpcpeK-

3H8qMTenbHbJe perMOHb/ M3BeeTHOTO

YJJ.8PH8>1 evtna JJ.OeTvtma eeoero

TMBHOeTM, npMMeHMB nMHM/0 o6opo-

MMpa, 38 MeKnfOqeHMeM 3an8JJ.HOW

nMK8, OJJ.H8KO B 9TO )l(e BpeM>I npe-

EBpOnbJ. npovt3owno 9TO 6naro.aa-

o6n8JJ.8Tb H8 none 60>1 eHOB8 eTana

Hbl, eoeTaBneHHY/0 M3 eTOWKOeTM HBJJ.e)I(HO 3811.1M/1.1eHHb/X T>f)l(enbJMM

P>I YHMKBnbHOMY BOeHHOMY M nonM-

nexoTa. CvtMeonvtqeeKow e 9TOM

.aoenexaMM Konei411.1MKOB, MaHeB-

TMqeeKOMY reHM/0 HerpaMOTHOTO

nnaHe eqvtTaeTe>~ 6vtTBa npM Kpe-

peHHOeTM M OTHeBOW M0/1.1M nerKMX

MOHTOnbeKOTO BO)I(JJ.>f 4MHTMeX8H8,

evt -

nyqHMKOB, BOOp'Y)KeHHb/X rp03Hb/MM

TOqHO T8K )l(e, K8K paHee 6MT-

OJJ.HOTO M3 Benvtqai4WMX BOeHaqanb-

8HTJIMWeKMMM JJ.nMHHb/MM nyKBMM.

HMKOB qenoBeqeeKOW MeTOPMM. Hvt

3TO BKYne e npvtMeHeHMeM JJ.n>l KOH-

OJJ.MH .apyrow npaevtTenb onvtebJBae-

TP8T8KM K8BanepMM eHOB8 npo.ae-

Moro nepMOJJ.8 He MO)I(eT epaBHMTb-

MOHeTpvtpoeano, qTO H8 BOWHe YJJ.B-

e>l e BenMKMM MOHTOnbeKMM X8HOM,

qa eKnOHH8 ynbJ68Tbe>l TeM, KTO

XOT>I Bb/JJ.810/1.1MMMe>l eTpaTeraMM M

yMeeT Havt6onee 9cpcpeKTMBHO eo-

T8KTMK8MM npO>IBMnM ee6>1 M T8KMe

qeTaTb .aeweTBM>I pa3nvtqHbJX po.aoB

ero eopaTHMKM M Haene.tJ.HMKM, K8K Cy69JJ.9W, /])Ke6e, MyHK9, a TBK)I(e

BOWeK. VfMeHHO B 9TOT nepMOJJ. OTMeqe-

Ky6na-xaH { e eBponeweKMX xpoHM-

HO nepeoe npMMeHeHvte Ha none 60>1

Kax- Xy6vtnaW). Pa3yMeeTe>l, e 9TO

OTHeeTpenbHOTO opy)l(vt>f; M XOT>I

BpeM>i6bJJIM M JJ.PYTMe Bb/JJ.81011.1Mee>l

K8PJJ.MH8nbHO eK838Tbe>l H8 XOJJ.e

BOeHaqanbHMKM: KOpOnb AHrnMM

6oeBb/XJJ.ei4eTBMWOHO e11.1eHe yene-

3.ayap.a I, KOHHeTa6nb <t>paHl.lMM

no, HOB 6y.ay11.1eM ero no>~eneHMe

GepTpaH JJ./0 leKneH, 9MMP TvtMYP

noeny)I(MT noBopoTHow ToqKow .an>~

{Mnvt TaMepnaH), MaMn/OKeKMW eyn-

Beero BOeHHOTO MeKYeeTB8.

TBH 6ei46ape I, OeMaHeKMW eynTBH

/(pOMe TOTO, BOnMebJB8eMbJWne-

Mypa.a. Xom Koponb AHmMM 3.ay-

PMOJJ. 38Bepwvtnvteb JJ.Be BenMKMe

ap.alll eTpaTervtqeeKMMM T8n8HT8MM

9nOXM BOeHHOW MeTOpMM. Bvt38HTMW-

M He 6nvteT8JI, OJJ.H8KO npO>IBMn ee6>1

eK8>1 MMnepM>I, >1Bn>IBW8>1e>l HeKOT-

Bb/JJ.810/1.1MMe>l T8KTMKOM M T8K)I(e

JJ.8 BOeToqHb/M 6aeTMOHOM XpvteTM-

38eny)I(MB8eT 6bJTb ynOM>IHYTb/M B

8HeKOW EeponbJ, K KOHJ..W XIV BeKa

9TOM P>IJJ.Y. B onvtebJBaeMbJW eoeHHO-MeTopvt-

npaKTMqeeKM npeKpaTMna ey11.1e-

qeeKMW nepMOJJ. B8)1(HYIO ponb npo-

TOM M8Mn/OK8MM noene.tJ.HMX XpMe-

eTeoeaHvte. A e11.1e paHbwe, e 38XBa-

JJ.On)I(BnM vtrpaTb TIOPKM- 0 qeM eBMJJ.eTenbeTByeT BKJifOqeHMe B npMBeJJ.eHHb/W Bb/We envteOK TpOMX T!OpK-

TM8HeKMX Bna.aeHMW B naneeTMHe M

Pbll.l3PCKoe CH3psllKQHI1e Ha<fana XIII a. Pent.ecj>. Omno 1210 r.

CMpMM, 3aKoHqvtnaeb 9pa KpeeToBbJX noxo.aoe.

BOEHHbiE TEH)J.EHLJ,ll1ll1

123

w,M£1 no ¢opMe nepeaepHyme ae,D,-

,r:J:OCIIEXM

po,

c npope3RM!t1 /l.flR o63opa 1t1 ,D,bt-

xaHMR, XOTR HeKOTOpbte no-npe)f(He/ITCKyCCTaO cpeP.HeaeKOabtX opy-

MY npe,D,nOI.flt1Taflft1 6onee nerKytO 1t1

)f(ei7fHit1KOa no '!aCT/t1 o6pa60TK/t1 Me-

y,D,06Hy/O 06bt'-IHYIO KaCKY, Ha,D,eaae-

Tanna Me,D,neHHO, HO aepHo coaep-

MY/0 noaepx KOflbl.fY)f(HOrO KantOWO-

weHCTaoaanocb; a XIII aeKe noRaM-

Ha. B XIV aeKa y wneMa noRaMnocb

nocb TaKOe HOaWeCTaO, KaK ,!J,OCne-

3a6pano.

Xft1 ft13 flft1CTOaoro MeTanna. nepaoHa-

Bee 3Tft1 HOaoaae,D,eHMR ew,e

l.faflbHO OC06btM 06pa30M rHyTbte

Cft1flbHee YTR)f(eflft1flft1 pbtU,apCKMe

)f(efle3Hbte flft1CTbl, 3aUJ,MUJ,aawft1e

P.OcnexM. Tenepb, ecnM pbtu,apR c6M-

)f(ft13HeHHO aa)f(Hbte opraHbl, a TaK)f(e yR3aft1Mbte

Mecm,

aanM

Hor ft1flft1 abtWM6anM ft13 ce,D,-

cKa)f(eM, PYKM 1t1

na, OH flft1Wb a pe,D,Kft1X Cfly'laRX OKa-

HOrlt1, HOC/t1fllt1Cb nO,D, KOflb'lyroilt.

3btaanCR cnoco6eH no,D,HRTbCR 6e3

K cepe,D,MHe aeKa Mx HOCMnM y)f(e no-

nOCTOpOHHe£1 nOMOUJ,M; T8Kft1M o6pa-

aepx KOflb'lyrM ft1flft1 aMeCTO Hee; Me-

30M, nepaeiltweilt MMWeHb/0 cTaHO-

Ta nn 3aw,Mw,an nne'-IM, noKTM, KoneH-

aMnMcb a 6010 aepxoabte )f(ft1aOTHbte,

Hbte l.fawel.fKM, no,D,bt)f(Kft1 1t1 6e,D,pa.

'-ITO, a Ca0/0 O'lepe,D,b, nplt1aO,D,It1fl0 K

B KOHu,e XIII aeKa Ha 3aMeHy KOflb'IY-

ycMneHM/0 3aUJ,ft1Tbt nowa,D,eilt. B TR-

raM CTaflft1 nplt1XO,IJ,ft1Tb )f(efle3Hbte Kft1paCbl ft1 Harpy,D,Hft1Kft1. PaHHMe nonbtTKft1 COI.feTaTb a ,IJ,OCnexax KOflb'lyry

nMCTOabtM )f(ene-

30M ft1HOr,D,a nplt1aO,D,ft1flft1 K He,D,OCTa TO'IHOilt 3aUJ,ft1Te a MeCTaX CTb/KOa, a TaK)f(e CO aHyTpeHHeilt CTOpOHbl

Pb11.13PCKOe CHapSI>KeHIIIe nOCileAHeiOl 'leTBepTIII XIV B. Penbecp H3Arpo6111R. 0Kono 1386 r.

npe,D,nne'lbR, nnel.fa 1t1 KoneHHbtX cy-

cmaoa. 3m

npMaeno K TOMy, '-ITO a

XIV aeKe opy>t<eiltHMKM pa3pa6oTanM cneu,ManbH0£1 KOHCTPYKU.ft11t1 ,D,ocne-

)f(eno£1 KaaanepMM K KOHU.Y XIV aeKa

XM, 3aUJ,MUJ,atOUJ,Me ace Ten a, 1t1 TOflb-

nowa,D,b Taw,Mna Ha ce6e, no MeHb-

KO ft13 fllt1CTOaOrO )f(efle3a, 6e3 KOflb-

weilt Mepe,

l.fyrM.

aCa,D,Hft1Ka, ,D,a ft1 CaM aCa,D,Hft1K aeC/t1fl

70 Kr ,D,ocnexoa

cao1t1x 1t1

ew,e, KaK Mft1Hft1MyM, CTOflbKO )f(e.

5naro,D,apR yMenbtM eaponeiltCKMM KY3Heu,aM a Hal.fane XIII aeKa

noRaft1fl0Cb TaKOe HOaoaae,D,eHMe ,

ft1CnOflb3088TbCR TOflbKO Me,D,fllt1-

e. a TR)f(enoilt KaaanepMM MOmM

K8K KOflb'ly>t<Hbte pyK8Bit1LI,bt; BCKOpe

TeflbHbte 61t1T/Orft1, ft1, COOTBeTCTBeH-

nocne,D,oaa nM 1t1 KOflbl.fY)f(Hbte nep-

HO, aTaKa OCyUJ,eCTaflRflaCb Ha pbtCRX

l.faTKM.

MnM,

no Mepe TOrO, KaK ,D,OCneXM ,D,e-

nyl.fweM cnyl.fae, n e rKMM ra-

nonoM.

nanft1 pbtu,apeilt ft1flft1 TR)f(eflbtX KOHHMKOB ace MeHee YR3aft1Mb/Mft1 ,IJ,flfl opy-

pe3yflbT8Te BCeX 3Tft1X HOBO-

BBe,D,eHMilt 6oeabte noTepM cyw,e-

)f(ft1fl TOrO apeMeHM, UJ,ft1T yMeHbW8fl-

CTBeHHO COKpaTft1flft1Cb -

Cfl a pa3Mepax ,D,O Tex nap, noKa He

npaa,D,a, no6e)f(,D,eHHbte apMit1ft1 Bbt-

ft1HOr,D,a,

npeapaTft1flCR a cpaaHMTeflbHO He-

pe3anMCb,D,O noc ne,D,Hero l.fenoaeKa.

60flbWOilt TpeyrOflbHft1K, Ha KOTOpOM

(Bnpo'-leM, BTOpoilt 3C/JC/JeKT npORB-

RPKO ft1306pa)f(aflCR C/JaMft1flbHbtilt

flflflCR a nonHytO CMny ,D,aneKo He ace-

rep6. /epanb,D,MKa np1t1o6pemna ace

r,D,a: C,D,ep)f(ft1aano TO, 'ITO 3a Tft1Tyno-

6onbwee 3Hal.feHMe ,D,nR 3H8Tft1 1t1

aaHHb/X nneHHft1KOa MQ)f(HQ 6btfl0 nO-

MeflKOnOMeCTHOrO ,D,aOpRHCTaa.

C/Ja-

flY'Ift1Tb KpynHbtilt BbtKYn.)

Mft1flbHbtilt rep6 Hepe,D,KO TaK)f(e abt-

0,D,H8KO B ft1TOie nO,D,Bft1)f(HQCTb

WMaa n CR Ha CIOpKOTe - O,D,e)f(,D,e, Ha-

OKa3anaCb npMHeCeHHOilt B )f(epTBY

,D,eaaeMOilt noaepx,D,ocnexoa, - npM-

3aUJ,ft1UJ,eHHOCTit1, a ae,D,b ft1MeHHO

l.feM He TOflbKO pa,D,ft1 yKpaweHft1fl, HO

no,D,aft1)f(HOCTb acer11.a 6btna maaHoilt

1t1 Ha cnyl.failt ono3HaHMR. 50flbW/t1HCTaO pbtU,apeilt a3Rflft1 Ha aoopy)f(eHMe wneM , HanoMMHatO-

Pb11.13PCKI!Ie AOCnexl!l cepeAI!IHbl XIV B. HaArpo6111e capa XbiO racTIIIHrca. 0Kono 1347 r.

OTflft1l.fft1TenbHOilt l.fepToilt Kaaaneplt11t1. npaB,D,a, )f(epTBa 3Ta Ka3anaCb He CTOflb y)f( ft1 CTp8WHOilt ,D,O TeX nap,

3nOXA MOHrOnOB. 1200-1400 rr.

124

nOK8 OTHOC/11TBflbHOB npeMMyw,eCTBO B nO,D,B/11)1(H0CT/11 MO)I(HO 6blfl0 CO'-IBTaTb C OTHOC/11TBflbHOi!t HBYR3B/11MOCTb/O . Ho co6&1TMR

XIV

aeKa

npe,D,8BW,8fl/11 KOHBU. Tfi)I(BflOi!t K888nep1!11!1. 5MT8a np111 Kpec111, a TaK)I(e nocne,D,y/Ow,ee 88e,D,eHMe orHecTpen&Horo opy)/(/11fl noKa3anM, '-ITO H/11 npeMMYW.BCTBOM B nO,D,8/11)1(H0CT/11, H/11 HBYR3B/11MOCTb/O Tfl)I(Bflb/B KOHHMK/11 (6yK88flbHO Tfl)I(BflbiB, /11 '-IBM ,D,an&we, TBM TR)I(enee) noxaa-

Ap6aneT c 3aJKHraTenbHOH CTpenoi'l

CTaTb He MO/fl/11.

OPY)KHE

Ap6aneT c 6noKOM

1/,o noR8neHMR Ha none 6oR nopoxa 803H/11Kfl8 0,/J,Ha 8BCbM8 88)1(H8R pa3H08/11,/J,HOCTb opy)I(Mfl: 8Hifl/11MCK/11i!t ,D,nMHH&Ii!t nyK. Opy)/(Me STO 6blfl0 nep80H8'-18flbHO 88flfl/11MCKOB, 111 8 AHm/11111 OHO nOR8Mnoc& 8

XII aeKe;

nep8b/M BIO 803M0)1(H0CT/11 8 nOflHOi!t

KHTaHCKIIIH Mara311tHHbiH ap6aneT Ha 15 cTpen

Mepe OU.BHII1fl, 80/0R 8 Y3flbCB, KOpon& 3,D,yap,D,

OH pacnopR,D,MnCR

npMHRTb ,ll,flMHHbli!t nyK Ha 80opy)/(eHMe 8 Ka'-lecme 6a3o8oro opy)I(MR i!tOMBHCKOi!t neXOTbl -

K8K perynRp-

HOi!t, TaK /11 OnOfl'-IBH/11R -

ApKe6y3 npyJKHHHbiH AIISI cTpen 111 nynb

/11 ycneWHO

np1!1MBH/11fl 8 80i!tHe npOT/118 CKOTT08. TaKTMKa npMMBHBHMR ,/J,flMHH0/0 nyKa 6&1na yco8epweHCT808aHa KoponeM

AnSI HaTSirHaaHHSI nyKa

Mara3HHHbiH ap6aneT, 3apSilKeHHbiH 4 CTpenaMIIt

OpyJKei'IHHK (co cTaplltHHOH rpaatopbl)

Ap6aneT ycoaepweHcTaoaaHHoro o6pa31..1a

BOEHHbiE TEH)J.EHLI.l'1V1 3,ayap,aOM llf BO BpeMR ero WOTnaH,f1CKMX KaMnaHMW M Bnocne,aCTBMM npuMeHeHa e 6uTBe npu Kpecu, r.ae B03b/Mena CTOnb OWenoMnRFOUmW 3<jHJ>eKT. no cpaBHeHM/0 C 06bl'lHbiM nyKOM, y ,anMHHOrO 6bJna He TOnbKO B,f1BOe 6onbWaR ,aanbH060WHOCTbMaKCMManbHaR ,f10 400 M, a npM~enbHaR ,ao 250 M, - HO M Ky,aa 6onbwaR cKopocTpenbHOCTb. B pyKax neXOTMH~eB perynRpHOWapMMM ,aflMHHbiW nyK 6un TO'lHee ( M, cy,aR no BCeMy, MMen nMWb HeHaMHOrO MeHbWY/0 y60WHYIO cuny), 'leM ap6aneT. OH 6bm ner'le eecoM, npo11.1e B o6paJl.leHMM M MOr npMMeHRTbCR KaK e nepecTpenKax, TaK u ,anR 3annoeoro OrHR. Ha TOT MOMeHT 3TO 6blfl0 HaM6onee 3</></>eKTMBHOe M pa3HOCTopoHHee nM'lHoe opy)l(ue nonR 6oR. bOnbWe HMKaKMX HOBbiX pa3HOBM,f1HOCTeW OPYJKMR B paCCMaTpMBaeMbiW nepuo.a He B03HMKano.

floRsneHHe nopoxa BpeMR u MecTo npoucxo)l(,aeHMR OrHeCTpenbHOrO Opy;KMR TO'lHO He M3BeCTHO. Vf3BeCTHO TOnbKO, 'lTO KMTaW~bl npMMeHRnM KaKMe-TO B3PbiB'laTble Bell.leCTBa e11.1e B IX BeKe; O,f1HaKO npeMMyll.leCTBeHHO B WYTMXaX M ,anfl CHOCa HeHy)I(HbiX 3,f1aHMW. nepBbiM HaCTOflll.IMM OrHeCTpenbHbiM opy)I(MeM f/BMnCR, cy,afl no BCeMy, KMTaWCKMW 6aM6yKOBbiW MyWKeT, C03,f1aHHbiW B 1132 ro,ay, XOTR 0 ero 3</></>eKTMBHOCTM CKa3aTb HM'lero Henb3R. KpoMe Toro, no HeKOTOPbiM cee,aeHMfiM, e XIII eeKe B XO,ae CBOMX ,aonrMX BOWH C MOHrOnaMM KMTaW~bl eeenu e apceHan npMMMTMBHble nopOXOBble paKeTbl; Cyll.leCTBYIOT e11.1e M ,aaHHble, COmaCHO KOTOPbiM paKeTbl, no KpawHeW Mepe 3KCnepMMeHTanbHO, npMMeHfln KOe-KTO &13 'lMHrMCM,f10B1. KaK 6bl TaM HM 6blfl0, HO TOT 1 qHHrHCH){bl (TaKlKe ycTap. 'l:HHrH3H· ){bl)- IIO'l'OMKH qHHrHCXaHa, ){HHaC'!'HH, OCHOBaHHble ero CbiHOBbliMH ):\lKY'lH, ):\lKaraTaeM cqaraTaH){bt), Yre){eeM, ToJJyeM, a TaKlKe seyKaMH XyJJary-xaHoM (XyJJaryH){bt), Xy6HJJaeM H ){p.

AIIXHMHK 6epTOnbA Waap,.

</>aKT, 'lTO nepeoe cepbe3Hoe u 3</></>eKTMBHoe ucnonb30BaHue nopoxa B Ka'leCTBe B3pbiB'laToro Bell.leCTBa ,anfl MeTaTenbHbiX opy,auw npou3owno e Eepone e cepe,auHe XIV eeKa, coMHeHuw npaKTM'leCKM He Bbl3bJBaer. l13o6peTeHue nopoxa e Eepone npunucbJBanu KaK aHmu'laHMHY c1>p3HCMCy b3KOHY, TaK M HeMe~KOMY MOHaxy 6epTOnb,ay Weap~y.

npMHf/TO C'lMTaTb, 'lTO nepBb/MM orHecTpenbHoe opy)l(ue e Eepone npMMeHMnM aHmM'laHe B 6MTBe npM Kpecu ( 1346 r.); XOTR He MCKn/O'leHO, 'lTO nyWKaMM nonb30BanMCb y)l(e e 6uTBe npu Me~e ( 1324 r.) unu npu Anbxecupace ( 1342 r.).

125 HacKonbKO M3BeCTHO, npu Kpecu e pacnopR)I(eHMM 3,ayap.aa MMenocb TPM-nfiTb poH,aena.a unu pots de fer1, Ha3BaHHbiX TaK M3·3a </>OPMbl, .aenaewew ux noxo)I(MMM Ha Kpyrnble )l(ene3Hble 6yTblflM. BcKope nocne 3Toro npMMMTMBHble nywKM y)l(e ucnonb3oeanucb B xo.ae CTOneTHew eowHbl u aHmM'laHaMu, u <J>paH~y3aMu, npu'leM KaK Ha none 60fl, TaK M npM oca,aax. npuMepHO TOr,aa )l(e nyWKM nOfiBMnMCb B repMaHMM u VITanuu. nepeoe OrHeCTpenbHOe opy)I(Me npe,acTaenRno co6ow He6onbwow MeTannu'leCKMW ropwoK unu Tpy6y, HeTO'lHO MeTaBWY/0 Tf/)l(enble CTpenbl. l13 -3a npo6neM c eecoM u ra6apuTaMu, a TaK)I(e Tpy,aHOCTeW, B03HMKaBWMX M3-3a TOrO, 'lTO O,aHOBpeMeHHO npuxo.aunocb ,aep)l(aTb CTBOn, HaBO,f1R ero Ha ~enb, M eocnnaMeHf/Tb 3apR,a npu noMOll.IM </>MTMnR, nepeoe npMMMTMBHOe py'lHoe opy)l(ue- co6cTBeHHO, ManeHbKMe nywKM- ycnexa He MMeno. A BOT 'lTO KacaeTCfl KpynHb/X 3K3eMnnflpoe, Te coeepweHcTeoeanucb 6bJCTpo u eecbMa pa,auKanbHO. 8 MTOre no,a KOHe~ BeKa apTunnepufl cocToflna Ha eoopy)l(eHMM y ecex eeponewcKux apMuw M ,aa)l(e npMMeHf/nacb Ha TeppMTO1 Pots de fer ( <j>paHu.)- «lKeJJe3HbtJ;t ropIIIOK».

«6epTOnbA H AbHBOn». &ibo6pa)l(eHHe 6ep-ronb.Qa Waap,.a Ha $paH,.Y3CKoi'i nopoxoBHH"'e XVI a.

3nOXA MOHIOnOB. 1200-1400 rr:

126

HeKOTOpble esponei1CKIIIe IIICTOPIIIKIII nonaraiOT, "'TO nopox nona11 B Espony OT apa60B BMeCTe C allXIIIMIIIei1. 11'13 apa6CKIIIX anxiiiMIIIKOB 6bllllll oco6eHHO 1113BeCTHbl s CpeAHIIIe seKa: re6ep, ConoMOH, li'lcaaK, Eiei1MIIIpaM, racc111-A66ac, Asepocc KopAyaHCKIIIi1, AllbMaHcop 111 Allbci>OHC MYAPbli1 KaCTIIIIlbOHCKIIIi1 KaK 111x y"'eHIIIK 111 nocneAOBaTellb. Esponei1u,bl, 03HaKoMIIIBWIIICb C aJlXIIIMIIIei1 "'aCTbiO "'epe3 nocpeACTBO IIICnaHCKIIIX MaBpOB, "'aCTbiO- BO BpeMSI KpeCTOBbiX nOXOAOB, 3aHIIIMa11111Cb e10 BeCbMa ycepAHO, rJlaBHbiM o6pa30M C U,ellbiO OTKpbiTb «cJ>IIIIlOCO<J>CKIIIi1 KaMeHb», T.e. IIICKYCCTBeHHOe 30110TO. 0nb1Tbl HaA pa3Jliii"'HbiMIII opraHIII"'eCKIIIMIII BeW,eCTBaMIII Ill HeopraHIII"'eCKIIIMIII, nOCTOSIHHble pa60Tbl B Jla6opaTOp111SIX Ill o6w,eHIIIe y"'eHbiX 3anaAa C y"'eHbiMIII BOCTOKa Aalllll nO BOA KO MHO}I{eCTBY OTKpbiTIIIi1 AO TeX nop HeBeAOMbiX Cllllllll CBOi1CTB MHOriiiX Bew,eCTB, a TaK}I{e K OTKpbiTIIIIO HOBbiX Clllll B CMeCSIX, y}l{e paHee 1113BeCTHbiX

p1111 COBpeMeHHOi7t POCCMM B cpa)((8HMRX M8)((.Jl.Y fll1TOBL1,8Ml111 3onoTOf7t 0p.D.oi7t 1•

IlepBhre opyJ:J,JIH (Mopnrphr n: 6oM6ap,O:bi), Ha3hiBaCMbiC F!CTOpFIKaMF! <OKeJie3HbiMF! 6oqKaMFI», M3 KOTOpbiX nocpe,a:CTBOM nopoxa MeTaJIM KaMHH «C rpOMOM F! TpecKOM», ynoMMHaiOTCH B 1247 ro,a:y nprr oca,a:e CeBHJibH. To )l{e 6bmo npn: oca-

1 3onoTaJI Op11a -

MOHrono-TaTapcKoe

rocyJ(apcTBO, ocHoBaHHoe B 40-x ro11ax XIII BeKa xaHOM naThleM; B XV BeKe pacrraJTOCb Ha OTJ(CJThHhre xaHCTBa -

Cn6npcKoe, Ka3aH-

CKoe, KpbrMcKoe, AcTpaxaHcKoe H 11p.

,a:e )..l,rraMeTTbi B 1249 ro,a:y. Apa6CKoe Ha3BaHMe MOpTHpbl «appa,a:aT>> 03HaqaeT rpoM n: BMecTe c orHecTpCJihHhiM opy)I{FICM ncpcmno B eBpone:ticKn:e H3biKFI. Ilo-ncnaHcKn: nymKa B cTapn:Hy Ha3hiBanach «aJihrapa,a:33» (n:cKa)l{eHHOe «appa,a:an> ), 3aTeM <<TpHeHO»; ll0-MTaJib51HCKM «6onnap,a:a», a no-HeMeu:Kn: «JJ:OHHep6IOIII». B 1259 ro,a:y omecTpenbHoe opy,a:ne 3aru:n:ru:aeT B l1cnaHMH ropo,a: Mn:6emry. B 1273 ro,a:y apa6cKn::ti BO)I{,[(b A6y-10cy4J npn:MeHn:JI npn: oca,a:e ropo,a:a CIIJib,O:)I{MMecca nyiiiKY, 6pocaIOII(yiO KaMHM.

B 1267 ro,a:y aHrnn::ticKn:ti MOHax Po,a:)l{ep EeKOH Hann:can Tpy,a: o B3pbmqaTo:ti ciiJie nopoxa. B 1275-1295 ro,a:ax yqcHhr:ti apa6 XaccaH AJlbpaMax Hann:can KHn:ry o <lJc:ticpBCpKC. TaM BO MHOrFIC COCTaBbi BXOJJ:MT cenrrTpa. PaKeTbi y apa6oB Ha3biBaJIMCb «KMTaHCKMMM CTpenaMFI», ~o yKa3hiBaeT Ha npon:cxo)l{,[(eHn:e rrx M3 KruaH. B 1290 ro,a:y 3aMoK Xopync B l1cnaHMM nprr oca,a:e o6cTpeJIFIBaJICH FI3 orHecTpe.rrhHbiX opy,a:n::ti. CaMaH ,a:peBHHH nyiiiKa Ayrc6ypra n:MeeT KJie:ltMo 1301 ro,a:a. B 1308 ro,a:y <l>ep,a:n:HaH,a: VIII KacTMJibCKMH nprr oca,a:e fn:6panTapa

BOEHHbiE TEH.ll,EHUlt1lt1 yrroTpe6miJI rryiiiKH, Ha3biBaBIIIHeCH «rpOMOBhTMH MaiiiHHaMH». B 1311 roey 113Mann oca)KL(aJI rpeHaJJ:CKIIH ropoJJ: Ea3ac, rrpHMeHHH «rpoMOBhie MalllHHhi», MeTaBIII11e KaMH11. B neTOIIHC11 feHTa 11MeeTCH yrroM11HaHne, qTo B 1313 roJJ:y ropoJJ:y (feHTY) rrpnHaL(ne)Kana He6onhiiiaH rryiiiKa. ErrncKorr EonJJ:yHH TpnpcKliM yrroMHHaeT, qTo rrp11 ocaL(e Mel.\a B 1324 rOL(y rrpHMeHHnHCh KperrOCTHhie IIHIl(anH. B 1320 roJJ:y HeMel.\K11H MOHax H3 <l>peli6ypra EepTOnhL( lllnapl.\ (HaCTOHm:ee ero HMH EepTonhL( Hnrep, L(O IIOCTyiiJieHHH B MOHaXH OH Ha3biBaJICH KoHcTaHT11HOM AHKnHI.\eHoM) o6cneL(OBaJI MeTaTenhHYIO cuny rropoxa. BrrocneL(CTBHH nereHL(a rrp11rr11cana lllnapl.\y H3o6peTeHne rropoxa. B 1322 roey no <l>nopeHI.\HH 6hiJIH H3rOTOBneHhi MeTannll'IeCKHe rryiiiKH, CTpenHBIIIHe )Kene3HhTMH HL(paMH. OrHccTpcnhHhiC opyJJ:HH B AHrJlllH Haqan BBOJJ:HTh KopoJlh 3JJ:yapJJ: II B 1327 roJJ:y. J1HTOBCK11H KHH3h feL(llMHH B 1328 roJJ:y 6hin y6nT rryneli nnn, KaK TOrL(a Ha3hiBanH, «OrHCHHOH CTpcnoli». Tlpn o6opoHe AnnKaHTa B 1331 roJJ:y MaBphr rrpnMeHHJin orHecTpenhHoe opyJJ:ne. B 1337 roJJ:y TeBTOHCKHli phii.\apcKHli opL(eH HMen TPH 6onhiiiiie IIHII(aJIH. B Ilpyccnn n JlnTBe B 1338 roey HMenHCh OrHeCTpenhHhie opyJJ:HH )Kene3Hhie 6oM6apJJ:hi. B crrncKax cppaHey3CKOH C'ICTHOH KaMCphi 3a TOT )Ke 1338 roL( yrroMHHaiOTCH pacxoL(hi Ha rropox n orHecTpenhHhie opyJJ:11H. B 1339 roey «rryiiiKH» yrroMHHaiOTCH rrpn ocaL(c KaM6p3: yKpcrrncHHH KaM6p3 TOrJJ:a 3aii(HII(aJ111Ch 5-10 )Kene3HhiMH H 5-10 6pOH30BhiMH opyL(HHMH. Manphr rroL( AJlhL()KeBnpoM B 1342 roL(y IIOJlh30BaJ111Ch OrHeCTpenhHhlMll opyJJ:HHMH. B 6nTBe rrpn Kpecn B 1346 roJJ:y yrroMHHYThiH Bhiiiie EepTOnhL( Hnrep-lllnapl.\ PYKOBOL(Hn rrepnon B TO npeMH rroneBon apTHJlJlepnen anrnnqaH, COCTOHBIIIeH TOnhKO H3 Tpex rryIIIeK, 'ITO crroco6cTnonano rro6eL(e aHrJlllqaH. )J,o TOro orHeCTPenhHhie opyL(HH B rroneBOH BOHHe He rrpHMeHHJlllCh. C TOrO BpeMeHH apTHnnepHH CTaHOllHTCH HapHJJ:Y C rreXOTOH H Kanane-

pneli OL(HHM H3 rnaBHhiX pOL(OB BOHCK. TorL(a )Ke rrpn Kpecn, B 1346 roJJ:y, <l>nnnrrrr VI 6hiJI paHeH B Hory H3 orHecTpeJlhHOro opy)KHH (BHnhHHH). B 1354 roJJ:y TOT )Ke EepTOnhL( Hnrep-Illnapl.\ OTn11n MaccnBHYIO qyryHHYIO MOpTnpy. B c<JeTax ropoJJ:a H10pH6epra 3a 1356 ro.u rroKa3aH pacxo.u Ha rroKyrrKY rryiiiKH. B 1399 ro.uy 3aMOK TaHHeH6epr 6hiJI B3HT rrpn IIOMOII(H «rpOMaL(HOH cppaHey3CKOH rryiiiKH» KaJIH6poM B 79 CM. IlyiiiKa 3Ta 6hrna HaH.ueHa rrpn paCKOIIKaX B 1649 ro.a:y. B IlepyiJ:)KHH B 1364 ro.a:y 6hmo H3rOTonneHo 500 py'IHHII (py'IHhie IIHII(ann ), «rryn11 KOTOpblX rrpo6nnaIOT )Kene3Hhre naThi». B 1365 ro.uy Anh6epT EpaHJJ:eH6yprcKnli 3am:nm:an 3liiiie6eK rrnm:anHMH, CTpenHBIIIHMH CBHHIJOBhiMH IIYJIHMH. B orrncaHHH BanepnncKoro cpa)KCHHH (1378 r.) YIIOMHHaCTCH py'IHOe opy)Kne - pyqHHI.\a. B 1381 ro.uy ayrc6yprl.\hi 11Menn B CBOeM BOHCKe 36 CTpenKOB, BOOpy)KeHHhlX pyqHhlMH apKe6y3aM11 (BOll-

127 Ha HMIIepcKHX ropO)lOB IIpOTHB cppaHKCKHX l1 IIIBa6CKHX pbiiJapen). B 1383 ro.a:y py'IHOe orHecTpenhHoe opy)f(He IIpHMeHHnH nHTOBIIhi rrp11 oca.a:e TpoKaH (noliHa B11TOBTa c 51ralin o). JI11TOBCK11li KHH3h B11TOBT, rrpe.uBOL(HTenhCTBYH pyccKHMH H nHTOBCK11M11 BOHCKaM11 rrpOT11B MOHrOnOB B 13 99 ro .llY, liMen rryiiiKH l1 IIHII(anH. Bee 3TH cpaKThi yKa3hiBaiOT Ha .uononhHO IIIHpOKOe rrpHMeHeHHe B Te BpCMCHa OrHCCTpCnhHOrO opy)KHH B 3arra.uHoli Enporre. 06paTHMCH Terreph K Poccnn. 0TKyJJ:a rrpniiino B Poccn10 orHeCTpenhHOe opy)f(He, TO'IHO HeH3BeCTHO; MOrno IIOIIaCTh C BOCTOKa OT TaTap, KaBKa31JeB HnH TypoK, MOrno rrpHHTH 11 C 3arra.ua OT HeMI.\eB 11n11 nHTOBIJeB. B «CocpnlicKoM npeMeHHHKe» HaIIHCaHo, 'ITO rrpn o6opoHe MocKBhi oT TaTap B 1382 roJJ:y pyccKne yrrOTpe6nHnn orHccTpcnhHOC opy)KHC. B yrrOMHHYTOH neTOII11CH TaK CKa3aHO: «fpa)K.uaHe, CTeperym:11e rpa.ua 11 cyrrpOT11BnHIOII(11eCH HM (TaTapaM), OBH11 CTpenHnH CTpenh6y C 3a6opOH,

Apa6cKaH MOA<J>a

3nOXA MOHrOnOB. 1200-1400 rr.

128

CTBax: crrepBa B fepMaHmi (B CTpac6ypfe B B

1344 f.,

1340

f., B IllrraHAay -

B JieiirruHre -

1348 f.),

II03)J{e BO <f>JiaHL(piiH, lfcrraHmi, lfTaJimi, PoccHH H AHI'JIHH. ,Il,o TOfO nopox II3rOTOBJIHJICH Be3L(e KYCTapHbiM crroco6oM arrTeKapHMH H ApyrHMH qaCTHbiMJI rrpeAIIpHHHMaTeJIHMH.

~aJibre rrylllKH, CTPeJIHBIITHe c IIOACTaBKH li rrepeHOCHBIITHeCH TpeMH-l.JeTblpbMH qeJIOBeKaMH, IIOHBIIJIIICb crrepBa Ha BocToKe. B EBporre HTaJib-

Py"'HaH 6oM6apAa. 1400 r.

HHIJbi H fOJIJiaHAUhi JIIIIllb c

1364 fOLia

Ha'laJIII II3fOTOBJIHTb MaJieHbKHe

rryrn-

KII, rrpeAHa3Ha'!eHHbie rrpeiiMymeCTBeHHO L(JIH fpOMKOH XOJIOCTOH CTPeJib6bi. B

1397

fOLlY B neToiiJicHX

EynoHH yrroMHHaJOTCH MaJibie «pyqHbie rryiiiKII», TaK Ha3bJBaeMbJe «CKJIOrreTTbi» ( OT HliX IIpOH30IllJIO Ha3BaHHe «3CKJiorreTT» ). TaKHe rryiiiKH rrpeAcTaBJIHJIH co6oii MaJieHbKYJO 6oM6ap-

HJIII MOpTHpy, rrpHKperrJieHHYJO K

rrpHMOMY KYCKY AepeBa. Brrocne):(CTBmi BMeCTO L(epeBHHHOfO CTaHKa K MOpTHpKe IIpHBapiiBaJIII )J{eJie3HbiH rrpyT C KOJibUOM, KOTOpoe CJIY)J{HJIO L(JIH HOIITeHHH MOpTHpKII Ha peMHe qepe3 IIJieqo; rronyqanoch, TaKHM o6pa3oM, IIOA061Ie py'IHoro opy)J{JIH. Y BOCTOl.JHbiX HapOL\OB cyrneCTBOBaJIO BeChMa ApeBHee pyqHoe opy)J{Jie, CJIY)I{HBrnee OfHeMeTOM. CTBOJI

npiiiMeHeHIIIe 6oM6apAbJ np111 o6opoHe KpenoCTI!I. MIIIHI!Ianopa. 0Kono 1461 r.

6hm TOHKIIH )l{eJie3HhrH, OKOJIO

(6 OBmi KaMeHbeM rnii6axy HaHb, APY-

pyccKIIe 3HaKOMbi 6biJIII c orHe-

31III )J{e TJOtPHKII rrymarrre B HIIX II

CTPeJibHbiM opy)JmeM II AO

IIHbie CaMOCTpeJibl, HaiiOJIHHIOilliie

Tol.JHO H3BeCTHO, 'ITO B KOHue

rrymaxy II rropoKII rrymaxy, a IIHbie

cToJieTIIH BB03HJIOCb B PocciiJO orHe-

BeJIIIKIIMII rryrnKaMII».

1382 ro):(a.

XIV

CTpeJihHOe opy)J{He H3 fepMaHHH 1.Je-

He roBopH o rryrnKax 1, Ha3BaHHbiX

pe3 faH3eiicKIIH coJ03. TaK Boopy)J{a-

HaCTOHilliiM IIMeHeM, Apyme opyAIIH

nocb ~OCKOBCKOe rocy):(apCTBO.

IIMeJOT Ha3BaHIIe -

TJOtPHK, 'ITO yKa-

IO)J{HbJe 3eMJIH, KaK, HarrpHMep, YK-

3biBaeT Ha IIX BOCTOl.JHOe 1IpaHCKOe

paHHa, IIOJiyl.JaJIH OfHeCTpeJibHOe

IIJIII T!OpKCKOe rrpOIICXO)J{L(eHIIe. I103)J{e, B

1389

fOLlY, fOJIIIUHH-

CKaH JieTOIIHCb YIIOMIIHaeT, 'ITO «JleTa

6897 (1389)

BbiBe3JIII H3 He-

Meu apMaTbi 2 Ha Pycb H omeHHYJO

opy)J{He H3 TypUHH, OTl.JaCTH H3 3aIIMHbiX CTpaH -

KYAa II IIOHBIIJIIICb TaKIIe Ha3BaHJIH, KaK rr. 1

MO)J{)J{IIpa, MYJITyK, TJOtPHK H T. B

CTpeJib6y li OT TOfO 'laCy ypa3yMeJIH H3 HHX cTpenHTH». Ho, KaK BHL\HO,

2 ApMaTa -

aoJJbCKoe cJJooo, 03HaqaeT

liY[JJ]{Y. QqeJib 6JJH3KOC K HCMY yKpaHHCKOC Ha3BaHHe rryrneK- «rapMaTa».

XIV

CTOJieTHH rroHBHJIIICh rro-

poxoBhre 3aBOL\hi BO MHOfHX fOCyAap-

1 ITo-cep6cKH PYlKbe H B HacTofllQee BpeMll H33biB3CTCll <<rTy[JJ]{a».

IlOJibillli li JlHTBbi,

HaKoHeu, c KaBKa3a II II3 IIepcmi, oT-

1 MOlKlKHpa- 1\pCBHee H33B3R11e MOpTilpbl -

CJJOBO yKpaHHCKoe, 03Ha'laeT CTYliKY,

rrpoHCXOI\HT oT rroJJbCKoro «M031\3eJK». MyJJTYK (MYJJTYX)- BOCTO'IHOe TIOpKCKOe Ha3BaHHe opylKHll.

180 CM

tPYTOB) L(JIHHOH, IIOKpbiT BOKpyf

BOEHHbiE TEHAEHL...U,1V1

129

JJ:epesoM, cKperrneHHhiM sepesKaMII, peMHHMII II T.rr. K Ka3eHHOH qacTII CTBOJia rrpiiKperrJIHJiaCh pyKOHTKa B BHJJ:e JJ:epeBHHHOH IIaJIKII. Opy:lKI1e 3TO 3apiDKanocb He6oJihIIII1M 3apHJJ:OM rropoxa, Ha rropox KJiaJIH «rrymo» II3 rraKJIH, cMeiiiaHHoH: c IIOpOXOM, BOCKOM II T.II., 3aTeM CJIOII rropoiiiKa II3 TomeHoro CTeKJia, rpeqecKoro BOCKa, CTaJihHhiX OIIHJIOK II CeJIHTpbi, OIIHTh CJIOII IIOpoxa II T.JJ:.; TaKHM rropHJJ:KOM CTBOJI HarroJIHHJICH JJ:O eyna. 3apHJJ: 3IDKIITaJICH C JJ:yJia, II II3 CTBOJia Bbi6paCbiBaJIHCh C BhiCTPeJiaMII ropHJ:.I.Oill COCTaB II 3a)f(HI'aTeJihHhie rryJIH. Apa6bi rrpHMeHHJIH TaKoe opY:lKI1e JJ:JIH soeHHhiX ueneH: JJ:O XN CTOJieTIIH. Apa6cKHi1: yqeHhTH IllaMc yJJ:-)J,RH MoxaMMeJJ: onncan B XII CTOJienrn orHecTpeJihHoe opy:lKI1e, Ha3hiBaBIIIeecH «MOJJ:cpa». 0HO COCTOHJIO II3 KOpOTKOro MeTaJIJif[qeCKOrO CTBOJia Ha JJ:peBKe. 3apml<aJIOCh 3TO IIOJJ:06He MOpTIIpKII IIOpOXOBOH MHKOThiO II MeTaJIO CHapHJJ:, Ha3biBaBIIIIIHCH «60HJJ:OK», qTo rro-apa6cru 03HaqaeT opex 1. CTpenoK, JJ:etl:cTBOBaBIIIHH TaKHM opy)lmeM, Ha3biBaJICH «60HJJ:aKTOp». ll3 MOJJ:cphl cTpemmn c coweK. 3apHJJ: 3a)I(HraJIH OT pyKII. HeqTO IIOXO)I(ee Ha MOJJ:cpy, a MO)I(eT 6hiTh, 11 TOqHyiO KOIIHIO ee, Mhl BIIJJ:eJIH Ha CTapiiHHhiX piiCYHKaX, yKpaiiiaiOII..(IIX cppaHUY3CKIIH rrepeBOJJ: KBIIHTa KypuiiH, CJJ:eJiaHHhiii B 1468 roJJ:y 2. HcTopiiK H. l.JepHeo IIIIIIIeT: «Yapa6os 6wm oco6oro poJJ:a KaMHeMeThi, CJJ:eJiaHHhie H3 TBepJJ:oro MeTaJIJia, IIMeBIIIHe BIIJJ: rrpocsepneHHhiX IIaJIOK. 113 TaKOrO opy)I(IIH, KOTOpoe OHM Ha3biBaiOT Kapa6RHaMH 3 , Bbi6paChiBaeTCH CIIJIOH rropoxosoro orHH CBHHI..(OBaH nyJIH, KOTOpaH HaBbiJieT rrpo6HBaeT qeJIOBeKa B IIOJIHOM BOopy)l(eHIIII» (s JJ:Ocrrexax). B MaHycKprniTe MapiiaHa HKo6yca 1449 ro):(a HMeeTCH piiCYHOK, II306pa)l(al01l.(IIH MOpTHpKy-py)l(he C JJ:peBKOM B BHJJ:e KOpOTKOH IIaJIKII. BcaJJ:HIIK YJIIIpaeT JJ:peBKO ce6e B rpyJJ:h (B MeTaJIJif[qeCKIIH HarpyJJ:HHK, TaK KaK BCa):(HIIK B JJ:OCJieXaX ), a CTBOJI OIIH6hiJJa Kpymall nyJJH H3 CBHHI_\a. 2 XpaHHTCH B EpHTaHCKOM My3ee. 3 «Kapa6» no-apa6CKH 03HaqaeT opyllme. 1

JTO

paeTCH Ha IIOJJ:CTaBKY, rrpiiKperrJieHHYIO K nyKe ceJJ:Jia. IloJJ:o6Hoe opy)I(IIe B EBporre HOCIIJIO pa3Hhle Ha3BaHIIH: IICIIaHI..(hl Ha3biBaml ero «IIeJJ:epHaJih», <jlpaHuy3hi - «rreTpnnaJih» II T.JJ:. ORo 6hiJIO JJ:JIHHOH (BMeCTe C IIaJIKOH) OT 120 JJ:O 180 eM, BeCIIJIO oT 4 JJ:O 8 Kr. YrrpaBJIHJIH HM rrpH rroMOIUH OJJ:HOH pyKH, JJ:pyroH: pyKoH: 3a)I(HraJIH 3aTpasKy. BepoHTHo, c noJJ:o6HbiM pyqHhiM opyJJ:HeM, IIJIH opy:lKI1eM, B 1344 roey rroHBIIJICH B MaH:Hue rrpH JJ:BOpe eyp<jlropcTa feHpiixa EpaHJJ:eH6yprCKOro KaKOH-TO «OrHeCTpeJIOK», 3aHHTepeCOBaBIIIIIH KaK feHpiiXa, TaK II BeCh ropOJJ: CBOHM IICKyCCTBOM CTpeJih6hi, 3a qTo 6hm meJJ:po Harpa)I(JJ:eH feHpiiXOM. B 1372 roJJ:y B repMaHHII IIOHBIIJIOCh rronypyqfioe-rronyapTIIJIJiepiiilcKoe opy:lKI1e - <jlHniJihHhiii apKe6y3. Ha3BaHHe 3TO no3aiiMCTBOBaHo, KaK BHJJ:HO, OT apKe6y30B C JIYKOM (THJia ap6aneTOB ), MeTaBIIIHX TaK)I(e

CBIIHUOBhie IIYJIII. B 1381 roJJ:y ropoJJ: Ayrc6ypr JJ:aJI IIIBa6CKHM ropOJJ:aM, BOeBaBIIIHM C HeMeUKHM JJ:BOpHHCTBOM, TPIIJJ:UaTh qenoseK, soopy)l(eHHhiX orHecTpeJihHhiMII apKe6y3aMJI 1. IJepBOHaqaJihHO TH)J(eJibiH apKe6y3 o6cJiy)I(HBaJIII JJ:Ba qenoBeKa (apKe6y3ephr). CTpenh6a Benach c IIOJJ:cTaBKII. BocrrnaMeHeHIIe 3apsma

6hmo <jliiTHJihHOe, 3aTeM Konecuosoe, KpeMHeBoe, OTCIOJJ:a pa3JIHqHbie orrpeJJ:eJieHIIH: apKe6y3 «6opoJJ:aThri1:», «ry6qaThiH», KpeMHeBhiH II T. II. Ilo3)1(e apKe6y3 nonyq11n pa3BHTHe B JJ:BYX HarrpaBJieHHHX: B BHJJ:e TH)J(eJioro KperrocTHoro py)l(hH (raKOBHHUa, 3aTHHHaH IIliii..(aJib) II B BHL(e pyqHoro opy)l(liH (py~a, 3aBecHaH IIIIII..(aJih); pyqHHI..(a 6biJia B BIIJJ:e rreXOTHOrO py)l(hH, a o6nerqeHHhli1 o6pa3eu ( 3aBecaaH rrHII..(aJih) CJIY)I(IIJI B KaqecTse KaBanepiiilcKoro apKe6y3a. K KOHUY XIV CTOJieTHH, BMecTo 3aTpaBKII csepxy, YCTPOIIJIH ee c6oey CTBOJia. IlOJJ: 3aTPaBKOH rrpiiCTpOIIJIII IIOJIKY JJ:JIH rrpiiChliiKli 3aTPaBOqff0rO rropoxa, qTo o6nerqano sociiJiaMeHeHIIe. l.JT06hi IIOpOX He Bh!ChiiiaJICH C IIOJIKII, HaL( HeH ycTpOIIml KpbiiiiKY Ha IIIapHHpe. 3aTpaBKy, T.e. rropox Ha rroJIKe, 3a)I(HraJIH rro-rrpe)I(HeMY <jlHTHJieM oT pyKH. )J,JIH yJJ:o6cTBa cTpeJih6hr H3 KyJieBpHH K HliM CTaJIH L(eJiaTb rrpHKJiaJJ:hi, KOTOphie MO)I(HO 6hiJIO KJiaCTh rrp11 cTpeJih6e Ha rrneqo.

OC~HOEMCKYCCTBO

MOPTMMKA.I.J;IDI K8Kit1X-TO cyw,eCTBeHHb/X HOBOBBe,D,eHit1M Hlt1 B OC8,D,HOM, Hlt1 B lj)op-

1 CTpenoK 113 apKe6y3a Ha3hmancH apKe6y3ep. ApKe6y3hi, nocTeneHHO coBepweHCTBYHCb, cymecTBOBann no XVI CTOJJeTne BKJIIOqnTeJibHO.

Tit1lj)lt1K8~1t10HHOM lt1CKyCCTB8X 38

Onlt1CbiB8eMb/M neplt10,D, He OTMe'leHO. no BCe£1 Eapone B03BO,D,It1f1111Cb 38MK/t1 -

lt1 'leM ,D,8flbWe, TeM B 60flb-

3nOXA MOHrOnOB. 1200-1400 rr.

130

noKa3ano, 'ITO Moryll.leCTBeHHbtilt 1t1 6oraTbti1 MOHapx, ecn1t1 3a,n,acTCfl TaKOM t4eflbl0 /11 B,D,06aBOK 6y,D,eT B COCTOf/H/11/11 n0380fl/11Tb ce6e COOTBeTCTBYIOll.llt1e pacxo,D,bt, cnoco6eH npeo,n,oneTb conpOTit1BneHit1e nl06oi1, CKOflb y/O,D,HO rp03HOM TBep,D,b/H/11. Ho 'IT06bt no,n,o6Hbte TepneHit1e, 6oraTCTBO, t4eneycTpeMneHHOCTb /11 yMeHit1e C0Wfl/11Cb 8 O,D,HOM 'lenoaeKe- TaKoe cny'lanocb a Cpe,D,H/11e BeKa Kpai1He pe,D,KO. no'IT/11 H/11KO/,D,a He npe,D,CTaBflf/flOCb 803MO>KHb/M CO,D,ep>KaTb C/JeO,D,aflbHbte

3aMOK

XII

weM '-111Cne -no o6pa314Y Blt13aHmi1-

K/11 fiBHO ,D,OCT/11mlt1 npe,n,ena . Heao3-

CK/11X KpenocTei1 Manoi1 A31t1/11 1t1 ae-

MO>KHO 6btfl0 nplt1,D,yMaTb HOBb/X

fllt1KOnenHbtX 3aMKOB, KOTOpbte Kpe-

OCa,D,Hb/X opy,D,It1M ,D,O TeX nap, nOKa He

CTOHOC/4bl BCe

ell.le

npO,D,Ofl>Kafl/11

B03,D,B/1118Tb 8 C1t1plt11t1 /11 naneCT/11He . 0Ca,D,Haf/ TeXH/11Ka C/11flbHO OTCTaBana OT C/JOpTit1C/Jit1Kaf4/110HHOIO /11CKyCCTBa -

'leflOBe'leCKaf/ /11306peTa-

TeflbHOCTb /11 803MO>KHOCT/11 MeXaH/11-

Hai1,D,eTCfl C/11flbl, 6onee MOll.lHOM, 'leM Kpy'leHit1e, HaTR>KeHit1e 1t1n1t1 ,n,ei1CTB/11e npOTMBOBeCa, a TaK>Ke pa3pyWit1TeflbHee, 'leM 0/0Hb . 83f1Tit1e KoponeM ctJpaHf4/11/11 ctJ/11nlt1nnoM

AarycTOM Wam-/ai1Rpa

BopoTa 33MKa C BHeWHeH Ill BHyTpeHHeH CTOpOH

apM/11/11 a Te'leHit1e cpoKa, ,n,ocraTO'IHO ,D,fl/11TeflbHO/O ,D,flfl T0/0 , 'IT06bt BeCT/11 CTOflb npO,D,Ofl>Kit1TeflbHYIO oca,n,y, KaKoi1 Tpe6oaanlt1 MOll.lHbte 3aMK/11. nplt13BaTb,D,flfl HaCTynaTenbHb/X ,n,ei1cTBit1i1 aaccanoa 1t1 onon'leHit1e MO>KHO 6btno acero Ha HeCKOnbKO He,D,eflb 8 IO,D,y, a CO,D,ep33MKOB3H CTeHa

>KaTb Heonpe,n,eneHHO ,n,onro HaeM-

BOEHHbiE TEHAEHUV1V1 ITpocpeccop

B.B.

131

HKOBJieB B CEO-

3aMKaMII IIOKpbiJlaCb B II306HJ1HH

eM HCCJle):(OBaHJHI «3BOffiOUHH ):(OJITOBpeMeilliOH cpopTHcpHKaUHH» 1 06bSIC-

BCH 3arra):(HaH EBporra: B OAHOH <f>paHUIIII HX HaCY.IITbiBaJlOCb ):(0

HSieT OTCTaBaHHe pa3BHTHH cpopTH-

YKperrJleHHhre 3aMKH cpaBHHTeJlbHO c

cpHKaQIIOHHbiX coopy)KeHIIH B 3TOT

}lpeBHHMII KpeiiOCTHMH IIMeJIII MaJibie

50 TbiCHti.

nepHOA TeM, Y.TO He pa3BHJI0Cb HaCTy-

pa3Mepbl, TaK KaK o6opOHHJIHCb Ma-

naTeJlbHOe opy)l{He. 0):(HOH H3 IIpHY.HH

JlbiM tiiiCJlOM 3aiUIITHHKOB. 3TO )Ke

OTCYTCTBHH 6JleCTHIIIHX cpopmcpHKa-

06CTOHTe.JlbCTBO OKa3biBaJ10 BJliiHHHe

U110HHbiX cpopM OH CY.HTaeT pa3Ap06-

Ha HeKOTOpbie '!aCTHOCTl1 ycTpOHCT-

JleHHOCTb EBponhr. Ha pa3Bammax

Ba 3aMKOB. TaK, o6opoHa cocpe):(oTo-

3arra):(HOH PIIMCKOH HMrrepiiii o6pa3o-

Y.HBaJlacb rrpeiiMYII!eCTBeHHO B 6arn-

BaJ10Ch MHOrO He3aBHCHMbTX rocy-

HHX, CTeHhl )Ke 3aHHMaJIHCb BOHCKa-

H3 HliX BO):(BOpHJlaCb

MH pe):(KO. 0rpa):(a 3aMKa, COCTOHBIIIaH

cpeO)l,aJlbHaH CHCTeMa; II03eMeJ1hHaH

H3 CTeH II 6arneH, OXBaTbTBaJiaCh 06hiY.-

C06CTBeHHOCTb pa3):(p06HJ1aCb, apMHH

HO pBoM. 06opoHa 6hma yrropHaH,

}lapcTB; B

K~OM

rnaBHaSI 3aMKOBaSI 6aWHSI, AOH>KOH

HYIO apM//110 06XO/].I/1fl0Cb Kp8ii1He .n.opom.

I/1TO/e 060pOHI/1TeflbH8'il CTpaTe-

ll/1'il OK83bl88fl8Cb, K8K np881/1fl0,

SC/J-

cf:JeKTI/18Hee HacTynaTeflbHOilt. CooT8eTCT8eHHO, 38 STOT nep//10/]. OTMel.feHO Ky.n.a MeHbwe reHepanbHbiX cpa>KeHMilt, l.feM 38 n106oilt 1/13 npeiJ.biiJ.YLl.lMX Mfl//1 nocne.n.yiOLl.lMX. 5onee cna6aR CTOpOH8 MOrna, K8K np881/1fl0, nOfl818TbC'il H8 TO, l.fTO OTCTynMT 38 CTeHbl 38MK8 1/1, 8 KOHel.fHOM I/1TOre, no6e.n.MT Mfl//1, no KpailtHeilt M e pe, He nompnMT nopa>KeHMR. Boo6Ll.le 1080pR, TOflbKO C08CeM }'>K 6e3p8CCYIJ.Hble Mfl//1 HeyMeflble, Mfl//1 Cfli/1WKOM He8e3YI.fMe pMCKHYflM6bl 88'i/38TbC'i/ 8 6MT8y, He 6Y/J.YI.fl/1 y8epeHHb/MI/1 8 C80eM peWMTeflbHOM npe80CXO/].CT8e. BHeWHI'Ie ropOACKI'Ie CTeHbl

yMeHbiiiHJIHCb ):(OHeJ1b3H. Ka)K):(biH,

rraccHBHaH, a rroToMy 3):(ecb Bcer):(a

}la)Ke caMhiH He3HaY.HTeJ1bHbiH cpeo-

IIpHMeHHJlCH IIpHHUHII IIOCJle):(OBa-

}laJlbHbiH BJla):(eJleU (HeMeUKOe CJlOBO

TeJlbHOH o6opOHbi, T.e. CIIJlbi yBeJlii-

«cpeo):(» 03HatraeT BJla):(emre, ):(aBaeMoe

tiHBaJlMCb OT Hapy)KHOH Orpa):(bl K

Ha BpeMH) 3a60THJICH 0 CBOeH He3a-

ueHTPY, me o6brtrHo pacrroJlaraJlcH

BHCHMOCTH C03}laiiHeM CBOeH yKperr-

CaM 3aMOK, CJIY)KHBIIIHH UHTa):(eJihiO

JleHHOH CTOJ1IIUbi-y6e)KIIII!a, B KOTO-

II Ha3biBaBIIIIIHCH }lOH)KOHOM. 3TO

pOH OH yKpbiBaJl CBOH 6oraTCTBa OT

6biJ1 IIOCJie):(HHH OIIJlOT 060p0Hbl, B

Ha6eroB cocenei1; TaKoe yKperureHHOe

KOTOpOM )KHJI BJiaAeJieU 3aMKa, llOMe-

y6e)KHIUe BhlliBHJIOCb B cpopMe yKperr-

IUaJlHCb ero HMyiUeCTBO, )KeHbi, )leTH;

JlemiOrO 3aMKa, KOTOpbrH H C):(e.JlaJlCH

B IIO):(BaJlaX 6biJ1H paCIIOJlO)KeHbl TeM-

rDCIIO):(CTBYJOIIIHM THIIOM cpe):(HeBeKO-

HIIUbi, H OTTy):(a BbiXO):(HJI TaHHbiH

BOH KperrocTH.

II0):(3eMHbiH XOA , Be)lyiUHH B KaKOeHII6YAb 3aKpbiTOe MeCTO BHe 3aMKa.

1 B. BJIKOBJieB. VlcTopHH KpenoCTeii. AM6paaypa OKHa

cn6, 1995.

YKpeiiJieHHbie 3aMKH cTpOIIJIH o6biY.HO Ha BepiiiHHaX rop, Ha 06pb!BHCTbiX

3nOXA MOHrOnOB. 1200-1400 rr.

132

6apo6anm1CTIII'-IecKiile ocaAHble MaWIIIHbl no3AHero CpeAHeBeKOBbH: <j>pOHA1116ona (cnesa) 111 Tpe610we

CKaJiaX, 6JIII3 peK IIJIII Ha OCTpOBaX, 0):\HIIM CJIOBOM, B MeCTaX, B03MO)!{H0 HenpiiCTynHbiX. CTeHbi II 6arnHII yKpenneHHbiX 3aMKOB no cyiiieCTBY He OTJIIIqaJIIICb OT TaKOBblX B ):lpeBHIIX KpenoCniX, KpoMe 6onee IIcKycHo II apxiiTeKrypHO Bbipa60TaHHbiX ):\eTaJieii (3y6Ubl, BbiCTYTIHbie 6aJIKOHbi, Ha3biBaBWIIeCH MYwapa6II, -

npeHM)'IlleCTBeHHO HaA

BOpOTaMII ):IJIH HaBeCHOH IIX o6opOHbl, MarniiKyJIII). Cna6oii cTopoHoii 3aMKon HBJIHJIIICb 13blXO):\bl, KOTOpblX no3TOMY ycTPaiiBaJIOCb He 6oncc AByx, npiiqeM OHM OXpaHHJIIICb OC06eHHO CIIJibHO: ycTpaiiBaJIIICb nO):IbeMHbie MOCTbi, pacnonaraeMbre IIHOr):la no JIOMaHOH JIIIHIIII, nprrqeM rOJIOI3Y MOCTa nprrKpbiBaJIII OC06biMII 6aWHHMII (6aCTIIJIIIII, 6ap6aKaHbl ). C pacnpOCTPaHeHIIeM XpiiCTIIaHCTBa MOHaCTblp11 CKOpO TaKJKe noTpe6oBaJIII 3aiiii1Tbi OT Hana):leHI1ii. TaK nOHBIIJIIICb yKpeiiJieHHbie MOHaCTblpii, HBJIHI3WI1e co6oii nTopoii THn cpeAHeBeKOBbiX KpenocTeii. MoHaxrr cpeAHIIX BeKOB 6biJIII Te JKe BOIIHbl, 11 yKpenJieHHbie MOHaCTblp11 11MeJII1 B HI1X 3HeprrrqHbrx 3aiiiHTHI1KOB. XapaKTep yKpenJieHHH MOHaCTbipeif TOT JKe, qTo H 3aMKOB, HO HCCKOJibKO IIpOIIIC. C yciiJieHIIeM KOpOJieBCKOH BJiaCTI1 11 C OCJia6JieHHeM <jJeO):IaJII13Ma TIOHBJIHeTCH TPeTI1ii TIIII KpenocTeii cpeAHeBeKOBbH -

yKpenneHHbre ropoAa.

KaK 11 npelKAe, noqTI1 Ka)!{):lbiH ropoA 6bm 13 TO JKe npeMH H KpenOCTbiO.

60M6apAa «TOnCTaSI rpeTa» : TpaHCnOpTiilpOBKa Ha nOArOTOBneHHYIO n03liii..IIIIIO Ill 3apH>KaHIIIe 60M6apAbl, yCTaHOBneHHOH 3a nOAbeMHbiM HaBeCOM

BOEHHbiE TEHAEHU.lt1lt1 IIepBbJe apTMJTJiepillicKne opyAllil rroHBMJIMCh so BTopoil nonosJIHe

XIV

133

I,D,e I/116KO COLieTafl/IICb OIHeBafl, 3a-

o6opOHbl B CBf/3/11 C pa3B/IIT/IIeM yK-

rpa,D,/IITeflbHafl 111 y,D,apHafl MOUlb .

penneH/IIM ( CM. BbtWe).

BeKa; 3TO 6hiJill L(epeBHHHhie, CKperr-

Ycnex111 aHmMLiaH, a TaK>Ke cj)na-

IIIHTepeCHO npe,D,CTaBIIITb , LITO

JieHHhie o6py'IUMll nyiiiKll, HU3hiBUB-

MaH,D,CKIIIX /II WBeM[4apCK/IIX KOneJii-

6btfl0 6bt, CTOflKH/IICb 060pOHIIITeflb-

IIIHeCH 6oM6apAaMH. OHM rroMema-

Ul/IIKOB npiiiBefl/11 K TOMy, LITO Ha eB-

Hafl TaKT/IIKa KOM6111HIIIpOBaHHOIO

JIMCh Ha CTUHKUX llJill ropOAKUX ll

poneJiiCKOM TeaTpe BOeHHb/X ,D,eJii-

BOMCKa 3,D,yap,D,a

330 Kr

CTB/IIM y o6opOHbl nOfiB/IIflOCb CYUle-

naTeflbHafl TaKTIIIKa KaaaneplllllllfiiiH-

700 M . .IJ:ypHbTe

CTBeHHOe TaKT/IILieCKOe npeiiiMYUle-

mcxaHa

CTpeJIHJill KUMHHMll BeCOM ):(0 Ha L(IICTUHI.(ll!O OKOJIO

Ka'leCTBa 3TIIX opyAIIM ( CJia60CTb YAU-

CTBO nepe,D, Hana,D,eH/IIeM.

pa, MaJIUH MeTKOCTh, HeiipO'IHOCTb II

Kpenn>~no CTpaTerMLieCKIIIIIi nepeaec

Ill (XIV B.) Ill HaCTy-

(XIII B.) .

no,D,-

rrp. ), BO MHorOM ycTynaBIIIIIX L(U:Me

BOMHCKAH CJIY)I(])A

cpe):(HeBeKOBbiM 6aJIJIJICTUM ll Tpe6TO-

B 3AIIA)J;HOM EBPOIIE II03,n:HErO CPE.I1:HEBEKOBh$P

rne, 6bJJill npll'-mHofi IIX 6ecciiJIHH rrpoTIIB KaMeHHhiX orpaA. TaKMM o6pa30M, rrepsoHa'laJihHhie o6pa3U:hi apTIInnepiifiCKIIx opyAHH He OKU3aJIII Herrocpe):(CTBeHHOrO BJIHHHII5! Ha ycTpOHCTBO KperrocTeil, 11 npornno eme

100

no Mepe TOIO, KaK HaeMHbte ap-

JieT, IIOKa QlOpTllQlHKUU:H-

M/11/11 CTaHOB/IIfl/IICb BCe MHOIOLI/IIC-

OHHbTe QlOpMbl TIOJIY'IIIJIII HOBbTH 06-

neHHeJii, MOUlHee 111 np111o6peTan111

6onee

JIHK, OTBe'laBIIIIlli HOBOMY MOrYIIIeCT-

ace 6onbwee 3HaLieH/IIe, Ha cj)eo-

BeHHOMY QlUKTopy -

,D,anbHOe ononLieH/IIe, Heo6yLieHHOe,

rropoxy, II TeM

113MeHeHI151M B OCUL(HOM IICKyCCTBe,

nocnewHo Ha6paHHOe, nonaranMCb

KUKIIe OH IIOBJieK 3U C060i1.

MeHbWe /II MeHbWe. npaa,D,a, B AHrfl/11/11, a no3>Ke 111 ao C/>paH/4111111 y,D,anocb ,D,06111TbCfl LlaCT/IILIHOIO C/IIHTe3a ,D,BYX 3T/IIX, Ka3aflOCb 6bt, HeCOBMeCT/IIMb/X

TAKTMKA CYXOIIYTHhiX liOEBhiX .D:EMCTBMM

CIIICTeM. nbtTaf/Cb coL~eTaTb ononLieH/IIe c Ha6opOM no HaMMY, KOPOfl/11 1113 ,D,/11HaCT/11/11 nnaHTaleHeTOB 2 BBefl/11 Me-

lnaaeHCTBYJOUlafl ponb Ha none

TO,ll, «KOHTpaKTOBaH/11>1» . OHM nOOll.l-

60>1 HacmnbKO aneL~am>~JOUle aep-

p>ln/11 aaccanoa co,D,ep>KaTb 3a caolli

Hynacb K nexoTe ( B KaLiecTBe 6a3o-

CLieT

aoro ::meMeHTa c6anaHcMpoaaHHO-

HeHIIIR -

ro 111 Koop,D,IIIHMpoaaHHO ,D,ellicTay/0-

,D,flfl HeCeH/IIfl rapHIII30HHOM cny>K6bt

ll.lero newe-KOHHOIO BOMCKa -

B KOponeBCK/IIX 3aMKaX, -

TeH-

peryn>~pHbte

BO/IIHCK/IIe coe,D,/11-

Ha CflyLiaM BOMHbl, a TaK>Ke 3a LITO

nnaT/IIfl/11 aaccanaM no 3apaHee oro-

,D,eH[4/IIfl, OLieB/II,D,Haf/ /II B npOWflbte aeKa) B 6111TBe np111 Kpec111 TOflbKO no-

aopeHHOM TaKCe /llfl/11 npe,D,OCTaBflfl-

TOMy, LITO HOBOe /II 6onee MOUlHOe

fl/11 /liM onpe,D,eneHHbte npiiiB/IIner/11111.

opy>KIIIe, ,ll,fl/IIHHb/M nyK, :;JCj>cj)eKT/IIBHO

C/>opMaflbHO 3TO H/IIKaK He COLieTa-

no,ll,ll,ep>KIIIBano ,ll,/IIC[4/IInfl/IIHIIIpOBaHHbiX, Ha,D,e>KHO 3all.llllll.leHHb/X ,ll,OCnexaM/11 KOneMUl/IIKOB . 3HaLieHIIIe 3TOIO B nOflHOM Mepe He 0/4eH/IIfl/ll ,D,a>Ke caM/IT aHm/IILiaHe.

lfm

,D,O ocTanbHbtX npaB/IITenelli

XIV

BeKa, Te TUleTHO nbtTafl/IICb OTb/CKaTb HeynOBIIIMbtlli Kn/OLI K no6e,D,e, no npiiiMepy aHm/IILiaH cnew/IIBafl B 6/IITBax CB0/0 Tf/>Keny/0 Kaaanep/1110 . 0HIII TaK /II He CMOm/11 nOHf/Tb, LITO CeKpeT ycnexa aHmiiiLiaH KpbtnCfl He TOflbKO B /IIX cneW/IIBW/IIXCfl KOHH/IIKaX /II B /IICKyCCTBe /IIX flYLIH/IIKOB, a B yMeflOM KOOp,D,IIIHa[4111/ll ,D,eMCTB/IIM Tfi>Keflb/X KOneMUl/11KOB, nerK/IIX flY'-/HIIIKOB /II Kaaanep111111:

Pbll..lapcKoe cHapsnKeHHe XIII B. npopHCOBKa penbecPa HaArp06HOrO naMSITHHKa

1MmrronbcKaH soeHHal! cHcTeMa o6cylKnaeTcH OTJJ.eJlbHO- eM. nanee. (TiptlMe'l. 3. H T. )J,10n10H ). 2 TinaHTareHeTbi, HJIH AHlKyiicKaH JJ.HHacTI1H, no npo3B11IUY ee ponmmqaJibH11Ka rpa<(la AnlKyrrcKoro )Ko<(llj>pya V, - anr!lHHcKaSI KoponescKaH BeTBh oT feHpHxa II (feHpHxa AHlKyrrcKoro, 1133-1189 rr., Koponh c 1154 r .) no PH'Iapna II (1367-1400 rr., Koponh B 1377-1399 rr.). DOKOBbie BeTBI1 TIJianTareHeTOB - JlanKacTepbl 11 HopK11, conepHWieCTBO MelKJJ.Y KOT0pb1MI1 npHBeJIO K BOHHe Anoi1 f1 Eenotl po3 f1 JaseprnHnocb r116enbJO nocnenHero 113 HopKoB PWiapna III (1452- 1485 rr., KOpO.nb C 1483 r.) 11 BOQapeHHeM )\lfHaCTHII TIOJJ.OpOB.

3nOXA MOHrOnOB. 1200-1400 rr.

134

K8>KeTCR n8p8,D.OKCOM, 'ITO 80

HaKOHelfHl!K poM6H'1eCKOH <l>opMbl, Ha-

MHOrMX 8HrflMMCKMX 8pMMRX, ,ll.OMM-

Ca)J{eHHblli Ha L(JlliHHOe ApeBKO. Koiibe

HMp0888WMX H8 e8pOnei1CKOM Te8T-

IIpi!MeHHJlOCh J]JlH yLJ:apa; MeTai-Ille

pe 80eHHb/X ,D.eiltCTBMM 6n8ro,D.8pR

KOIIHH C KOI-IH He rrpaKTHKOBaJIOCb.

npe80CXO,D.CTBYC80ei1 neXOTbl, K8)1(-

Opy)J{HeM phruapH CJJY)i{IIJJII TaK)J{e

,ll.b/M C0fl,l1.8T TeM He MeHee R8flRflCR

6yJJaBa 11 Tonop. EyJJana (l!JlH naJIII-

KOHHMKOM. llfMeHHO 3TMM 06CTOR-

ua) 6hrJJa H3JJI06JJeHHhiM opy)J{HeM

TeflbCT80M 06bRCHReTCR, no'leMy

L(yx_OBHhiX <l>eOL(aJJOB -

3,D.yap,D.

Ill

MnM ero CbiH 3,D.y8p,D. ,

eiiHCKOIIOB H

a66aToB . TaK KaK uepKOBb 3anpemaJJa

npMHLI, Y3flbCKMM ( 80We,D.WMM 8 MC-

11M IIpOJIIIBaTb KpOBb, OHll L(eHCTBOBa-

TOpMIO K8K lfepHb/M npMHLI,) MOrflM

JIII He MelfaMH II KOIIhHMII, a 6l!JlH CBO-

onep8TM8HO nepeMe£48TbCR 8,ll.Oflb M

HX IIpOTIIBI-IIIKOB ITO fOJIOBe 6ynaBOH.

nonepeK no 8Cei1 ct>p8HLI,MM, 3H8'1M-

Ten&Ho npe80CXO,ll.R 8 nO,D.8M)I(HOCTM

<l>paHl(y3CKHH eiTI!CKOII, L(06paBllll!Cb

M M8He8peHHOCTM C/Jp8HLI,Y3CKMe K8-

):(0 aHrJlllllcKoro KOMaHAYIOIUero, TaK

88nepMMCKMe 8pMMM.

6oro np11 EyBMHe

(1214 r.)

OAIII-I

yLJ:api!Jl ero 6yJJaBOM ITO rOJJOBe, lfTO TOT 6e3 lfYBCTB ITOBaJlliJlCSI C KOHH Ha

Pbi~apcKoe

BoopylKeHMe <j>paHU.Y3CKoro pbJU,apR

3eMJIIO.

soliicKo

Pbil(apb

XIII B . B pa3Jlli'1HbiX HCTOlfHHKax yKa3binaeTcSI, 'ITO B

XIII

BeKe ocHonoil ap-

flOCb C C/JeO,D.8flbHOM 80MHCKOM no-

MHI1 3arra.a.Hoi1 Enporrbi HBlliiJJOCh pbi-

8MHHOCTbiO, 38TO OnOn'leHMe aHr-

l(apcKoe BOMCKO . B ocHoBe opraHH-

flMMCKMe KOpOflM C03b/88flM pe,D.KO . 3TM perynRpHble 80MHCKMe COe,D.MHeHWil npe,D.CTa8nRnM co6oi1, no

3aUI111 phiuapcKoro noilcKa JJe)!<aJJa HepapXIIlfecKaH <Peo):(aJlbHaH necnrnl(a. Bo rJJaBe BOMCKa CTOHJl KOpOJlh -

cy14eCTBy, npoo6pa3 6y,D.y14ei1 Ka,D.-

caMhiH KPYITHhiH <Peo):(an 11 caMhiH

B paMKax

maBHhlli ceHbop. Ilpii KopoJJe o6pa-

po8oi1 aHmMi1cKoi1 apMMM.

3TOM CMCTeMbl Y.D.888fl0Cb M36er8Tb

30BhrnancH COBeT 3HaTHbiX pbil(apeii .

npMHY>K,D.eHMR, nOCKOflbKY 68pOHaM

B coBeT BXOJl}IJIII KpyrrHeiilllHe <Peo-

nfl8TMflM 38 80MCK8, KOTOpble OHM

AaJibr: repuorH, rpa<l>bi, KmKLJ:biH H3

CH8PR>K8flM M co,D.ep>KanM. Cny>KMnM

KOTOpbiX KOMaHL(OBaJJ CBOIIM OIIOme-

8 T8KMX 8pMMRX npoC/JeCCMOH8flbHble

HIIeM, COCTaBlliiBllliiM OL(HO «3HaMH»

80eHHble -

M 8 ,D.pe8HepMMCKOM, M

(Bb!ClliYIO opraHI13al(HOHHYIO e):(HHH-

8 co8peMeHHOM CMbiCn8x cno88;

l(y ). IlpH 3HaMeHH HJIII IIpH CeHbOpe

OHM npMCRr8flM H8 8epHOCTb KOpOfl/0

11MeJlCH CBOH COBeT 113 KpyiiHhiX BaC-

M, XOTR CHapR>K8fl MX M KOM8H,l1.088fl

CaJJOB. KmKJ]hrn naccaJJ np11BOAl!Jl IIOA

MMM K8KOM-TO KOHKpeTHb/M 68pOH

3HaMH CeHhOpa HeCKOJlhKO «KOIIHH»

MnM repu,or, C'IMTanM ce6R 8HmMi1-

(KOITbe- Hl13lllaH OpraHH3al(HOHHaH

CKMMM C0fl,l1.8T8MM. C,D.pyro£1 CTOpO-

eA11I-mua). TaKI1M o6pa3oM, phiuap-

Hbl, OHM R8flRflMCb H8eMHMK8MM, M

cKoe BOHCKO L(eJ111JlOCb Ha 3HaMeHa H

KOHTpOnMp088Tb MflM MCnOflb3088Tb

KOIThH .

MX 8 MMpHOe 8peMR npe,D.CT88flRflO

25 - 80 KO4 - 10 lfeJJOBeK COCTOH-

3HaMH COCTOHJlO 113

co6oi1 He TaKYIO y>K npocTy/0 38,D.8-

III1ii. Konhe B

'Iy,

JlO 113 pbil(apH 11 113 06CJJY)J{I1BaiOil(HX

KOr,D.8 6yi1HaR H8TYP8 6p8n8 8epx

XIII BeKa 6biJl Becb 3aKo-

BaH B L(OCIIeXII, II ero 3aiUI!THOe BOO-

opy-

MMHHe3MHrep BepHep <j>oH TEH1<j>eH. HeMeu,KaR MMHManopa Ha~ana XIV B.

H8,ll. ,ll.MCLI,MnflMH0£1, M 8pMMR npMHM-

ero KOHHhiX 11 rrelllHX BOIIHOB -

M8fl8Cb rp86MTb M TeppopM3Mp088Tb

)J{eHOCl(a, KOI-IHhiX ll IIelliHX JIYlfi·IHKOB,

py)J{ei-IHe He OCTaBlliiJlO OTKpbiTblM I-III OAI-IOH qacTH TeJJa. KorAa B 6oro npii

MMpHoe H8ceneHMe. nocKon&Ky 8H-

Koneiilli}!Kon 11 npo'1HX ceyr. Kollhe -

EyBHHe <l>paHuy3CKMii KopoJJh M-

mMi1CK8R perynRpH8R 8pMMR '18L4e

Ha3BaHHe 6onee II03J]Hero IIpOHCXO)J{-

JIHIIII ABrycT 6biJl c6HT c KOHH, Bpa-

8Cero 6&188n8 p8CK88PTMP088H8 80

J]eHHH -

B03HliKJlO B XIV BeKe, HO .llO

rH He MOrJIH HaiiTII B ero cHapH)J{e-

C/Jp8HLI,y3CKMX 8fl8,D.eHMRX nn8HTare-

3Toro Ka)J(LJ:biH pbmapb TaK)J{e HMeJJ

HMII I-IH OL(I-IOH ll(eJIII, qepe3 KOTOpyiO

HeT08, co6cT8eHHO 8 AHmMM 3TOT

ceyr 113 npocThiX BOHHOB. Koiibe HB-

MO)J{HO 6b!Jl0 6bJ nopa311Tb KOpOJJSI

8CneKT npOR8flRflCR He CTOflb CMflb-

JJHJJOCh I-IH3llleH opraHH3al(HOHI-IOM H

KHI-I)J{aJlOM. IlOKa OI-111 Tll(eTI-IO IlbiTa-

HO, K8K 80 ct>p8HLI,MM M .D.PYrMX e8p0-

B TO )J{e BpeMH TaKTH'1eCKOH e):(HHH-

JIHCb 3TO CJ]eJiaTb, IIOL(OCIIeBllllle na

nei1CKMX CTp8H8X, npMMeHR8WMX

l(eH. PbiUapCKOe BOOpy)J{eHHe COCTO-

IIOMOII(b <l>paHl(Y3CKHe pbil(api! OCB0-

8H8flOrM'IHYIO CMCTeMy 80MHCKOM

HJlO 113 Melfa II TH)J{eJJOfO KOIThH, rrpe):(-

60L(IIJIH KOpOJIH .

cny>K6&1.

CTaBlliiBlllero C060H MeTaJJJJH'1eCKIIH

Phruapb HMeJI IUIIT, KOTOpbiM CHa-

BOEHHbiE TEH.ll,EHU.vHtl

135

'la.Jia 6biJI KpyrJihiM, a IIOTOM IIpOJJ:OJIrOBaThiM. 3TOT IIIIIT BO BpeMH 60H

RopOAo (coum SHomHotJt pwu,apeH)

3aKphiBaJI IIO'ITII Bcero phruapH. EoeBOH KOHh pbiiiapH TO)I{e 6hiJI 3aiiiiiiiieH )l{eJie3oM. KoHH MO)I{HO 6hiJIO rropa3IITh TOJihKO CHII3Y B )I{IIBOT. B cBoeM 3aiiiiiTHOM Boopy)l{eHIIII pbiiiapb 6biJI HaCTOJibKO HeyKJIIO)I{, 'ITO eCJII1 ero C611BaJII1 C KOHH, TO OH CaM 6e3 IIOCTOpOHHeH IIOMOIIIII He MOr BCTaTh Ha HOrii. PhiiiapcKaH JIO-

IIIa):(h TaK)I{e 6hma '1pe3MepHo rreperpy)l{eHa . .IJ:oKyMeHTbi TOro BpeMeHII OTMe'laiOT )l{a.JI06hr Ha xyJJ:OKOHHOCTh II Ma.JIOe 'IIICJIO JIOIIIa):(eH, rO):(HbiX ):(JIH

6oH. KaBaJiepiiH phruapcKoro TIIrra

OpyltiBHoce~

6hiJia HeiiOBOpOTJIIIBOH. 3TO 6hiJIII TH)I{eJibie, Me):(JieHHO ):(BIIraBIIIIIeCH BorrcKa. B aTaKy phruapb rneJI rnaroM,

{

fltJUIUB Rf'IIIUifU UIIU AtllHtJ

tiOOp)'llltiHHt/6 HOHHUHU

B JIY'IIIIeM CJiy'lae pbiChiO. Phluapii rrepeJJ: Ha'laJioM 6oH

Ra111u u cJtytu newue

06bi'IHO BbiCTpaiiBaJIIICb B JIIIHIIIO II pe)l{e B my6oKIIH 6oeBOll IIOpHJJ:OK «KJIIIH». 3a pbiiiapHMII CTOHJIII IIX

OpraHI1331..111SI pbll..lapcKoro soi'lcKa

opy)l{eHOCIIhi. 3TO IIOCTpOeHIIe He HBJIHJIOCh 60eBhiM IIOpHJJ:KOM B IIOJIHOM CMbiCJie :noro CJIOBa, TaK KaK 6oti

XOJJ:IIMhie HaBhiKII. Phmaph JJ:OJI)I{eH 6hiJI

)l{epTBYH CBOeH )l{li3HhiO, 6hiJia HeOT-

rrpeJJ:cTaBJIHJI co6orr e):(IIHo6opcTBO.

BJiaJJ:eTh ceMhiO phmapcKIIMII IIceyccT-

):(eJIIIMa OT rrpe3peHIIH KO BCeM «He-

Phruapii HacTyrraJIII cHa'laJia JIIIHerr-

BaMII: BepXOBOH e3):(0H, IIJiaBaHIIeM,

6JiarOpO):(HbiM». PhruapcKaH rro33IIH

HhiM cTpoeM, a 3aTeM 6orr pacrra):(a.rr-

cTpeJih6oii II3 JIYKa, eyJia'IHhiM 6oeM,

(«flecHH o PoJiaHJJ:e», «flecHH o HII-

AP·)

CH Ha pHJJ: rroe):(IIHKOB c phruapHMII

COKOJIIIHOH OXOTOH, IIrpOH B IIIaXMaThl

6eeyHrax», «llo3Ma o CIIJJ:e» II

IIpOTIIBHIIKa IIJIII rrpeBpaiiia.JICH B IIC-

II CJIO)I{eHIIeM CTIIXOB.

BOCIIeBaeT IIMeHHO Taeyro pbiUapcKyro

Tpe6JieHIIe rrexoThi rrpoTIIBHIIKa. ATa-

BcH CIICTeMa BOCIIIITaHIIH pbiiiap-

Ka IIpOII3BO):(IIJiaCb IIJIII pa3BepeyThiM

CKOH apMIIII CTaBIIJia ueJibiO Bbipa6o-

'leCTb. IloJiy'leHIIIO phruapcKoro 3BaHIIH

CTpOeM IIJIII B rJiy6oKOll KOJIOHHe.

TaTb B pbiiiape '!YBCTBO JIII'IHOH 'leC-

rrpe):(IIIeCTBOBa.JIO ):(JIIITeJibHOe o6y'le-

CrrerniiBaHch B 6oro, phruapii o6pa3o-

TII. PhiiiapCKaH 'leCTh, BO IIMH KOTOpOH

HIIe. C ceMIIJiernero BmpacTa MaJib'IIIK

BhiBa.JIII HeiiOBOpOTJIIIBYIO <lJa.rraHry.

Ka)l{):(biH pbiiiapb roTOB 6biJI ):(paTbCH,

rrepe):(aBa.JICH ITO):( «My)I{CKOH Ha):(30p»,

Boopy)l{eHIIe rrpOCThiX BOIIHOB, B TOM 'IIICJIC IICIIIIIX, COCTOHJIO rJiaBHhiM o6pa30M II3 KOIIIIH, JIYKOB II ap6a.rrCTOB.

Boop~eHIIe II cHapH)I{eHIIe cpeJJ:HeBeKoBoro BOIIHa, a TaK)I{e crroco6 BeJJ:eHIIH 6oH TPe6oBaJIII oT phmapH 6oJihrnorr tPII3II'IeCKOH CIIJihi, BbiHOCJIIIBOCTII, cMeJIOCTII II JIOBKOCTII. PhruapH o6Y'!aJIII e3JJ:IITh BepxoM BCeMII a.JIJIIOpaMII, BOJibTli)I{IIpOBaTh Ha JIOIIIa):(II II Ha BCeM CKaKy C 3eMJIII IIO):(HIIMaTh rpy3, xoporno IIJiaBaTh, cTpeJIHTh II3 JiyKa 11 CaMOCTPeJia, KOJIOTb 11 Bbi6IIBaTb IIpOTIIBHIIKa II3 Ce):(Jia, 3aiiiiiiiiaThCH opy)I{IIeM II IIpiiKpbiBaTbCH IIIIITOM, 6opOTbCH, <lJexTOBaTb o6eiiMII pyKaM11, JIOBKO rrphrraTh. K cBoerr 6yJJ:yrrrerr 6oeBorr ):(eHTeJihHOCTII pbiiiapb roTOBIIJICH C Ma.JlblX JieT, Bbipa6aTbiBaH He06-

Pb11..13PCKI1H 6oi>l (113 PYKOni1CI1 1334 roAa)

3nOXA MOHrOnOB. 1200-1400 rr.

136

pH nepeA 6oeM . IloCBHIIIeHHe npoH3BOJJ.lUIOCh KOpOJieM, Ha'la.JihHMKaMH pblll,apcKHX KopnopauHii, a OAHO speMH 11 npocTo pbmapeM. B Ka'leCTBe OTJII1'1liTeJihHhiX 3HaKOB pbiii,aph MMeJI nepeBH3h, pbll!apcKHii llOHC 11 ll030JIO'leHHhie IllllOphi. MHoroJiemee o6yq:eHHe liMeJIO ll,eJihiO llO)l,rOTOBHTh TH)KeJIOBOopy)l{eHHOrO KaBa.JiepHcTa, cnoco6Horo MceycHo ApaThcH c TaKMM )l{e, KaK M OH, TH)KeJihiM BCa)l,HHKOM. Heo6xo)l,I1Mhie phmapcKHe HaBhiKH COBeprneHCTBOBa.JIMCh B BOHHaX, KOTOpble BeJIM cpeo)l,a.Jlhl. KpoMe yqacTHH B soiinax, AOCTOiiHhiM AJIH ce6H 3aHHTMeM phmaph C'lHTa.JI TOJihKo oxoTy M TYPHHpbi. TypHHphi -

3TO csoero

poAa npMMepHbie 6011, nepsoHa'la.JihHO 3aHMMaBIIII1e Ba)I{HOe MeCTO B BOeHHOH llO)l,rOTOBKe MOJIO)l,biX pbiii,apeii . BoT KaK OAMH cpeAHeseKOBhiii nMcaTeJih oxapaKTepH30Ba.JI 3Ha'leHwe BoeHHOe ynpa>KHeHIIIe c MaHeKeHOM

TYPHHpos: «Phmapb He MO)I{eT 6JIIIcTaTh Ha BOHHe, eCJIII OH He npHrOTO-

noCBSIIJ.IeHIIIe B pbii..I3PIII Ha

none 6111TBbl

(CO cpeAHeBeKOBOH MIIIHIII3T10pbl)

C 3TOfO BpeMeHH OH npOXO)J,lUl CHCTe-

BMJICH K 3TOMY Ha rypHHpax. EMY Ha)l,O

MaTfr'leCKOe BOeHHOe BOCllHTaHMe 11

BH)l,eTh, KaK Te'leT ero KpOBh, KaK xpy-

o6yq:eHHe. BHa'la.Jie oH 6bJJI na)l{eM pbi-

CTHT ero 3Y6hJ llO)l, yAapaMH KyJiaKOB.

uapH, 3aTeM ero opy)l{eHocueM. Ilepe-

EMY Heo6xo)l,MMO 6hiTh c6poiiieHHhiM

BOA B opy)l{eHOCII,hl COIIpOBO)K)l,a.JICH

Ha 3eMJIJO, '1T06hi 'lYBCTBOBaTh TH-

cneQIIa.JihHhiM o6pHAOM ( «onoHChma-

)I{eCTh TeJia cBoero HenpHHTeJIH. He-

HHe Me'lOM», T.e . spyq:eHHe opy)I{IfH).

o6xo)l,MMO, '1T06hi, Bhi6HThlll )l,Ba)l,ll,aTh

PhmapcKoe 3BaHHe JOHOIIIa Mor noJiy-

pa3 113 ce)l,Jia, oH )l,Ba)l,ll,aTh pa3 no)l,HH-

'lHTh He paHee )l,Ba)l,ll,aTI1JleTHero B03-

Ma.JICH BHOBh, eme 6oJiee O)l{eCTO'leH-

pacTa. IloCBHIIIeHHe B phmapH npHypo-

Hhrn AJIH 6oH. ToJihKo TaKMM o6pa3oM

'111Ba.JIOCh K 60JihiiiliM npa3il,HeCTBaM 11

oH MO)I{eT BCTYnMTh B cepbe3HYJO Boii-

COllpOBO)I{)l,a.JIOCb TOp)l{eCTBeHHOH ll,e-

HY c Ha)l,e)l{)l,OH 6hiTh no6eAMTeJieM» 1•

peMOHHefi. qaCTO llOCBHIIIaJIH B pbll!a-

PoAHHOii TYPHHpoB 6hma <l>paHli,HH, OTKy)l,a 3TOT 06hi'laH pacnpOCTpaHHJICH no BCeMy 3ana)l,y . BHa'laJie Ha TYPHHpax pbmaph TYllhiM KOnheM Bhi6HBa.JI 113 Ce)l,Jia CBOerO npOTHBHHKa . 3aTeM CTaJIH npHMeHHTh OCTphie KOllhH C )l,HCKaMH Ha KOHII,e, '1T06hi paHa 6hiJia He CJIHIIIKOM my60KOH. BnocJie)l,CTBHH cpa)l{aJIMCh H 6oeBhiMH KOllhHMH . TypHHpbl CJIY)I{HJIH He TOJibKO )l,JIH BOeHHOH BbiY'lKH, HO, KaK 11 np11 HaCTOHIIIeH BOHHe, )l,aBa.JIH ll06e)l,MTeJ1HM 60JibiiiHe MaTepHa.JihHbie BhirO)l,hl, TaK KaK 11M )l,OCTaBa.JIMCh opy)I{Me 11 KOHH no6e)l{)l,eHHhiX, a HHOr)l,a no6e)l{)l,eHHhie nJiaTHJIH 3a ce6H )l,eHe)I{HhJH BhiKyn.

C XIII

BeKa TYPHH-

pbi npwo6peJIH KposaBhiH xapaKTep.

Hoveden, ed. Stubbs. T. fl . noH)\OH ,

1876. C. 166.

BOEHHbiE TEHAEHLJ,Vllll

137

Koponb PeHe Bble3>KaeT Ha TYPHIIIp. MIIIHIIIaTIOpa no3TIII'lecKoro omtcaHIIISI TYPHIIIpa B CoM lOpe. <bpaH4111SI. 1470-1480 rr.

TaK, B o.uHoM HeMeUKOM TYPHIIpe

~-:_~6-i--路=-,r

XIII BeKa rrom6JIII, 6y.uy'III c6IIThi c KoHen, 60 phruapell:.

PhruapcKoe Boll:cKo IIMeno o,a:Hopo,!!,HhiH COCTaB ( cpeO,!l,aJibl) II JiBJIJiJIOCh 3aMKHyToll: KacToll:.

phluapii

IIOCBJiiUaJIIICh TO.JihKO ChiHOBhli phiUapell:. Ecnii Kopon h, oKa3hiBaR KpecThRHIIHY MIIJIOCTh, ,!l,eJlaJI ero phruapeM H npH 3TOM BMeCTe C pbTUapCKHM ).1:0CTOMHCTBOM lKaJIOBaJI eMy II pbiUapCKHe rrpaBa, TO 3THM OH Hapyman 3aKOH. ,lJ;aJKe IIOCBHIUeHHDJH B pbTUapn KpeCThHHHH He MOr CTaTb HM HHKOrna. TaKoao 6bmo <}leo,UaJihHOe npaao, II OHO CTpOro oxpaHRJlOCh. flo yKa3y Eap6apocchr rrpaao Ha rroe,a:HHOK HMeJI JIIIIIIh TOT, KTO 6bJ.JI pbiUapeM ITO rrponcxoJKJJ,eHrno. IlepeBR3h, phruapCKHil IIORC II 30JIOTble lJlTIOpbl JiBJIJi-

TypHIIIp

.,.)

~=c::-

3nOXA MOHrOnOB. 1200-1400 rr.

138

IIa)J,HOeBponeHCKIIX CTpaH BeJ1HCb cpaBHIITeJlbHO MaJ10'lllCJ1eHHbiMII CllJlaMII. PhiUapcKoe BoticKo OTJ1H'lanocb KpatiHeH He)J,HCl(lliiJ1IIHI1pOBaHHOCTbiO. 06hi'IHbiM HBJleHHeM 6hiJ1ll BOCCTaHlffi ll OT)J,eJleHiffi KpyiiHhiX BaCCaJlOB BMeCTe C IIX BOOpy)f(eHHbiMII cllJ1aMII. OTJJ,a'la rrprrKa3aHIDi BOeHa'lanhHIIKaM npeBpamanach o6hiKHOBeHHO B IIIYMHbiH BOeHHbiH COBeT, KOTOpblH JJ,eJ1aJ1 HeB03MO)f(HbiMll KaKlle 6hi TO Hll 6hiJ10 IIIHpOKlle Onepal(llll. BotiHa no3TOMY peAKO cocpeJJ,oTO'lHBanacb Ha peiiiaJOmnx rryHKTax; 6opb6a 3a 06J1aJJ,aHIIe O)J,HIIM KaKHMHII6yAh IIYHKTOM 3aiiOJ1HHJ1a l(eJlhie KaMIIaHIIII. B

CTpaTerii'IeCKOM OTHOIUeHnn

BOHHhi He 6biJ111 HanpaBJleHbl K peiUH-

Pb11.4apb npi!IHI!IMaeT Bbi30B Ha noeAI!IHOK, YAapSISI KOnbeM B ll.IIIIT 3a'II!IHll.II!IKa. MIIIHI!Ianopa <j>paH1.4Y3CKoro MaHycKplilnTa XV B.

TeJlbHhiM 6oeBhiM JJ,eii:cTBIIHM. Boii:Hbr Me)f(AY CTpaHaMII II Me)f(JJ,y KpyrrHbJMll <)leo)J,anaMn BHYTPII Ka)f(JJ,Oii: cTpa-

JlllCb Bb!CIIIIIMII npii3HaKaMII OTJ1Willil

BO BCeX OTHOIIIeHIUIX, B TOM 'lllCJle II

pbiUapH. <l>paHUY3CKIIH KOpOJlb JIIO-

B 6oeBoM, o6ecne'liiBanii AeHTenb-

KO KpyiiHbJe cpa)f(eHIIH 6b[J]II peAKIIM

HOCTh pbil(apH . KHeXTbl -

3TO He

HBJleHneM. Eonee Toro, MHOriie II3

)J,OBIIK

VI B 1137 roJJ,y II3JJ,an yKa3, no

Hhi BeJ1IICb IIO'ITH HenpepbiBHO, O)J,Ha-

KOTOpOMY y BCeX nOCBHIIIeHHbiX B

TOJlbKO CJ1Yfll, HO B IIIllpOKOM CMbiC-

HHX He npiiBO)J,IlJlll K )J,OCTII)f(eHIIIO

phruapii HephruapcKoro poAa 6biJ1II

Jle CJ10Ba BOIIHbl, IIOMOraBIIIIIe pbll(a-

rrocTaBneHHhiX ueneti. EcnH no6eAa

OT6IITbl mnopbl Ha HaB03HOH Ky'le.

pHM, KOHHbie II neiii!Ie ny'IHIIKII ll

n 6hrna OAep)f(aHa Ha none 6oH, To,

PhiUapHMII He Mornii cTaTh ChiHOBhH

ap6aneT'lHKH. IIexoTa B apMIIHX ro-

KaK rrpaBIIJlO, oHa He 3aKpenmmach

cyAapcTB 3anaAHOH EBponhr 6hma

rrpecneAOBaHneM.

JJ,yXOBHhiX

.mm, KyllUOB, peMeCJleHHH-

KOB II KpeCTbHH. B COCTaBe BOHCKa 6bmii He TOJ1bKO pbmapii, HO II «KHeXTbi», KOTOpbie

MHOrO'liiCJleHHee KaBanepHII. Ho 3Ta

)J,eueHTpann3aUIDI Boopy)f(eHHhiX

neXOTa HBJUIJlaCb He 'leM IIHhiM, KaK

CIIJ1 3aTpyAHHJ1a Be)J,eH!Ie 60J1bliiiiX

TIJ10XO BOopy)f(eHHOH TOJ1TIOH , opra-

BOHH. IJOXO)J,bl Ha 3Ha'IIITeJ1bHbie pac-

Hll30BaTb KOTopyiO nO'lTll He )J,eJ1a-

CTOHHIUI,KaK, HaiipiiMep, IIOXOAblfep-

J10Cb HllKaKIIX IIOIIbiTOK. IleXOTliHel(

MaHCKHX IIMnepaTOpOB B IfTaJ1Hll II KpecTOBbie noxoAhi

miles (BmiH) C)J,eJlanOCb CHHOHIIMOM

OTJ1ll'laJ111Cb IICKJ110'1IITeJ1bHO TIJ10XOH

KOHHOfO BOIIHa.

opraHII3auneti n conpoBo)f()J,anHCh He-

rr. ),

HeopraHII30BaHHhie II HeBoopy-

rrpephiBHhiMH pacnpHMII Me)f()J,y Kpyn-

)f(eHHbie KpeCTbHHe He MOfJ1II 6o-

HbiMII <)leo)J,anaMH, B03rnaBmiBITIIIMil

pOTbCH C 3aKOBaHHbiMII B 6pOHIO II

Ka)f()J,hiH CBOe OnOJl'leHHe . )J,o HaC )J,OIU-

yKpenHBIIIIIMIICH B 3aMKaX pbil(apH-

J10 HeManO ll3BeCTIIH, CBII)J,eTeJlhCTBy-

MII-QleO)J,aJlaMH. ManonOABII)f(Hhrn )f(e

IOIIIIIX 0 npeKpameHIIll Ha'laThiX BOeH-

pbJUapb B CBOIO O'lepe)J,b OKa3aJ1CH 6ec-

HbiX Aeii:cTBHH II3-3a yxoJJ,a 113 apMHII

CIIJ1eH npOTIIB CTOHKOH pycCKOH nexo-

OT)J,eJlhHbiX <)leO)J,aJlOB C IIX OTpHJJ,aMH .

Tbl, a TaK)f(e rrpOTIIB XOpOIIIO opraHII-

B pbiUapcKIIx apMIDIX nonKOBOAeu He

30BaHHOH QlJlaMaH)J,CKOH neXOTbl II

llMeJ1 eJJ,HHOBJlaCTl!H.

nemoti KOHHlfl(bi BocToKa. BhiHBIIB-

BotiHhi BenHcb AOBOJlbHO rrpoJJ,on-

IIIaSICH B Boii:Hax c BocTOKOM cna6ocTb

)f(IITeJlhHOe BpeMH. IJOXO)J,hl repMaH-

QleOJJ,aJlbHOH BOeHHOH opraHII3al(IIll

CKllX IIMnepaTopoB B l1TanHJO II Kpe-

3anaJJ,HOH EBponhi onpeAellilnach 3KO-

CTOBhie IIOXO)J,bl npOAOJ1)f(aJ1HCb B Te-

HOMWiecKoti, nOJ1IITWieCKOH II BOeH-

'leHHe MHOriix AeCHTIIneTIIH . Boii:Ha

HOH pa3Apo6neHHOCThiO.

Me)f(AY <l>paHuneti n AHrniieti, Ha'la-

BoeHHOe IICKyccTBO pbiUapcKoro

Bo3spall.leHIIIe no6eAIIITenR CTYPHIIIpa

(1 096- 1291

)J,a)f(e He C'lllTaJ1CH BOllHOM; CJ10BO

TaH B

1337 roJJ,y, THHynach c nepephi1453 fO)J,a. 0Ha BOITIJ1a B IIC-

BOHCKa pa3BIIBaJ10Cb KpatiHe Me)J,JleH-

BaMH )1,0

HO. BoeHHbie AeticTBIIH BBIIAY pa3-

TOpiiiO IIOA Ha3BaHIIeM «CTOJleTHeH».

Apo6neHHOCTH BOopy)f(eHHbiX CHJ1 3a-

BOHHbl II nOXO)J,bl, KaK npaBIIJlO, HO-

BOEHHbiE TEH)J.EHLJ,V1V1

139

CHJIII rpa6HTe.JibCKHH xapaKTep. fpa6e)!{H 6wm opraHff<leCKH rrpr-~eyru:n He.D:HCI.(HTTJIHHITpOBaHHOH pbii.(apCKOH apMITif. 0Hrr COBepiiia.JIIfCb BO BpeMH BCero TTOXO)l,a, T.e. eru:e il,O il,OCTH)I{eHITH Bhr6paHHoro o6oeKTa AJIH Harra.D:eHHH. obiJIO MHOro cny'laeB, KOrll,a 'laCTb pbrl.(apel1: c ue.Jlbro rpa6e)l{a Bhlxomma H3 cpa)l{eHrrH H Ha6pacbmanach Ha rroB03KH HenpH5!Te.JIH. IlepeA cpa)l{eHIIeM rrpii EyBrrHe Koponh IIJliinrr-ABrycT 06bHBif.JI CBOeMy BOHCKy, 'ITO Ka)l{ll,biH, KTO 6pOCIITC5! rpa6ITTh, He ll,O)I{IIIl,aHCb no6ell,bi, 6yAeT IIOBeiiieH.

Bell,emm BOHH IICKJIIO'IHTe.JlhHO

6a.J1hiiiyro ponh Hrpamr Kpenocnr, KpynHhie BOeHH0-060pOHIITe.JihHbie coopy)l{eHH5! B BIIAe cTeH II 6aiiieH ropoJJ:OB, 3aMKOB II MOHaCTbipeil:. 0BJia.D:eHHe BCeMII 3TIIMH BOeHH0-06opoHHTe.JibHbiMII coopy)l{eHH5!MII no ycJIOBH5!M TOf):(aiiiHeil: BOeHHOH TeXHHKH rrpeACTaB.JlHJIO 3Ha'IHTe.J1hHyro TPY.D:HOCTh. CIIJibHaH no TeM BpeMeHaM apMH5! MOrna B35!Tb He60J1biiiOH ropOJJ: B Te'leHIIe

Pb14apcKoe CHapsuKeHIIIe KOH4a XIII B. Pellbe<J> HaArpo6111SI rynbellbMO 6epaAIII. 0KOIIO

6-12 MeC5!lleB.

PhruapcKIIe BoiicKa aTaKOBhiBa.JIH

1289 r.

rrpOTHBHIIKa, BbiCTpaHBaHCb B JIHHIIIO ll.Jlll KJ1HHOM (1ny60KOH KOJ10HHOH).

npHMeHHnacb •naBHhiM o6pa30M rrpo-

,[(J15! aTaKH JlHHeHHbiM TTOCTpOeHHeM

THB BOUCK npOTHBHITKa, B COCTaBe

W:HX rpynn II 3aKaH'!HBa.JIOCb npOCTb!M

phruapii CTPOII.JliiCh «•racTOKO.JlOM» -

KOTOpbiX ll,eHCTBOBa.Jla neXOTa. liHOf-

pyKonaiiiHbiM 6oeM. CneAOBaTe.JlhHO,

B o,a:Hy pa30MKHyTyro JliiHIIro Ha pac-

,[(a pbiUapii BcTyrra.J1II B cpa)!{eHIIe He

pbiUapCKaH TaKTHKa CBO,[(II.JlaCb K e):(II-

OJJ:HOH KOJIOHHOH, a HeCKOJibKIIMII.

H06opcTBy TH)I{e.JIOBOOpy)l{eHHbiX Ka-

l1ITTepBa.Jihi cymecTBOBa.JIII JJ:M Toro,

KonoHHbi JJ:M aTaKII cTpOII.JliiCb pH-

BanepiiCTOB.

'IT06hl pbiUapii MOf.JIII CB060JJ:HO ):(eH-

,a:oM Ha orrpe,a:eneHHhiX IIHTepBanax.

CTOHHIIII JJ:pyr OT ,a:pyra B

5-10

,[(e.JlbHbie CXBaTKl1 e.D:HH06opCTBY!O-

0TJ1II'liiTe.JibHbie 'IepTbi pbW:apCKO-

CTBOBaTh il,JIHHHb!MII KOTTbHMH H Ma-

Phii.(apcKHH cTpon coxpaHHJICH

ro cpa)!{eHrrH 6hiJIH cneAyroru:IIMH.

HeBpHpOBaTb KOHHMH. 3a pbiUapHMH

J1Illllh il,O C6Jlll)l{eHI15! C npOTHBHHKOM.

ITexoTa HBJ15!J1aCh TTO.LJ:C06HhiM poll,OM

Ha HeKOTOpOM yAa.JleHHH CTOH.Jlll opy-

KaK TO.JlhKO Ha'liiHanoch cpa)l{eHIIe,

BOHCK. 0Ha BCTyrrana B cpa)l{eHIIe,

)!{eHOCUbi, a 3a HHMH -

CTpOH paCCbiiia.JlCH, H KmK,[(biH pbl-

cne,a:yH 3a pbmapHMH, a IIHor,a:a BbiCbi-

uapb ycTpeMJ15!JIC5! Ha H36paHHYIO HM

nanacb BrrepeA AM ycTpaHeHH5! BCe-

uenb. Cpa)l{eHue pacnall,a.JIOCb Ha OT-

B03MO)I{HbiX rrpenHTCTBHll Ha nyTH

KOHHbie II

rreume JIY'IHHKH H KOneHill,IIKII. ,[(J15! aTaKH «KJIHHOM» pbiUapH BblCTpaHBa.JlHCb r ny60K0ll KO.JlOHHOll.

ronose KOJIOHHhi phruapu cTporr-

.. s

JlHCh B rpopMe Kmrna: B nepBoii wepeHre CTOHJIO 4 pbiUapH, BO BTOpOH -

B TpeTheH -

T.JJ:., .LJ:O

14 H

6o-

J1ee IIIepeHr. 3aTeM BbiCTparrBa.JlHCb npOCTbie BOHHbi; rpnaHr, a HHOfll,a H Tb!JI KO.JlOHHbl 3aMb!Ka.JIIICb pbii.(apHMH.

TaKHM o6pa30M, rronyqanacb 3a6poHHpoBaHHaH CO BCeX CTOpOH H 3aOCTpeH-

Pblu,apu

"' ""

HaH BrrepeJJ:H KO.JlOHHa. ATaKa «'laCTOKO.JlOM» rrpiiMeHHnach 'lame Bcero B pbruapcKIIX cpa)l{eHH5!X, T.e. npii CTOJIKHOBeHIIII pbiUapCKIIX BolicK. ATaKa )l{e «KJIHHOM»

=IC:

OpymeHOCl/,61 newu1 AJ~HUIIU UAU OBZKO- tJOOpJH<IH. IIOHHUHU flaH<u u newue c11yzu

0 on

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 0 on 0 0 0 nn

DO DOD DO DO DODD DO DO DO DOD DO DO DODO 00 DO DO A &A& .. .... .... .... ....... .. .." •" "" ''

..... ... ..... ......

nocTpOeHI/Ie pbl4apCKOrO BOHCKa cc'!aCTOKOIIOM»

ODD DOD ,,,, ''"

140

anoXA MOHronos. 1200-1400 rr. Pbtt.tapcKHe op,neHa 3Ha'IHreJibHYIO BOeHHYIO eHJIY B 3ana,u.Ho~ EBpone npeAeTaBJistJIH AYxoBHhle pbiUapeKHe Op}\eHa, B03HHKHOBeHHe KOTOphiX eBst3aHo e KpeeTOBhiMH noxoAaMH. B Ha'IaJie XII BeKa 6h1JIH opraHH30BaHbi AYXOBHOphluapeKHe Op}\eHa xpaMOBHHKOB, HJIH TaMnJIHepoB, H HOaHHHTOB, HJIH roenHTaJibepoB, a B KOHUe XII BeKa, B 1190 roAy, TeBTOHeKH~, HJIH HeMeUKH~, opAeH. Bee OHM 6biJIH reeHO eBH3aHhl e pHMeKHM nano~ H npe}\eTaBJIHJIH eo6o~ KpynHyiO BOeHHYIO eHJiy. B 1202 roAy B UeJIHX oeymeeTBJieHHst HeMeUKO~ arpeeeHH BilpH6aJITHKe 6h1JI opraHH30BaH OpAeH MeqeHoeueB, HeeKOJibKO no3iKe TaM iKe Ha-

qaJI oeymeeTBJistTh eBoH rpa6HreJibeKHe H~tepeHHst H TeBTOHeKH~ opAeH. BoeHHO-MOHaiiieeKH~ OpAeH MeqeHoeueB 6h1JI yqpe;KAeH no npHMepy BOeHHO-MOHaiiieeKHX Op}\eHOB KpeeTOHOeUeB B IIaJieeTHHe. OpAeH no eBOeMY eoeTaBy no}\pa:3)J,eJIHJieH Ha pbiUape~, eBHllleHHHKOB H eJiy)KalllHX. B phluapH MOrJIH 6biTb npHHstThl TOJibKO JIHUa ABOpstHeKOro po}\a. B opAeH MOrJIH BerynHTb ABOpstHe, yJKe HMeromHe 3BaHHe pbiUapH. Ho Ha eaMOM )\eJie B pbiUapH Op}\eHa MOrJIH BeT)'nHTb Bee, Bbl)\aBaBIIIHe ee6H 3a phluape~. ITo opAeHeKoMy noJio)KeHHIO ABOpHHeKOe npoHeXO;KAeHHe onpeAeJIHJIOeb npHHOIIIeHHeM KJIHTBhl BerynHBIIIero B opAeH pbiUapH. IIoeJie IIpOH3HOIIIeHHSI yeTaHOBJieHHhiX o6eTOB eoBepiiiaJiest o6pstA npHeMa B

80HH. <J>paH"'Y3CK3SI MHHH3T10pa KOH"'a XIII B. HaerynJieHIDI pbiUape~ HJIH iKe, tl'llK B epiDKeHHH npH ByBHHe, eJiy;KHJia )KHBhiM 6pyeTBepoM AJHI yKpbiTIDI pbiUapeKO~ KOHHHUhl. GrpeJIKH H3JiyKanoAAe~HBaJIH Ae~eTBHst pbiUape~, paerroJiarasteb HJIH snepeAH, HJIH IJJ,e-JIH6o B empoHe. KorAaJKe phluapH erreiiiHBaJIHeb, OHM eTaHOBHJIHeb BMeere B OAHY JIHHHIO e nexOTo~. BoeBhle nopHAKH eymeeTBOBaJIH TOJibKO AJist e6JIHJKeHHst e npoTHBHHKOM H «BJIOMJieHHSI» B ero 6oeBO~ eTpo~. ATaKa npoH3BOAHJiaeb MeAJieHHbiM aJIJIIOpoM. MaHeBp Ha noJie 6ost 6b1JI 3aTpyAHeH TII)KeJIO~ 6poHe~, Kompo~ 6h1JI noKphiT phluapb. Cpa)KeHHH, KaK npaBHJio, 6h1JIH HenpOAOJI)KHreJibHblMH (2-4 qaea) H He OTJIH'IaJIHeb KpOBOIIpOJIHTHOeTbiO. B 6oJibiiiHX epaJKeHHstx rrorepH AOeTHraJIH Beero HeeKOJibKHX )\eeHTKOB phluape~.

.HpKHM npHMepoM pbiUapeKO~ TaKTHKH stBJisteTCst epa)KeHHe npH ByBHHe.

Pbl"'apb TearoHcKoro op,neHa, 3ana,nHoeapone~cKH~

ap6anel'IHK H pbl"'apbop,neHa M~eHOC"'eB (XII-XIII BB.)

BOEH Hbl E TEHAEH Ul/1111

141 Tbi, IICXO)lHII.(He OT CaMOfO rraiibl, KOTOpbrH pa3peiiiHJI IIpHHHMaTb B Op)leH IIO)lBepraBIIIHXCH H3rHaHHIO HJIH )l(e o6BHHeHHbiX B pa3JIH'IHhiX rrpecryrrJieHHHX. MarucTp, pyKOBOJlHBIIIHM TeBTOHCKHM OpJleHOM ll ynpaBJIHBIIIHM orpOMHOM TeppHTOpHeM, 3aXBa'leHHOM Op)leHOM, HMeJI B Ka'leCTBe 3aMeCTHTeJIH ll IIOMOll.(HHKa ITO BOeHHhiM )leJiaM JiaH)lMapiiiaJia. Jian)lMaprnaJI KOMaH)lOBaJI pbiUapCKHM BOHCKOM ll 3a60THJICH 0 CHa6)1(eHHII Op)leHa He06XO)lllMbiM BOOpy)l(eHHeM. ilo OKpyraM 3aXBa'leHHOM Op)leHOM TeppiiTOpnn B xoporno yKperrJieHHbiX 3aMKax pacrroJiaraJIHCh oTpMbi pbmapen.

KOHAOTbepbi B Ha'laJie

XIV BeKa KopoJIM CTPe-

MHJIHCh C03)laTb CBOe C06CTBeHHOe BOHCKO ll OCB060)liiTbCH OT <j>eO)laJibHbiX Jlpy)I(JIH. C 3T0f0 BpeMeHH B pH)laX KOpOJieBCKOfO BOMCKa Mbl Ha6JIIO)laeM nerrpephrnr-Ihli1 poeT naeMHHKoB, KOTOphre Bee 6oJiee H 6oJiee BhnecHHIOT JlPY)I(HHbi <j>eO)laJIOB. iloTPe6HOCTh B naeMHIIKax rrpe)l()le Bcero B03HHKJia B ropo)lax Cesepnoil J1TaJIIIH, KOTOpbie HMeJIII 11 cpe)lCTBa JlJIH HX co)lep)l(aHJIH. Bo rJiaBe OTpH)la HTaJlbHHCKHX HaeMHHKOB CTOHJI rrpe)lBO)lHTeJib cJioBa condotta -

KOH)lOTbep (OT HaeMHmr rrJiaTa ).

KOHJlOThep, o6hr'IHO o6e)lHeBIIIHH pbmapb, Ha61IpaJI oTpM II HaHIIMaJI-

BOIIIHbl AYXOBHO-pbll-lapCKIIIX OpAeHOB (cnesa Hanpaso): II!OaHHIIIT (rOCnii!Tanbep), TaMnnlilep, Me'teHOCe~, TeBTOHCKIIIH pbJ~apb

CH c HHM na cJiy)l(6y. TaK, HarrpHMep, BO <l>JiopeHI.(HH o6e)lHeBIIIIIe pbii.(apH rrocTynnJIH Ha CJIY)I(6y ropoJly H o6-

op)leH: Ha pbmapa B03Jiarann 6eJ1bri1

HOCI.(bl IIOJIY'IaJIM OT Op)leHa KOHSI H

pa3oBamr «6aiiieHHbie 6paTCTBa»,

rmam c M3o6pa)l(eHIIeM KpacHoro

Boopy)l(eHHe. llx O)le)I(Jla, B OTJIII'Ille

060pOHSIBIIliie ropOJlCKHe BOpOTa C

Me'la ll KpeCTa, OIIOHChiBaJIM ll spy-

OT pbii.(apCKOM, 6hiJia 'lepHOfO HJIH

rroMOIUhiO CJIO)I(HOM TexHHKH. B

'laJIM 6oesoe opy)l(lle. 0Jle)l()la (JlJIIIH-

KOpii'IHeBoro useTa.

BeKe OTpHJlbl KOH)lOTbepOB HeO)lHO-

HhiM 6eJ1biM Kaq>TaH ll 6eJ1biM IIJiaiii) II

)J,pyron phruapcKHH op)leH -

XIV

KpaTHO )lOKa3biBaJIM CBOe rrpeBOCXO)l-

opy)I(He (Me'l, KOIIbe, IlaJllll.(a ll ll.(HT)

TeBTOHCKHM ( o6ocHoBaBnmi1cH B

CTBO Ha)l <j>eO)laJibHbiM OIIOJI'IeHHeM.

Bhl)laBaJIIICh phruapiO op)leHoM. OT

ilpyccHH) rro BHyTper-men opraHH3a-

KoH)lOTbepoB o6BHHHJIH B TOM, 'ITO

Op)leHa IIOJiyqaJI OH Tpex KOHen II

UHH Mano 'leM OTJIH'IaJICH oT OpJleHa

OHH 'laCTO 3aTHrHBaJIM BOMHy, TaK KaK

opy)KeHocua. Phmaprr JlOJI)I(Hbi 6biJIH

Me'leHocues. Phmapb op)leHa JlOJ])I{eH

3TO HM 6biJIO BblfO)lHO, a 60H HX Me)I(-

BCer)la 6hiTb fOTOBbiMH K 6010 . }KHJIH

6hiJI HMeTb HeMel.(KOe rrpOHCXO)I()le-

JlY co6oi1 6hrnaJIH HHOr)la 6ecKpOBHhi-

OHH B Op)leHCKHX )lOMaX-3aMKaX.

HHe H JlBOpHHCKIIi1 poJl. BcTyiiHBIIIIIi1

MH. 3TH <j>aKTbi, 6e3yCJIOBHO, HMeJ111

B op)leH o6ecrre'IIIBaJICH BCeM Heo6-

MecTo. Ho KOHJlOTbepbr KaK rrpo<J>ec-

Cey)l(amiie op)leHa cocTOHJIII II3

XOJlllMbiM -

)lOM II IIIITaHIIeM. 0

MeCJieHHIIKII, opy)l(eHOCI.(bi II IIpO'IIIll

J11IKe «6paTbeB-pbiUapei1», HBJIHB-

eHHOfO IICKyCCTBa: CTaJIII B03p0)1(-

06CJIY)I(IIBaiOIIIIIll rrepCOHaJI Ha61Ipa-

IIIIIXCH

CBOeM

)laTbCH aHTH'IHbie II)leii B TaKTIIKe II

J11ICb II3 cJiy)l(aiiiiiX op)lena. Opy)l(e-

aBaHTIOpiiCTaMII, fOBOpHT )lOKyMeH-

CTPaTernn, o6parrraJiocb BHHMaHHe Ha

opy)l(lleM, KOHeM, O)le)l(-

CIIOHaJlbi BOeHHOfO )leJia OKa3aJIM 3Ha-

pa3HOfO illO)la, HO 06H3aTeJ1bHO He II3 )lBOpHH. Jiy'IHllKII, ap6aneT'IIIKII, pe-

MOpaJibHOM o6-

60JiblliiiHCTBe

'IJITeJibHOe BJ1MHHIIe Ha pa3BIITIIe BO-

142

anoXA MOHronos. 1200-1400 rr. rrpaBHJibHoe CHa6)f(eHHe BOt:fCKa, IIO.fiBHJiaCb BoeHHM JIHTeparypa. 01p.f1Ahl KOH_AOTbepoB 6hiJIH rreIIIHMH, KOHHhiMH HJIH )f(e COCTO.fiJIH H3 ABYX poAOB Bot:fcK.

rrocJieAHeM

cJiyqae rrexoTa uacqHThiBaJia oT OAuot:t TpeTH AO IIOJIOBHHbi BCero OTpli_Aa H IIO_Apa3_AeJI.fiJiaCb Ha T.fi)KeJIYIO H JierryiO. T.fl)f(eJIM rrexoTa B rrpeAOXpaHHTeJibHOM CHap.fl)f(eHHH H BOopy)f(eHHa.fl IIHKaMH H IIIIIara.MH 6biJia rJiaBHhiM BH_AOM IIeXOThl. JierKa.fl IIeXOTa (JiyqHHKH, ap6aJie~HKH H apKe6y3ephl) cocTaBJI.fiJia ue 6oJiee

rrpoueHTOB Beet:~ rrexoThl. Oua

3aB.fl3hiBaJia 6ot:t, a 3aTeM o6ecrreqHBaJia <PJiaHrH H ThiJI Tli)f(eJIOt:f rrexoThl, KOTOprui Cpa)f(aJiaCb B COMKHyTOM KBa.ApaTHOM IIOCTpOeHHH HJIH BbiCTpaHBaJiacb KJIHHOM. IIexoTa, KOr_Aaee HMeJIOCb 60JibiiiOe KOJIHqeCTBO, pacqneHHJiaCb Ha}\Be, 1pH HJIH qeTblpe «6aTaJIHH», ~0 II03BOJiliJIO C1pOHTh 6oeBot:f rropHAOK B OAHY, ABe H B TPH JIHHHH (KpecTOo6pa3Hoe rrocTpoeuHe). KoHHHI.Ia KOHAOThepoB AeJIHJiacb Ha Tli)f(eJIYIO, cpe_AHIOIO H Jierh.')'IO. Tli)KeJirul KOHHHI.Ia COCTOliJia H3 «KOIIHt:f» IIO

5-6 BCa,r:J,HHKOB B K~OM.

cocTaB KOIIbli BXOAHJIH: JiaTHHK B

pbii.IapcKoM cuapli)f(eHHH, opy-tKeuoceu H

3-4 JiyqHHKa.

KoHHhle ap6a-

Jie~HKH liBJiliJIHCb cpe_AHet:f KOHHH-

Uet:f, HMeBIIIet:f o6JierqeHHbie JiaThl. JlerKa.fl KOHHHI.Ia, HJIH CTpaTHOTbi (oT CJIOBa Strada- _AOpora), BhiiiOJIHliJia 3a,r:r_aqH pa3Be_AKH. ,[{Jill 6oli KOHHHI.Ia

12-16 IIIepeur. B ceXIV reKa y KOHAOThepoB rro-

C1pOHJiacb B peAHHe

liBHJIHCb 6oM6apAhl (rrepBoe oruecTpenbuoe opy;£me). ,[{enb6piOK B

III TOMe cBoet:t «lic-

TopHH BOeHHOrO HCKYCCTBID> IIbiTaJIC.fl BhlliCHHTb OCHOBhl B03HHKHOBeHHli uaeMuoro Bot:fcKa. On OTMeTHJI, ~o HaeMHHqecTBO pa3BHBaJIOCb H3 <Peo_AaJibHOro BOt:ICKa H Hap.fiAY C HHM. 3TO 6biJIO B03MO)f(H0 JIHIIIb IIpH ycJIOBHH HeKOTOporo B03pO)f(,ll,eHHli _AeHe)f(HOrO X03.flt:ICTBa. IIpaBHJibHO, qTQ _AeHbrH CbirpaJIH Ba)f(HYIO pOJib B B03HHKHOBeHHH H pa3BHTHH HaeMHHqecTBa, HO HeBepHO TO, qTQ pOJib AeHer B o6mecTBe orrpeAeJIHeTCH KOJIHqecTBOM A06hlqH 6JiaropoAHhiX

3HaMeHHTbl£:i KOHAOTbep AlKOH XOKBYA· <l>pecKa n. ~enno. 1436 r.

MeTaJIJIOB.

C XII BeKa 3aMeTeH rrpH-

BOEHHbiE TEH)J.EHLI.l'1V1

143

Pbll.\apctroe aoopy:>KeHHe XII-XV 88. poeT ,qo6hl"'H 30JIOTa H cepe6pa, Ha-

Hble <}>yHKUHH ,qeHer orrpe,qeJiliiOTCll

JIH'IHe KOTOphlX, corJiacHo YTBep:>K-

He KOJIH'leCTBOM ,qo6blThlX 6Jiaro-

eMHHKOB 6aH,AaMH, pa360itHHKaMH, CKOIIHll.leM BCliKOro c6po,qa, OXO<Je-

,qeHHIO ,Il;eJib6piOKa, C03,qa.J10 ycJIO-

pO,AHhlX MeTaJIJIOB, a TOit pOJibiO,

ro Ha,qpaKH H rpa6e:>KH 1 •

BHll ,AJill B03HHKHOBeHHll HaeMHH<Je-

KOTopyiO HrpaiOT ,qeHhrH B o6mecT-

PoThl KOHAOTbepoB 6h1JIH He rrpo-

CTBa. JleHHHKH H pblUapH OKa33J1HCb,

BeHHOM rrpoH3BOACTBe. CJie,qoBa-

cTo HaeMHhlMH 6aH,qaMH, KaK HX 'laC-

ITO MHeHHIO ,Il;eJib6piOKa, rrpeBOCXO,A-

TeJibHO, pOJih ,qeHer IIOBhliiiaJiaCb C

TO Ha3blBaeT ,Il;eJib6piOK, a 3a<JaTKOM

HhlM MarepHaJlOM, H,AeaJibHOit cpe-

pa3BHTHeM TOBapHoro IIpOH3BO,ACT-

BOopy:>KeHHOJ;i opraHH3auHH HOBOro

,qoit,qJill Bep60BKH HaeMHhlX BOHHOB.

Ba, a He ,qo6hl"'H MeTaJlJia. He p1>1Ua-

o6mecTBa Ha paHHeit CT3AHH ero pas-

E.A. PasHH 3aMe<JaeT, 'ITO Ha caMoM

pH 6bmH OCHOBHhlM KOHTHHreHTOM,

BHTHll.

,AeJie ycJIOBHll B03HHKHOBeHHll HaeM-

H3 KOTOporo Bep60BaJIHCh HaeMHH-

opraHH3auHIO KOpOJIH HCIIOJ1h30B3JIH

HhlX apMHit B 3arra,z:r,Hoit EBporre rro-

KH, a ropo:>KaHe H cBo6o,qHhle (He3a-

AJill yTrepw.,qeHHll <}>eo,qaJ1bHo-a6co-

liBHJIHCh B pe3yJibTa're pa3JIO:>KeHHll

KpenomeHHhle) KpecThl!He. HMeHHO

JIIOTHCTCKHX IIOpli,AKOB, a BIIOCJie,q-

<}>eO,AaJlbHhlX IIOpli,AKOB; HaeMHH<Je-

BCJie,ACTBHe TaKOro COUHaJibHOrO CO-

CTBO 6blJIO rrpo,qyKTOM HOBhlX, 6yp-

CTaBa KOH,AOTbepoB ,Il;eJib6piOK He

:>£<Ya3HhlX OTHOIIIeHHit. 06mecTBeH-

ceyiiHJICll Ha 3IIHTeThl, Ha3h1Ball Ha-

3Ty

6yp:>£<Ya3HYIO BOeHHYIO

r. ,[(em.6piOK. HcTOpHll BOeHHOro HCJcyC-

CTBa. T. III. 1938 r. C.371.

144

anoXA MOHronos. 1200-1400 rr.

Pbl'-'apcKOe aoop}')KeHHe XIV-XV BB.

CTBMM M ,AJI.ll pacnpaBJ>I CO CBOMMM

eMHMKH IIpO.liBJI.liJIM B 6010 60JII>IIIYIO

Horo ropo,Aa, KOTopyiO 3aTeM 3aMe-

6IOprepa-

CTOJ:iKOCTh, o KompyiO pa36MBaJIHCJ>

HMJIH IIJiaTHJ>Ie HaeMHMKH (KOH,AOThe-

6J>IBIIIMMM COI03HMKaMM MM ropO,AOB.

Oco6eHHO cJiaBMJIMCJ> IIIBeJ:I~:.~ap足

HeopraHM30BaHHJ>Ie, pa3p03HeHHJ>Ie

p1>I). Ho 3Ta IIexoTa BHa'IaJie HeMMe-

aTaKH pi>II.IapeJ:I.

Jia oco6oro IIpesocxo,AcTBa Ha.A IIe-

CKHe HaeMHMKM. lliBeJ:il.lapl.II>I .liBJI.liJIMCI> npo<J:>ecCMOHaJII>HI>IMM COJI,AaTaMM. IImToMy B oTpHAax 3TMX Ha-

XOTOJ:i pi>II.IapcKoro soJ:IcKa, TaK KaK,

Bo3po:lK,QeHVIe nexoTbt a 3ana~HOM Eapone

eMHMKOB ,AOBOJII>HO CKOpO 6J>IJIM BBe,AeHJ>I II paBMJII>HJ>Ie II OCTpOeHM.ll,

Ha6paHHaH M3 KpeiiOCTHI>IX 11.-peCTI>.liH, JIM III I> IIpHCYTCTBOBaJia Ha IIOJie 6o.ll, HaxO,AliCI> B o6o3e, OHa IIaCCMBHO OJKM-

BJ>IIIIe yJKe OTMe'IaJiocJ>, 'ITO B

,AaJia KOHI.Ia cpa:>KeHHH, MCXOA KOTO-

KOTOpJ>Ie II03BOJIHJIH ocyiiieCTBJIHTI> B

X-XIII BeKax IIexoTMHel.l apMHJ:i

poro peiiiaJIM pi>II.IapH -

6o10 T<Th.-TM'IecKHe ABMJKeHH.ll. B H3Be-

3aiia,AHOJ:i EspoiiJ>I He C'IHTaJIC.ll soH-

KOHHHI.Ia. TaK 6J>IJIO B 3ana,AHOJ:i Es-

T.li:>KeJiaH

CTHOM CMI>ICJie B03pO)f(,!J,aJiaCJ> MaC-

HOM. ToJIJ>Ko B ropo,Aax HTaJIMH cy-

poiie AO KOHI.Ia XIII BeKa.

CHBHaH MaKeAOHCKaH <J:>anaHra. Xopo-

IIIeCTBOBaJia 6oeciioco6HaH IIexoTa.

HoBaH 6oeciioco6HaH IIexoTa B 3a-

IIIO BOopy:>KeHHJ>Ie M o6y'IeHHJ>Ie Ha-

3To 6J>IJia MHJIHI.IMH M3 rpa)f(,!J,aH ,AaH-

IIa,AHOJ:i Espoiie BJ>IIIIJia M3 <J:>JiaMalf)l.-

BOEHHbiE TEH)J.EHLI.l'1V1

145

CKHX npOMhllllJieHHhlX ropO,LI.OB H H3

TaKTHqecKHe npHeMhl, KOTOpble fi0-

6oecnoco6HoH nexoTbl, yMesmeJ;t

IllBeHUapCKHX ropHhlX paJ;toHOB.

3BOJiiiJIH HM ycneillHO BeCTH 6opb6y

BJia,LI.eTb JIYKOM, aHrJIHHCKHM HaUHO-

npOTHB 3aKOBaHHhlX B )KeJie30 BOH-

Ha.JlbHblM opy)KHeM TOI'O BpeMeHH.

TKaqH, cyKOHIUHKH, KO:>KeBeHHHKH

pyKonaliiHOH CXBaTKe OHH

AHmHHCKHe JiyqHHKH 6hlJIH soo-

npHMeHiiJIH KOpOTKHe H Tii)KeJible

pyA<eHbl JIYKOM,,LI.JIHHa KOTOporo pas-

6HJIH <}>paHUY3CKHX pblUapeJ;t, KOTO-

aJie6ap,LI.hl, pa3py6asmHe ,LI.ocnexH

pble nepe,LI. 3THM BhlCOKOMepHO fiO,LI.-

pbiuapeJ;t.

H B006me peMeCJieHHHKH <J>JiaH,LI.pHH B

1302 ro,LI.y B 6HTBe npH Kyp1pe pa3-

HOB. B

:>KeHHasi fiHKaMH, Cpa)Kll.BillasJCil fiJIOT-

asaHrap,LI.a, rJiaBHhlX CHJI H apbeprap-

1,83 M, ,LI.JIHHa CTpeJI b l - OT 0,915 M ,LI.O 1,5 M, ,LI.a.JlbHOCTb fiOJieTa JierKOH CTpeJihl 350 M, TII)KeJIOH CTpeJihl 180 200 M, MeTKOCTb ,LI.O 100 M: cTpena nona,LI.a.Jia B C1pe-

HhlMH MacCaMH, BblSIBHJia CBoe npeBOC-

,LI.a. PacqJieHeHHoe nocTpoeHHe o6ec-

JIY. JlyqHHK MOr qepe3 'reTHBY 3a6pa-

XO,LI.CTBO Ha,LI. phlUapCKOH KOHHHUeH.

neqHsa.Jio OTHOCHTeJibHYIO fiO,LI.BH)K-

ChlBaTb JIYK 3a CfiHHY H BeCTH pyKo-

qepKHBa.JIH CBoe npeBOCXO,LI.CTBO Ha,LI.

Boeson nopil)l.oK msenuapues co-

qepHbiO. IIexoTa H3 ropo)Kll.H, soopy-

CTOiiJI H3 Tpex OCHOBHhlX qacTeit:

HiiJiaCb

Boit npHKyprpe npHHec<}>JiaMaH,LI.-

HOCTb H fi03BOJI11JIO npHMeHiiTb ,LI.O-

fialiiHblH 6oJ;t. BepTHKa.JibHoe noJio-

C 3TOI'O

BOJibHO pa3H006pa3HOe TaKTHqecKOe

:>KeHHe JiyKa B 6oro (y ap6a.JieTa ,LI.Jiil

UaM 60JibillYIO H3BeCTifOCTb.

BpeMeHH rJiaBHhlM pblHKOM HaeMHH-

MaHeBpHpOBaHHe.

Eme 6oJibiiJYIO H3BeCTHOCTh scKo-

CTpeJib6bl 061!3aTeJibHhlM iiBJiiiJIOCb

B AHmHH Ta.IOKe B03HHKJIH ycJio-

ropH30HTa.JlbHOe fiOJIO)KeHHe) fi03BO-

BHil, He06XO,LI.HMhle ,LI.Jlil fiOiiBJieHHil

JI11JI 0 Ha O,LI.H 0 M H TOM :>Ke yqacTKe fi 0-

qecTBa CTa.Jia <J>JiaH,LI.pHi!. pe noJiyqHJia mreJ;tuapcKasi nexOTa, KOMUJieh.-TO BaBillasi Cil KpeCTbiiH CTBOM JieCHhlX KaHTOHOB H :lKH'reJiiiMH IllBeH-

<l>paHL\Y3CK11e nexontHL\bl XIV B.

uapCKHX ropO,LI.OB. rJiaBHblM opy:lKHeM mseJ;tuapcKoit nexoThl iiBJiiiJiacb a.Jie6ap,LI.a, KOTOpoJ;t MOlKHO 6hlJio xopomo KOJIOTb H py6HTb. liHKH, ap6a.JieThl H orHeC1peJibHoe opy)£<He y mreJ;tuapues noiiBHJIHCh no3lKe. Illseituapuhl YMeJIO HCfiOJib30Ba.JIH CBOIO Ma.JIO,LI.OcrynHyiO MeCTHOCTb H B 6010 npH JlayneHe

(1339 r.)

pa36HJIH pbiuapc-

eyro apMHIO, HMeii,LI.Jii16oi1 Ha paccmiiHHH O,LI.HH JIHillb K3MHH. 3To 6hlJia JierKail nexoTa. ()6opoHHTeJibHoe soopy:>KeHHe B JierKoH nexore HMeJIH JIHillh nepe,LI.HHe wepeHrn H <}>JiaHroBhle pi!,LI.hl. C>T o6opOHH'reJibHblX ,LI.eHCTBHH B ropHOH MeCTHOCTH IllBeHuapCKail neXOTa BCKope nepemJia K Hacryna'reJibHhlM ,LI.eHCTBHiiM Ha paBHHHe H Bhlpa60TaJia csoe 6oesoe nocTpoeHHe. 3To 6hlJia 6aTa.JIHil- KBa,LI.paTHhlit cTpoJ;t. BaTaJIHil pa3BHBaJia 6oJibllJYIO y,LI.apHyiO CHJiy. YMenoe HcnoJib30BaHHe MecTifoc-

™ npH Ha.JIHqHH OrHeC1peJlbHOrO opy:lKHil iiBJiiiJIOCb Ha,LI.e)KHOH 3aiUHTOH OT KaBa.JiepHH. B Kape HJIH B Kpecmo6-

~~~]~~~~~ .

pa3HOM fiOC1p0eHHH IllBeHuapUbl, HCfi0Jlb3Yil pyqHoe OrHeC1peJlbHOe opy:lKHe, npH llOMep)K]{e apTHJIJiepHH OTpa)KaJIH aTaKH KOHHHUbl.

3TOI'O

BpeMeHH KaBa.JiepHi! KaK rJiaBHhlH po,LI. soncKa ycrynHJia Mecm nexare. IIexoTa cTa.Jia pemaTh HCXOA 6011. IIpoTHB cnemeHHhlX pbiUapen, BOopy)KeHHhlX ,LI.JIHHHhlMH KOfibiiMH, mreJ;tuapuhl H3o6peTa.JIH pa3JIHqHble

__ ..___

~~...

-____./'

3nOXA MOHIOJlOB. 1200-1400 rr.

146

CTpOeHHH pa3MeCTIITb B ~Ba-TpH pa3a

KoponH. Eonee BepoHTHoil ITpH'IHHoil

6oJibiiie JI)"'HHKOB, <J:eM ap6aneT'!H-

CpbiBa ITOWOTOBKH apiiiepOB )J;eJib6-

B03HHKIIIell B IIIBeilu;apCKHX ropax

KOB . B 3TOM 3aKJIJO'IaJIHCb TaKTH<J:ec-

p!OK C'IHTaJI

ITexoTbi, ITO

KHe ITpeHMy:mecTBa JIY'IHHKOB

ITepe~

ap6aneT<J:HKaMH. Ap6aneT HMeJI naJibHOCTh ITOJieTa TH){{eJIOll CTpeJibi ~0

200

400

M; Ha

He~OCTaTOK

JIYKOB H

ITJieMeH». )J;aJibHeiliiiee pa3BHTHe YTBep){{~eHHJO

HeMeu;Ko-

cTpen, a TaK){{e He){{eJiaHHe Hapona

ro HCTOpHKa, ITp OHCXOnHJIO T OJibKO

o6y<J:aThcH CTpeJIKOBOMY HcKyccTBy H

«Ha HeMeiJ;KOll ITO'!Be». 3TOll ITO'IBOll

oTCYTCTBHe y «MHJIHIJ;HOHHbiX cTpen-

6biJIH JlaH~CKHeXTbi -

KOB» ITpO'IHoro BOeHHoro nyxa. Bo-

XOTa, o6y<J:aBIIIaHC5I TaKTH'IeCKHM ITpHeMaM, C03naHHbiM IIIBeilu;apu;aMH.

HeMel(KaH ITe-

M ero cTpena ITpo6HBaJia pbiiJ;ap-

eHHblll HCTOpHK E.A.Pa3HH 3aMe<J:aeT,

CKHe JiaTbi. MeTKOCTb a p6aneTa,

'ITO Ha caMoM ){{e nene cpbiB cpeona-

YTEep){{neHHe )J;eJib6pJOKa o e~H

HMeBIIIero ITpHIJ;eJibHble ITpHciToco6-

JiaMH 3TOro Me poiTpH5ITHH HMen HHYJO

cTEeHHOM ponoHa<J:aJibHHKe ITexoTbi HOBoro BpeMeHH HeMeu;Koro ITpoHc -

JieHHH ITO ~CTaHIJ;HHM, 6biJia 6oJiee

OCHOBy: KpeCThHHCTBO ITOMep){{HBa-

BbiCOKOll. )J;JIH HaTHrHBaHHH TeTHBbi

JIO KOpOJieBCKYJO BJiaCTh, paCC'IHTbi-

XO){{neHHH OITpOBepraeTCH HCTOpH -

Ha ap6aneTe 6biJI ITpHciToco6JieH EO-

BaH H3 ee pyK ITOJI)"'HTh pacKpeiTorn:e-

'IeCKHMH cpaKTaMH, KaK 3aMe<J:aeT

poT, 'ITO o6ner<J:ano qm3H'IeCKHe ycH-

HHe.

JIHH ap6aJieT'IHKa ITO cpaBHeHHIO C

E.A. Pa3HH. He 6HJIO H Toil ITocne-

IlonBonH HTorn BOITpocy o B03-

noBaTeJibHOCTH H HaiJ;HOHaJibHOll ITpe-

JIY'IHHKOM, HOB TO ){{e BpeMH CHH){{a-

po~eHHH ITexoTbi B 3aiTanHoil EBpo-

eMCTBeH HOCTH B pa3BHTHH ITeXOTbi, 0

JIO CKOpOCTpeJibHOCTh. )J;JIH o6cJiy-

ITe, f . )J;eJib6p!OK ITHCaJI, 'ITO ITpeBOC-

KOTO p Oll rOBOpHJI H eMel(KHll HCTO-

){{HBaHH5I ap6aJieTa H~Hbl 6biJIH nBa

XO~CTBO roponcKoil ITexoTbi He yT-

pHK . IIexoTa Bo3po){{nanacb BCJO~y,

<J:eJIOBeKa. lliBeilu;apu;bi CJiaBHJIHCb

BepnHJiocb H ee ITo6enbi «OCTaJIHCb

rne nJIH 3Toro CKJia~BaJIHCb Heo6-

Menwn CTpenb6on H3 neruHx ap6a-

TOJibKO 3IIH3onaMH». «)J;eilCTEHTeJib-

xonHMble cou;HaJibHble ycnoBHH, B

JieTOB. PYKOITaiiiHbiil6on ap6aneT'IHK

HO, BCeMHpHO-HCTOpH'IeCKHll ITpO-

TOM 'IHCJie H, ITpe){{ne Bcero, B CeBep -

BecTH He Mor. EoJibiiiHe ra6apHTbi ap-

rpecc ITpHIIIeJI TOJibKO c OnHoro Mee-

Hoil llTaJIHH.

6aneTa He IT03BOJIHJIH ITpHMeHHTh ero

T a H onHoro ITYHKTa: CO CTOpOHbi

B CTpO!O BO H36e){{aHHe ITOTepH COM-

IIIBeilu;apu;eB»

0nHOBpeMeHHO He-

Hoil EBp oiTe oiTpe~eJIHJio naJibHeil -

KHYTOCTH p~oB. 3To op~He 6Hno

Mel(KHll HCTOpHK yrrOMHHYJI rypeu;-

IIIee pa3BHTHe ee TaKTHKH. 3TO 6biJIO

6onee ITpHrOnHO MH o6opoHbi Kpe-

KHX HHbi'Iap H HH'Iero He CKa3aJI 0

B03Bparn:eHHe K TaKTHKe npeBHHX

ITOCTeil, '!eM n JIH ITOJieBoro 6o5I. Cne -

pyccKoil ITexoTe, KOTopaH He TepHJia

rp eKOB, HO Ha COBepiiieHHO HHbiX OC -

nyeT TaK){{e OTMeTHTb TpynHOCTb

cBoero 6oeBoro 3Ha<J:eHHH H B ITepH-

HOBaX.

o6y<J:eHHH cTpeJib6e KaK H3 ap6ane-

o~ cpeonaJibHoil pa3~po6neHHocTH Ha

Ta, TaK H H3 JIYKa.

PycH .

•

Bo3po){{n eHHe ITexoTbi B 3 aiTan-

~noTbl3an~Hoespone~cKHX

EoH aHrJIHHCKHX JIY'IHHKOB B ITe-

E. A. Pa3HH B03po~eHHe ITexoTbi

IIIeM CTpO!O ITOCJiy)KHJIH TOJI'IKOM K

BH~T BCJiencTBHe pa3JIO){{eHH5I cpeo-

cy:meCTBeHHbiM H3MeH eHHHM B TaKTH-

naJIH3Ma B 3aiTanHOll EBpOITe . OH yKa-

Bo BpeMH Kp ecTOBbiX ITo xon oB

Ke aHrJIHilCKHX BolicK. Ha<J:HHaH c 6oH

3biBaeT, 'ITO BCeMHpHO-HCTOpH'IeCKHll

oco6eHHO BblnenHJicH cpnoT c eBepoH-

ITPH KpecH

(1346

rocy.QapcTB

r.), aHrJIHHCKHe

ITpou;ecc B 3TOM OTHOIIIeHHH IIIeJI He

T aJibHHCKHX ITpHMOpCKHX peCITy6 -

pbiu;apH TaK){{e ITpeniTo<J:HTaJIH cpa-

H3 OnHOrO ITYHKTa, a H3 HTaJibHHCKHX

JIHK -

){{aThCH B ITeiiieM cTpoJO. CTPeJIKH H3

H cpnaMaHncKHX roponoB, H3 IIIBeil-

HMeBIIIaH n o

nyKa Ha'IHHaJIH 6on H ne3opraHH3o-

u;apcKHX KaHTOHOB, H3 AHrJIHH H

BeHeu;HH H feHYH. BeHeU:HH,

XV BeKa MOII(Hblll cpnoT,

BbiBaJIH pH~ Bpara. <DaJiaHra ciTe -

na){{e H3 <l>paHIJ;HH. 3TO 6biJI pe3yJib-

rociTo~cTBOBaJia Ha CpenH3eMHOM Mope H 3aKpeiTHJia 3a co6on p~ rryH -

IIIeHHbiX pbiu;apen, paciTOJIO){{eHHaH B

TaT pa3BHTH5I 6yp){{ya3HbiX OTHOIIIe-

KTOB B Cpe~3eMHOMOpbe ; ee cpaKTo-

TbiJIY JI)"'HHKOB, ){{naJia aTaKH ITpO-

HHll H 6opb6bl KOpOJieBCKOll BJiaCTH,

pHH 6biJIH TaK){{e Ha q epHoM H A 3oB-

THBHHKa HJIH y~o6Horo MOMeHTa nJIH

OIIHpaBIIIellCH Ha ropO){{aH H KpeCTb-

cKoM MOpHX. EcJIH BH3aHTHH c o3~a

HacryiiJieHHH. Ha KOHHX OCTaBaJiaCb

HH, 3a yTBep){{neHHe a6coJIJOTH3Ma.

eT npoMOH, TO BeHe l(HH C0 3~aeT

JIHIIIb <J:aCThBCMHHKOB, KOTOpaH aTa-

EoeciToco6HOCTh ITexoTbi BOCCTaHaB-

6onee ITonBH){{HOe r p e6Hoe cynHo ranepy. C ITaneHHeM MopcKoro Mory-

KaMH cpnaHroB Bpara B p e iiiaJOru:Hil

JIHBaJiacb H e B OnHOM rryHKTe, a BCIO-

MoMeHT oKa3biBaJia ITonnep){{Ky ciTe-

ny, r~e ITpoKJIMbiBaJIH ce6e nopory

rn:eCTBa BH3aHTHH npoMOHbi HC'Ie3a-

IIIeHHbiM pbiu;apHM .

HOBble o6Il(eCTBeHHble OTHOIIIeHHH.

IOT, a ranepbi CTaHOBHTCH OCHOBHbiM

XIV BeKe ITOHBHJiacb ITexoTa H

,IJ;enb6p!OK eTa pancH noKa3aTh

BO <l>paHIJ;HH. 3TO 6biJIH apiiiepbi, HJIH

«ITOpa3HTeJibHYJO CHJIY IIIBeilu;apCKO-

B ceBepHbiX Bonax Bcnen cTBHe

BOJibHble CTpeJIKH, KOTOpbiX noJI){{Hbi

ro BOHHCTBa» H Ha3biBaJI IIIBeilu;apu;eB

H HbiX ycJIOBHll MOpeiTJiaBaHHH ITOJIY-

1368 V

ponoHa'IaJibHHKaMH HOBOrO BOeHHO-

'IaJOT pa3BHTHe ITapycHble cyna, HMeB-

ro HCKYCCTBa HMeHHO ITOTOMy, 'ITO

IIIHe Becna KaK no6aBo'!Hoe cpencT -

ITPHKa3aJI o6y<J:aTh cTpenb6e H3 nyKa

oHH ITpe~cTaBJIHJIH co6on «He6oJib-

Bo ITepenBH){{eHHH.

ITpOCTOll Hapon, ITOCTaBJIHBIIIHll ap-

IIIoil OCKOJIOK OnHOro H 3 repMaHCKHX

6biJIH BbiCTaBJIHTh o6rn:HHbi . B

rony cppaHU:Y3CKHil KopoJib Kapn

IIIepOB. Ho nBOpHHe BOCITpeiTHTCTBOBaJIH

BOOp~eHHJO

Hapona H, ITO cy-

rn:ecTBy, copBaJIH 3TO MepoiTpHHTHe

THITOM BOeH HbiX KOpa6Jiell.

fpe 6HoilraJiepHblll cpJIOTMOr CB06onHO ITepenBHraThCH He3aBHCHMO OT

1 f. )._\em,6p!OK. I1CTOpiDI BOeHHOfO MCKyCCTBa.

T. III. 1938 r . C. 311.

HaiTpaBJieHHH Be Tpa, a B Cp a){{eHHH MaHeBpHpOBaJI, HCXOM H3 3aMbiCJia

BOEHHbiE TEHJ].EHLJ,I/1111 qlJIOTOBO)lUa 11 CJIO)f{liBJlleHCH 06CTaHOBKH. fanepa -

147 Jill BO speMeHa PHMCKOHI1Mrrep1111 11

Y3Koe, 6brcTpoxo)l-

I1pOJJ.OJ1)f(aJ1II rrpeeMCTBeHHO CTpO-

Hoe, HH3Ko6opTHOe cyllHO c OilHHM

IITbCll II B IIOCJ1e)lyiOIIIIIe 3IIOXII C

PMOM Becen. Pa3Mepbr ranep 6biJI11

TeM1111Jl11111:iblMll B11)l0113MeJ:ieJ:i11llM11.

pa3JTWIHbiMH, Han6onee KpyrrHhre ra-

Bo speMeHa KpecTOBhrx rroxoJJ,oB

nepbr HMeJIH no

30-50 Becen. B

XIV

BOHCKa KpeCTOHOCUeB 11 MHOrO'IIIC-

BeKe )lJTHHa KpyrrHOH ranepbi COCTaB-

JTeHHbie IIIIJTIIrpHMbi )lOXOJJ,IIJTII }],0

JIHJia 6onee

30 M, 3Kl1IIa)f{ ee uoxo160- 200 YenoBeK, 6oJlblllHH-

Jlhan1111 11 3aTeM nepeso311JI11Ch MO-

unnuo

peM BeHeu11aHuaMH 11 reHy33UaM11 B

cTBo H3 KOTOpbiX HBJ15IJ1HCb rpe6ua-

IlaneCTHHy. JrOT cj>aKTOp, paBHO KaK

Ml1. Ka)f{uoe Becno o6cJly)f{nBaJlocb

11 O)f{llBJleJ:iHe TOprOBblX OTHO!lleHHH

TpeMH rpe6uaMH. fpe6Ubi 6biJIH HJIH

Esporrbr c EmnKHHM BocTOKOM, rrpn-

pa6aMH 11Jll1 KaTOp)f{HHKaMH, COCJlaH-

BenH K nOCTPOi1Ke Hecj>os 60JlbWOi1

HbiMH Ha cy)la. Bee OHH cnuenn rrpn-

BeJJII'IIIHbi, BMeiiiaBUI11X

KOBaHHbie uemiMH K rpe6HbiM CKaMb-

'IenoseK (KoHe'IHO, 6e3 Toro Yll06-

800- 1000

HM. CKopocTh xo)la ranep llOCTHrana

CTBa, KaKOBhlM Mbi pacrronaraeM B

7-8 Y3J10B.

HacTOHIIIee BpeMH). B BeHeUIIaHCKIIX 11 reHy33CK11X cTaTyTax XIV-XV Be-

EoeBbiM opyllHeM raJlep 6biJlH: TapaH B Ha)lBO)lHOH '-IaCTH (YT06bi He

KOB yrrOMllHaiOTCH He<jlbi, 11MeiOIII11e

yMeHblllaTb CKOpOCTH XO)la IIO)l rrapy-

TPII rrany6hr, Morymne rrpii 3KIIIIa)l{e

CaMH), MeTaTeJTbHble MaUIHHbi (KaM-

HH, cTpenhr, 3aJKHraTeJlbHbie cocyllhl)

rracca)I{IIpOB IIJ1II

120

1500 20 TbiCH'I KaHTapOB

tfeJTOBeK rrepeBe3TII }],0

1200 T) rpy3a.

11 ap6aneTbi (6oJibllll1e JlYKli B Blille

( OKOJlO

py)f{hH c rrpriKna)loM); ap6aneT<rHK

KopoJib JlronoB11K IX BO BpeMH Kpec-

MOr BbiiiyCKaTb

12 CTpen

B MHHJTy.

Bo BpeMH 6oH no 6opTaM crrJTOIIIHOH CTeHOH CTOHJIH ap6aJieT'IHKH. IlpH a6opua)f{e Ha rrany6y 6pocanHCh )f{ene3Hbre opexn c ocTpHHMH HJTH rrany6a IIOJTHBaJJaCb )f{H)lKHM MhiJIOM, '1T06hl ocna6HTh Harrop HerrpmnenhCKIIX BOIIHOB. )l,JIH 3aiiiiiTbi JIIO)lell OT CTpeJI y cj>aJibUI60pTa CKJia.[(biBaJIHCb MeUIKII, Ha6IITbie CTapbiMII rrapycaMII, TpOCaMH, O)le)f{.[(OHli Up. , a B HOCy 11 B KOpMe rrorrepeK cyllHa ycTpaiisanncb 3aiiiiiTHbie o6BeCbi (TpaBep3bi),

3eH3MnbHaSI ran epa XIV aeKa. Ha npeACTaaneHHOi-1 3AeCb ranepe 12 6aHOK c TpeMSI rpe61..1aM111 Ha Ka)I{A0Hj TaKOe pacnono>KeHMe no3aonHno MMeTb MaKCMManbHOe 'iiiiCnO aecen, nplll KOTOpOM ranepa He CTaHOBMnaCb CniiiWKOM MIIIHHOM. no npaBOMY 6opyY IIIMenOCb TOnbKO 11 rpynn aecen, TaK KaK TaM, BMeCTO OAHOM 1113 6aHOK, HaXOAIIInCSI KaM6y3. Pa3Mepbl: MIIIHa- 124,67 cpyTa (38 M)j WlllpiiiHa- 17,06 cpyTa (5,2 M); BbiCOTa KOpnyca - 6,23 <PYTa ( 1 ,9 M); 3KMna)l{ - 150 rpe61..1oa nmoc 40 COnAaT Ill MaTpOCOB (cornaCHO aeHel..llllaHCKOM pyKOnliiCIII TOM 3nOXIII)

<l>paHUY3CK11H

ToBoro rroxo.n:a rrpn6biJI B llanecTIIHY Ha He<jle, BMeiiiaBIIIeM

800 BOIIHOB.

IlO)l06Hbie 60JibUIIIe He<jlbi HBJ1HJ1IICb 11CKJ1l0'1eHHeM; 06bi"!Hbie He<jlbi, BOJJ,O-

200- 600 T, IIMeJJH 20-32 M, 6-12 M ll OCaJJ.KY 2,0-

II3MeiiieHIIeM

)lJ1IIHY ITO BaTepJIIIHIIII IllllpHHy

3,7 M.

3TII He<jlbi OTJ1II'IaJ1IICb CIIJ1b-

HO B3.[(epHyThiMII BBepx HOCOM II KOpMOIO C Ha.[(CTpOHKaMII Ha HIIX O.[(Ha Hail upyroH, '-ITO yMeHblllaJIO 11X CKOpOCTb XO)la II YXYilUiaJTO MaHeBpeH-

.[(JlH 'Iero IICIIOJ1h30BaJIIICb CBH3aHHbie Becna, IIOKpblTbie rrapyCHHOH 11 pa3-

3BaHHH: yKcepbr (Bo paHUHH XIII-

HbiMII MHrKIIMII rrpe.n:MeTaMII. Ap6a-

XIV BB.), paM6epm (s AHrmm), ra-

neniiKII IIMeJIII KO)I{aHbie IIJIII )J(eJie3-

JIIIOTbi -

Hbie rraHUIIpii Ha rpy.n:H H Ha CIIIIHe.

nepbi, rrpe.n:Ha3HatJeHHbJe .Jl.TIH MeTa-

EoeBbiM cTpoeM ranep 6bm cTpoii

MaJibie 6hiCTpOXO.[(Hbie ra-

HHH «rpe'IecKoro orHll», cj>peraTbi -

cj>poHTa ( cy.n:a paccTaBJTHJTIICb rrapan-

6ecrrany6Hbre ranepbr, CJTY)f(llBIIIIIe

nenhHO .n:pyr K .n:pyry) HJIII rronyKpy-

rrocbiJibHbiMII cynaMII . XoTll poJJ.IIHa

r a, pa36IIBaBUIHHCH 3aTeM Ha CXBaT-

ranep -

KII OT.[(eJTbHbiX CY.JlOB rrpii B3aiiMHOH

XII BeKa OHII BXOJlllJIIl JTiliiib KaK

IIO)l)lep)I{Ke.

BCIIOMOraTeJibHbie BOeHHbJe cy)la B

fanepa XIV BeKa (Ha<rano rroHBneHIIll orHecTpeni>Horo opy)I{IIll) co-

C pe.n:n3eMHoe Mope, HO c

COCTaB BOeHHbiX cj>JIOTOB CeBepHbiX rocy!lapcTB.

xpaHHeT TOT )f{e xapaKTep, tfTO II pa-

IlorryTHO C ranepaMII (JJ.JTIIHHb!MII

Hee, HO Ha.[(BO.[(HhiH 6opT HeCKOJTbKO

cyJJ,aMII) pa3BIIBaJTIICb II KpyrJTbie

IIOBbl!lleH; B HOCy HMeJiaCb IIJiaTCpop-

cy.n:a, HJIH He<jlhr (HTaJihHHCKoe nave,

Ma .[(JIH BOIIHOB, B KOpMe -

6ece.n:Ka

HOpMaHHCKoe neve). C n osoM <<Hecj>»

CoxpaHllll o6IIIIIH TIIII, ranepbi B

KJTIO'IIITeJJbHO rra pycHbJe BbiCOK0-

pa3HbiX CTpaHaX HOCIIJlll pa3Hbie Ha-

6opTHbie cyna. TaKOBbie cymecTBoBa-

.[(JIH KaiiiiTaHa.

B X-XIII BeKax o603Ha'Ianncb IIC-

Boopy>KeHHbiM Hecp XIII a.

148

anoXA MOHronos. 1200-1400 rr.

Hocn. Tax KaK npH ocTa.HOBKax He<}>hi

HO CTpOJITCJI napycHble cyAa KaK TOp-

fpe6Hble cyAa MOrJIH Aei:tCTBOBaTb

CHOCHJIO BeTpOM, TO OHH HMeJIH He-

ruBble, TaK H BOeHHhle.

TOJibKO HeAaJieKo oT 6epera; yAaJie-

CKOJibKO JIKOpeJ:i (KpynHhle He<J>bl AO

CyAa HMeJIH Ha Boopy*eHHH Me-

HHe )Ke HX Ha 3Ha<JH'reJibHOe paCCTO-

7).

TaTeJibHbie MaiiiHHhl, fiJiaT<f>opMhlAJIJI

JIHHe B MOpe C<JHTaJIOCb onaCHhlM.

BoJiee 6blcTpoxoAHhle He<J>bi, XOTII

CTpeJIKOB, a Ha Ma<JTe- Ha6JIIOAa-

IIepeXOAhl coBepiiiaJIHCb, KaK npaBH-

H He CTOJib BMeCTH'reJibHbie, Ha3biBa-

'reJibHbiJ:i Mapc. C KOHUaXIV BeKaHa

Jio, AHeM H Ha He6oJibiiiHe paccTOJI-

JIHCb ra.JIHOHaMH. ITo cooTHoiiieHHIO

cyAax CTaJIH ycTaHaBJIHBaTb nyiiiKH.

HHJI. faJiephl, HMeJI MHoro rpe6uoB,

rJiaBHhlX pa3MepoB ra.JIHOHhl fiOAXO-

KoMaHAa H OTPJIA BOHHOB, nociDKeH-

MOrJIH pa3MeCTHTb JIHIIIb orpaHH-

AHJIH K ra.JiepaM, OTCIOAa H fiOJIY<JH-

Hhle Ha napycHhle cyAa H raJiephl,

<JeHHOe KOJIH<JeCTBO neXOTHHUeB-

JIH CBoe Ha3Ba.HHe. faJIHOHhl HMeJIH

HMeJIH 06bi<JHOe Op)')f(He AJIJI pyKo-

rJiaBHOJ:t CHJihl, BeAyiUei:t a6opAIDK-

TpaHueByiO KOPMY, 6oJiee corepiiieH-

fiaiiiHOrO 6oJI H MeTa'reJibHOe Op)')f(He.

HhlJ:i 6oJ:i.

HYIO ocHaCTKY c npJIMhlMH napycaMH

IIepeA cpiDKeHHeM cyAa BhlCTpaHBa-

IIpeHMymecTBo napycHhlX cyAoB

H JIBJIJIJIHCb 'reM THfiOM CYAOB, OT KO-

JIHCb IIIHpoKHM, pa3BepHyTbiM CTPO-

3aKJIIO<JaJIOCb B TOM, "'TO OHH fi03BO-

TOpbiX HCXOAHJIO AaJibHeJ:iiiiee yco-

eM. Tapa.HHhlJ:i yAap co BpeMeHeM

JIJIJIH COBepiiiaTb fiOXOAhl AHeM H HO-

BepiiieHCTBOBa.HHe BOeHHhlX KOpa6-

repJieT cBoe npe)f(Hee 3Ha<JeHHe, H HC-

<JbiO c yAaJieHHeM oT 6eperoB Ha

JieJ:i npH nepexoAe OT rpe6Horo K na-

XOA CpiDKeHHJI CTaJI peiiiaThCJI a6op-

6oJibiiioe paccTOJIHHe. IIapycHoe cyA-

pycHOMY <J>JIO'I)'. B XIV-XV BeKax

AIDKHhlM 6oeM. Bee cyAa, H B TOM

HO MOrJIO BMeCTHTb 60JibiiiOe KOJIH-

OHH BXOAHJIH B <JHCJIO B0eHHhlX KO-

<JHCJie raJiephl, HMeJIH CfieUHaJibHhle

<JeCTBO 3anaCOB H 60JibiiiYIO KOMa.H-

pa6JieJ:i llcna.HHH, AHmHH, <l>pa.HUHH

npHcnoco6JieHHJI AJIJI BeAeHHJI a6op-

AY BOHHOB AJIJI a6opAIDKHoro 6oJI.

H BOopy)KaJIHCb nyiiiKaMH.

AIDKa.

IIapycHhlJ:i <J>JIOT 6h1JI JIY<JIIIe npHcno-

Ha ceBepe rpe6Hbie raJiephl BCJie-A-

EcJIH B TaKTH<JecKoM OTHOIIIe-

CTBHe TII)KeJihlX ycJIOBHJ:i fiJiaBaHWI He

HHH npHMeHeHHe rpe6Horo <J>JIOTa B

coK. 0AHaKO, HeCMOTpll Ha orpOMHhle

HMeJIH TaKoro npeo6Jia)l.aiOIIIero 3Ha-

3TO BpeMJI AaBaJio PJIA npeHMy-

npeHMYIUeCTBa napycHhlX cyAoB, HX

<JeHHJI, KaK B CpeAH3eMHOM Mope.

IIIeCTB, TO B CTpaTerH<JeCKOM HX

npHMeHeHHe B BoeHHOM AeJie 3aTpyA-

TaM c XI BeKa no<JTH HCKJIIO<JHTeJib-

paJ:ioH AeJ:icTBHJ:i 6h1JI orpaHH<JeH.

HJIJIOCb B CHJIY TOro, "'TT napycHhlMH

co6JieH H AJIJI AeCa.HTHbiX nepe6po-

KapaaaH He<j)oa nepeao3HT KPecTOHoc'-'ea a Casny10 3eM1110

BOEHHbiE TEH)J.EHLI.l'1V1 cy,LJ,aMH HeJlb3.ll 6hl.JIO CB060,LJ,HO Ma-

149

raHaei'icKJ.ti'i KOr

XIV B.

HeBpHpOBaTh B cpiDKeHHH. 3TarroM B pa3BHTHH cy,LJ,ocTpoeHHJI H MOpeiiJiaBaHHJI SIBHJIOCb H306peTeHHe nocTOHHHoro pyJIJI, no,LJ,BemeHHoro K cyAHY H 3aMeHHBmero CTaphle lllHpOKHe pyJieBhle BeCJia, H cy,LJ,osoro KOMnaca. MarHHTHaJI HrJia, o6Jia,L{aiOll.laJI CBO}tCTBOM noBopaqHBaTbCJI Ha cesep, 6hlJia H3o6peTeHa ApeBHHMH KHTa}jUa.MH, a 3aTeM qepe3 apa6os npoHHKJia B 3ana,LJ,HYIO Espony. B HaqaJie

XIV

BeKa Ha HTaJibJIH-

CKHX cy,LJ,ax CTaJI npHMeHJITbCJI KOMnac. lho6pe1eHHe KOMnaca H AaJibHe}tmee ero cosepmeHCTBOBaHHe HMeJIH HCKJIIO<JH'reJlbHO 60JiblllOe 3Ha<JeHHe AJIH pa3BHTHJI MopenJiaBaHHJI. OrpoMHYIO poJib AJIJI AaJibHe}tmero pa3BHTHJI <J>JIOTa ChlrpaJIO YJIY<JllleHHe cnoco6os noJib30BaHHH napycaMH, "'TO no3iKe AaJIO B03MOiKHOCTb co3)l.aTb HaCTOJilllHtt napycHhl}t <J>JIOT. B TO speMH KaK B ApyrHx cTpaHax

apxHneJiara, pacnpOC1paHHJIH CBOe

C HX KOMaH,LJ,Ott y ApyrHX CTpaH.

BJIHJIHHe B BOCTO<JHott qacTH CpeAH-

B 3THX cJiy<JaJIX BeHeuHaHUhl H re-

cy,LJ,a CTpOHJIHCb no 60Jibllle}t <JaCTH

3eMHoro MOpJI; OHM BeJIH TaiOKe MOp-

HY33Uhl oxoTHO lllJIH HaBcTpeqy.

eycTapHhlM cnoco6oM, MopcKott ap-

CKHe mproshle cHomeHHJI c AHmH-

TaK, so speMJI so}tHhl AHrJIHH H

ceHaJI B BeHeUHH, c ero cTarreJIJIMH

ett H roJIJiaH,LJ,Hett.

AJIJI noc1poli!KH H 6acceli!Hat.IH AJIJIAO-

垄paHUHH

(1340 r.) B

MOpCKOM 6010

reHy33Ubi, nOJib3YJICb ,LJ,OroBopoM

npH 3KJII03e (no aHm. Sluys) <J>paH-

XIV

c BH3aHTHett, noBeJIH MopceyiO Top-

UY3CKHtt <J>JIOT COCTOSIJI H3 200 CYAOB,

BeKe 3Ha<JH'reJlbHoro pa3BHTHJI. B HeM

roBJIIO B qepHOM MOpe, OCHOBaB TaM

B <JHCJIO KOTOpbiX BXO,LJ,HJIH feHY33-

pa3-

KOJIOHHH B Tparre3YHAe, Ka4>4>e (<De-

CKHe, HOpMaHHCKHe H nHKap,LJ,HttCKHe

JIH<JHhlX uexos- nJIOTHHKOB, KY3He-

OAOCHH), ryp3y<J>e, Cy,LJ,aKe HAP路 IIoc-

cy,LJ,a, COCTOJlll.IHe Ha iKaJIOBaHbe KO-

uos,napycHHKOB,KOHonaT<JHKOB,Ta-

Jie 3aBoesaHHH BH3aHTHH 'I)'pKaMH

pOJIJI <DpaHUHH. AHrJIH<JaHe HMeJIH

KeJiaiKHHKOB HAP路 no,LJ, PYKOBOACTBOM MaC'repOB H CTpOH'reJle}t.

CHOllleHHJI feHY33UeB C qepHhlM MO-

CTOJibKO iKe cy,LJ,oB, HO c OAHOPOA-

peM npeKpaTHJIHCb.

Hott KOMaH,LJ,Ott H BOHHaMH, "'TO no-

cTpottKH Kopa6Jieli!, AOCTHr B pa60TaJio AO

16 ThiCH<J pa6o<JHX

BeHeUHaHUhl, OBJia,LJ,eB ocTposoM KpHTOM H HeKoTopbiMH ocTpoBaMH

XIII-XIV

seKax rocy,LJ,ap-

cTBy npHXO,LJ,HJIOCb apeH,LJ,OBaTb cy,LJ,a

MOrJIO HM O,LJ,epiKaTb no6e,LJ,y Ha,LJ, <J>paHUy3aMH.

3nOXA MOHrOnOB. 1200-1400 rr.

150

BOCTOqJIAH II QEHTPAJThHAH A3IDI MOHfO.JUUI II MOHfO.JibCKAH MMIIEPMH PaHH~e3asoesaH~H 'i~Hr~cxaHa,

1190-1217 rr.

BJieK Ha CBOIO CTOpOHY 60Jibllll1HCTBO coce.n:Hnx ITJieMeH. B

1190

ITOBIIHHOCTeH, He .[(eJIIIJIIICb C .n:pyrn-

ro.n:y

MII .n:o6or'leil B noeHHbiX IToxo.n:ax,

ITpl1 ITO.[(JJ:ep)I{Ke HyKepOB l1 HOHOH-

UMeJIII CB060JJ:HbiH JJ:OCTYIT K xaey, He

CTBa OH cTan xaHoM BceMoHrOJibCKO-

HaKa3hlBaJIIICb 3a ITepBbie .[(eBHTb ITpO-

ro yJzyca. Bo3Bbrcnnmnco TaKIIM o6-

CTYITKOB IIJIII HapymeHnii 3aKOHa.

pa3oM, TeMyqnH npo.n:on)l{an 6opo6y,

TeJVryq:rrn: yqpe.n:M TaK)I{e npiiBHne-

uenoiO KOTopoii 6omo y)l{e o6oe.n:nHe-

rnponaHHbiH OTpHJJ: CBOIIX TeJIOXpaHI1-

HHe ITOJJ: ero BJTaCTbiO ncex ITJTeMeH,

TeJTeH, H3 KOTOpbiX ITOTOM BblpOCJTa

Co3JJ:aHHe e.n:HHoro MOHronocKo-

KO'IeBaBIIIl1X B MOHfOJibCKIIX CTeiTHX.

cnoeo6pa3HaH rnapn:HH- «KemHK».

.n:e~neno

flyTeM ITO)I{aJIODaHl1H l1 pa3HOrO po.n:a

flepnOHa'laJibHO KeiiiHK COCTOHJI ll3

ro rocy.n:apcma CDH3aHo c

HOCTbiO TeMy'IIIHa, BOIIIe.[(IIIero B HC-

Harpa.n: OH .n:o6IIBaJICH AaJibHeiiiiiero

80 'leJIOBeK HOqHOH oxpaHbl II 70 qe-

TOpHIO ITO.[( HMeHeM qHHfHCXaHa

06be.[(IIHeHH51 II CITJIO'IeHIIH BOKpyr

JIOBeK AHeBHoii cTpa)I{II. B «KemHK»

(1162-1227 rr.).

ce6H nee 6onomero qncna HyKepon 11

OT6IIpaJIHCb ITpe)l{,[(e BCero CbTHOBbH HOHOHOB, TbiCH'IHHKOB, COTHIIKOB, .[(e-

TeMy'IIIH ITpoiicxo.n:Hn H3 3HaTHoro H 6oraToro po.n:a. Ero ITpa.n:e.n: Xa-

CHTCKHX.

6yn-xaH CTOHJI BO rnaBe TaK Ha3oiBa-

3aTeM ITO ero ITPIIKa3aHHIO 6bma

eMoro «BceMoHronocKoro ynyca» -

opramr3onaHa «CMeHHaH rnap.n:nH»

o6beJJ:IIHeHIIH mreMeH.

ITyTeM OT60pa JIY'IIIIIIX BOHHOB H3

0TeU TeMy'IHHa, Ecyr3ii-6aTop,

ncex <<TeM» (TbiCH'I). qiiHriicxaH ITpn-

6oiJT BHYKOM Xa6y.TT-xaHa OT BTopo-

Ka3an: «fipH COCTaBJTeHHH .[(JTH HaC

ro CbiHa ITocne.n:Hero -

EapTaH-6a-

Koprryca KeiiiHKTeHOB ( CMeHHOH rBap-

Topa. OH He Hacne.n:onan xaHCKIIii

.[(Illi) Ha.[(Jie)l{l[T ITOITOJIHHTb TaKODOH

ITpeCTOJI, HO 6oiJI BeCoMa BJIIIHTeJib-

CbiHOBbHMH HOHOHOB-TeMHIIKOB, Tbi-

HbiM ITpeJJ:BO.[(IITeJieM O.[(HOrO II3 Haii-

CH"'HIIKOB H COTHIIKOB, a TaK)I{e Cbi-

6onee CIIJibHbiX IIJieMeHHbiX 06be.[(II-

HOBbHMII JIIO):(eH CB060):(HOrO COCTOH-

HemiH -

TaH)f(HyTOB. IIo.n: era Hal.fa-

HilH, AOCTOllHbiX ITp11 3TOM COCTOllTb

JIOM COCTOHJIO MHOfO'IIICJieHHOe HyKepCTB0 1, OH BJTa.[(eJT rpoMa.[(HbTMH

IIpii HaC KaK ITO CDOHM CITOC06HOCTHM, TaK H ITO BbT.[(aiOIUeHCH <)JH3H'IeCKOH

CTaJJ:aMH. Ho co cMepTbiO EcynH-6a-

CIIJie II KpeiTOCTII. CoiHOBbHM Hoilo-

Topa ero ynyc paciTa.TTcH, 6onoiiiaH

HOB-TbTCHt:JHHKOB Ha.[(JTe)I{HT HBHTbCH

t:JaCTb ITo.n:.n:aHHbrx xaHa OTKO'IeBana,

Ha C.TJY)I{6y He IIHa'le, KaK C ,UeCHTbiO

ITO.[(CTpeKaeMaH K TOMY HODbiMH ITpe-

TODapiiiUaMII II O.[(HIIM MJia,UIIIIIM 6pa-

TeH.[(eHTaMII Ha MeCTO rJiaBHOrO ITpeA-

TOM ITPII Ka)I{):(OM. CbiHOBbHM )l{e HOH-

BO.[(IITeJIH.

OHOB-COTHIIKOB -

C ITHTbiO TOBapii-

Mono.n:oMy TeMy'fHHY c paHHHX

IUaMH H O.[(HHM M.TTa.[(IIIHM 6paTOM ITpM

JieT ITpHIIIJIOCb BKJIIO'IHTbCH B 6oph-

Ka)I{.[(OM. CoiHOBeii HoiloHon-.n:ecHTHH-

6y CHa'laJia 3a cyrueCTDODaHIIe, a ITO-

KOD, panHo II Cbmoneil niO.n:eii cno6o.n:-

TOM 3a ITpnBe.[(eHIIe B ITOKOpHOCTb OT-

Horo COCTOHHHH, Ka)I{.[(OrO COITpOBO)I{-

KO'IeBaBIIIIIX HyKepOB H ITO.[(.[(aHHbiX. B pe3yJToTaTe 3TOH 6opo6or TeMy'IHH

.[(aiOT ITO O,llHOMY MJian:meMy 6paTy II 'iiiiHI'IIICXaH

He TOJibKO nepeyn ce6e ynyc cBoero oTua -

Ecyr3H- 6aTopa, HO II ITpH-

1 HyKephl

ITO TpH TOBapHIUa, ITpHl.feM BCe OHH 06H3aHbl HBIITbCH CO CBOIIMII cpe.n:-

HOHOHOB. Han6onee ITpe.n:aHHbiX H3

CTBaMII ITepe.[(BII)I{eHIIH, KOIIMII CHa6-

HIIX OH CTaBUJI BO rJiaBe OCHOBHbiX

)l{aJOTCH Ha rvrecTax». Ha OCHOBaHHH

«upy3hff», upylKHHHHKH,

BOeHHO-OpraHU3aUHOHHbiX ITOJJ:pa3.[(e-

3Toro pact:JeTa «CMeHHaH rnap.n:IIH»

6JI!13Klle CIIOLIBHlKHHKH HOHOHOB. HyKepb!

JTeHHH: TbTCH'I, COTeH H .[(eCHTKOB.

HaC'fHTbJBaJTa

6hJJTif 06fi33Hhl yKpen.TTfiTh BJT3CTh HOHOHCTRa,

IIo.n:.n:ep)I{IIBaH 6oraTbiX II 3a)l{l[TOt:J-

OCJI36Jll1Tb erO COnepHHKOB H llpOTHBHHKOB. HyKepbi KOMIIJieKTosann cb rrpeHMymecTBeH· HO H3 po;]orrneMeHHoif 3HaTH. 0HH rroJTy'faJnf

10 Tb!CH"' 'feJTOBeK.

«flyCTb )l{e II IIOTOMKII ITOTOMKOB

HbiX CKOTODO):(OD, KOTOpbiX HCTO'IHH-

MOIIX, -

Kl1 UMeHyiOT «qeJTOBeK CB060.[(HOH

TOpore HeKOr.[(a 6yn:YT 3aHIIMaTb MOM

ronopiiJI qiiHrncxaH, -

KO-

ITpeCTOJI, rrycTb OHII 6eperyT KaK ITa-

OT HOHOHa, B LIPYlKHHe KOTOpOrO HeC.~H CJiylK-

BOJIH», TeM)''IIIH yqpe.n:IIn ITpiiBIIJie-

6y, TeppHTOpHH UJIH KO'feBaHI151 H 33BHCHMh!e

ruponaHHoe COCJTOBHe, KOTOpoe HC-

MHTb 060 MHe OT BCHKHX 3a60T H ropH

ceMei'rcTBa. TaKoe no)l{a.~oBaHue HMeHoBa~ocb

TO'IHIIKII Ha3biBaiOT «.n:apxaH». ,[(ap-

TOT .[(eCHTIITbiCH'IHbiH Koprryc MOIIX

«XYBb» (l.lOJlli, Y3CTb).

xaHbl OCB060)I{.[(aJil1Cb OT ITOAaTeH II

JIII'IHhlX KeiiiiiKTeHOB, KOTOpbie H3-

BOCTO~HA$l

V1 U.EHTPAnbHA$l A3V1$l

151

6paHbi OT ):(eBHHOCTO H IIHTH TbiCHlJ,

COTHI1KOB H T . ):(. -

BaCCaJIOB BeJIH-

cKoMy Knaccy <Peo,a:a.rroB. 113 qwcna

lJT06bi COCTOHTb .JIWIHO IIpii MHe».

KOrO xaraHa. 3eMJ111 pOJJ:OIIJieMeH-

)f{e HOHOHOB-TbJC5JqHIIKOB, 3a HCKJIIOlJeHHeM OTJJ:eJibHbiX cnyqaes , B rrepn-

BcTylllffi B 6opb6y 3a o6be):(nne-

HbiX 06be):(HHeHHM rrepeXO):(HJIH B

nne Bcex MOHrOJibCKHX rmeMeH, Te-

pacrropHlKeHIIe HOllOHOB , CTaHOBHCb

OJJ: HMIIepHHIOaHb BbiiiiJill TaK Ha3hi-

ycrreiiiHO HCIIOJib30BaJI Me)f{-

HX ycJIOBHbiMH BJia,[(eHHHMH H OCTa-

BaeMhie CaM):(bi, T.e. CaHOBHHKH, HJill

IIJleMeHHbJe npoTMBopeqJJ:H, HarrpaB-

BaHCb 6onee HJIH MeHee co6cTBeH-

BbiClliee 'IHHOBHHlJeCTBO. He nMeH

JlHH BOeHHYIO CHJlY O):(HOrO IIJleMeHH

HOCTbiO senHKoro xaraHa. TaK ycTa-

rrpaBa C06CTBeHHOCTH Ha rracT6HIII-

rrpOTHB JJ:pyroro, H B KOHIIe KOHIIOB

HOBHJiaCh HOBaH CHCTeMa BJia,a:eHHH

Hbie yrO):(bH H JllllJH0-3aBHCHMbiX JIIO-

IIOJJ:lJHHHJl ce6e H TO, H JJ:pyroe. TaK,

HyTyraMH-KOlJeBbHMif CO CTOpOHbl

):(eM, HOMOHbi-TbiC5JqHHKH COCTaBHJIH

1190 rro 1206 roJJ: TeMylJHH pa36HJ1

TeMHHKOB, TbiCH'IHHKOB H

AP-

BepxH CJIY)f{HJlOrO COCJIOBHH cpe,a:He-

TaTap H K3p3HTOB, IIOKOpHJl MepKH-

cpaBHeHHIO C rrpeJJ:CTaBHTeJIHMH

TOB, HaMMaHOB H JJ:pyrHe IIJleMeHHbie

«30J10TOrO pOJJ:a» 11 11HbiMH CTeiiHbi-

C U,eJlhiO npHKpeiii1Tb apaTOB K

rpyrrrrhr.

MH apHCTOKpaTaMH HOllOHbi-TbiCHlJ-

3eMJie lfHHrHCXaH H3):(aJI 3aKOH 0

Ha KypynTae, cocTOHBIIIeMcH B

1206

roJJ:y Ha peKe 0HOH, MOHrOJib-

BeKOBOrO o6meCTBa.

HHKH CTOHJill cymecTBeHHO HH)f{e Ha

3arrpemenHn caMOBOJihHO rrepexo-

HepapXlllJeCKOM JieCTHHll,e . .[(OJI)f(H0-

JJ:HTh ll3 O):(HOrO )leCHTKa B JJ:pyroti:,

CKOe HOMOHCTBO rrpOB03rJ1aCHJ10 Te-

CTI1 HOMOHOB-TeMHifKOB H TbiCHlJHH-

H3 o,a:Hoil: COTHH B JJ:pyryro. CaMo-

MyqHHa BeJIHKHM xaHoM c nnynoM

KOB 6biJIH HaCJie)lCTBeHHbiMII, HO

BOJlhHhie nepeKo'leBKH 3arrpema-

« lfHHrHcxaH». TaK 3aBepiiiHJicH rrpo-

rrpaBOM C06CTBeHHOCTI1 Ha KOlJeBbe

JIHCb TaK)f{e apaTaM, IIO)f(aJlOBaH-

u.ecc o6pa3oBaHHH MOHrOJihCKoro ro-

11 KolJyromee Ha ):(aHHoti: 3eMJie Hace-

HbiM B JlHlJHOe IIOJih30BaHIIe lJJieHaM

cyJJ:apcTBa BO rnaBe c eJJ:HHOJJ:ep)f{aB-

neHne OHM He pacrronaraJill (He Mor-

«30JIOTOrO poJJ:a» H CIIO):(Bll)f{I-lHKaM

HhiM rocYJJ:apeM.

Jill pa3,a:eJillTh ero no csoeMy ycMoT-

qHHrHcxana.

Co3):(aB MOHrOJibCKoe rocyJJ:apCTBo, lfnnrHcxaH pa3JJ:eJIHJ1 Bcro MoH-

peHMIO, rrepeJJ:aBaTh 11JI11 npoJJ:aBaTh ). B

o6H3aHHOCTH Hoti:oHoB BXOJliiJlM

ApaThi-CKOTOBOJlhi s cooTBeTCTBnn C npeo6pa30BaHHHMH lfHHriiCXaHa

roJillro Ha JJ:Be qacTH: neBoe Kpbmo H

ocymecTBJleHIIe a):(MHI-IHCTpaTHBHOH

OKa3aJIIICb pa3):(eJieHHblMII Ha ):(Be

rrpaBoe KpbiJlo, a TaK)f{e BbiJJ:eJillJI Tep-

BJiaCTH Ha):( IIO):():(aHHbiMH, BXO):(Hili,M-

rpyiiiibi: ync-Hpr3H -

pHTopHIO cBoero co6cTBeHHoro KOlJe-

MH B TbMbi, TbJC5Jqll H T.):(, BbiJJ:eJie-

<\>aKTHlJeCKH rocy,a:apCTBeHHbiX Kpe-

BhH B 6acceil:He TPexpe%H -

CKOTOBO):(OB,

Kepy-

HHe OnpeneJieHHOrO lJHCJia BOHHOB

IIOCTHbiX, a TaK)f{e xapbHaT Hpr3H,

neHa, 0HoHa II Tonhr. TpaJJ:HIIHH JJ:e-

Ha cny)f{6y no Tpe6oBannro xaraHa,

llJill OMlJ Hpr3H -

neHHH HYTyroB-KOlJeBbeB Ha nesoe II

c6op IIO):(aTeti: C IIO):('IIIHeHHbiX ):(JlH

neti: IIJIH co6cTBeHHhrx JIIOJJ:eti: -

rrpaBOe KpblJibH BOCXO):(HT KO BpeMe-

rocyJJ:apcTBeHHOii Ka3Hhi H KOHTPOJih

TOB, KOTOpbiX qHHrlfCXaH 3aKpenHJI

HH ryHHOB H JJ:pyrHX IIJieMeHHbiX

3a HCIIOJIHeHHeM HMH ,a:pyrHX IIOBHH-

3a CBOHMH pOJJ:CTBeHHHKaMH HJill OC0-

06be):(HHeHiill: -

HOCTeti:.

6o rrpH6Jill)f(eHHhiMH.

rrpe):(KOB MOHrOJIOB.

IIO):(lJHHeHHhiX JIIOapa-

Hx OIIbiT BO MHOrOM OKa3aJI BJillHHIIe

B OTJIIIlJ11e oT Hoti:oHoB-TbJCH'IHH-

Ha rrpou.ecc opraHH3au.nn MoHroJib-

KOB, pOJJ:CTBeHHHKH H HaH60Jiee 6Jill3-

cynapcTBeHHhiX KperrocTHbiX -

crwil: HMnepnn.

KHe cnoJJ:BIDI<HHKH lfnnrwcxaHa rrony-

TOB -

payJihHOll CJ1Y)K6hi, IIO'ITOBaH IIOBHH-

OcHOBHhiMM o6H3aHHOCTHMH roapa-

6b1Jlll J-IeCeHHe BOeHI-IOM H I<a-

ocHoBy BOeHHO-aJJ:MHHHCTpa-

'laJill B JllllJHOe IIOJib30BaHIIe yJJ:eJibi

TMBHoro ycTpOMCTBa rocyJJ:apCTBa

11 IIO)l):(aHHbiX. ilO):():(aHHbie 'IJieHOB

HOCTb H CBOeBpeMeHHOe BHeCeHHe

qHHrHCXaH IIOJlO)f(llJI Tpa):(Hli,HOH-

«30JIOToro poJJ:a» H JJ:pyrnx OTMelJeH-

rocy,a:apcTBeHHhiX nonaTeii. Bee na-

Hyro JJ:eCHTM'IHYIO CIICTeMy. KpbiJihH

HbiX 3THM IlO)f(aJlOBaHIIeM HOHOHOB

norn ll IIOBHHHOCTH HeCJIH KpeiiOCT-

COCTOHJIH H3 TeM (TYM3HOB). TbMa

He BXO):(HJIH B «TbiCHlJH», OHH HeCJIH

Hhie <\>eO):(aJIOB B IIOJib3Y CBOHX BJia-

06SI3aHHOCTH TOJibKO B IIOJib3Y CBOHX

)leJibll,eB.

COCTOHJia M3 C5Jqa -

10 TbiC5Jq lJeJIOBeK,

Tbi-

M3 ):(eCHTM COTeH, COTHH -

H3 JJ:eCHTM JJ:eCHTKOB. TaKHM o6pa-

rocrroJJ:. HMenno 3Ta qacTb cTerrHoii 3HaTH IIOJ10)f(IIJ1a Ha'laJIO MOHrOJib-

caMoMy HalJany

30M, HH3IIIeM BOeHHO-a):(MHHHCTpaTHBHOM eJJ:HHnu.eil: B MoHronnn 6hma rpynna ceMeil:, o6H3aHHaH BhiCTaBJIHTh ):(eCHTh BOIIHOB, a CaMOH KpyrrHOM -

BnaneHJie , JJ:aBaBIIIee xaHy

B03MO)f{HOCTh M06HJIH30BaTh

10 Thi-

CHlJ qenoseK. Co3JJ:aHJie «ThiCHlJ», «COTeH» ll T. ):(. OTpa)f(aJIO rrpou.ecc 3aMeHbl 6biJibiX KpOBHOpOJJ:CTBeHHbiX CBH3eH CBH3HMII a):(MHHIICTpaTHBHOTeppiiTOpHa.rrbHbiMII, a 'IJieHbi rrpe)f{HMX pOJlOBbiX KOJlJieKTIIBOB rrpeBpaTIIJillCb B 3aBJICHMbiX OT BOeHaqaJibHHKOB: TeMHIIKOB, TbiCHlJHHKOB,

XIII

BeKa oT-

HOCHTCH 3aiiHCh HaCTaBJleHHH qllH-

MoHrOnbCKiile BCaAHIIIKiil

anoXA MOHronos. 1200-1400 rr.

152

1206-1209 rr. nEPBbiE BO~ Hbl C 1...\APCTBOM 3Af1AAHOE CSI. 1 3aBOeBaHIIIe KfliTaf/ 4111HTIIICXaH Ha4an Ccepllllll KBMnaHIIIW npOTIIIB TaHryrCKOW IIIMnepllllll 3ana,aHoe Cf! ( 1205 1., 1207 r., 1209 r.).l1Mneparop, ena.aeHIIIfl KOTOporo 1113Pfi.aHO yMeHbWIIIfliiiCb, npiii3H8fl CI03epeHIIITeT 4111HTIIICXaHa. 1207 r. nOXOA A>f(Y4l1. 4111HrlllcxaH HanpaBIIIfl OTPfl.ll no,a KOMaH,llOBaHIIIeM ceoe1o crapwe1o Cb!Ha /l)Ky4111.llflfl noKopeHIIIfl oi1paroe, ypcyroe, ry6acoe,,aep6eroe, ropryroe Ill .llPYIIIIX nneMeH, 06111TaBWIIIX ceeepHee peKIII CeneHIIII 111 e .aon111He EHIIICef!. 3~otMa 1208 r. 6l1TBA HA l1PTbiWE. nepeeaniiiB 4epe3 Anrai1,

MacwTal5

300

noxoAbl MOHronoa a K~t~Taj;i a nepaoj;i nonoa~t~He XIII a. mcxaHa rro pa3JIH'IHhiM BorrpocaM rocy,.qapcTBeHHoro H o6mecTBeHHOro CTpOSI, H3BeCTHaSI B JIHTeparype IIOA Ha3BaHHeM «BeJIHKaSI Jlca».lb ,AOille,AIIIHXAO HaC

36 OTphiBKOB Jlchl

B 13-TH peqb H,AeT 0 HapyrneHHSIX, KapaeMhiX cMepTHO~ Ka3HbiO. Oco6eHHO JKeCTOKO KapaJIHCb apaThl 3a JII06hle IIpH3HaKH COIIpOTHBJieHHSI BJiaCTb HMYlllHM. 06pa3oBaHHe e,.qHHoro rocy,.qap-

1190-1206 rr. 06 bEAl1HEHl1E M0Hf0Jll1l1. noKOPIIIB lllfllll npOfiBIIIB 'ly,aeca ,lllllnflOMaTIIIIII Ill nplllcoe,aiiiHIIIB coce,aHIIIe nneMeHa, TeMy'IIIIH co3,aan B L(eHrpanbHoi1 A3111111, B pai1oHe nyCTbiHIII ro6111, 60flbWOe O,llHOpO,llHOe MOHTOflbCKOeXaHCTBO, a ce6f! npOB03maCIIIfl 4111HriiiCXaHOM ( «COBepweHHbiWIIIMneparop-BOIIIH», lllfllll «BepXOBHbiW IIIMneparop»).

cTBa IIOJIOJKHJIO KOHeU: 6eCKOHe<JHhiM po,.qorrJieMeHHhiM Me~oyco6HuaM,

llopa60THB TOT HJIH HHO~ Hapo,.q,

co,.qe~CTBOBaJIO yKperrJieHHIO rocy-

lJHHrHCXaH IIpHKa3hiBaJI IIpOH3BeCTH

,.qapcTBeHHOrO e,.qHHCTBa. MoHrOJib-

rreperrHcb H Ha3Ha<JaJI AJISI yrrpasJie-

CKHe IIJieMeHa, HOCHBillHe ,AOCeJie pa3-

HHSI 3aBOeBaHHbiMH reppHTOpHSIMH

JIH"'Hhle Ha3BaHHSI, IIOJIY"'HJIH e,.qH-

MOHroJibCKHX qHHOBHHKOB, KOTOphle

HOe- MOHrOJihl, a rocy,.qapCTBO,

C06HpaJIH ,.qaHb- ,.qeCSITYIO qacTb

rrpocTHpasrneecSI Ha cerepe ,.qo Bep-

100 roJioB

ypo)KM, OAHY CKOTHHY co

XOBbeB CeJieHrn, Ha 10re-,.qo BeJIH-

H K~oro ,.qecSITOro "'eJIOBeKa. llac-

KO~ KHTa~CKO~ C'reHbl, HaBOCTOKe-

TO AJISI c6opa AaHH rrpHBJieKaJIHCb

,.qo XHHraHcKoro xpe6Ta, Ha 3arra-

rrpe,.qcTaBHreJIH MeCTHO~ 3HaTH. MoH-

,.qe- AO Ar!Ta~CKHX rop, CTaJIO HMe-

roJibi TaKHM o6pa30M C03)J,aBaJIH ce6e

HOBaTbCSI BeJIHKHM MOHrOJibCKHM

orropy cpe,.qH MeCTHoro HaceJieHHSI

rocy,.qapcTBoM.

3aBOeBaHHbiX o6JiaCTe~.

4111HrlllcxaH o.aonen nocne,aHIIIi1 o<1a1 conporllleneHIIIfl B MoHronllllll, no6e.lliiiB Ky<myKa, BO)I(ll.fl nneMeHIII Hai1MaHOB, KOTOPbiW nocne pa31POMa 6e)l(afl Ha 3ana,a, K KapaKIIITaf/M ( cpe,aHea3111aTCKOe Ha3BaHIIIe Klll,llaHei1). nocne 3TOIO 4111HrlllcxaH oena.aen Yi1rypcKIIIMXaHcreoM, o6pa30BaHHbiM B cepe,aiiiHe IX BeKa B Bocro4HOM TypKecraHe, ey,aa eHMcei1cKIIIe KIIIPTIII3bl orrecHIIInlll yi1rypoe. B era KlllnoMerpax Bb!We no Te'leHIII/0 OT OCHOBaHHOW B VIII BeKe Ha npaeoM 6epery peKIII OpxoH (Ha reppiiiTOPIIIIII coep. CeeepHoi1 MoHIOflllllll) yi1rypcKoi1 cronlll~hl- 1opo,aa KapaKopyM4111HIIIICXaH 38fl0)1(fllfl C06CTBeHHyiO.

1211 r. nOKOPEHl1E KAPJlYKOB. 4111HrlllcxaH noKopllln nneMeHa KapnyKoB, o6111raew111x B CeMIIIpe%e ( IOTO-BOCTO'/Haf/ 'laCTb COBp. Ka3aXCTaHa).

1211-1215 rr. nEPBAS4 BO~ HA nPOTl1B 4:>KYP4)f(3HbCKO~ l1MnEPl1l1 U3l1Hb. noHa'lany 4111HTIIICXaH 'IYTb 6blfl0 He ONaWJCfl: TOpo,aa B CeeepHOM Kill rae 6bmlll MO~ HO yKpenneHbl, npaKTIIIKOBaTb )l(e oca.a eMy .ao c111x nop He nplllxo,alllnocb. Bnpo4eM, nocreneHHO oH em1

3ana,I{Hoe Cl! (CH-Cll)- TaHryTCKoe ro-

cyl{apcTBo, C03,!{aHHOe B KOHl.le X BeKa Ha TeppHTOpHH COBpeMeHHOJ;i KHTaJ;iCKOJ;i 11pOBHHLlHH faHbcy H qacTH rrpoBHHLlHH llbHbCH.

B 20-x

rol{ax XI BeKa CH-Cl! rrpeBpaTHJJOCb B CHJibHYIO l{ep)f(aey. Ero rrpaBHTeJib IOaHb Xao rrpHHl!JI B

1038

rol{y THTYJI HMrreparopa. KHTaJ;!-

cKal! CyHCKal! HMrrepHll c 1043 rol{a BbiiiJiaqHsaJia TaHryTaM 3HaqJiiTeJ!bHYIO ,!{aHb.

BOCTOLJHASl V1 U.EHTPAJlbHASl A3V1Sl Hynes:~, cran 6parb o.auH ropo.a 38 ,apyrMM M B KOH~e KOH~OB 38BOeBan TeppMTOpM~ MMnepMM 43MHb ennorb.ao BenMKOW creHbJ( 1213 r.); nocne 4ero rpeM>~ apMM>IMM y.aapun B caMoe ee cep.a~e- Me)l(l1y BenuKow creHow u peKow XyaHX9. OH Haronoey pa3rpoMMn ~3MHbCKY~ apMM~, orHeM M Me40M noKopun CeeepHbJW Kuraw, 3axearun MHO)I(ecreo ropo.aoe M B KOH~e KOH~OB, oca.aun B3>1n M C)l(er ropo.a 43M ( c 1421 r. - b9W~3MH, COBp. neKMH; 1215 r.)- H8.f10 CK838Tb, KMJ18HbCKOe MKMTBWCKOe MeCTHOe HBCeneHMe 3848CTY~ OK83bJBBnO MOHronaM BKTMBHY~ no.a.aep)I(KY. 43MHbCKMW MMneparop 6bJn BbJHYJI(P.eH npM3H8Tb C~3epeHMTeT MOHronbCKOrO 3aeoeearen>~. BbJCOKonocraeneHHbJW ~3MHbCKMW CBHOBHMK En~w 4y~aw (1189-1243 rr.), KM.aaHb no npOMCXO)I(l1eHM~, 6bm B3>1T Ha cny)/(6y K MOHronaM Mc 1218 ro.aa >IBn>lnC>I COBeTHMKOM 4MHrMCX8H8 (XOT>I B MCTOpM~ OH BOWen mBBHbJM o6p830M KBK BBTOp «0nMC8HM>I nyreWeCTBM>I Ha 3ana.a»). Cy.a>~ no eceMy, BO BpeM>I .f18JibHeWWMX 38BOeBBHMW 4MHmcxaH Hepe.aKo npu6eran K noMOWM En~s:~ 4y~as:~, Kor.aa rpe6oeanocb npaBMTb oce,anbJMM Hapo.aaMM. 1209-1216 rr. KYlfJlYK ~ KAPAK~TA~. 1 n PM no.a.aep)I(Ke xope3Mwaxa MyxaMMe.aa II Ana-a.a-

1 KM.!{aHM (KMTaM) -

nJieMeHa MOHranb-

cKoi't rpynnbl, KOt,~eBaBWMe Ha TeppMTOpMM COBpeMeHHOi't MoHroJIMM M qacTM KMTaJI ( coBpe· MeHHoi't aBT. o6JI. BHYTpeHHllll MoHroJIMll). B

BeKe KM,!{aHM o6pa30BaJIM rocy.!{apcTBO

JIHo, yHmTO)f(eHHoe B

1125

ro.!{y q~p'i)f(3-

Hl1MM ('i)f(YJIM'i)f(3Hb, H10i't'i)f(3Hb, HlO'i)f(M), nJie· MeHaMM, pO,!{CTBeHHblMM ryHrycaM M 3aCeJillBWMMM BocroqHylO MaHb'i)f(YPMlO, r,!{e 6b1JIO co3,!{aHo B

XII

(111 ~ 1234

BeKe rocy.!{apcTBO ~3MHb

rr. ), BKJilO'iaBwee ceBepHble M

ceBepo-BOCTOt,~Hble pai'toHbl KMTall. '!acTb KM,!{aHei't ywJia B Cpe.!{H1010 A3M10. 3.!{ecb B pai'toHe 03epa liCCblK-KyJill B03HMKJIO 3ana,!{HOe J1llO, MJIM rocy.!{apCTBO KapaKMTaeB (6yKB. «qepHblX KMTaeB», TO eCTb «CeBepHblX» MJIM «3ana,!{Hb1X» no QBeTOBOi't CMMBOJIMKe ), KOTOpblM npaBMJIM TapxaHbl. 0HO npocy111eCTBOBaJIO npMMepHo c

1140 no 1213 ro,!{, KOr,!{a 6b1JIO

noKopeHo KyqJiyKoM, xaHoM nJieMeHHoro OOoe,!{MHeHHl1 Hai'tMaHOB. 3THOHMM «KapaKMTaM» BnOCJ!e,!{CTBMM 6b1JI BOCnpMHllT HeKOTOpblMM TlOpKCKMMM nJieMeHaMM Cpe.!{Hei't A3MM.

Jl,uHa 6embJW HBWMBHCKMWXBH Ky4flyK npe,aarenbCKMCBeprKBPBKMTBWCKOrO XBHB, 38XB8TMn TPOH MCT8JI rOTOBMTbC>I K eowHe c 4MHrucxaHoM, npeKpacHO MHlj>OpMMPOBBHHbJM MOHrOnbCKMMM wnuoHaMM o6o eceM npoucxo.a>~ weM cpe,aM KBPBKMTBeB.

153

JIH1ll'leCKHe Me'A<,LJ,Oyco6HUI>I OCJia6HJIH 3TH rocy_AapcTBa B BOeHHOM OTHOIIIeHHH. qHHrHCXaH peiiiHJI BOCIIOJlh30BaThCSI cJia6ocThiO 3THX ABYX 60JII>illHX rocy_AapcTB H IIO_A"'HHHTI> HX ce6e. OH co6paJI 6oJihillO~ eypyJITa~, Ha KOTOpOM 6hlJIO IIpHHSITO perneHHe o BO~He c Xope3MOM H HaMe<JeHJ>I

CpeAHe~ A3HH B 3TO BpeMSI

IIO_AroTOBH'reJII>Hhle MeporrpHSITHSI.

6hlJio ABa KpyrrHhlX rocyAapcTBa: Ka-

IIpHcryrrun HerrocpeACTBeHHO K

paKHTa~cKaSI HMrrepHSI H Xope3M.

3aBOeBaHHIO Xope3Ma MOHroJihl He

3TH rocy_AapCTBa 6hlJIH HaCeJieHI>I

MOrJIH, TaK KaK KapaKHT~CKaSI HM-

pa3HOIIJieMeHHhlMH HapoAaMH. Cpe-

rrepHSI yrpo)KaJia JieBoM:y <})JlaHry, a

AH rrJieMeH, pa36pocaHHhlX no o6-

BIIOCJie_ACTBHH -

rnHpH1>IM CTeiiSIM, He rrpeKpamaJiaCJ>

KauHSIM MOHroJihCKoro Bo~cKa. IIo-

ThiJIY H KOMMYHH-

Me)KIIJieMeHHaSI p03Hh H peJIHrH03-

3TOMY _AJISI o6ecrre<JeHHSI BTOp:iireHHSI

Hhle pacrrpH. XaHhl, BhlXOAUhl H3 KH-

B Xope3M 61>mo rrpeAIIPHHSITO 3aBoe-

TaSI, He HMeJIH TBepAo~ BJiaCTH. ITo-

BaHHe KapaKHTa~cKo~ HMrrepHH.

anoXA MOHronos. 1200-1400 rr.

154

1217 r. 1 3ABOEBAH"'E 3AflAAHOrO JlSIO. 3a .aecflmneme Henpe-

rJiaBHI>Ie CHJII>I MOHrOJIOB BI>IC'I)'-

1218 ro)l.a. 1219 ro)l.a OHM OCTaHOBHJIHCb

IIHJIH B IIOXO)l. B KOHUe

pbJBHbJX BOWH MOHIOflbCKaflapMMfl 1113pfi.D,HO yeTana. no9TOMY npoTMB KyqnyKa 4MHIMCXaH nocnan TOflbKO .D,Ba TYM9Ha BO maee C 6neCTfi/..UMM MOflO.ll,b/M BOeHa4BnbHMKOM Jl,>Ke6e. no.n,CTpeKaeMb/e MOHIOflbCKMM/11 WnMOHaMM, KapaKMTa/11 B36yHTOBaflMCb npoTMB enacTM Ky<myKa, u Jl,>Ke6e 6ecnpenfiTCTBeHHO npoHeCCfl no CTpaHe, 4MHfl pa3op. ApMMfl Ky4nyKa 6bma pa36!11Ta 3anB.ll.Hee Kawrapa, a caM oH 38XBa4eH Ill K83HeH; 4MHIMCXaH aHHeKcupoean 3anB.ll.HOe flflo.

JieTOM

Ha 6eperax peKH ilpr1>1rn )l.JISI rrorrpasKH JIOilla)l.eJ;t H JIHllib OCeHbiO IIOiliJIH )l.aJibllle, HMeSI BOi;tCKO OKOJIO CSJq qeJioBeK: ueHTprrpasoe Kpi>IJio-

101

200 TI>IThicSJqa,

TI>IcSiq, JieBoe

Kphmo- 30 TI>ICSJq. MyxaMMe)l. HMeJI

IIO~H B)l.Ba pa3a 60Jibllie CHJI, HO 3TO 6bmO pa3HOIIJieMeHHoe H He)l.HCUHIIJIHHHpOBaHHOe BOi;tCKO, He HMeBrnee e)l.HHI>IX <}>opM opraHH3aUHH. 3Ha<JH'reJibHaSI qacTh Boi;tcK 61>IJia pacrrpe)l.eJieHa rapHH30HaMH no ropo)l.aM. Boi;tCKO MOHroJIOB B OTHOllieHHH BO-

qTo61>1 pasre)l.aTh CHJII>I H crroco6 )l.ei;tCTBHi;t xope3MCKOrO BOi;tCKa, qHH-

opy)KeHHSI, opraHH3auHH H IIO)l.rO-

rHCXaH BI>ICJiaJI )l.pyroJ;t CHJibHbii;t OT-

TOBKH rrpeBOCXO)l.HJIO xope3MCKOe

pSI)l. KOHHHUI>I B o6meM HarrpaBJieHHH

BOi;tCKO. qHCJieHHOCTb o6eHX CTOpOH

Ha 3aiia)l., Ha Orpap, C )l.OIIOJIHHTeJib-

BOCTO<JHbie HCTOpHKH CHJibHO rrpeyBe-

HOi;t 3a)l.aqeJ;t BI>ISICHHTh ycJIOBHSI )l.BH-

JIH<JHBaiOT, HO BCe )Ke 3TO 6bmH )1.0-

:>KeHHSI KpYIIHhiX Mace KOHHHUhl qepe3

BOJibHO 3Ha<JH'reJibHbie CHJII>I, HaC<JH-

C'reiiH.

TI>IBaBlliHe )l.eCSITKH TI>ICSI<J BOHHOB.

Y3HaB o .Jl.BH:>KeHHH MOHroJioB,

Eme 6oJihrne rrpeyBeJIH<JeHI>I rrOTepH.

xope3MCKHJ;t max MyxaMMe)l. c CHJih-

BHY1peHHee rroJIHTH<JecKoe rroJio-

HI>IM oTpSI.Jl.OM .Jl.BHHYJICSI oT Carvtap-

)KeHHe Xope3Ma 3a1py.LI.HSIJIO opraHH-

KaH)l.a Ha cerep, HacTHr rrpoTHBHHKa H BI>IHY.Jl.HJI ero IIpHHSITb 6oJ;t, KOTOpi>IJ;t, O)l.HaKO, He HMeJI cepbe3HI>IX rrocJie)l.CTBHJ;t. MoHroJihi o6paTHJIH B 6ercTBO JieBOe Kpi>IJIO H paccTpOHJIH ueHTp 6oesoro rropSI)l.Ka Boi;tcKa MyXaMMe)l.a. IlpaBoe Kpi>IJio xope3MUeB IIO)l. KOMaH)l.OBaHHeM CI>IHaMyxaMMe)l.a pa36HJIO JieBoe Kpi>IJIO MOHroJIOB H IIOMOrJIO CBoeMY UeH1pY H JieBOMY Kpi>IJiy. C HaC'I)'IIJieHHeM HOqH 6oJ;t rrpeKpaTHJICSI. Ho%10 MOHrOJihi 3a:>KrJIH 60JiblliHe KOCTpi>I, ~061>1 BBeCTH IIpOTHBHHKa B 3a6Jiy)K)l.eHHe, H OTOlliJIH. ~OT 6oJ;t IIpOH3BeJI 60JiblliOe BrreqaTJieHHe Ha MyxaMMe)l.a, KOTOpbii;t CKa3aJI:

«5! HHKOr)l.aeme He

BH)l.eJI TaKHX rrpeBOCXO)l.HI>IX BOi;tCK». IJo-repSIB COIIpHKOCHOBeHHe C MOHroJiaMH, MyxaMMe)l. OTOllieJI K Byxape.

KaMnaHHH npoTHB Xope3Ma,

1218-1224rr. 1218 r.

PA3BSI3biBAH"'E

BO~Hbl. Xope3Mwax (c 1200 r.)

MyxaMMe.a II Ana-a.a-,D,uH (unu MHa4e- MyxaMMe.n,-wax) pacnpo1 THe K

,[(pyrHe HCTQqHHKH OTHOCSIT 3TO C06b!-

1218 HJIH 1219 ro~y.

6poHaoaoe nocepeopeHHoe HaaepwHe oynaBbl xopeaMwaxa.

XIII B. cTpaHun enacTb Xope3Ma Ha TeppuTOpuu coepeMeHHoro VlpaHa, A3ep6a/1.n,)l(aHa, XopacaHa, Alj>raHMCTaHa u MaeepaHHaxpa, npofiBMn HeyBa)l(eHMe K MOHIOflbCKMM nocnaM. 4uHrucxaH co6pan 6onee 4eM .D,BYXCOTTb/Cf14HYIO ( BKfl/04afl pe3epB) apMM/0, B KOTOPYIO BXO.D,/11fl/11 TaK)I(e neXOTHb/e 4aCTM Ill OCa.n,Hb/W 0603, OCHaJ..UeHHb/W KMTaWCKMM/11 CTeH06MTHb/MM Ill KaMHeMeTHb/M/11 opy.n,MfiMM, 3a6paCb/Ba/OJ..UMMM Ha TeppMTOp/1110 OCa)I(.D,eHHOIO 10po.aa TaK)I(e cocy.n,bJ, Ha4MHeHHbJe nopoxoM unu rop104MMM )l(fll.ll,KOCTfiMM. BOWCKa OH pa3.n,enun Ha 4eTb/pe 4aCTM, O.D,HY 1113 KOTOpbJX B3flfl no.n, CB0/0 KOMaH.n,y, a OCTaflbHb/e nO.D,4MHMfl Cb/HOBbfiM - CTapweMy, Jl,>Ky4M, BTopoMy, ,il,)l(araTa/0 (unu MHa4e- 1../araTa/0) u TpeTbeMy, Yre.n,e/0 ( unu MHa4e- Yr9.n,910, OraTa/0 unu Or.n,a10). BecTu HacTynneHue Ha X ope 3M oH nnaHupoean c ceeepO-BOCTOKa; TeM BpeMeHeM ,il,)l(e6e C MeHbWMM BOWCKOM .ll,Ofl)l(eH 6blfl Bb/.ll,BMHYTbCfl C TeppMTOP/11111 6bJBwero 3ana.n,Horo flflo.

3auHIO o6opoHI>I cTpaHI>I. MyxaMMe)l. 60SIJICSI cocpe)l.OTOqHTb B O)l.HOM MeC're KpyrrHhie CHJihi, TaK KaK He Mor IIOJIO)KHTbCSI Ha CBOHX BOeHaqaJibHHKOB, H OTOllieJI B my61> C1paHI>I, K CaMapKaH.Jl.Y· B pe3yJihTaTe 3Toro rroJiyqHJIOCh,

TOJibKO HapO)l.HI>Ie MaC-

Chi 3aLUHlllaJIH CBOH HaCeJieHHI>Ie rryHh."TI>I. Ho 3TH Macci>I 61>1JIH HeopraHH30BaHHhi.

TOMY :>Ke HM B crrH-

HY HaHOCHJIH y.LI.api>I BI>IClliHe cJioH roCIIO)l.CTBYIOLUHX KJiaCCOB, KOTOpi>Ie rrpe)l.aTeJibCTBOM HHTepeCOB CBOeJ;t CTpaHI>I IIbiTaJIHCb COXpaHHTb CBOIO )KH3Hb H CBOH 6oraTCTBa.

1219 r. 6"'TBA nP"' JJ)KEHAE. j],>Ky4M Ill Jl,>Ke6e, no.n, KOMaH.D,OBaH/11eM KOTOpbJX HaXO.ll,MflOCb B 06J..Ue/1 CflO)I(HOCT/11 He 60flbWe 30 Tb/Cf/4 4eflOBeK, cpa3Mfl/11Cb B 4JepraHCKOW .aonuHe c ropa3.n,o 6onee MHoro4ucneHHol1 apMue/1 xope3Mwaxa MyxaMMe.n,a II (no HeKoTopbJM MCT04HMKaM, .ao 200 Tb/Cf/4 4enoeeK); .ao6MTbCfl nepeeeca He y.n,anocb HM o.aHo/1 1113 CTOPOH.

1220 r. MOHrOJlbCKOE HACTYnJlEH"'E. MoHronbJ HacTynanu WMPOKMM lj>pOHTOM. j],>Ky4M, apMM/0 KOTOporo ycununu .ao nfiTM TYM9HOB,

BOCTOLJHASl V1 U.EHTPAJlbHASl A3V1Sl .n,eii1HYflCR no C/JepraHCKOW .ll,Oflii1He oc8)1(.n,aTbXo.n.)l(eHT. ,lPKaraTaw 111 Yre.n.ew, K8)1(.ll,b/W CnRm.n,eCRTMTb/CR"'Hb/M eOWCKOM, napafiJieflbHb/MM KOflOHHaMM .n,eii1HYflMCb MMMO 03epa 6anxaw K cpe.n.HeMy Te"!eHMJO CbJp.n,apbll1 0C8)1(.ll,aTb .n,peeHII1W l,leHTp TOproenll1 CKO"'eeHII1KaMM, ropo.n, 0Tpap ( ropo.ll.MWe ero coxpaHII1nocb 6n1113 coep. )/(.-.a. cTaHI..lii1M TII1Myp). CaM 4MHrMcxaH, no.n, KOMaH.ll,OeaHII1eM KOTOporo HaXO.ll,ll1flaCbapMII1Rnpii1MepHOTaKOW )l(e "!McneHHOCTM, no wupoKow .n.yre o6orHyn 6anxaw c ceeepa M ebJWen KYCTbJO CbJp.n,apbM, r.n.e Ta ena.n.aeT e ApanbcKoe Mope. ,lPKe6e c .n.ea.n.l.laTII1TbJCR"'HOW apMuew nepewen qepe3 rfaMMp 111.ll,eii1HYflCR Ha JOT, KeepxoebRM AMy.n.apbll1, a orry.n.a, cne.n.yR ee Te"!eHII1JO, e l.leHTpanbHYJO qacTb MaeepaHHaxpa.

fJ.A

1220 r. 3ABOEBAHHE MABEPAHHAXPA (TPAHCOK CHAHbl). rfoKa 4MHTMCXaH wen Ha 6yxapy, ero Cb/HOebR e3Rflll1, pa3rpa6111nM M co)l(mM Xo.ll,)l(eHT M 0Tpap. B .n.onu-

155

He AMy.n.apbM ( e eepxHeM Te"!eHMM peKM) ,lPKe6e pa3rpoMII1n eowcKo, ebJCflaHHOe HaecTpeqy eMy XOpe3MWaXOM, 111 .n.eii1HyncR K CaMapKaH.n.y, rpa6R, y6ueaR Mpa30PRR ece

~-=~ ~=. ----~====~----~~~----~==~;=~-=~~--~~~

uSY.~~ b ~ l.J 路vo,.,

1220 r. 6EfCTBO MYXAMMEII AJlA-AA-AHHA. Haxo.n.Rcb

6nM3 CaMapKaH.n.a, xope3Mwax y3Han o6 ocaae Xo.n.)l(eHTa M 0Tpapa; 38TeM nonyqMn TpeeO)I(HbJe M3eeCTII1R o npu6nll1)1(eHII1M eowcKa )J)Ke6e. OH npii1Ka38n nepeeeCTM Ha JOTO-eOCTOK 60flbWOe eOWCKO ( e03MO)I(HO, .ll,OCTII1raewee 100 TbJCR"' qenoeeK) .n.nR 38WMTbJ nYTeC1 e XopacaH ( o6nacTb, eKJIJO"/aewyJO O.ll,HOMMeHHb/W OCTaH e coep. vtpaHe, a TaiOKe qacTb 3ana.n.Horo Acf>raHII1CTaHa- repaT 111 6anx111 oa3111CbJ TypKMeHM111) 111 (a3HM, HO TYT np111wno owenoMnRJOwee 1113eeCTMe, "'TO K 6yxape .n,ell1)1(eTCR CaM 4MHTMCXaH, npM"'eM c coeepweHHO HeO)I(M.n.aHHoro HanpaeneHMR- c 38na.n.a. Vf3-3a CKOpOCTM 111 MaHeepeHHOCTM MOHTOflbCKMX apMII1W, a TaiOKe M3-38 onyCTOWeHII1W, "'MHII1Mb/XMMII1 Ha Mapwee nonoce 6onee .n.ecRTII1 KMnoMeTpoe WMPMHow, xope3Ml.lbl 3Ha"'MTenbHO npeyeenM"'MflM MOWb npOTII1eHMKa. MyxaMMe.n.-wax 6bm yeepeH, "'TO CMbJKaJOWMe OKpy;KeHMe MOHTOflbl npeeOCXO.ll,RT no "1111CfleHHOCTII1 ero nRTMCOTTb/CR"'HYJO ( e COeOK}'nHOCTM) apMII1JO. B naHMKe oH npMKa3an maeHow "'aCTII1 CeOMX eOWCK CpO"'HO ebJCTynaTb K CaMapKaH.n.y, 6yxape M .n,pyrii1M yKpenneHHbJM l.leHTpaM, a caM, e conpoeo)l(.ll,eHMM ceMbM MHe6onbwow oxpaHbJ, 6e)l(an Ha JOT, Ha Teppii1TOPMJO coepeMeHHoro A3ep6aW.n.)l(aHa.

t!HHrHCX3H Hero npH6nHJKeHHble CMOTpSIT Ha nopa3HBWYIO HX nepenpasy xopeaMwaxa AlKanana-aA-AHHa -.epeal1HA. MasepaHHaxpcKaSI MHHHaTIOpa XVII a.

156

anoXA MOHronos. 1200-1400 rr. 1221 r. 6liiTBA nPlll KAHAAfAPE.noKa 4MHTMCXaH C06Mpan B e.aMHOe BOWCKO apMMM Cb/HOBei!t, ,fl,>Kenan-a.a-}J.MH CO CTO.llBa.lll.laTMTb/CR4HOi!t apMMei!t y nO.llHO>KMfl OTpOTOB 3ana.aHoro IMH.llYKYWB pa36Mn no.a KaH.aarapoM nepe.aoeoi!t MOHronbcKMi!t OTPR.ll M3 Tpex TYM9HOB no.a KOMaH.llOBaHMeMXBHa Tonyfl. MoHronbJ y>Ke B3flfiM ropo.a M OCa.llMfiM /.lMTa.aenb, HO HeO>KM.llaHHOTO Hana.aeHMR 3Ha4MTeflbHO npeBOCXO.llRLUei!t apMMM He O>KM.L18fiM, M nOTOMY 6blfiM npaKTM4eCKM YHM4TO>KeHbJ. 4MHrMcxaH MOfiHMeHOCHO Bbl.llBMHYfiCR B tMH.llYKYW, 4T06bJ OTOMCTMTb 3a nopB>KeHMe, M )J.>Kenan-a.a-)J.MH, KOToporo 6pOCMfiM ero acpraHCKMe C0/03HMKM, Bb/Hy)l(ll.eH 6blfl CO CBOei!t TPM.lll.l8TMTb/CR4HOi!t apMMei!t OTCTynMTb B neH.ll>Ka6. 4MHrMcxaH nocne.aoean 3a HMM C nRTM.lleCf/TMTb/CR4Hb/M BOi!tCKOM.

1221 r. 6liiTBAHAliiHAE.,fl,>KenoXOAbl MOHronoB B CpeAHIOIO A.3HIO, Ha KaBK83 HIOro-BOCTO'fHYIO Eapony a nepao~ 'feTBepnt XIII a.

M BCfl Ha CBOeM nyrM. 6yxapa c.aanacb 4MHTMCXaHy, KOTOpbJi!t npMKa3afl >KMTefiRM CaMMM cpaBHf/Tb C 3eMnei!t ropo.acKMe cTeHbJ, nocne 4ero cTpeMMTeflbHbJM MapweM noeen CB0/0 apMM/0 Ha COe.llMHeHMe C TpeMf/ OCTaflbHb/MM, CTORBWMMM no.a CaMapKaH.aoM, rapHM30H KOTOporo cocTaenRn 100 TbJCR4 4enoeeK. HeCMOTPfl Ha OT4aRHHOe conpOTMBfleHMe, ropo.a 6blfl B3RT CTpeMMTeflbHb/M WTYPMOM, pa3rpa6neH M CO)IOI(eH, a 60flbWaR 4aCTb rapHM30Ha M HaCefleHMR nepe6MTb/ ( B >KMBb/X nparMaTM4Hb/e no6e.llMTefiM OCTaBflflfiM TOflbKO peMecneHHMKOB, nepeceneHHb/X 3aTeM e MoHronMJO)I. 0Kono 4eTbJpex MeCRI.leB npo.aon>Kanacb oca.aa YpreH4a, e OTMeCTKY 3a 9TO >KMTenM ero 6bmM no.aeeprHyrbJ caMoi!t >KecToKoi!t pacnpaee. Cepbe3Hoe conpoTMBneHMe 3aeoeeaTefiRM OKa3afl pacnOfiO>KeHHbJi!t Ha peKe Mypra6 .apeBHMi!t ropo.a Mepe - B3f1Tb ero y.aanocb fiMWb e 1221 ro.ay, nocne 4ero no npMKa3y 1

CorJiacHo ApyrHM HCTO<,~HHKaM, CaMap-

KaHA CAaJICll Ha MHJIOCTb rro6eAHTe.JieJ;t AO wrypMa, XOTSI H He H36eJI(aJI IIpH 3TOM pe3HH.

4MHTMCXaHa 6blfiM pa3pyweHb/ nnoTMHb/ MepBCKOTO Oa3MCa, M TOT npeepaTMfiCR B nyCTb/H/0.

1220-1221 rr. nPECJlEAOBAHliiE. TpM.al.laTMTbJCfi4HaR apMMfl no.a KOMaH.aoeaHM eM ,ll,>Ke6e M Cy69.L19fl nf/Tb MeCf//.leB HeycTaHHO rHaflaCb 3a xope3MWBXOM no ecei!t ero Heo6bRTHoi!t MMnepMM .ao Kacnui!tcKoro MOPR, r.ae TOTe cpeepane 1221 ro.ay M yMep Ha npM6pe>KHOM OCTpOBKe ( comaCHO O.llHOMY M3 npe.aaHMi!t, oT pa36MTOro cep.al.la).

1220-1221 rr. 06bEAliiHEHliiE. no.a o6umM PYKOBO.llCTBOM 4MHrMcxaHa Yre.aei!t, ,il,>Ky4M M Jl,>KaraTai!t 3aeepwunu noKopeHue Xope3Ma, a Mna.awui!t CbJH Tonyi!t (MnM MHa4e- TynM) -XopacaHa. npufepaTe, Mepee( cM. BbJWe) M baMMaHe ( HaceneHMe KOTOporo B OTMeCTKY 3a O>KeCT04eHHOe conpOTMBfleHMe M ru6eflb B 6010 fi/06MMOTO BHyKa 4MHTMCXaHa 6bmo MCTpe6neHo noronoeHo) MycynbMaHe conpoTMBfiRfiMCb .aonro, HO He9cpcpeKTMBHO. TeM epeMeHeM pa3Be.l14MKM M WnMOHb/ 4MHrMCXaHa .aoHecnM, 4TO CbJH MyxaMMe.a -waxa ,ll,>Kenan-a.a -)J.MH co6upaeT B fa3HM HOBY/0 apMM/0.

nan-a.o.-)J.uH 3aHRfl Ha 6epery l1H.aa npeBOCXO.llHY/0 o6opOHMTeflbHYIO n03M/.lMIO - Tblfl ero apMMM 3aLUMLUafiM ropbl M pe4H8R M3fiY4MHa - M opraHM30Bafl MOLUHY/0 KOHTpaTBKY, KOTOPBfl 4YTb 6blfl0 He CMRfla l.leHTp MOHronbcKoi!t apMMM 1• O.aHaKo 4MHrucxaH CyMefl BOCCTaHOBMTb nopR.llOK B CTP0/0 M nocnan O.llMH TYM9H 4epe3 C4MTaBWMeCf/ HenpOXO.llMMb/MM ropbl, 4T06bJ HaHeCTM y.aap ,fl,>Kefl8fl-8.lJ, -)J.MHY e Tblfl. HaTMCKa c .aeyx CTOPOH TIOPKCKBR o6opoHa He Bb/.ll ep>Kana. CaM )J.>Kenan-a.a -)J.MH cnpbJTHYfl Ha fiOWa.tJ.M C yreca B peey M no.a BOCXMLUeHHb/M B3rflfl.l10M 4MHTMCX8Ha BbJ6panCR Ha .apyroi!t 6eper. noTepM o6eMX CTOPOH B 9TOM cpa>KeHMM 6blfiM n04TM PBBHb/ M COCTaBMfiM npM6fiM3MTeflbHO no 20 Tb/Cf/4 4enoeeK. B.aoroHKY 6bmM nocnaHbJ HeCKOflbKO TYM9HOB; OHM pa3rpOMMfiM neH.a>Ka6cKMe o6nacTM flaxop, newaeap M MynTaH, HO J];Kenan-a.a)J.MHa He HBllJJIM. Bnocne.acTBMM, Y3HaB, 4TO )J.enMi!tCKMi!t CYfiTaH OTKa38fl ,fl,>Kenan-a.a-)J.MHY B y6e>KMLUe, 4MHrMCXaH pa3yMHO B03.J:1ep>Kaf1Cfl OT BTOp>KeHMR B llfH.llM/0, 4T06bJ He pac1

CorJiacHo ApyrHM HCTO<,~HHKaM, <,~HcJieH

HOCTb apMHH t.IHHrHCXaHa B 6HTBe Ha liHAe AOCTHraJia

300 TbTCll<,! qeJIOBeK.

BOCTOYHAs:l V1 U.EHTPAnbHAs:l A3V1s:l

157

nbtflf/Tb C80MX 80MHCKMX pecypC08

CT808af1M, LfTO 3a,ll.aLfy C8010 8btnOf1-

pa Bcex c11n, pyccKHe APY)f(HHhT BhT-

no CfiMWKOM 60flbWOi7t TeppMTOpMM.

HMf1M. Ho, npe)f(,ll.e LfeM 8038paw,aTb-

CTYIIHJIH B IIOXOA H Ha 17-H geHb CO-

OH OT038an nocnaHHbte Ha npecne-

CH 8 MOH/OfiM/0, OHM peWMfiM ,[J.aTb

cpegOTO~HTIHCh Ha rrpaBOM 6epery

,ll.08aHMe TYM3Hbl M OTCTynMfl M3 neH-

C80MM TYM3HaM OT,ll.OXHYTb, a 3aO,[J.-

HH)I{Hero .IJ:Herrpa, 6nH3 OnernhH.

,ll.){(a6a, LfT06bt C06paTbCH C CMflaMM

HO co6paTb no6onbwe C8e,ll.eHMi7t

nepe,[J. 3a80e8aHMeM /a3HM (

1222-

1224n'). noxo,o, ,lVKe6e"' Cy63P,3R,

ce8epHbtX M 3ana,ll.HbtX 3eMnHx.

3gech K pyccKoMy BOHCKY rrpHcoegHHHJIHCh IIOJIOBl\bl.

BcKope MOHronbCKMe wnMOHbt pac-

PyccKaH paTh cocToHna H3 gpy-

ceHnMCb no 8Cei7t BocTOLfHOi7t M Ll,eH-

)I{HH KHH3eH. PerneHHH rrpHHHManHCh

TpanbHOi7t E8pone.

Ha COBeTe KHH3eii. Ka)I{IJ:hiH H3 KHH-

1223 r. 6liiTBA HA PEKE KAJl-

3eH CTapanCH geHCTBOBaTh ITO-CBOeMy; rnaBHhiMH COrrepHHKaMH 6hWH

nocne cMepTM MyxaM-

KE (COBP. PEKA KAJlb'iliiK, nPliiTOK PEKlil KAJlbMliiYC B AOHELI,KOH 06J1ACTlil YKPAliiHbl). noHe-

Me,[J.-waxa j],){(e6e M Cy63,l1.3i7t nony-

CH nopa){(eHMH 80 8CeX CT0f1KH08e-

Korga coi03HHKH HaxogHnHch Ha

LfMfiM OT lfMHIMCXaHa pa3peweHMe

HMHX c MOHronaMM, nono8U,bt o6pa-

rrpaBOM 6epery .IJ:Herrpa y ycThH

1221-1224 rr. 1221 r. HACTYnllEHliiE HA KABKA3.

McTHcnaB KHeBCKHH H McTHcnaB [ aJIHU:KHii.

npoM38eCTM pa38e,ll.Ky6oeM Ha Ka8-

TMf1MCb 3a nOMOUJ,b/0 K pyCCKMM KHH-

peKH XopTHU:a, Ha rrpoTHBorrono)I{-

Ka3e M 8 /O){(HOi7t E8pone. C npM6bt8-

3bf/M. 80CbMM,ll.eCHTMTb/Cf/LfHaH pyc-

HOM 6epery ITOHBHTIHCh rrepegOBbie

WMMM nO,ll.KpenneHMHMM 80i7tCKO MX

CKO-nOf108eU,KaH apMMH 80 rna8e C

pa3BCAh1BaTCTihHhiC OTpHAhi MORrO-

803pocno -

KHH3eM McTMcna8oM YAanbtM

(?-

nOB. KHH3h .IJ:aHHHn BonhiHCKHH c

KHH){(Mfl 8 TpMnonbe, Top-

ranH~aHaMH rreperrnhm .IJ:Herrp H

no HeKOTOpbtM C8e,ll.e-

HMHM, ,[1.0 40 Tb/Cf/Lf Lfefi08eK. Jfla8HO-

1228 rr.;

KOMaH,ll.YIOUJ,MM f/8flflf1CH, Cy,ll.H no

LfeCKe, Ho8ropo,ll.e, lanMLfe) 8CTpe-

aTaKoBan MOHronoB. 0Ka3aB He3Ha-

8CeMy, j],){(e6e. npoi7t,ll.H A3ep6ai7t,ll.-

TMna MOH/Of/08 Ha KanKe. j],){(e6e M

~HTenhHoecorrpoTHBneHHe,MoHro足

){(aH, apMMH MOH/Of/08 3a3MM08ana

Cy63,[1.3i7t XOTefiM KOHLfMTb ,[J.ef/0 MM-

nhi o6paTHnHCh B 6ercTBO. McTH-

8 80CTOLfHOi7t ApMeHMM, He MCKfltOLfe-

pOM, HO, KOr,[J.a MOHIOflbCKMX nOCf/08

cnaB fanHI(KHH C ThiCH~hiO BCa):(HH-

HO, LfTO Ha ){(M80nMCHb/X 6eperax

){(eCTOKO y6Mf1M, OHM aTaK08af1M M Ha-

KOB opraHH30Ban rrpecnegoBaHHe H

peKMApaKC.

1222 r. BTOP>KEHliiE HA TEPPliiTOPliiiO PYClil.

/Of108Y pa3rpoMMf1M pyccKo-nono-

OKOH~aTeJibHO pa36HJI rrepegOBOH

8eu,Koe 80i7tCKO.

OTPHA rrponiBHHKa.

MoHronbt 8 nyx M

npoi7t,ll.H ew,e HeCKOflbKO COT KM-

IlepBhiH ycrrex BoogyrneBHn pyc-

npax pa36Mf1M 60flbWYIO rpy3MHCKYIO

fiOMeTp08 Ha ce8ep, OHM nonyLfMfiM

CKHX KHH3eH, H COI03HHKH ):(BHHYTIHCh

apMMtO, co6paHHYtO AfiH yLfaCTMH 8

C IOHU,OM nocnaHMe OT lfMHIMCXaHa

Ha BOCTOK, B ITOTIOBel(KHe CTeiTH. qe-

nHTOM KpecT080M noxo,ll.e, M ,l1.8MHY-

M OT8epHyf1M Ha 80CTOK, no nyTM C0-

nMCb Ha ce8ep. Ha Ce8epHOM Ka8-

8epWM8 He y8eHLfa8weecH ycnexoM

Ka3e OHM CTOfiKHYfiMCb C nOf108U,aMM

Hana,ll.eHMe Ha 80fi){(CKMX 6ynrap.

M anaHaMM. 3aKf110LfM8 C nep8b/MM

Kor,ll.a OHM npoxo,ll.MfiM ce8epHee

MMp, j],){(e6e M Cy63A3i7t pa3rpoMM-

KacnMi7tCKoro MOPH, j],){(e6e 3a6onen

nM anaH08, a 3aTeM ( 8 HapyweHMe

M yMep. Ha MCXO,ll.e Mapwa ,ll.f1MHOi7t

comaweHMH) M nono8U,e8. npa8,ll.a,

6500 KM Cy63,l1.3i7t 8CTpeTMn ma8Hbte

8 6MT8e, pa38epHy8wei7tcH 8 npe,ll.-

MOH/OflbCKMe CMflbl, 8038paw,a8WM-

ropbHX K 80CTOKY OT peKM Ky6aHb,

eCH nocne OKOHLfaTenbHOi7t no6e,ll.bt

A06MTbCH cyw,eCT8eHHoro nepe8eca

HaA Xope3MOM (

1224 r.).

He y,ll.afiOCb HM O,ll.HOi7t M3 CTOpOH. Ho 3aTeM, 6naro,ll.apH C80eMy npe80C-

B poccHHCKHX HCTO~HHKax ~aKT

XO,ll.CT8Y 8 MaHe8pe, a nopo10 M 8e-

y6HHCTBa MOHrOTihCKHX ITOCTIOB OT-

ponoMcTBy, MOH/Oflbl pa36Mf1M no-

cyTCTByeT, a o 6HTBe Ha KaJIKe pac-

f108U,e8 8 pH,[J.e OT,[J.eflbHb/X CTbtLfeK,

cKa3hmaeTCH,

3aX8aTMf1M AcTpaxaHb M ,l1.8MHYf1MCb

poB TaTapO-MOHrOTIOB ITOTIOBI(hl 6e-

~To

rrocne rrepBhiX yga-

3a j],OH. npecne,[J.yH 6e){(a8WMX no-

)l{aTIH K .IJ:Herrpy H rrpOCHTIH pyccKHX

f108U,e8, OHM 8TOpmMCb 8 fO){(HOpyc-

rrporrycTHTh HX ~epe3 peKy. IIono-

CKMe CTenM. 0TCIO,ll.a OHM ,l1.8MHYf1MCb

BeU:KHii xaH KoCTHK 6pOCHTICH B ra-

8 KpbtM, r,[J.e Ha tOr0-80CTOLfHOM no-

nH~ K KHH3IO McTHcnaBy H rrpocHn

6epe){(be nonyocTpo8a 83Hf1M wTyp-

CITaCTH ero H ITOTIOBU:eB OT CTpaiiiHO-

MOM reHy33CKYtO KpenocTb Cy,ll.aK,

rO Bpara. IlOJI)'~HB CBegeHHH 0 ):(BH-

nocne Lfero OTnpa8Mf1MCb Ha ce-

)I{eHHH MOHronoB, KHH3h McTHcnaB

8ep -

ranHU:KHH co6pan B KHeBe COBeT pyc-

8 my6b TeppMTOPMM C08pe-

MeHHOi7t YKpaMHbt.

1222-1223 rr. 3liiMAHA'-IEPHOM MOPE. j],){(e6e M Cy63A3i7t LfY8-

CKHX KHH3eH, Ha KOTOpOM 6hmO peIIIeHO ABHHYThCH

HaBCTpe~y

MOHro-

naM-3aBOCBaTCTIHM. He O)I{HAaH c6o-

Cy63A3~

anoXA MOHronos. 1200-1400 rr.

158

CPAmEHHE Ha .P· KAJIRA, 31 Ma~r 1223 r .

eHlteKHX HeTOpHKOB, rJiaBHJ>Ie npH'IHHhl nop3)f(eHHSI.

liM

0,LI.HHX TOJIJ>Ko BOHHOB MeTHeJia-

10 Thl·

Ba KHeBeKoro norn6Jio oKoJio

eaq <JeJIOBeK. B poeeHlteKott HeTOpHorpa4>HH YTBep)f()J,aeTCa, 'ITO MOHroJioTaTapeKoe BOtteKO, TaJOKe noHeeiiiee 60JihiiiHe noTepH, BhlHy~eHO 6h1JIO Ha BpeMSI OTJIO)f(HTh ,LI.a.JIJ>HettiiiHtt noXO,LI. B npe,LI.eJihl PyeH.

nocne4HHeKaMnaHHH 'IHHrHCXaHa, 1225-1227 rr. 1224-1226 rr. B03PO:>KAEH~E ~MnEP~~ CSl ~ l..l3~Hb. TaHryTCKIIIfl IIIMneparop 3ana,aHoro

I-

Cfl, xom 111 fiBnflncfl MOHronbCKIIIM

YKpenneHHbl~

eaccanoM, reM He MeHee orKa3an-

narepb KHeBnllH

Cfl npiiiHfiTb yqacr111e B eoftHe npor111e

nonO)I(eHHe BOliCK CTOpOH nepen, cpa)l(eHHeM:

MyxaMMe.a-waxa. l1Mnep111111 Cf/ 111 L(3111Hb ( HeKor.aa 3neftw111e epar111)

pyCCKHX H OOflOBel.(KHX

BCTynlllfl/11 B C0/03 npOTIIIB MOHIOflOB.

MOHrono-rarapcKH x

TOBS1TCS1.

1225-1226 rr. MOHfOJlbl ro4yecreyfl np!ll6flllf)KeH!IIe

CT8pOCTIII, 4111HIIIICX8H H83H84111fl CB0-

.,_--::>

HanpaaneHHll Yllapoa MOHronorarapcKHX BOHCK 0TX0l1 pycCKHX BOACK

11/M HacneP.HIIIKOM Yre.aeR, yqpe.a111n n/)IIIHI..lllln or6opa nocne.ay/0~11/X een!IIKIIIX XBHOB ( K818HOB), 1113Y4Wl .ll,OKJIB,ab/ pa3BeP.KIIIIII3 CR 111 L(3111Hb 111 no.aroro-

pe3 ,LI.eBSITh ,LI.Helt OHH 6J>mH Ha peKe

JIOBUhl eMSIJIH APY*HHY MeTHeJiaBa

BIIIfl.llJ1fl HOBOWKBMnBH/11111 CTOBOCbMIII-

Kam<e.

H ,LI.e3opraHH30BaJIH APY*HHhl APYrHx pyeeKHX KHSI3elt. Ha nJieqax no-

.ll,eCf/TIIITb/Cf/4HYIO apMIII/0.

JIOBUeB MOHrOJihl BOpBaJIHeh B paenOJIO)f(eHHe rJiaBHhiX eHJI pyeeKHX. HaqaJiea HepaBHJ>Ilt 6olt. 1JHeJieHHoe

HOE CSl.

HoflcKopocrb/O 1113Hepriii4HOCTb/O no-

npeBOeXO,LI.eTBO MOHroJIOB H Heopra-

wnlll B noxo.a Ha 10r. TaHryrbJ, xopowo 3H8KOMbJe C MOHIOflbCKOW TBKTIIIKOW,

IlpH o6ey~eHHH Ha eOBeTe KHSI· 3elt enoeo6a ,LI.elteTBHlt BhlSIBHJIHeh npOTHBOnOJIO)f(Hhle TO'IKH 3peHHSI. MeTHeJiaB KHeBeKHlt npH,LI.ep)f(HBa.Jiea Bhl)f(H,Ll.3.TeJihH0-06opOHHTeJihHOrO

1226 r. BTOP)f(EH~E B 3AilAAB KOHI..le ro.aa, Kor.aa peKIII 3aMep3nlll, MOHronbJ co ceoeft o6bN-

enoeo6a ,LI.elteTBHlt H B03p3)£(a.JI npo-

HH30BaHHoe eonpOTHBJieHHe pyeeKHX

THB nepexo,LI.a qepe3 Kan:ry. OH pae-

onpe,LI.eJIHJIH nop3.)£(eHHe APY*HH

6bJnlll IOTOBb/ K BTOp)l(eH/1110 Ill Bb/Cfl8-

noJIO)f(HJiea Ha npaBoM 6epery peKH

MeTHeJiaBaran:HuKoro H.LI.pyrHx pye-

fllll H8BCTpe4y TpeXCOTTb/CR4HYIO ap-

Ha KaMeHHeTOlt BhleOTe H npHerynHJI

eKHX KHSI3elt

K ee yKpenJieHHIO. MeTHeJiaB ran:Hu-

MoHroJihl B Te'IeHHe Tpex ,LI.Helt

M/1110, KOTOPBR BCTpeT!IIfl8 BOWCK8 4111HIIIICX8H8 y 3aMep3weft XyaHX3.

1226 r. 6~TBA HA PEKE XYAH-

KHlt e npO'IHMH KHSI3hSIMH H nOJIOBUa-

BeJIH HenpephiBHhle aTaKH Ha,LI.py)f(H-

31 Ma.SI 1224 ro,LI.a nepenpaBHJIHeh

HY MeTHeJiaBa KHeBeKoro. Kor,LI.a Bee

X3.

qepe3 pel\.)' Kan:ry, r,LI.e H paenoJIO)f(H-

aTaKH 6h1JIH OT6HThl, MOHr0Jlhl npH-

CKY/0 KBBanep/1110 H8 ne.ll, -

JIH eBoH rJiaBHhle eHJihi. B empoHy MOHroJIOB 6h1JI BhleJiaH ,LI.OBOJihHO eJia-

6erJIH K XHTpOeTH. 0HH noo6eiUaJIH

B8Tb. noKa Te nepeceKBfl/11 peey, II/X

6eenpenaTeTBeHHO nponyeTHTh pye-

ocbmanllltJ.O)I(l1eM crpen cnew!IIBWIII-

6hllt OTPSI.Jl.: APY*HHJ>I ,[{aHHHJia BoJihlHeKoro H .HpyHa IloJIOBeUKOro. BhleJiaHHJ>Ilt oTpa,LI. BeTpeTHJI

eKHe BolteKa K KHeey. MeTHeJiaB no-

ecfl MOHronbCK!IIe nyqHIIIKIII. BcKope

repHJI, HO KaK TOJihKO pyeeKHe BhllllJIH H3 yKpenJieHHJ;i, MOHr0Jlhl Haii3JIH

T8HIYTCK8fl K8Baneplllfl HBPYWIIIfl8

KpynHhle eHJihl MOHrOJIOB, KOTOphie

Ha HHX H Beex YHH'ITO)f(HJIH.

ronbJ Ill KOHHbJe, Ill cneWIIIBW!IIeCR.

4111HIIIICX8H Bb/M8HIIIfl TBHIYT8T8KO-

crpoft, 111 ror.aa Ha HIIIX Hananlll MOH-

OKPY*HJIH pyeeKHX H noJIOBUeB. Ha-

OTCyTCTBHe e,LI.HHeTBa ,LI.elteTBHlt

O.aHoepeMeHHO HecKonbKO ryM3HOB

qan:ea ynopHhllt 6olt. PyeeKHe ep3)f(a-

KaK pe3yJIJ>TaT <t>eo,LI.aJIJ>Hott pa3,LI.po6-

nepeceKnlll peKy, o6orHye ce4y, 111

JIHeh xpa6po, HO nOJIOBUhl He BI>I,lJ,ep)f(a.JIH MOHroJIJ>eKHX aTaK H no6e)f(a-

JieHHOeTH KHeBeKott PyeH, He;::r,ooueH-

8T8KOB8fllll H8 .ll,BflbHeM 6epery neXO-

Ka eHJI npOTHBHHKa H HeHa,LI.e)f(HOeTh BOiteKa nOJIOBUeB- TaKOBhl, no MHe-

HHIO E.A. Pa3HHa H pa,LI.a,LI.pyrHx poe-

TBnlll 300 Tb/Cf/4 y6111TbJX,' MHOIIIIM fl/11

JIH, paenpoeTpaHSISI naHHKY B eTaHe rJiaBHhlX eHJI. CBOHM 6ereTBOM no-

Cf/. b!IITB8 6bJCTPO 38KOH4111fl8Cb.

8 o6weft CflO)I(HOCT/11 MOHIOflb/ H8C4111-

~ ~

...c.

::0

:s.:: ,J::

I -1

OoJOAW "fNHrMC:UHI

::0

(TeMrtMJo&a)

---" · ero noniOreQlue"E:

1207-1218 rr. -

1219-1224 tr.

1226 r.

rpaMHQ.l III'II.ICHMI "'MHntaiHI I

:s.::

1227 r.(IO

apcMeHH ero c.tteptM)

llocToo!KMA nolQoll Yr,....

noxo.aw 1236-1238 rr.

...,_ _

~y=~~~=e

::0

1231-1234rr.

BaTWA:

1239-1242 rr.

nOIC)DI NOHI'OnOit

,...

eoAe~ pycckMl _ _ . . 41eoaani!IHwx """'* ec-te ".a.pyrtu rocyupcti

- + npohea MOHron..CKHX .xaoeareneA

Metn H11M6onee

M OHt'DniM N

kp)'nHWl ao<:cTiHHA npoTHI MOHI"'J111CilKl 3UOCNteneA

~ ffma Necra " Aatw eaaHeAw~ 6wn c MOHtonw;IU4MH :saaoe••reJUIMM

_ _ MOpe II.He

HanpuneK•• acAC1'6HA

HaeeneHHwe nyHKTW. pa,:spyweHHwc " purpa611eHHwc

6AU.IHJ-!~ rlneMOH&. noaopeHHWO MOH ron~~ei.H MH MtoeNTCIUIMK -•• r~"""' TOPPKTOpHR pyccaHx ~ouni!IHWI aH•aecn, no.ce.niiCTHWI

J'>

flA:AH-

3o.rioToA

Ople

focynpcna,

6Hntaa: 1-Ha p.Kamte,

Ha 11pre o6o:sn"'.eHw ttH$J>tMK: 2 -HI p.CHn., 3 - HI p. WaAo.

rocyupctaa.H n-ppHtopHH:

4 Kop..QaHM•. 5 Kop. WaeuM-. 6 TeaT'OttCa HA op.c,eH, 7 flHT08CKOO kHH•ecno, 8 CIRuteHHaa PMMCu,a HNnepHit, 9 Kop.Cep6""· 10 BanuHR. U fltrHHcKu HMnepHM, 12 TpanmyHACitaA HMntpHit. 13 rpy3HHCJCOO UipcTIO, 14 roc. WHpeaMwaxo•. lS KHIIHKHR. l ij roc. WaxapHCHOI. 17 roc. 0PTY1Uta.oa. 18 3nHpcKoe

uapcTeo, 19 XopNTHA

fOpo.U.OUJIIWHO HIH6onte ynopHoe

COOpolMIJlCHHC MOHI"''AI!.CitHM liiOCUT"en!IM

· - · - · - · - rpaHHQel MOHrQ11bCkHll roc')'UPCn (ynycos). o6pa~DUWHXCJt It KOHUY 13 8.

nQkOpeHHblC MOHrQniHH

MoHrono-TaTapcKtte aaaoeaaHHSI XIII a.

......

160

3nOXA MOHrOnOB. 1200-1400 rr.

TaHryTaM y,llanocb cnaCT/1/Cb , Helll3-

CTeMe, 6naro,llapR KOTOp0£1 MOHfO-

8eCTHO.

flbl YMY.liPRfl/1/Cb HaHOC/1/Tb y,llap co

1227 r. nOSEAA HAA 1.1MnEPI.1s:IMI.1 Cs:ll.1 LI,31.1Hb . C npiiiCYLl.lei1

CKOpOCTb/0 Ill C/1/flOM yparaHa, 8 XIII

111M 3HeprwmoCTb/O, pa381118aR ,liOC-

,llani!ICb, Cl.fi!IT8R, 6y,liTO MOHfOflbCK/1/e

OonHo9oil•u.

8eKe e8ponei1u,bt IIICKpeHHe 3a6ny)f(-

TIIIrHYTbti1 ycnex, MOHfOflbl HarHafl/11

apM/11111 -

111 y6111n111 /1/Mnepampa CR, nbtTa8we-

TeflbHO Heynpa8nReMbte nonl.ffllll.la ,

3TO I!ICnOfl/1/HCK/1/e, OTHOC/11-

rocR yKpbtTbCR 8 ropHoM 3aMKe. CbtH

KOTOpbte ,ll061118a/OTCR no6e,llbl O,li-

/1/Mnepampa yKpbtnCR 8 orpoMHOM

H/1/M fl/1/Wb no/.l,a8flR/Oll.I,/IIM l..f/1/CfleH -

yKpenneHHOM ropo,lle HIIIHCR, KOTO-

HbiM npe80CXO,liCT80M.

pbti1 MOHfOflbl 8 npe,llbl.liYLl.lllle 80MHbl

lfiiiHf/1/CXaH CO C80/IIM 80MCKOM

OCa)f(,llafl/11 6e3ycneWHO . 0CTa81118

co8epwan TO , l.fTO e,ll8a n111 oKa3a-

TpeTb apMIII/11 8eCT/II OCa,lly CTOfl/1/l..{bl

nocb 6bt no,ll c111ny 111 co8peMeHHoi1

CR, lf111Hr111cxaH nocnan Yre,lleR Ha

apMIIIIII, 8 nep8y/O Ol.fepe,llb, 6naro-

80CTOK, 3a orpOMHY/0 1113flYI.fiiiHY Xy-

,llapR TOMy, l.fTO 80MCKO era He !liMe-

aHX3 -

8btTeCH/I/Tb Ll,3111Hb C II/X nO-

flO Ce6e pa8HbiX 8 OTHOWeH/11/11 06y-

Cfle,liH/1/X nnal.{,llapM08 ce8epHee

l.feHJIIR, opraH/113aU,I!I/II fll,li/1/CLI,fllnfli!IHbl

peK/11. C OCTa8WIIIMCR 80MCKOM OH

KaK cpe/1,111 C08peMeHHIIIK08, TaK Ill,

0praHM3a~MSI MOHfOilbCKOfO BOiiiCKa B Ha'!alle

XIII

Hanpa8111flCR Ha /Of0-80CTOK ( CY.liR no

no)f(anyi1, 3a 8C/O l.feno8el.feCKYIO IIIC-

8CeMY, 8 C08p. 80CTOI.fHYIO Cbtl.fyaHb)

TOPIII/0. KaK npa8fllno, MOHronbcKaR

Ka8anepiiiCTbl HOCI!Ifl/11 nOflHbiM KOMnneKT ,llocnexo8, KaK npa8fllno, KO-

111 3aHRn no31111.{111/0 8 ropax, r,lle CMbt-

apM/1/R OKa3bt8anaCb ropa3,ll0 MeHb-

)f(aHbtX, HO /1/HOf,lla Ill Tpocj)ei1Hbte

Kan/1/Cb rpaH/1/I..{bt CR , Ll,3111Hb 111 CyH,

we, l.feM 8biCT88fleHHaR npOT/118HJII-

KOflbl..fyr/11 . WneM npe,llcTa8nRn 1113

80CnpenRTCT808aTb nplll6btTJII/O Ha

KOM . CaMOe MHOfOI..f/1/CfleHHOe C80e

ce6R npOCT}'/0 KaCKY- 8pO,lle 81113aH-

noMOLl.lb oca)f(,lleHHOi1 8 HIIIHCR cyH-

80MCKO lfiiiHfi!ICXaH co6pan ,llflR no-

TIIIMCKIIIX fllfl/11 K/I/Tai1CKIIIX wneM08

CKOi1 apM/11111 . TaM OH Ill np/1/HRfl Kan/11-

KOpeH/1/R Xope3Ma -

TYflRI.{/11/0 H080f0 /1/Mnepampa CR, HO

no8eK. Hill 0/.l,Ha 1113 MOHfOflbCK/1/X ap -

nepl!llll nowa/1,111 o6btl.fHO T8K)f(e 3all.I,I!I-

240 TbtCRI.f l.fe-

mro )f(e 8peMeHI!I . 8

TR)f(enoi1 Ka8a-

8eCTIII MIIIPHbte nepero80pbt c Ll,3111Hb

M/1/M, nOKOPR8WIIIX 8nocne,liCT8111111

Ll.lanlllcb KO)f(aHbtM/11 ,liOcnexaM/11, a

OTKa3aflCR.

Pycb 111 8C/O BocTOI..fHY/0 111 Ll,eHTpanb-

ma8HbtM OP}'>KIIIeM R8nRni!ICb ni!IK/11.

1227 r. CMEPTb "11.1Hrl1CXAHA. npe,lll.fY8CT8YR 6niii30CTb CMepTIII,

HY/0 E8pony, He npe80CXO,llfllna 150 TbtCRI.f l.feno8eK.

8efl/IIK/IIM KaraH /1,8/1/HYflCR 8 o6paTHy/O ,liOpory, HO /1,0 MOHfOfl/11111 He ,liOexan Ill

flerK/1/e Ka8anepiiiCTbl ( OCTaflbHbte 60% apMIIIIII) ,liOCneX08 He HOC/1/flfll , KpoMe, KaK npa8fllno , wneMa . /.1x

OpraHH3ai..{HR

yMep no nYTIII. Ha CMepTHOM O,llpe OH

ma8HbiM opy)f(llleM 6btflfll a3fllaTCKIIIM nyK, KOnbelllapKaH . MOHf0flbCKflli1nyK

1113fl0)f(JIIfl C80eMy Mfla,liWeMy CbiHY

MoHrOnbt 6pan111 He KOnllll.fe-

Tony10 nocne,liH/1/e nnaHbt, comacHo

CT80M, a Kal.feCT80M. /na8HOe, l.fTO

CKOrO .llfl/1/HHoro nyKa 111 o6na,llan

KOTOpbtM Hacne,liHIIIK/11 era 1113a8epwlll-

OTflflll.fano II/X opraHIII3aU,IIIOHHYIO C/11-

8nOnHe conoCT88111MbtMIII c HIIIM y6oi1-

nlll pa3rpoM 111Mnep111111 Ll,3111Hb.

CTeMy,- 3TO npocTOTa. ApMIIIR co-

HOi1 ClllflOM Ill CKOpOCTpenbHOCTb/0.

BOEHHAH CMCTEMA MOHrOJIOB OKOJIO 1225 r. MoHron&CKHe «op,q&t» Cno8o «Op,lla », 03Hal.fa/Oll.lee

6btfl fl/1/Wb l.fYTb-l.fYTb KOPOI.fe aHmflli1-

CTORna, He Cl.f/IIT8R HeCKOflbK/1/X 8CnO-

OnycmweHIIIe, npo1!1380.liiiiMOe MOH-

MOraTeflbHbiX nO,llpa3,lleneHI!IM, /1/C-

ronbcKoi1 nerKoi1 Ka8aneplllei1 8 pR-

Kfl/OI..fi!ITenbHO 1113 Ka8aneplllfll 111 R8nR -

,llax npOTIII8HI!IKa , 8nonHe 8nf11Cbt8a-

nacb O,liHOPO.liHOi1. OpraHIII3aU,IIIR

nocb 8 ,lla8H/O/O,

CTpOIIIflaCb Ha OCH08e ,lleCRT/1/I..fHOM

CKY/0 Tpa,liiiiLI,fll/0. Y Ka)f(,lloro nyl.fHIIIKa

CI!ICTeMbt. CaMbtM KpynHbtM He3a81!1-

6btfl0 no ,ll8a KOfll.faHa CTpen; 3Hal.f/II-

ell.le CKI!Icj)CKO- TIOPK-

CI!IMbtM nO,llpa3,lleneHI!IeM Cl..f/1/TanCR

TeflbHbiM II/X 3anac HaXO,ll/1/flCR 8 CO-

TYM3H- 10TbtCRI.fl.feno8eK, l.fTOnpfii-

np080)f(,lla8WeM apMIII/0 o6o3e. ner-

MepHo COOTBeTCTByeT C08peMeH -

KaR Ka8anepi!IR 06btl.fHO npi!IMeHRflaCb

HOM Ka8anepllli1CKOi1 .£111181113111111 . Tp111

.llflR pa38e,liKIII, npi!IKpbtTIIIR 111 no,ll,ll,ep)f(K/11 TR)f(enoi1 Ka8anepllllll orHeM; 8 111x

MOHfOflbCKOe nneMR /1/fllll,lleMCTBYIO-

TYM3Ha 06btl.fHO COCTa8flRflfll apMIII/0

UW/0 apM/1110, CTano C/1/HOH/1/MOM He-

(111n111 Kopnyc) .

C80/0 ol.fepe/.l,b, Ty-

3a/.l,al.fy 8X0/1,/IIfl0 TaK)f(e npecne/.l,0-

IIICI..f/1/Cfl/1/MbiX nOfll..f/1/Ll.l, nOCKOflbKY 3a-

M3H COCTORfl 1113 10 nOflK08 (TbiCRI.f}

8aTb Ill ,li061118aTb OCTaTK/11 pa3rpOMneHHOM apMIII/11 npOT/118HIIIKa.

na,l1Hbte npOT/118H/IIK/II M0Hf0fl08 OT-

no TbtCRI.fe l.feno8eK. nonKIII cocTa8-

Ka3bt8afll11Cb 8ep111Tb , l.fTO no6e)f(,lle-

nRniiiCb 1113 10 3CKa,llpOH08 (COTeH) ,

/1,nR nyll.le£1 M06fllflbHOCTIII y Ka)f(-

Hbt MeHbW/IIM/11 ClllflaM/11 . 0TI.faCTIII,

8 Ka)f(,IJ,OM 1113 KOTOpbtX 6btn0 10 OT-

,liOfO MOHfOflbCKOrO Ka8anepiiiCTa

l.fT06bt onpa8,llaTb C80e nopa)f(eHflle,

,lleneHIIIM ( ,lleCRTK08) no 10 l.feno8eK.

6btna, KaK MIIIH/1/MyM, O,liHa 3anaCHaR

OTI..faCT/11, nOTOMy l.fTO filM Hill pa3y He

npiiiMepHO 40% Tflln/1/l..fHOM MOH-

nowa,llb; 111x neperoHRnlll cne,liOM 3a

npe,liCTa8flRflOCb 803MO)f(HOCTIII pa-

fOflbCKOM apM/11111 COCTa8nRna y,llap -

80MCK080M KOflOHHOM, l.fTO n0380flR-

306paTbCR 8 opraHI!I3ai.{JIIOHHOM C/11-

HaR TR)f(eflaR Ka8anepi!IR . TR)f(eflbte

fl0 6btCTpO MeHRTbflOWa,lle£1 Ha Map-

BOCTOLJHA~

U.EHTPAnbHA~ A3V1~

161

we vrnvr /l,a)((e B 6010. 06MeH npovr3-

HOCTb, npORBnReMaR Ha none 60R

BCeM npOTR)((eHMVI VICTOpMVI He OC03-

BO/l,MncR no Ljeno'IKe, 'IT06bt He pvr-

BCeMM no/],pa3/],eneHMRMVI TYM3Ha , a

HaBan B TaKOM CTeneHM, 'ITO CaMOe

CKOBaTb 6e3onaCHOCTbiO VI BbtnOnHe-

TaK)((e TYM3HaMvr vr apMMRMM npvr

Ba)((HOe -

HMeM nopy'leHHOM MVICCVIVI .

6onee KpynHb/X BOMCKOBb/X onepa -

BaTb VIHVII.jMaTMBy, T. e . BCer/],a Hana -

/11 nerxvre, vr TR)((en&te Kaaanepvr-

LjVIRX, CBM/l,eTenbCTByeT, 'ITO BOMH-

/l,aTb , /l,a)((e ecnvr 3a/l,a'la CTOVIT '/VIC-

CTbt MMenvr Ha BOOpy)((eHMVI 60eBOM

CKMe cjJOpMMpOBaHMR n1060i1 'IVIC-

TO 060pOHMTen&HaR.

TOnOp.

Y Ka)/(/l,OrO

Vl3 HVIX 6&tna py-

6awKa vr3 nnoTHoro Heo6pa6omH-

neHHOCTVI HeyCTaHHO o6y'lanMCb BO-

3TO 3aXBaTMTb VI y/l,ep)((VI-

CaMOM Ha'lane KaMnaHMVI MOH-

rOnbCKMe TYM3Hbl HaCTynanvr 'lpe3-

VIHCKOMY VICKyCCTBy.

Horo wenKa , KOTopy/0 npe/l,nvrc&taa-

Bbl'laMHO WMpOKVIM cjJpOHTOM, VI CBR3b

noc& Ha/l,eBaT& nepe/1, 6oeM; LfvrH-

Me)/(/l,y HVIMVI n0/1,/l,ep)((MBanaCb TOnb-

.£lOKTpHH8 H T8KTHK8

rvrcxaH o6Hapy)((vrn, 'ITO TaKoi1 wenK cTpen&t npo6vraanvr pe/l,KO , 'lall.(e

KO Hvr O/l,Ha /l,pyraR cyxonyTHaR ap-

c noMOLL(b/0 roHI.jOB .

Kor/],a o6Ha-

PY)((MBanoc&aoi1cKonpoTMBHMKa , Ha

nMWb BMMHanvr era B paHy, VI TOr/l,a

MMR He MOrna cpaBHVITbCR B nO/],BVI)((-

Hero HaBanvrBanMCb CMnaMM BCeX

cny)((MBWMe MOHronaM KVITaMCKMe

HOCTVI C BOMCKOM LfMHrMCXaHa-

cny'IMBWVIXCR B npe/],enax /],OCRrae-

apa'lvr Momvr vr3aneKaT&

paHeH&tx

MQ)((HQ nO/l,yMaTb, OH VIHCTVIHKTVIBHO

MOCTVI MOHrOnbCKVIX no/],pa3/],ene-

HaKOHe'IHVIKVI CTpen, npOCTO nOTR-

nOHMMan, 'ITO MOLL(b npRMO nponop-

HVIM . nonHaR MHcjJOpMal.jMR 0 MeCTO-

LjVIOHan&Ha MaGee VI KBa/l,paTy CKO-

HaXO)((/l,eHMVI, 'IMCneHHOCTVI VI Ha-

pOCTVI. Hvr O/l.MH aoeHa'lan&HMK Ha

npaaneHMVI /l,BVI)((eHMR npOTVIBHMKa

HYB 3a wenK py6awKvr.

.£lHCL(HflRHH8 H BbiY'IK8

MOHrOnbCKMe KOHHVIKVI RBnRnMCb ny'IWVIMVI COn/],aTaMVI CBOerO BpeMeHM. 3aKaneHHbte B 60RX BeTepaHbl, no-cnapTaHCKVI Bb/HOCnMBbte VI CTOMKMe, B COBepweHCTBe Bna/],eIOLL(Me opy)((MeM, OHM C /l,eTCTBa /l,HeBanvr VI HO'IeBanvr C noWa/],bMVI VI npoXO/],MnM TR)((eny/0 WKOny )((VI3HVI B nyCTbtHe J06M. npMBbi'IHbte K TRrOTaM, K XOnO/l,y VI K )((ape, OHM He Hy)/(/l,anMCb HVI B pOCKOWVI, HVI B Vl3biCKaHHOM nMLL(e; VI /],a)((e paHeHMR He CKa3btBanMCb ( MnM nO'ITVI He CKa3btBanMCb) Ha VIX 6oerOTOBHOCTVI. KoMaH/l,YIOLL(VIM Ka)/(/l,b/M no/],pa3/l,eneHMeM Bbt6vrpanCR VICXO/l,R Vl3 nM'IHb/X CnOC06HOCTeilf VI /l,06neCTVI, npoRaneHHOilt Ha none 6vrTBbt. OH o6na/],an a6con/OTHOM BnaCTb/0 Ha/], CBOVIMVI nO/],'IMHeHHb/MVI VI CTOnb )((e a6con/OTHO nO/l,'IVIHRnCR BbtWeCTORLL(eMy Ha'lan&HMKy. /11cnonHeHvre npvrKa30B Tpe6oaanoc& 6ecnpeKocnoaHoe . BOMHCKaR /l,VICL.jMnnvrHa 6&tna nO/l,HRTa Ha ypoaeH&, 6ecnpeLje/],eHTHbti1 /],nR cpe/],HeBeKOBbR.

TOM, KaK MMeHHO 06y'lanvr BO-

eHHOMy /l,eny B apMvrvr LfvrHrvrcxaHa, CBe/l,eHMM He COXpaHMnOCb. /113BeCTHO, 'ITO Ka)/(/l,b/M /],eCRTOK, COTHR VI Tb/CR'Ia MCnOnHRnM TaKTM'IeCKMe MaHeBpbt M/l,ean&Ho cna)((eHHO, npvr'leM npvr n1060M MaCWTa6e BOMCKOBOM onepaLjVIVI. no/l,06HaR cna)((eHHOCTb -

pe-

3yn&TaT nOCTORHHb/X ynpa)((HeHMM, VI no/], VICKniO'IMTenbHO Tpe6oBaTenbHb/M Ha/1,30POM . Koop/l,vrHvrpoaaH-

MoHrOnbl

162

anoXA MOHronos. 1200-1400 rr.

HeMe.aneHHO nepe.aaeanacb e wra6, a orry.aa paccbmanacb eceM .aeiiiCTBYJOWMM no.apa3.aeneHMf1M. EcnM nporMBHMK 6bm He o4eHb MHOr04MCfleH, C HMM cnpaBflflflMCb noneebJe KOMaH.tJ.MPbJ. EcnM )l(e BCTpe4eHHaf1 apMMfl OKa3bJBanaCb KpynHee, M raK npocro c Hew 6bmo He cna.aMrb, nerKafl KaeanepMfl BbJcraenflna ceoero po.aa WMPMY, 3a KOTOpOW KOH~eHTPMPOBaflMCb maBHbJe MOHrOflbCKMe CMflbl. 4aCTO npo-

TMBHMK 6bJBan pa36MT HaCTOflbKO 6bJcrpo, 4TO ewe He ycneean .aa)l(e COCpe.tJ.OT04MTb CMflbl B O.tJ.HO BOWCKO, M ero no.apa3.aeneHM51 no.aeepranMcb pa3rpoMy no or.aenbHOCTM. Bcrynafl e 6Mrey, 4MHrMcxaH M ero cnoco6HbJe coparHMKM BCf14ecKM M36eranM crepeorMnoe. EcnM Mecronono)l(eHMe npoTMBHMKa 6bmo onpe.aeneHO T04HO, OHM MOmM y.aapMTb maBHbJMM CMflaMM eMy B Tb/fl MflM B oroneHHbiW cpnaHr. l1Hor.aa OHM

MoHrOnbCKMe ntlKenOBOOpYJI(eHHbiH BC3AH"K "KOHHbiH n~H"K (XIII B.)

MMMTMpoeanM orcrynneHMe, 4T06bJ nOTOM Ha CBe)I(MX flOWa.tJ.flX CHOBa PMHYTbC51 B araey. Ho 'lame ecero MOHronbJ HacrynanM 3a «WMPMOW» nerKoiii KaeanePMM, HeCKOflbKMMM 6onee MflM MeHee napannenbHbJMM KOflOHHBMM, pacmHyrbJMM no WMPOKOMY cppOHTy. 3TO n03BOflflflO .tJ.eWCTBOBaTb MaKCMMBflbHO rM6KO - OC06eHHO ecnM nporMBHMK 6bm cMneH MnM He 6blfl0 M3BeCTHO ero T04HOe MeCTOHBXO)I(ll.eHMe. KonoHHa, ecrpe4aewaf1 maBHbJe CMflbl npOTMBHMKB, MflM 3aBf13bJBana 6oiii, MnM orcrynana- e 3aBMCMMOCTM or cMrya~MM. OcranbHbJe KOflOHHbl TeM BpeMeHeM npo.tJ.Ofl)I(BflM HacrynaTb, o6xo.af1 HenpMflTenfl C cpnaHrOB M C Tblfla, 4TO, KaK npaeMno, BbJHy)l(.tJ.ano roro orcrynMTb, .aa6bJ He nonacrb e oKpJ')KeHMe. Tor.aa MOHronbJ wnM Ha c6nM)I(eHMe C epa)l(eCKMM BOWCKOM, 4T06bJ eocnonb3oearbcf1 nepeoiii )l(e cyMaroxoiii MflM HapyweHMeM CTPOfl B pfl.aaxnporMBHMKa.KaKnpaeMno,3a 9TMM cne.aoeanM oKpJ')KeHMe M pa3rpoM. KaeanepMiiiCKMe 9CK8.tJ.POHbJ( corHM) 6naro.aap51 Cfla)l(eHHOCTM .aeiiiCTBMW, KOOP.tJ.MHMpoeaHHOCTM M noTpflcaJOweiii M06MflbHOCTM no CBOMM 6oeebJM Ka4ecreaM npeeocxo.aMnM n106oe ecrpe4eHHOe eoiiicKo, .aa)l(e ecnM nporMBHMK 6bm T5/)l(enee MnM ny4we eoopJ')KeH, MnM 6onee MHoro4McneH. bbJcrpora nepe.tJ.BM)I(eHMfl M MaHeepeHHOCTb MOHrOflbCKMX OTpfl.tJ.OB o6ecne4MBanM MM npeeocxo.acreo B pewaJOWMW MOMeHT, 4TO M f1Bn5/nocb BbJcweiii ~enbJO 6oeeoiii TaKTMKM. 3axeaTbiB8f1 MHM~MaTMBY M Ha cro npo~eHroe Mcnonb3y51 ceoe npeBOCXO.tJ.CTBO B nO.tJ.BM)I(HOCTM, MOHrOflbCKMe KOMaH.tJ.MPbl (a He MX npOTMBHMKM) npaKTM4eCKM ecer.aa BbJ6MpanM Mecro M epeMfl, Kor.aa Ha.tJ.O npMHMMaTb OTBeTCTBeHHOe peweHMe. Goeeoe nocrpoeHMe MOHronoe COCTOflflO M3 nflTM flMHMW C WMPOKMMM npoMe)l(yTKaMM Me)l(.tJ.Y HMMM. B nepBbJe .aee nMHMM craeMnacb m)l(enafl KaeanepM51; eo eropbJe rpM nerKafl. )J,pyrMe no.apa3.aeneHMf1 nerKoiii KaeanepMM ocywecren5/nM nepe.a OCHOBHbJM crpoeM pa3ee.aey

BOCTOLIHAs:l 1!1 UEHTPAJlbHAs:l A31!1s:l

163

M npMKpbtTMe. Korp,a npOTMBHMK OKa3btBancR y>Ke 6nM3KO, TPM 3a,D,HMX nMHMM neiKOVt KaBanepMM Bb/HOCM-

AAAAAAAA Cmopollflfl61e

nMCb Bnepep, CKB03b npOMe>KYTKM B

nMHMRX TR>Kenoilt KaBanepMM M 3aCbl-

nocmw

6oesoiii nopSIAOK TYM3Ha B XIII B.

A8aHu1pil

?iau;y ocex

cuAJ

nanM Bpa>KeCKMVt CTpOilt CMepTOHOCHb/M P,O>KP,eM CTpen M p,pOTMKOB. nocne TaKOVt «apTnOP,IOTOBKM» MOl APOIHYTb p,a>Ke CaMb/Vt CTOVtKMVt npOTMBHMK. /ITHOIP,a Bpa>KeCKOe BOVtCKO 6pocanocb B 6ercTBO y>Ke nocne nepsoro o6cTpena, M yp,apHoilt KaBanepMM OKa3btBanOCb npOCTO He'ferop,enaTb. Korp,a KOMaHp,Mp TyM3Ha 4YBCTBOBan, 'fTO spar npe6btBaeT B P,OCTaTO'fHOM CMRTeHMM, ner-

BMR Cny>K6bt C npMHY>KP,eHMeM, OH

M H8CeneHMe ; OTTOIO-TO MMR '-fMH-

KOVt KaBanepMM npMKa3b/BanOCb OT-

C03P,an BOeHHO-MH>KeHepHbte 'faCTM,

IMCXaHa M Bb/3b/Bano TaKaVt y>KaC,

CTynMTb, M B aTaKy no KOMaHp,e wna

no KpailtHeilt Mepe, cTOnb >Ke scjJcjJeK-

HaBepHOe, KaK HM4b8 ,D,pyroe B MCTO-

TR>KenaR KasanepMR.

TMBHbte, KaK y AneKcaHp,pa MaKe-

pMM.

naMMMO CO'feTaHMR OIHeBOVt M yp,apHOVt MOll.lM, MOHIOnbt p,enanM

AOHCKOIO MnM f...l,e3apR. 8 n03P,HMX KaMnaHMRX '-fMHIMCXa-

/ITHOI,D,a ,D,a>Ke IOpO,D,a C CaMb/MM MOll.lHb/MM yKpenneHMRMM 3aXBaTbi-

OC06btVt ynop Ha OTBneKatOll.lMVt Ma-

H8 M a noxop,ax em 6neCTRll.lem nop,-

B8nMCb npe>K,D,e, 48M 38ll.lMTHMKM yC-

HeBp B f11060ilt CTaP,MM cpa>KeHMR, Ha

'fMHeHHOIO Cy6sp,sR HMKaKaR Kpe-

neaanM coo6pa3MTb, 'fTO a aKpecT-

acex TaKTM'feCKMX ypoBHRX. Korp,a

nocTb He Mama H8P,OniO 3aTapM0-

Hacmx naRBMflaCb CKOnbKa-HM6y,D,b

Ha'fMHanaCb 6MTBa, 'faCTb MOHIOnb-

3MTb npOP,BM>KeHM8 MOHIOflbCKOVt

KpynHOe MOHIOflbCKOe BailtCKO. ne-

CKOIO BOVtCKa MOina OTBneKaTb BHM-

apMMM. Ecnu rapop, npep,cmanRn

pe,D,aBbte OTPRP.bt nerKailt KaaanepMM

MaHMe npOTMBHMKa no60BOVt aTaKOVt;

CTpaTeiM'feCKOe 3H84eHMe MnM 3a-

npecne,D,OBanM npOTMBHMKa 6yK-

TeM BpeMeHeM rnaBHbte CMnbt HaHO-

ll.lMll.laflCfl KpynHb/M rapHM30HOM,

BaflbHa no nRTaM M CTanb 3HepiM4-

c cjJnaHra unu

ap,MH TYM3H M OCaP,Hb/Vt 0603 ( MflM

HO, 'fTO nepe,D, HMMM MHOI,D,a npOCTO

I./8CTb era) OCT8B8ni1Cb aeCTM OC8,D,y,

He ycneaan11 38XnanHYTb rapO,D,CKII/8

CMnM pewatOll.lMilt yp,ap C Tbtna .

Oca.qnoe H WTYPMOBoe HCKyCCTBO

8 paHHMX KaMnaHMRX KaBanepMVt-

TOIP,a KaK lflaBHbte CMflbl npap,an>Ka-

sapoTa . E c nu >Ke npoTMBHMK y c ne-

nM P,BM>KeHMe. /ITHarp,a 10p0p, WTyp-

aan a,D,eKBaTHO cpearupoaaT&, Mana

MOBanM cpa3y, C048Tafl CTpaTeiM/0,

KTO MOl npe,D,BM,D,8Tb, 'fTO 6yKBaflbHO

B08HHYIO XMTpOCTb M yp,apHy/0 MOll.lb;

4epe3 H8CKOnbKa MMHYT nocne no-

8CflM >K 3TO aKa3biB8fl0Cb HeB03MO>K-

RBneHMfl nepe,D,aBbtX aTpR,D,OB nerKOilt KaaanepMM MOHrOnbt Ha'fHYT 06-

CKMe apMMM '-fMHIMCXaHa 'faCTO OKa-

HO, TYM3H M KMTaMCKM8 808HHbte MH-

3btBanMCb BbiHY>KP,eHbl naCOB8Tb ne-

>K8Hepbt npMGTynanM K OTpa60T8H-

CTpen 143 6annMCT M KaTanynbT, npM-

pep, MOll.lHb/MM CTeHaMM KMTaVtCKMX

Hb/M 3a laP,bl KaMnaHMVt acap,Hb/M

'feM BeCbMa 3H8piM4Hb/Vt M scjJcjJeK-

yKpenneHHbtX mpop,os. 8 pe3ynbTa-

onepaLJ,MfiM, a OCTaflbHOe BOMCKO

TMBHb/Vt. MOHIOflbl 06Hapy>KMnM, 'fTa

Te 06WMpHb/X TeopeTM'feCKMX M3b/C-

MCKano rnaBHbte CMnbt npaTMBHMKa,

CTpeMMTenbHb/Vt HaTMCK nO,D, npM-

KaHMVt, 8 COBOKynHOCTM C npMHRTM-

M KaK TOnbKO Te OKa3btBanMCb pa3-

KpbtTMeM 3annOBOIO OIHfl OCa,D,Hb/X

eM Ha BOOpy>KeHMe KMTaMCKMX opy-

lpOMn8Hbl, 10p0p, 06b14HOP,aflbHeilt-

MaWMH n03BOnRn B3RTb WTYPMOM

P,MVt, TeXHMKM M MeXaHM3MOB, M 60-

WeiO COnpOTMBneHMR y>Ke He OKa3bi-

'faCTb yKpenneHMilt npe>K,D,e, 'feM 3a-

18TOIO 3MnMpM4eCKOIO OnbtTa, MOH-

Ban M C,D,aBanCR. 8 TaKMX cny'faRX Ha-

xaa'feHHbtilt apacnnax npoTMBHMK yc-

ronbCKMVt npaBMTenb 3a HeCKOnbKO

ceneHMe O>KMp,ana y'faCTb yMepeHHa

neeT opraHM30BaTb oTnop.

neT pa3pa6omn npaKTM'feCKM He-

ne'fanbHaR.

E cnu >Ke noHa'fany WTYPM oKa3&t-

oTpa3MMYtO CMCTeMy WTYPMa yKpen-

Ha ecnu 3all.lMTHMKM rapap,a MnM

aancR aT6MT M aca,D,y Tpe6aaanaCb

neHMilt. 8a>KHbtM KOMnoHeHTOM era

KpenOCTM acMeflMBanMCb ynopCTBO-

BeCTM no BCeM npaBMnaM, 6annMC-

CMCTeMbl 6btn TaK Ha3btBaeMb/Vt

BaTb, M3YMMTeflbHO ScjJcjJeKTMBHO

Tbl M KaTanynbTbt o6ecne4MBanu

OCaP,Hb/Vt 0603 (60nbWOVt, HO nop,-

p,eiltCTBYIOll.lMe 11/H>KeHepbt acaP,HOIO

npMKPbtTMe p,nR TapaHa, ocap,Hailt

BM>KHb/Vt M M8HeBpeHHbtilt} , 8 KOTO-

06038 B CaMOM CKOpOM apeMeHM

6awHM M ,D,pyrux Tpa,D,MU,MOHHbtX npM-

poM Ha Bbi04Hb/X >KMBOTHb/X M Ha Te-

npop,enbtBanM B cTeHax 6pewb MnM

cnoca6neHMilt. Kor,D,a MaHranbt 6btnM

nerax nepeaa3MnM KaTanynbTbt M

KaK-TO no-p,pyiOMy nap,raTaBnMBanM

raTOBbt K pewwTenbHaMy WTYPMY

npo4ytO ocap,Hy/0 TeXHMKY. Ha cny>K-

yKpenne HMR p,nR ycneWHOIO WTyp-

MnM 8 CTeHaX y,D,aBanOCb np06MTb

6y 8 OCaP,Hb/Vt 0603 '-fMHIMCXaH npM-

Ma. nocne 'fero cnewuawuecR Ty-

6peWb, HaTMCK OHM Ha'fMHanM, KaK

3btBan CaMb/X ny'fWMX KMTaMCKMX MH-

M3Hbt pa3apRnM mpap, M npaKTM'feC-

npaBMna, C ap,Hailt 6e3>KanOCTHailt,

>KeHepOB. Co'feTaR BbtiOP,Hbte ycno-

KM naronOBHO 11CTpe6nRnM 18PHI130H

HO BeCbM8 3C/JC/J8KTMBHOilt Mepbt -

3nOXA MOHrOnOB. 1200-1400 rr.

164

rHanM nepe,D, co6oi1 6onbwyJO TOnny

,D,3i1 M ,ll,)J(e6e. CTpaTeiM!il M TaKTMKa

6eCnOMOlljHb/X nneHHMK08, T8K lJTO

K8)J(,ll,QM K8Mn8HMM npopa68Tb/88-

TeflbHO ,ll,OCT88fl>lflM M3 WT868 npM-

3alljMTHMKaM npMXO,ll,MflOCb, lJT06bl

flMCb 3apaHee Ill 8 MeflblJaMWI!IX nO,D,-

Ka3bl none8b/M KOMaH,D,MpaM, a 8

nOn8CTb 8 HaCTyna/OlljMX Cfle,D,OM

po6HOCT!iiX.

wTa6 -

M0Hf0fl08, CTpen!iiTb no C80MM.

CylljeCT8eHHYIO ponb 8 nnaHI!Ipo-

lljeiO nnaHa. KOHHble IOHU,bl CTpeMM-

pa38e,D,bJ8aTenbHbJe ,D,aH-

HbJe. TaKMM o6pa30M, I..(MHIMcxaH -

CTpeM!iiCb ylJMHMTb 8 cmHe 8pa-

8aHI!IM MOH/OflbCKMX KaMnaHMMI!IIpa-

c pa3MaxoM, yHMKanbHbJM ,D,n!il 80eH-

r-a MaKCMMaflbHYIO CYM!i!TMLW, MOHIO-

na pa38e,D,Ka. nnaHbJ 6oe8bJX ,D,ei1-

HOi1111CTOPMM, -

flbl lJ8CTO ,ll,fl>l H84ana 06CTpenM88-

CTBMi1 lJ8CTO CTpOMflMCb H8 OCH08e

C06fliO,D,eHMM npMHU,Mn08 e,D,MHOH8-

MOl 6b1Tb y8epeH 8

flM ropO,D, MflM OC8)f(,ll,eHHb/M fl81epb

TlljaTeflbHOM npopa60TKM 60flbWMX

lJaflM>I Ha 8Cex CT}'neH>~x MepapxMM M

npOTM8HMKa IOp>llljMMM CTpenaMM,

06beM08 M3YMMTeflbHO nO,D,p06HOM

fll!llJHO KOMaH,D,08aTb CaMb/MM Kpyn-

8b/3bl88>1 TeM C8Mb/M MHOIOlJMCfleH-

MHcjJopMau,MM. MoHronbJ pacKMHynlll

HOM8CWT86Hb/MM 80MCK08b/MM one-

Hble nO)J(8pbl. CTpenbJ3TM nM6o nyc-

C80IO pa38e,D,bi88TenbHYIO ceTb no

paU,M!iiMM.

KanMCb Ha CKaKy M3-nO,D, CaMb/X CTeH

8CeMy MMpy; nOX8aCT8Tb lJeM-flM60

0co6eHHO MCKyWeHbl MOHIOflbl

neiKMMM KOHHMKaMM, flM60 MeTa-

no,D,o6HbJM 8 Cpe,D,HMe 8eKa He MOl

6bJnM 8 ncMxonOII!IlJeCKOi1 80i1He .

flMCb M3,D,aflM 6annMCTaMM.

KoMaHp,osaHHe "' wra6

HMKTO. WnMOHbl, KaK npa8Mfl0, ,D,ei1-

YcTpaM8anMCb cneu,ManbHble npona-

CT808aflM nO,D, M8CKOM Kynl./,08 MflM

laH,D,MCTCKMe KaMnaHMM, H8np88-

TOpro8U,e8.

neHHble Ha TO, lJT06bl n O,D,Op88Tb

KaK TOflbKO MHcjJOpMaU,M!il OKa3bl-

80fll0 6y,D,yllje/O npOTM8HMKa K CO-

,lJ,OCT08epHb/X C8e,D,eHMM, KaK

8anaCb 1!13ylJeHa ,D,OCKOHaflbHO, pa3-

npOTM8fleHMIO: pacnpOCTpaH!ilflMCb

MMeHHO 6blfl0 OplaHM308aHO KOMaH-

pa6aTbl8aflMCb M 3aTeM pa3,D,a8a-

CflYXM 0 6e3>KaflOCTHOCTM M Kp080-

,ll,08aHMe MOHIOflbCKOM apMMe£1, /],0

flMCb KOMaH,D,MpaM TYM3H08 nO,D,p06-

)J(a,ll,HOCTI!I MOHIOflbCKMX 8ap8ap08, 0

HaC ,D,OWflO OlJeHb Mana, 8epO>ITHO,

Hble nnaHbl ,D,ei1CT8MM Ha 8CIO KaMna-

no1ono8HOM MCTpe6neHMM 8cex, KTO

OTT0/0, lJTO MCTOpM>I nOX0/],08 I..(MH-

HM/0 . nepe,D, K8)f(,ll,b/M 1113 HMX CT88M-

83/],yMaeT COnpOTM8fl>ITbC>I.

I MCX8Ha nMC8fl8Cb 8 OCH08 HOM era

naCb <.JeTKa >l U,eflb, O,D,HaKO 8 MeCTe C

CTOpOHbl, 8 cnyxax 3 TIIIX 6blfla 1!13p>I,D,-

npOTM8HMKaMM, KOTOpble pe,D,KO nO-

TeM npe,D,OCTa8fl>lflaCb nOnHa!il C80-

Ha!il ,D,On!il npa8,D,bJ;

HMMaflM, KaK OH ,D,06M8aflC!il no6e,D,bl.

6o,D,a, KaK MMeHHO

,ll,OCTMiaTb.

C O,ll,HOM

c ,D,pyro£1 )J(e, ecnM

npOTM8HMK npO!i18fl!ilfl IOT08HOCTb K

Cy,D,!il no 8CeMy, KOMaH,D,08an OH

nepe,D, leHepanbHb/M cpa)J(eHMeM

coTpy,D,HI!IlJeCT8y, 111 oco6eHHO, ecnM

npaKTMlJeCKM 8Cei,D,a caM, no Kpai1-

KOMaH,D,Mp TYM3Ha 6blfl 8npa8e Ma-

OH 8fla,D,efl KaKMMM-HM6y,D,b TeXHMlJe-

Hei1 Mepe, nOHalJany, XOT!il nOTOM

He8pMp08aTb fll06biM 06pa30M M 3a-

CKI!IMM MflM ynpa8fleHlJeCKMMM Ha8bi-

8KTM8HO npM6el8fl K nOMOlljM T8KMX

Te88Tb C npOTM8HMKOM fll06ble CTbllJ-

K8MM, KOTOpble 8eflMKMM K818H ClJM-

cnoco6 HbJX no,D,lJMHeHHbJX, KaK Cy63 -

KM -

Tan He6ecnone3HbJMM, o6p alljanMCb

flMWb 6bl 3TO He Ha pywano 06-

C HMM ,ll,OCTa TOlJHO Ml!lflOCT/!180. C8oe1o po,D,a leHwTa6 y MOHIOfl08, Ha8epHoe, 8Ce-TaKM 6bJn; 8 nOflb3Y 3TOIO C8M,D,eTeflbCTByeT XOT>I 6bl TO, HaCKOflbKO 6biCTPO yc8aM8anC>I TaKTMlJeCKI!IM Ill CTpaTeiMlJeCKMM

OnbiT. MOH/Oflbl He npOCTO onep8TM8-

- ··- '="".....:.=...:: --..

~· · ·

HO a Ha fli!13 Mp08afll!l pe3 yflbTaTbl Ka)J(,ll,OM np08e,D,eHHOM KaMnaHMI!I; aH8flM3

3TOT HeMe,D,neHHO 80nflOlljaflC>I 8

- -.....:.::-.:.:::-·.:.::::..:....: ···t-----

-~ -·

- - ·· ···-· -

pa3p860TKe M np08e,D,eHMM 8 >KM3Hb 80eHHO - ylJe6HbiX np01p8MM, lJTO !ii8HO OK83aflOCb 6bl He803MO>KHb/M 6e3 npocjJeCCMOHaflbH0/0, Ha n a >KeHHO c/JyHKU,I!IOHI!Ipy/Oll.je/0 W Ta6a.

YnpasneHHe Cy,D,!il no 8CeMy, o6ecnelJeHMe npMnaC8MI!I H8 Mapwe 803flalaflOCb Ha none8b/X KOMaH,D,Mp08 . MOHIOflbCKMe TYM3 Hbl u,eni!IKOM Ill n OflHOCTb/0 CylljeCT808aflM 3a ClJeT nOKOp>leMOM MeCTHOCTI!I, M npO,ll,080flbCT8Me peK8M3Mp088fl0Cb a6COfliOTHO 6e3)J(8-

MoHr01lbCK3SI KOHHI11.13 Ha nOXOAe

fl0CTHO, O,D,HaKO 8 TO >Ke 8peM>I OT-

BOCTOLJHA~ HIO,ab He 6eCCMCTeMHO, a Cfla)l(eHHO M arprpeKrMBHO, CYAH no TOMY, '-ITO MOHronbt npoao.avrnvr ycnewHbte KaMnaHvrvr .aa)l(e a ropax vr a nycTbtHf/X. YnpaaneH'-/ecmilt KOCIT/K BOMCKa BeflMKOro XaHa f/BHO COCTaBnf/flM, B OCHOBHOM, nneHHbte KvrTaillcKvre y'-leHbte, '-IMHOBHMKM M Bpa'-IM. noMoranoTaK)I(e, '-ITO YMOHronoa 6btn0 npMHf/TO nMTb K06btnbe MOflOKO; M3 nowa.aeilt vrx 6onbWYIO '-laCTb COCTa Bflf/flM He )l(epe6LJ,bl, a K06btnbl. HecKOflbKO 3noaeUI,vrM o6pa3oM 0 ,aOCKOHaflbHOCTM M arprpeKTMBHOCTM rpyHKLJ,MOHMpOBaHMfl 11JTa6Horo M ynpaaneH'-/ecKoro 3BeHa MOHronbcKoilt apMvrvr cavr,aeTenbcTayeT To, KaK aencf! y'-leT noTepb npoTvrBHvrKa. ( Pa3 yMeeTCfl, onpe.aenvrTb co6CTBeHHbte noTepvr 6btno npoUI,e npocToro- npovr3aecTvr nepeKnvr'-IKY.) nocne 6vrTBbt oTpf/)l(anvrcb cneu.vranbHbte no.apa3,aeneHvrfl, KOTOpbtM cTaavrnvr 3a,aa'-ly oTpe3aTb y acex apa)l(ecKvrx Tpynoa npaabte ywvr. Ywvr co6vrpanvrcb a MewKvr vr Ha .aocyre cnoKoiltHo nepec'-/MTbtaanvrcb.

CBR3h Y)l(e OTMe'-lanocb, '-ITO ,anf/ .aanbHeilt CBf/3M MOHrOflbiWMpOKO vrcnonb30Banvr roHu,oa. TaKrvr'-lecKvrMvr MaHeapaMvr ynpaanf!nvr acKa,apoHHbte vr nonKOBbte KOMaH,aMpbt- C nOMOUI,b/0 cvrrHanbH btX rpna)I(KOB, 6enoro vr '-lepHoro. TaKvrM o6pa3oM y.aaaanocb M36e)l(aTb nYTaHMU.bt vrnvr 3a,aep)l(eK, Bbi3BaHHbiX HeBHf/THO HanvrcaHHbiMM MflM HenpaBMflbHO nOHf/TbiMM npvrKa3aMM M C00611J,eHMf/MM. (BepOf/THO, Mana KTO M3 MOHrOflbCKMX KOMaH,avrpOB yMen '-lvrTaTb.) 0co6 eHHO none3HbiMM CMrHaflbHbte rpna)I(KM OKa3btBaflMCb ,aflfl KOOp,avrHaLJ,MM ,aeiltCTBMM no,apa3,aeneHvrilt Ha pa ccTOf/HMfiX, r.ae ronocoM }?Ke He ,aoKpvr'-laTbCf/. Kor.aa cvrrHanbHbtX rpna)I(KOB He 6 btn0 BM,aHO- M3-3a TeMHOTbl MflM HepOBHOrO penberpa, - MOHrOflbl nonb3oaanvrcb ropf/UI,MMvr cTpenaMvr. BoeHHh/e XHTPOCTH

B omvr'-lvre aT 3ana.aHoe apone iltcKvrx pbtU,apeilt, - pbtU,apCTBO KOTOpb!X nopo ilt r paHM'-/MflO C OTKpOBeH-

LlEHTPAJlbHA~ A3V1~

HbtM He6naropa3yMvreM, - MOHronbt He rHywanvrcb HvrKaKvrMvr ynoaKaMvr, KOTOpbte MOrflM 6bt,aaTb MM npevrMyUI,eCTBO M cnoco6CTBOBaTb CHM)I(eHM/0 co6cTBeHHbtX noTepb vrnvr pocTY apa)l(ecKvrx. HeKoTopbte aoeHHbte XMTpOCTM po)I(,IJ.aflMCb '-IMCTO no HavrTM/0- i..{vrHrMCXaH B00611J,e BCf/'-/eCKM nooUI,pf/n no,a'-lvrHeHHbtX npof/Bflf/Tb vrHvru,vraTvray vr no.axo,avrTb K .aeny TBOp'-lecKvr; HO '-laUI,e pe'-lb ace-TaKvr wna 0 3aMMCTBOBaHMM M3 6oraToro apceHana BOeHHbiX XMTpOCTeilt M ynoaoK, axo.avrawero a o6f!3aTenbHYIO nporpaMMY o6y'-leHMfl KOMaH,aHOro COCTaBa. KaMnaHvrvr MOHronbt npe,ano'-lvrTanvr BeCTM 3MMHMe- TOr,aa MaHeBpeHHOCTb M no,aBM)I(HOCTb BOMCKa ao3pacmnvr, noToMy '-ITO 3aMep3anvr peKvr vr 6onoTa. t13nl06neHHbtilt cnoco6 npoaepvrTb, .aocTaTO'-IHonvr KpenoK ne,a M Bbt,aep)I(MT flM OH KOHHMU.Y, 3aKfl/O'-/aflCf/ B TOM, '-IT06bt KaK-TOn06y,aMTb BbiMTM Ha ne,a MeCTHOe HaceneHvre. B KOHU.e 1241 ro.aa a BeHrpvrvr MOHronbt ocTaavrnvr 6e3 npvrcMoTpa Ha BOCTO'-IHOM 6eper y )J.yHaf/ CKOT- Ha avr.ay y rono,aa/OUI,MX 6 e)l(eHu,ea, KOTOpbtX paHb11Je BbtTeCHMnvr Ha 3ana,aHbtilt 6eper. Kor.aa Bbtf/CHvrnocb, '-ITO ne.a Bbt,aep)l(vraaeT aeHrpoa CO CKOTOM, MOHrOflbl pewvrnvr, '-ITO napa Ha '-IMHaTb,aanbHeiltwee Hac TynneHvre. EUI,e o,aHOM BOeHHOM XMTpOCTb/0, npaBMflbHee CKa3aTb, TaKTM'-/eCKMM XOAOM, 6btn0 npvrMeHeHvre AbiMOBOM 3aBeCbl. 0'-leHb '-/aCTO MOHr Oflbl BbiCbtnanvr ManeHbKvre nepe.aoabte oTPfiAbt no,a)l(e'-lb CTenb, '-IT06bt CKpb!Tb 3a AbiMOM nepeMeUI,eHMf/ CBOMX rnaBHbiX CMfl M '-IT06 bt npOTMBHMK He pa3ra.aan vrx nnaHoa. BoeHHhle HaMeCTHHKH

KaK TOflbKO Ha noKopeHHOM TeppvrTopvrvr npeKpaUI,aflOCb BOOp}?KeHHOe conpoTvraneHvre, TaKTvrKa MOHronoa npeTepneaana .avraMeTpanbHbtilt n o aopoT- aT c a M0 3a 6 aeHHoro p a3pyweHMf/ K,aOCKOHaflbHO npo,ayMaHHOMY BOCCTaHOBfleHM/0. 80 rnaBe rpa)l(,aaHCKOM a,aMMHMCTpau,vrvr CTaBMflCf/ KaKOM-Hvr6 y,ab y cTpavraaB11JMM MoHronoa MeCTHbtilt npaavrTenb,

165

Komporo no.a.aep)l(vraan ( TUI,aTenbHO KOHTponvrpyfl ace era warvr) KOMaH,ayiOUI,vrilt OKKynaLJ,MOHHbiMM cvrnaMM. npoM3BO,avrnacb nepenMCb HaceneHMfl, nocne '-/era HeMe,aneHHO aao.avrncf! arprpeKTvrBHbtilt MexaHM3M c6opa Hanoroa. Y i..{vrHrvrcxaHa He 6btno Hvr Maneiltwero )l(enaHvrfl, '-IT06bt 3aaoeaaHHafl TeppvrTopvrfl cmHoavrnacb flMWHeilt o6y30M ,anf/ MOHrOfl bCKOM 9KOHOMvrKvr. Hao6opoT, co6paHHbtX a avr.ae Hanoroa cpe,acTB xaamno He TOflbKO Ha rpvrHaHcvrpoaaHvre MecTHbtX anacTHbtX CTPYKTYP, HO vr Ha oTnpaaKy.aaHvr a KapaKopyM 1• Ha 3aaoeaaHHbtX TeppvrTopvrf/x MOHronbt KaTeropvr'-lecKvr 3anpe11J,anvr nl06bte Me)l(.aoyco6vru,bt. 3aKo HHOCTb vr nopf/,aOK no.a.aep)l(vraanvrcb 6e3yKOpM3HeHHO M 6e3)1(aflOCTHO. B pe3ynbTaTe npvr MOHron ax Ha noKopeHHbtX MMM 3eMflf/X CMTyaLJ,Mfl 6btna , KaK npaavrno, cyUI,eCTBeHHO cnoKoiiiHee vr cTa6vrnbHee, He)l(envr .ao OKKynau,vrvr. Hacne.qHHKH '-IHHrncxaHa,

1227-1388 rr. 1227-1241 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHII'IE YrEAES1. H oabtilt aen vrKvrilt KaraH 3 aaep wvrn noKo p eHvre oKpavrHHbtX npoavr Hu,vrilt 3 ana.aHoro Cf/. MoHron bcKaf/ 9 KcnaHCMfl npo.aon)l(a nacb ao ac ex Han paan eHMf/X. nep1 Kapaxop)'M - TaK Ha3hlBaJiaC1 CTOJ!Hlla YlirypcKor o l(ap cTBa. OcHOBaHHhlit B VIII BeKe Ha JieBOM 6ep ery peKH OpxoH (CeBepHali MoHroJ!Hli) r opo.u; ( oH HMeHOBaJICliTaiOKe My6aiDIK - «xy.u;oit ropo.u;») orrycTen KX BeKy. l.JH!ITHCXaH 3aJIOlKMJI CBOIO CTOJ!HliY Ha npaBOM6ep er y Bepx om,eB OpxoHa B COTHe KHJioMeTPOB )J;aJiee. Ero HacJie)J;HHK Yr e.u;eit npnrnaJI B 1234 rOA)' KHraHCKHX MaCTepoB )J;Jili IIOCTPOitKH pll;!l;OM c KapaxopyMoMXaHCKor o )J;Bopl(a, a B 123 5 roAY o6Hec r opo.u; cTeHaMH. l.JeTBepTh!it Be.JIJIIG!it XaH, Xy6HJiait, rrepeHec B 1259 r o.u;y CBOIO CTaBKY B OKp eCTHOCTH IleKHHa. Ilpn rrorrh!TKe KapaxopyMcKoro xaHa OObliBHTh CBOIO He3aBHCHMOCTh B 1260 r0)J;y X y6HJiait oc a)J;HJI rop o.u; 11 B1IMOpHJI ero r ono)J;OM, nocne '!er o Kap axopYM 6hlJI 3a611T. Ero pa3BaJIHHhl 6hlJIH OTOlK)J;eCTBJ!eHhl TOJihKO B KOHI(e XlX BeKa pyccKHM rryTernecTBeHHHKoM H.M. 5!.u;pHHI(eBhlM (:mcrre)J;Hl(Hll 1889 r.). OJIHcaiDili KapaxopyMa OCTaBIDIH IlnaHo-KapIIHHH ( 1246 r.), Po6pyK (PIOitc6p!OK, 1253r. ), MapKo Ilono (1 275 r .).

166 sou

3nOXA MOHIOJlOB. 1200-1400 rr.

Hoao£4 )l(epTao£4 cTana KopeH

( 1231 r.).

1231-1234 rr.

nOKOPEH~E

~MnEP~~ U,3~Hb. 3aKn10411B co103

C 11Mnepl1eM CyH, MOHrOnbt ,aoaepWI1nl1 pa3opeHI1e 11Mnepl111 ~311Hb. Tony£4 ao3rnaa11n 6onbwoi4 noxo.a Ha /Or - 4epe3 Teppi1TOPI110 3ana.£J,HOro CH a cyHcKy/0 npoB11HU.1110 Cbt4yaHb, a ony.aa, 4epe3 ropo.a HaHb4YH (11n11 HaHb4eH), a 3eMnl1 ~311Hb. B caMbtM pa3rap KaMnaHI111 Tony£4 yMep, 11 KOMaH,aoaaHI1e npi1HHn Cy63.£J,3M ( 1232 r.). OH npo.aon)l(l1n oca,ay aeni1KOM LJ,311HbCKOM CTOni1LJ,bl, ropo,aa 5HHb ( coap. Kai4rj)btH a npoBI1HLJ.I111 X3HaHb). HecMOTPH Ha yMenoe npi1MeHeHI1e oca)J(,IJ.eHHbtMI1 nopoxa, nocne ro,ai14HOM oca,abt ropo.a nan (1233 r.). nomMCy63.£J,3M3aaepwl1n noKopeHI1e 11Mnepl111 ~311Hb. Yre.ae£4 OTKa3anCH no,aeni1TbCf/ C 11Mnepl1eM CyH 3aaoeaaHHbtMI1 3eMnHMI1, nocne 4ero cyHCKI1e ana,abtKI1 nonbtTanl1cb 3aXBaTI1Tb 6btBWYIO LJ,311HbCKYIO npoB11HU.1110 X3HaHb. 9 To nocny)/(11no Cl1rHa nOM K Ha 4any BOMHbl. 1234-1279 rr. BO~HA C ~ MnEP~E~ CYH. KoHe LJ, 3TOMy3aTf!)I(HOMY KOHrj)ni1KTY 6 btn nono)l(eH nneMf/HHI1KaMI1 11 Hacne,aHI1KaMI1 Yre .aeH - x a Ha MI1 MyHK3 11 Xy611naeM. Ko r.aa xaHoM 6btn MyHK3 , Xy611nau OTBO e aa n y Ha Hb4)1(a O (u,apCTB a )J.an11)- c yHCKI1X aaccanoa - npoBI1HLJ.I110 /OHbHa Hb ( 1252- 1253 rr. ). 3aTe M no,a411HeHHbtM Xy 611na10 aoeHa 4a nbHI1K nOKOp l1n TO HKI1HCKOe u,a p cTao (11n 11 11Ha4e- 5 aK6o; coa p . CeaepHbtM BbeTHaM) 11 3ax aaTI1n Xa HOM (1 257 r.). ConpoTI1 BneHI1e CyH CTpOI1nOCb Ha y nopHOM o6opoHe ro pO,[J,OB xopowo y KpenneHHbtX, c 6or a TbtMI1 3anacaMI1. npaa,aa, B pe 3yn bTaTe u.en o r o p H.aa 6 n ecm1.1..1,11X KaMna HI1M, npoae,ae HHbtX no.a n i14HbtM KOMaH,aoaaHI1 eM xaHa MyHK3, c onpoTI1BneHI1e CyH 6btno cn oMne Ho ( 125 7-1 259 rr.). BHe3anHaH c MepTb M yHK3 oT .£J,113eHTepl111 Bbt3 aan a B Xa HCTBe .£J,I1HaCTI14 eCKI1e pa3 .£J,Op bt ( CM. Hl1)1(e ) , 11 3KCnaHCI1fl MOHronoa apeMeHH03aMe,anl1nacb; cyHU.bt y cnen11 BOCCTaHOBI1Tb Cl1n bt, 11 BOMHa Onf/Tb 3a THHynacb. 8 KOHLJ,e KOHLJ,OB Xy611nau CHOBa cyMen CO cpe.£J,OT0411Tb ace yc11n11H Ha aoi4He

c 11Mnep11eu CyH ( 1269 r . ). ~ena H cepl1f/ KaMnaHI1M ( OC060 OTfll1411nCH aoeHa4anbHI1K 5aHH, BHYK Cy63.£J,3H) yaeH4anacb 3aXBaTOM CYHCKOM CTOni1LJ,bl XaH4)1(0Y ( 1276 r. i ) . noKopeHI1e OKpai1HHbiX npOBI1HLJ,I1M 3aHHnO e1.1..1,e TPI1 ro.aa. nocne,aHe£4 611TBOM 3TOM BOMHbl CTano MOpCKOe cpa)l(eHI1e B KaHTOHCKOM 3ani1Be ( B 110 KM OTCOBp. ropo,aa /yaH4)I(Oy; 1279 r. ), Heno.aaneKy oT ana,aeHI1fl a /O)I(HOK11Tai4cKoe Mope peKI1 L{)I(YLJ.3HH. MoHronbCKI1M rj)noT noTon11n ace .ao e,a11Horo cyHCKI1e Kopa6nl1. K11Tai4CKI1M a,aMI1pan npbtrHyn a Mope c ManoneTHI1M 11MnepaTOpOM .£J,I1HaCTI111 CyH Ha pyKax. Ha npl16 pe)I(HbtX ocTpoaax MOHron bt ycTpo11n11 o6na ay Ha 6e)l(eHu,ea 11 acex nepe611n11.

1235 r . n11AH MOHrOJlbCKO~ 3KCnAHC~~. nocne KypynTaH ( COBel.l..l,aHI1fl nepBbiX ni1LJ, 8eni1KOrO XaHCTBa MOHrOnbCKOrO) Yre,ae£4 npoao3rnac11n 4eTbtpe rnaBHbtX HanpaaneHI1fl, B KOTOpbtX ,[J,On)I(Hbl O,[J,HOBpeMeHHO 11.£J,TI1 3aBOeBaTenbHbte KaMnaHI1M: 1) npo.aon)l(eHI1 e BOMHbt c KI1Tai4c Ko i4 11Mnep11 eu CyH; 2) Ko p eH; 3) IOro -B ocT04HaH A 311H; 4) Esp ana .

1237-1241 rr. MOHrOJl bCK~E 3ABOEBAH~SI

B BOCTO"'-

HO~ ~ LI,EHTPAJlbHO~ EBPOnE. ( CM. c. 727). 1239 r. 3ABOEBAH~E MOHrOJlAM~ T~5ETA. 0 Ho 6 btno ocyl.l..l,e cTan e HoxaHoM lo.aaHoM, CbtHOM x aHa Yre.aeH. 11 AEKA5PSI 1241 r. CMEPTb YrEAESI. Bee 411HrMCI1.£J,bt 6btnl1 co3BaHbt a Ka p aKOp yM Ha Kypynm £4Bbt611paTb Ho aoro aeni1Koro Kara Ha. fl13 - 3a 3 TOr O MOHrOn bt BpeM e HHO n peKpaTI1n l1 ace HacTyn aTenbHbte KaMna HI111. Kypynm£4 OTKna,abtaan cH 6 onee 4eTbtpex neT - B OCHOBHOM , 113 -3a cone pHI1 4eCTBa CbiHOBeM)J.)I(y 411 11 Yr e,aefl, 5a Tblf/ ( 11n11 11Ha 4e o aTy) 11 t y/OKa ( 11n11 11Ha 4e - t yKyKa). TeM a p eMe H eM p eanbHaH anacTb npi1Ha,ane)l(ana a.aoae Yr e.aeH - TypaKe. 8 KOHLJ,e KOHLJ,OB Ka r aHOM 113 6panl1 t y/OKa ( f/HBapb 1246 r. ) . n p11 ero 1136paHI111 n pi1CYTCTBOBanl1 n na 1).l;pynre MCTO'!IDII(l[ OTIIOCliT B3liTMe MOHr OJiaMH

XaH'DKoy K 1279 roey .

HO-Kap n i1HI1, nocn aHHbiM B CTaBKY Beni1KI1X XaHOB nano £4 p i1MCKI1M fi1HHOKeHTI1eM IX, .aaoe rpy311HCKI1X u,a p eBI1 4e i4, pyccKI1M KHH3 b flpocna a Bceaono.aoal1 4, nocon 6ar.aa.acKor o xan11rj)a 11 noc on rj)paHLJ.Y3CKo r o KO ponH fl10,aoa11Ka IX 111M OM .ae Po6pyK, 4TO CBI1.£J,eTenbCTBy eT 0 n pi1CTanbHOM BHI1MaHI111 eapo neMCKI1X 11 6ni1)1(He BOCT04HbtXrocy,aa peMKO BCe MY, npo11CXO,[J,fll.l..l,eMy a .aan eKoM KapaKo pyMe. 5aTbtM 6 btn yrae p)l(,a e H x a HoM 3ana,aHoro ynyca (Ceaepo- 3 ana,aHaH A311fl 11 BocT0 4HaH Esp a na ); 6naro.aa PH aen11Kone n1110nare pH, cn }I)KI1Bwer o 5aTbt/O cmn11u,eu , 3ana,aHbtM ynyc CTan 113BeCTeH no,a 11MeHeM 3 onOTOM Op,abt.

1243 r. 5~TBA nP~ KOCEAArE. Pa3rpOMI1B OCTaTKI1 Xope3M CKOM 11Mnepl111, MOHrOnbt no6e,a11n11 TypoK- c en b,a)l(yKoa 11 ycTaHoa11n11 rocno.acTao Ha.a A HaTon11eu.

1246-1248 rr. LI,APCTBOBAH ~E rYIOKA. HoBbiM aeni1KI1M KaraH noaenen a o3o6HO BI1Tb 3a a oeaa TenbH bteKaMnaHI111. 0 Hni14Honoaen He6 on bWYIO apMI1/0 a noxo.a Ha 3a na.a, HO yMep no nyr11, He ycnea BbtM TI1 Ha COe.£J,I1HeHI1e C BOMCKOM 5aTblf/. )J.nH Bbt6opa npeeMHI1Ka .aaa)J(,IJ.bt c o 611pancH Kypyn TaM . nepBbiM (npoxo .£J,I1BWI1M a narepe 5aTblfl) 1136pan 5aTblf/ KaraHOM, HO OH OTKflOHI1n Ta KY/0 4eCTb 11 Bbt.£J,B11Hyn KaH,al1,aarypy XaHa MyHK3, KOTOpbtM, B KOHe4HOM c4eTe, 11 6btn 1136paH. Co6n10.aaH BOn /0 1..{11Hr i1CXaHa , Kypy n TaM C0 6 panCH BTOPI14HO, a KapaKopyMe, npaa,aa, C 3a,aep)I(KOM, Bbi3BaHHOM 3aroaopoM noTOMKOB Yre.aeH 11 )J.)I(a r amH, HaMe peaaawi1XCH caepr HYTb M yHK3. 3 aroaop 6 btn pacKpbtT, 3aro a op1.1..1,11KI1 Ka3HeHbl, a 11 36paHI1e MyHK3 n o,aTaep)l(,aeHo ( 1251 r.) .

OK0110 1250 r. BOEHHO-nOJl~T~"'ECKASI OPrAH~3ALI,~SI

XAHCTBA. Yre.ae£4 11 see Te, KTO npaa11n nocne Her o, npl1,aep )I(I1Ba nl1cb CI1CTeMbl HaM eCTHI14eCTBa, He 3a,aonro,ao cMepTI1 aae.aeHHOM i..{I1Hr l1cxaHoM. 5aTbtM 6 btn yraep)l(,aeH npaBI1TeneM B o c T0 4HOM Eapon bt 11 cTene£4 Ceaepo - 3ana.aHoi4 A31111 . Cmn11u,eu caoe£4 nepabtM xaH 3 ono TOM Op,abt ( 1243- 1256 rr. ) c.aenan Capai4- 5a Ty Ha Bonr e ( 6n113 coap.

BOCTOLJHA~ cena CenMTpeHHoe AcTpaxaHcKo£1 o6n.). ,[/,)Karam£1 M era Hacne,aHMKM npaBMfTM 06WMpHbiM npoMe)f(YTOLfHbiM perMOHOM, npMMepHO COOTBeTCTBYIOI.J..IMM coapeMeHHOMY TypKecTaHy M Ll,eHTpanbHo£1 CM6MpM; aTOT ynyc H83biB8f1Cfl Jl.)f(araTaMCKMM. /O)f(Hee (MaaepaHHaxp, XopacaH M coap. ArpraHMCTaH) npaaMn Tony£1. O,aHa M3 aeTae£1 ceMei1cTaa Tonyfl, Lfepes MyHKa M Xy6MnaR, .aana npRMY/0 fTMHM/0 KaraHOB M KMT8MCKMX MMnepampoa,aMHaCTMM IOaHb. JJ.pyraR aeTBb (Lfepes Xynary M era noTOMCTBO) saaepwMna noKopeHMe IOro-3ana.aHo£1 AsMM M ocHoaana xynaryM,acKy/0 AMH8CTM/O B 0epCMM. XaHbt 3onoTo£1 Op,abt, JJ.)f(araTa£1xaHbt MMflbX8Hbt-XyflaryM,abl OCTaBafTMCb B8CC8f18MM M HaMeCTHMK8MM aenMKMX KaraHoa KapaKopyMa M Ll,sM ( coap. neKMH), noKa a cepe,aMHe XIV BeKa He npMWfla B yna,aOK AMH8CTMfl IOaHb.

LlEHTPAJlbHA~ A3V1~

BbiX npaBMTene£1 38 BC/0 MCTOPMIO KMTafl, OH CHOBa 06be,aMHMf1 CTpaHy, KOTopaR nocne era cMepTM TaK M ocTaaanacb (no Kpa£1He£1 Mepe, HOMMHaflbHO) e,aMHOM, HeCMOTpf/ Ha LfaCTbte rpa)f(,aaHCKMe aoMHbt.

167

yrrpaBJieHHH KliTaH MOHroJiaMII. OH 6b!JI IIOWOTOBJieH B TeiJ:eHIIe

1270 rO}J;OB li BCTyrrliJI 1271 roey.

1269-

B }J;ellCTBIIe B

HMrrepiieil lOaHb yrrpaBJIHJI MOHroJibCKIIH xaH. Ha HepapXIIIIecKoil JieCTHH Ue 3a HliM IIIJili liMIIepaTpii-

1260 roey Xy6rnmll: co6parr cBo-

Ua-XaHIIIa, HaCJieiJ:HliK rrpeCTOJia -

HX BOeHaiJ:a.JlbHMKOB li CIIO;a;BIDKHHKOB,

uapeBIIIJ: li XaHCKIIe pOIJ:CTBeHHliKli.

KOTDpb!e li IIpOB03rJia.CliJUI ero BeJUI-

BcH IIOJIH OTa BJiaCTII KaK BO BHeiiiHHX

KliM xaHoM. B TO }!(e BpeMH B KapaKo-

cHorneHIIHX, TaK II BHYTPII IIMrrepiiii

pyMe cocroHJicH KypyJITall:, Ha KOTO-

6b!Jia coc peAOTOIJ:eHa B pyKax xaHa.

poM BeJIIIKliM XaHOM 6b!JI II36paH

BcJieiJ: 3a xaHoM a):lMIIHIICTpamBHOH

ApiiK6or. Me)l{):(y ABYMH BeJIIIKIIMII

BJiaCTbiO o6Jia}J;aJIII TPII rocy}J;ap -

XaHaMli HaiJ:aJiaCb BOHHa. 0):!HaKO B

CTBeHHb!X COBeTHIIKa, K OTO pb!e

3TOH BOHHe He YIJ:aCTBOBaJili IIpaBIITe-

IIHOr):la ocyll(eCTBJIHJIII o6II(ee pyK o -

Jili APYrHX yJiycoB, B IJ:acTHoCTII xyJia-

BOIJ:CTBO ):leJiaMII . Hx Ha3b!BaJIII

ryliiJ:b! II IJ:}KYIJ:l!IJ:bl. IIpaBIITeJieH3TliX

«Tpii ryHa». HcKJIIOIJ:aH o6Jiacm II

yJiycoB 6oJibrne IIHTepecoBaJIII co6-

OKpyra, Herrocp e}J;CTBeHHO IIO;a;Be):lOM-

cTBeHHble ):leJia II Ha3peBaBrnaH Me}!(-

CTBeHHble xaHy, BCH Te p p iiT Op iiH KII-

ey HliMli BOHHa, B KOTDpyiO BeJIIIKlill

TaH 6b!Jia pa3):leJieHa Ha }J;ecHTb rrpo -

XaH, B CBOIO OIJ:epe):lb, He BMeiiiiiBaJI-

BIIHUIIH. fJiaBaMII IIpOBHHUliaJibHb!X

CH. 3arra):lHble ynycbl <lJaKrniJ:eCKII oT-

yrrpaBJieH1Ill, a TaK}!(e Ha BamHble a):l-

rraJIII oT MoHrOJibCKOH }J;ep}!(aBbl II

MHHIICTPaTIIBHble IJ:OJI}!(Hocm B rrpo-

1251-1259 rr. UAPCTBOBAHii1E MYHK3 (CbiHA TOJlYSI). OH

rrpeBpaTillUICb B CaMOCTDHTeJibHble ro-

BIIHUIIHX, Ha }J;OJI}!(HOCTII IIpaBIITeJiell

cy~J:apcTBa. T errepb IIMrrepiiH BKJIIOIJ:a-

KpyrrHb!X ropOIJ:OB H a3HaiJ:aJiliCb M OH-

npOf/BMfl ce6fl yMeflbiM BOeH8Lf8flbHMKOM M npaBMTefleM. Xorn OCHOBHOe BHMM8HMe y,aeflf/fTOCb BOMHe C MMnepMe£1 Ll,3MHb, OH T8K)f(e OTnpaBMfl caoero 6paTa Xynary Ha noKopeHMe IOra-3ana,aHo£1 AsMM.

Jia B ce6H JIIIIIIb MoHroJIIIIO II

IO}!(Hb!X pailoHoB KIITaH. 3aBoeBaTe-

BHOCH H3MeHeHIIH B MMHHHCTpa-

1252-1287 rr. 3ABOEBAHI!1E

JIII BCTpernJIII yrropHo e corrpomBJie -

TIIBHYIO CIICTeMY co6cTBeHHO MoH-

MOHr011AMI!1 HAHb"DKAO 1!1 AHHAMA. 1255-1260 rr. nOKOPEHI!1E XAHOM XY11ArY IOr0-3AnAAH0171A31!11!1. 1260-1294 rr. UAPCTBOBAHii1E XY61!111ASI (111111!1 KY611AXAHA). Era M36paHM/O aenMKMM Ka-

HIIe B pailoHe cpe):!H ero TeiJ:eHIIH

roJIIIII, Xy6IIJiall:-xaH Ha3HaiJ:IIJI Ha-

po):l Ha 6opb6y C IIpOTliBHliKOM B

cJie):lHIIKa rrpecToJia, 03HaiJ:arro ell(e

raHoM KaTeropMLfeCKM npOTMBMfTCfl Mfla,awM£1 6paT, ApMK6or, LfTO npMae-

MacrnTa6e Been cTpaHbl. MoHrOJib-

6oJibrnee yciiJieHIIe BJiaCTII xaHa, or-

1276 ro}J;y 3axBaTIIJili

paHIIIJ:eHIIe YIJ:aCTIIH <iJeo}J;a JIOB B Bbl-

no K rpa)f(,l].aHCKOM BOMHe, KOTOPYIO Xy6Mna£1 nocne O)f(eCTOLfeHHbtX 6oea BbtMrpan(1260-1261 rr.). BHyKYre.aeR, Ka£1.ay, noJ],lJ.ep)f(MBaawM£1 ApMK-

CTOJIIIUY -

ropoA XaHIJ:}!(oy. OT-

6ope KaHIJ:liAaryphl cBoero rroBeJIIITe-

6ora, yKpblfTCfl a ropax AnmR, OTKY.aa apeMR aT apeMeHM ycTpaMaan Ha 6erM .ao caMo£1 caoe£1 c MepTM ( 1301 r.). nocne caep)f(eHMfiAMHacTMM C yH Xy6Mna£1 npoaosmacMn ce6R MMnepaTOp OM, no,a TpOHHbiM MMeHeM illMLpy OCHOB8f1 AMH8CTM/O /OaHb M n epeHeC CTOfTMU.Y B Ll,3M ( C 1421 r. - 5a£1u,sMH, coap. n eKMH; 1264 r.) . O,aMH M3 caMbtX TanaHTfTM-

KHTall:,

r OJibl cTaprne

JieT. Ha M M HHIICT-

3aBOeBaHIIe KOTOpOID ell(e ):laJieKO He

paTIIBHble ):lOJI}!(HOCTli B TaKIIX MeCT-

6b!JIO 3aBepiiieHO .

Hb!X a):!MliHliCTpaTIIBHb!X opraHaX,

IIocJie rro6eiJ:bl HM ApiiK6oroM Xy6IIJiail rrpiicryrriiJI K rroKopeHIIIO

KaK CTD;a;BOpKa liJili IIHTII}J;eCHTli;a;BOpKa, IIpliBJieKaJiliCb KIITallUb!.

peKII HHU3hl . C Tpy):loM liM YIJ:aJIOCb

cJieAHIIKa rrpecToJia y rrp aBJIHTh Been

3aHHTh ropoA YIIaH -

ueHTp o6opo-

MoHrOJIIIeil. l'IHb!MH CJIOBaMII, HaiJ:II-

Hbl 6oJibiiioro pailoHa. ToJibKO rroc-

HaH c rr paBJie HIIH Xy6IIJiall:-xaHa,

Jie 3TOrO OHli CMOrJIII IIpO;a;BliHYTh-

BJiaCTb rrpHHua 6b!Jla pacrniipeHa, er o

CH }J;aJibiiie Ha BOCTOK, a 3aTeM Ha IOr.

<iJyHKUIIII IJ:eTKo orrpe}J;eJieHbl. Ha3Ha-

CYHcKaH AIIHacmH He IIO):lHHJia Ha-

IJ:eHIIe 3apaHee rrpiiHUa KpOBII, H a -

CKHe BOHCKa B

AeJibHble KIITaHCKIIe OTpHIJ:b!, XOTH II

JIH li TeM CaMb!M JlliKBII}J;aUIIIO OCHO-

6e3ycrrernHo, rrpo):lOJI}!(aJIII ell(e He-

Bbl }J;JIH IIpOHBJieHHH <iJeo}J;aJibHOro

KOTopoe BpeMH 6opb6y . Becb KliTall:

cerrapam3Ma. 3ToT rropHIJ:OK, ycTa-

6b!JI 3aXBaiJ:eH MOHrOJibCKliMli 3aBO-

HOBJieHHb!H Xy6IIJiaeM, coxpaHIIJICH

eBaTeJIHMli B B

1271

1279 roey.

):lo KOHUa }J;HHacmii lOaHb. OpraHII-

ro):ly Xy6IIJiail rrpiiHHJI

3aUIIH apMllli II rBapiJ:liH He rrpeTep-

}J;JIH CBOell IJ:liHaCTIIli KliTallCKOe Ha-

rreJia oco6blx II3MeHeHIIH co BpeMe -

3BaHIIe lOaHb, T .e . «HaiJ:aJio» . 3a ;a;sa

HII Cyll(eCTBOBaHIIH M OHrOJibCKOrO ID-

ro}J;a IJ:O 3Tor o Xy6IIJiall: rropYIJ:IIJI KII-

cy}J;apCTBa qliHrliCXaHa. fBap }J;IIH ,

TaHCKIIM IIHHOBHIIKaM JIIo BIIHIJ:}!(YHY

KOTOpaH oxpaHHJia XaH CKIIe ;a;BOpUb!,

II CIOn X3HY pa3pa6oTaTb rrpoeKT

YBeJIIIIJ:IIJiacb IJ:O

a}J;MliHIICTPaTIIBHOrO li rOCy):lapCTBeH-

Tpii Tb!CHIJ:II M eHHJIIICb IJ:epe3 Ka)l{):(ble

Tb!CHIJ: IJ:eJioBeK.

HOro ycTpOHCTBa, Heo6XOIJ:liMblll}J;JIH

Tpli }J;HH li Tpli HOIJ:li.

168

3nOXA MOHIOJlOB. 1200-1400 rr.

1261-1262 rr. rPA>KAAHCKASI BO~HA ME>KAY XY11ArY111ACKIIIM YJlYCOM Ill 30110TO~

cTpaHy, nocne Lfero BbtBen aoi1cKa.

OPAO~.

nocneJJ.Hee cepbe3Hoe BTOp)l(eHvre xynaryvrJJ.cKvrx vrnbxaHoB B Cvrpvr10 6btno orovrTo MaMniOKaMvr.

1274 r. nEPBOE MOHrOJlbCKOE BTOP>KEHIIIE B SlnOHIIIIO. 1281 r. BTOPOE MOHrOJlbCKOE BTOP>KEHIIIE B SlnOHIIIIO. 1281 r. 6111TBA nPIII XOMCE. ApMvrR xynaryvrJJ.CKoro vrnbxaHa BTopmacb B Cvrpvr10, HOHa 6eperyosepa XoMc noTepnena nopa)l(eHvre aT cynTaHa MaMniOKOB KanayHa vr 6btna oT6vrTa.

1281-1287rr. BTOP>KEHIIISI B AHHAM Ill TbSIMnY. 1287-1300 rr. BTOP>KEHIIISI B 6111PMY. 1292-1293 rr. BTOP>KEHIIIE HA SIBY. 1294-1307 rr. U,APCTBOBAHIII E TIIIMYPA. BHyK xaHa Xy6vrnaR, TvrMyp, vrnvr TaMyp-xaH (He nymTb c TvrMypoM XpoMbtM, vrnvr TaMepnaHOM) 6btn nocnej],HIIFM BeflMKIIFM KaraHOM, KOToporo npvrsHaaanvr ace MOHrOflbl. Hcm<ImiKH coo6maiOT, <ITO T3Myp-xaH cTapaJicH y):leJIHTb oco6oe BHHMaHHe ITOJIOmeHHIO ):leJI B C06CTBeHHO MOHroJibcKnx KO<IeBbHX. TaM K KOHIJ:Y XIII BeKa BeCbMa ocJiommrnacb CHTYaumr H3-3a AJIHTeJibHOH ITOJIOCbi ¢eo):laJibHbiX CMYT. Oco6eHHo TIDKeJlbie ycJIOBHH C03):laJIHCb B u;eHTPaJibHbiX o6JiacTIIX CTPaHbi, B pailoHe KapaKopYMa. CHJibHO coKpaTHJiocb ITOroJIOBbe CKOTa, TaK KaK rJiaBHaH pa6o<J:aH cnJia, 3aHHTaH Ha ITacTb6e CKOTa ll OXpaHHBIIIaH CTa):la, 3Ha<J:HTeJibHO YMeHbiiiHJiacb n3-3a ITOTepb EO BpeMH BOllH ll BOopymeHHbiX KOH<lJJIHKTOB. BnAHMO, cpe):ln MOHroJioB CTaJIO paCTH He):lOBOJibCTBO ycJIOBHHMll :lKH3Hll, ITOCKOJibKY ll T3Myp-XaH, n ero ITpeeMHIIKH ITpeAITpHHHMaJIH PHA Mep K ITO):(HHTHIO 6 JiarOCOCTOHHHH MoHroJibCKHX KO<IeBnil. TaK, T 3MypxaH HaiTpaBJIHJI B MoHroJIHIO B 6oJibIIIIIX KOJIH<J:eCTBaX TOBapbi ll 6YMa:lKHbie ):leHbrn .

1299-1300 rr. BTOP>KEHIIIE B CIIIPIIIIO. XynaryvrJJ.cKvri1vrnbxaH M axMyJJ. lasaH saxaaTvrn )J.aMacK, pasopvrn IIF onycTOWIIFfl nOLfTIIF BCIO

20 AnPEJlSI 1303 r. 6111TBA nPIII MAPA>K-3C-CY<t><t>APE. 9m

1307-1388 rr. YnAAOK AIIIHACTIIIIIIIOAHb. MoHronbcKoexaHCTBO nocTeneHHO pasaanvraanocb. Bee ynycbt- 3onoTaR OpJJ.a, )J.)I(araTai1cKvri1, XynaryvrJJ.CKvr£1- npaKTvrLfecKvr OTJJ.envrnvrcb; JJ.pyrvre LfMHrvrcvrJJ.bt TaK)I(e nvr6o cTanvr Hesa avrcvrMbtMvr, nvr6o 6btnvr caeprHYTbt noJJ.BnaCTHbtMvr Hapoj],aMM. IIpeeMHHK T3Myp-xana, XailcaHxyJiyr-xan (1307-1311rr.), ITpo):loJIman ry me ITOJIHTIIKY. B ):leJiax yrrpaBJieHHH MoHroJineil ITpn HeM 6oJibIIIYIO poJib nrpaJI HOHOH XapaxacyH. Ero ITOCJiaJIH B MoHroJIHIO AJIH HaBe):leHHH ITOPMKa n CITOKOHCTBHH. ITo CBe):leHHHM KllTallCKHX HC1D'IHHKOB, XapaxacyH cKyiTaJI B MoHroJinn KpyrrHbiH poraTbill CKOT ll JIOIIIa):lell Ha 6YMa:lKHbie ):leHbrH ll IIIeJIKOBbie TKaHllll pa3):laBaJI CKOT pa3opeHHbiM MOHroJiaM, HaJiamnBaJI coo6meHne ITO Ka3eHHbiM TpaKTaM, BOCCTaHaBJIHBaJI 3a6poiiieHHbie opocnTeJibHbie KaHaJibi, CTpeMHJICH pa3BHBaTh 3eMJie):lemie, ITOMep:lKHBaJI oxoTHH'IHHH APYrne ITpOMbiCJibi. B p e3yJibTaTe 3THX Mep, KaK coo6maeT «ilcTopnH AHHacTHn IOanb», Ha ceBepHoil TeppnToPllll 6biJIH BO):(BopeHbi ITOPMOK n ciToKoilcTBne. IIpn xane Arop6apn6a):le (13111320 rr.) HaceJieHne MoHrOJillll 6biJio ocBo6o)K):leHo Ha AHa ro):la oT HaJioroB ll ITOBHHHOCTell. KpoMe roro, ITO CBH):leTeJibCTBY HCTO'IHIIKOB, «ITO ero YKa3Y Hapoey MoHrOJillll 6biJIH po3):laHbi Bep6JIIO):lbl, JIOIIIa):lll, KOpOBbi ll OBU:bi, <J:T06bi Hapo):l YCITOKOHJICH, ITaCH ( CBOll) CKOT>>.

K cepe):lnHe XIV BeKa 3KOHOMHKa HMITepllll IOaHb ITpHIIIJia B yiTa):loK. IIoJIHTllKa BJiacTeil oco6eHHo pa3pyIIIHTeJibHO B03):lellCTBOBaJia Ha mH3Hb ropO):lOB ll Ha CeJibCKOe X03HllCTBO CeBepHoro KnTaH. CTHXHHHbie 6e):lCTBHH, pa3JIHBbi peK, ll3MeHeHHe pycJia Xyanx3, 3aTOITJieHne o6IIInpHbiX paBHHH COKpall(aJIH ITOCeBHbie ITJIOIl(a):lll n BeJin K rn6eJin n pa3opeHHIO

3eMJie):leJibU:eB. f opOACKHe pbiHKH oiTycTeJIH, MHorne MacTepcKne n JiaBKH peMecJieHHHKOB 3aKpbiJIHCb. Ka3Ha KOMITeHCHpOBaJia COKpameHHe HaTypaJibHbiX ITOCTYITJieHHll HOBbiMH BbiiTYCKaMH 6yMamHbiX ):leHer, 'ITO BeJIO K 6aHKpOTCTBY peMecJieHHHKOB, TOproBbiX KOMITaHHllll pOC1DBil(HKOB. 06CTaHOBKa B CTp aHe <Ipe3Bbi'lallHO HaKaJIHJiacb. IOaHbcKne BJiacTH, oiTacaHcb MaccoBoro B3pbiBa Hero):loBaHHH, 3aiTpeTHJIH Hapo):ly XpaHHTh opy:lKlle. IIpn ABOpe ):lame Bbipa60TaJIH ITpOeKT HCTpe6JieHHH 60JibiiiOll <J:aCTH KHTallu;eB o6Jia):laTeJiell ITHTll Han6oJiee paciTpocTpaHeHHbiX ¢aMHJinll. Hapo):lHble Macchi oTBe<IaJIH Ha ycnJieHne rHeTa MHoro<IncJieHHbiMH BbiCryiTJieHmiMH, KOTOpbie oco6eHHO Y<J:aCTHJIHCb B 30-x ro):lax XIV BeKa. IIoBciOey KpeCTbHHe 6panncb 3a opy:lKlle. Hx ITOMepmHBaJIH ropomaHe ll HapOAHOCTH IOmHbiX paHOHOB. Bpam):la K ITopa6oTHTeJIHM Haxo):lHJia BbipameHHe n B ITecHHX, paciTeBaeMbiX B Hapo):le, B paccKa3ax 6poAH<J:nx cKa3HTeJiell:. Oco6eHHO ITOITYJIHpHbi 6biJIH ITOBeCTBOBaHHH 0 HeiTo6e):lllMbiX r epoHX, CJlaBHbiX ITOJIKOBO):lu;ax, OTBa:lKHbiX cHJia<J:ax n ciTpaBe):lJIHBbiX JIIO):(HX. Ha 3TH TeMbi pa3hlrpb!BaJIH TeaTpaJibHbie ITpeACTaBJieHHH. liMeHHo ror):la IToHBHJICH poMaH «T poeu;apCTBHe», ITpeB03HOCHBIIIllll BOHHCKYIO ):l06JieCTh, yMeHne ITo6em):laTh n Heo6bi<IaHHoe MaCTep CTBO KHTall CKHX BOeHa<J:aJibHHKOB. Y<IeHbie-aCTpoJiorn coo6maJIH o 3JIOBell(HX 3HaMeHHHX Ha He6e, a ra):laTeJIH ITpopnu;aJin rn 6eJib BJiacTH HH03eMIJ;eB . Cpe):ln TailHbiX peJinrno3HbiX Y<J:eHnil pa3HbiX TOJIKOB ll HarrpaBJieHHll oco6o IToiTyJIHpHa 6biJia MeccnancKaH H):leH o ITpniiieCTBllll «6yAAh! 6yAYII(er o» - M afupeiln (MnJI3¢o) n Ha<J:aJie HOBOll C<J:aCTJIHBOll 3pbi, a TaKme Y<J:eHne o «CBeTe» MaHnxell:cKoro mJIKa. Tall:Hoe «06mecTBo EeJioro JIOToca» 6y):l):(HllCKOro 1DJIKa ITOITOJIHHJIO CBOH peJIHrH03Hbie ):(OrMbi ITpH3biBaMH K 6opb6e C 3aXBaT<J:HKaMH ll <iJopMHpOBaJIO Kp eCTbHHCKHe OTpH):lb i - «KpaCHbie BOliCK a» (KpaCHbill u;BeT 6biJI CHMBOJIOM Mall:Tp eiln). B 1351 r oAy Ha CTponTeJibCTBO AaM 6 Ha peKe Xyanx3 BJiaCTH corHaJin TbicH<In KpeCTbHH, BOCCTaHHe ITpllHHJIO

BOCTOLJ HAs:! l!1 UEHTPAn bHAs:l A3ll1s:l MaCCOBblll xapaKTep, K HeMy I1p11COe-

li I1pll3H3BaJIH rrpeTeH)leHTa Ha CyHC-

LI,JIHHJIJ!Cb 3eM.neLI,eJibUbT, co.nesapbl,

KJI"H npeCTOJT.

}J{JITeJIH ropOLI,OB, MeJIKHIT TOprOBbTIT

KpyrrHhie ycrrexH «KpaCHhTX BOHCK»

JTIOLI,, rrpeLI,CTaBJITeJTH HJI30B fOCIIOLI,-

H Ll,pymx BOCCT3HHIT KpeCTbHH npo-

CTBYIOII!ero K.nacca.

Tl!B cpeO)laJIOB BbiHYJlliJill fOCITO)lCT-

)J;sH}J{eHue o6peJio K.naccosyiO 11 aH-

BYIOII!llH K.n3CC MOHfOJIOB ll KHT3HUeB

THMOHroJTbCKYIO HanpaBJTeHHOCTb -

CITJTOTHTb CHJTbi. 0HH C03):(3BaJIH BO-

CBep}J{eH11e MOHfOJibCKOfO 11ra 11 BJTa-

eHHbie OTPH.!Ibi, Ha3Ha'laJIH Ha BbiCO-

CT11 LI,11HaCTH11 lOaHb. «06meCTBO

Kue TIOCTbJ KHTaHCKHX cpeO)laJIOB, I10-

Ee.noro JIOToca» BbiJlB11Hy.no 11JleiO

CblJT3JI11 I1pOT11B ITOBCTaHUeB OT60p-

socco3,a:amm KHTarrcKoro rocy,a:apcT-

HbTe HMrrepaTopCKHe soncKa. OTpHAbT

sa H BOCCTaHOBJTeHJIH BJTaCTH ):(HHaC-

« KpaCHbiX BOHCK» ITOHeCJTH cepbe3-

THH CyH. HeKHIT XaHb IllaHbTYH 6hiJT

Hbie rroTepH. B

06bHBJTeH IIOTOMKOM HeKOf.[(a uap-

CIUThi

1363 ro,a:y r JTaBHbie JliO <!>yTyHa IIOL(BeprJTIICh pa3-

CTBOBaswero AOMa H CyHCK11M HMne-

rpoMy, a caM OH 6biJT y611T. Y acTb ero

paTOpOM. PyKOBOLI,CTBO soeHHbiMII

OTpHAOB OTOIIIJia •repe3 lll3HbCII B

Ll,eHCTBHHMH TlpHHHJI Ha ce6H OL(HH H3

CbJ<JyaHb, npyme npHcoe)J:HHHJTHCb K

BO}J{):(eiT TaiTHbTX 6paTbeB J110 <!>yTyH.

l.J}J{y IOaHb'l}J{aHy, MHOrHe rroscTaH-

BO}J{LI,ff BOCCT3HHH 06JTH'l3JTH MOH-

Uhi rraJTH B 6010.

fOJTbCKIIX rrpaBIITenerr, y Tsep}J{,a:aH,

Me}J{,a:y TeM aHTIIMOHrOJibCKoe

'lTO y BJTaCTII B CTpaHe CTOHT «IIOA-

LI,BII}J{eHIIe B l..l,eHTpaJTbHOM KIITae

JIOCTb 11 JTeCTb», «JIIO.!l11 e)lHT JIIO)lell ...

rrpOAOJI}J{aJIO KpenHyTb. lf}J{y IOaHb-

BOpbi CTaJIII qiiHOBHIIKaMII, a qiiHOB-

<J}J{aH o6ocHOBaJTCH B HaHKIIHe. no-

HIIKH -

CKOJTbKY TIOMeiUIIKII H '1IIHOBHHKII B

BOpaMII».

BoccTaH11e «KpacHbiX sorrcK» ox-

3TOM Kpae He I10)J:LI,ep}J{3JIII BJTaCTII

saT11JIO ITO'IT11 secb cesep K11TaH.

IOaHeii 11 He rrepeMeTHYJillCb K MOH-

IIoscTaHUbi 3aHHJI11 KalicpbiH, )J;aTyH

ronaM, KaK TO 6biJTO Ha Cesepe, OH

11 Jlpyme KpyrrHbie ropoAa, AOCT11rJI11

rrpl!HllMaJI MHOfliX 113 Hl!X B Ka'leCT-

Be.n11Koli KHTalicKoli cTeHbl, npH6JT11-

Be COBeTHIIKOB 11 I10MOII!H11KOB.

311JII1Cb K CTOJI11Ue. IJpaBI1TeJibCTBeHHbTe solicKa TeprreJI11 rropa}J{eHHe. B

1351

ro,a:y BOCCTaHn:H OXBaTn:-

0Aep}J{aB no6eAy HaJl correpH11KaMll, lf}J{y lOaHb'l)f{aH OTrrpaBIUT BOHCKO Ha cesep TI B

1368 ro,a:y 3aHHJI Ile-

JTH H ueHTp KHTaH, rLI,e TaK}J{e nporro-

KHH. IIocJTeAHTIH If3 rrpasn:BIIITIX B Kn:-

BeLI,oBa.nocb rrpHIIIecTBHe ManTperrH.

Tae ITOTOMKOB l.JJIHff!CXaHa 6e)f{aJI Ha

IlO.!laBJTHIOII!YIO Macey CTHX11llHO B03-

cesep. lf)f{y IOaHb'l)f{aH , rrposo3-

H11Kill11X OTpHAOB COCTaBJIHJI11 Kpec-

maweHHbJH B HaHKllHe uMrrepaTOpOM

TbHHe. HoB 3 TOM 3KOHOMIIqecKH pa3-

HOBOH AHHaCTHJI MMH, erue OKOJTO

B11TOM paiiOHe CTpaHbl 3aMeTHYIO

JieT 3aBOeBblBaJI TeppliTOpllll CTpaHbl.

pOJib B )lBH}J{eHH11 11rpaJI11 11 ropO}J{aHe, a OT'laCT1111 H113Ill11e CJIOH fOCIIO):(CTBYIOII!efO KJTacca. BoccTaBIIIHe Ll,eHCTBOBaJIH npOTHB IOaHbCKHX BJTa-

1356- 1388 rr. CBEP>KEHLIIE MOHrOilOB KLIITAJ/ICKOJ/1 ALIIHACTLIIEJ/1 MLIIH.

CTet'J H KpyTIHbTX MeCTHbTX 3ei\1JleBJTaJ],eJibUeB, cosepwa.n11 ycrreruHble rroxoLI,hi no AOJTHHe RHU3bi B npoBHHI!HHX q}J{3U3HH, IJ,351HCH H Xy63H. B npOB11HU1111 AHbxyn soccTaBIIIHX B03rJTaB11JT ro l.J,3HCI1H, OTeU KO-

EBPOITEMCKME KAMIIAHMM MOIITOJIOB, 1236-1242 IT.

TOpOrO 6bm rrpopHUaTeJTeM. K HeMy rrpHcoe)lHHHJICH He60JTbWOH OTPHJl l.J}J{y JOaHb'l}J{aHa -

CbiHa KpeCTbH-

HHHa, B npOWJTOM 6pOJlH'lefO MOHax a. B

1355

fOJlY ITOCJie CMepTII ro

ll,3HCHHa lf}J{y IOaHb'l}J{aH rrpllHHJI Ha ce6H KOMaHJlOBaH11e OTPHJlOM. IIoBCTaHUbi 3TOH rrpOBl1HUHl1 6biJTl1 CBH33Hbl c ABH}J{eHlleM «KpacHbiX BOHCK»

169

BTOp)l(eHHe B BOCTO'IHYIO

Espony, 1237-1240 rr. 8 1236- 1237 ro.aax Yre.ae?i nocnan B 80CTO'-IHYIO Eapony CTOnRTJI/,aeCRTJI/Tb/CR'-IHY/0 apMJII/0 BTOp)KeHJI/>1. HOMJI/HaflbHO BO maae ee CTO>Ifl XaH 5aTbti1, CbtH A)KY'-IM, Ho peanbHO Ko-

XaH EiaTbliil

MaH,aoaan Cy63,D,3M, KOTOpbtM, no6e,ll,JIIB BOfl)KCKJIIX 6ynrap, nepenpaaMnCR a ,aeKa6pe 1237 m.aa '-lepe3 3aMep3WYJO Bonry M ,D,BMHyncR Ha 3ana,a. no pe3ynbTaTaM caoero )Ke pa3ae,abtaaTenbHOro pe?i.aa ( 1223 1.) M no HaKo nMBWMMCR 3a TPMHa,au,aTb neT .D.aHHbtM pa3Be.D.KM, Cy63.D.3i1 cnnaHMpoaan KaMn8HJII/O C TeM )Ke TW,8HJI/eM, KaKOe OTflJI/LfaflO BCe KaMn8HJIIJII e10 HacTaBHJI/Ka , LfMHIJIICXa Ha. BMxpeM npoHeCRCb no snaswe?i a 3JIIMHJOJO cnwtey PycM, '-lepe3 MocKBY, Bna,aMMMp, Kanyry, MOH/Oflbl 3a HeCKOflbKO Mec>~u.es cosepweHHO pa3opMnM ceaepHbte KHR)KeCTBa. 3aaepWMflaCb 3JIIMHRR KaMnaHJI/>1 1237- 1238 II. npOJIICW€,D,WJIIM 4 Mapm cpa)KeHMeM Ha pe'-!Ke Ct1Tb ( npaaoM npi1TOKe ana,aa10w,e?i a Bon1y peKI1 Mon0111), a KOTopoM pyCCKaR apMI1>1 n0/1. KOM8H/1.0B8HI1eM BeflJIIK0/0 KHR3>1 Bfla,D,I1M11pCKO -

11881238 11.) 6btna pa31POMneHa, a caM

IO /Op11R Bceaono.aoaM'-Ia (

B€fli1KJIIM KHR3b nOIJI/6. TeM apeMeHeM LfaCTb MOHIOflbCKO?i apMI111 n0/1. KOMaH.D.OBaHJIIeM

anoXA MOHronos. 1200-1400 rr.

170

Hawecr&He MOHronoa Ha Pycb H3anaAHYIO Eapony B 1236-1242 rr. MyHK9 ( CbJHa TonyR) nepenpaBMnacb

8 HOBbli!t nOXOJJ. MOHTOJib/ Bb/CrynM-

4epe3 Bonry6nmKe K HM30BbRM 1.1 ony-

JIM OnRTb )l(e 3MMOi!t, 4T06bJ BeJIMKMe

MMpCKOMY- IOpMIO BceBOJIOAOBM-

CTOWMTenbHbJM MapweM npow.na no

YK{)BMHCKMe peK/.1 He npenRTCTBOBaJI/.1

qy,

BOCT04Hb/M BJIBJJ.eHMRM nOJIOBLjeB

6bJCTpoi!t nepe6pOCKe BOWCK; B KOH-

6opb6hl C TaTapO-MOHI'OJiaMM o6J>egM-

( CeeepHbli!t KaBK83 /.1 CeeepHoe npM-

Lje HOR6pR

1240 TOJJ.B CTOnRTMJJ.eCR-

HeHHhiMM CMJiaMM. BHy1peHHMe <Pe-

4epHOMOpbe). BoccoeJJ.MHMBWMCb,

TMTb/CR4H8R MOHTOJibCKBR apMMR

OAaJihHhJe ITpOTMBOpeqMll OKa3aJIMCh

MOHTOJibCKOe BOWCKO npoBeJIO JleTO /.1

nepenpaBMnacb 4epe3 3aMep3WMi!t

CTOJih my6oKMMH, ~o ga:>Ke ITepeg

paHH/0/0 OCeHb H8 TeppMTOpMM CO-

}J,Henp. KorJJ.B KMeBCKMi!t KHR3b OT-

JIMUOM BHeiiiHeit rp03HOit OITaCHOCTM MX He YAaJIOCh ITpeogoJieTh.

BpeMeHHOi!t YKpaMHbl, 3BHMMBRCb pe-

KJIOHMJI Tpe60B8HMe MOHTOJIOB 0

opraHM3BUMei!t, C06Mp8R npMnBCbl /.1

CJJ.a4e, Cy6sJJ.si!t B3Rfl ropoJJ. wTyp-

06be3)1(8R npMrHBHHb/X /.13 pai!tOH8 CO-

MOM /.1 C)l(er

BpeMeHHOTO Ka3axcTaHa nowaJJ.ei!t.

JJ.eKa6pR). npoi!t-

ITOMOlllhiO K BeJIMKOMY KHli3IO BJia)\MKOTOphlit, 0.):\HaKO, OTKa3aJICll OT

IIpeJKAe Bcero TaTapo-MoHrOJihl pa36MJIM BhlCJiaHHhlit M3 Pl!3aHM K

.ll.R onyCTOWMTeflbHb/M M8pWeM no

peKe BopoHeJK ITepegoBoit oTpllg.

B Te4eHMe cneJJ.Y1011.1MX JJ.Byx neT

BCei!t TeppMTOPMM, 4TO H8XOJJ.MJI8Cb

3aTeM Ha AaJihHMX ITogcryiTax K Pl!-

Cy6sJJ.si!t ynpo4Mfl KOHTponb H811. Bo-

K 10ro-eocToKy oT KapnaT 1.1 K ceee-

3aHM MOHrOJihi BCTpeTMJIM o6J>e.):\M-

CT04Hoi!t /.1 /O)I(HOi!t Pycb/0, OJJ.HOBpe-

po-3anaJJ.y oT 4epHoro MOPR, Cy6s-

HeHHb1e APYJKHHhi pll3aHCKHX KHll3eit,

MeHHO C06Mp8R nOJJ.p06Hy/O MHcpOp-

JJ.9i!t 6blfl TOTOB H848Tb CfleJJ.Y!Oil.IY/0

KOTopble xpa6po APaJIMCh, Ho, ITO co-

MBLj/.1/0 0 Eepone. no 6onbwei!t 48C-

KBMnBH/.110.

TM, CJIYXM 0 MOHTOJibCKMX 38BOeBaHMRX JJ.OXO.ll.MJI/.1 JJ.O KOponeBCTB i..JeH-

o6meHHIO KOC1pOMCKOit JieTOITHCM, Bee ITOJierJIH. TaTapbl qepe3 IIpoHcK

PyccKMe MCToqHMKM coo6maiOT,

ABMHYJIHCh Ha Pl!3aHh (cTapyiO, B6JIH-

TpanbHoi!t 1.1 3anaJJ.HOi!t Eeponbl 4pe3-

~o B

BbNai!tHo CMYTHbJe, KBK npBBMJIO, C

oT Psl3aHcKoro KHlDKeCTBa gecllTM-

1237

1237 rogy BaThJit ITOTpe6oBaJI

3H ropoga CITaccKa) M

geKa6pll

roga o6JIOJKHJIM ee . .IJ:eBllTh

nonoBeUKMM/.1 6e)l(eHLj8MM. C .ll.PY-

Hhi- geCllTOit qacTM MMyllleCTBa.

gHeit CMJihHhlit Bpar IIITYPMOBaJI ro-

roi!t cTopoHbl, Cy69JJ.9i!t noJJ.po6Hei!t-

KHll3hll pll3aHCKMit, MypoMCKMit M

pog M

WMM o6p830M 6b/JI OCBeJJ.OMJieH 0

ITpOHCKMit OTBeTMJIM: «Korga HMKOI'O

6hiJia pa3pyrneHa, a JKHreJIM Bee Bhi-

nOJIMTM4eCKMX, 9KOHOMM4eCKMX /.1

M3 HaC He OCTaHeTCll B iKMBhlX, BCe

pe3aHhi. TaK ITO qacTIIM MOHI'OJihi pa3-

couManbHbJX ycnoBMRX B Eepone.

6ygeT Barne». OHM o6paTMJIMCh 3a

6HJIM CMJihi Pll3aHCKoro KHliJKeCTBa.

25 geKa6pll

B3llJI ero. Pll3aHh

BOCTOLJHASl V1 U.EHTPAJlbHASl A3V1Sl Tenepb EaThi~ peiiiMJI M30JIMpo-

3TO TeM, "'TT MOHroJihi 60HJIMCb Be-

BJI~H

CeHHe~ pacnyTMUhi, M TeM, "'TOy HHX

MHpCKOro, pa3o6ll.IMTh CeBepo-Boc-

He 6hiJio ipypaJKa. Ho Be)l.b OHM Mor-

TO"'HYIO H IOro-3anaAHYIO Pycb y)l.a-

JIM )l.O~TM )l.O HoBropo)l.a B qeTbipe

poM qepe3KonoMHY HaMocKBy. IIoA

nepexo)l.a M 3axBaTMTh TaM 6oraThle

BaTb CMJihi BeJIMKOro KHSI3Sl

KonoMHO~ TaTapbi pa36MJIH Bo~cKo

3aiTaChi npO)l.OBOJibCTBMSI M ipypaJKa.

IOpHSI BceBOJIO)l.OBM"la, KOTopoe

3Ha"'HT, )l.eJIO He B pacnyTHUe, a B

OKa3aJiocb 6e3 BO~SI, coJKrJIM Moc-

TOM, "'TT MOHroJibl ITOHeCJIM 60JibiiiMe

KBY M ABMHYJIMCb Ha Bn~MMHp.

ITOTepH, HM TaJOKe 6hiJIO H3BeCTHO,

qacTb CBOMX CMJI EaThi~ HanpaBHJI

"'TO HoBropoA roTOBMTCH K o6opoHe.

Ha TopJKoK, "'T06hl nepepe3aTb nyTh

Oco6eHHOCTb cTpa'rerMH MOHronoB

M3 TBepM B HoBropoA M noMeiiiaTh

3aKJIIO"laJiacb B yKJioHeHMM oT 6opb-

BJI~MMHpCKOMY KHSI3IO 06'be)l.MHMTh-

6hl C opraHM30BaH HbiMH CMJI3};1H npo-

CSI C HOBropO)l.l.I3MM.

3 ipeBpaJISI 1238

171

TMBHMKa.

ro)l.a TaTaphi oc~HJIM BJia)l.MMHp M

Ha o6paTHoM nyTH MOHroJibl Ha-

7 ipeBpaJISIIIIrypMOM C Tpex HanpaB-

TOJIKHYJIMCb Ha ynopHoe conpOTHBJie-

JieHM~ ( OT 30JIOTbiX BOpOT, C CeBepa

HMe B ropo)l.e Ko3eJibCKe, JKHTeJIM KO-

M co cTopoHbi KJISI3bMbi) B3SIJIH ro-

Toporo peiiiMJIH o6opOHSITb ropO)l.)l.O

poA M COiKrJIM ero, a iKHTeJie~ MCTpe-

nocJie)l.Hero "leJIOBeKa. IIIecTb He)l.eJib

oc~aJIM TaTaphi Ko3eJibCK M TOJib-

6MJIM. KHSI3b IOpH~ BceBOJIO)l.OBM"l co-

KO nocne TOro, KaK pa36HJIM Kpeno-

6MpaJI BO~CKa Ha CeBepe M paCC"'H-

CTHbie CTeHhi MaiiiMHaMH, CMOfJIH

06opoHa KooenbcKa a 1238 r.

TbiBaJI Ha 061>e)l.HHeHMe CMJI pyccKHX

npopBaTbC.ll K BHyTpeHHeMy BaJiy.

MeTaTeJibHhle MaiiiMHbl 6pOCaJIM B

KHSIJKeCTB. Ho 6hlnoyJKe no3)l.HO, TaK

)l(HTeJIM Ko3eJibCKaOKa3aJIH MYJKeCT-

ropoA 6oJibiiiMe KaMHH. HaKoHeu, MOHroJibl BOpBaJIHCb B ropo)l. M ycT-

KaK MOHroJihi M30JIHpoBaJIM Bn~H

BeHHoe conpoTHBJieHMe, YHH"'TOJKHB

MMpcKoe KHSIJKeCTBO. Bo~cKo no)].

)1.0 "leTblpex ThiC.ll"l TaTap, HO M Ca};!H

pOMJIM pe3HIO. B

KOMaH)l.OBaHMeM IOpMSI BceBoJio)l.o-

Bee norM6JIM. ApxeonornqecKMe pac-

.lJ:opora B 3ana)l.HYIO EBpony 6bma

BH"la 3aHSIJIO IT03Hl.IHIO Ha peKe

KOITKH ITOKa3aJIH, "'TO B o6opoHe ro-

OTKphiTa. 0)l.HaKo M 3TOT ycnex npo-

CMTM, B Y3Jie )l.opor Ha HoBropoA M

po)l.a BMeC're C MYJK"'MHaMH yqacTBO-

THBHMKY )l.OCTaJICH CJIHIIIKOM )l.oporo~

Eenoo3epcK. To"'HhiX cBe)l.eHM~ o

BaJIH JKeHll.IMHbi M )l.eTH. EaTbi~ Ha3BaJI

ueHo~.

npOTHBHMKe BJI~HMMpCKM~ KHSI3b

Ko3eJibCK «3JlbiM ropo)l.OM».

He HMeJI.

1240 ro)l.y KMeB naJI.

B pSI)l.e MCTO"'HHKOB YKa3hiBaeTCSI,

IIony"'HB )l.aHHhle o cocpe)l.OTO"leHHM pyccKO~ paTH, MOHroJihi 3a

"'TO )l.JI.ll BOCCTaHOBJieHHH CBOMX CMJI

MOHroJiaM nOTpe6oBaJIOCb oKoJio ABYX

nepexo)l.OB oT Bn~MMHpa BbiiiiJIM Ha

JieT, KOTOphle OHM npOBeJIH 3aBoJiro~.

peKY CMTH. MoHrOJibCKHe oTpSI)l.hi,

ToJibKO 3MMO~

)l.BMraBIIIHecSI qepe3 TBepb M .Hpoc-

Jibl Ha"laJIM BTOpO~ 60JiblllO~ ITOXO)l. C

JiaBJib, BHe3anHo o6oiiiJIM npaBoe

UeJibiO ITOKOpeHM.ll IOJKHo-pyccKMX

KphiJIO pyccKOfO BO~CKa.

1238 fO)l.a, KOr)l.a KHSI3b

MapTa

Ha"laJI BhiCT-

1239/40

ro)l.a MOHro-

KHSIJKeCTB M HapO)l.OB QeH1paJibHO~ EBponhi.

paHBaTb )l.JISI 6oSI CBOIO paTh, MOHro-

H3 nonoBeUKHX c1ene~ MOHroJibi

Jlhi aTaKOBaJIM BO ipnaHr Bo~cKo Bna-

)l.BMHYJIMCb Ha qepHMroB, B3SIJIM ero

AHMMpcKoro KHSIJKeCTBa M pa36MJIM

M coJKrJIH. K KMeey 6biJI HanpaBJieH

ero. B 6o10 norn6 M caM KHSI3b.

pa3Be)l.biBaTeJibHhi~ OTPHA, KoTOpbi~

MoHroJihi HanpaBMJIMCb HaHoBro-

ITO)l.OllleJI K ropo)l.y M paCITOJIOiKHJIC.ll

po)l.. Hx nepe)l.oBo~ 01pSIA )].Be He)l.e-

Ha JieBoM 6epery .ll:Henpa. HecMoT-

JIH ocaJK)l.aJI TopJKoK H B3SIJI ero. CHJia

pH Ha 3TO, KHeBCKMe KH.ll3bSI npO)l.OJI-

conpOTHBJieHMSI pyccKHx B03pacTaJia,

iKaJIM MeJK)l.oyco6HyiO 6opb6y. Kor-

17 MapraEa-

)l.a JKe K KHeBy no)l.OIIIJIH rJiaBHhle

CHJihi TaTap y6hiBaJIH. K

Tbi~ cocpe)l.OTO"'HJI CBOM rJiaBHble

CHJihi MOHfOJI, KHSI3b.ll CO CBOMMM)l.py-

CMJibl y TopJKKa M OTCIO)l.a)l.BMHYJI MX

iKHHaMH 6eJKaJIH. 06opoHy B03rJia-

qepe3 OcTaiiiKOB M CTapyiO Pyccy Ha

BMJI ThiC.liUKH~ .lJ:MHTpM~. ropO)l.CKO~

HoBropo)l.. HoBropo)l.Ubi rOTOBMJIMCb

ITOJIK npM ITOMepiKKe HaCeJieHMSI OKa-

K o6opoHe. 0KoJio ypo"'Mll.la Hmaq

3aJI npoTHBHHKY ynopHoe conpoTHB-

KpecT, He )l.O~ASI

KM )l.O HoBro-

JieHMe. Ho "'HCJieHHoe M TeXHH"lecKoe

Ha3~.

npeBOCXO)l.CTBO 6hiJIO Ha CTOpOHe

YBOA TaTapo-MoHronbCK11MI1 3aaoeaaTeJ'ISIMI1 pyccKHX a nneH

HeKoTopbie MCTopHKM o61>SICHSIIOT

MOHroJI. OHM 6HJIM CTeHhiTapaHaMM,

B 3onOT}'IO 0PAY

200

po)l.a, MOHfOJibl ITOBepHyJIH

172

3nOXA MOHrOnOB. 1200-1400 rr.

BropJKeHHe s LfeHrpan&HYIO Espony, 1241 r. Cy63,a3i1 ocTaaMn Ha noKopeHHbJX 3eMfl'i/X TpM,aU,aTMTb/C'ii'IHY/0 apM/1110 ( cne,aMTb 3a nopR,aKOM 111 oxpaH'i/Tb nyT/11 C006l1.leH111'il)," TaK/IIM o6pa30M, ,afl'il aTOp>KeH/II'il a Ll,eHTpanbHY/0 Eapony OH pacnonar-an 120 TbJC'il'laM/11 'lenoaeK. Cy63,a3i1 noHMMan, 'ITO /11 BeHrpM'il, /11 nonbwa, /11 5oreMII1'il, /11 CMne3M'il - Ka>K,aa'il 1113 3TMX cTpaH cnoco6Ha abJCTaaMTb apMMJO 6onbwyJO, 'leM MOHIOflbCKa'i/ . He MeHee 'leTKO OH OC03Haaan, 'ITO Hana,aeH/IIe Ha flJ06yJO /113 H/IIX TYT >Ke ab/30aeT KOHcjJfl/IIKT C TpeM'il OCTaflbHb/M/11, a TaK>Ke co Ca'i/llleHHOi1 PMMCKoi1 MMnepMei1 . Ho Cy63,a3i1 .aocTaTO'IHO HennOXO Op1!1eHT1!1pOaanC'il a X/IITpOcnneTeHM'iiX eaponei1cKoi1 nonMTMK/11 111 6bJn yaepeH, 'ITO ycneeT 3aKpenMTbC'il a Ll,eHTpanbHOi1 Eapone, npe>K,ae 'leM apa>K.aYJOlllMe ,apyr c ,apyraM nana p1!1MCK/11M /11 tepMaHCK/IIM /IIMnepaTOp, a T8K>Ke aHm/IIMCK/IIM /11 cppaHu,y3CKMi1 KoponM noi1MyT, 'ITO npOMCXO,aMT, /11 nOnbJTaiOTC'il aMeWaTbC'il. 3aTeM OH HaMepeaanc'il no O'lepe,aM pa3o6paTbC'il 111 c HMM/11. Cy63,a3i1 pa3,aen111n cao10 apMMJO Ha 'leTblpe KOnOHHbl no TPM TYM3Ha a Ka>K/],OM. nepaa'i/ KOflOHHa, KOTOpo£1 KOMaH,aoaan xaH Kai1.ay, aHyK Yre,aeR, .aon>KHa 6bma npMKpbJaaTb ce-

aepHb/M cjJnaHr. npMKpblaaTb IO>KHb/M cpnaHr, aTOprwMCb c 10ra a BeHrPMJO, 'lepe3 TpaHcMnbaaH/1110 111 .aonMHY ,[l,yHa'il, .aon>KeH 6bJn xaH Ka,aaH, CbJH Yre,aeR. ,[l,ae ocTanbHble Op,abl, no,a KOMaH,aOaaHMeM 5aTbl'il 111 Cy63,a3'il, .aon>KHbl 6blflll1 HacTynaTb ( cy,a'il no aceMy, napannenbHbJM/11 MapwpyTaM/11) 'lepe3 U,eHTpaflbHble KapnaTbl /11 acTpeT/IITbC'il y>Ke a BeHrpMM, nepe.a ropo,aoM newT, Ha aOCTO'IHOM 6epery ,[l,yHa'il, HanpOT/IIa CTOfl/IIU,bl - 5y,abl. XaH Kai1,ay, 3a,aa'lei1 KOTOporo 6blfl0 OTane'lb aH/IIMaH/IIe nOfl'i/KOa, 6oreMu,ea /11 C/11fle3U,ea OT maaHOM u,en111 noxo.aa, abJCTynMn a Ha'lane MapTa, HeCKOflbKO paHbWe Tpex OCTaflbHb/X KOnOHH. OH npoHeCC'il 'lepe3 nonbWY /11 Cl!1ne31!110, pa3rpOM/11a no nYTM TPM 6onbW/11X nonbCKMX apM/11111. CaM OH wen c .aayM'il TYM3HaMM (TpeTMM, 3alllll1llla'il era npaab/M cpnaHr, oTaepHyn Ha ceaep, 'lepe3 flMTBy, a no TOM Ha 3ana.a, 'lepe3 BoCTO'IHYJO npyCC/1110 /11 a,aOflb 6anTI!1MCKOra no6epe>Kb'il a noMepaHMJO) 111 a MapTe Haranoay pa36111n no.a KpaKoaoM apM/1110 nOflbCKOIO KOpOfl'il 5onecnaaa V. noKa MOHIOflbCK/IIe TYM3Hbl npe,aaaan/11 ceaepo-aocTO'IHYJO Eapony OIH/0 /11 Me'ly, naH/IIKa W1!1p1!1nacb . BonHbl 6e>KeHu,ea a y>Kace KaTMfl/IICb Ha 3ana.a. lopo.a 3a rapo,aoM 3axaa-

YBOA MOHronbCKVIMVI3aBoesaTeJ1SIMVI nneHHbiX 113 ranMI..IKo-BonbiHCKOM PycM

TbJaanC'il, rpa6111flC'il /11 C>K/1118flC'il," 6e>KeHu,ea CTaHOaMnocb ace 6onbwe, cnyx111- ace KOWMapHee . Kor.aa a Ha'lane anpen'il .aaa TYM3Ha Kai1,ay noRaMnMCb a CMne3MM, eaponei1u,bJ 6blflll1 y6e>K,aeHbl, 'ITO no.a era KOMaH.aoaaHMeM He .aaa.au,aTb, a ace .aaeCT/11 Tb/C'i/'1 'lenoaeK. liHTBa npH nerHHL(e (nHrHHL(e), 9 anpenR 1241 r. CTOnb pa3AYTbJM u,McjJpaM ceaepHoe pbJu,apcTBo Ll,eHTpanbHoi1 Eaponbl aep/llflO, O,aHaKO 6/IITbC'i/ IOTOa/11flOCb .ao nocne,aHero. CMne3CKMi1 KH'il3b leHpMx 5naro'leCTMabJi1 co6pan CMewaHHYIO apM/1110 /113 HeMu,ea, nOfl'iiKOa /11 TeaTOHCK/IIX pbiU,ape£1 o6l1.lei1 'IMcneHHOCTb/0 .ao copoKa Tb/C'i/'1 /11 3aH'ilfl y Cll1fle3CKOIO ropo,aa flerHMu,e (a coap. nonbwe) o6opoHMTenbHYJO n03111U,/1110 Ha nYT/11 op,abl Kai1.ay. Ha no,aMory eMy cnew111n c n'iiTM,aeC'iiT/IITbiC'ii'IHOM apMMe£1 60teMCK/IIM Koponb BeHu,ecnaa. XaH Kai1.ay amKoaan, Kor.aa 6oreMU,bl 6blfl/11 ellle a ,aayx ,aH'iiX nYTM. Eaponei1U,bl cpa>KanMCb ynopHo 111 xpa6po, HO 6bml!1 Haranoay pa361!1Tbl; KTO yu,enen, 6e>Kafl/11 Ha 3ana,a. noCKOflbKY 6e>KaaW/11X MOHIOflbl He npecne,aoaan/11, HeKoTopble 1113 eapone£1CK/IIX /IICTOP/IIKOa OW/1160'IHO 3aKnJO'I/11fl/11, 6y,aTO 6111Taa y flerHMU,e OKOH'1/IIflaCb aH/II'Ib/0, /11 6y,aTO MOHraflbl noHeCfl/11 HaCTOflbKO T'i/>Keflb/e noTep1!1, 'ITO peW/IIfl/11 HaCTynneH/II'il Ha lepMaHMJO He npo.aon>KaTb. npecne,aoaaTb 6e>KaaW/11X XaHy Kai1,ay 6b1no coaepweHHO He3a'leM. C 3a,aa'lei1 caoei1 OH cnpaaMnC'il. Becb ceaep Ll,eHTpanbH0£1 Eaponbl OT 5anTMKM .ao KapnaT- 6bln onycTOWeH . Tenepb npaaoMy cpnaHry apMM/11 Cy63,a3'il a6conJOTHO HM'ITO He lp03/11fl0 /11 lp03/11Tb He MOiflO . E,aMHCTaeHHa'il ocmawa'iiC'il a perMoHe 6oecnoco6HaR apMMR KoponR BeHu,ecnaaa OTCTynana Ha ceaepo3ana.a, 'IT06bl npMcoe,aMHMTbC'il K aOMCKy, cneWHO CKfl/IIKaeMOMy repMaHCKOM 3HaTbJO. CTOnb 6necTRllle McnonHMa ponb, oTae,aeHHYJO eMy a nnaHax Cy63,a3'il, xaH Kai1.ay oT03aan c 6anTMi1cKora no6epe>KbR TyM3H npMKpbiTM'il 111, no nyTM pa30p'il'il

BOCTOLJHA~ Mopaavr10, ,aavrHyncH Ha 10r, a BeHrpvriO, Ha coe,avrHeHvre c rnaBHbtMvr cvrnaMvr.

B Ha<JaJie 6IITBbi rrpii JierHIIUe CIIJie3CKIIe pbi[(apii aTaKOBaJIII MOHrOJibCKIIH aBaHrapn II OIIpOKIIHYJIII era. TaTapbi 6pociiJIII B 6ou CBOII rJiaBHble CIIJibi; IIpii 9TOM, HacryrraH, OHII Kpii'IaJIII Ha IIOJibCKOM H3biKe: «CrracailcH, crracailcm>, <JeM rrpiiBeJIII B 3aMernaTeJibCTBO cj:JeonaJibHoe BOHCKO, a 3aTeM :meprn'IHOH aTaKOH orrpoKIIHYJIII era. HeMe[(KIIe II IIOJibCKIIe pbiuapii 6biJIII pa36liTbi JierKOH KOHHIIUeil BocToKa.

nepB&Iift OU.l)'THM&Iift OTnop s 3ana,qHoift Espone IIocJie 6IITBbi rrpii Jierniiue MOHroJibi BTOprJIIIcb B Mopamrro. EoreMCKIIH KOpOJib rropy'IIIJI opraHII3a[(IIIO o6opoHbi OJibMIO[(a II EpHo 6oHpiiHY HpocJiaBy, OYpflll Koroporo 24 IIIOHH BHe3aiiHbiM yuapoM HaHec rropameHIIe OTPHUY IleTbi. 3ro 6biJI rrepBbiH KpyrrHbiH OTIIOp, KOTOpbiH 6biJI llaH TanpaM B 3arranHoil EBporre. Erue 6oJi ee cepb e3Hoe corrpoTIIBJieHIIe OHII BCTpeTIIJIII B qeXllll, rue B 6opb6y C HIIMII BCTyrriiJili o6beUIIHeHHble CliJibi <JeiiiCKOrO KOpOJIH, aBCYpiiHCKOro II KapiiHTIIHCKoro r e puoroB. OTrrop <JeXOB 3aCTaBIIJI Ilery OTCTyrriiTh OT 0JlbMIO[(a II IIOHTII Ha COeUIIHeHIIe CO CBOIIMII rJiaBHbiMII CIIJiaMII.

HacT}'nneHHe Ha BeHrpHIO /O)I(HaH KOflOHHa npvrKpbiTMH ,aeMCTBOBana He MeHee arj)rj)eKTMBHO, XOTH ee npo,aBM)I(eHvre HeCKOflbKO 3a,aep)l(anvr OTTenenb vr pa3nMBbt peK. nocne Tpex reHepanbHbtX cpa)l(eHvri4 K 11 anpenH ace conpoTvraneHvre a TpaHcvrnbaaHvrvr 6btno OKOHLfaTenbHO CflOMfleHO. L{epe3 TeCHMHY )/(ene3HbtX BopoTxaH Ka,aaH npowen Me)l(,ay KapnaTaMvr vr )J.yHaeM vr ,aavrHyncH Ha ceaep, a BeHrpvriO, Ha coe,avrHeHvre c apMvrei4 Cy6a,aaH. TeM apeMeHeM rnaBHbte cvrnbt MOHrOflbCKOM apMMM 12 MapTa npopBaflMCb Lfepe3 aeHrepcKyiO cTpa)l(y Ha KapnaTcKvrx nepeaanax. Kor,aa vr3aecTvre o6 aToM ,aowno ,ao Kopo-

LlEHTPAJlbHA~ A3V1~

flH 5enbt IV, TOT C03Ban B 5y,ae, B 200 KM OT rap, BOeHHbiM COBeT- peWMTb, Ka K OCTaHOBMTb MOHron bCKOe BTOp)l(eHvre. noKa coseT 3ace,aan, 15 MapTa nocTynvrno coo6w,eHvre, LfTO MOHrOflbCKMM aaaHrap,a y;Ke noHBMflCH Ha npoTvraonono)I(HOM 6epery peKvr. 5ena IV He y,aapvrncH anaHMKY. noKa MOHrOflbCKOe HaCTynneHMe c,aep)l(vraanocb wvrpoKvrM )J.yHaeM M MOW,HbiMM yKpenneHMHMM newTa, OH C06pan nOLfTM CTOTbiCHLfHYIO apMvriO. B HaLfane anpenH 5ena IV, yaepeHHbtM, LfTO oTo6beT arpeccopa, BbtcTynvrn co caoei4 apMvrei4 M3 newTa Ha BOCTOK. MoHrOflbl OTCTynvrnvr. nocne HeCKOflbKMX ,aHeM OCTOpO)I(HOrO npecne,aoaaHvrH aeLfepoM 10 anpenH 5ena IV ,aorHan vrx ao3ne peKvr Wai4o, noLfTvr a 160 KM K ceaepo-BOCTOKY OT COBpeMeHHOrO 5y,aanewra, vr y,avravrn Cy6a,aaH TeM, LfTO nepBbiM ,aenOM OT6vrn y MaflOLfMCneHHOrO MOHronbcKoro Kapayna MOCT Lfepe3 WaMO. 3aTeM OH o6ycTp0Mfl MOW,HbiM npe,aMOCTHbiM nnai..J,IJ.apM, a C OCTaflbHOM LfaCTbiO apMvrvr pa36vrn Ha 3ana,aHoM 6epery peKvr yKpenneHHbtM narepb, oropo,avra KOflbJ40M M3 CKOBaHHbiX BMeCTe ¢yproHoa. BepHbte no,IJ.!laHHbte C006W,MflM eMyTOLfHYIO LfMCfleHHOCTb MOHrOflbCKOrO BOMCKa, M KOpOflb 3Han, LfTO era apMMH cyw,eCTBeHHO 6onbwe.

EiHTBa Ha peKe Waifto (Cai!to) 1, 11 anpenR 1241 r. nepe,a CaMbiM paCCBeTOM Ha 3aW,MTHMKOB npe,aMOCTHOrO nnai..J,IJ.apMa o6pywvrncH nvraeHb MOHron bCKvrx CTpen M KaMHeM, «COnpOBO)I(,llaBWMMCH rpoMono,ao6HbiM WYMOM M orHeHHbtMvr acnbtWKaMvr». CoMHvrTenbHO, LfTO MOHrOflbl ,aeMCTBMTeflbHO npvrMeHHnvr apTvrnnepvriO anepBbte 3a BCIO MCTOpMIO eaponeMCKMX 6oeabtx,aei4cTavri4. CKopee oHvr cne,aoaanvr caoei4 npvrabtLfHOM TaKTvrKe: vrcnonb3oaanvr 6annvrcTbt vr KaTanynbTbt, a ,anH nyw,ero arj)rj)eKTa 1 Ilo ~YDIM HCTO'!ID!IillM, 6HTBa Ha peKe Illafio (HJIH Cafio) rrpomoiiiJia B MapTe 1241

rDI\ll.

173

paHHMe aapvraHTbl KMTaMCKMX WYTMX. B n106oM cnyLfae, aTo 6btn aHanor coapeMeHHOM apTno,aroTOBKvr. 3aTeM cpa3y, KaK vr a coapeMeHHOM TaKTvrKe, nocne,aoaano cTpeMvrTenbHoe HacTynneHvre. ConpoTvraneHvre 3aw,vrTHMKOB nna14,aapMa, owenoMneHHbtX acei4 aToM aaKXaHanvrei4 orHH, cMepTvr vr pa3pyweHvrH, 6btno 6btcTpo cnoMneHo, M MOHrOflbl XflbiHYflM no MOCTY Ha 3ana,aHbtM 6eper. Pa36YJKeHHbtMwyMOM 5ena IV cTan Toponnvrao Bbtao,avrTb M3 yKpenneHHoro narepH rna aHbte CMflbl. 3aBH3anacb O)l(eCTOLfeHHaH 6MTBa. Ho BHe3anHO Bb!HCHMflOCb, LfTO 3TO 6btna He C06CTBeHHO aTaKa, a flMWb OTBfleKaiOW,MM MaHeBp. lnaBHbte CMflbl, Tpvr TYM3Ha , Tpvr..aJ4aTb TbtCHLf LfenoaeK no,a Henocpe,acTBeHHbtM KOMaH,aoaaHvreM Cy6a,aaH, no,a npvrKpbiTMeM TeMHOTbl, IO)I(Hee MOCTa a6po,a rj)opcvrpoaanvr xono,aHbte ao,abt Wai4o vr noaepHynvr Ha ceaep, LfT06bt y,aapvrTb aeHrpaM a npaBbiM rj)naHr M Tblfl. He B COCTOHHMM YCTOHTb n pOTMB CTOflb COKpywvrTeflbHOrO Hanopa, eap oneMJ4bl nocnewHo oTcTynvrnvr a narepb. K ceMvr LfacaM yrp a TOT y)l(e 6 btn co acex cTop oH OKpy)l(eH MOHr ona MM, KOTOpbte HecKonbKO Lfacoa 3a6pacbtaanvr era KaMHHMM, CTpenaMM M ropHW,eM Herj)TbiO. CaMbtM OTLfaHBWMMCH aeHr paM noKa 3an ocb, LfTO Ha 3ana,ae a oKp y;KeHvrvr HaMeTvrncH npocaeT. HecKonbKO BCa,[lHMKOB 6ecnpenHTCTBeHHO ycKaKanvr. noKa MOHrOflbl ycvrnvraanvr HaTMCK C ,apyrvrx CTOpOH, 60flbWe M 6 onbwe aeHr poa He3aMeTHO BbtcKanb3btaanvr M3 OKpy)l(eHMH. 8 KOHJ4e KOH/40B conpoTvran eHvre 3aw,vrTHvrKOB narepH 6btn0 CflOMfleHO, M Te, KTO OCTaflCH B )I(MBbiX, n ocnewvrn vr acne,a 6 ern e14aM - 6ecno pH.£lOLfHOM Tonnoi4 , a MHorvre ,aa)l(e 6pocanvr opy)l(vre vr ,aocnexvr, LfT06 bt cno,apyLfHee 6 btn0 6e)l(aTb. /11 BHe3anHO BbiHCHMflOCb, LfTOMOHrOflbt no,acTpOMflM MM flOBYWKy: CO BCeX CTOpOH a,ap yr o 6 pywvrn acb KOHHMJ4a Ha cae)I(MX flOWa,aHX, py6H M3MO)I(,[leHHbiX aeHrpoa, 3aroHHH a 6onoTa, npe,aaaaH orHIO vr MeLfy oKpecTH bte ,aepeaHvr, r,ae 6 erneJ4bt nbtTan vrcb yKpbtTb-

anoXA MOHronos. 1200-1400 rr.

174

M9Hbl OTCTynMJIM 6yKBaflbHO OT caMb/X creH BeHel.lMM M BeHbJ, HaceneHMe KOTOpbJX 6b/JIO OXBa'-leHO CMepTeflbHb/M CTp8XOM, M60JibWe HMKOr,aa }I.>Ke He B03Bpa~aJIMCb. 06parHb/W nyTb MX Ha BOCTOK Jle)l(an '-/epe3 JJ,anMal..lM/0 M Cep6MJO, a noroM '-lepe3 ceeepHyJO GonrapMJO; B pe3yflbrare J..lapcrea Cep6cKoe M GonrapcKoe 6bmM no,a'-IMCTy/0 onycroweHbJ M pa3opeHbJ. PH.D. HcmpHKOB paccMaTpHBaiOT Heo6xo.LJ.HMOCTh yqacTHSI B KYPYJITae (Bh16opax HOBOrO XaHa) JIHillh KaK rroBO.LJ..LJ.JISI rrpeKpameHHSI rroxo.LJ.a. ITo HX

yTBep~eHHIO,

OCHOBHaSI IIpH"'H-

Ha B03BpameHHSI Ha BocToK 3aKJIIOqaJiach B rroJIHTH'!ecKo~ H CTParern-

qecKo~ o6CTaHOBKe H B HCTOII.IeHHH CHJI MOHrOJIOB, OC06eHHO B XO.LJ.e 3a-

BOeBaHH~ pyccKHX KHSJ)KeCTB. PycCKH~ HapO.LJ. OKa3aJI Bpary XOTII H pa3-

p03HeHHOe, HO yrropHoe corrpoTHBJieHHe. ¢eO.LJ.aJihHaSI pa.3,l1.p06JieHHOCTh MeiiiaJia 06'he.LJ.HHeHHIO CHJI .LJ.JISI yc-

r------------------------------, .MacwTa(S

~00 I

1000 1r>OO M f I

3Q;)

c:: cD

6&-n"Ba aeHrpoa c MOHronaMH Ha peKe WaHo ( CaHo)

rreiiiHO~ o6opoHhl cTpaHhi. KpoMe TOro, MOHroJihl Ha'!aJIH C IIOKOpeHHSI CeBepHhiX KHSI)KeCTB, pa306ll.IHB lO.>KeyiO, Cerepey10 H HoBropo.LJ.Ck')'IO Pych. 3-ra CTPaTeriDI crroco6cTBoBaJiaeme 6oJihiiieMy pa.3,l1.po6JieHHIO cHJI pyccKHX KHSIJKeCTB. B peJYJihTare rro-

C>l. 3a HeCKOflbKO '-/a COB ;>KyTKOW60WHM BeHrepcKa>l apMM>I lj>aKTM'-/eCKM nepecrana cy~ecreoearb; norepM COCTaBJI>IJIM OT 40 ,llO 70 Tb/C>I'-1 '-/eJIOBeK. 4ro e~e 6onee cy~ecreeH HO, pa3rpOM 3TOT 03Ha'-/afl, '-ITO no,a KOHTpOJieM MOHrOJIOB OKa3bJBanaCb ec>~ Bocro'-IHa>~ Eepona: or J),Henpa .ao O,aepa Mor 6anrMi1cKoro Mop>~.ao J),yHa>l. 3a '-/eTbJpe MeC>Il.la MOHrOflb/ o,aep)l(anM Bepx Ha,a XpMCTMaHCKMMM apMM>IMM, n>ITMKpaTHO npeBOCXO,llMBWMMM MX no '-IMCJieHHOCTM.

Yxo,q MOHronos, 1242 r. 3a nero 1241 ro.aa Cy6s,a3i1 ynpo'-IMJI KOHTpOflb Ha,a BOCTO'-IHOW BeHrpMei1 Mcran roroBMTb cne,ayJO~YJO 3&-fMH/0/0 KaMnaHM/0- BTOp)l(eHMe B l1TanMJO, ABCTPMIO M fepMaHM/0. B 3ana,aHoi1 Eepone J..lapMna naHMKa; or'-la>IHHbJe nonbJTKM opraHM3oearb KOJifleKTMBHb/W ornop HM K

'-leMy ronKoM He npMeo,aMnM. Ho e .aeno BMewanc>~ cny'-lai1, MfiM Go)l(ecreeHHoe npoBM,lleHMe. Cpa3y nocne Po)l(,aecrea MOHroflbJ nepenpaBMfiMCb '-lepe3 3aMep3WMi1 J),yHaW. l1X nepe,aOBb/e OTp>i,llb/ nepewnM AnbnbJ nepeeanoM 6MpH6ayMep-Banb,a M BbJWfiM B CeeepHYJO l1ranMJO, a pa3ee,a'-IMKM eropow KOJIOHHb/ ,llOJIMHOWJ),yHa>l,llBMHYJIM Cb K BeHe. l1 ryr npMw.no coo6~eHMe M3 KapaKopyMa 3a ,aeC>ITb Tb/C>I'-1 KMJIOMeTpOB C BOCTOKa: yMep Yre,ae/:1, Cb/H M Hacne,aHMK 4MHrMCXaHa. 3aKoH, ycraHoeneHHbJW 4MHrMcxaHoM, He,aByCMb/CJieHHO maCMJI, '-ITO «B Cfly'-/ae CMepTM npaBMTefl>l BCe 4MHrMCM,llbl, r,ae 6bJ HM HaXO,llMJIMCb, o6>~3aHbJ eepHyrbc>~ B MoHrofiMJO, .aa6bJ npMH>ITb y'-lacrMe B BbJ6opaxHoeoroeenMKoroKaraHa».CKpen>~ cep.aJ..le, Cy6s.asi16blfl BbJH"Y)I(.ll,eH HanOMHMTb TpeM XaHaM 06 MX,llMHaCTM'-IeCKOM .aonre. MoHronbCKMe ry-

pa)KeHH~ Pych Ha.LJ.JIH'reJihHhi~ rrepHO.LJ. IIOIIaJia IIO.LJ. BJiaCTh MOHroJihCKHX 3aBOeBa'reJie~.

MoHrOJihCKoe HaiiieCTBHe CHJihHO 3aMe.LJ.JIHJIO .LJ.aJihHe~IIIee 3KOHOMHqecKOe H IIOJIHTH'!eCKOe pa3BHTHe PycH. PyccKH~ Hapo.LJ. rrpHHSIJI Ha ce6SI BCIO T.IDKeCTh OCHOBHhiX y.LJ.apoB TaTapO-MOHroJihCKOro HaiiieCTBHSI. Pych OKa3aJiaCh 6apbepOM, KOTOphl~ 3all.IHTHJI 3arr3.LJ.HYIO EBporry oT BapBapCKHX IIOJI'!Hll.l.

Pacna.n MOHronbcKoro rocy,napcTBa KaK H npo'!He BapBapcKHe rocy.LJ.apcTBa,

co~aHHhle

rryreM 3aBOeBa-

HH~, MOHroJihCKOe rocy.LJ.apCTBO OKa-

3aJIOCh He.LJ.OJirOBe'!HhlM.l.Jepe3 HeCKOJihKO .LJ.eCSITHJieTH~ IIOCJie CMepTH l.JHHrHCXaHa OHO 6hiJIO pa.3,l1.eJieHO Ha '!eThlpe XaHCTBa: BocTO'!Hoe (KHT~,

MaHh~pHSI, qacTh ilH.LJ.HH H MoH-

BOCTOLJHASl V1 U.EHTPAJlbHASl A3V1Sl

175

rom.JSI); )J;iKaraTaj;i c Koe (Be px o BhSI

~OHroJihCKHH XaH H npHHUhi KpO-

KoqeBHHK HMeJI CBOIO JIH"'HYIO co6-

lipThlrna H 06H H BCSI CpeAHSISI A3HSI );

BH BUOJIHe pacnoJiaraJIH JIH"'HOCThiO

CTBeHHOCTh- CKOT H KoqeBOe X03SIH-

3oJIOTa.SI Op.L~,a (ceBepHaSI qacn Typ-

HOttOHa H MOrJIH ero JIHliiHTh BJI~e

CTBO.

KeCTaHa, 10r PoccHH AO HHiKHero )J;y-

HHSI, HO CaM HOHOH He HMeJI npaBaOC-

AOJIJKeH 61>m BhlnOJIHSITI> pacnopSiiKe-

HaSI); IIepcHACKoe XaHCTBO (IIepcHSI,

TaBHTh CJIYiK6y HJIH nepeMeHHTh CBO-

HHSI CBoero HOttOHa, a TaKJKe HeCTH

A<}>raHHCTaH H ApyrHe ).

ero CI03epeHa. 3TO yiKe 6hiJIH <}>eo-

onpe.L~,eJieHHhie llOBHHHOCTH (npe.L~,O

AaJihHhie OTHOliieHHSI. B KOHeqHoM HTOre Bee cBo6o.L~,Hhle

CTaBJISITh HOttOHY MeJIKHH CKOT Ha

~OHrOJihCKOe rocy.L~,apCTBO BCe 60Jihliie H 60Jihliie .Ll,p06HJIOCh H pac-

ll~aJIOCh.lipoueccpacn~anpOTeKaJI oqeHh 6hiCTpO, <IfO SIBHJIOCh CJie.L~,CTBH

B OTHOliieHHH KoqeBhli MOHroJI

y6ott, OTnpaBJISIThe~>rty Haonpe.L~,eJieH

MOHrOJihi CTaJIH C06CTBeHHOCThlO

HhiH cpoK .Ll,OttHhiX K06hiJIHU H np.).

HottoHa HJIH npHHUa KpoBH. HonoH

CBo60.Ll,HhiH MOHroJI CKOTOBO.Ll,-KOqeB-

eM pa3BHTHSI <}>eO.Ll,aJihHhiX OTHOliie-

BJI~eJI

HHK oKa3aJICSI 3aKpenomeHHhiM. OA-

HHj;i, KoTOphle B A3HH cKJI~hiBaJIHCh

qaJI H

TaK iKe, KaK H B EBpone, HOB 6oJiee

AJISI KO"leBhSI H oxoThi. HottoHhi, OA-

OTHorneHHSI. TaK B03HHK <}>eo.L~,aJIH3M

KOpOTKHe cpOKH.

HaKo, He 6hiJIH llOJIHhiMH X03lleBaMH

y MOHroJIOB.

qHHrHCXaH B B03HarplliK,}J,eHHe 3a BepHyiO CJiyiK6y OT.Ll,aBaJI CBOeMy

He TOJII>KO JIIO.Ll,hMH, HO noJiyonpe.L~,eJieHHYIO

CTa.Ll, CKOTa, KOTOphie

-reppHTOpHIO

HaxO.L~,HJIHCI>

HOBpeMeHHO CJIOa<HJIHCh BaccaJihHhle

PaccMOTPeHHhie Bhiiiie MeponpH-

pacnopSiiKeHHH HX JIIO.L~,eH. ~OHroJI-

SITHSI qHHrHCXaHa Hero npeeMHHKOB

CllO.Ll,BHiKHHI\)' BO BJI~eHHe KaKOj;iJIH60 yJiyc -

nJieMSI HJIH o61>eAHHe-

HHe nJieMeH. CoKpyrnHB ropoA KepeHT, C006IUaiOT .L~,peBHHe HCTO"'HHKH, qHHrHCXaH pa3.L~,aJI ero CBOHM CllO.Ll,BHa<HHKaM: O.Ll,HH H3 HHX llOJiy"'HJI CTO .Ll,OMOB, .L~,pyrott- JIIO.L~,ett, «3aBeAhiBaBliiHX cocy.L~,aMH» (peMecJieHHHKOB), H T. A· 3a'reM qHHrHCXaH CTaJI pa.3)l.aBaTh YJIYChi (YAeJihi) CBOHM ChiHOBhliM H po.L~,CTBeHHHKaM,

KOTOphie CTaHOBH-

JIHCh npaBHreJISIMH yJiycoB. K~hiH H3 HHX HMeJI onpe.L~,eJieHHhle o6SI3aHHOCTH, rJiaBHettrnett H3 KOTOphiX 61>IJia BOeHHaSI cJiyiK6a. HoBhlj;i npaBHreJih yJiyca o6SI3aH 61>m no nepBOMY TPe6oBaHHIO SIBHThCSI C onpe.L~,eJieHHhiM qHcJioM BOHHOB. Pa3Mep yJiycaonpeAeJISIJICSI KOJIH'IeCTBOM KH6HTOK H KOJIH"leCTBOM BOHHOB, KOTOphle OH MOr BhiCTaBHTh. Kl1iK,!J,hltt HOBhltt BaccaJI npHHOCHJI CBOero

po.L~,a

npHcSiry Ha

BepHOCTh XaHy. qTo6hi Kpenqe npHBSI3aTh K ce6e KOMaH.Ll,Hhltt COCTaB (TeMHHKOB, ThlCSIUKHX, COTHHKOB), qHHrHCXaH O'I)J,aBaJI B JieHHOe UOTOMCTBeHHOe

BJI~e

HHe «COTHIO», «ThiCSI"ly», «ThMY» OAHOro H3 yJiycoB, KoTOphiM BJia.Ll,eJI O.Ll,HH H3 ero ChiHOBett- npHHU KpOBH (uapeBHq). TaKHX TeMHHKOB, ThlCSIUKHX H COTHHKOB CTaJIH Ha3hiBaTb «HOttOHaMH» (HOttOH-roCUO.Ll,HH). HottoHhi 61>IJIH BaccaJiaMH uapeBHqej;i. IIoJiyqanach <}>eo.L~,aJihHaSI JiecTHHua: XaH (npHHU KpOBH)- BJia.L~,eJieU yJiyca, 3a KOTOphiM

CJie.L~,OBaJIH

TeM-

HHK, ThiCSIUKHtt, COTHHK. Ha npaBO ynpaBJieHHSI KlliK,}J,hiH H3 HOttOHOB noJIY"laJI SipJII>IK (rpaMory).

OcaAa ropHOH KpenOCTH. MHHH3T10pa KOHQa 1620-X rr.

176

anoXA MOHronos. 1200-1400 rr.

cy61>eh'THBHO 6hiJIH HarrprumeHI>I Ha

CTaJIH rrpeBpamaTJ>C.ll B CaMOCTOli-

HOB 6hlJI MOHroJII>CKHI:i IIOJIKOBO.L{el.l

yKpeiiJieHHe XaHCKOI:i BJiaCTH. 061>eK-

TeJII>HhlX, He3aBHCHMhlX XaHOB, H

TaMepJiaH

THBHO, KaK H B Esporre, IIOJIY<IaJIHCI>

MOHroJII>CKoe rocy.L{apCTBO CKOTOBO-

COBeprneHHO IIpOTHBOIIOJIO:KHhle pe-

.L{OB-KO<JeBHHKOB paCIIaJIOCI>.

3YJII>TaThl. KIDKAhli:i Hoi:ioH CTPeMHJICli CTaTI> CaMOCTOliTeJII>HhlM, H36a-

(1333-1405 rr.).

TaMepJiaH poAHJICli B ropo.L{e Kern, K roro-3arra,11.y oT Byxap1>1. Ero O'rel.l HMeJI He60JII>liiOI:i yJiyc. C .L{eTCTBa

TaMepnaH Hero 3aaoeaaHHS1

Tll};tepJiaH o6Jia,~J.aJI 6oJIJ>rnoi:i <l>H3HqecKoi:i CHJioi:i. OH 3aHHMaJICH soeH-

BHTI>Cll OT BaCCaJII>HOI:i 3aBHCHMOCTH. HeKoTophlM xaHaM yAaBaJiocJ> rrpeo.L{oJieBaTJ> 3TY Me)K.L{oyco6Hyro

qaJI XO.L{HTh CO CBOHM OTI.IOM B IIOXO.L{hl. TaMepJiaH nporneJI cyposyro

HHX. -

HhlMH ynpa:KHeHH.liMH H C

12 JieT Ha-

«3a<JeM HaM rrpHHHMaTh H3A co6oi:i rOCIIO.L{HHa?- crrpaliiHBaJI O.L{HH H3 CaMH BeAJ> MO:KeM Be.L{aTJ>

p03HI>, H OHH BpeMeHHO BOCCTaHaB-

CBOH roJIOBhl. Y6J>eM -rerrep1> :noro

JIHBaJIH MOryllleCTBO MOHrOJII>CKOro

liiKOJIY BOI:iHI>I H 6hlJI OIIhlTHI>IM BOH-

H acJieAH oro rr pHH ua-1.1 apeBH<Ia».

rocy.L{apCTBa, HOB 3Ha<JH'reJII>HO MeHJ>-

HOM, a TaK:Ke peBHOCTHI>IM MaroMeTa-

B pe3yJIJ>Ta-re 3TOI:i 6op1>61>1 HOI:iOHhl

liiHX pa3Mepax. 0.L{HHM H3 TaKHX xa-

HHHOM, 'ITO CI>IrpaJIO HeKOTOpyro pOJII> B ero 6op1>6e c y36eKaMH. B

1359 mAy

rroTOMOK liHHrHcxaHa- xaH TorJIYK- OIIHpaliCI> Ha cpe.L{HHX <Peo.L{aJIOB, 3axBaTHJI CpegHIOIO A3HIO. llacTh BH.L{HhlX BeJII>MOiK H3 IIOTOMKOB liHHrHCXaHa yKpi>IJiacJ> B A<PraHHCTaHe, Apyrag <JaCTI> .L{06pOBOJII>HO IIOKOpHJiaCI> Tomyey. B <IHCJie HX 61>IJI H TaMepJiaH. C IIOMOllli>IO IIO.L{apKOB H B3HTOK TaMepJiaH crrac OT rpa6e:Ka csoH 3eMJIH H 3eMJIH csoHx coi03HHKOB. OH 3aBOeBaJI CHMrraTHH TomyKa H rroJiy<IHJI Ha<JaJII>CTBOBaHHe Ha.L{ TYl'vSHOM. Kor.L{a TaMepJiaH Ha<IaJI 6op1>6y c y36eKaMH, TorJiyK rrpHKa3aJI ero y6HTI>. 3TO IIpHKa3aHHe IIOIIaJIO B pyKH caMoro Tll};tepJiaHa, KoTOphll:i c

BOHHaMH 6e:KaJI 3a peey AMyAa-

pi>IO, B Ba.L{axliiaHCKHe rophl, rAe K HeMY IIpHCCJe.L{HHHJIOCI> eme HeCKOJII>KO .L{eCHTKOB <JeJIOBeK. IIpoTHB Tll};tepJiaHa 6hlJI BhlCJiaH oTpliA <IHCJieHHOCTI>IO oKoJio OAHOI:i ThlCli<IH <IeJIOBeK. B pe3yJIJ>Ta-re yrropHoro

6oH

oT 3Toro OTPliAa ocTaJIOCI>

50 <IeJIOBeK, KoTOphle OTcryrrHJIH, He BI>IIIOJIHHB CBOei:i 3a):J.a<JH. TaMepJiaH CTaJI 3HeprH<IHO rOToBHTI>CH K soi:iHe c y36eKll};tH. CpeAH rypKMeH OH pa3"A<HraJI HeHaBHCTI> K y36eKaM. B

1369

ro.L{y B CaMapKaH-

Ae BCIII>IXHYJIO HapO.L{HOe BOCCTaHHe. TaMepJiaH :KecToKo pacrrpaBHJICH c soccTaBliiHMH, 3axBaTHJI Cll};tapKaHA H Ha<JaJI BOI:iHy C y36eKll};IH, KOTOpi>IX B03rJiaBJIHJI ChlH TomyKa. Boi:icKo y36eKoB, no rrpeyBeJIH<IeHHhlM coo6meHHliM HCTO"'HHKOB, HMeJIO .L{O

100 80

ThlCli"' "'eJIOBeK, H3 KOTOpi>IX .L{O

ThlCH B KpenocTIIx. OTPHA TaMepJiaHa HaC<IHTI>IBaJI scero

801-tHbl apMHH TaMepnaHa

OKOJIO

2 ThlCli"'

BOHHOB. TomyK pac-

III>IJIHJI CHJihl y36eKOB. 3THM BOCIIOJII>30BaJIC.ll TaMepJiaH H HaHec HM

BOCTOLJHASl V1 U.EHTPAJlbHASl A3V1Sl

noXOAbl MOHrOJ108 OOA KOM3HA083Hr.1eM TaMepnaHa (Tr.1MYP3) 8 KOHI.\9

nopiDKeHHit K

1370 roAy ocTaT-

TypKeCTaHe, Tru.tepJiaH

100 qenoreK

177

XIV r.1 H3'fane XV 88.

Thlph HApyrHe), 3Hru.teHaAJill qacrei;I.

KH ilOJieBOro BO~CKa y36eKOB OTCry-

BhlAeJIHJI KOMaHAOBaTh AeC.llTKaMH,

IlpOCThle KOHHhle BOHHhlAOJI)f(Hhl

ilHJIH 3a peKy ChlpAaphiO. TaMepJiaH

6hlJIH HMeTh Ha BOopy)KeHHH JiyK,

oT HMeHH ChlHa TomyKa pa30CJiaJI

100- COTHliMH H 100- ThlC.llqaMH. OcTaJihHhle 13 noJiyqHJIH BhlCIIIHe

KOMaHAHpaM KpenOCTe~ npHKa3aHHll

AOJI)KHOCTH. IloA6opy Haqa.JihHHKOB

CTpeJI, TOnop, ilHJIY, IIIHJIO, HrJiy,

18-20 CTpeJI, 10 HaKOHeqHHKOBAJill

OCTaBHTh KpenOCTH H OTXOAHTh 3a

Tru.tepJiaH YAeJiliJI 6oJihiiioe BHHMa-

apKaH, MeiiioK-rypcyK (Melli OK AJISI

peey ChlpAaphiO (.HKcapT). C noMo-

HHe. «HaqaJihHHK,- rOBOpHJI OH,-

BOAhl) H JIOIIIa,LJ,h. Ha

l.l.lhiO 3TO~ XHTPOCTH 6hlJIH oqumeHhl

BJiaCTh Koroporo cJia6ee KHYTa H na.JI-

Jiara.Jiach KH6HTKa. 3ro 6hmaJierKaSI

noqTH BCe KpeilOCTH y36eKOB.

KH, He AOCTOHH 3BaHHll». ,Il;eC.llTHHKH

KOHHHI:Ia. 0T6opHhle BOHHhl HMeJIH

Bhl6Hpa.JIHChAeC.llTKOM, COTHHKH, Thl-

IIIJieMhl, JiaThl, Mequ, JIYKH H no ABe

Clii:IKHe H BhliiieCTOlll.I.IHe HaqaJihHHKH

JIOIIIa,LJ,H. KH6HTKa noJiaraJiacb Ha

Ha3Haqa.JIHCb.

nliTh qenoBeK. 3To 6hlJia T.ll)KeJiaSI

TaMepJiaH BhlAaBa.JI ce6SI 3a ocso6oAHTeJill y36eKoB. Ha caMoM AeJie oH 6hlJI ux nopa6oTHTeJieM. B

1370

19 BOHHOB

no-

roAy 6hlJI co3BaH eypyJIT~, Ha KOTO-

B MOHroJihCKOM Boi;Icre BhlnJiaqu-

poM 6oraThle H 3HaTHhle MOHrOJibl

Ba.JIOCh reneph onpeAeJieHHoe )Ka.JIO-

B MOHrOJihCKOM Bo~cKe HMeJiach

H36pa.JIH XaHOM ilOTOMKa qHHrHCXa-

BaHhe. BoHH noJiyqan oT

~:~eH

JierKaSI nexOTa, KoTOpaSI B noxoAax

2 AO 4

KOHHHI:Ia.

Ha- Ko6yJia Illax AmaRa. BcKope

JIOIIIa,LJ,H (pa3Mep )Ka.JIOBaHh.ll onpeAe-

CJieAOBa.Jia Ha JIOIIIa,LJ,liX, a AJill BeAe-

TaMepJiaH y6pa.JI 3Toro xaHa H o61>.a-

JlliJICll HCnpaBHOCThlO HeCeHHll HM

HHll 6o.a cneiiiHBa.Jiach, ~6hl yreJIH-

BHJI ce6.a xaHoM-npasuTeJieM, a Ca-

CJiy)£(6hl); AeC.llTHHK- )KaJIOBaHhe

quTh MeTKOCTh CTpeJih6hl. IleXOTH-

MapKaHA CAeJia.JI CBOei;I CTOJIHI:Ie~.

CBOero AeC.llTKa (n03TOMY OH 6hlJI 3a-

Hefl HMeJI Meq, JIYK H AO

3areM 6hm 3aBOeBaH p.aA cJia6hlX co-

HHTepeCOBaH B TOM, ~6hl ero BOH-

JlerKaSI nexoTa npHMeHSIJiacb AJISI Aei;ICTBHI;I Ha nepeceqeHHOi;I MeCTHO-

CTPeJI.

ceAHHX rocyAapcTB. B 3THX BOi;IHax

Hhl noJiyqa.JIH BhlCIIIYIO CTaBey); COT-

pOCJIO, 3aKa.JiliJIOCh H KpenJIO BO~CKO,

HHK -)KaJIOBaHhe IIIeCTHAeCSITHHKOB

CTH H npH oca,LJ,ax. KpoMe roro, Ta-

yKoMnJiet..--roBaHHoe MOHroJiaMH. B

H T. A· 0AHHM H3 AHCfiHilJIHHapHhlX

MepJiaH opraHH30Ba.JI

BoeHHOM cTpoHTeJihCTBe TaMepJiaH

nexory AJISI Aei;IcTBHi;I B ropax (rop-

pyKoBOACTBOBa.Jic.a 6oeBhlM onhlTOM

B3hlCKaHH~ 6hlJIO yAep)KaHHe OAHOI;I AeCSITO~ qacTH )Ka.JIOBaHh.ll. lliHpOKO

MOHrOJIOB H npaBHJlaMH qHHrHCXaHa.

npat..--ruKOBa.JIHCh Mephl noompeHHSI:

Ih 313

cne~:~HaJibHYIO

HYIO nexory). MoHrOJihl HcnoJih30Ba.JIH BCIO co-

qenoBeK, BhlABHHYBIIIHX-

ilOXBa.Jia, npH6aBKa )Ka.JIOBaHhll, no-

BpeMeHHYIO HM TeXHHKY, qTQ ycJIO)K-

Cll BO BpeMSI 6oph6hl 3a roCUOACTBO B

AapKH, quHhl, 3BaHHll (xpa6phli;I, 6ora-

HliJIO opraHH3afiHIO BO~CK H Tpe6oBa-

178

anoXA MOHronos. 1200-1400 rr.

JIO qeTKOCTII B ynpa:sJieHMM. B MOH-

XaHa 0 CMOTpax nepe,ll, nOXO,ll,OM npH

no 4lpoHry H oco6eHHO B my6MHy.

roJihCKOM BOJ;tCKe COCTOliJIH TaiOKe

TaMepJiaHe BhlnOJIHliJICll co sceJ;t

3a C'IeT OCJia6JieHHll UeHTpa ycMJIH-

cneUHaJIHCThl nOHTOHephl, MeTa'reJIH

CTporOCThiO.

BaJIHCh 4lJiaHrH, KOTOphle liBJiliJIHCh

«rpeqecKoro orHll», TeXHHKM oca,q-

IT pH pacnoJiolKeHHH B Jiarepllx

cpeACTBOM oKpyJKeHHll npoTIIBHHKa.

soJ;tcKa HeCJIH cJiy)K6y oxpaHeHHll.

,[{Jill peiiiH'reJihHoro yAapa TaMepJiaH

BoJ;tcKo HMeJIO crpoJ;tHyiO opraHH-

0xpaHliiOillrui 'IaCTh Bhl,ll,BHraJiaCh ne-

C03,ll,aBaJI CHJII>Hhle pe3epBhl.

3auHIO H onpe,ll,eJieHHhiJ;t nopll,ll,OK noCTpOeHHll. K~hiJ;t BOHH AOJI)KeH

pe,ll, JiarepeM Ha 3-5 KM, OT Hee BhlChiJiaJIHCh nOCThl, a OT nOCTOB- qa-

MeTaHHeM cTpeJI H APOTIIKOB, a 3aTeM

6hiJI 3HaTh CBOe MeCTO B ,ll,eCliTKe, .Jl,e-

COBhle.

Ha'IMHaJIHCh aTaKM, npOH3BO,ll,HBIIIMe-

HhiX MaillHH.

JlerKHe soJ;tcKa 3aBll3hiBaJIH 6oH

CliTOK- B coTHe H T. A· BoJ;tcKOBhle

,[{Jill 6oll Bhl6HpaJIOCh 60JihiiiOe H

Cll nOCJie;:I.OBa'reJihHO JIHHMliMH 6oeBO-

qacTM YMeJIH nepeABHraThCll B crpo10

pOBHOe noJie, npH 3TOM o6paiiiaJIOCh

ro nopll,ll,Ka. KorAa npoTHBHMK 6hiJI

H pa3JIH'IaJIMCh no UBeTY CHapli)Ke-

BHHMaHMe Ha TO, 'IT06hl He,ll,aJieKO

OCJia6JieH, BBO,ll,HJICll B,ll,eJIO CHJihHhiJ;t

HHll, O,ll,e)K)J.hl M 3HaMeH.

6hiJia BO,ll,a H nO,ll,HOlKHhiJ;t KOpM, 'IT0-

H cre)KMJ;t pe3eps. <<,[{eBHTru:t aTaKa,-

HeKoTOphie OTPliAhl pa3JIH'IaJIHCh

6hl coJIHUe He cBeTIIJIO B ma3a. Bo-

rosopHJI TaMepJiaH,- AaeT no6e-

no MaCTIIM JIOIIIa,qeJ;t. 3aKOH qMHrHC-

esoJ;t nopliAOK paccpeAOTO'IMBaJicll

Ay». 3Heprn'IHhiM npecJieAOBaHHeM 3aBepiiiaJicll pa3rpoM npoTHBHHKa. B MOHroJihCKOM soJ;tcKe B KOHUe

XIV

BeKa HaiiiJIH CBOe HaH60Jiee nOJIHOe 3arepiiieHHe opraHM3auHll, cTpaTernll H TaKTHKa KaBaJiepHJ;tCKOJ;t MaCChi. 3TOT nepHOA eme He 3Ha.JI npHMeHeHHll orHecTpeJihHoro opy)f(Mll. BoJ;tcKo HMeJIO HeKOTOphle qepThl peryJillpHoJ;t apMHM: 'IeTKYIO opraHM3aUHIO, CTpoJ;t H CJIO)f(Hhle 6oeBhle nopliAKM, xopoiiiyiO AJill csoero BpeMeHH TeXHHf..')', ,ll,OBOJihHO O,ll,H006pa3HOe soopylKeHMe H cHaplllKeHMe. Pa3JIM'IHe soJ;tcKOBhiX qacTeJ;t no usery CHaplllKeHHll H 3HaMeH HJIH no MaCTliM JIOIIIa,qeJ;t HMeJIO He TOJihKO BHeiiiHee 3Ha'IeHMe, HO 6hiJIO BIDKHO .Jl,Jlll opraHH3aUHH H ynpa:sJieHHll 6oeM. TaMepJiaH ocTaBHJI H TeopeTMqecKoe HaCJie.Jl,CTBO: npaBHJia nOJIMTHKM H Be,ll,eHHll BOJ;tHhl, KOTOphie OH B <PopMe 3asem:aHHll nepeAaJI csoHM .Jl,eTliM. B

XIV

reKe MOHroJihl BHOBh co-

sepiiiHJIM pliA 6oJihiiiHX 3a:soesaTeJihHhiX nOXO,ll,OB, HO y)Ke B OCHOBHOM B npe,ll,en:ax A3HH. B

1371

roAy MOHro-

Jihl noA KOMaHAOBaHHeM TaMepJiaHa HaHecJIH nopiDY.eHMey36e~t. B

1376

roAy TaMepJiaH OKa3aJI co.Jl,eJ;tcTBMe O,ll,HOMY H3 nOTOMKOB qHHrHCXaHa, ToXTa:tvlhiiiiY, KOTOphiJ;t CTaJI KHn'IaKCKMM XaHOM. B

1378 roAy MOHroJihl BHOBh soe-

Ba.JIM c Xope3MOM H nOA'IMHHJIH ero ce6e. 3aTeM 61>IJI noKopeH A<PraHHCTaH H Ha'IaJIOCh 3a:soeBaHHe ITepcHH H KaBKa3a. MoHroJihl npoABHHYJIHCh AO JIHHHM ,[{ep6eHT- T6HJIHCH3p3epyM; CTOJIHUa rpy3HM T6HJIHCH 61>ma pa3pyiiieHa, a rpy3HHCKMJ;t uaph

noXOA THMypa Ha MoronHCTaH. MHHH8T10pa KOHQa 1620-X rr.

nona.JI B nJieH.

BOCTOLJHASl V1 U.EHTPAJlbHASl A3V1Sl

179

fpy3HHCt-'YIO KpeiTOCTh Bap,LI.3HIO MOHroJiaM YAaJIOCb B3SITb c 6oJibiiiHM TPYAOM . .IJ:ocryiT B KpeiTOCTh 6biJI B03MO)KeH JIHIIIb qepe3 ITO,LI.3eMeJibe ITO Y3KOMY BXOAY, KOTophiJ:I BeJI B ITemepy.

Jh 3TOJ:I

ITemepbi ITpOHHKHYTb B

KpeiTOCTb MO)KHO 6biJIO TOJlbKO ITO y6HpaBIIIHMC.si HaBepx JieCTHHUaM qepe3 Kpymhle JIIOKH. llepe3 JIIOKH H 6oJ:IHHUhl 3all.IHTHHKH KpeiTOCTH ITOpa)KaJIH ITpo6paBIIIeroc.si B ITemepy ITpoTHBHHKa C1peJiaMH, KaMH.siMH, BapoM H KOITb.siMH. IlO,LI.3eMHa.si KpeiTOCTb Bap,LI.3H.si coe,LI.HH.siJiacb ITO,LI.3eMHhiMH xo,LI.aMH c KpeiTOCT.siMH TMoBrn, HaKaJiaireBH, BaHHC, Ksa6H. MoHroJiaM YAaJIOCb B3.siTb KpeITOCTb C ITOMOII.IbiO,LI.epeB.siHHhiX ITOMOCTOB, KOTOphle OHH CITYCTHJIH Ha KaHaTax c coce,LI.HHX rop. llH)KeHepHa.si ITO,LI.f'OTOBKa aTaKH KpeiTOCTH ITpe,LI.CTaBJI.sieT 3HaqHTeJibHhiJ:I HHTepec. MoHrOJibi ITOA KOMaH,LI.OBaHHeM TaMepJiaHa )KeCTOKO H CBHpeiTo pacITpasmmHcb C 3all.IHTHHKaMH yKpeiTJieHHhiX ropO,LI.OB. )l(HTeJIH O,LI.HOro H3 ropo,LI.OB yiTopHo o6opoH.siJIHCb. IlocJie IIIrypMa TaMepJiaH ITpHKa3aJI 3aKOITaTh )KHBhiMH

ThiC.sJ:qH qeJIOBeK.

IlpH B3SITHH ,LI.pyroro ropo,LI.a OH, ITO ITpe,LI.aHHIO, ITpHKa3aJI CBOHM BOHHaM ,LI.OCTaBHTh eMy

70 ThiC.sJ:q

f'OJIOB )KH-

'reJieJ:I H CJIO)KHTb H3 HHX 6aiiiHIO. MoHrOJihl ITopa6omanH Hapo,LI.hl 3aBOeBaHHhiX HMH C1paH. 0HH BeJIH 3aX.BaTHHqecKHe, rpa6JITeJibCKHe BOJ:IHhl. ll3 ITOKopeHHI>IX cTpaH TaMepJiaH BhiBe3 B CBOIO CTOJIHUY CruvtapKaH,LI. JiyqiiiHX MaC'repOB-peMeCJieHHHKOB (Ao

150 Thic.sJ:q qeJioBeK).

3a60THJIC.sl 06 yKpaiiieHHH CTOJIHUhl H ITO ero ITpHKa3aHHIO 6biJIO ITOCTpOeHO MHOro ropO,LI.CKHX H 3aropO,LI.HhiX ,LI.Bopuos . .IJ:sopUbi yKpaiiiaJIHCb pocITHChiO, H306pa)KaiOII.IeJ:I ITOXO,LI.hl MOHI'OJIOB. Kor,LI.a TaMepJiaH soesaJI B IlepCHH, ToxTaMhiiii, CTaBIIIHJ:I xaHoM3o-

OcaAa THMypoM rpyaHHCKO~ K:penoCTI-1. MI-1HI-13110pa «THMyp-HaMe» Xalli.PI-1. 1568 r.

JIOToJ:I Op,LI.hl, HaiTaJI Ha ero BJia,LI.eHH.si. TaMepJiaH sepHyJic.si B CruvtapKaHA H HaqaJI Tll.la'reJibHO f'OTOBHTbC.si K soJ:IHe c ToxTaMbiiiieM. Ilpe,LI.CTO.siJio ITpOJ:ITH CTeiT.siMH B

1389 ro,LI.y

2500

KM.

soJ:IcKo ITOA KOMaH-

,LI.OBaHHeM TaMepJiaHa cosepiiiHJIO

THB ToxTaMbiiiia. BoJ:IcKo ToxTaMhl-

rpoMHJIH Op,LI.y ToxTaMhiiiia H 3THM

IIIa B 6oiO oKoJio CaMaphl ITO'repneno

o6bet.'THBHO CITOC06CTBOBaJIH OCB0-

ITOpa)KeHHe. C

1392

6o)£91.eHHIO pyccKHX KH.sl)KeCTB OT TaITO

1398

f'O,LI.bl MOHI'OJlhl

ITOXO,LI. B paJ:IOH 03epa baJIXaiii, a B

COBepiiiHJIH IIOXO,LI.hl B IlepCHIO H Ha

1391

KasKa3. B

ro,LI.y BhiCTYITHJIO B ITOXO,LI. ITpO-

1395 ro,LI.y OHH

BHOBb pa3-

TapCKOro Hra. B

1398-1399

ro,LI.ax MOHrOJihl

BTopmHcb B llH,LI.HIO. EoJ:I ITpOH30IIIeJI

180

anoXA MOHronos. 1200-1400 rr.

Ha peKe raHr. CpiDKaJiaCb MOHT'OJib-

IIoA BJiaCThiO rypen:Koro cyJITaHa

MepJiaH HaC"lMThiBaJI, no coo6meHM-

CKrul KOHHMU:a C 48 cy.LJ.aMM HH.LJ.YCOB,

K 3TOMY BpeMeHM HaxO.LJ.MJIMCb BC.fl

.fiM MCTO"lHMKOB, IIO.LJ. CBOMMM 3HaMe-

KOTOpbie IIJibiJIM IIO peKe M 6biJIM

MaJiaa A3M.fl M BanKaHbl. rJiaBHa.fl

HaMM .LJ.O

BIIJiaBb aTaKOBaHbl MOHT'OJiaMM.

Mace a rypen:Koro BOJ:ICKa COCTO.fiJia M3

U:M<J>pa, HeCOMHeHHO, CMJibHO npeyseJIH"leHa.

800

TbiC.fl"l qeJIOBeK. 3Ta

1399 T'O.LJ.a MOHT'OJibl Ha"la.JIM ro-

pa3JIM"lHhiX nJieMeH M Hapo.LJ.OB 3TOro

TOBHTbC.fl K 6oJibiiiott sottHe, KOTOPYIO

6oJibiiioro rocy.LJ.apcTBa (rypKH, TaTa-

OHM C06MpaJIMCb BeCTM Ha 3aii3.LJ.e.

pbi-HaeMHMKM, cep61>1 M MHOrHe APY-

IIpew.,qe scero OHM HaMepesaJIMCb

rne ). 3TO 6biJIO 60JibiiiOe BOltCKO, HO

3aMoK KeMaK, .LJ.BMHYJIMCb B Hanpas-

IIOKOpMTb Typn:MIO.

6oecnoco6HOCTb ero 3a nocJie.LJ.HHe

JieHHH Ha CMsac M BCKope 3aH.fiJIM

ro.LJ.bi pe3KO ynaJia.

ero. B CMsace K TaMepJiaHy npM6bl-

Typn:HIO B 3TO speMa pa3.LJ.HPaJIM

Mae

1402

ro.LJ.a MOHroJibl Bhl-

crynMJIH B noxo.LJ.. OHM 3axBaTMJIM

Me'A<.LJ.Oyco6MU:bl M BOCCTaHM.fl Kpec-

TaMepJiaH cHa"laJia 3aB.fl3aJI APY-

JIM AJI.fl neperosopos nocJibl Bru~3M

Tb.f!H, CMJibHO OCJia6MJIM ee M BOJ:IHbl

)f(eCTBeHHYIO nepenHccy c Bru~3M.LJ.OM,

.LJ.a, B IIpMCYTCTBMM KOTOpbiX OH npoBeJI CMOTp CBOMM BOltCKaM, IIOKa3aB

c <J>eo.LJ.aJiaMH 3ana.LJ.HOJ:I Esponhl.

a CaM B 3TO BpeM.fl 3axBaTHJI rpy3MIO,

3THM peiiiMJI socnoJib30BaTbC.fl Ta-

CMpMIO M MeconOTaMHIO, o6ecne"lMB

MX 6JieCT.fllllee soopy:>KeHMe M opra-

MepJiaH.

ce6e TbiJI M <J>JiaHrn.

B 1402 ro.LJ.y Ta-

HM30BaHHOCTb. 3TOT CMOTp IIpOM3BeJI 6oJibiiioe sneqaTJieHHe Ha noCJIOB, a qepe3 HMX H Ha rypen:Koe pa3HOIIJieMeHHOe BOltCKO.

CMsaca TaMepJiaH BbiCJiaJI

pa3Be.LJ.KY B HanpasJieHMM Ha ToKaT, "lT06bl 06Hapy:>KHTb IIpOTMBHHKa M 3aHJITb nepenpaBbi qepe3 pecy KM3MJI-llpMaK. Pa3Be.LJ.Ka cso10 33.LJ.aqy BbiiiOJIHMJia, 06Hapy:>KHB K cesepy OT AHKapbi cocpe.LJ.OTO"leHHoe rypen:Koe BOltCKO. l1To6bl OTPe3aTh rypen:Koe soltcKo oT ErMnTa, CMpMM M Bar.LJ.3.LJ.a M BbiMaHMTb ero M3 ropHO-JieCMCTOlt MeCTHOCTH, MOHrOJibl .LJ.BHHYJIMCb Ha KecapMIO, a orry.LJ.a Ha AHKapy.

lh KMpiiieMpa TaMepJiaH BbiCJiaJI HOBhllt pa3Be.LJ.biBaTeJibHbiJ:I OTP.f!A

TbiCJit:Ia KOHeJ:I) AJIJI ymqHeHMJI Me-

eTa Haxo)f()J,eHHJI M xapaxrepa.LJ.eJ:IcTBMtt rypen:Koro BOltCKa. 3aTeM MOHrOJibl OCa.LJ.MJIM AHKapy -

CTOJIMU:Y

Typn:HM, scJie.LJ.CTBHe qero soltcKo rypoK BhlHy)f()J,eHO 6biJIO BblltTH Ha pasHMHY. Tor.LJ.a MOHroJibi CHJIJIM ocaAY AHKapbi M, C.LJ.eJiaB He6oJibiiiOlt nepeXO.LJ., CTaJIM JiarepeM M yKpeiiMJIMCb. TaMepJiaH Y3Ha.JI, qm rypen:Koe BOltCKO .LJ.aBHO He IIOJIY"la.JIO :>KaJIOBaHb.fl M "'TO B ero pa.LJ.ax MHoro He.LJ.OBOJibHhlX, oco6eHHO TaTap. OH noCJiaJI Jia3yT"'MKOB K TaTapaM, npe.LJ.Jiaraa BbiiiJiaTMTb IIOJIO:>KeHHOe MM :>KaJIOBaHbe 3aCJIY:>f<6yy Bru~3M.LJ.a npM ycJIOBMM, eCJIM OHM nepeHAYT Ha ero cmpoHy. ITo .LJ.aHHhlM socTOt:IHbiX MCTO"'HMKOB, BOltCKO MOHT'OJIOB HaC"lMThiBaJIO OT

250 .LJ.O 350

TbiCJl"l BOMHOB M

6oeBhiX CJIOHa, rypen:Koe BOltCKO-

Oca.Qa repaTa THMYpoM a 1369 r. MHHHaTtopa «3a~ap-HaMe». KoHeQ 1620-x rr.

120-200 TbiC.fl"l

"leJIOBeK. ,[{aHHble,

BOCTOLJHASl V1 U.EHTPAJlbHASl A3V1Sl

181

pa3rpa6HJIH. 3areM MOHfOJihl IIOBepHYJIH B rpy3HIO, BHOBh ee pa3rpoMHJIH H B03BpaTHJIHCh B CaMapKaH.LI.. 3.LI.eCh 70-JieTHHlt MOHfOJihCKHlt 3aBOeBa'reJih Ha'la.JI fOTOBHThCH K BOltHe C KHTaeM, HO B caMhiit pa3rap 3THX rrpHrOTOBJieHHit B 1405 fOAY yMep.

BOltHe c rypKaMH MOHrOJihi co-

3Aa.JIH OXBaThiBaiOlllYIO 6a3y, KOTOpasi H3Aef<HO o6ecne<JHBaJia HX Thill H H30JIHpOBaJia rypeuKoe BoltcKo. TaMepJiaH opraHH30BaJI pa3Be.LI.cy IIpOTHBHHKa H MeCTHOCTH, IIpaBHJihHO oueHHJI o6cTaHOBKY, HaMeTHJI UeJih, COCTaBHJI IIJiaH .LI.eltCTBHlt, 3axBaTHJI HHHUHaTHBY B CBOH pyKH H npepBaJI KOMMYHHKaUHH rrpoTHBHHKa. HcIIOJih30BaB He.LI.OBOJihCTBO B pa3HOIIJieMeHHhiX pH.LI.ax rypeuKoro BoltcKa, OH 3aCTaBHJI ero BeCTH 6olt B KpaitHe HeBhirO.LI.HhiX ycJIOBHSIX.

Ruoe

XaHcrso 3onoraR Op.qa, 1243-1400 rr.

HpbiAD

nepBb/M XBHOM 30JIOTOW 0p.tJ.bl, B PBMKBX MOHIOJlbCKOW CMCTeMbl B.aMMHMCTPBH1BHOW.[J,eLteHTpanM38l..IMM, CTBJI BHYK 4MHIMCX8H8, XBH b8Tb/W. no.a ero BJIBCTb/0 H8XO.[J,Mfl8Cb

bOH npH AHK3pe B 1402 r.

6onbWBR 4BCTb 3ana.aHoi1 A3MM M 6esycJIOBHo, rrpeysemt<JeHhl, HO H3

ro BOltCKa, KOTOphiM KOMaHAOBaJI Cy-

3THX UH<J:>p BCe-TaKH BHAHO, 'ITO MOH-

JieitMaH- ChiH ba.SI3H.LI.a, Ha'laJI OT-

fOJihl HMeJIH IIO'ITH ABOitHoe rrpeBOC-

cryrraTh.

XO.LI.CTBO B CHJiax. ba.SI3HA IIOCTpOHJI 6oeBOit IIOp.S!-

3TOT MOMeHT TaMepJiaH

n04TM BCR EBpona, Jle)I(8111,8R BOCT04Hee Kapnar. Co4eraR BOeHHoe npeBOCXO.[J,CTBO, yMeflyFO .[J,MnflOMB-

BBeJI B 6oit <JaCTh BTOpoit JIHHHH, IIhl-

TM/0 M XIIITPOYMHYIO MHTPWY, b8Tb/W

TasiCh 01pe3aTh cep6oB OT rJiaBHhiX

M ero MOHIOJlbCKflle MJIM TBTBPCKMe

AOK CBOero BOitCKa ThiJIOM K ropaM C

CHJI rypoK, HO cep6aM YAaJIOCh rrpo-

HBCJle.[J,HMKM npBKTM4eCKM Henpe-

rryT.SIMH oTcryrrJieHHH Ha rrpaBoM

pBaThc.SI H C0e.LI.HHHThCSI C .S!Hhl'IapaMH.

pb!BHO npBBMJIM Pycb/0 B Te4eHMe

<J:>JiaHre. QeHTp 6oeBoro rropH.LI.Ka

TaMepJiaH BBeJI B 6olt pe3epB, KO-

nonyropa BeKoB. Ha BCeM nporfl)l(e-

6hiJI CHJihHhiM, a <J:>JiaHrH CJia6hiMH.

TOphllt cTaJI oKpy)f(aTh maBHhle CHJihl

HMM 3TOIO nepMO.[J,B CMJlbHee MOHIO-

MoHroJihl, Hao6opoT, HMeJIH CHJih-

rypoK. Cep6hl Ha<Jan:H oTcryrraTh Ha

JIOB B EBpone He 6blfl0 HIIIKOIO. HoB

Hhle <J:>JiaHrH. KpoMe Toro, y

HHX

3ana,q. MoHroJihl JierKo 3aBepiiiHJIH

KOHL.te XIV BeKa BCnbJXHyna 6opb6a

HMeJICSI AOBOJihHO CHJII>Hhllt pe3epB,

OKpy)f(eHHe .S!Hhl'lap, nepe6HJIH HX, a

38 TMTYJI BeJIMKOIO K818H8, M3-38

COCTOSIBIIIHlt H3 30 TYM3HOB OT6op-

ba.SI3H.LI.a B3.SIJIH B IIJieH.

HhiX BOltCK. Bolt 3aB.SI3aJia JierKa.SI KOHHHUa

TpeTHlt 3Tan- npecJie.LI.OBaHHe OCTaTKOB rypeUKHX BOltCK.

4ero MOHIOJlbCKBR .[J,ep)l(888 4YTb 6blfl0 He pacnanacb HB COCTBBHb/e 4BCTM. benaR Op.aa, npaBMBWBR K

MOHroJioB, a 3areM aBaHrap.LI. rrpaso-

,[(JI.SI rrpecJie.LI.OBaHH.SI OCTaTKOB ry-

ro HX KphiJia 6e3ycrreiiiHO aTaKOBaJI

peUKHX BOltCK, KOTOphiMH KOMaH.LI.O-

npBKTM4eCKM He38BIIICMMOW; ee npMMepy nonbJTBflMCb nocne.aoBBTb

ceBepy

or ApanbcKoro MOPfl,

crana

cep6oB. IIocJie 3Toro 6hiJIO BBe.LI.eHo

BaJI CyJieltMaH, TaMepJiaH BhiAeJIHJI

B 6olt BCe IIpaBoe KphiJIO MOHfOJIOB,

30 ThiC.SI'l 'leJIOBeK, H3 KOTOphiX 4 Thl-

pyCCKMe KHR)I(eCTBB -

KOTopoe oxBaTHJIO cep6os c Jiesoro

C.SI'IH Ha IISJ:Thle CYTKH IIpHCKaKaJIH K

.[J,B)I(e ycneWHO. nocne .[J,BB.tJ.LIBTM-

<J:>JiaHra H ThiJia, HO cep6hl rrpo.LI.OJI)f(a-

Bypce. C He6oJihiiiHM oTplJAOM Cy-

JleTHeW rp8)1(.[J,8HCKOW BOWHbl XBH

JIH yrropHo corrpoTHBJIHThC.SI. ABaH-

JieltMaH e.LI.Ba ycrreJI cecTh Ha Kopa6Jih

ToxraMbiW c noMOil./,b/0 npaBMTeflR

rap.LI.JieBoro KphiJia MOHrOJIOB BHa<Ja-

H OTIIJihiTh OT 6epera.

j],)l(ararai1cKoro ynyca TMMypa ( MflM

M nOH848flY

Jie HMeJI ycrrex, TaK KaK 18 ThiCH'l Ha-

Pa3rpOMHB BoltcKo Basi3HAa, MOH-

IIIHB4e- TaMepnaHa) no npo3BBHMFO

eMHHKOB-TaTap rrepeiiiJIO Ha CTOpOHY

roJihl ABHHYJIHCh K CMHpHe, rrocJie

)i(ene3Hbli1 XpoMeLt cnepBa yTBep-

TaMepJiaHa. IIpashlit <J:>JiaHr rypeuKo-

ABYXHe.LI.eJihHOlt OCa.z:\hl B3HJIH ee H

.tJ.MflCfl npaBMTeneM 6enoi1 Op.tJ.bl, a

182

anoXA MOHronos. 1200-1400 rr.

noroM 38Boeean vt 3onoryFO, nocne 'leTO 6e3)1(8flOCTHO nOP,BBI!Ifl BOCCTBHVffl pyCCKIIIX KHfl)l(eCTB. npaBP,B, OH P,OnyCTI!Ifl OWIII6KY, cnpOBOUIIIPOBBB eoi1Hy co CBOIIIM 6naroP,ereneM TaMepnaHoM. KoHl/>niiiKT P.nlllncfl P,eCfiTbner; BKOHUeKOHUOB ToxraMbiW 6bm pa3rpoMneH vt ceeprHyr. 3ro nop8)1(eHvte cnoco6creoeano ynaP.KY OpP.bl, 3BTfiHYBWeMycfl, npaBP.a, e~e HB HeCKOflbKO BeKOB.

1242-1256 rr. 1..\APCTBOBAHVIE 6ATbiSL Cronvtuei1 ceoei1 OH cP,enan Capai1-6ary (6nvt3 coep. cena Cenl!lrpeHHoe AcrpaxaHcKoi1

o6n.) Ha HI!I)I(Hei1 Bonre. 6aTbJi1 comacvtncfl np1!13HBTb eaccanoM HOBropoP,cKoro KHR3R AneKCBHP.PB SlpocnaBI!I'la, KOTOPbiW noMor ycraHOBIIITb CF03epeHvtTeT MOHTOfli!IM HBP.O ecei1 PycbFO. CooreercrBeHHO, V1 MOHrOflbl OTHOCVfflMCb K AneKCBHP.PY HeBCKOMY no'lTvtrenbHO vt c yea)l(eHvteM.

B BonrorpaP,cKoi1 o6n.; 1260 r.). OH nOCblfl8fl BOWCKB B Ha6ervt HB BeHrPIIIIO, nonbWYIIIH8baflK8Hbl. TeMHMKIII Tyny6er vt Horai1, B03maBnRBwvte OP,IIIH V13 9TMX H86erOB, P,OWfllll P,O Cvtne3111111; 6bJnl!l3axBa4eHbl vt co)l()l(eHbl ropoP,a KpaKoB, CaHP.OMIIIP vt bb/TOM ( 1259 r.).

1256-1263 rr. 1..\APCTBOBA-

OKOJlO 1270-1296 rr. HOfAUICKASI ABTOHOMVISI. Ha nocry

HVIE 6EPKE (6PATA6ATbiSI). nepBbiM V13 'li!IHTMCIIIP.OB npi!IHRBWMWIIICfl8M, XBH 6epKe nepeHeC CTOfliiiUY 3onoroi1 OpP.bl vt3 Capai1-6ary B Capai1-6epKe ( 6nvt3 coep. cena L(apee

H8MeCTHMK8 3eMeflb, npOCTIIIPBIO~IIIXCfl or ,lJ,oHa P.O ,!J,yHafl, Horai1 CT8fl npaKTI!I'leCKM He38BIIICIIIMb/M npaBMTeneM. EMy nnarMnM P.BHb 6onrapCKIIIW M cep6CKIIIW UBPM.

1290-1313 rr. 1..\APCTBOBAHVIE TOXTbl. HecKonbKO ner xaH Toxra O)l(eCTO'leHHO eoeean c HoraeM, 4T06bl BOCCTBHOBMTb HB Horai1CKIIIX 3eMflfiX UeHTPBflbHYIO BflBCTb 3onoroi1 OpP.bl. B 6MTBe B03ne ,!J,Henpa HB peKe KyKBHflb/K ( B03fle COBp. nonraBbl,' 1300 r.) Horai1 6blfl pa3rpoMneH M norM6.

1314-1340 rr. 1..\APCTBOBAHVIE Y36EKA. OH 6bm nocneP.HIIIM eenvtKIIIM KaraHOM 3onoroi1 OpP.bl. noBIIIHYRCb ero npi!IK83Y, MOCKOBCKIIIW KHf13b llfeaH I KanMra co cMewaHHoi1 pyCCKO-MOHrOflbCKOW apMIIIei1 nOP,BBI!Ifl BOCCTBHMe B TBepM ( 1327 r.). 6naroP,apR ycnexy llfeaHa I, ponb maBHbiX eaccanoe 111 MOHronbCKIIIX HBMeCTHMKOB B ceeepHOW M ueHrpanbHoi1 Pycvt nepewna K MOCKOBCKIIIM KHR3bf1M. no'lTVf BCe ceoe npaeneHI!Ie Y36eK eoeean c xynaryi!IP.CKMM MflbXBHOM A6y-CavtP.OM.

1359-1379 rr. fPA)I(AAHCKASI BOUIHA 3A nPECTOJlOHACJlEAVIE. XaHoB 38 9TOT nepvt-

~ ~~"~-' 路路:. ~/..4Jwti , ,.;\..;~.~y:_,,.;~,.:;~,

_(,~路~~~:;,/.~~,,~~~~1 ~x~路_.7/, 6HTBa y BOpOT CeHCTaHa. MHHH3T10pa KOH'-'a 1620-X rr.

OP. CMYT OTMe'leHO, no MeHbWei1 Mepe, P.BBP.UBTb nfiTb. XaH 6enoi1 OpP.bl, Ypyc, cran npaKTI!I'leCKIII He3BBMCMMbiM npaBvtTeneM 3H84VfTeflbHb/X repp111ropMi1 Ha HM)I(Hei11!1 CpeP,Hei1 Bonre, OP.HoepeMeHHO Y48CTBYfl B HenpepbiBHOW XBOTM'leCKOW 6opb6e 38 enacrb B 3onoroi1 OpP,e. OP.IIIH vt3 npereHP.eHTOB Ha xaHCTBO, ToxraMbiW, 6bm pa36vtr CBOMM conepHIIIKOM, TeMHMKOM MaMaeM, vt, cnacafl )I(Vf3Hb vt pacC'lMTbiBBfl HB nOMO~b, 6e)l(8fl K npaBI!ITeflFO P,)I(8T8T8WCKOro ynyca TIIIMypy.

BOCTOLJHASl V1 U.EHTPAJlbHASl A3V1Sl

183

IIoJIHTH<JecKa.si H BOeHHa.si cJia6ocTb rrpoTHBHHKOB rrpewVJ.e Bcero 6b1JIH rrpH'IHHaMH KpyrrHblX soeHHblX ycrrexoB MOHroJioB. XoT.si Hapog H OKa3b1BaJI COIIpOTHBJieHHe MOHroJiaM3aBoeBaTeJI.siM, HO 06bl'JHO IIp0,ll,3)1(Ha.si 3HaTh lllJia Ha CfOBOp C HHMH C UeJlbiO COXpaHeHH.si ce6SI H CBOHX 6oraTCTB.

3Tolt o6cTaHOBKe 3<):l<J:>eK-

THBHblMH OKa3b1BaJIHCb KOBapCTBO H repoJIOMCTBO. TaK6biJio B CaMaph."a.HAe, rge HapO,ll,Hble MaCChi CTOitKO o6opOH.siJIH cBoj;j ropog. Korga B

1365

rogy )KH'IeJIH CaMapKaHga HaHecJIH rropa)KeHHe MOHroJiaM, TaMepJiaH rrog rrpegJioroM rreperoBopoB 3aMaHHJI K ce6e HX BO)f(,!J,SI A6y-EeKHptllllllllllllll.. fpaHs.tUbl pyCCKHX

KeJieBH H y6HJI ero.

3eHenbl H KHFUKtCTB nepeA MOHrOnO- TaTapCKHH H3WCCT8HCH

r--, npHCinH3HTCnbH3R TeppHTOpKJII 3onoroA OpAbl 80 sropoA nonOBHHC J3 8. c:=:J PvccKHe 3eHnH u KH~u~:ecraa, noAenaCTIH•e 3otWToA Op.n.e ao eropoA nonoeHHe

MoHrOJibl, KaK H apa6bl, umpoKo 13 a.

HCIIOJib30BaJIH ,ll,OCTH:>KeHHSI HayKH H TeXHHKH, oco6eHHO KHTa.si. OHM 3a-

1378 r. B03BbiWEH&.1E TOXTAMbiWA. C noMOWb/0 TuMypa ToxraMbJW cran xaHoM ben ow Op.abJ. 1380 r. KYJ1&.1KOBCKASI 6&.1TBA. 38Kn/04!11B C0/03 c fl!IITOB~8M!II, xaH MaMaVI npe.anp!IIHfln nonbJTKY YCM!IIP!IITb Mf!Te)I(Hb/e PYCCK!IIe KHff)l(eCTB8. MocKOBCK!IIVt KHfl3b ,il,M!IITpuw ,il,OHCKOVt B03m8B!IIfl C0/03 pycCK!IIX KHf!3eVI 111 pa36un MaMaf! Ha KynuKOBOM none .ao no.axo.aa nuroe~ee; fl!IITOB~bl OTCTyn!llfl!ll. 1380 r. 6&.1TBA HA PEKE KAJlKE. BHenocpe.acreeHHoVI6nu3ocm or Mecra, r.ae nonropa c n!IIWH!IIM eeKa H838.ll. o.aep)l(an eenuKyJO no6e.ll.Y Cy69.ll.9Vt, ToxraMbJW no6e.aun xaHa MaMaf!, B pe3ynbrare 4ero cran xaHoM 3onorow Op.abJ. 1381-1382 rr. nOAABJlEH&.1E PYCCKOfO BOCCTAH&.1SI. ToxraMbiW npowen no ceeepHoVI 111 ~eH rpanbHOVt Pycu 111 Haronoey pa36un eoccraewux; 3axearun MocKBY (23 aerycra 1382 r.) unepe6unMHO)I(ecreo )I(!IITeneVI. 1385-1395 rr. BOliiHbl TOXTAMbiWA C TAMEPJlAHOM. ToxTBMbiW norepnen nop8)1(eHue B rpex KpynHbJX cpa)l(eH!IIflX- Ha peKe CbJp.aapbe ( 1389 r.), npu KaH.ll.blp4e ( 1391 r.) 111 Ha peKe TepeK ( 1395 r.). 1396 r. BOliiHA C Jl&.1TBOlii. B co103e c 6embJM xaHoM ToxraMbJweM eenuKuVI KHfl3b nuroecKuVI BuTOBT (!llfl!ll !IIH84e - BIIIT8YT8C), KO-

roporo no.a.aep)I(!IIBanu 111 nonf!K!II, 111 TeBTOHCK!IIe pbl~8p!ll, BTOpTCfl B npe.aenbJ3onoroVIOp.abJ. Ha eoopy)l(eH!II!II BIIITOBT8 !IIMeflOCb HeMano 8PT!IInnep!11!11, HO, HeCMOTpfl H8 9TO, OH 6blfl B nyx Ill npax pa36!11T MOHTOfl8M!II Ha peKe BopcKne, npuroKe ,il,Henpa.

HMCTBOBaJIH y KHTaJ;iUeB He TOJibKO HX TeXHHKY, B <JaCTHOCTH nopox, HO H BOeH HYIO Hayey. HaKoHeu, 6oJibllloe rrpeHM)'llleCTBO MOHfOJIOB no cpaBHeHHIO C rrpoTHBHHKOM 3aKJIIO'J3JIOCb B BbiCOKOj;j IIO,ll,BH)KHOCTH HX KOHHHU:bl H yMeHHH MaHeBpHpoBaTh e10. IIoJIHTHKa MOHroJioB-3aBoeBaTeJiej;j 6biJia HarrpasJie-

Oco6eHHOCTH aoeHHoro HCKYCCTBa MOHr0/108

Ha rrpe)Kge Bcero Ha o6ocTpeHHe BHYTpeHHHX rrpOTHBope<JHlt y CBOHX IIpOTHBHHKOB, Ha pa3o6meHHe Hapo-

MoHroJibi-3aBoeBaTeJIH BeJIH BoJ;iHbl 60JiblllHMH MaCCaMH JierKOJ;i KOH-

ga H IIpaBH'reJlbCTBa, Ha pa3JIO:>KeHHe ero BOJ;iCKa H IIO.LJ,aBJieHHe BOJIH rrpo-

HHU:bl. 0HH C03)l.aJIH ueH1paJII.I30BaH-

THBHHKa K COIIpOTHBJieHHIO, Ha.LJ,e3op-

HYIO Boopy:>KeHHYIO opraHH3aiJ;HIO c

raHH3aiJ;HIO ero o6opoHbl eme go Toro,

BbiCOKOJ;i BOHHCKOJ;i ,ll,HCUHnJIHHOlt, C

KaK OHa 6ygeT opraHH30BaHa.

HepapxHelt KOMaH,ll,HOro COCTaBa, KO-

,[(Jill .LJ,e3opraHH3aiJ;HH IIpOTHBHH-

TOpbllt pacnOJiaraJI ,ll,HCU:HnJIHHapHOlt

KOB MOHrOJibl IIOJib30B3JIHCb BCeMH

BJiaCTbiO H nOJib30BaJIC.si 60JiblllHM aB-

cpegcTBaMH. Ilpe)K)J,e Bcero OHH op-

TOpHTeTOM.

raHH30Bb1BaJIH lllnHOHa)K, HaBO,ll,HSISI

CHJia MOHroJibCKoro BoltcKa, KaK

CTpaHy CBOHMH areHTaMH H BOBJieKa.si

3'J'Y CeTb IIpO,ll,a)KHYIO 3HaTh AaHHoj;j

H BOltCK,ll,pyrnx aHaJIOrH'IHbiX no CBO-

eM)' xapaKTepy rocygapcTB, 3aKJIIO'Ja-

C1paHb1. llinHOHbl.LJ,aBaJIH HC'IepiibiBa-

Jiacb B HX pO,ll,OBblX H nJieMeHHblX CBSI-

IO!llHe CBe.LJ,eHH.si 06 3KOHOMH'JeCKOM,

3.siX, 'ITO gaBaJIO HM 60JiblllOe npe-

IIOJIHTH'JeCKOM H BoeHHOM COCTO.siHHH

HMyllleCTBO Ha,I\ IIpOTHBHHKOM, y

rocygapcTBa. CBOHMH rrogpblBHblMH

KOTOporOBHy1peHHHeiipOTHBOpe'IHSI

geJ;iCTBHSIMH OHH CTapaJIHCb Bbl3BaTb

pa3)l.eJIIDIH H pa3061llaJIH JIIO.LJ,elt (pe-

B c1paHe Me)f(,!J,oyco6HyiO 6opb6y.

JIHI1i03Hble H IIJieMeHHble IIpOTHBOpe-

OgHHM H3 Ba)f{HbiX MOMeHToB llliiH-

'JH.si B CpegHelt A3HH, <J:>eogaJibHble

OHCKoj;jge.sireibHOCTH 6bmO CTpeiVIJie-

Me)K)J,oyco6HUb1 B EBporre). IIoJIHTH-

HHe rroce.siTb HegoBepHe Hapoga H

qecKolt H BOeHHOlt <J:>eogaJibHOlt pa3-

BOltCKa K IIpaBHTeJlbCTBy. lliiiHOHbl

gpo6JieHHOCTH IIpOTHBOCTO.siJia IIOJIH-

pacrrpocTpaHSIJIH CJIYXH 06 H3MeHe

TH'JeCKa.si H BoeHHa.si UeHTpaJIH3aiJ;HSI

~eJlbHblX

MOHrOJibCKOro rocygapCTBa.

HHKOB, a HHOrga H 0 IIp0,ll,3)KHOCTH

'JHHOBHHKOB H BOeHa'JaJib-

3nOXA MOHIOnOB. 1200-1400 rr.

184

Ka lKII3Hb», Y:el\1 IIO):(Y:epKIIBaJICH MHpHbi:H xapaKTep KO'ieBbH MOHrOJIOB. Bonee T o r o, crreuHaJibHO Bbl.[(eJieHHbie OTpHLlbl OKa3biBaJIII IIIHpOKyiO IIOMOIIIb MeCTHOMY HaCeJieHHIO: p a3):(aBaJIH CeJibCKOX03HHCTBeHHbiH HHBeHTapb, ceMeHa, ITpo,uyKTbi, .[(eHbrH. KorAa B OAHOM palioHe scnbiXHyna 3IIHAeMIIH, Daf!H nOCJiaJI TyAa CBOHX spa'ieH. MoHrOJibCKHe IIIIIHOHbi pacnpocTpaHHJIII cnyx11 o coxpaHeHHH MHpa MOHrOJiaMH H 0 CTpeMJieHIIII npaBHTeJihCTBa CyHoB BTHHYTb KHTaltues B sonHy. EcnH rrpHxo,uiiJioch sec TH 6oesbre uei1:CTBHH, TO B aHH BHHOBHIIKaMn TaKOBbiX Ha3biBaJI ITpaBHTeJieH CyHoB, c ITo'IeToM xopoiDIJI IIX nonr6IIIHX BOeHaY:aJibHHKOB H npH BCeX MOJIHJICH Ha HX MOriiJiaX. qepe3 ):(eBHTb neT KHTa:il: oKa3aJicH so snaclioeBOM nopHAOK MOHrOnbCKOro BOMCKa B KOH~e

XIV B.

TH MOHrOJIOB. CTpaTeriiH MOHronoB HBJIHJiacb

BCero npaBHTeJibCTBa B UeJIOM l1 He-

rOJibi He co6nro.nanH uoroBop. B Ta-

npO)::(OJilKeHHel\1 llX KOBapHOll nOJIHTH-

cnoco6HOCTH ero 3aiiiHTI1Tb Hapou .

KOM CJiy'iae ITepeLliDIMH oKa3biBaJiacb

KH l1 6bma HaiTpaBJieHa Ha ,UOCTHJKe-

Bo BpeMH noxouoB B rocy,uapcTBO

COBepiiieHHO 6e3opylKHaH CTpaHa.

HHe IIOJIHTH<JeCKHX UeJieH. llpelK):(e BCero ,UaHHbie IIIITHOHalKa ,UOITOJIHH-

CyHoB MOHrOJibi pacnycTIIJIII cnyxii

060CTPeHIIe rrpOTHBOpe'IHH MelK-

o6 II3MeHe npaBIITeJibCTBa 3Toro ro-

AY coi03HIIKaMII 6bmo o6bi'iHOH rro-

JIHCb n yTo'IHIDIHCb rny6oKoi1 CTpare-

cyuapcTBa H o.nHoBpeMeHHo no.nKyiii1-

JIHTHKOH MOHrOJI OB-3aBOeBaTeJieli.

rHY:ecKoli pa3BeAKoli: pei1A pa3BeAo-

40 TbiCH'i), He rrpii-

TpH,ua B Xope3M, p eH.[( OTpMa Cy63-

JIII O.[(HOrO BII.[(HOrO 'iiiHOBHIIKa,

KIImaKII ( oKoJio

BCJie.[(CTBIIe 'iero cnyx oKa3aJicH cpaK-

HHMaH 60H C MOHrOJiaMH, II3 IOlKHbiX

A3H B BocTO'IflYIO EspoiTy 11 T.Jl. 3Ta

TOM. 0HH ITOJlKYITaJIH KpyiTHbiX BOe-

pyccKnx cTeiTeli OTCTYITHJIH B BeHr-

pa3Be)lKa BbiHBJIHJia Havr6onee y uo6-

Ha'iaJibHHKOB IIpOTIIBHIIKa, KOTOpbie

pnro. MoHrOJibi IICKYCHO rro.[(6pocii-

Hhre IIO)lCTYIIbi, 6JiarorrpHHTHOe Bpe-

no nx 3a.namno cpbmann MeponpiiH-

JIII KIIII'iaKaM IIIICbMO, a,[(peCOBaHHOe

MH AJIH Harra):(eHIIH, rrpoBepiDia 6oeM

THH no o6opoHe cTpaHbi.

BeHrepCKOMY KOpomo II HaiiiiCaHHOe

CIIJIY COIIpOTIIBJieHIIH IIpOTIIBHIIKa,

nHCbMeHaMH, TOJibKO TIOpKaM nOHHT-

MOpaJibHO B03):(ellCTBOBaJia Ha Hero.

MoHrOJihilllHpoKo pacnpocTpaHHJIII cpe.[(H BOlicK rrpOTIIBHHKa rropa-

HbiMII. 3TO Bbi3BaJIO BpalK.[(y Me)K.[(y

0JJ:HOH H3 rnaBHbiX 3a)la'i CTpaTern-

JKeH'ieCKHe HaCTpOeHHH H CJIYXH 0

TIOpKaMH II BeiiTpaMH, 'ITO OCJia6HJIO

'ieCKOH pa3Be)lKH 6bma pa3Be)lKa rra-

CBOeH HeiTo6e)ll1MOCTH, CeHJIH ITaHII-

CHJIY COITpOTIIBJieHHH TeX H Jlpyrnx .

CT6nm )lJIH KOHHbiX MaCC.

Ky II rOBOpHJIH 0 6ecnOJie3HOCTH COITpOTIIBJieHHH. KaK npaBIIJIO, MOHrOJibi npaK-

HaKoHeu, B Ka'IeCTBe OAHOro 113

Ha ocHoBaHHH AaHHbiX rroJIIITH-

MeporrpHHTHH Ha):(O OTMeTHTb IIOJIHTH-

<JecKoH n CTPaTern<JecKon pa3Be.[(KH

'ieCKYIO MaCKHpOBKY Harra,ueHHH, HJll1

pa3pa6aTbiBaJICH IIJiaH IIOXO)la, KOTO-

TIIKOBaJIII MeTO.[( 3arryriiBaHHH -

TaK Ha3brnaeMoe «MHpHoe HacryiiJie-

pbiH o6cylKAaJICH Ha KypynTae, r.[(e

rrpe.[(bHBJIHJIII rrpoTIIBHIIKY YJibTIIMa-

HHe». JlpKHM IIpHMepoM HBJIHeTCH

y TBeplK.[(aJIIICb o6beKTbi HarraueHmr,

TyM, B KOTOpOM HaiTOMHHaJIHCb BCe

H aCTJITJieHHe MOHrOJIOB ITO):( KOMaH)lO-

OCHOBHble CTPaTerH'IeCKHe HaiTpaBJie-

6e.[(bi, HCIIbiTaHHbie .[(pyrHM H HapoL[a-

BaHHeM BaHHa rrpoTHB rocyuapcTBa

HHH l1 BOeHa'IaJibHl1Kl1.

MII, OKa3aBIIIIIMH COIIpOTHBJieHHe.

CyHoB , KOTopoe IIMeJio 6oJibiiiYIO

Bonbiiioe BHHMaHIIe MOHrOJibi

Tpe6osaHIIH o6bl'IHO 6hiJIII He6oJibiiiii-

TeppHTOpHIO H MHOrO'IHCJieHHOe Ha-

yJJ:eJIHJIH CTPaTerH'IecKon MacKnpoB-

MH: YHII'iTOlKHTb o6opoHHTeJibHbie co-

CeJieHIIe. BaHH peiiiiiJI ,uencTBOBaTb

Ke Harra)leHHH. Hepe)lKO IIX soncKa

opyJKemm, y rrna'niBaTb eJKero,uHo

TaK, 'iT06bi He HaCTpOIITb IIpOTIIB

)lBHraJIIICb B BH)le MllpHbiX KapaBaHOB

.[(aHb, ,uaTb H eMHoro mo,uei1: AJIH cnyJK-

ce6H KHTaJtueB l1 pa306IIIHTb HapOLlH

KO'ieBHIIKOB; opylKHe HX 6biJIO CIIpH-

6bi y MOHrOJIOB H ITpOITYCTHTb 'Iepe3

ITpaBHTeJibCTBO.

CTpaHy MOHrOJibCKOe BOHCKO. TlpH

TaHO B TIOKaX . J1HOr)la opylKHe HaXO-

MoHrOJibi ITpOABHraJIHCb Ha Tep-

.[(HJIOCb B TaHHbTX CKJia)laX, C03.[(aHHbiX no nyTII.[(BHlKeHHH MOHrOJibCKHX

OTKa3e OT BbliiOJIHeHHH 3THX Tpe60Ba-

pliTOpiiiO rocyAapcTBa CyHoB O'IeHh

HlrH IIOCJibi 3aHBJIHJIII: «fJyCTb 6y,ueT,

Me):(JieHHO, ITO):( BH):(OM CMeHbi KO'Ie-

OTPHAOB. no .[(BIIlKeHIIIO 3 TIIX OTpH-

'ITO 6y_ueT, a 'ITO 6y.[(eT, HaM Heii3Be-

BbiX JieTHHX CTOHHOK. ITo rrpiiKa3a-

.[(OB TPYAHO 6bmo orrpe.[(eJIIITb II Ha-

CTHO, 3TO 3HaeT TOJibKO 6or». Ho ecJIH

HHIO Baf!Ha BbiBeiiiHBaJIIICb Ha.[(rriicn:

rrpasneHne yAapa. IIoi1:MaHHbie MOH-

Tpe6oBaHHH H ITpHHIIMaJIHCb, TO MOH-

«3aiTperrraeTCH OTHHMaTb y <JeJIOBe-

roJibCKHe IIIITHOHbJ )lalKe ITO.[( ITbTTKa-

BOCTOLJHA~

LlEHTPAJlbHA~ A3V1~

185

MH C006Il(aJIH JIOmHbie CBe;c(eHHH H

CTBa H IIOHBJIHJIHCb TaM, r;c(e HX He

OcHOBHbiM TPe6oBaHHeM rrpH rro;c(6o-

TeM eme 6oJibrne ;c(e3HHcpopMHpoBa-

m;c(aJIH. MaHeBpOM OHH BOCIIOJIHHJIH

pe KOMaH;c(Hpa CJIY)KHJIH JIH'!Hble Ka-

JIH otiepeAH)'IO mepTBy arpeccHH. BHe3aiiHOCTh HBJIHJiacb BamHbiM cpeACTBOM CTPaTerHH MOHIDJIOB. 0Ha

He;c(OCTaiOII(YI0 'IHCJieHHOCTb, C03;c(a-

tJ:eCTBa BOHHa, ero 6oeBbie crroco6Ho-

BaH y IIpOTHBHHKOB JIOmHOe rrpeA-

CTH, a He IIpOHCXO)K;c(eHHe, 3HaTHOCTb

CTaBJieHHe 0 CBOeM BOHCKe.

HJIH BbicJiyra JieT. K or;c(a Cy69):(9IO HC-

ocymeCTBJIHJiaCb Bbi6opoM BpeMeHH

BamHeHIIIHM co;c(epmaHHeM cTpa-

Haiia;c(eHHH H HarrpaBJieHHH ;c(BHme-

TerHH MOHrOJIOB 6biJIO CJie;c(yiOII(ee:

rroJIHHJiocb

JieT, OH yme KOMaH;c(O-

BaJI TYM9HOM H, II0 rrpe;c(aHHIO, 3a CBOIO

HHH. BTOpmeHHe Ha TeppHTOpHIO pyc-

;c(e3opraHH3au;HH o6opOHbi IIpOTHBHH-

)KH3Hb ycrreiiiHO rrpoBeJI

CKHX KHH)KeCTB IIpOHCXO;c(HJIO 3HMOH,

Ka BHYTpeHHeil rroApbiBHOH AeHTeJib-

BbiHrpaJI

r oBOpHJI, 'ITO OH «TeX, KOTOpbie 6biJIH

BOHHbi H

cpameHHH. qHHrHCXaH

KOr;c(a pycCKHe KHH3bH, HaiipHMep, He

HOCThiO H TeppopoM; YKJIOHeHHe oT

MOrJIH O)KH;c(aTb ;c(BH)KeHHH 60JibiiiHX

6opb6bi C KpyrrHbiMH opraHH30BaHHbi-

CBeAymHe H MOJIO;c(Ubi, C;c(eJiaJI 6eKa-

KOHHbiX Mace B MOp03, ITO rJiy6oKO-

MH CHJiaMH IIpOTHBHHKa, o6XOA HX H

MH BOHCKa; TeX, KOTOpbie 6biJIH rrpo -

MY CHery H rrpH OTCYTCTBHH IIO;c(HOm-

rJiy60KHll yAap ITO )KH3HeHHbiM U:eH-

BOpHbi H JIOBKH ... C;c(eJiaJI Ta6YHII(HKa-

HOrO KopMa. HeomH;c(aHHO H 3MeHH-

TpaM cTpaHbi; YHHtJ:TomeHHe rrpaBH-

MH; HeCBeAymHX, ;c(aBIIIH HM He 60Jib-

JIHCb H HarrpaBJieHHH ;c(BH)KeHHH OTPH-

TeJibCTBa H BbiCIIIero KOMaH;c(OBaHHH

IIIYI0 IIJieTb, IIOCJiaJI B IIacryxH» .

;c(OB MOHrOJibCKOrO BOHCKa.

BOHCK IIpOTHBHHKa.

«HeT BOeHatJ:aJibHHKa xpa6pee

He6oJibiiiOH OTPHA IIOA KOMaHAO-

CTpaTerHtJ:ecKHe cpopMbi HMeJIH

EcyTaH, -

BaHHeM ToJiyH rrporneJI tiepe3 TH6eT

CBOH oco6eHHOCTH H 6biJIH MHOroo6-

HH y o;c(Horo BoeHatJ:aJibHHKa HeT Ta-

roBopHJI qHHrncxaH. -

H BTOprcH B CTPaHY KHHOB (lJ:eHTpaJib-

pa3Hbi. OcHOBHbiMH H3 HHX HBJIHJIHcb:

KHX KatJ:eCTB, KaK y Hero . 0H He yCTa-

HbiH I<IITail) c IOra, oTKyAa HeJib3H

rrpocatiHBaHHe, T.e. ;c(BH)KeHHe MHMO

eT OT ;c(OJirHX IIOXO;c(OB. HHKOr;c(a He

6biJIO omH;c(aTb MOHroJioB. OmpaB-

YKperrJieHHbiX rryHKTOB; CTPaTerntJ:ec-

tJ:yscTByeT HH roJio;c(a, HH mam;c(bl. Ho

JIHH ToJiyH, Cy69A9H cKa3aJI eMy:

KHH oXBaT; CTPaTerHtJ:ecKHil KJIHH; 3a-

OH AYMaeT, 'ITO ero BOHHbi TOme OT-

«3TO HapOA, BbipOCIIIHll B ropo;c(ax,

BOeBaHHe ITO paHOHaM (IlOBOJimbe,

JIH'IaiOTCH TeMH me KatJ:eCTBaMH. Ilo-

OHH H3HemeHbi; H3MOTaH HX KaK CJie-

CeBepo-BocTO'!HaH Pycb, IOro-3arraA-

9TOMY OH He ro;c(HTCH B 6oJibiiiHe BO-

AyeT, H TOr):( a 6y;c(eT HeTpy;c(Ho C HHMH

HaH Pycb, IJ:eHTpaJibHaH EBporra; B

eHatJ:aJibHHKH.

crrpaBHThCH». K ;c(eilcTBHHM cBoero

KaE;c(OM H3 HHX CBOH paHOHbi -

PH-

mecTBOBaHHe roJio Aa H mam;c(bi H

He6oJibrnoro OTpHAa ToJIYll: rrpHKOBarr

3aHCKOe KHH)KeCTBo, BJiaAHMHpcKoe H

IIOHHMaTb CTpa;c(aHHH CBOHX IIO;c('IH-

BHHMaHHe KHHOB, KOTOpbie 6pOCHJIH

T. ):(.); BbiXO;c( BO cpJiaHr rpyiiiiHpOBKH

HeHHbiX, OH ;c(OJimeH 6 epe'Ib CHJibi

rrpoTHBHHKaHJIHeroo6opoHHTeJibHOH

JIIO;c(eil H mHBOTHbiX» . HatiaJibHHK

3aMaHHJI HX B ropbi, H3MOTaJI H KOHTPa-

CHCTeMbi B u:eJioM ; KOHTPHaCTyrrJieHHe

o6H3aH 6biJI 3 a60THTbCH 0 CBOHX IIO;c(-

TaKoil oT6pocHJI Ha paBHHHy. B 9TO

B pe3yJibTaTe rrp e;c(HaMepeHHOro oT-

tiHHeHHbiX H 6biTb Tpe6oBaTeJibHbiM.

BpeMH Cy69A9H c rJiaBHbiMH cHJiaMH

CTyrrJieHHH; CTPaTerHtJ:ecKoe rrpecJie-

OH He HMeJI rrpasa HarrpacHo pHcKo -

YHHti-

BaTb mH3HbiO CBOH X JIIO;c(ell:. EaTbill:

CTpaTerntJ:eCKHe ;c(eHCTBHH MOH-

6oHx rron Eynon orro3;c(aJI HaBecT H

rrpoTHB Hero CBOH rJiaBHbie CHJibi.

MOHroJioB BToprcH c ceBepa. 06opo-

AOBaHHe Bpara ;c(O rroJIHoro ero

Ha CTPaHbi oKa3arracb rroJIHOCThiO Ae3-

TOmeHHH.

opraHH30BaHHoil.

;c(OJI)KeH 3HaTh cy-

yrrpeKaJI Cy69):(9H B TOM , 'ITO TOT B

)J,JIH AOCTH)KeHHH CTPaTerHtJ:ecKoil

roJIOB xapaKTepHbi CTpeMJieHHeM yK-

MOCT : «Tbi 6biJI BHHOIO TOrO, 'ITO H

BHe 3aiiHOCTH MOHrOJibi HepeAKO IIpH-

JIOHHThCH OTreHepaJibHbiX cpameHHH.

rr oTepHJI EoraAypa H

6eraJIH K BepoJioMcTBy. TaK, oTpHA

B TaKTHKe MOHrOJibCKHX BolicK

Cy69):(9H IIbiTaJICH oTKpbiTbiM rnryp-

6biJIH H CBOH OC06eHHOCTH: XOpOIIIO

rre tiHBaJia TO'IHOe BbiiiOJIH eHHe IIpH-

M OM B 3HTh ropoA HaHKHH. B TetJ:eHHe

opraHH30BaHHaH BOHCKOBaH pa3Be;c(-

Ka3a. Ilepen rroxonoM IIpOH3BOnH JI-

BOHHa» .

CTpomall:rnaH ;c(HCU:HIIJIHHa o6 ec -

IIIeCTH ):(Hell KHTaHU:bi 0Tpa3HJIH BCe

Ka, TaKTH'IeCKOe pactiJieHeHHe CBOe-

CH CMOTp, Ha KOTOpOM rrp oBepHJIOCb

aTaKH rrpoTHBHHKa. Tor;c(a MOHrOJibi

ro BoilcKa, YMeJioe ero MaHeBpHpo-

BOopymeHHe H CHapH)KeHHe KaE;c(O-

B03BeJIH BOKpyr ropo;c(a BaJI H 6JIOKH-

BaHHe H xopornee yrrpaBJieHHe B 6oiO.

r o BOHHa BIIJIOTb ):(0 rypcyKa H HrOJI-

poBaJIH HaHKHH, B KOTOpOM CKOpO

MoHroJibi BCIO CBOIO )KH3Hb rrpo-

KH. H a IIOXO;c(e BcanHHKY apbeprap-

HCCHKJIH 3 aiiaCbi IIpO;c(OBOJibCTBHH H

BO;c(HJIH Ha BOeHHOH CJiym6e. 0HH

;c(a rp03HJia CMepTb, eCJIH OH JieHHJI-

BCIIbiXHyJia 9IIHAeMHH. Cy69):(9H co-

6biJIH OTJIH'IHbiMH KOHHbiMH JIYtJ:HHKa-

CH rronHHTb rrpe;c(MeT, IIOTepHHHbill

o6mHJI, 'ITO 3a XOpOIIIHll BbiKYII OH

MH. B 6oiO OHH rrpHMeHHJIH MeTaTeJib-

BCa;c(HHKOM rrepe;c(OBbiX tJ:aCTell. 3a HeOKa3aHH e IIOMOII(H TOBapHmy B

CHHMeT 6JIOKMY· KHTall:U:bi AaJIH T a -

Hbie MaiiiHHbi, ;c(biMOBbie 3aBecbi . B Ka-

Koil BbiKyrr, H MOHrGJibi YIIIJIH. )i{HTe-

tJ:ecTBe CHrHaJIOB B 6oiO ):(HeM MOHrO-

6oiO BHHOBHbill T aKme IIpHrOBapH-

JIH ropo;c(a CtiHTaJIH ce6H crraceHHbiMH,

Jlbi HCIIOJib3 0BaJIH CBHCTHII(He CTPeJibi,

BaJICH K CMepTHOll Ka3HH.

HO HeOmH;c(aHHO M OHrOJibi IIOHBHJIHCb

a HO'IbiO -

U:BeTHbie cpoHapH. «MOJI-

BoilcKOBaH pa3BeAKa n asaJia rro;c(-

CHOBa. BHe3aiiHOCTh HX IIOHBJieHHH rra-

'IaJIHBbie , yrropHbie H IIO;c(BHmHbie ):(0

po6Hble CBeneHHH MOHrOJibCKOMY KO-

paJIH3 0BaJia corrpoTHBJieHHe KHTail-

HeBepOHTHOCTH, OHH ;c(eHCTBYIQT KaK

MaH;c(OBaHHIO, Ha OCHOBaHHH KOTOpbiX

u:eB. 0TPHA Cy69A9H JierKo 3 axBaTHJI

6y;c(TO ITO KOMaH;c(e», -

ropoA.

O;c(HH H 3 COBpeMeHHHKOB.

IIHCaJI 0 HHX

o rrpeneJIHJICH xapaKTep 6oeBbiX nell:CTBHH.

EoJibiiiHe KOHHbie Macchi 6biCTpo

EoJibrnoe BHHMaHHe MOHroJibi yAe-

EcJIH p biUapH 3arra;c(Holl: EBpoiibi

rrp eo;c(oJieBaJIH o6rnHpHbie rrpoCTPaH-

JIHJIH IIO;c(6opy KOMaH;c(HOro COCTaBa.

BeJIH rrpeHMymecTBeHHo pyKorr arn-

3nOXA MOHIOJlOB. 1200-1400 rr.

186

Hbln6on, TOy MOHroJIOB HCUI60JThiiiee

CKOn HMnepHH annapaTynpaBJieHHH.

ceJibCKoro xo3HilcTBa 6biJIH K panHe

pa3BIITHe TIOJI)"UIJI 6on MeTaTeJibHbiM:

MoHroJibi TOJThKO HeCKOJibKO BHnoH3-

TH)KeJibiMH. fy6HTeJibHO OT3biBaJICH

opymHeM. MoHrOJibi 6hiJIH OTJIH<JHbi-

MeHHJIH a;c(MHHHCTPaTHBHOe pallOHH-

Ha KpeCTbHHCKOM X03HllCTBe H TIOCTO-

MH CTpeJIKaMH H3 JIYKa. 0HH MOrJIH

pOBaHHe CTpaHbi, noneJIHB ee Ha ne-

HHHbin yroH B MOHrOJibCKYIO apMHIO

nopa)KaTh CTpenon JieTmi(yiO nmuy.

CHTh o6nacTen .

EoeBon nopHJJ:OK MOHroJioB 6biJI

3Ha<JHTeJibHOrO <JHCJia M)')K'IHH, KOTO-

XoTH anna paT ynpaBJieHHH oCTa-

pbie HCTIOJib30BaJIHCb npH ocanHbiX

paC<JJieHeH TIO <iJpoHry H B rJiy6HHY

BaJICH npe)KHHM, OH 6biJI B 3Ha<JHTeJib-

pa6oTaX H KaK HOCHJibll(HKH EO Bpe -

no neB5ITH JIHHHH. CHJibi pacnpeneiDI-

HOn Mepe H3bHT H3 PYK KHTanueB.

MH noxon oB. IIonaranocb 6paTh on-

JIHCb C TaKHM pac<JeTOM, <JT06bi <iJJiaH-

MoHrOJibi npH 3TOM ocTaBHJIH 3a co-

Horo <JeJIOBeKa H3 Ka)K;c(biX nec5ITH, HO

rn 6biJIH CHJibHee [(eHTPa, 3TO naBa-

6on BCe BOeHHbie noJI)KHOCTH, 'ITO )Ke

Ha neJie MOHrOJibi 6paJIH CTOJibKO,

JIO B03M0)KH0CTh OKp)')KHTh npOTHB-

KacaeTcH rpa)KnaHcKoro annapaTa, TO

CKOJibKO c<JHTaJIH HY)KHbiM.

HHKa. CocTaBHbie <JaCTH 6oeBoro

OH KOMTIJieKTOBaJICH npeHMyrn:e-

3aBOeBaHHaH CT paHa <iJaKTH<JeCKH

nopH):(Ka xopoiiio MaHeBpHpoBaJIH.

CTBeHHO H3 npencTaBHTeJien pa3JIH<J-

6biJia npenocTaBJieHa TipOH3BOJIY OT-

Eon TIHTaJICH pe3epBaMH H3 rny6HHbi.

HbiX HaponoB CpenHen H IIepenHen

neJibHbiX MOHrOJibCKHX BOeHa<JaJThHH-

EcJIH MOHrOJibi BCTpe<JaJIH ynop-

A3HH. HM noBepHJIH na)Ke KPYTIHbie

KOB, ynpaBJIHBIIIHX TeMH HJIH HHbiMH

Hoe conpoTHBJieHHe, OHH yKJIOHH-

nocTbi B rocy;o:apcTI3e, BTIJIOTh no ca-

pall:oHaMH H 6ecnorn:a;o:Ho 3Kcnnyam-

JIHcb oT nanbHeniiiero 6oH H yxo;o:H-

MbiX BbiCIIIHX. IIpHBHJierHpoBaHHoe

poBaBIIIHx

JIH B npyroM HanpaBJieHHH HJIH )Ke

TIOJIO)KeHHe, B KOTOpoe 6biJIH TIOCTaB-

Mecrnble npaBHTeJIH He c<JHTaJIHCb

B03BpaiiiaJIHCb nJIH HOBOrO Hana;o:e-

JieHbi 3TH Bbixonuhi H3 CpenHen H

HH c <JeM -

HHH. TaK 6biJIO Ha Cpe;o:Hen Bonre, B

IIepenHen A3HH, npHBJieKJIO B KHTall:

3aMH na)Ke CaMHX BeJIHKHX XaHOB.

KHTanCKOe HaCeJieHHe.

HH c 3aKOHaMH, HH c YKa-

noxonax Ha HoBropon H B 3ana;o:HyiO

6oJibiiiOe <JHCJIO HHOTIJieMeHHOro Ha-

A TO, <ITo 'IEOpHJIH Mecrnble npaBH-

EBpony. CBoncTI3a KOHHHUbi MORro-

CeJieHHH, cpenH KOTOporo 6biJIO MHO-

T eJIH, nenanH B MaCIIITa6ax, noczyn-

noB H BbiCOKaH nonBH)KHOCTh BOnCKa

ro peMeCJieHHHKOB, MaCTepOB H xy-

HbiX HX BJiaCTH, H HX non<JHHeHHbie.

B [(eJIOM o6ecne<JHBaJIH 6biCTPbin OT-

no)KHHKOB. TaK, HanpHMep, AHHKO,

IIocn encTBHH 3Toro He 3aMenJIHJIH

pbiB OT npOTHBHHKa H 6e360Jie3HeH-

HeTiaJibCKHn CKYJibTITOp H CTpOHTeJib,

CKa3aThCH. PaHbiiie BCero OHH npo-

HOe oTcrynJieHHe. MoHroJibi o6bi<JHO

nony<JHBIIIHn H3BecrnocTh nocTPon-

HBHJIHCb B CeBepHoM KHTae, KOTO -

6biJIH CHJibHbi B 6oiO CO CJia6biM npo-

Kon 3onoTOn naro;c(bl B TH6eTe, ne-

pbin ynpaBIDIJICH MOHrOJibCKHMH BO-

THBHHKOM, CHJibHOro npOTHBHHKa

peexan B

OHH H 36eraJIH. Ilo3TOMY BOnHbi MOH-

noBaJI CTpOHTeJThHbiMH pa6oTaMH npH

M T allCKHe HCT O'IHHKH CBH;o:eTeJib-

rOJIOB '!aCTO xapaKTepH3yiOTCH KaK

MOHrOJibCKOM nBope . IIono6Hbie Ma-

CTByiOT, 'ITO KO Bp eM eHH H 3rHaHHH

126 1 ro;o:y B

KHTail H 3aBe-

eHa<JaJThHHKaMH 6e3pa3neJibHO .

BOHHbi 6e3 cpa)KeHHil, a cpa)KeHHH-

cTepa OKa3aJIH 6oJibiiiOe BJIHHHHe

MOHrOJIOB «B IllaHbiJ:YHe H X3HaHH EO

6e3 noTepb. O;o:Hon H3 npll'IHH yKJIO-

Ha cTpoHTeJibHoe HcKyccTBo MTaH.

MHOrHX MeCTax COBepiiieHHO He OC-

HeHHH MOHrOJIOB OT <iJpoHTaJibHbiX

n pyron CTOpOHbi, MOHrOJibCKHe

TaJIOCb JIIOnen». Yna;o:oK, Bbi3BaHHbin

6oeB 6biJia MaJIOpOCJIOCTb H OTHOCH-

npaBHTeJIH HanpaBJIHJIH B Cpe;o:HIOIO

MOHrOJibCKHM 3aBOeBaHHeM, 0Tpa -

TeJibHaH CJia60CTb HX JIOIIIa;c(en, 'ITO

A3HIO H HpaH KHTall[(eB niDI o6cny-

3HJICH H B o6nacm ¢HHaHCOB. MoH-

O<JeHb HeBbironHo B pyKonaiiiHOM

)KHBaHHH annapaTa ynpaBJieHHH 3 TH-

roJibi BBeJIH B IIIHpOKOe o6paiiieHHe

6oiO. Korna MOHrOJibi CTaJIKHBaJIHCb

Mil cTpaHaMH. TaKHM o6pa3oM, TaK-

6 yMa)l(Hbie neHblli H B n epBOe BpeMH

C ynopHbiM COTipOTHBJieHHeM, OHH

THKa MOHrOJibCKHX 3aBOeBaTeJien CO-

CTapaJIHCb no;o:;o:ep)KHBa Tb HX [(eH-

YHH'ITO)KaJIH npomBHHKa npH noMo-

CTOHJia B TOM, <JT06bi B ynpaBJieHHH

HOCTh, H3naBaH YKa3bi, 3anpern:aBIIIHe

Il(H M eTaTeJibHbiX M aiiiHH.

Ka)Knon H3 3aBOeBaHHbiX CTpaH OTIH-

HX 6ecKOHTpOJThHoe n e <JaTaHHe. On-

paTbCH rnaBHbiM o6pa3oM Ha <Jyme-

HaKO TIOCTeTieHHO 3TH 3anpeTbi nepe -

KMTAM KMTaillcKaf/ MCTOPMfl sa 3TM ABa

3eMHbie nJIH 3TOn CTpaHbi 3JieMeHTbi.

CTaJIH C06JIIOnaThCH, H CaMO npaBH-

KHTall:cKHe KpecTbHHe 6biJIH o6H-

TeJThCTI30 CTaJio Ha n yTh 6e3ynep)K-

3aHbi ynna<JHBaTb KpanHe TH)KeJibin

Horo BbiTIYCKa 6YMa)KHbiX neHer. 3 TO

TI03eMe JThHbin HaJIOr, aKpOMe TOro, Ha-

npHBeJIO K TIOJIH OMY o6ec[(eHHBaHHIO

JIOr C Ka)Knoro B3pOCJIOro M)')K'IHHbi.

6yMa)l(HbiX neHer, n e 3opraHH30BaJio

BeKa CBOAMTCfl npaKTW-IBCKM TOflbKO K

TH)KeJibiM 6peMeHeM nerna na

TOprOBJIIO, Bbi3BaJIO orpOMHOe B3n o -

3aBOeBaHMIO CTpaHbil/MHrMCX8HOM M

KpeCTbHHCTBO KOHHaH TIOBHHHOCTb.

p0)KaHHe TOBapOB H CTIOC06CTBOBaJIO

era HaCflBAHMKaMM, OCHOBa HMIO MMM

TioiiianH B KHTae npHMeHHJIHCb H

naJibHeniiieMy o 6HHil(aHHIO HaCeJie HHH.

MOHrOflbCKOM AMHaCTMM /OaHb M ee

nJIH BCeB03MO)KHbiX nepeB030K, H Ha

CBBp)I(BHMIO HOBOM AMHaCTMeill MMH

M e JThHH[(ax, H Ha opocHTeJibHbiX co-

K XIV BeKy BJiacTb MOHrOJThCKHX

(HacneAHMu,eill AMHaCTMM LtsMHb).

opymeHHHX, H npH o6pa6oTKe 3eMJIH.

3aBoeBaTenen B KHTae ocna6ena.

3aBoeBaTeJIH CTPeMHJIHCb H 3bHTh y

BMecTo enHHon MoHroJThcKon HMne -

YcTaHaBJIHBaH CBOIO BJiacTh Han

HaC eJieHHH KaK MO)KHO 6oJibiiie KO-

pHH B 3 TO BpeMH yme B 03HHKJIO <Je -

KHTaeM, MOHrOJThCKHe 3aBoeBaTeJIH

Hen, TIOCKOJibKY M OHrOJibCKaH apMHH

Tbip e M OHrOJibCKHX r ocy napCTBa.

OCTaBHJIH TIO<JTH B TIOJIHOn H enpHKOC-

HCTibiTbiBaJia B HHX TIOCTOHHHyiO TIO-

Co6cTI3eHHo M oHroJIHH, MaHb<J)Ky-

HOBeHHOCTH nencTByiOil(Hn B CyH-

Tpe6HOCTb. IIocnencTBHH 3Toro ;o:JIH

pHH, KHTan H T H6eT BXO;o:HJIH B co -

BOCTOLJHA~

LlEHTPAJlbHA~ A3V1~

187 lo

CTaB o.o:Horo II3 HIIX ~ «rocy.o:apcTBa BeJIIIKIIX XaHOB». 0cJia6JieHIIe BJiaC-

CTaHIIe «KpaCHblX nOBH30K». 06pa30BaJiaCb KpeCTbHHCKaH nOBCTaH<JeC-

Tli MOHroJioB ycyry6JIHJIOCb B KIITae

KaH apMIIH, KOTOPYIO no QBery roJioB-

CJ1eJJ,CT8MM K HeMy npMMKHYI1M T8K-

pacnpHMII cpe):{ll MOHrOJibCKOll3HaTII.

)I(e OCTaTKM p83rpOMJ1eHHOrO MMne-

C Ha<JaJia XIV BeKa BeJiacb no<JTII

HbiX nOBH30K, CJIY)l(IIBIIIIIX 3HaKOM npiiHa):{Jie)l(HOCTli K BOCCTaBIIIIIM, Ha-

HenpeKpaJI(aBinaHcH 6opb6a Me)l(.o:y

3BaJIII TOr):{a «KpacHOll apMIIell» (XYH

KOro 0Tpf/J1.8 fl10 c:tJyryHf/. l{)l(y /08Hb-

omeJibHblMII npeTeH}leiiTaMII Ha npe-

Q3I0Hb ). 2.o:poM BOCCTaBIIIIIX 6biJIII

'1)1(8H 38X88TMJ1 H8HKMH

CTOJI. BJiacTh 3aXBaTbiBaJIII pa3JIII<J-

CJJ,e/1811 ropOJJ. CTOJ1MLJ,eifl H080rO KM-

Hble BpeMeHII(IIKII, CBepraBIIIIIe 0.0:-

<JJieHbi ceKTbi «EeJioro JIOToca». K HIIM npHHa):{Jle)l(aJIII II caM npe.o:Bo-

HIIX IIMnepaTOpOB II B03BO):{IIBIIIIIe Ha

.O:IITeJib BOCCTaHIIH XaHb illaHh-TYH II

'lero nocTeneHHO p8cnpocTp8HMf1

TpOH .o:pyrnx.

ero CbiH llaHb lliiHb-3p, 3aHHBIIIIIll

C80/0 BJ18CTb H8 60J1bUJYIO '18CTb Tep-

nocne cMepTM

l..t3b/CMH8 oH npM-

Hf/11 KOM8HJ1,088HMe H8 ce6f/. 8no-

p8TOpCKMMM 80MCK8MM n08CT8H'IeC-

( 1356 r.)

T8MCKOrO np88MTeJ1bCT88, nocne

1368

He.o:oBoJibcTBo KIITaHCKoro Hace-

Mecro oma nocJie ero cMepTII. B ne-

pMTOpMM CTp8Hbl M 8

JieHIIH pocJio. EoJiee Bcero CTPa~J:aJIII

piio.o: CBOero B03HliKHOBeHIIH, eme B

Hf/11 l..t3M (53MLJ,3MH, C08p. neKMH).

OT MOHrOJibCKIIX 3aXBaT'IIIKOB Kpec-

IV~V BeKaX, CeKTa «EeJioro JIOTO-

HeKoTopoe 8peMfl c HMM conepHM-

TbHHe II ropO.O:CKIIe peMeCJieHHIIKII, Hecnme Ha ce6e BCIO TH)l(eCTh no6o-

Ca>>, pa3):{eJIHBIIIaH Y<JeHIIe O):{HOll II3

'18118 JJ,pyr8f/ rpynn8 KMT8MCKMX 6yH-

pa3HOBII.O:HOCTell 6Y1J:):(ll3Ma, OXBaTbi-

T08111,MK08; MX OH p836MJ1 8 Cp8)1(eHMM

poB II npiiTecHeHIIil. Ho He.O:OBOJibHbi

BaJia npe.o:cTaBIITeJieil rocno.o:cTByiO-

H8 03epe nof/HXY ( OK0/10

6hiJIII II KIITallCKIIe cpeo):{aJibi, OTTeC-

II(IIX CJIOeB KIITallCKOrO o6mecTBa, HO

nocneJJ,HMM 1173 np88M8UJMX 8 KMT8e

roJJ,y 38-

1360 r.).

HeHHbie OT npaBIITeJibCTBeHHblX no-

co BpeMeHII CyH oHa noJIHOCTbiO II3-

nOTOMK08 liMHrMCX8H8 6e)I(8J1 H8 ce-

CTOB II HaXO):{liBIIIIIeCH no.o: nOCTOHH-

MeHIIJia cBoil xapaKTep. CTopoHHIIKII

8ep. v13rH8 8 MOHrono8 no'ITM co 8ceifl

HOll yrp030ll JIIIIIIeHIIH IIX BJia):{eHIIH

ceKTbi cTaJIII npii.o:ep)l(liBaThCHHapo.o:-

TeppMTOpMM CTp8Hbl, l{)l(y/08Hb'I)I(8H

II ):{a)l(e )l(II3HII no npOII3BOJIY MOH-

HbiX BepoBaHIIH, a caMa ceKTa noJiy-

noJJ, TpOHHb/M MMeHeM XyH

rOJibCKIIX xaHoB. CpaBHIITeJibHO cBo-

'IIIJia IIIIIpOKOe pacnpocTpaHeHIIe B

ToHr-IOifl) npo8o3m8CMJ1 ce6fl nep -

6o):{Hee 'IYBCTBOBaJIII ce6H Kyniibi, TaK

Hapo.o:Hoil cpe.o:e. Tor.o:a )l(e ceKTa

8biM MMnep8TopoM JJ.MH8CTMM MMH

KaK MOHrOJibCKIIe 3aBOeBaTeJIII He

npiio6peJia CTPYKTYPY «TaHHoro o6-

( 1368 r.).

<JIIHIIJIII npeTIHTcTBIIil roproBJie, o.o:HaKO 3TO He MOrJIO CMHr'IliTh BCe B03-

m ecTBa», T.e. TIInll'IHYIO .O:JIH cpe.o:He-

J1,88J],LJ,8TM J1eT OH npOJJ,0/1)1(8!1 3880-

BeKoBoro KIITaH opraHII3aQIIOHHYIO

e8b/88Tb M 06beJJ,MHf/Tb KMT8MCKMe

paCTaBIIIYIO B KIITallCKOM Hapo.o:e He-

cpopMy, CBH3aHHYIO C HapO):{HbiMII

TeppMTOpMM.

HaBIICTh K nopa6oTIITeJIHM. Co Been

.O:BII)l(eHIIHMII. B

ro.o:y llaHb

1368-1388 rr. nPOAOJl>KE-

OCTpOTOll OTKpbiTaH 6opb6a KIITall-

illaHb-TYH II XaHb llHHb-3p no):{HHJIII

H~E BO~Hbl ME>KAY M~H ~

1351

Y (11111117

B Te'leHMe cneJJ,y!OW.MX

CKOrO Hapo.o:a C MOHrOJibCKIIMII XaHa-

3HaMH BOCCTaHIIH. B

13 52 ro.o:y K HIIM

MOHrOJlAM~. nocneJJ,Heifl OT80e-

MII pa3BepHyJiacb B cepe.O:IIHe XIV

npiicoe):{IIHIIJICH npe.O:BO):{IITeJib .o:py-

88HHOM KMT8MCKOM np08MHLJ,Meifl CT8!1

BeKa, B npaBJieHIIe ToroH-TIIMypa

roil rpynnbi BOCCTaBIIIIIX~fo ll;3bi-

IOHbH8Hb (

(illyHhiJ:ll), nocJie):{Hero IIMIIepaTopa

CIIH ( CM. Hll)l(e ).

8TOprf1MCb 8 MoHr0/111710, M3rH8J1M

MOHrOJibCKOH):{IIHacTllli B KIITae.

1382 r.).

38TeM KMTaMU.bl

MOHr0/108 1173 MXCTOJ1MLJ,bl K8p8Kopy-

ToJI<JKOM K MaccoBoMy iJ:BII)l(eHIIIO nocJiy)l(IIJIO CTliXIIllHOe 6e):{CTBIIe, pa3 pa3IIBIIIeecH B 1350~ 1351 ro-

1205-1279rr.

3ABOEBAH~E

K~TAs:l MOHrOJlAM~.

1279 r.

M8 M OJJ,ep)l(8f1M rp8HJJ.M03HYIO no6eJJ.Y 8 cp8)1(eHMM H8 peKe KepyneH

OCHOBAH~E

( 1388 r.).

HaHb, X363il II illaHh.o:yH. 3To 6e.o:-

XAHOM IOAHb. 1307-1388 rr. YnAAOK A~ HACT~~ IOAHb. 1356-1368 rr. OCHOBAH ~ E

CTBIIe nepenoJIHliJIO 'IaiiiY HapO.O:HO-

A~HACT~~ M~H. B cepeJJ.MHe

n pe)l(.o:e Bcero pacnpaBIIJICH c Kpyn-

1351 ro.o:y ToroH-TII-

XIV 8eK8 no'ITM 8ecb ce8ep KMT8fl

HbiMII cpeo.o:aJiaMII. 3Ha<JIITeJibHYIO

OK838J1Cfl OX88'1eH H8POJJ.Hb/M Mf/Te-

<JacTh 3HaTII oH YHII<JTO)l(IIJI. ,IJ;pyraH

.o:ax, ~ pa3JIIIB peKII XyaHX3. HaBo.O:HeHIIeM 6biJIII OXBa<JeHbi o6IIIIIpHbie pailoHbi Hb!HeiiiHIIX npoBIIHliiiH X3-

roTepneHIIH. B

MYP npiiKa3aJI corHaTh HaceJieHIIe Ha B03Be):{eHIIe 3all(IITHbiX ):{aM6.

XY5~11AEM A~HACT~~

BcraB BO r JiaBe BOCCTaHOBJieHHOro KIITailcKoro rocy.o:apcTBa, q)l(y IOaHb'J)l(aH (Tall:Q3y, 1 368~1 398 rr.)

)I(OM, 80UJeJJ,UJMM 8 MCTOpMIO noJJ, H 8 -

<JaCTb cpeo):{aJIOB 6biJia OTCTp aHeHa OT

3TOM )l(e ro.o:y cpa3y B .O:Byx Mecrax

388HMeM 80CCTaHMf/ «Kp8CHb/X n08fi-

Henocpe.o:cTBeHHoro ynpaBJieHIIH

BCnbiXHYJIII HapO.O:Hbie BOJIHeHIIH: B

30K». no8CTaHLJ,bl JJ.OCTMmM Bef1MKOM

CBOIIMII 3eMJIHMII. q)l(y IOaHb<J)l(aH

CIOH'J)l(oy (npoBHHQIIH ll;3HHcy) no.o:-

KMT8MCKOM CTeHbl M npM6!1M3MJ1MCb

n piiCBOliJI CBOIIM CbiHOBbHM, a TaK)l(e

HHJI BOCCTaHIIe llii 3p, B )[{aHbHHe

K CTOJ1MLJ,e. nepeKMHYI10Cb 80CCT8-

pHIJ:Y Ba)l(HelliiiiiX CBOIIX CnO):{BII)l(HII-

(npoBIIHQIIH Xy63il) ~ MbiH Xail-

HMe M H8 LJ,eHTp8!1bHb/e np08MH-

KOB pa3JIII'IHbie THryJibi. 06Jia):{aTe -

Ma. BcJie.o: 3a TeM BOJIHeHIIH Ha<JaJIII

LJ,MM -

8 npo8MHU.MM AHbxyifl Mf/Te)I(-

JIHM 3TliX THryJIOB 6biJIII npliTIIICaHbi

BCnbiXIIBaTb B CaMbiX pa3JIII'IHbiX Me-

HMK08 803rf188f1f/f1 tO l..t3b/CMH, K KO-

3eMeJibHbie yro.O:bH, o6pa6aTbiBaBIIIII-

TOpOMY npMMKHY/1 He60J1bUJ OM OT-

ecH KpeCTbHHaMII, HO ):{OXO):{ C 3TliX

CTax. PeiiiaiOmYIO poJib B 6opb6e c MOH-

PfiJJ. KpeCTbf/HCKOrO Cb/H8 M 8 npo-

yroiJ:llil y)l(e He nocrynan He nocpe .o:-

roJibCKIIMII 3 aBOeBaTeJIHMII CbirpaJIO

UJJ10M 6pOJJ,f/'lero 6yJJ,JJ,MMCKOrO MO-

cTBeHHO B PYKII IIX BJia.o:eJibQeB, a B

3 HaMeHIITOe B IICTOpiiii KIITaH Boc-

H 8X8 l{)l(y /08Hb'I)I(8H8. B

1355 roJJ,y

onpe.o:eJieHHbiX pa3Mepax Bbi.O:aBaJicH

3nOXA MOHIOJlOB. 1200-1400 rr.

188

rrpaBII'I'eJibeTBOM B BH,[(e maJIOBaHbH.

HHHbie TeppHTOpHaJibHbie BOHeKa, op-

EbiJIO yeTaHOBJieHo maJioBaHbe H

raHH30BaHHbie B BH,[(e «BOeHHbiX IIO-

BeeM <JHHaM HMIIepHH- KaK rpam-

,[(aHeKHM, TaK H BOeHHbiM.

eeJieHHH» (TYHbTIIHb). Jlliu;a, BXO,[(HB-

KOHIJ:a

IIIHe B 3TH BOHeKa, HMeJIH IIpHIIHeaH-

XV BeKa <JaeTh maJioBaHbH eTaJia yrr-

Hbie K HHM y<JaeTKH, KOTOpbie HMH me

Jia<JHBaTheH ,[(eHbraMH .

H o6pa6aTbiBaJIHeb.

Orropon eBoen BJiacrn Limy IOaHb<JmaH eTpeMHJieH e,[(eJiaTb MeJIKHX <lJeo,[(aJIOB, BBe,[(H TaK Ha3biBaeMyiO eHeTeMy JIHU:3H, T.e. HOBYIQ <lJopMy yrrpaBJieHHH ,[(epeBHeH. 3Ta eHeTeMa eOCTOHJia B TOM, 'ITO Kam,[(ble

11 0 ,[(EO-

poE eoeTaBJIHJIH OT,[(eJibHYIQ e,[(HHHU:Y- JIH.

10 .[(EO pOE H3

3TOro <JHeJia

rrpHHMJiemaJIH rpyrrrre HaeJie,[(eTBeHHbiX eTapoeT H3 <JHeJia MeJIKHX <lJeo,[(aJIOB, IIOO<Jepe,[(HO yrrpaBJIHBIIIHX Been o6ru:HHoli. OeTaJibHbie

100 Kpe-

CTbHHeKHX .[(EOpOE ,[(eJIHJIHeb Ha MeHbIIIHe 06II(HHbi -

U:3H, ITO

10 ,[(BOpOB B

KCl)K,[(Oll. Y HHX 6biJIH eBOH eTapoeTbi. fJiaBHaH o6H3aHHOeTh CTapoeT eoeTOHJia B eo6HpaHHH HaJioroB. Bee <JJieHbi U:3H 6biJIH B 3TOM OTHOIIIeHHH eBH3aHbi KpyroBoli rropyKoli. B PYKax 06II(HHbi HaxO,[(HJIHeb peryJIHpOBaHHe eeJibeKOX03HlleTBeHHbiX pa60T H pa3JIH'!Hble BOIIpOebi yrrpaBJieHHH mH3HbiO o6II(HHbi.

1398-1402 rr. rPA>KAAHCKASI BO"'HA. 5opb6a 3a anacTb nocne cMepTM XyH Y Bepx Ha,D. 3aKOHHbtM Hacne,D.HMKOM npeCTOfla o,D.ep)l(an OAMH M3 y,D.enbHbtX npaaMTeneiii (TaK)I(e CbtH lf)/(y /OaHb'l)l(aHa)- lf)/(y )J.M (ro,D.bt npaaneHMR

OK0110 1400 r. li1MnEPii1s:l Mli1H- BE11111KASI MOPCKASI AEP>KABA. KMTai1IcKMe mproabte M BOeHHbte cy,D.a rocnO,D.CTBOBaflM B /O)I(HO-KMTaMCKOMMOpe; BflMRHMe MMnepMM MMH pacnpocTpaHRnocb Ha VfH,D.MMCKMM OKeaH. KMTaiii npM

npOTMB KMTai1114eB BOeHa'laflbHMK 11M CoHre no,D.HRn MRTe)l(, o6BMHRR a TR)I(KOM nOflO)I(eHMM CTpaHbl npaBRl1.4YIO ,D.MHaCTMto BaH. Boi1IcKa ,D.BMHy-

,D.MHaCTMM MMH 6btn ,D.eiiiCTBMTeflbHO aenMKoiii MopcKoiii ,D.ep)l(a aoi1I - cy,D.R no TOMY, 'ITO era MMnepaTopaM nnaTMnM ,D.aHb npaBMTeflM LJ,ei1JflOHa.

nMcb Ha CTOflM/4Y, M B 1388 ro,D.y anacTb nepewna K 11M CoHre M era CTOpOHHMKaM. B 1391 ro,D.yaTa rpyn nMpOBKa perj)opMaTopoa M3,D.ana 3a -

YKpeiiJieHHIO BJiaeTH HMrreparopa JieHHH. <J)opMaJibHO 6biJIO B03Beii(eHO

KOPER

HMIIepHH», T.e. BOeeTaHOBJieHHe roey,[(apeTBeHHbiX y<Jpem,[(eHHli roro BpeMeHH. Ho Limy IOaHb<J)KaH rrpoBeJI eym eeTBeHHoe H 3M eHeHHe 3TIIX rropH.[(KOB: 6biJia yrrpa3,[(HeHa «BepXOBHaH IIaJiaTa» (illaHIIIyiii3H ), T.e. BbieiiiHH rrpaBHTeJibCTBeHHbiH opraH, rJiaBa KOroporo B Ka<JeeTBe rre pBoro MHHHCTpa HMrrepHH .[(epmaJI B eBoHx PYKax Bee

HH1li yrrpaBJieHHH. 01Hb1He BepxoBHaH BJiaeTb OKa3biBaJiaeb B pyKax HMIIeparopa H Bee Ha3Ha<JeHHH Ha ,[(OJI)KHOeTII MOrJIH HeXO,[(HTh TOJibKO OT Hero. Ilo.[(BeprJiaeb peopraHH3aiJ;HH H BOeHHaH eHeTeMa. ApMHH B KHTae e ,[(aBHHX BpeMeH 6oJibiiieli <JaCTbiO <lJopMHpoBaJiaeb rryTeM eo3biBa BeeHapo.[(Horo orroJI<JeHHH.

eepe.[(HHbi

VIII BeKa

B KHTae rre p eiiiJIH K eHeTeMe HaeMHH<JeCTBa. Limy IOaHb<JmaH BBeJI HOBbiH rropH.[(oK. OH pa3,[(eJIHJI HaeeJieHHe Ha «HapO.[(» (MHHb) H «apMHIO» (U:3IOHb). 3TO 03Ha<JaJIO, 'ITO KaKaH-TO <JaeTh HaeeJieHHH KHTaH BKJIIO<JaJiaeb B IIOeTO-

KOHMMH B 1356 ro,D.yHanpaBMfl BOMCKa AflR M3rHaHMR M3 ceaepo-aocTO'IHbtX M ceaepo-3ana,D.HbtX pai1IoHOB CTpaHbl. Bee C03,D.aHHbte MOHrOnaMM y'lpe)I(,IJ.eHMR 6btnM nMKBM,D.MpoaaHbt, a MOHronbCKMe noceneH/4bt M3rHaHbl OTOBCto,D.y, KpOMe OCTpoaa lfe,IJ.)I(y,D.o, ocao6o)I(,D.eHHoro nMWb a 1374 ro,D.y. B TOM )l(e ro,D.y BaH KoHMMH 6btn y6MT npOMOHrOflbCKM HaCTpOeHHbiMM rj)eo,D.anaMM, KOTOpbte BOCnpOTMBMflMCb nonbtTKe B03BpaTa B Ka3HY 6btBWMX rocy,D.apCTBeHHbiX 3eMeflb Mrocy,D.apCTBeHHbiX KpeCTbRH. TeM apeMeHeM BOJ4apMBWaRCR B KMTae AMHaCTMR MMH TaK)I(e 3aRBMna npeTeH3MM Ha ycTaHOBfleHMe CI03epeHMTeTa Ha,D. Kope. nocnaHHbiM

1402-1424 rr.); npM HeM CTOflM/4a rocy,D.apcTaa M3 HaHKMHa 6btna nepeHeceHa a LJ,3M ( c 1421 rr. - 5ai1IJ43MH, COBp. neKMH).

eJIY)KHJ!a H BBe,[(eHHaH eHeTeMa yrrpaB«B03BpameHHe K rropH.[(KaM TaHeKoli

no,D. MOHrOflbCKOM oneKM. noKOH'IMB CHa'lana C BflMRTeflbHOM npOMOHrOflbCKOM rpynnMpOBKOM npM ,D.BOpe,

5onbwe nonoaMHbt ,D.aHHoro nepMo,D.a KopeR Haxo,D.Mnacb a aaccanbHOiii 3aBMCMMOCTM aT BenMKoro XaHCTBa MOHrOflbCKOrO ( 12311356 rr.). MoHronbCKMeanacTMTenM 3anpeTMnM a Kope npoM3BOACTao nyKoa M cTpen, a TaK)I(e orroprnM aT cTpaHbt ceaepo-3ana,D.Hbte M ceaepo-aocTO'IHbte o6nacTM, no,D.'IMHMB MX CBOeMy Henocpe,D.CTBeHHOMY ynpaaneHMIO. QJeo,D.anbHbtenpaaMTenM Kope )l(eHMnMcb Ha MoHronbcKMx npMHJ4eCCaX M no,D.onry )I(MflM B CTOflM/4e MMnepMM IOaHb. B nepaoi1I nonoaMHe XIV aeKa Ha'lanMcb Ha 6erM Ha Kopei1IcKMi1I nonyocTpoa RnoHCKMXnMpama -B 1356 ro,D.yOHM3aXBaTMflM OCTPOB Ke,D.OH B YCTbe peKM EcoHraH M cTanM yrpo)l(aTb ropo,D.y KareH - CTOflMJ4e Kope. no,D. yrpo30M HapO,D.HOrO BOCCTaHMR npaBMTeflbCTBO BaHa KoHMMHa ( 13521374 rr.) pewMno ocao6o,D.MTbCR M3 -

KOH, BOCCTaHa BflMBaBWMM aepXOBHyto rocy,D.apCTBeHHYIO C06CTBeHHOC Tb Ha 3eM nto. TeM caMbtM 3eMenbHaR C06CTBeHHOCTb nepeMeCTMflaCb OT npe)I(Hei1J 3HaTM B pyKM CflY)I(Mfl oro ,D.BOPR HCTBa, noJ],IJ.ep)I(Maaawero11M CoHre, M,D.MHaCTMR BaH OKOH'IaTenbHO yrpaTMna onopy. Co cnaa nocne,D.Hero M3 BaHoa- Kope, 11M CoHr e caM npoao3rnacMn ce6R BaHOM, OCHOBaB TeM CaMbiM HOBYIO ,D.MHa CTMIO 11M. /ocy,D.apCTBO CTano Ha3btBaTbCR l.fOCOH, a CTOflMJ4a 6 btna nepeHeceHa a Ceyn. 11M CoHre npo ,D.Ofl)l(an npM3HaBaTb Cto3epeHMTeT MMnepMMMMH, npM3HaHHbti1JnpM,D.MHaCTMM BaH ( 1369 r . ), noJ],IJ.ep)I(MBan MMpHbte OTHOWeHMR C 'I)I(YP 'I)I(3HRMM, a TaK)I(e C ceryHaMM M3 KnaHa AcMKara. RnoHcKaR n MpaTcKaR 6a3a Ha OCTpoae LJ,ycMMa 6 btna flMKBM,D.MpoaaHa B pe3yflbTaTe MOpCKMX 3KCne,D.MJ4MM a 1389 M 1419 ro,D.ax. BrrepBbie MOHroJibeKHe BolieKa rroHBHJIHeb B Kope B

1218

roey 0HH

rroTpe6oBaJIH oT Kop eeK oro rrpaBHTeJibeTBa BbiiiJiaTbi eTOJib TH)KeJIOH

BOCTOLJHA~ ):(aiiH, qTQ Bbi3BaJili BCeo6rn:ee B03My-

LlEHTPAJlbHA~ A3V1~

1232 ro):(y B

K9reHe BCITbiXHY-

189

II KpeiTOCTIIbiX. B oll:cKa ITpe):(CTaBJIH-

1225 ro):(y

no BOCCTaHIIe Ka3eHHbiX KpeiTOCTIIbiX

JIII co6oll: peryn.apHoe cpopMIIpoBa-

y6IIHCTBO MOIITOJibCKOrO IIOCJia, B03-

(Ho6II) II rocy):(apcTBeHHbiX KpecTb-

HIIe , C03):(aHHOe ITpaBIITeJIHMII II3 po):(a

Bparn:aBIIIerOCH II3 Kopeii, ITpiiBeJio K

HH, KOTOpbie YHIIqTO)KliJili OCTaB-

qXBe ):(JIH o6opoHbi KaH):(O.

pa3pbiBY OTIIOIIIeHIIH Memey MOHrO-

IIIliXCH B ropo):(e apiiCTOKpaTOB, pa3-

JiaMII II KOpeCKliM ITpaBIITeJibCTBOM .

):(eJIIIJili liX IIMyll(eCTBO cpe):(ll 6e):(HO-

pee3):(0M ):(Bopa B K9reH MoHroJibi

liHIIII):(eiiT 6biJI liCITOJib30BaH MOHro-

Tbi li roTOBliJiliCb K 6opb6e ITpOTliB

ITpe):(JiomiiJIII c pbiTh Bee YKPeiiJieHIIH

JiaMII ):(JIH opraHII3au:IIII ITOXO):(a Ha

yKpbiBIIIIIXCH Ha ocTpoBe KaH):(O cpe-

Ha OCTpOBe II yll:TII Ha MaTepiiK, BOH-

1231 ro):(a BTOprnmec.a

O):(aJioB. KpyrrHbie CIIJibi ITpaBIITeJib-

CKa He ITO):(qliHliJiliCb ITpiiKa3y ITpa-

B Kopero MOHroJibCKIIe Boll:cKa ITO):(

cTBeHHbiX BORCK ITO):(aBIIJili 9TO BOC-

BIITeJibCTBa, ):(ellCTBOBaBIIIer o IT O

Il(eHIIe. IIocne):(oBaBinee B

Kope. JieToM

K o r):(a B

1270 ro):(y B

CBH3II cITe-

KOMaH):(Oll CaJIIITa.H BCTpeTIIJili ome-

CTaHIIe. BoccTaHIIH KpeiTOCTHbiX II

yKa3Ke Mo H ro JioB . BoccTaBIIIIIe

CToqeHHOe coiTpOTIIBJieHIIe Hapo):(-

rocy):(apCTBeHHbiX KpeCTbHH ITpO-

o6bHBIIJIII Ko poneM O):(Horo II3 ITpe):(-

HbiX Mace. 3all(liTIIliKli He60JibiiiOll

li30IIIJili B ITocne):(yrorn:IIe ro):(bi B Co-

c TaBIITenell: uapcTByrorn:ero po):(a II

KpeiTocrn Ky):(my ( coBpeMeHHblll Ky-

reHe, ToHreHe (KeH):()Ky), Ha):(my II

pa3BepHyJIII

):(Hell OWIIBaJIII aTaKli MOH-

):(pyriiX MeCTaX, HO BCe OHII 6biJili

6o pb6y . Ha Tblc.aqe MeJIKIIX K opa6nell: OHII ITepeiTpaBIIJiliCb Ha OCTpOB

coH)

aHTliMOHrO JibCKYIO

rOJibCKOll apMIIII, ITpiiMeHHBIIIell pa3-

ITO):(aBJieHbi ITpaBIITeJibCTBeHHbiMli

H006pa3Hble coopymeHIIH ):(JIH rnryp-

BOllCKaMII, KOTOpbie He BeJIII aKTIIB-

qliH):(O, a 3aTeM 3aHHJili OCTpOB qe):(-

Ma KpeiTocTell:. 3all(IITIIIIKII ropo):(a

HOll 6opb6bi C MOHroJiaMII.

my):(o, oTKy):(a H aiTa):(aJIII Ha ITpaBII-

qXYH):()KY ITperpa):(liJIII IT)'Th MOHroJib-

B oTBeT Ha y6IIll:cTBo MOHrOJib-

TeJibCTBeHHbie CIIJibi II ITomepmiiBa-

CKliM BOHCKaM B lO)KHbie pall:OHbi

CKIIX HaMeCTHIIKOB II 6erCTBO KOpec-

JIII aHTIIMOHrOJibCKIIe HapO):(Hbie BOC-

yr-

KliX cpeo):(aJioB Ha KaH):(o MOHroJibi B

CTpaHbi. 0):(HaKO KOr):(a HaBliCJia

po3a Ha):( croJIIIuell:, ITpaBHII(aH cpeo-

KOH[(e

123 2

CTaHIIH Ha ITonyocTpoBe. Tpii ro):(a

ro):(a CHOBa HaiTpaBIIJili

ITpo):(onmana cb yiTopHaH 6opb6a .

):(aJibHa.H KJIIIKa EO rJiaBe C qXBe Y

BoilcKa B Kopero II yqiiHIIJIII CTParrr-

Ilpii aKTIIBHOll ITOMOII(ll MOHrOJIOB

( CbiHOM qXBe qxyHxoHa) BCTYIIIIJia

Hbie oiTycTorneHIIH. B ITocneeyrorn:IIe

ITpaBIITeJibCTBY Kope y):(anocb pa3-

B ITeperOBOpbi C 3aBOeBaTeJIHMli II 3a-

JieT ITpOII3 0IIIJIO ern:e ITHTb He Me-

rpoMIITb BOCCT aBIIIliX Ha qe):()Ky):(O.

KJIJOqliJia Mllp Ha ITpO):(IIKTOBaHHbiX

Hee OITYCTOIIIIITeJibHbiX HaiiieCTBllll

Jliiiiib C ITO):(aBJieHIIeM 9TOrO BbiCryiT-

MOHroJiaMII ycJIOBIIHX yrrJiaTliTb 6oJib-

MOHrOJibCKliX apMIIll.

IIIYIO ):(aHb o):(em):(oll:, TKaHHMII, MexaMII, JIOIIIa):(bMli. B HaqaJie

II pa3opeHa. B

1232

r o ):(y OCHOBHaH

JieHIIH rOCITO):(CTBO M OHrOJIOB yTBep-

Bc.a CTpaHa 6biJia o6ecKpOBJieHa

1253

):(liJIOCb EO BCell CT paHe.

ro):(y O):(liH II3

MoHroJibCKIIllliMITeparop Xy6II-

qliHOBHliKOB ):(OHOCIIJI KOpOJIIO 0 TOM,

nall: ITbiTaJICH ITpeBparnTh Kop ero B

qacTh MOHrOJibCKliXBOllCK, 3axBaTIIB

qTQ «B Hapo):(e ll3 Ka)K):(biX ):(eCHTII B

6a3y ):(JIH 3aBOeBaHIIH HrroHllli. IIocT -

6oJibiiiYIO ):(o6bi'1)' ( 30JIOTO, cepe6po,

)KliBbiX OCTaJlliCb ):(Ba liJili Tpll qeJIO-

poll:K a MHoroqiicJieHHbiX Ko pa6nell:,

M exa), BepHynacb B MoHroJIIIIO, a B

BeKa ... ». B pe3yJibTaTe HOBoro Harrre-

3ar OTOBKa ITpO):(OBOJibCTBIIH ):(JIH or-

CTBIIH

pOMHOll apMIIII, ITpe):(H a3HaqeHHOll K

M ecrniiKoB, CTpeMIIBIIIliXCH ITO):(qli-

1254 ro):(a B ITJieH 6biJIO yrna207 TbiCH<I qenoBeK. B 1257 roey

Bblca):(Ke B HIToHIIII, Mo6IIJIII3a[(IIH

HliTh CBOeMy KOHTpOJIIO BCIO )Kll3Hb

MOIITOJibi pa3pyiiiiiJIII ITOCJie):(Hlle yue-

con):(aT ):(JIH HeiTocpe):(cTBeHHoro yqa-

cTpaHbi. He):(OBOJibHbie ITpOII3BOJIOM

JieBIIIIIe ropo):(a, yroHAA HOBbie TbiCH-

CTIIH B MOHrOJibCKOM ITOXO):(e JierJIII

M OHrOJibCKliX HaMeCTHliKOB, TH)Ke-

qli miiTeJiell:.

HeBbiHOCliMbiM 6peMeHeM H a HaCeJie -

Kope ocTaJIIICb

70 MoHroJibCKIIX Ha-

JIOH ):(aHbiO, a oco6eHHO Tpe6oBaHII-

BropmeHIIe MOHroJioB B romHbie

HIIe pa3opeHHoll: Kopeii. ToJibKO B

1274

TbiCH<I

pall:OHbi CTpaHbi JIIIIIIaJIO cpeo):(aJIOB

ITOXO):(e

IOHOIIIell II ):(eByiiieK ll3 3HaTIIbiX ce-

Ha KaH):(O IIcroqHIIKOB cHa6meHIIH.

TbiCH<I KOpeCKliX ITeXOTIIHileB II

eM o ITepe):(aqe MOHroJiaM

8 6 700

ro):(a yqacTBOBaJIII

M ell, ITpaBIITeJIII Kope IIcTpe6IIJIII

B IITore ITpaBIITeJibCTBo Kope o6ma-

MOpHKOB. Bo BpeMH BTOporo ITOXO):(a

MOHrOJibCKIIX HaMeCTHliKOB II yKpbi-

nocb BepH)'ThCH B K9reH II ITpii3HaTb

JiliCb Ha HeiTpiiCTYITHOM ):(JIH MOHrO-

MOHrOJibCKoe r ociTO):(CTBO B CTPaHe.

(1281 r.) MOHrOJibi ITOTpe60BaJlli ITOCTaBKli 900 KOpa6Jiell: II orpOMHOrO

JIOB ocTpoBe KaH):(O (KaHXBa) . Eer-

CHOBa BO):(BOpiiJiliCb MOHrOJibCKIIe

KOJIIIqecTBa ITpO):(OBOJibCTBIIH. He):(o-

cTBo cpeo):(aJibHOH 3HaTII II yxo):( Ha

HaMeCTIIliKII, a B03Jie CTOJili[(bi li y

BOJibcTBo II HemeJiaHIIe KO pe CKliX BORCK yqaCTBOBaTb B BOeHHOll 9KCITe -

OCTpOB KOpeHCKliX BORCK OCJia6IIJili

romHoro ITo6epembH pa3MeCTIIJIIICb

6opb6y ITpOTliB MOHrOJibCKliX 3 a-

MOHrOJibCKIIe BOeHHbie ITOCeJieHIIH.

):(ll[(llli M OHroJIOB CbirpaJIII CBOIO pOJib

XBaT<IIIKOB. IIpaB):(a, II3 cBoero 6e3o-

Kopell:cKIIe cpeo):(aJibi cTaJIII ITocnyrn-

Bee ITpoBane.

ITacHoro y6emiirn:a Kopell:cKIIe cpeo-

HbiMli liCITOJIHIITeJIHMli BOJIII MOH-

):(aJibi ITpii3biBaJIII Hapo):( K coiTpornB-

rOJibCKliX 3aBOeBaTeJiell:.

0):(HaKO II ITOCJie 9TOrO MOHrOJibCKIIe cpeo):(aJibi ITO-ITpemHeMy coxpa-

JieHIIIO, HO OHII TaKme Tpe6oBaJIII,

YciiJIIIBIIIIIec.a ITo6opbi B Kpall:He

qTo6bi HaCeJieHIIe liCITpaBHO ITJiaTII-

pa3opeHHOll CTpaHe Bbi3BaJIII H OBbill

HHJIII C03):(aHHOe liMli «YITpaBJieHIIe BOCTO<IHOrO ITOXO):(a» , H a):(3IIpaBIIIee

JIO liM HaJIOrii II BbiiTOJIHHJIO Tpy):(o-

B 3pbiB B03Myrn:eHIIH. B TaKoll: o6cTa-

Ha):( ITpaBIITeJibcTBoM K ope. K opec-

Bble ITOBIIHHOCTII, B TOM qliCJie ITO

HOBKe BCITbiXHYJIO BOCCTaHIIe BORCK

KIIil KOpOJib 6biJI BCero Jiliiiib O):(HliM

CTpOIITeJibCTBY HOBOH CTOJili[(bi Ha

«Tpex oco6blx KopiTycoB», Ha6paH-

II3 TPex yiTpaBIITenell: 9Toro opraHa,

ocTpoBe KaH):(O.

HbiX ll3 rocy):(apcTBeHHbiX KpeCTbHH

):(Ba ):(pyriix qJieHa KOT o p oro 6biJIII

3nOXA MOHIOJlOB. 1200-1400 rr.

190

MOHI'OJiaMH. 3TO yrrpaBJieHHe 3axBa-

.o;eJibU:eB. B o6cTaHOBKe peanbHOH yr-

p aH 3HaTh K ope cTpeMHJiacb coxpa-

TIIJIO BCIO a.,IU\1HHHCT'paTinmyro BJiaCTb

po3bl Bceo6rn:ero Hapo):(Hom BoccTa-

HHTh CBll3H C MOHI'OJibCKHM XaHOM.

B cTpaHe, pacrrop5DKaJIOCb oco6b!MH

HHll KopecKoe rrpaBHTeJibCTBO BaHa

B TO JKe BpeMll rrpHIIIe):(Illall K BJia-

cyp;e6Hb!MH H IIOJIHU:eHCKHMH opraHa-

KoHMHHa ( 13 52-13 7 4

rr.) peiiiHJiocb

CTH B KHTae ):(HHacTHH MHH Tpe6o-

MH. U:enHM rro.o;aBJieHHll Kope:HcKoro

CBeprHYTb CJia6erorn;yro BJiaCTh MOH-

BaJia .o;aHH H rrpe):(bllBJIHJia TeppHTO-

HaceJieHHll CJI)')KHJIH H pa3Mern;eHHble

rOJibCKHX 3aXBaT<J:HKOB. IIoKOH'IHB

pHaJibHble rrpHT ll3aHHll. Kor.o;a pa3pa-

B CTpaHe MOHrOJibCKHe BOeHHble IIO-

CHa<J:aJia C BJIHHTeJibHOH IIpOMOHI'OJib-

3HJICll KOH~JIHKT H IIpaBHil(all KJIHKa

CeJieHHll.

CKOH KJIHKOH IIpH IJ:BOpe, IIpaBHTeJib-

IIOCJiaJia BOHCKa ):(Jill Harra.o;eHHll H a

13 56 ro.o:y HarrpaBH-

KHTallu:eB, O):(HH H3 K OpeCKHX BOeHa -

MoiiTOJibCKoe Hro rrpHHecno MHO-

CTBO KoHMHHa B

roKpaTHoe ycHJieHHe ~eo.o;aJibHoro

JIO BOHCKa ):(Jill H3rHaHHll MOHrOJIOB H3

<J:aJibHHKOB JIH CoHre o6paTHJICll K

meTa. YroH JIIO.o;e:H B pa6CTBo H Bbl-

ceBepo-BoCTo<J:Horo H ceBepo-3arra.o;-

BOHHaM C pe'IbiO, B K OTOpOH BHHY 3a

KOJia<J:HBaHHe .o;aHH HCTOII(aJIH JIIO):(-

Horo paHOHOB CTpaHbi, JIHKBH.o:HpOBa-

6e):(CTBHll H CTpa.o;aHHll Hapo.o;a B03Jia-

CKHe pecypcbl H 6oraTCTBa cTpaHbl.

JIO BCe C03):(aHHble MOHI'OJiaMH Y<J:peJK-

raJI Ha rrpaBHil(YIO 3HaTh. BoccTaBIIIHe BOHCKa IJ:BHHYJIHCb Ha CTOJIHU:Y· B pe -

JiiHor.o;a TOJibKO Ha KOpM JIOIIIa):(llM

):(eHHll H H3rHaJIO OTOBCIOIJ:Y MOHrOJib-

MOHrOJibCKOH KOHHHU:bl C06HpaJIH ):(0

CKHX IIOCeJieHU:eB (3a HCKJIIO'IeHHeM

3YJibTaTe CBepJKeHHll rrpaBHTeJibCTBa

150 Tb!CH'l MeiiiKOB 3epHa.

OCTpOBa L!e):()Ky.o;o, OCB060JK):(eHHOrO

CTapo:H K OpeCKOH 3HaTH BJiaCTh rre pe -

Y KOpe:Hc-

KOro HaCeJieHHll OruHpaJIH CKOT, HHBeHTapb H CeMeHa ):(Jill CHa6JKeHHll

JIHIIIb B

1374 r.).

IIIJia B p y KH

1IH CoHre

H .o;pyrnx ):(Bo-

IIpH KoHMHHe 6blJia rrpe.o:rrpHHll-

p HH, BblCTyrraBIIIHX 3a pe~opMbi. 3Ta

MOHrOJibCKHX BOeHHblX IIOCeJieHHH.

Ta po6KaH IIOIIblTKa 6opb6bl IIpOTHB

r pyrrrrHpOBKa paToBaJia 3a MHpHoe

KpoMe o6bl<J:Ho:H .o;aHH 3epHoM MOH-

KpyrrHoro 3eMJieBJia):(eHHll BblCIIIeH

yperynHpoBaHHe oTHoiiieHH:H c MHH-

roJibl Tpe6oBaJIH peryJillpHbiX HJIH

3HaTH H 6y.o;):(HHCKHX MOHaCTblpeH.

CKOHHMIIepHeHH 3a YKPeiiJieHHe u:eH -

qpe3Bbl'IaHHblX IIOCTaBOK 30JIOTa,

MoHax CHHAOH, <J:eJioBeK He3HaTHo-

TpaJIH30BaHHoro rocy.o;apcTBa.

Me):(H H .O:pyrHX MeTaJIJIOB, CT'pOHTeJib-

ro IIpOHCXOJK):(eHHll, Ha3Ha<J:eHHblH B

HblX MaTepHaJioB, Bb!B03HJIH B MoH-

1365 ro.o;y Ha IIOCT rrepBoro MHHHCT-

roJIHIO MaCTepoB-peMeCJieHHHKOB.

pa, IIOIIb!TaJICll BepHYTb Ka3He 3axBa-

Oco6eHHO yHH3HTeJibHbl 6b!JIH rro-

<J:eHHble 3HaThiO rocy.o;apcTB eHHbl e

CTaBKH JKeHII(HH H .o;eBYIIIeK ):(Jill IIO-

3eMJIH . CHH.O:OH Y<J:pe~J:HJI crreu:HaJib-

IIOJIHeHHll rapeMOB MOHrOJibCKHX

Hoe yrrpaBJieHHe rro rrepepacrrpe.o;ene-

rrpaBHTeJie:H. ITo .o;epeBHHM pb!cKaJIH

HHIO 3eMeJib 3aBHCHMblX KpeCThliH,

rrocTaBrn;HKH pa6b!Hb. B .o;oKna.o;e o.o:-

KOTOpoe ):(OJIJKHO 6b!JIO BblHBHTb 6blB-

Horo MOHI'OJibCKOm 'IHHOBHHKa OTMe-

IIIHe rocy.o;apcTBeHHble 3eMJIH H 6b!B-

<J:aeTCll: «PO):(HTeJIH H po.o;CTBeHHHKH

IIIHX rocy.o;apcTBeHHblX KpeCThHH H

OT06paHHblX JKeHII(HH IIJia<J:YT .o;eHb H

B03BpaTHTb HX Ka3He. 3Ta IIOJIHTHKa

HO'Ib HarrpoJieT, H B .o;eHb pa3JIYKH CO

BCT'peTIIJiallpOCTHOeCOIIpOTHBJieHHe

cJie3 aMH Ha rJia3ax rrperpaJK.o;aiOT HM

3 eMJieBJia.o;eJib<J:ecKo:H 3HaTH. CHH-

IIYTb; OT ropll H B03 6)')K):(eHHll OHH

IJ:OH, He HMeBIIIHH opraHH30BaHHOH

KOH'IaiOT C co6o:H HJIH IIa):(aiOT B o6-

rro.o:.o: e pJKKH cpe.o;H MeJIKoro HJIH

MOpOK ... ».

cp e.o;Hero CJIYJKHJIOrO ):(BOpllHCTBa,

B rrepBo:H rroJIOBHHe

XIV

BeKa

rroTeprreJI rropaJKeHHe. OH 6b!JI He

Ha'IaJIHCb Ha6erH lliiOHCKHX IIHpaTOB

TOJibKO CBepreyT, HO H o6BHHeH B 3a-

Ha Kop e:HcKHH rronyocT'pOB. IIHpaTb!

roBope rrpoTHB xaHa H B TOM JKe

OIIYCTOIIIaJIH IIpH6pe1KHble paHOHbl,

roey Ka3HeH.

HaCeJieHHe KOTOpbiX BbiHYJK):(eHO

1365

1374 roey KJIHKa rrpoMoHroJib-

6b!JIO IIOKH):(aTh IIJIO.O:OpO):(Hble ):(OJIH-

CKH HaCTpOeHHblX ~eo.o;aJIOB y6HJia

Hbl H yxo~J:HTh B ropbl. B

caMoro Koponll KoHMHHa. 3aTeM oHH

1356

ro ey

HIIOHCKHe IIHpa Tb! 3axBaTHJIH OCTpOB

rrpHcryiiHJIH K 6 e 3yp;ep1KHbiM 3 eMeJib-

Ke.o;oH (B ycThe EcoHraHa) H CTaJIH

HblM 3 axBaTaM. OcTpbiH xapaKTep

yrpoJKaTh cToJIHU:e -

IIpHHllJia 6opb6a M eJK.o;y KpyiiHOH

K3reHy.

MeJIKHe H cpe):(HHe ~eo):(aJibl, KO-

3eM JieBJia.o;eJib<J:eCKOH 3HaThiO, 3aHH-

TOpble He TOJibKO He M OrJIH 3 all(HTHTb

T epecoBaHHOH B COXpaHeHHH CBOHX

CBOH BJia):(eHHll OT BHeiiiHHX B paroB ,

3eM eJibHblX BJia):(eHHH H IIOJIHTH'Ie C-

HO H IIOCTOHHHO CTpa.o;aJIH OT IIpOH3 -

KOH pa3.o;po6JieHHOCTH CTpaHbi, H CTO-

BOJia KpyrrHblX ~e O):(aJIOB, OT6HpaB-

pOHHHKaMH YKPeiiJieHHll u:eHTpaJIH30-

IIIHX y HHX 3eM JIIO H KpeCTbHH, Bbl-

BaHHoro rocy.o;apcTBa. Pa3HorJiaCHll

CTyrrami 3a cKope:HIIIee cBepJKeHHe

M e)K):(y HHMH KaCaJIHCb H BHeiiiHeH IIO-

M OHrOJibCKoro rocrro.o;cTBa H orpaHH-

JIHTHKH. )J;aJKe IIOCJie CBepJKeHHll OT-

<J:eHHe BJiaCTH KpyiiHblX 3 eMJieBJia-

Kpb!TO IIpOMOHI'OJibCKOH KJIHKH CTa-

HIIOHI1JI K Ha'lany XIII aeKa nocTeneHHO COCpeJ].OTO'II!FBWI!F M B CBOI!FX pyKaX anacTb KJTaH MvrHaMom y'lpeJJ.vrn pe3MJJ.eHJ41!FIO B ropoJ]. e KaMaKypaHa J].peBHeiii CTOfli!FJ4e Ha OCTpOBe XoHC/0, TeM CaMb/M OKOH'IaTeflbHO npoTI!FBOnOCTaBI!FB ce6H I!FMnepaTOpCKOMY JJ.Bopy B Kvrom vr YTBepJJ.vrB cno)J(I!FBWYIOCH CI!FCTeMy JJ.BOeBnaCTI!FH. no MeCTOHaXO)J(J].eHI!F/0 J].OMa MvrHaMOTO BpeMH C 1192 no 1333 rOJ].bl I!FMeHyeTCH BHnOHCKOM I!FCTOpvrorpar:/)IIFI!F nepvroJJ.OM ceryHaTa KaMaKypa. nocne CMepTvr ceryHa MvrHaMOTO EpvrToMo B 1199 rDJJ.Y snacTb HacvrnbCTBeHH O 3aXBaTI!Ffl e ra TeC Tb XoJJ.3e ToKvrMaca, vr JJ.O KOH14a nepvrOJJ.a MvrHaMoTo flnoHvreiii r:/)aKTvr'lec Kvr npa avrn JJ.OM XoJJ.3e, xo m rj)opManbHo TaKara cer yHaTa I!F He cyll.je CTBOBaflO. «0TpeKWI!FMCH I!FMnepaTOp» tOT06a II, B CB0/0 O'lepeJ].b, no nb!TaflCH B 1219-1221 roJ].ax aepHYTb snacTb, onvrpaHcb Ha 3anaJJ.HbiX caMypaea - KnaH Mvrypa. L{T06bl KO HTponvrpo Ba Tb J].eMCTBI!FH I!FMne paTopa vr e r a oKpy)J(eHvrH, XoJJ.3e cmnvr perynHpHo HanpaanHTb B KvroTo CBOI!F OTPHJJ.bl. 8 BOCbMI!FJ].eCHTb/e rOJJ.bl XIII aeKa J].ecnoTvr'lecKvriii

BOCTOLJHASl V1 U.EHTPAJlbHASl A3V1Sl

191

xapaKTep npaeneHMR KnaHa Xo.l!3e

l.l8PCTBYFOIJ..Ietli ,l!MH8CTMM ,l!flMfl8Cb

o6e

YCMflMflCR, M B l.leHTp8flbHOW s:JnOHMM

6onee nonyeeKa.

J08Hb nonbJTKM M OKOH'lMflMCb He-

nporue Hero BbJcrynuna npM,l!BopHaR apMCTOKp8TMR, K KOTOpotli npM-

B HOR6pe

1336

ro,l!a AcuKara

npe,l!npMHRTb/X ,l!MH8CTMetli

Y.l!B'lHO.

06bRBMfl 0 B0306HOBfleHMM BOeHH0-

MKHYflM MMeBWMe C06CTBeHHb/e BOT-

10 ynpaeneHMR cTpaHolli M o nepexo-

OrropoJ:I HIIOHCKott BOeHHo-<f>eo-

'lMHb/ 6Y.l!.l!MIIicKMe MOHaxu. YHacne-

,l!e Bfl8CTM K noneBOW CT8BKe ( b8K}I-

AaJihHott CHC'reMhl 6hiJIH CaM:ypaH (oT

.l!OBaewutli B 1318 IO.l!YTPOH «OTpeKWMWCR MMneparop» fo,l!atliro B 1324

<J>y). BpeMR rocno,l!CTBa K!laHa AcuKara MMeHyeTCR B RnOHCKOW MCTO-

HIIOH. CaM:ypay -

«CJIY)KHTh») OC-

HOBHaH HX Macca IIpOH30IIIJia H3 3a-

IO.l!Y T810Ke H8'48fl CTRTMB8Tb B f<Mo-

puorpa</>MM nepMO,l!OM ceryH8T8 My-

)KHTO'lHhiX KpeCThHHCKHX CeMeJ:I B

TO CBOMX CTOpOHHMKOB. Ero 3810BOp

POM8TM- no H83B8HMIO O,l!HOMMeH-

pe3yJihTaTe ycyry6JieHHH rrpoueccoB

6bJn pacKpbJT, M BO)I(ll,M CBMypatliCKMX

HOTO patlioHa e KuoTo, r,l!e enocne,l!-

COUHaJihHOJ:I .Jl.H<f><f>epeHUHaiiHH . .fl:py-

rpynn noKOH'lMnM c co6otli. npu no-

CTBMM pacnOfl0)1(Mfl8Cb pe3M,l!eHI..lMR

rott HCTO'lHHK IIOIIOJIHeHHH CaMypaJ:I-

BTOpHolli nonbJTKe 38XB8T8 Bfl8CTM,

ceryHOB.

1332 IO.l!Y,

CKHX pH.Jl.OB -

Ha,LJ,eJieHHe 3eMJiett

MMne-

Xom nono)l(eHMe B cTpaHe no,l!

.Jl.OMaiiiHHX CJiyr, KOTOpbie CHa'laJia

paTOp fO,l!8WTO 6bJn HM3flO)I(eH M CO-

Bfl8CTbiO 9TOTO ceryH8T8 38MeTHO

TPYAHJIHCh 3a pucoByiO rroxJie6ey H

Cfl8H H8 OCTPOB 0KM, OTK}I,l!8 B </>eB-

CT86MflM3MpOB8flOCb, O,l!H8KO no,l!

IIpH He06XO.Jl.HMOCTH C opy)KHeM B

pane cne.l!YFOIJ..Iero ro,l!a 6e)l(an, 'lTO-

KOHel.l BeKa s:JnOHMM TOM ,l!eno rpo-

pyKaX 3all.IHll.laJIH CBOHX X03HeB.

6bJ OTKpbJTO npMMKHYTb K npOTMBHM-

3Mfl0 MOHTOflbCKOe BTOp)l(eHMe, XOTR

qT06hl CTHMYJIHpoBaTh ux 6oecrro-

npe,l!npMHRTOW B

K8M Xo.l!3e. BnMRTenbHbJtli <J>eo,l!an O,l!HOW M310T0-38n8,l!Hb/X npOBMHI..lMW AcuKara TaKBY.l!3M e Ha'lane MaR

1333 ro,l!a

38XBBTMn KMoTo. O.l!HO-

epeMeHHO </>eO,l!8fl 1.13 BOCTO'lHOW s:JnoHMM no MMeHM Huna f.cuca,l!a BToprcR B KaMaKypa M noronoeHo MCTpe6un ecex Xo.l!3e. 06be,l!MHeHHaR apMMR ocrpoea KFOcFO ceepma nOCT8BfleHHOIO ceryHOM MHCneKTOpa MecTHoro eoeHHoro ynpaeneHMR; BCKOpe M B OCT8flbHb/X npOBMHI..lMRX 6bJn8 ycTpaHeHa ceryHCK8R 8,l!MMHMCTPBI..lMR. Bcne,l! 38 na,l!eHMeM ceryH8T8 KaMaK}Ipa pa3eepHynacb 6opb6a 38 enacTb Me)l(.l!Y AcuKarotli M Hunotli.

MFOHe

1333 TO,l!8 B

KMOTO B03Bpa-

TMflCR MMneparop fO,l!8WTO M, HM3fl0)1(1.18 npaBMBWero B TOT MOMeHT MMnepaTopa Kor9Ha, B03Be,l!eHHoro Ha npecTon B

1332 ro,l!y,

pecTaepupo-

ean CBOIO Bfl8CTb, C03,l!8B npaBMTeflbCTBO K9MMY ( RHBapb <J>eepanb

1334 -

1336 rr.).

O.l!HBKO KIIBH AcuKara eocnonb3oeancR npoc'leTaMM ero HeyMenotli nonMTMKM M B

1336 IO.l!Y,

HBPYWMB

npucRry, 3axeaTMn KuoTo, noca,l!MB H8 TPOH ,l!pyroro npe,l!CT8BMTenR MMnepaTopcKoro .l!OMa M3 TBK Ha3bJBaeMolli CeeepHolli eereu. 3axeaTMB MMnepaTOpCKMe peranMM,

fo-

,l!8WIO 6e)l(an H8 lOT, B 3810PO.l!HYIO pe3M,l!eHI..lMFO f.cuHo Ha ocTpoee XoHcFO, cTaewyFO c 9Toro MOMeHTa l.leHTPOM /O)I(HOIO MMnepaTOpCKOIO ,l!Bopa. ,IJ,anbHetliwaR 6opb6a Me)l(.l!Y CeeepHolli M /O)I(HOtli eeTBRMM

CaMYpaVl: BepxoBo£:1 (XIII B.} "newl'l£:1 (XIV-XV B.}

3nOXA MOHIOJlOB. 1200-1400 rr.

192

co6HocTb, rJiaBbi ceMeilHbiX rpyrrrr

rrapiiBaJIII ,o:pyr y ,o:pyra rrepBeHcTBo

CTa.JUI Ha,O:eJIHTb CJiyr 3eMJiell, II OHII

B 6oro, CTPeMIIJIIICb rrepBbiMII Ha3BaTb

cpamaJIIICb Terrepb II 3a rrpiiHa,o:ne-

ce6H, '!T06bi rrpocJiaBIIThCH Bbi30BOM

maru:yro liM 3eMmo.

Ha IIOe,O:IIHOK ):(OCTOllHOrO IIpOTliBHII-

Ha.KoHeu;, BepxyniKa caMypailcKo-

Ka, ronoBa KOToporo B CJIY'!ae rro6e-

ro COCJIOBliH IIOIIOJIHHJiaCb 3a C'!eT ry-

JJ:bi OTCeKaJiaCb B Ka'!eCTBe IIO'!eTHO-

6epHaTOpOB, IIpeBparu:aBIIIliXCH B

ro TpocpeH; roJIOBbi <<He,O:OCTOllHbiX»

KpyrrHbiX cpeo,o:aJibHbiX co6cTBeHHII-

BparoB c rrpe3peHIIeM Bbi6pacbiBa-

KOB. CaMypaii o 6 beJJ:IIHHJIIICb B OTPH-

JIIICb.

JJ:bl (To) II B 6onee KpyrrHbie rpyrrrrbi (,o:aH). TaKIIe cpopMIIpoBaHIIH cocToHJIH ll3 KpOBHbiX pO,O:CTBeHHIIKOB, CBOllCTBeHHIIKOB II IIX BaccanoB. Bo3rJiaBJIHJIHCb OHII JIII6o rJiaBOll CeMellHOll rpyrrrrbi, JIII6o cTapiiiiiM II3 Haii6onee BJIHHTeJibHOll CaMypaHCKOll CeMbli B oKpyre. Bpam,o:yroru:He ceMbii CTpeMIIJIIICb 3apY'!liTbC5I IIO):(JJ:ep:JKKOll HaII60Jibiiiero '!IICJia caMYpaeB, oT 6oecrroco6HocTH KOTOpbix 3aBIIcen ycrrex IIJIII rropameHIIe B Mem,o:oyco6HbiX BOHHaX. B XIII-XIV BeKax CBOIIX rrpanmHIIKOB CaMypaii o6bi'!HO IIMeHOBaJili IIJIOXIIMII OTPHJJ:aMli ( a.KYTO ). B OCHOBY caMypailcKoro MIIpoB0 33peHIIH nerno 6yMIIHCKoe y'!eHIIe o rrpe,o:orrpe,o:eJieHHOCTH cy):(b6bi II 6peHHOCTli Bcero 3eMHoro , KOTopoe co'!eTa-

JIOCb C IIaTpiiOTH3MOM HIIOHCKOrO Y'!eHIIH CliHTO, ):(OXO):(Hil(ero ):(0 BepHOIIO):():(aHOCTH , C 3JieMeHTaMII KIITallCKOrO ):(3eH-6yJJ:JJ:li3Ma (KOHIJ;eiiU:liH CaMOKOHTpOJIH, CaM006Jia,O:aHIIH, CaMOCOCpe,O:OTO'!eHIIH II BXO:JK):(eHliH B He6biTHe rrepep; JIIIUOM OIIaCHOCTH) II C IIpOIIOBe,O:HMli KOHcpyu;IIaHCTBa (Be pHOCTb ,o:onry, rrocnyiiiaHIIe rocrroJJ:IIHy, MOpaJibHOe CaMOCOBepiiieHCTBOBaHIIe, rrpe3peHIIe K IIpOII3BO):(llTeJibHOMY Tpy,o:y). IIo3:JKe «IICTIIHHbiH caMyp ail», oTrrp aBJIHHCb B IIOXO):( ):(aBaJI Tpll o6eTa: 3 a6biTb HaBeKII CBOll ):(OM , 3a6biTb 0 :JKeHe II p;e THX, 3 a6biTb 0 co6cTBeHHOll :JKli3Hli. Tpa):(llu;IIell: CTaJIO caMoy61IllcTBo Baccana rrpii rn6eJIII e ro CI03epeHa. TepMIIH, II3BeCTHbiH B eBporre ilcKoil JIIITepaType KaK «XapaKIIpii>>, IIpOHII'!eCKli IIpiiMeHHeTCH HIIOHil;aMli B OTHOIIIeHIIe CaMypaH, Hey,o:a'!HO «pacrropOBIIIero :JKliBOT>> ; IIO):(JiliHHaH p;eMOHCTpaiJ;IIH BepHOCTH BaccaJia rocrroJJ:IIHY orrpe,o:eJIHeTCH TepMIIHOM «C3IIrryKy» -

B KIITallCKOM '!Te Hllli

TeX m e IIe porniicpoB, o6o3Ha'!aiOru:IIX BcrrapbiBaHIIe :JKIIBOTa. CaMypaii oc-

1221 r. BOCCTAHIIIE nPOTIIIB XOA3E. Bo3maanf/BWMe era •meHbl MMnepaTOpCKOM CeMbM, BKnto4af/ «OTpeKwerOCf/ MMnepaTopa» lOT06y II, noTepnenM nopa)l(eHMe.

1274 r. nEPBbllll MOHr01lbCKIII171 nOXOA B ~nOHIIIIO. CyAfl no aceMy, aTo npe.QnpMf/TMe f/Bnflnocb He 6onee 4eM pa3BeAKOi!J 6oeM. l1cnonb3Yfl Kopei!JcKMe Kopa6nM, MOHrOnbl 3aXBaTMnM OCTpoaa ~YCMMa M l1KM, nocne 4ero Bb/Ca,QMnMCb a 6yXTe XaKam ( coap. AA3K014aKM) Ha ceaepe ocTpoaa Ktocto. RnoHI4bl nocnewHo co6panM apMMto M aTaKoaanM MOHronoa e1.11e y 6epera. Te 6e3 Manei!Jwero TPYAa no6e,QMnM 4MCneHHO npeBOCXO,Qflf.J..IMe CMnbl npOTMBHMKa. Q,QHaKO 4aCTb ¢noTa 6bma noape)I(AeHa 6ypei!J, M, BMAf/, 4TO f/nOHCKMe BOMCKa Onf/Tb npM6b!BatoT, MOHrOnbl OTnnblnM Ha3aA, a Kopeto.

1281 r. BTOP0171 MOHr01lbCKIII171 noXOA. no cne TOro , KaK f/nOH!4bl OTKa3anMCb npM3HaTb MOHronbCKMM cto3epeHMTeT, a TaK)I(e ocKop6MnM M y6MnM MOHronbCKMX noenos, xaH Xy6Mnai!J cHapf/.QMn 6onbwoi!J nOXO,Q . Boi!JCKO COCTOf/nO M3 ABYX apMMM - Ha MOHrOnbCKMX M KOpei!JCKMX KOpa6nf!X; O,QHa OTnnblfla M3 KMTafl, .Qpyraf!- M3 KopeM. noA onopHble 6a3bl cHoaa 6bmM 3aXBa4eHbl OCTpoaa l1KM M ~YCMMa. l!McneHHOC Tb apMMM BTOp)l(eHMfl, aepOf/THO, He npeBb/Wana 50 Tb/Cf/4 4enoaeK. RnoH!4bl O)I(M.QanM Hana.QeHMf/. Ha ceaepe Ktocto- KaK Ha cywe, TaK M Ha Mope - npoM3owen 14enbli!J PfiA O)l(eCT04eHHbiX cpa)l(eHMi!J. RnoH!4bl np e.Qnp MHflnM HecKonbKo OTBa)I(Hb/X pei!J,QOB npOTMB ropa3AO 6onee MHoro4McneHHoro MOHronbcKoro ¢noTa. Ha cywe c6pocMTb 3axaaT4MKOB a Mope f/nOH14aM He y.Qanocb, Ho,

6naro.Qapf/ caoeMy 4McneHHOMY nepeaecy M rj)aHaTM4eCKM xpa6poi!J o6opoHe, OHM cyMenM 3aTOpM03MTb MOHrOn bCKOe npO,QBM)I(eHMe B rny6b OCTpoaa. l{epe3 HeCKOnbKO ,QHei!J nocne Bb/Ca,QKM pa3pa3Mnacb 4YAOBMI.J..IHOM CMnbl 6ypfl, pa3MeTaBWaf/ n04TM BCIO r:/)nOTMnMto BTOp)l(eHMf/. 0Tpe3aHHb/e OT onopHb/X 6a3 MOHronbl acKope 6bmM pa3rpoMneHbl; cnacnMCb M ynnblflM 6yKaanbHO HeCKOnbKO 4enoaeK. Xy6Mnai!J nnaHMpoaan cHaPfiAMTb a RnoHMto e1.11e OAMH noxo.Q, HO TaK M He co6pancf/. C KOpeHCKOrO IIOJIYOCTpOBa II ll3 ]UITaH K HIIOHCKIIM 6eperaM HarrpaBliJiliCb ):(Be cpJIOTHJiliii o6ru:ell: 'lliC JieHHOCTbiO B

3 500 cy,o:oB II no,o:oK. K

3TOMY BpeMeHII rro6epe:JKbe 6biJIO yme yKperrJieHo II rr o,o:r o TOBJieHbi HIIOHCKIIe 6oeBbie cy,o:a, HO HaJieTeBIllllll TailclJYH pa3MeTaJI HerrpiiHTeJibCKIIH cpnoT. OcTaBIIIIIeCH Kopa6JIII 6biJIII rromiiJieHbi HIIOHU:aMII. IIocne 3TOro C06biTHH TailcpyH CTaJI IIM eHO BaTbCH «60:JKeCTBeHHbiM BeTpOM» (KaMIIKa):(33) -

TepMIIH, IIO-HOBOMY

OCMbiCJieHHbill B Ha3BaHllli HIIOHCKIIX JieT'!IIKOB-cMe pTHIIKOB B ro,o:bi Empoll: MIIpOBOll BOllHbi. B 6 opb6e C MOHroJiaMII HIIOHCKIIe caMypailcKIIe APY:JKIIHbi BCTpeTHJIHCb C HOBOll Ta.KTliKOll B3aiiMO,O:ellCTBli5I p a3HbiX rro,o:p a3,o:e n eHIIil, MaHeBpaMII o6xo,o:a, ,o:eilcTBIIHMII c cpn aHroB, a TaKme c orHecTpeJibHbiM opymiieM, YHII'!TO:JKIIBIIIIIM 6oJibiiiYIO '!acTb 6ep eroBbiX YKperrJieHIIll. 3To crroco6CTBOBaJIO Bbipa6oTKe HOBOll BOeHHOll o praHII3aiJ;llli, Ta.KTHKe MaHeBpeHHOro 6oH, o6ner'!eHIIIO BOIIHCKoro cHHp5I:JKeHIIH. Bee HOBOBBe,o:e HIIH 6biJIII IICIIOJib30BaHbi BIIOCJie,O:CTBllli B HerrpeKparu:aIOil(liXCH Me:JK,o:oyco6HbiX BOHHax. OT yrp03bi MOHrOJibCKOr O BTOp:JKeHIIH Bbiiirpanii II roro-3arra):(Hble cpeo,o:aJibi, KOTOpbi e 3a C'!eT Ka3Hbi y KpeiiiiJili CBOII BJia):(e HIIH, II TOprOBO-pOCTOBIl(ll'!e CKllll KaiiiiTaJI, cpiiHaHCIIpOBaBIllllll BOeHHbie IIpiirOTOBJieHIIH. O,o:HaKo rronomeHIIe caMypailcTBa yxyp;IIIIIJIOCb B pe 3y JibTaTe Mo6IIJIII3aQIIII, Bbi3BaBIIIell MaCCOBYIO rrpo,o:a m y II 3a.KJia,o: 3e MJIII. Ta.Koe ocna6ne HIIe BaCCaJIOB OTPa3liJIOCb Ta.K:JKe Ha

BOCTOLJHA~ ceryHCKOM rrpamrreJibCTBe, yrpaTIIBIIIeM rrpe)KHHe II03HUHH, 'ITO IIpHBeJIO K o6oCTpeHHIO 6opb6bi BHYTPH caMypa:HcKoro COCJIOBHH H K 3 aXBary i=lOMoM Xo):l3e ocHoBHbiXi=lOIDKHocTe:H B IIpaBHTeJlbCTBe.

1331-1333 rr. rPA>KAAHCKASI BO"' HA. tlfMnepamp lo.aai4ro II aosrnaavrn aoccTaHvre npoTvrB ceryHaTa Xo.ase. noMoranvr eMy aefliiFKMe caMypavr Kvrm6aTaK3 TvrKar:Pyca vr KycyHoKvr Macacvrra. CHa'"lana noTepnea nopa)l(eHvre vr .aa)l(e oKasaawvrcb a nneHy( 1332 r.) , lo.aai4ro llsaTeM 6e)l(an vr npo.aon)l(vrn 6opb6y. 8 KOHI4e KOHI40B, OH o,aep)l(afl aepx, Kor.aa HeCKOflbKO aoeHa'"lanbHMKOB Xo.ase nepewnvr Ha era cTopoHy, vr o.avrH vrs Hvrx, AcvrKara TaKay.asvr, saxaaTvrn KaMaKypy, pesvr.aeH14MIO KnaHa Xo.ase.

1335 r. BOCCTAHHE TAKAYA3H. OH paCC'"IIIFTbtBan CT8Tb ceryHOM

LlEHTPAJlbHA~ A3V1~

AcvrKara TaKay.asvr HM3flO)I(Mfl lo.aai4ro II vr, noca.avra Ha TPOH .apyroro '"lneHa vrMnepaTopcKoM ceMbvr, YTaep.avrncR BOeHHbiM AIIFKT8TOpOM IIF ceryHoM ( 1338 r . ). lo.aai4ro, o6ocHoaaawvrcb a ropHoM pai4oHe EcvrHo ( IO)I(Hee Hapbt Ha ocTpoae XOHCIO), npo,aOfl)l(8fl BOMHy, KOTOpaR .anvrnacb, npvr HeManoM O)l(eCTO'"IeHvrvr o6evrx cTopoH, 56 neT. 1392 r. MHP. OH 6btn ycmHoBneH 6naro.aapR .avrnnoMaTvr'"lecKoi4 aKTIIFBHOCTIIF ceryHa EcvrMM14Y. Hacne,aHMK lo.aai4ro cornacvrncR oTpe'"lbCR aT npecTona.

193

C JieACTBHeM H atiaBIIIe r o c H p a crrana BOTlJ:HH HBH JiaCb yrpaTa IIpH ):lBOpHOH apHCTOKp a THe:H ee 3KOH OMH tiecKor o H IIOJIHTHlJ:eCK Or O 3H a lJ:eHHH.

II p oBHHUHaJib HaH

anMHHHCT pa-

UHH , rrp e)!{ne B cero r y6e pHa T o p bi , 3aX BaTbiBaH 3e M JIH a pHCT OK paT OB , KOH UeHTPHPYH B CBOHX P YKax aAMHH HCT paTHBH YIO H II OJIHTHlJ:eCK YIO BJiaCTb, IIOCTeiieHHO IIp eBpCllll aJiaCb B IIOJIHOIIpaBH biX cpeO):laJibHbiX rrpaBHTeJieH -

K HH3eH , HHTep ecbi K OT Op biX

Bbipa)!{aJI A cHKar a . 3KOHOMHlJ:e CKOH 6a30H c aMy paHCKOr O COCJIOBHH CTaJIH 3eM JIH , 3axBalJ:eHHbie y IIp OTIIBH HK a, B OTlJ:HHbi )!{a-

Pe3yJibTaToM BOHH XIV BeKa HBHJIHCb rrepepacrrpe):le JieHHe 3 eMJIH B

JIOBaH HOro THIIa , H a XO):lH BIIIH eCH B rrpou ecc e pacrra):la .

IIOJib3Y CaMypaHCKOrO COCJIOBHH, yrr-

B IIOHCKa X AOIIOJIH HTeJibHbiX H C-

pa3):(HeHHe BOTtiHH IO)KHoro ):(Bo pa,

T OlJ:H HK OB ):(OX O):la ):(JIH B e):leHHH BOHH

3HalJ:HTeJlbH Oe COKpa m eHHe BOTlJ:HH

cpeon a Jibi c T a JIH 3aHH MaTbcH T opro-

KOMMeH):laUHOHHOrO TIIIIa H p o CT lJ:a-

Bo-p ocT OBiliHtiecKHMH orrepaU H HMH ,

CTIIbiX BJIMeHH:H CeBepHoro ):(Bopa.

OCYilleCTBJIHJIH KOM M)'TaUH IO IIOBHH-

Bo3HHKJIH BOTlJ:HHbi )!{aJIOBaHHoro

HOCT eH, 'ITO y cyry6JIHJIO H 6e3 T Oro

B36 yHTOB8flCR, KOr,aa MMnepaTOp p e wvrn H8 CTaiiFB8Tb, '"ITO 6 y,a eT He TOflbKO 148PCTBOB8Tb, HO IIF npa BMTb.

THIIa, r):le 3 eMJIH 6 biJIH CKOHUeHTPH-

T H)!{ eJIOe II OJIO)!{eHHe K p eCTbHH H

p OBaHbi B O):(H OM M eCTe H K OHTP OJIH-

CTHMYJIHpo BaJio y c HJieH He HX 6 opb-

p OBaJIHCb Herr ocpe):lCTBeH HO B Jia):leJib-

6bi IIp OTHB p a 3H biX cpop M 3KCIIJiya-

1336-1392 rr. rPA>KAAHCKHE BO"'Hbl nEPHOAA ECHHO.

UaMH HJIH HX ):lOBe p eHHbiM H JIHU a -

TaUHH, B oco6 eHH OCTH IIpOTHB 6 a p -

MH -

IliHHbi .

IIF

y rrpaBJIHIOiliHMH .

anoXA MOHronos. 1200-1400 rr.

194

3AIIA)1JIAH EBPOIIA CTOJ1ETH.H.H BOHHAIIEPBA.H <PA3A, 1337-1396 IT. no cym.aena, CToneTHRR BOWHB no.tJ,p83.tJ,enReTCR HB BOCeMb 1 .ll,flM-

MbJWneHHOM rpa<PcTBe ctJnaH.tJ,PMR.

ctJpaH~Y3CKOe BflMRHMe B

BXIII eeKe <PpaH~Y3CKMe KoponM no-

WomaH.tJ,MM. 0Ho B 3HB4MTenbHoi1

6oponM BflMRHMe /epMBHMM, HO

Mepe OCHOBb/BBflOCb HB nOMOll.IM M

BCKOpe Bb/RCHMflOCb, 'lTO MX rereMO-

nO.tJ,.tJ,ep>KKe, OK83b/B8eMb/X ctJpaH-

HMM 'leM .aanbwe, reM 6onbwe yrpo-

~Mei1 WOTflBH.ll,~BM, B MX no CYTM

>KaeT poeT KOMMep'leCKMX CBR3ei1

.aena HenpeKPBll.IBJOll.lei1cR eoi1He c

8HTnM48H C 6JOprepaMM M TK848MM

AHmMei1.

<PnaMBH.ll,CKMX ropO.ll,OB.

TeflbHb/X CTOflKHOBeHMW Me>K.tJ,Y KOponeBCKMMM .aoMaMM AHrnMM M

ctJpaH~MM- o6ll.lei1 npo.aommTenb120 neT (13371453 r.). 4eTbJpeM3HMXnpOMCXO.ll,M-

HOCTbJO nO'lTM

flM B XIV eeKe, ell.le 'leTbJpe -

}')Ke B

XVeeKe. XoTR 9Ta eoi1Ha- MnM cepMR BOWH -

38TeB8fl8Cb KBK TMnM'lHb/W

<Peo.tJ,BflbHb/W KOH<PnMKT, C CBMOTO H848fl8 ei16bJnM npMCYll.IM npORBneHMR 'lMCTO

H8~MOH8flbHOTO

nnBHB,

HeBM.tJ,BHHbJe B Eepone co epeMeH na.tJ,eHMR PMMB, 'lTO B KOHe'lHOM c'lere nepepocno B aHmo-<PpaH~y3cKoe

BOeHHO-nOflMTM'leCKOe

npOTMBOCTORHMe, npO.ll,Ofl>KBBWeeCR 6onee nRTM C nonOBMHOW BeKOB. lflBBHb/X npM'lMH BOWHb/ HBC'lMTb/BBflOCb TpM:

c!JeO.tJ,BflbHb/e B38MMOOTHO-

WeHMR <PPBH~Y3CKMX M BHTnMWCKMX KOponei1. KaK rep~OTM AKBMTBHMM M 6apOHbl .tJ,pyrMX <PPBH~Y3CKMX 3eMeflb BHTnMWCKMe npBBMTenM C'lMTBflMCb B8CC8fl8MM <PPBH~Y3CKMX, RBflRRCb B TO >Ke BpeMR CJ03epeH8MM KBK MOHBPXM. ctJpaH~Y3CKMe KOponM He6e3ocHoBaTenbHO onacanMcb, 'lTO BHTnMWCKMe npBBMTenM nonbJTBIOTCR 06be.tJ,MHMTb HBXO.ll,Rll.IMeCR nO.ll, MX KOHTponeM 3eMnM HB MBTepMKe C OCTPOBHOW MeTpononMei1; BHTnMWCKMX >Ke KOponei;f He ycTPBMBan MX OT48CTM nO.ll,'lMHeHHb/W cTaTyc.

PoeT BHTnMWCKOTO KOMMep-

'leCKOTO BflMRHMR B 60T8TOM npo-

1 B pl!){e MCTO'lHMKOB CroJJeTHl!ll Bo!;tHa (1337-14 53 rr.) rro){pa:meJJlleTCl! Ha 'leTbrpe rrepHo){a: rrepBbr!;t 1337-1360 ro){bl, BTOpo!;t 1369-1380 fO){bl, TpeTJlj;i 1415-1424 fO){bl, 'leTBepTblj;i 1424-1453 fO){bl.

KopoHa~HH <l>wmnna

VI Hero cynpyrH, cec-rpbl rep~ora 6ypryHACKOro, B PeHMCe B 1328 r. MHHH3T10pa 6onbWHX <J>paH~Y3CKI1X XpOHHK. CepeAHHa XV B.

3AnA)J.HA$l EBPOnA

195

CJ1E.fifCCKHfif flEPHOP., 1337-1343 rr. Koponb <t>paHUIIIVI <PVInlllnn VI 38>/BVIJI, <ITO KOHq>VICK}'eT B nOflb3Y KOPOHb/ 8Hr!IVIWCK!IIe cpbecpbJ ( cpeo.aanbHbJe neHHbJe ena.aeHVI>I), ne)l(aume fO)I(Hee JlyapbJ. 3areM oH, xor>~ VI He CJIVIWKOM OXOTHO, BBefl Ty,aa eowcKa ( 1337 r.). B oreer Koponb AHmVIVI 3.ayap.a Ill BbJcnan B ceeepHY/0 VI ceeepO-BOCTO<iHY/0 <J>paHUVI/0 HeCKOflbKO 9KCne.aiiiUVIOHHb/X KOpnyCOB- Vl3 AHmVIVI VI Vl3 <t>naH.apVIVI ( 1337-1338 rr.). PewVIrenbHbJt16ow 6blfl,a8H O,a!IIH-e,a!IIHCTBeHHb/W pa3B MOPCKOM Cp8)1(eHVIVI npVI Cnewce ( Vlfllll - COrfi8CHO cpp8HUY3CKOW rpa.aVIUVIVI- npVI 3K!If03e), o6epHyBWeMC>I KpynHOW no6e.aow 8Hr!IVIWCKOTO cpfiOT8 HB.a cpp8HUY3CKIIIM. 3aTeM BOWH8 YTVIXJIB, VI H8 .aea ro.aa 6bmo 3BKIIIO<~eHo nepeM!IIpVIe.

1337-1338 rr. nos:IBJJEH II'IE BO 4>JJAHAP111111 AHfJJII'I""CKII'IX 6A3. 3ro npo!ll3owno 6naro.aap>1 cpfi8M8H,aCKOW rV!flb,allllll CYKHO,ae!IOB no.a pyKoeo.acreoM peMecneHHVIKa 111 K}'nua >lKo6a BBH Apreeenb.ae (oKono 1290-1345 rr.), KOTOPbiW B03rfi8BVIJI M>~Te)l( npor!IIB J110.aoB111Ka I HeeepcKoro, rpacf>a <t>naH.apcKoro. AHmo-<J:>paHUY3CKHe npOTHBope"lHll OCJIO)f(HliJIHCb H3-3a JiaH.LJ,pHH, <J:>opMa.JibHO H3.XO,ll,HBIIIeltCH no.LJ, BJiaCTbiO <J:>paHUY3CKOfO KOpOJill, HO <J:>aK-

Pb1143P"· MHHHaTIOpa «PoMaHa o6 AneKcaH.Qpe». 1338-1344 rr. CKall <J:>JIOTHJIHH CO)KfJia He60JibiiiOtt

soeHHhlX .LJ,ettcTBHtt Me)£91.y AHmHett

aHrJIHltCKHlt ropO,ll,OK. 3TO HBHJIOCb

H <l>paHUHett.

Ha"la.JIOM BOeHHblX .LJ,eltCTBHlt.

AHrJIH<JaHe .LJ,eliTeJibHO roTOBHJIHCb K BOltHe. 3a 60JibiiiHe .LJ,eHbrH

1338 r. 3AYAPA Ill nPOB03fJJAWAET CE6s:l KOPOJJEM 4>PAHl...lll1111. Ero npaea Ha rpoH (no np>~ Mow, <~epe3 ero MBTb l13a6enny <1>pBHUY3CKYIO - ,ao% cf>PBHUY3CKOro Kopon>~ <PVInlllnna IV KpacVIeoro) 6b/JIVI npV13H8Hb/ HeMeUKVIM VIMnepaTOpOM JlfO,aOBVIKOM IV baBBPCKIIIM.

TH"leCKH He3aBHCHMOtt H CBH3aHHOtt

OHH npHBJieKJIH HaCBOIO CTOpOHY repMaHCKOfO HMnepampaH MHOrHX repMaHCKHX <J:>eo.LJ,a.JIOB. JiaH,ll,pCKHe ropo.LJ,a 3aliBHJIH 0 6Jiaro:>KeJia'reJlbHOM AJIH aHrJIH<JaH HettrpaJIH're're, a <J:>aKTH<JeCKH npe.LJ,OCTaBHJIH HM KpynHhle MaTepHa.JibHoJe cpeACTBa. AHmHttCKHtt KOpOJib noJiy<JHJI B3aHM006pa3HO 60JibiiiHe .LJ,eHe'A<Hble cyMMhl OTaH-

mproBDIMH y3a:rvm c AHmHett (aHr-

B p.JIAe HCTO"lHHKOB YKa3DIBaeTcll,

JIHltCKaH IIIepCTb 6olJla OCHOBOtt cyK-

"'TO npHTll3aHHll aHrJIHltCKOfO KOpO-

PacnoJiaraH KpynHhlMH cpe.LJ,cTBa-

HO.LJ,eJIHll BO JiaH.LJ,pHH). <l>paHUY3-

Jlll 3.LJ,yap.LJ,a III Ha <J:>paHI.IY3CKHtt npe-

MH, aHrJIHltCKoe npaBHTeJibCTBO ycH-

CKOe rocnO.LJ,CTBO HMeJIO CBOHM CJie.LJ,-

CTOJI nOCJIY:lKHJIH nOBO,ll,OM K BOltHe.

JIHJIO CBOtt <J:>JIOT H peopraHH30Ba.JIO

CTBHeM orpaHH"leHHe BOJlbHOCTett

1328

mAy AHHaCTHll KaneTHH-

BottcKo. BoJioiiioe BHHMaHHe 6DIJIO

<J:>JiaH,ll,pCKHX KOM!'vfYH, OTpHUaTeJibHO

roB (no npliMOtt JIHHHH) npeKpaTH-

YAeJieHo <J:>opMHpoBaHHIO nexoThl-

CKa3aBIIIeeCll Ha pa3BHTHH npOMbliii-

JiaCb, TaK KaK HH O,ll,HH H3 ChlHOBett

aHrJIHltCKHX JIY"'HHKOB H3 KpeCThliH

JieHHOCTH.paHUY3CKHlt rpa<J:>, yn-

HJIHnna

ropHDIX o6Jiac-rett, xopoiiio BJia.LJ,eB-

paBJiliBIIIHtt JiaH.LJ,pHett, npHKa3aJI

IV He ocTaBHJI nocJie ce6SI tvty.;KCKoro nOTOMCTBa. IIroTOMY <J:>paH-

apecToBaTo aHrJIHltCKHX eynuoB, Ha-

l.IY3CKHe <J:>eo.LJ,a.Jihl Bhl6paJIH Ha KOpo-

pDIUapceyiO KOHHHI.IY KOMIIJieKrOBa.JIO

XOAHBIIIHXCH BO JiaH.LJ,pHH. B OTBeT

JieBCKHtt npeCTOJI npe.LJ,CTaBH'reJlll HO-

JieHHoe ABOpHHCTBO, aJiefKYIO KOHHH-

Ha 3TO aHrJIHltCKoe npaBH'reJlbCTBO

BOtt AHHaCTHH -

l.IY -

3anpeTHJIO BB03 IIIepcTH, qro Bb13Ba-

JIHHHH po.LJ,a KarreTHHroB. 0AHOBpe-

JIO BOCCTaHHe <J:>JiaH,ll,pCKHX ropO,ll,OB

MeHHO npHTll3aHHll Ha <J:>paHUY3CKHtt

UHett HCTO"'HHK o6oraiiieHHH, paCC"'H-

npOTHB <J:>paHUY3CKOro rocnO.LJ,CTBa.

npeCTOJI npe.LJ,'bHBHJI H aHrJIHltCKHlt

ThlBall Ha orpa6JieHHe <J:>paHUY3CKHX

KopoJio 3.LJ,yapA III, BHYK HJIHnna IV

ropO,ll,OB H 3aMKOB H HanoJiyqeHHe 6o-

B HOH6pe

1337 ro.LJ,a <J:>aKTH"leCKH Ha1338

rJIHltCKHX H HTaJibHHCKHX 6aHKHpOB.

Banya, MJia.LJ,IIIett

3TH AHHaC-

IIIHX JIYKOM. TH:>KeJIYIO aHmHttceyiO

onoJI"leHHe rpa<J:>cTB. AHmHtt-

cKHe <J:>eOAa.Jibl BHAeJIH B BOltHe C <l>paH-

qa.Jiaco CToJieTHHH BOttHa, B

no Ma'repHHCKOtt JIHHHH.

fO,!J,y ee<J:>opMa.JibHO 061>HBHJI aHrJIHtt-

TH<JeCKHe npHTII3aHHH H nOCJiy;KHJIH

<l>paHI.IY3CKOMY KOpOJIIO YAa.JIOCb

npe.LJ,JIOfOM,ll,Jlll OTKphlTHll B 1337 ro.LJ,y

npHBJie"lb Ha CBOIO CTOpOHY rpa<J:>a

CKHlt KOpOJib 3.LJ,yapA

Ill.

<l>paHI.IY3-

ra.Th1X BhleynoB 3a nJieHHhlX.

196

anoXA MOHronos. 1200-1400 rr. rOPO.O. CJlE&itC B H"'.0.EPJ1AH,O.AX, HbiHE Y,O.AJlEHHbl&it OT MOPSf BCJlE,O.CTB"'E PA60T no OCYWEH"'IO 3EMEJ1b). 3.aecb B 3anMBe XoHTe, ee.aymeM K ycTb/0 peKM Wenb,abl, aHmMi1CKMi1lj>noT M3 150 KOpa6neiif no,a KOM8H,l10B8Hl1eM c9pa Po6epTa MopnM M Pw~ap.aa (/)M/..j8fl8H8 BCTynMn B 6oi1 C lj>paHl..lY3CKMM, COCTORBWMM npMMepHO M3 190 KOpa6nei1, CTOflBWMX H8 f/KOPRX 6nM3 BXO,l18 B raB8Hb 1; KOM8H,l10B8fl MM lOr Kuepe. AHmMiiicKue ny'4HMKM M MeTaTeflbHb/e M8Wl1Hb/ o6pyWMflM H8 lj>p8Hl..lY3CKMe KOpa6nM T8KOW WKB8fl OrHfl, '4TO OT lj>nOT8 c:t>MnMnna VI He ocTanocb npaKTM'4eCKM HM'4ero: 166 Kopa6nei16bmM yTOnneHbl MnM 3axea'4eHbl, lOr KMepe noru6. 3,ayap.a Ill Bb/ca.auncfl, oca.o.un TypH9, HO nOTOM 6blfl Bb/Hy;K,l1eH CHf/Tb oca.ay M 38K!I/0'4MTb c c:t>MnunnoM VI nepeMMpMe. <f>paHUY3CKOe npaBH'reJihCTBO HaHJIJIO BoeHHble KOpa6JIH y feHY33UeB, KOTOphlMH H YCHJIHJIO CBOI!t <J?JIOT.

140 60JihlliHX

<J?paHUY3CKHX KOpa6-

Jiei!t,LJ,BHHYJIOCh K6eperaM <f>JiaH,L~,pHH,

~06bl HanaCTh Ha aHrJIHi!tCKHi!t <J?JIOT, CTOJIBIIIHI!t B 6yxre CJiei!tce B ycne peKH llieJih,LJ,a. AHrJIHqaHe B COCTaBe CBoero <J?JioTa HMeJIH JierKHe <J?JiaMaH,LJ,CKHe KOpa6JIH. <f>paHUY3CKHe a,LJ,MHpaJihl paccqHThlBaJIH Ha TO,

qTQ

'reCHaJI 6yxTa H

6eperoBble OTMeJIH C'reCHJIT MaHeBpHpoBaHHe aHrJIHi!tcKoro <J:>JioTa. BhlJIO pellleHo nperpa,L~,HTh aHrJIHqaHaM nyn

B3H111e K:penoCTH. Mr.tHr.tanopa XpOHHKH n10AOBHK3 6yp6oHa. nocneAHHH ~eTBePTb XV a.

B CJiei!tce. 3,LJ,yapA pasra,LJ,aJI MaHeBp <J:>paH-

<f>JiaH,LJ,pCKOro, IIIOTJlaH,Ll,CKOrO KOpO-

AHCUHllJIHHHpoBaHHhiM,

onpe,LJ,e-

uy3cKoro <J?JIOTa H npHKa3aJI CBOHM

JIJl H pHMCKOro nany -

npOTHBHHKa

JIJIJIOCh BHyTpeHHHM llOJIHTHqecKHM

cyAaM npoH3BeCTH CJIOJKHhii!t KOH1p-

repMaHCKoro HMnepaTopa. Ho Hace-

llOJIOJKeHHeM <f>paHUHH, [JJ,e 6oph6a

MaHeBp, ll03BOJIJIIOIUHI!t HM Bhii!tTH Ha

JieHHe <t>JiaHAPHH 6h1JIO BPaJY-Ae6Ho

3a npeo,LJ,oJieHHe <J:>eo,LJ,aJihHOI!t pa3-

BeTep H cnycTHThCJl HaJIHHHIO KOpa6-

HaCTpOeHO no OTHOIIIeHHIO K <J?paH-

Apo6JieHHOCTH C1paHhleme 6h1Jla,LJ,a-

Jiei!t npOTHBHHKa. Ilo BCeMY <J?poHry

UY3CKOMY KopoJIIO H <J:>paHUY3CKHM

JieKa OT 3aBepiiieHHJI.

<J:>eo,LJ,aJiaM. rJiaBHOi!t CHJIOI!t <J?paHUY3CKOro BOi!tCKa 6blJia TJl:>KeJiaJI phiUapCKaJI KOHHHUa. IleXOTa COCTOJIJia H3 HaeMHhiX reHy33CKHX ap6aJie'I"''HKOB, no CBOHM 6oeBblM KaqecTBaM ycrynaBlllHX aHrJIHi!tCKHM JiyqHHKaM. Ilo cpaBHeHHIO C aHrJIHi!tCKHM BOi!tCKOM <J?paHUY3CKOe BOi!tCKO 6b1JIO MeHee

1339 r. 3,0.YAP.O. Ill B CEBEPHO&it Q>PAHI...l"'"'· BbiCTynMB noxo,aoM 113 c:t>naH,apl1l1, OH Bb/Hy)l(lJ.eH 6b!fl OTCTynMTb, KOr,aa CT8fl8 npM6nWK8TbCR ropa3,ao 6onee MHoro•mcneHHaR apMMR c:t>MnMnna VI.

24 "'IOHSf 1340 r. 6"'TBA nP"' CJlE&itCE ("'11"' CJlY"'CE) (COBP.

3aBJI3aJicJI 6oi!t. <l>paHUY3hl norepneJIH B 3TOM 6010 llOJIHOe nopa:>KeHHe. AHrJIH<JaHe 3aBoeBaJIH rocno,LJ,cTBo Ha Mope. Ho Ha cyiiie OHH cHoBa norepneJIH Hey,LJ,aqy -

HM He yAa-

JIOCh OBJia,LJ,eTh KpenocniO TypH3. 1

CorJJacHo ~pyrHM HCTO<,~HHKaM, qJ.IcJJeH-

HOCTb aHrJJHtiCKOrO <}>JJOTa COCTaBJll!Jla BblMIIeJJOB, a <}>paHI.lY3CKOrO- OKOJIO

70.

200

3AnA)J.HA$l EBPOnA 1341-1343r~ BO~HA 3A nPECTOJl 6PETAHIII. 3ro repuorcreo f/BflflflOCb BaccanbHb/M no OTHOWeHII/10 K aHmllllliCKOW KOpOHe. <P111n111nn VI no.a.aep:>Kli/Ban Wapnfl 6nya, 3.ayap.a noMoran )f(aHy .ae MoHQ>opy. H111 o.aHolli 1113 cropoH .ao611/TbCfl nepeeeca He y.aanocb, 111 BHOBb 6bmo 3aKnJ04eHo nepeMlllpllle (xom co epeMeHeM no6e.ay o.aep:>Kan)f(aH.ae MoHQ>op, craewllllli rep~oroM VfoaHHOM IV 6peroHCKIIIM).

flEPIAOP. KPECIA, 1345-1347 rr. 1345 r. B0306HOBJ1EHIIIE BO~Hbl B 6PETAHIII. npoaHmllllli-

cKaf! CTOpOHa CyMena /1,0611/TbCf/ He3Ha411/TeflbHOTO nepeeeca. 3.ayap.a Iff Ha4an co6111parb B AHmll/111 6onbwolli 9KCne.ll,li/UIIIOHHb/W KOpnyc. 1346 r. <t>PAH[.tY3CKOE BTOP:>KEHIIIE B rACKOHb. <t>paHUY3CKaf! apMlllfl no/1, KOMaH.ll,OBaHII/eM Cb/Ha <P111n111nna VI- VfoaHHa, repuora HopMaH.ll,CKoro - BTOpmacb B racKOHb. <t>paHUY30B 3a.aep:>Kana ynopHaf! o6opoHa 3aMKa 3rlllnboH, pacnono:>KeHHoro B Mecre Cflll/f/Hll/fl peK raPOHHb/ Ill flo ( COBp. ropo.lJ, 3rJOIIIWOH B .aenapraMeHTe flo Ill rapOHHa; anpenb-aBryCT).

<1>paH1.4Y3CKIIIM noxo.q 3.qyap.qa Ill, 1346 r. Y3HaB o6 ocqae 3mnboHa, 3.ayap.a Iff ornnbm 11/3 noprcMyra B CeeepHYJO <t>paHUIIIJO ( o4eBIII.ll,HO, 11111JOnfl), 4T06bJ o6ner4111Tb .aaeneHllle, oKa3bleaeMoe lj)paHU}'38Mll/ Ha BBCCBnbHb/e aHmliiWCKOW KOPOHe racKOHb, <t>naH/1,PIIIJO Ill 6peraHb. no HeKOTOpb/M li/CT04Hli/KaM, BapMII/111 3.ayap.aa Iff 6blfl0 OKOno 3 Tb/Cf/4 pbn~apelli 111 m:>KenbJX Kaeanepll/croe, 10 Tb/Cf/4 aHmliiWCKII/X ny4Hli/KOB Ill 4 Tb/Cf/4111 Bannli/WCKO/IinerKOW neXOTbl; nplll6flli/311/TenbHO nonOBIIIHY nocne.ll,Hli/X TaiOI(e MOmlll COCTaBflf/Tb flY4HIIIKII/. Op}')KeHocuee 111 eaccanoe (y pbJ~apelli Ill Tf/:>Keflb/X KaBanepli/CTOB) Momo 6bJTb e~e .ao 3 Tb/Cf/4 4enoeeK, KOTOpbiX MO:>KHO 6blfl0 li/CnOnb30BaTb B Ka4ecree nerKolli Kaeane-

Pllllll .ll,!lfl pa3Be.ll,Klll, npliiKPbiTlllfllll Henocpe.acreeHHO B 6010. t1 9TO He 6bmo lj)eo.aanbHbiM onon4eHII/eM. Ha6paHHbJe B paMKax cll/creMbl KOHrpaKroeaHlllfl, ece OHIII f!Bnflnlllcb onbJTHbiMIII con.aaraMIII, eerepaHaMlll wornaH.ll,CKIIIX eolliH. XpaHf! eepHOCTb KoponJO (4epe3 ero eaccanoe), OHIII nony4an111 3a eoeHHYJO cn}')K6y .aeHbrlll, a cpoK cn}')K6bJ 6bm ycraHoeneH «Ha epeMf! eolliHbl•'. Bepof!THO, 9TO 6bJna CaMaf/ opraHII/30BaHHafl, CaMaf/ OnbiTHaf/ Ill CaMaf/ .ll,li/C~lllnflliiHIIIPOBaHHaf/ eepone/liCKaf!apMlllf/COBpeMeH PIIIMCKII/XneTli/OHOB. BbJca.alllncfl 3.ayap.a Iff B 6yxre fla-Yr 6nlll3 Wep6ypa (6nlll3 COBp. ceneHII/fl CeH-Ba-na-Yr; eepof!THO, 12 11/!0flfl). no HeBb/f/CHeHHb/M npll/nexontHI4bl anoxa.~ CToneTHe~ ao~Hbl

197 411/HaM, lj)nOT ero, Bb/Ca/1,11/B BOWCKO, ryr :>Ke omnbm o6parHo B AHmliiJO; H8XO.ll,f/Cb B CTaHe Henplllf!Teflfl, HeMHOT0411/CfleHHaf/ apMII/fl MOrna Ha.ll,ef/TbCfl TOflbKO Ha ce6f!. 3.ayap.a noeen eollicKo B my6b crpaHbl 4epe3 ropo.aa KapaHraH 111 CeH-flo ( 18111/0flfl). nocne He.aonroro, HO O:>KeCT04eHHOTO 60fl OH B3flfl ropo.a KaH (27 11/JOnfl). ApMlllfl npo.aon:>Kana Me.ll,neHHO .ll,Bli/TaTbCfl K CeHe, no nyr111 3aHII/Maf!cb rpa6e:>KaMlll. Y3HaB, 4TO VfoaHH, repuor HopMaH.ll,CKllllli CHRII OCa.ll,y C 3rlllflbOHa Ill .ll,Blii:>Kercfl 1113 racKOHIII Ha ceeep, a <P111n111nn VI co6111paer 6onbWYJO apMIIIJO B03ne napli/:>Ka, 3.ayap.ll, Iff peWll/fl B3f!Tb ceeepHee 111 nepenpaBIIITbCf/4epe3 CeHY, 4T06bl Ha BCf/KIIIW CflY4a/li 11/MeTb 6ecnpenf!TCTBeHHb/W

198

anoXA MOHronos. 1200-1400 rr.

nyrb .anfl orerynneHMfl eo <t>naH.aPM/0. Bblt/i.afl K CeHe eo3ne PyaHa, 3.ayap.a fll 06Hapy)I(Mn, '4TO /j)paHLtY3b/ YHM'4TO)I(MnM Bee MOeTb/ B HM)I(HeM Te'4eHMM peKM, OeTaBMB nMWb O.ll,MH - B eMnbHO 3al4Mll.leHHOM PyaHe. YeenM'4MB reMn npo.tJ.BM)I(eHMfl, OH HanpaBMnef! B.ll,Onb peKM B eropoHY napM)I(a, Mll.la Meero .ll,flfl nepenpaBbl. OH HaeepHf!Ka HepBHM'4an, noroMy '4TO, BbJerynM <PMnMnn VI M3 eronMLtbJ, ep8)1(aTbef! npMwnOeb 6bJ /0)/(Hee CeHb/. y nyaeeM, eeero B HeeKOnbKMXMMnf!xornapM)I(~3.ayap.a

o6Hap'Y)I(Mn Moer, no.ane)l(all.IMiii no'4MHKe. noKa <PMnMnn VIM ero apMMfl eoeepweHHO HenOHf!THO no'4eMy OTeM)I(MBanMeb e CeH-/l,eHM, aHmM'4aHe nepenpaeMnMeb '4epe3 CeHy ( 16 aeryera). TonbKO ror.aa- enMWKOM no3.tJ.HO, '4T06bJ HaHeeTM aHmM'4aHaM y.aap npM nepenpaee, - <PMnMnn VI BbJerynMn. 3.ayap.a Ill, no-npe)I(HeMy onaeaf!eb, '4TO ero orpe~ or <t>naHP.PMM, noenewMn K eeeepy. Onepe)l(af! ¢paHLt}'3eKMX npeene.aoeareneiii 6yKBanbHO Ha O.ll,MH .tJ,eHb, OH .ao6panef!.ao peKM CoMMbJ (22 aeryera), HO Bb/fleHMnOeb, '4TO M TaM Bee MOeTb/ ( 3a MeKn/0'4eHMeM HaXO.lJ,ffll.IMXef! e yKpenneHHbJX ropo.aax) pa3pyweHbJ. noKa aHmM'4aHe MeKanM nepenpaBY, /j)paHLty3eKoe BOiiieKO .lJ,OWflO Ha BOeTOKe .ll,O AMbeHa. B KOHLte KOHLtOB, aHmMiiieKMe pa3Be.tJ,'4MKM o6Hapy)I(MnM eo3ne yeTbfl CoMMbJ 6po.tJ,, npOXO.lJ,MMb/W TOnbKO BOTnMB. npeo.aonee ena6eHbKoe eonporMBneHMe, apMMfl3.ayap.aa Ill nepenpaBMnaeb Ha eeeepHbJiii 6eper- KaK pa3, KOT.tJ,a OTnMB Ha'4an eMeHf!Tbef! npMnMBOM, aHa /O)I(HOM 6epery nof!BMnOeb /j)paHLty3eKoe BOiiieKO (24 aeryera).

5Hrsa npH KpeccH, 26 asrycra 1346 r. npeo.aoneB noene.tJ,Hee 3Ha'4MrenbHOe npenf!TeTBMe Ha nyrM K OTerynneHM/0 eo <t>naH.tJ.PM/0, 3.ayap.a Ill pewMn epa)l(aTbef!. noKa /j)paHLtY3eKaf! apMMfl nepenpaenf!naeb '4epe3 CoMMY 6nM3A6eMnfl, oH o6Hap'Y)I(Mn

6HTB3 npH KpecH B

1346 r. MHHH3T10pa 6onbW11X <J>paH'-'Y3CKHX XpOHHK. Cepe,t\HHa XV a.

HeeKOnbKMMM MMnf!MM eeeepHee no.axo.tJ.f!ll.lee none 6of! - eo3ne .aepeBHM KpeeM-aH-noHrbe ( eeneHMe e eoep. .aenapraMeHre CoMMa; 25 aeryera). Ha.a .aoporoiii, Koropoiii .aon)I(Ha 6y.aer npoiiirM ¢paHLt}'3eKaf! apMMfl, TaM B03BbJWanef! nonorMiii eKJIOH. Beeb ene.ay1011.1Miii .aeHb aHmM'4aHe Tll.laTenbHO o6yerpaMB8flM eBOM 060pOHMTenbHbJe n03MLtMM. npaBb/W <PnaHr, eo3ne KpeeM, 3al1.1Mll.lana peKa Me. Cneea, nepe.a .aepeeHeiii Ba.aMKYP, poena POll.IMLta, K roMy )l(e aHmMiiieKaf! nexora yenena npoKonarb raM HeeKonbKO peoe. ApMM/0 BbJeTpOMnM TpeMf! .ll,MBM3Mf!MM ( MnM «BOiiieKaMM») npMMepHO O.lJ,MHaKOBOiii '4MeneHHOeTM. 06l1.(af! '4MeneHHOeTb aHmMiiieKOW apMMM .tJ,OeTMrana, BepOf!THO, npMMepHO 20 Tb/ef/'4 '4enoeeK. npaeoiii .ll,MBM3Meiii HOMMHanbHO KOMaH.tJ,OBan eeMHa.tJ,LtaTMneTHMiii

3.ayap.a, npMHLt Y3nbeKMiii, enoene.aerBMM 6naro.aapf! LtBery nar npoenaBMBWMiiiefl KaK «1../epHb/W npMHLt»; Ha eaMOM )l(e .tJ,ene 6pa3.tJ,b/ npaeneHMfl HaeepHf!Ka .aep)l(an e pyKax MHoroonbJTHbJiii eerepaH, maea repanb.tJ.M'4eeKoiii nanarbJ, rpa¢ YopBMK. Merpax e rpexerax K eeeepoeoeroKy erof!na Hemy6oKo 3WenoHMpoeaHHaf! no /j)pOHTY neBaf!.tJ,MBM3Mfl no.tJ, KOMaH.tJ,OBaHMeM rpa/j)OB ApyH.aena M HoprreMnTOHa. nepeKPbJBaf! pa3pbJB Me)l(.ll,y npaeoiii Mneeoiii .ll,MBM3Mf!MM, eTOf!na 3WenOHMpoBaHHaf! no /j)pOHTY Ha HeeKOnbKO eoreH flp.ll,OB B my6MHyLteHTpanbHaf! .ll,MBM3Mfl, KOTOpoiii KOMaH.tJ,OBan nM'4HO 3.ayap.a Ill. Koponb o6yerpoMn ee6e Ha6niO.aarenbHbJiii nyHKT Ha MenbHMLte, paenono)l(eHHoiii npMMepHo noeepe.tJ.MHe Me)l(.ll,y ero eo6ereeHHoiii .ll,MBM3Meiii M «BOiiieKOM» npMHLta Y3nbeKoro; orry.aa oH Mor

3AnA)J.HA$l EBPOnA

199

o6o3peB8Tb Bee none 6MTBbJ 111 orcbJ-

M8pWe 'lpe3Bb/'48WHO 4JIIIIHHOW KO-

fi8Tb p8cnopfi)KeHMfl Be eM noneBbJM

JIOHHOW, npM'leM 48)1(e 6e3 p83Be-

60JibWIIIHCTBe CBOeM He 40JieTeB-

KOM8H4111P8M.

4bJB8TeflbHoro 8B8Hr8p48, HeO)I(M-

WIIIe

48HHO H8TKHYJIOCb H8 8HrfiiiiWCKMe

4BIIIHYJIIIICb Bnepe4 -

>J4p0 K8)1(40W 4111BIII3111M COCT8BJiflfl8 MOWH8>1 cp8!18HT8 npMMepHO 1113

!IMHIIIIII. <PMnMnn

OT48fl npMK83

JIM crpenbJ ( 8p6aneTHbJe 6onTbJ), B

40 ~efllll.

r70TOM OHIII CHOB8 Ill TYT H8 HMX

o6pyWIIIJIC>1 JIIIIBeHb 8HTJIIIIWCKIIIX

Tb/C>l'lM cneweHHb/X T>l)l(eflb/X BC8.11.-

OCT8HOBMTbC>1 Ill nonb/T8JIC>1 CnJIO-

CTpen, nO'lTIII MeTpOBOW 4JIMHb/ K8)1(-

HIIIKOB- Bb/CTpOeHHbiX, no HeKOTO-

TMTb Pfl4bl. 0'4eBM4HO, eMy Y48-

48>1.

pbJM CBe4eHIII>1M, B WeCTb P>140B nplll

JIOCb BbJ4BIIIHYTb Bnepe4 8p68ner-

CMeW8B P>14bl, reHy93~bJ OTK8-

WMPMHe no cppoHTy OKOliO 250M. H8

'4111KOB, HO 38n8flb'4111Bb/e

pbl~8pM,

TIIIfi111Cb. cPp8H~Y3CKIIIe Pbl~8pM, KO-

cpn8Hr8x K8)1(.f1otli 4MBIII3111111 (9weno-

p8Cnlllp8eMb/e 8PIIICTOKP8TM'leCKOW

TOpbJM He TepneJIOCb B 6ot/i, npM-

HIIIPOB8HHbJe Bnepe4- K8K ,afl>l liY'l-

rop40CTb/O Beyne c nopO)I(4eHHotli

wnoplllfllll KOHetli Ill HeCTPOWHOW !18-

wero o63op8, T8K 111 '4T06bJ ceKTopbJ

He3H8HIIIeM 406JieCTbiO, KOHTPOJI/0

BIIIHOW nOWJIIII B H8CTynneHMe np>TMO

OTH>l H84e)I(H0 nepeKpbJB811111Cb) p83-

He n0448B8JIIIICb; 6ecnop>140'4HOW

'lepe3 nOP>14KM reHy93~eB. bYKB8Jib-

MeW8JIIIICb liY'lHMKIII. r7epe4 ~eHT

M8CCOW OHIII CT8JIIII Bbi4BIIIT8TbC>1

HO MrHOBeHMe cnyCT>l CKOJib3KIIIW

pOM 8PMMIII cp!18HrOBb/e liY'lHIIIKM

Bcne4 38

reHy93~8MIII.

CKJIOH Y>/(e 6b/JI noKpbJT Cn!IOWHOW

np8BOW Ill !IeBOW 4111BIII3111W CMb/K8-

Y48PIIIfl8 KopoTK8fl rpo38, npo-

M8CCOW T>l)l(eflbiX, HenOBOpOTJIMBbiX,

JIIIICb T8K, 'lTO CTPOW MX o6p830Bb/B811

wen fiMBeHb, 111 3eMnfl P83MOKJI8.

38KOB8HHb/X B KOJib'lYTM JIOW84eW Ill

r70TOM 1113-38 TYf.l CHOB8 Bb/rflfiHYJIO

BC84HIIIKOB, npo611ip8BWMXC>1, cno-

nepeBepHyroe

H8np8BfleHHoe B

CTOPOHY Bp8r8.

KJIOH>TWeeC>l K 38K8TY

COJIH~e,

OC-

Tb/K8>1Cb, np>TMO 'lepe3 HeC'48CTHb/X

He COXp8HIIIJIOCb TO'lHb/X CBe4e-

BeTIIIB 4MC~MnfiMHIIIPOB8HHb/X reHy-

reHy93~eB,

HMW 0 TOM, K8K MMeHHO CT0>1JI8 B8JI-

93~eB, KOTOpbJe n!IOTHOW wepeHrotli

HeM Cbln8JIMCb 8HrfiiiiWCKMe CTpeflb/.

ro JIM Bne-

nepeceKJIM 40JIMHY Ill H8np8BIIIJIIIICb

~eH

BBepx no CKJIOHy. 0CT8HOBMBWMCb

(]o IIIHep~llllll '48CTb cpp8H~Y3CKOW T>1)l(eJIOWK8B811epMM BCe-T8KIII40K8TIII-

Tp8flbHOW cpan8Hre BMecre co cne-

npMMepHO B 150M OT 8Hr!IIIIWCKIIIX

JI8Cb

weHHbJMIII T>l)l(eflb/MIII BC84HIIIK8MIII.

nepe40Bb/X n03M~IIIW, OHIII BblnYCTM-

Hbl, r4e p83ropen8cb KopoTK8>1, HO

JIIIIWCK8>1 nerK8>1 nexor8 -

peMewey C JIYf.lHMK8MIII, TO JIM B

Ill H8 BeCb 9TOT X80C liMB-

8Hr!IIIIWCKOW JIIIIHIIIIII o6opo-

r70384M ~eHTp8 K8)1(40W 4111BIII3111M 6bm p83MeweH He6onbwotli pe3epB

CPAiKEHH E npH KPEC H 26 asrycTa 1346r.

TOTOBOW K HeMe4JieHHOW KOHTPBT8Ke Tfl)l(eJIOW K8B8Jiepllllll - H8 CJIY'48W,

811nleHHe IJ>paHUy3CKIIX BOli CK

eCJIIII cpp8H~Y3CKOe H8CTynneHIIIe npopBeT nepe4HMe JIIIIHMIII o6opoHbJ.

HrRHiiCKAfl APMHfl

r70XO)I(e, 'lTO B Te'leHIIIe 4Hfl 8HT-

KOPOIU:;

JIMWCK8>1111 B811JIIIIWCK8fl neXOT8 38HIII-

~ 3.QYAP.Q If/

M811111Cb TeM, 'lTO KOn8!18 B XOJIMMCTb/X non>Tx Henocpe4CTBeHHO nepe4

·56

CBOIIIMIII n03M~M>1MIII MHO)I(eCTBO He60JibWIIIX>1M -JIOByWeK,afi>1K8B811epllllll npoTMBHIIIK8. BepofiTHO, MMeHHO B 6MTBe np111 Kpec111 BnepBbJe B

41PAHUY3CKAJI APMMR copoa~ CI>Mn Mnn VI

EBpone 6bmlll npMMeHeHbJ nywKM, HO H8 IIICX04 Cp8)1(eHIII>19TO HIIIK8K He noBJIM>IJIO.

cPp8H~Y3CKYIO 8PMIII/O o6wetli 'liiiCJieHHOCTb/0, CY4>1 no

O~eHK8M,

. 87

nO'lTM B 60 Tb/C>l'l 'leJIOBeK COCT8B-

JIWIIII npM6JIIII3111TeJibHO 12 Tb/C>l'l T>l)l(eJIOW K8B8JiepMIII (~BeT cpp8H~y3CKOro Pbl~8pCTB8), OKOJIO 6 Tb/C>l'l 8p68JieT'lMKOB ( reHy93CKMe H8eMHM-

P"'uapH:

KM), npMMepHO 17Tb/C>1'4 BCnOMOr8TeflbHOW nerKOW K8B8Jiepllllll ( B8CC8Jib/ pbJ~8petli) 111 6onbwe 25 TbJC>T'l cpe048flbHoro onon'leHM>T- HecrpotliH8>1 TO!In8 neXOTIIIH~eB, T8WMBWIIIXCfl B 8pbepr8p4e. 48COB OKOJIO WeCTIII Be'lep8 BOWCKO 9TO, p8CT>1HYBWeeCfl H8

•I (~

- - ._

Xo.a. 0

315 Kll

<PpaHuyJCk8Jl nexoTa BcrynneHHe cj)paHuyJCKHX eoAcK a cpaliCeHHe no ~aCTRM . HX palrpoH H OTXOJ!,

t'paa<eHHII

0.5 Kll

200

anoXA MOHronos. 1200-1400 rr.

Sanaa np11 Kpec11. MI1HI1aTJOpa, 6pi1TaHCKYI~ My3e~

O)l(eCTO'leHHaf/ CXBaTKa; HO '4epe3 KaK!IIX-HIII6y.[l,b HeCKOnbKO MIIIHYT <PpaHI..lY3b/ 6blfllll KOHTparaKOBaHbl Tfl)l(enow Kaeanep111ew np!IIHI..la Y9nbcKoro 111 ororHaHbl. no Mepe np!116b/TIIIfl Ka>K.[l,b/W OTPffa <PpaHLIY3CKOW KOnOHHbl 6e3paccy.[l,HO 6pocanc>~ B 6ow, He3aMe.anlllrenbHO nona.aa>~ no.a y6111wcreeHHbJW aHmiiiWCKIIIW o6crpen. Cy.a>~ no eceMY, 3.ayap.a Ill KpawHe 9<P<PeKTIIIBHo opraH!II3oean no.aeo3 6oenp111nacoe (crpen); KpoMe roro, B nepepbJBax Me)l(.[l,y araKaM/11 aHmiiiWCK/IIe nyqH/11K/11 BbJXO.[l,lllnlll no.a6111parb crpenbl Ha none. bOWH>I npO.[J,Ofl)l(anacb Ill B TeMHOre; <PpaHLI}'3bl XO.[l,llln/11 Baraey 15111nlll 16 pa3, Ill Ka)I(.{J,af/ BOnHa 0.[1,/IIHaKOBO KOWMapHO 3BXne6bJBanacb. noTOM

<PpaH/..l}'3bl or'laflnlllcb 111 Cblrpanlll or6ow. AHm!llwcKoe eowcKo He noKIII.aano no3111LIIIIW .ao pacceera. B KOHe'lHOM 111rore, Y3Ka>~.aon!II Ha oKa3anacb 3aBaneHa ropaM/11 rpynoe: cpe.a111 HIIIX 6bmlll 1542 eenbMO)I(/11111 pbl/..lapf/ ( B TOM '4/IICne llfoaHH I fllOKCeM6yprcKIIIW, 111n111 IIIHa'le llfoaHH Cnenow- Cb/H IIIMneparopa feHplllxa VII fllOKCeM6yprcKoro 111 KOponb 6oreM111111); Tf/)l(enb/X BCa.[l,H/11KOB, ap6aneT'4/IIKOB Ill neXOTIIIHI..leBOT 10 .[1,0 20 Tb/Cf/'4; Ill 9TO He rOBOP>I .Y)I(e o Tb/Cfl'lax 111 Tb/Cfl'lax nowa.aew. Koponb ct>paHLIIIIIIIIII MHO)I(ecreo PbiLIBPeW nony'llllnlll paHeH!IIflT0'4Hb/X CBe.[l,eHIIIW no <PPBHLI}'3CKIIIM paHeHbJM Her. AHmiiiWCK!IIe norep111, cornaCHO HeKOTOpbiM IIICTO'lH/IIKaM, COCTaB!IIn/11- COBOK}'nHO y6111Tb/MIII 111 paHeHb/M/11 - ecero 200 qenoeeK. B '4/llcne y6111Tb/X 6bmlll .aeoe pbll.IBpew, COpOK Tfl)l(enb/X BCa.[l,HIIIKOB Ill nyqHIIIKOB, a Ta/OKe «HeCKOnbKO .[1,10)1(/IIH» Bann!IIWCKIIIX neXOTIIIHl.leB (T0'4Hb/X Lliii<PP Onf/Tb-TaK/11 He COXp8HIIInOCb).

IIoHHMaa, qeM HMeHHO CHJibHa,ll.HCl.IHIIJIHHHposaHHaa rrexoTa s rr poTHBOCTOJIHHH KaBaJiepHH, a

Ta~e

Ha-

CKOJibKO OIIYCTOIIIHTeJieH OrOHb ero JiyqHHKOB, 3.LI.yap.LI.

III orrTHMaJibHO

HCIIOJib30BaJI CBOe TaKTHqecKOe rrpeHMYmecTBO. BeKoM rro3~e HHble <}>aKTOphl CBe,ll.yT Ha HeT IIOJIHTHqecKOe 3HaqeHHe 6HTBhl rrpH KpecH. Ho, c ToqKH 3peHHJI soeHHO~ HCTOpHH, 3Ta 6HTBa OTHOCHTCJI K pa3pllAY Ca1.-thlX qTQ HH Ha eCTb OCHOBOIIOJiaraiOlllHX. IIoqTH ThlcJiqeJieTHe Ha IIOJie 6oJI rJiaBeHCTBOBaJia KaBaJiepHll- H BOT HaKOHel.l a,ll.pHaHO-

IIOJibCKH~ rrpHrosop 6bm orrporecTOBaH. HaqHHaa c 6HTBhl rrpH Kpec H rJiaBHYIO pOJib B cyxorryTHhlX

6oeBhlX,ll.e~CTBHJIX CTaJia HrpaTb rreXOTa

(Ko.M.M. aem. ).

KpoMe Toro, He,ll.HCI.IHIIJIHHHpoBaHHOCTh <}>paHI.IY3CKOrO BO~CKa ycKOpHJia ero rrop~eHHe. CTHxH~Ho

HaqaThl~ 6o~ rrpoTeKaJI HeopraHH30BaHHO. IIpOTHBHHK 6hlJI aTaKOBaH He Ha BCeM <}>pOHTe, aTaKH IIpOHCXO,ll.HJIH IIOCJie,ll.OBaTeJibHO H HOCHJIH pa3-

p03HeHHhl~ xapaKrep. B3aHMO,ll.e~ ,[{Jill see~ Esporrbl rro6e,ll.a aHr-

CTBHe ap6ane~HKOB H phll.lapCKO~

JIH~cKo~ apMHH Ha,ll. noqTH TpOeK-

KOHHHUhl OTCYTCTBOBaJIO. Ih-3a He-

paTHO rrpeBOCXO,ll.lllllHM IIO qHcJieH-

6JiaronpHJITHhlX ycJIOBH~ MeCTHOCTH

HOCTH <}>paHI.IY3CKHM BO~CKOM rrpo-

H rroro,ll.hl phluapH IIIJIH B aTaey MeA-

rpeMeJia rpoMoM cpe.LI.H JICHoro

JieHHO. OT rroJIHoro YHH~o~eHHJI

He6a. KoHTHHeHT HHqero TOJIKOM He

<J:>paHI.IY30B crracJio TO, qTO aHmHqa-

3HaJI o6 o~ecToqeHHhlX so~Hax

He He rrpecJie,ll.OBaJIH HX

AHmHH c Y3JibCOM H IIIoTJiaH,ll.He~,

aem.).

(KoMM.

a y~ 06 H3MeHeHHJIX B TaKTHKe, TeXHHKH H opraHH3aUHH, KOTOpble 3TH

flOCRE KPECMt 1346-1354 rr.

BO~Hhl IIOBJieKJIH 3a co6o~, H IIO,ll.aBHO. PaHbiiie rrexoTe y~e AOBOAHJIOCb ,ll.06HBaTbCJI ycrrexa Ha.LI. <J:>eo,ll.aJibHO~ Tll~eJIO~ KaBaJiepHe~: B

1346-1 347 rr. OCAJJ,A lf1 B3SfTlf1E KAJlE. Bo3o6HOBIIIB Mapw Ha

CTOJITeJibCTBaM. IIHoe ,ll.eJio- rrpH

ceeep 111 renepb .Y)I(e He oco6eHHO ropon>~cb, 3.ayap.a Ill .aowen .ao Kane ( 4 ceHm6p>~ 1346 r.) 111 nocne nO'lT/11 rO.[l,lll'lHOW OC8.[l,b/ 38XBaT!IIn ropo.a(4 aerycra 1347 r.). 3areM6bmo 3aKn/0'4eHo nepeM!IIpllle (28 ceH-

KpecH. 3,ll.ecb CTO~Kaa H AHCUHIIJIH-

m6p>~).

6HTBax rrpH JleHMIHO, KypTpe HascTpH~CKO-IIIBe~uapcKHX BO~Hax; HO

BO BCeX 3THX paHHHX IIpHMepax

KaJY-.LI.bl~ pa3 rrexoTa 6bma o6JI3aHa rro6e,ll.e KaKHM-TO oco6eHHhlM o6-

HHposaHHaa nexoTa

O,ll.ep~ana

qHCTOM IIOJie rro6e,ll.y Ha,ll. CaMO~

B peeyJihTaTe rro6e,ll.hl npH KpecH

Jiyqiiie~ B Esporre KaBaJiepHe~ (rrpaB,ll.a, KOMaH,ll.OBaJIH IIOCJie,ll.He~

3.LJYap,ll. CMOr HaqaTb OCa)J.y Kane, KO-

cosepiiieHHO 6e3,ll.apHo ). 3.LI.yap.LI.

III,

cTparer ,ll.aJieKo He Bhl,ll.aiOlllH~

TOphl~ C,ll.aJICll TOJibKO IIOCJie ynopHO~

3amHThl, CIIYCTJI UeJihlX

MeCJIUeB.

0,ll.HH pa3 KOpOJib ¢HJIHIIII IIO,ll.C'I)'IIHJI

cJI, rrpoJIBHJI ce6JI HaH6oJiee rpaMoT-

C 60JiblliO~ apMHe~, ,ll.a6hl OCB060,ll.HTb

HhlM TaKTHKOM CBOero BpeMeHH.

ropo.LI. OT oca)J.hl. Ho so Bpellil rrpH6JIH-

3AnA)J.HA$l EBPOnA

201

Cpa)l{eHHe. MHHH3T10pa 6onbWHX <J>paH'-Y3CKJ1X XpOHHK. Cepe,QHHa

:>KeHHJI 4>paHUY30B 3,LI.yap,LI. CTJIHYJI CHJihHoe IIO,LI.KpeiDieHHe, TaK 'ITO ero apMHJI HaC<JHThiBana B KOHUe KOHUOB IIOJIHhlX

ThiCJI"'H BOHHOB. ATaKO-

rrocJie B3JITHJI Kane BOeHHhle

,LI.eJ;ICTBHJI aHrJIH"'aH HH<JeM He OTJIH<JanHCh OT 06hl<JHhlX OIIYCTOIIIHTeJihHhiX Ha6eroB. 3TH Ha6ern OTHHManH

BaTh Tal-.')'10 apMH10, OC06eHHO IIOCJie

y HHX TaK MHOrO BHHMaHHJI H CHJI, "'TT

OIIhiTaKpecH, HJIHIIII He OCMeJIHJICJI

lliOTJiaH,LI.IDl TeM BpeMeHeM CHOBa OC-

H, He ,LI.OCTHrHyB HHKaKHX pe3yJihTa-

B060,LI.HJiaCh OT aHrJIHJ;ICKOro roCIIO,LI.-

TOB, IIOBepHyJI Ha33)l. H IIpe,LI.OCTaBHJI

CTBa.

ropo,LI. caMOl\1)' ce6e. Ho H 3,LI.yap,LI., HMeJI TaJ-.')'10 orpoMHY10 BOeHHY10 CHJIY, He IIOCTaBHJI ce6e 6oJihiiieJ;I uenH, ~M OBJia,LI.eHHe Kane.

3m 061>JICHJieTCJI TeM, "'TT eMY TOJih-

1347-1354 rr.

nEPEM~P~E.

0N8CH1 OHO 6blfl0 Bb/H~eHHb/M no o6e CTOpOHb/ J1a-MaHW8 CB/IipenCTBOBana '-/epHBR CMepTb.

KO IIpH HaiipJI:>KeHHH BCeX CHJI CBoero o6IIIHpHoro rocy,LI.apcTBa y,LI.anoch co~aTh TaJ<Y10 B0eHHY10 CHJIY, KaKOJ;I B

Cpe,LI.HHe BeKaJIBJIJIJIHCh HHOB, BCe

)fie

32 ThiCJI"'H BO-

y,LI.ep:>KaTh Taey10 apMH10

H orrepHpoBaTh e10 B

re~HHe

,LI.OJiroro

BpeMeHH OH He 6hiJI B COCTOJIHHH.

flEPHOP. flYATbE, 1355-1360 rr. 1355~

B0306HOBflEH~E

60EBbiXAEli'ICTB~li'l. nocne npoBana neperoBopoB o 3aKn/04eH/Iilti

XV B.

nocTORHHoro Mltipa 3,ayap.a Ill nepenpaBMncR 4epe3 nponMB IIi onycTOWitiTeflbHbJM pe/li.aoM npowen no CeBepHoii14>paH~Itilti. O,aHoBpeMeHHO '-/epHb/W npltiH~, BTOprW/IiCb /li3 bOp.110 my6oKo B J1aHre,aoK, onycTOWitin IIi pa3rpa6Mn npoB/IiH~/Ii/0. BTOpoii1 Cb/H 3,ayap,aa - /),)I<OH tOHT ( /lifl/li /liHa4e - J])KoH leHTCKIIiii1), rep~or J18HK8CTepCK/IiW, /li3 6peT8H/Ii BTOprCR B HopMaH,alti/0.

ABfYCT -CEHTS46Pb 1356 r. nOXOA lfEPHOfO nP~Ht.tA. BbJcTynlliB /li3 6ep%epaKa (4 aBrycTa), npltiH~ YsnbCKIIiii1.11BIIiHYnCR, onycTOwaR BCe H8 nyT/Ii, B l...teHTPBflbHY/0 <PpaHLtlli/0. B apMitilti ero 6bmo 4 TbJCR4/Ii TR%eflb/X KBBanep/liCTOB, BepoRTHO, eJ..Ue CTOflbKO %e nerK/IiX K8B8nep/liCTOB, OKOflO TpeXTb/Cf/4 RY4H/Ii-

anoXA MOHronos. 1200-1400 rr.

202

KOB M ,ao Tb/CR4M fleTKMX neXOTMH~eB.

Bb/Cfi8Hbl B BMHOTPa.tJ.HMK M H8 6ono-

Bee OHM RBfiRfiMCb CfiY)I(MBWMMM no

TO. T51)1(eflbJX BCa.tJ.HMKOB npMH~ Y9flb-

KOHTP8KTynpo<f>eCCMOH8n8MM, npM-

CKMW, K8K M npM KpeCM, cneWMfl M

4eM (38 MCKJI/04eHMeM fiY4HMKOB)

p83MeCTMfl 38 M3TOPO.l1b/O -

<f>p8H~Y38MM-8KBMT8H~8MM, B8CC8-

He60flbWOTOKOHHOTO pe3epB8, pa3-

fi8MM 6pMT8HCKoii1 KopoHbJ. YKpen-

Mell.leHHOTO y oroneHHoro npaeoro

neHHbJX ropo,aoB npMH~ M36er8n M, P830PRR CeflbCKY/0 MeCTHOCTb, ymy-

<f>n8Hr8. Bo <f>P8H~Y3CKoii1 8PMMM 6blfl0 8 Tb/C514 TR)I(eflb/X BCa.tJ.HMKOB,

KPOMe

6MfiCR .ao Typ8, KOToporo .aocTMr

8 Tb/CR4 nerKOW K8B8flepMM, 4

3ceHT516p51.

4M n51TbCOT npo<f>eCCMOH8flbHb/X ne-

11-17 CEHTS16PS1 1356 r. $PAHUY3bl nPECJlEAYIOT; AHfJlVI4AHE OTCTYnAIOT. Y3H8B, 4TO Koponb l1o8HH II ,llo6pbJii1 (6bJB-

XOTMH~eB-H8eMHMKOB (BKfl/04851

Tb/C51-

Tb/C514M 8p6aneNMKOB) M, BepORTHO, OKOfiO

Tb/C514 HeHa,ae)I(HOTO ne-

XOTHOTO OnOfl4eHM51.

WMii1 rep~or HopM8H.L1MM) nepenp8-

Bc10 9TY MHOT04MCfleHHYIO MaC-

BMncR 4epe3 J1y8py 6nM3 6ny8

ey no,aefiMfiM H8 4eTbJpe ,l1MBM3MM

(8 ceHT516pR), npMH~

(MfiM «BOWCK8:•)- npMMepHO Tb/C514

Y9flbCKMii1 no-

cnewMn H8 10r, T8K 6bJCTpo, K8K no-

no ,aeC51Tb B K8)1(,l10M. 3a MCKfl/04e-

3BOfl51fl o6o3 c H8rp86neHHoii1 .ao-

HMeM 3 Tb/C514 TR)I(eflb/X M fleTKMX K8-

6bJ4eii1, o,aH8KO we.awMe H8nerKe

B8nepMcToe, Y48CTBOBaewMxBnep-

<f>p8HLW3bl ,l1BMT8fiMCb 6bJCTpee.

BOM Cp8)1(eHMM, BCe OCT8flbHbJe

BcTpe48 .aeyx 8PMMii1 npoM30Wfl8 e OKpeCTHOCT51X ny8Tbe. Cy,a51 no Bee-

<f>p8H~Y3CKMe KOHHMKM BOeB8fiM neWMMM, MCXO,l1R M3 npe,anOfiO)I(eHMR,

MY, HM T8, HM ,apyr851 CTOpOH8 P83-

4TO TOflbKO T8K MO)I(HO B351Tb eepx

ee,a4MKOB np8KTM4eCKM He Bb/Cblfl8-

H8,l1 cneweHHb/MM 8HTfiM48H8MM.

fiM M 0 MeCTOH8XO)I(,l1eHMM ,apyr,apy-

l1o8HH

T8 ,a8)1(e He .aor8,abJB8fiMCb. MMHY51

aHrnMii1cKoro ycnex8 npM KpecM

ny8Tbe, 8HrfiMWCKMii1 8B8HT8p,a Be-

38KJI/048fiCR B TOM, 4TO cneweHHbJe

4epoM

CeHT516p51 HeO)I(M,l18HHO

He noHMM8fl, 4TO ceKpeT

Tf/)l(eflb/e BC8,l1HMKM MCnOflb30B8-

KM K

fiMCb fiMWb ,l1fiR o6ecne4eHM51 H8-

H8 <f>p8H~y3-

,ae)I(HOW onopoii1 M 3811.1MTOW fiY4HM-

CKMii1 8pbepr8p,a. noHMM851, 4TO ero

KOB C MX onyCTOWMTeflbHb/M OTHeM.

H8TKHYfiC51 -

MeHbWe, 4eM B

BOCTOKY OT ropo,a8 -

YCT8fi8R M OT51T011.1eHH851 ,ao6bJ4eii1

npMK838B CBOMM pbl~8p51M cne-

8pMM51 60flbWe He B COCT051HMM YBO-

WMTbC51, l1o8HH

p84MB8TbC51 oT <f>p8H~Y3CKoii1, 4ep-

CKYJO K8B8flepMIO ee rfi8BHOTO ,l1fl51

II nMwMn

<f>paH~Y3-

Hblii1 npMH~ noTp8TMfl eecb ee4ep M

H8CTyn8TeflbHbJX onep8~Mii1 npe-

cne,ay1011.1ee yTpo H8 BbJ6op xopo-

MMYll.leCTB8-

weii1 060pOHMTeflbHOW n03M~MM.

18 CEHTS16PS1 1356 r. nOAfOTOBKA K 6VITBE.

noK8 8PMMM

no,aBM)I(HOCTM

MacwTa6

y,a8pHOii1 MOll.IM. nocKOflbKY <f>pOHT

6HTBa npH nyaTbe a 1356 r.

8HrfiMWCKOii1 o6opOHbl 6blfl 04eHb Y30K, l1o8HH

nnaHMpoean H8CTY-

3M~M/O

OH OCT8BMfl TOflbKO O,l1HO

«Boii1cKO». Ho <f>p8H~Y3CKoe HacTyn-

OT,l1b/X8fiM M TOTOBMfiMCb K npe,aCTO-

n8Tb KOfiOHH8MM. Cy,a51 no BCeMy, OH

Rll.leMy Cp8)1(eHMIO, <f>paH~Y3CKMii1

,l18)1(e He 38.L1YMbiB8fiC51 0 TOM, 4TO-

neHMe 38CT8BMfiO ero Cp04HO B03-

KOPOflb M 8HrfiMWCKMii1 npMH~ BefiM

6bJ M8HeepMpOB8Tb- oKpy)I(MTb 8H-

Bp8TMTbCR C .L1BYMR OCT8flbHb/MM.

4epe3 n8pfi8MeHTepoe 6ecnno.a-

mM48H (H8,l1 KOTOpbJMM MMefl no-

nepB851 <f>p8H~Y3CK8R ,l1MBM3MR 8T8-

HbJe neperOBOpbJ. 4epHb/W npMH~

,l18BfiR/Oll.lee 4MCfleHHOe npeMMy-

KOB8fl8 CfiMWKOM p8HO- C xapaK-

H8Wefl 04eHb Bb/TO.L1HYIO n03M~M/O -

ll.leCTBO) MfiM K8K-TO Bb/M8HMTb B 4M-

TepHOW.[1)151 <f>eo,aanbHOW9nOXM He-

nonorMii1 ceBepHbJii1 CK!IOH, nopoc-

CTOe none.

Cfl8)1(eHHOCTb/O. Ap6aneT4MKM, no-

WMii1 BMHOTPa.tJ.HMKOM. fleBb/W <f>fi8HT

cTaBneHHbJe no 384M T51)1(enoii1 K8B8-

3811.1Ml1.18fiM 60fiOTO M pyqeii1; <f>pOHT

bHTBa npH flyaT&e,

nepMM, He MMefiM B03MO)I(HOCTM 38-

19 CeHTR6pR 1356 r.

BR38Tb C 8HrfiMWCKMMM fiY4HMK8MM

(WMPMHOW OKOfiO

1 KM)

neperopa-

)I(MB8fl8 )I(MB851 M3TOpO,ab CO C4MT8H-

nepecTpenKy. nepBb/W 6e3yMHb/W

Hb/MM Y3KMMM npoxo,a8MM. 0TKPbJ-

P8HO YTPOM npMH~ Y9flbCKMii1 B

K8B8nepMii1CKMii1 H8TMCK 6blfl OT6MT 8HrfiMWCKMMM fiY4HMK8MM T04HO T8K

TbJii1 np8Bblii1 <f>naHr peweHo 6bmo

conpoeo)l(,aeHMM .aeyx TpeTeii1 ap-

3811.1MTMTb ~en04KOW <f>yprOHOB.

MMM OTOCfl8fl 38 py4eii1 Tpo<f>eii1Hb/W

)l(e, K8K npM KpecM. A TaKa cne.aoBa-

B.aonb M3ropo,aM, B npoxo.aax M

o6o3. BepoRTHO, oH Bee e11.1e H8,ae-

fl8 38 8T8Koii1; HeCKOflbKO BC8,l1HMKOB

B,l10flb <f>yprOHOB Bb/CTpOMfiM fiY!lHM-

51fiC51 OTCTynMTb 6e3 6051. npMKPbi-

M KOe -KTO M3 neXOTMH~eB ,l18)1(e npo-

KOB; OT,aeflbHbJe MX 0Tp51,L1bl 6b!fiM

B8Tb o6ycTpOeHHYIO H8K8HyHe no-

pB8fiMCb BnfiOTHY/0 K 8HrfiMWCKOii1

3AnA)J.HA$l EBPOnA

203

flMHMM 060p0Hbl, HO 6bJnM OT6powe-

pacxo.aoeae ece crpenbJ, aHmMw-

KHM ocy)f()l.eHHeM, qro B )l.06phlX ro-

Hb/ crowKow nexoTOw M yparaHHbJM

CKMe ny4HMKM npMCOe,aMHMflMCb K

po)l.ax Bee HX BCTPeqaJIH IIa.JIKaMH ...».

</>naHTOBb/M OIHeM BbJ,aBMHYTb/X H8

O)l(ecro4eHHow pyKonawHow. Ce4a

BrroJIHe rroHJITHO, ~o BOeHHhle

6onoTO ny4HMKOB.

wna c nepeMeHHbJM ycnexoM, noKa

IIOpa:)l(eHHil IIO)l.OpBaJIH BCJIKHJ:i aBTO-

4yTb no3)1(e no.aowno BTOpoe

ManeHbKMWBHmMWCKMW OTpfl.ll, e,apyr

pH'reT rrepBhlX BaJiya. Y)f(e rrocJie

<f>p8Hl.lY3CKOe «BOWCKO», KOTOpbJM

He y,aapMn npOTMBHMKY B Tb/fl. 3TOTO

rropa:>KeHHil rrpH KpecH Haco3BaHHhlX

KOM8H,aOB8fl .ao</>MH. tpOMKO 3BeHR

<f>p8Hl.lY3b/ }1/Ke He BbJ,aep)l(8flM M o6paTMflMCb B 6erCTBO. l108HH If B OK-

ropO)f(aHe BhlCKa3aJIH OTKphlTO CBoe

.aocnexaMM, pbJLlBPM newKoM Ha-

<l>HJIHIIIIOM

VI reHepa.JihHhlX lliTaTax

npaeMnMcb eeepx no o6MnbHO no-

p)I/KeHMM ueera <f>paHI.l.Y3CKoro pbJ-

He)l.OBOJihCTBO KOpOJieBCKOi:t IIOJIHTH-

pocweMy BMHorpa.aoM nonoroMy

uapcrea cp8)1(ancR .ao rex nop, noKa

KOi:t H coBeTHHKaMH KopoJIJI. Eme Til-

CK!IOHYM 6bJnMBCTpe4eHb/ yparaHOM

8HmM48He He H8B8flMflMCb npeBOC-

aHmMWCKMxcrpen. HecMorpRHa TR-

XO,aRIJ..IMMM CMfl8MM, He CflOMMflM CO-

)I(enbJe norepM, <f>paHI.lY3bl npM6nM-

npOTMBneHMe 3811..1MTHMKOB KOpOnR M

3MnMcb K flMHMM o6opOHbl, M 38BR38-

He 38XB8TMflM TOTO B nneH. npecne-

fl8Cb ,aflMTeflbH8R O)l(eCT04eHH8R py-

,aOB8Tb 6eme1.1.0B M3HypeHHb/e 6MT-

KOn8WH8R. 4>p8Hl.lY38M 4YTb He y,aa-

BOW aHrnM4aHe He cranM, HO nneH-

flOCb npopB8TbCR, HO 8HmM48He

HbJX 38XB8TMflM Tb/CR4M- TeX, KTO

cMomM cnnoTMTb pR,abJ, .anR 4ero

6bm CflMWKOM M3p8HeH MflM ycran,

::J,ayap.a BbJ,aBMHYfl H8 flMHM/0 <f>poH-

4T06bJ cnacaTbCR 6ercreoM. norepM

T8 TpeTbe «BOWCKO», OCT8BMB B pe-

<f>p8H/.1.Y30B- nocrpa.aanM B OCHOB-

3epee ecero 400 4enoeeK.

B KOHI.le

KOHI.lOB npM Henpepb/BHOW no.a-

HOM Pbii.1.8PM M TR)I(eflb/e BC8,aHMKM COCT8BMflM ,aBe Tb/CR4M nRTbCOT y6M-

.aep)I(Ke OIHeM <f>naHTOBb/X ny4HMKOB

Tb/X M ,aBe Tb/CR4M WeCTbCOT nneH-

aHmMWCKMe cneweHHbJe TR)I(eflbJe

Hb/X. AHmMWCKMe norepM HeM3Becr-

BC8,aHMKM OTOIH8flM 8T8KY/Oil..IMX.

HbJ; BepORTHO, OHM COCT8BMflM OKO-

06e cropoHbJ noHecnM TR)I(enbJe no-

flO Tb/CR4M y6MTb/X M npMMepHO

repM. EcnM 6 ocraeaewaRcR <f>paH-

CTOflbKO )l(e paHeHb/X.

LlY3CKaR apMMR HeMe,aneHHO noee-

CEHTSI6Pb-OKTSI6Pb 1356 r.

na Hoeoe HacrynneHMe MnM o6owna

AHrJlVI~CKOE OTCTYnJlEHVIE.

HenpMKPbiTb/W npaBb/W <f>naHr 8HmM-

j],a)l(e He nbJTaRcb eocnonb30B8TbCR

48H, 1../epHb/W npMHI.l OK838flCR 6bJ

nno,aaMM CTOflb 3H84MTeflbHOW no-

Haronoey pa36MT. Ho, BM.aR, KaK no-

6e,abl, 1../epHb/W npMH/.1. C .ao6bNeW M

crpa.aano «BOWCKO» .ao</>MH8, KOM8H-

nneHHbJMM orcrynMn B Gop.ao.

,aOB8BWMW TpeTbeW ,aMBM3MeW rep-

l.lOr0pneaHCKM~6paTKOPOfl~CM8-

1356-1360 rr. AHrJlVI~CKVIE nOXOAbl. 0C03H8B8R, 4TO H8 none

no.aywHM4an M yeen ceo10 apMMJO c

60R OHM npOTMBHMKY He pOBHR,

nonR6oR.

<f>p8Hl.lY3b/ npe,an04MT8flM OTCM)I(M-

3areM B araKy nowno 4ereeproe

B8TbCR B yKpenneHHb/X ropo,aax M

M C8MOe MHOI04MCneHHOe «BOWCKO»,

38MKax, noKa aHmM4aHe 6ecnpenRT-

creeHHO pa3opwm crpaHy. nocne.a-

)J,o6pbJM. XorR <f>paHI.lY3bl 6bmM M3-

HMW e 9TOM nepMo.ae noxo.a no.a cre-

eo3maenReMoe nM4HO l1oaHHOM

MO)I(ll,eHbJ nocne ,aByxKMflOMeTpOBO-

Hbl napM)I(8 BO,aMn C8M KOPOflb 3,ay-

ro nepexo.aa e TR)I(enbJX .aocnexax,

ap.a

Ill ( 1360 r.).

8HmM48H HM4YTb He MeHbWe YTOMMna npo.aon)I(MTenbHBR 6MTBa. Onaca-

IIepBoHaqaJihHhlJ:i ycrrex B BOJ:iHe

Reb, 4TO Hana.aeHMR npeeocxo.aRil..IMX

6hl.JI Ha cTopoHe AHmHH, o)l.ep)f(aB-

CMfl 8HmM48He y)l(e He BbJ,aep)I(8T,

rneJ:t KpyrrHhle rro6e)l.hl H3.Jl. <}>paHI.IY3-

npMHI.l Y9nbCKMW pewMn nepeXBaTMTb

CKHMH BOJ:iCKaMH B ABYX 60JihlliHX

MHMI.lM8TMBY. nocT8BMB BO <f>pOHT 400 TR)I(eflb/X BCB,aHMKOB pe3epea, OH

IIyaTDe (1356

6HTBax -

rrpH KpecH

(1346 r.) H rrpH

r. ). BrreqaTJieHHe, rrpo-

cKoMaH.aoean HacrynneHMe. 200

H3Be)l.eHHoe BO <l>paHUHH pa3IpOMOM

BC8.ll,HMKOB (He MCK!I/04eHO, 4TO ner-

<}>paHUY3CKOJ:i apMHH rrpH IIyaThe,

KY/0 K8BanepM10) OH nocnan 8T8KO-

6hlJIO 6yKBaJihHO IIOTpi!CaiOlllHM.

B8Tb C Tbln8 <f>p8Hl.lY3CKMW neBb/W

«K phlUapiiM, BepHyBlliHMCil C IIOJiil

<f>naHr. )J,ee apMMM, HacrynaJOil..IMe

cpa:>KeHHJI,- IIHCa.JI O)l.HH H3 COBpe-

no6 B no6, CO CTP8WHOW CMROW

MeHHHKOB,- Hapo)l. OTHOCHJICil CO

Pbl'-'apH. Pent.ecf>bl cepe6pstHbiX anTapHbiX apaT co6opa a 0HCTo£:ie.

CTOflKHYRMCb B BMHOrpa,aHMKe. £13-

CTOJih BeJIHKOJ:i HeHaBHCThiO H C Ta-

1376 r.

204

3nOXA MOHIOJlOB. 1200-1400 rr.

)KeJieH ):(JIH HapO):(HbiX Mace 6biJIO

B rrepepbiBax Me)Key BOeHHbiMH ne:H-

rropaMeHHe rrpH IIyaTDe. OT BOHHbi

CTBHHMH KpeCTbHH rpa6HJIH HaeMHH-

6bicTpo pacrrp ocTpaHHJIOCb B IIHKap -

CTpa):(aJIH B rrepByiO otiepe):(b KpecTb-

KH, OCTaBaBIIIHeCH He y neJI. IIoJio-

AHH, MJib- ):(e -<DpaHce H OTtJ:aCTH B

HHe.

Bo ccTaHH e, H atJ:aBIIIeecH B EoBe3H,

xo35IHCTBa 6biJIH pa3opeHbi,

)KeHHe cppaHUY3CKHX KpeCTbHH B 3IIO-

lliaMIIaHH, OXBaTHB 3HatiHTeJib H YIO

a cpeO):(aJibHaH 3KCIIJiyaTaUHH B CB5I3H

xy CroJieTHe:H BOHHbi peaJIHCTHtJ:eCKH

tJ:acTb TeppHTOpHH CeBepHo:H <DpaH -

c BoeHHbiMH pacxonaMH Bee Bo3pac-

pHcoBaJI OAHH H3 xpoHHCTOB

TaJia. IIo3TOMY B KpeCTbHHCKHX Mac-

BeKa- )KaH ne BeHeTI.

XIV

U HH. Bocc TaHHe pa3BHBaJIOCb 6e3 Ka-

1358 roey: « ... BH-

Koro -JIH6 o 3apaHee rrpo):(YMaHH oro

BOJibCTBO CYIIIeCTBYIOIUHM rropHAKOM

HOrpa):(HHKH, HCTO'IHHK 6JiarOTBOpHOH

rrJiaHa. BoccTaBIIIHe K pecTbHH e r po -

Beme:H.

BJiaru, BeceJIHIUe:H cepnue tJ:eJioBeKa,

MHJIH cpeo):(aJibHbie 3aMKH, y 6HBa JIH

cax Ha3peBaJio Bee 6oJibiiiee Heno-

TaKoe )Ke He):(OBOJibCTBO HapacTaJIO H B roponax.

ITo ero CJIOBaM, B

He B03):(eJibiBaJIHCb; IIOJIH He o6ceMe-

cpeo):(aJIOB, 3aXBatJ:eHH biX HMH B IIJieH ,

H5IJIHCb H He BCIIaxHBaJIHCb; 6biKH H

H C)KHraJIH BCe ):(OKyMeHTbi, B K OT OpbiX 6biJIH 3acpHKCHpOBaHbi KpeCTbHH-

IIocJie rropa)KeHHH cppaHQY3CKoro

OBUbi He XO):(HJIH ITO rraCT6HIUaM; uep-

BOHCKa non IIyaTDe ropo)KaHe <DpaH-

KBH H ):(OMa ... IIOBCIO):(y HOCHJIH CJie-

CKHe IIOBHHHOCTH. ilHCbMeHHOH rrpo -

UHH CTaJIH pe3KO Bbipa)KaTb He):(O-

):(bi Bcerro)KHpaiOmero IIJiaMeHH HJIH

r paMMbi y BOCCTaBIIIHX He 6biJIO, OH H

BOJibCTBO IIOJIHTHKOH rrpaBHTeJibCTBa

rrpencTaBJIHJIH rpyAbi rretJ:aJibHbiX,

cpopMyJIHpOBaJIH CBOH Tpe6oBaHH5I

H IIOTpe60BaJIH BOopy)KeHHH HX, KOH-

eme ):(biMHIUHXCH pa3BaJIHH. CaMaH

Y CTHO, CBO):(H HX K O):(HOMY: « 1iCTPe-

TpOJIH B paCXO):(OBaHHH cpe):(CTB H

OT'IaHHHaH HHIQeTa uapHJia IIOBCIO):(y,

6HTb BCeX 3HaTHbiX JIIO):(eH ):(0 IIOCJie -

'IHCTKH rocynapcTBeHHoro arrrrapaTa.

oco6eHHO cpeAH KpecTbHH, H6o ceHb-

):(Hero!». «HeKHe JIIOAH H3 nepe -

HatiaJIHCb BOJIHeHHH B ropo):(ax Ce-

opbi rrepeiiOJIHHJIH HX CTpa):(aHHH, OT-

BeHb,- IIHCaJI O):(HH H 3 Xp OH HCTOB,

BepHo:H <DpaHUHH, B IIapH)Ke rrpoH30-

HHMaH y HHX HMyiQeCTBO H HX 6e):(-

BCe CHMIIaTHH KOTOporo H aXO):(HJIHCb

IIIJIO BOCCTaHHe, KOTOpbiM PYKOBOAHJI

HYIQ )KH3Hb.

X om KOJIHtJ:eCTBo ocTaB-

H a CTOpOHe cpeo):(aJIOB,- co6paJIHCb

KyrretJ:ecKH:H cTapiiiHHa 3TbeH Map-

IIIerocH cKoTa, KpyrrHoro H MeJIKoro,

6e3 BO)K):(H B EoBe3H, H BHatJ:aJie HX

ceJib. ):(ocpHH (HaCJie):(HHK) BMeCTe C

6biJIO HH'ITO)KHO, CeHbOpbi BCe )Ke

6biJIO He 6oJiee

cpeonaJiaMH y6e)KaJI H 3 IIapH)Ka H

Tpe6oBaJIH IIJiaTe)KeH 3 a KaM):(yiO ro-

r OBOpHJIH, 'ITO ):(BOpHHCTBO KOpOJieB-

10 COJIH):(OB 3a 6biKa, ITO 4 5 3a OBUY . M Bee )Ke oHH p en-

100

tJ:eJIOBeK. 0HH

CTaJI rOTOBHTbCH K IIO):(aBJieHHIO BOC-

JioBy: ITO

CTBa <DpaHUHH- pbiUapH H opy)Ke -

CTaHHH.

HJIH rro

HOCUbi -

Ho B 3TO BpeMH y rrapH)KaH rro-

Ko o6peMeHHJIH ce6H 3a6oTaMH o

OII030p HJIO H rrp e):(aJIO K O-

poJieBCTBO, H 'ITO 6biJIO 6bi BeJIHKHM

HBHJICH HOBbiH COI03HHK B JIHQe BOC-

TOM, tiT06bi 3aiQHIQaTb CBOHX Bacca -

6JiaroM HX Be ex yHHtJ:TO)KHTb» . PHcyH

CTaBIIIHX Kpe cTbHH. BoccTaHHe Kpe -

JIOB OT Ha6erOB H Haiia):(eHHH HeiipH-

KapTHHbi Hapo):(Horo rHeBa, HarrpaB-

CTbHH Ha CeBepe <l:>paHUHH, HatJ:aBIIIe-

HTeJieH».

JieHHoro IIpOT HB 3KC IIJiyaTaTOp OB,

ecH B KOHQe MaH

1358

ro):(a , 6biJIO

<Deo):(aJibHbiH rHeT B ycJIOBHHX

O):(HHM H 3 BeJIH'IaHIIIHX KpeCTbHHCKHX

IIOJIHOrO pa3 opeHH5I Kp e CTbHHCKOrO

TOT )Ke X pOHHCT IIHCaJI, KaK 3a He CK OJibKO ):(Hell BOCCTaBIIIHe Kp eCTbH-

aHTHcpeO):(aJibHbiX BOCCTaHHH B 3arra):(-

xo35IHCTBa BO BpeMH CroJieTHe:H BOH-

He « ...yMHO)KHJIHCb HaCTOJibKO , 'ITO

HOH EBporre B CpenHHe BeKa. 0Ho rro-

Hbi JIO)KHJICH Ha KpeCTbHHCTBO HeBbi-

HX 6biJIO yMe ):(06pbiX

JIY'IHJIO Ha3BaHHe «)KaKepHH» OT

HOCHMOH TH)KeCTbiO. KpoMe Toro, c

A Y, rne OHH rrpoxo):(HJIH, Hx tiHCJio

IIp0 3BHIUa cppaHUY3 CKHX Kp eCTbHH

o6HHIUaBIIIHX KpeCTbHH Tpe6oBaJIH

B03pac TaJIO, H6o Ka)K):(biH H 3 JIIO):(eH

«)!{aK-60HOM » ( «Hrn:a-IIpOCTaK» ), KO-

yrrJiaTbi BbiCOKHX HaJIOrOB, a IIOCJie

H X 3BaHH 5I 3a H HMH CJie):(OBaJI ... »

TOpoe HM ):(aJIH ):(BOpHHe . )KaKepHH

6HTBbi rrpH IIyaTDe -

HOBbiX rrJiaTe-

BcKope y BoccTaBIIIHX Kpec TbHH,

HBHJiacb oTBeTOM KpecTbHHCTBa Ha ry

)KeH AJIH B biKyrra KOpOJIH H CeHbOpOB

ocymeCTBJIHBIIIHX p eBOJIIOUH OHHYIO

6eCIIOIUa):(HYIO 3KCIIJiyaTaQHIO, KOTO-

H3 IIJieHa.

6 TbiCH'I; BCIO-

pacrrpaBy C cpeOAaJiaMH, IIOHBHJICH py-

po:H OH O IIO):(BepraJIOCb CO CTOpOHbi

BoccTaHHe Kpe cTbHH BCIIbiXHYJIO

KOBO):(HTeJib -

cpeO):(aJIOB B ycJI OBHHX IIpO):(OJI)KaBIIIe -

CTHXH:HHo .Korna nocpHHpacrropHAHJI-

H 3 6oBe3HHcKo:H n epeBHH MeJio . IIo-

fHJibOM Kanb, ponoM

BHAHMOMy, XOpOIIIO 3HaKOMbiH C BO -

rocH BO <DpaHUHH pocTa TOBapHoro

cH oTpe3aTb Bee rronxo):(bl K IIapH)Ky ,

IIpOH3BO):(CTBa H o6M eHa. )KaKe pHH

TO CeHb Opbi HatJ:aJIH IIpHBO):(HTb CBOH

eH HbiM ):(eJioM , fHJib OM KaJib cTaJI

6biJia O):(HHM H3 HaH60Jiee HpKHX IIpO-

3 aMKH B OKpeCTHOCTHX ropO):(a B 6oe-

«reHepaJibHbiM KaiiHTaHOM )KaKOB» .

HBJieHHH O)KeCTO'IeHHOH KJiaCCOBOH

BYIQ roTOBHOCTb. Bee pa6 oTbi rro yK-

OH co3A aJI HetiTO Bpone K aHueJIHpHH,

6opb6bi, oco6eHHO o6oCTpHBIIIeHC5I B

perrJieHHIO 3 aMKOB IIaJIH Ha IIJie tiH

HMe JI CB OIO co6cTBeHHyiO IIetJ:aTb H

KpecTbHH. K

XIV BeKe.

TOM Y )Ke KpecTbHHe

H 3):(aBaJI rrpHKa 3bi . OpraHH30BaB Boc -

HerrocpencTBeHHaH rrpHtiHHa Boc-

IIO):(Bepr aJIH Cb 6 ecKOHetJ:HbiM HaCH-

CTaBIIIHX KpeCTbHH B ):(eCHTKH , OH IIO -

CTaHHH 3aKJIIO'IaJiaCb B p e3KOM yxyn -

JIHHM CO CTOpOHbi COJI):(aT AOcpHHa

CTaBHJI BO rJiaBe Ka)K):(oro necHTKa n e -

IIIeHHH IIOJIO)KeHHH Kpe CTbHHCTBa B

KapJia, )KHBIIIHX rpa6e )KOM M e cTHo-

CHTHHK a, IIO):('IHHHJI 3THX ):(eCHTHHK OB

CBH3H co CToJieTHe:H Bo:HHo:H. AHr-

ro HaceJieHHH.

JIHHCKHe BOHCKa X 035IHHH'IaJIH BO

H 3 TaKHX coJI):(aTCKHX oTpHAOB 6biJI

CTpaHe B

25 MaH 1358 rona O):(HH

KaiiHTaHaM, a KaiiHTaHOB -

yMe He-

IIOC p e):(CTBeHHO ce6e .

<l:>paHUHH, KaK y c e 6H AOMa, p a30p5IH

y HH'ITO)KeH KpecTbHHaMH, KOTOpbie

YMHbiH H n aJibH OBHAHbiH, ):(O

KpeCTbHHCKHe X 0 3HHCTBa . <l>paHUY3-

IIOCJie 3 TOrO p eiiiHJIH BbiCTyrrHTb C

KOHUa rrp enaHHbiH HHTe p ecaM BOC -

CKH e BOHCKa ):(eHCTBOBaJIH TaK )Ke .

opy)KHeM B PYKax rrpoTHB ceHbopoB.

CTaBIIIHX, f HJibOM KaJib OT JIH'IHO

c.u

:::J

!; I G II c

1\ Cl

il (;

:::0 • I

0 II U

a n • u6

~-~ ~ -~ J9f: ~~ :r1 ~ .~r q

""0

:::J )>

.. "

rpaMH&tW ltOpoiiCKTU ~IHUNM k

1337 r.

~ AMNIHAC·IUCC 111&.\C:MHit 80 <Cltp.tHI.IHM !It

PIAONIW. OlU"iCHHVC Rpecn.J'HC• HN 8QC..

J fl37r

CT1thttM I

.Q.e"CTIM• IHrn HACkH&: ICAciC

1346 r -

135S r __...,.

('77;

IJ58r. (>Ka&eptUI)

AHmH•C•Me MUCHHA .0 Cl>pa.HtUt M 30 fCMIW.M MHpMoro IOf'OeOpi 16peTHNII>H

• 1360t 1356r. -JleACTI · - Hit $paHu,yxMu: 1357r. 1346r. 1356r

ao~ctt:

&p!cm

-=- w u;)-70 r r.

KpynHvt ClpaHUYX.CHt roi)Qla TOPHII, oc-TIIWHCU '4aK •1380r.

repJ»4•

noJi enac:no aMrnH·

·eppM"tOPMI\ MUCUifWWMCCit

c::::J 8oc:CtaH.MA JCPCCT~H M ropoUN eo ~MUMM

awr

npoiKHWIM. OXN..CMMWC aotCTIHHCN TOWCHOI

o 1332-1384 rt. 8ocC'f1HMA Mlll01'CH08 8

13&2 f , H

tta0oW..CHOI

o 141Jr.

.QcRC:TIIitJl IOAC.c CTOpoM: ~ aHtnMAU)4X .......- ~ CIPIMUYXMMX

ocraewaac:•" l429r . noa

r--1

TeppHTOPHIIf.

'-----!

41PIHUYJCKOf'O KODOntll

CToneTHHH ao i'iHa 1337-1453 rr.

lll'aer"«>

[~ ~!e~rHacKOrO c::J

3 t "

0 '

J429r

0 t

1!9000000

no.t tJtKn.ID=

::;::caoro c::::J ~O:"'f~~l,'l:.:

£o~~ MeCTO poue""" >KaHMw a'Apk

•

no.raaw .pi:Hl()'XIKI IOACC. ec>JmiiiiCHHWI: )f(aHNoA .IAP'Il

·~

tl ~

\Q'

ol429r

?.~~i:Y f:_AOHW

niPfMJ.IHCJOA

6op..S... npotMI IHrnH'filH

Mee:to U.JHH >KIHMW a'Apll. 30Hu 1431 r TeppH-ropMa,oc:ntwuu no~ anacn.c aHrnH'fiH ncxne oao,.. ... 'IIMH!t 80AHW

rp,iHMUW KOpotlCKTN ~PIHUHH It 1 4~r

1\)

(11

206

anoXA MOHronos. 1200-1400 rr. CTaBIIIHM KpeCTI>.llHaM. C OAHO~ CTOpOHhl, 3TJ>eH MapceJIJ> BCTYIIHJI B CB.ll31> c KpecTJ>.llHCKHMH OTP.llAaMH H Aa)Ke IIOCJiaJI HM Ha IIOMOll.ll> OTp.llA rrapH)KaH AJI.ll Toro, 'IT061>1 pa3pyIIIHTI> yKpenJieHH.ll, B03BeAeHHI>Ie Me'..KAY CeHo~ H Ya3o~ <}>eoAaJiaMH H MeiiiaBIIIHe IIOAB03Y IIpOAOBOJII>CTBH.ll B IIapH)K. C Apyro~ cTopoHhl, 3TJ>eH MapceJIJ> OT03Ba.JI cBo~ OTP.llA o6paTHO KaK pa3 B TOT MOMeHT, KOrAa OH 60JII>llle BCero 6hlJI Hy)KeH rHJII>OMY KaJIIO, H ocTaBHJI KpecTh.llH JIHUOM K JIHUY C rrpeKpaCHO BOopy)KeHHhlM BparoM. B 3TO BpeM.ll rrpoTHB KpecTJ>.llH, 6J>ICrphle ycrreXH KOTOpi>IX B rrepBhle AHH BOCCTaHH.ll 061>.llCH.llJIHCI> pac'rep.llHHOCTI>IO 3aCTHrHyTOro BpaCIIJIOX H 061>.llTOrO IIaHHKO~ ABOp.llHCTBa, HCKaBIIIero crraceHH.ll JIHIIII> B 6erCTBe, BhiCTYIIHJI HOBhl~ Bpar- KOpOJII> HaBapphl KapJI 3Jio~. )l{eJia.ll 3axBaTHTI> B CBOH pyKH <}>paHUY3CKH~ rrpeCTOJI, OH IIOIIhlTaJIC.ll BOCIIOJII>30BaTI>C.ll BCeo6me~ pacTep.llHHOCTI>IO,

OXBaTHBIIIe~ IIpaB.llll.IHe Kpyrn <}>paHUY3CKOro o6mecTBa rrocJie TOro, KaK KopoJIJ> HoaHH ,[(o6p1>1~ 6hlJI 3axBa"!eH B rrJieH aHrJIH'IaHaMH. TaKHM o6pa3oM, IIpOTHB KpeCTI>.llH OAHOBpeMeHHO BhlCTYIIHJIH H OTP.llAhlAO<}>HHa KapJia, H OTP.llAhi KopoJI.ll HaBappcKaaHb aoccTaBWVIX KpeCTbSIH. Cl>paHI.\VISI,

XIV aeK

Koro KapJia 3Jioro.

IIepBI>I~ yAap BOCCTaBIIIHM HaHec KapJI 3Jio~. Cxopoiiio Boop)'"'A<eHHI>IM

IIOHHMaJI, 'ITO pa3p03HeHHhlM H IIJIO-

ropo)KaHe He peiiiaJIHCI>. BoraTJ>Ie

BO~CKOM B ThiC.ll'l)' "'eJIOBeK OH IIOAO-

XO BOopy)KeHHhlM KpeCTI>.llHaM Heo6-

ropo)KaHe 6o.llJIHCI> 3a cBoe co6-

llleJI K AepeBHe MeJio, rAe pacrroJio-

XOAHM CHJII>Hhl~ COI03HHK B JIHUe ro-

CTBeHHoe rroJio)KeHHe H HMYIIIecTBo,

)KHJIHCI> rJiaBHI>Ie CHJihl BOCCTaBIIIHX.

pO)KaH, H IlhlTaJIC.ll ycTaHOBHTI> CB.ll3H

OIIaCaJIHCI> pa3BepTh1BaHH.ll peBOJIIO-

rHJII>OM Ka.JII> cnpaBeAJIHBO peiiiHJI,

c 3TJ>eHOM MapceJieM. OH ompaBHJI

UHOHHOro ABH)KeHH.ll H crpeMHJIHCI>

'ITO rro6eAHTI> B 6010 Ha OTKpi>ITOM Me-

B IIapH)f(AeJierauHIO c rrpoc1>6o~ no-

IIOCTaBHTI> eMY rrperpa,L~,hl. 0HH 6J>IJIH

C're KpeCTh.llHe He CMOryT, H Ha"!aJI HX

MO"'I> KpeCTh.llHaM B HX 6op1>6e C <}>e-

roTOBI>I IIO~TH CKOpe~ Ha COI03 C roc-

yroBapHBaTh ABHHYThC.ll K IIapH~.

OAaJiaMH H cpa3Y )Ke ABHHYJIC.ll B KoM-

IIOACTBYIOll.IHM KJiaccoM, noJiyqHB OT

Ho KpecTJ>.llHe He :>KeJiaJIH cJiy-

nJ>eH. 0AHaKo 6oraTJ>Ie ropo)KaHe He

Hero HY)f(Hhie HM ycrynKH, He)fre]]H Ha

IIIaTJ> COBeTOB CBOero npeABOAHTeJI.ll,

nycTHJIH TYAa BOCCTaBIIIHX KpecTJ>.llH.

COI03 C peBOJIIOUHOHHhiM HapOAOM.

3a.llBJI.ll.ll, 'ITO OHM He OTCTYII.llT HH Ha

To )Ke caMoe npoH30IIIJIO B CaHJIHce

KpecTJ>.llHaM coqyBcTBOBaJIH JIHIIII>

IIIar, TaK KaK AOCTaTO"'HO CHJII>Hhl,

H AMJ>eHe.

MaJIOHMYll.IHe CJIOH ropO)KaH, OKa-

'IT06hl cpa)KaThC.ll c ABOp.llHaMH. Tor-

Pa3yMeeTc.ll, cocTO.ll'reJII>Hhle ro-

3aBIIIHe BOCCTaBIIIHM IIOMep)Kt..)' (B

Aa rHJII>OM KaJII> BhiCTPOHJI CBOIO ap-

po)KaHe, B pyKax KOTOphiX H3XOAH-

AMJ>eHe, BoBe H HeKOTOpi>IX ApyrHx

MHIO AJI.ll6HTBhl. OH yAa"'HO pacnoJio-

JIOCI> ropOACKOe yrrpaBJieHHe, 6hlJIH

ropOAax). 0AHaKO He 3TH CJIOH OII-

)KHJI KpecTh.llHCKHe OTP.lJAhl HaxoJIMe,

He IIpO"'I> HCIIOJII>30BaTI> KpeCTI>.llH-

peAeJI.llJIH IIOJIHTHKY ropOAOB, H60

KOTOpi>I~ roCIIOACTBOBaJI Ha,D, OKpy)Ka-

CKoe ABH)KeHHe B CBOHX UeJI.llX AJI.ll

6eAHOTa He HrpaJia B HHX 60JII>IIIO~

IOll.le~ MeCTHOCTI>IO. Bcro CBOIO ap-

pa3rpoMa 6JIH)Ka~umx <}>eoAaJII>HhlX

IIOJIHTH'IeCKO~ pOJIH.

MHIO rHJII>OM Ka.JII> P~eJIHJI Ha ABe "!aCTH- IIO

3 ThiC.ll"'H 'IeJIOBeK Ka)K-

3aMKOB, AJI.ll OKa3aHH.ll AaBJieHH.ll Ha

Ilo3HUH.ll 3TJ>eHa MapceJI.ll OJIH-

AO<}>HHaKapJiaH np. Ho HATH Hacoi03

ueTBOp.llJia OTHOIIIeHHe 3a)KHTO'IHO~

Aa.ll, BeJieJI CAeJiaTh Ba.JI H3 IIOB030K H

C BOCCTaBIIIHMH KpeCTI>.llHaMH 3TH

'IaCTH ropOACKOro HaCeJieHH.ll K BOC-

BC.llKO~ KJia,LJ,H H Ha rrepByiO JIHHHIO

3AnA,LJ,HA~

EBPOnA

Bbi):{BliHYJI CT'pe.JIKOB II3 JI)'KOB II ap-

TaK 3aKOH'IIIJIOCb BeJIIIKoe Kpec-

6aneTOB. 0TpHJJ: KOHIDI[(bl 'IIICJieHHO-

TbHHCKoe BOCCTaHIIe BO <l>paH[(IIII.

600

CTbiO B

<J:eJIOBeK 6biJI ITOCTpOeH

OT):{eJibHO.

KpecTbHHe rroTeprreJIII rropa)KeHIIe. OcHOBHbiMII rrpii'IIIHaMII 3TOH Hey,a:a-

Il03ll[(IIH, KOTOPYIO 3aHHJIII OTpH-

'III HBJIHJIIICb pa3p03HeHHOCTb, Heop-

JJ:bi fiiJibOMa KoJIH, BblrJIH):{eJia CTOJib

raHII30BaHHOCTb KpeCTbHHCKOrO BOC-

BHYIIIIITeJibHOll, a CaMII KpeCTbHHe

CTaHIIH, rrpe,a:aTeJibCTBO CO CTOpOHbi

6biJIII rrpeiicrroJIHeHbi TaKoro 6oeBoro

IIMyrn:IIx ropo)KaH. TeM He MeHee, He-

rrbiJia, 'ITO Kapn 3noll: B Te<J:eiDie He-

CMOTpH Ha KOHe<J:eyiO Hey,a:a<J:y, }Ka-

CKOJibKIIX ):{Hell He peiiiaJICH HaiTaCTh

KepiiH IIMeJia orpoMHoe 3Ha<J:eiDie JJ:M

Ha BOccTaBIIIIIX. Tor,a:a KapJI 3noll:

Hapo,a:HbiX Mace. Ilocne )KaKepiiii

Bbi3BaJI K ce6e B narepb fiiJibOMa

~eo,a:aJibi ,a:onro He peiiiaJIIICb yciiJIII-

KaJIH, HKo6bi JJ:JIH rreperoBopoB, a Kor-

BaTb 3KCI1JiyaTa[(liiO KpeCTbHH. )KaKe-

,a:a fiiJibOM, He o6ecrre<J:IIB cBoell: 6e-

piiH crroco6cTBoBaJia TaK)Ke 6onee

3orracHocm 3aJIO)KHIIKaMII, HBIIJICH K KopoJIIO HaBappcKOMY, TOT rrpiiKa3aJI

6biCTpOMY OCB060)K):{eHIIIO KpeCTbHH OT JIII'IHOH KperrOCTHOll 3aBIICIIMOC-

ero CXBaTIITb II 3aKOBaTb B [(eiTII

Tli. TaKIIM o6pa3oM , KpecTbHHCKoe

(10 IIIOHH).

BOCCTaHIIe, HarrpaBJieHHOe rrpOTliB

0JJ:HOBpeMeHHO 6biJI JJ:aH

CIIrHaJI K aTaKe Ha KpeCTbHHCKIIll Jia-

~eo,a:aJibHOH3KcrrnyaTa[(IIII II paciiia-

repb, II OCTaBIIIlleCH 6e3 OITbiTHOrO II

TbiBaBIIIee ~eo,a:aJibHbiH cTpoll:, o6-

yMeJioro rrpe,a:Bo,a:IITeJIH KpecTbHHe

ner<J:IIJIO ,a:o HeKoTopoll: cTerreHII rro-

6biJIII CKOpo pa36liTbi. «KapJI, KOpOJib

JIO)KeHIIe HapOJJ:HbiX Mace.

HaBappbi,-ITIICaJI coBpeMeHIDIK co-

Ilocne roro, KaK 6biJio CJIOMJieHo

6hiTIIil,-co BCeM CBOIIM OTpMOM, KO-

corrpoTIIBJieiDie KpeCTbHH, HaCTYITIIJia

TOpbiH 6biJI O'IeHb BeJIIIK, o6pylllliJICH

o<J:epeJJ:b BOCCTaBIIIero Ilapll)Ka. foc-

Ha rrelllliX )KaKOB II IICTpe6IIJI liX BCeX, 3a IICKJIIO'IeHIIeM O'IeHb HeMHOriiX, )'K-

rro,a:CTBo Kyrre<J:eCKOll Bepxyrn:KII B CTOJIII[(e He rrpiiHecno HIIKaKoro o6ner<J:e-

pbiBIIIliXCH B O):{HOM XJie6HOM ITOJie II

HIIH Ha po):{HbiM Mace aM. fopo,a:CKaH 6e,a:-

HO'IbiO y6e)KaBillliX ... ». ,lJ,pyrofi ):{BO-

HOTa He )KeJiaJia ):{aJibille rromep)KliBaTh

pHHCKIIll OTpM, IIIeJJ:IIIIIll Ha ITOMOII(b

3TbeHa MapceJIH B ero 6opb6e c ,a:o-

Kapny, BCTpeTIIB BOCCTaBIIIliX KpecTb-

~IIHOM. CaM )Ke 3TheH MapceJib, Ha-

HH, TO)Ke o6pylllliJICH Ha HIIX, YHII'ITO-

rryraHHb!ll pa3MaxOM peBOJIIO[(liOHHbiX

1 300

co6biTIIilii rrpeJJ:ITO'IIITaBIIIIIil, KaK II Bee

KpeCTbHH.

6oraTble ropo)KaHe, coi03 c ~o,a:ana

)KIIJI 6e3 BCHKOH ITOII(a,a:bl 6oJiee <J:eJioBeK, a 3aTeM ern:e

300

800

<J:eJIOBeK, )'KpbiBIIIliXCH B MOHaC-

Tblpe, 6biJIII TaM CO)K)KeHbi. ,lJ,o

MII COI03Y C BOCCTaBIIIIIM HapOJJ:OM,

IIIOHH, ITO CBll):{eTeJibCTBY

3JibiM II XOTeJI, !10-BIIJJ:IIMOMY, c,a:aTb eMY CTOJIIIUY paHUliii. O,a:HaKo 3TO HaMepeHIIe 3TheH

TbiCH'I KpecTbHH. KpoBaBaH pac-

rrpaBa 03Be p eBIIIIIX ~eo,a:anoB Ha,a: KpeCTbHHaMII rrpeKpaTIIJiaCb Jiliiiib B aBrycTe

1358

MapceJib H e ycrren ocyrn:ecTBIITb. 0):{Ha)KJJ:bl HO'IbiO, BO BpeMH o6xo,a:a

ro,a:a, Kor,a:a ,a:BopHHe

CTOpO)KeBbiX ITOCTOB , OH 6biJI y6IIT

IIcrryraJIIICb, 'ITO HeKOMY 6y,a:eT y6II-

cropoHIDIKaMII ,a:o~IIHa Kapna, KOTO-

paTbiiXI10JIH. CaMoro fiiJibOMa KanH

pbill: ITOCJie 3TOrO 6biJI BITyll(eH B ro-

Kapn 3noll: rro,a:Bepr MY'IIITeJibHbiM

po,a:. BepHyBIIIIICb B IIapii)K, ,a:o~IIH

ITbiTKaM. OH rrpiiKa3aJI «KopoHoBaTb»

KapJI )KeCTOKO pacrrpaBIIJICH c rnaB-

ero paCKaJieHHbiM TpeHO)KHliKOM, KaK

HbiMII y<J:aCTHIIKaMII ropOJJ:CKOrO BOC-

«KpeCTbHHCKOrO KOpOJIH», a 3aTeM

CTaHIIH, KOTOpoe, TaK )Ke, KaK II }Ka-

Ka3HIIJI ero . B rro,a:aBJieHIIII KpecTbHH-

KepiiH, OKOH'IIIJIOCb ITOpa)KeHIIeM.

cKoro BOCCTaHIIH rrpiiHIIMaJIII O):{IIHa-

HarryraHHoe HapoJJ:HbiMII BoccTaHIIH-

KOBOe Y<J:aCTIIe II ~paHUY3CKIIe, II aHrJIIIllCKIIe pbiUapii, 3a6biBIIIIIe B 3TOT

MII KOpOJieBCKOe rrpaBIITeJibCTBO !10crreiiiiiJIO ,a:oroBopiiThCH c aHrJIII'IaHa-

MOMeHT 0 CBOIIX pa3HOrJiaCIIHXI1epe,a:

MII 0 3aKJIIO'IeHllli MIIpa.

JIIIUOM o6rn:ell: orracHocm, yrpo)KaBIIIeiliiX KJiaCCOBOMY rOCITO):{CTBy, II C

QJpaH141!FM yMeHbwvrnvrcb, a QJpaH141!FH npvrsHana npaaa aHmvr"'aH Ha Kane IIF o6naCTb 00HTbB ( COBp. c{JpaHLJ,y3CKIIFM/l,enapTaMeHT CoMMa). 9Ayap1J. /If OTKa3aflCH OT npeTeH311FM Ha HopMaHIJ.MIO vr cfJpaHu,yscKyiO KopoHy, a 111oaHH II )J.o6pblill comacvrncH 3annaTMTb Bb!Kyn B Tpllr MllrflfliiFOHa 30flOTbiX KPOH.

1360-1367 rr. HOMHHAnbHbllit MHP. B 5peTaHvr npOIJ.Ofl)f(anacb aoiliHa sa repu,orcKyiO KopoHy TaM )f(e npovrsowno KpynHoe cpa)f(eHvre: aHrnvrillcKaH apMvrH, oca)f(AaBwaH Ope, pas6vrna we11.wee Ha nOMOLLI,b OCa)f(/l,eHHbiM c{JpaHLJ,y3CKOe BOMCKO IIF 3aXBaTvrna rop0/1, ( 1364 r. ). QJpaHu,yscKvrMvr HeypHIJ.Mu,aMvr pewvrn BOCnOflb30BaTbCH KOpOflb Haaappbl Kapn II 3noill- oH cTan opraHM30Bb!BaTb Ha6ervr B /O)f(HYIO QJpaHLJ,MIO. B o6evrx aTvrx BOiliHaX npMHMManvr BeCbMa /l,eHTeflbHOe y"'acTvre pacnyLLI,eHHble oTPHIJ.bl HaeMHMKOB- KaK aHrnvrill cKvrx, TaK IIF c{JpaHLJ,Y3CKIIFX. )J.pyrvre HaeMHIIFKIIF y "'aCTBOBanvr B rpa)f(/l,aHCKOM aoiliHe B KacTvrnvrvr, KOTopy10 MO)f(HO C"'MTaTb onocpe/l,OBaHHbiM npO/l,Ofl)f(eHMeM aHrno -c{JpaHLJ,y3 CKOro KOHc{JnvrKTa B paMKax CToneTHeill aoiliHbl. OcTanbHble HaeMHvrKvr, pacnyLLI,eHHble nocne HacTynneHvrH nepeMvrpvrH,nonpocTysaHvrManvrcb rpa 6 e)f(a Mvr.

BCTYITIIJI B rreperoBopbi c KapnoM

COBpeMeHHIIKOB, ITOrii6JIO He MeHee

207

24 OKTSUiPSI1360 r. 3AKJ110MHPA B EiPETHHbH. AHr-

paBHOll )KeCTOKOCTbiO y6IIBaBIIIIIe

~EHHE

BOCCTaBIIIIIX KpeCTbHH.

nvrillcKvre ana/l,eHvrH Ha 10ro-sana11.e

nEPHOP, P,IO rEKnEHA, 1368-1396 rr. BoccTaHvre racKoHcKoill 3HaTvr npOTIIFB lfepHoro 0pi!FHLJ,a ( HBflHBWeroCH TaK)f(e r epu,oroM AKBvrTaHcKvrM) /l,ano c{JpaHLJ,Y3CKOMY KOpOfliO Kapny V MYAPOMY noB0/1. BMewaTbCH C HOBOM, pec{JopMvrpo BaHHOM c{JpaHLJ,Y3CKOM apMvreill, KOMaH/l,OBan KOTOpoill bepTp aH /1,10 teKneH, KOH HeTa6nb QJpaHu,vrvr vr O/l.MH vrs aenvr"'aillwvrx aoeHa "'anbHMKOB caoero BpeMeHM , yMeBWIIFM npMMIIFpiiFTb KOHu,enu,vrvr pb!u,apcTBa co 3/l,paBbiM CMb!CflOM. 0C03HaBaH npeBOCXO/l,CTBO aHr fliiFMCKIIFX ny"'HIIFKOB B OrHeB OM MOLLI,IIF, oH vrs6eran amKOBb!BaTb aHrnvr"'aH Ha sapaHee no/l,roTosneHHbiX o6opoHvrTeflbHbiX nosvru,vrHx vr nonbso-

anoXA MOHronos. 1200-1400 rr.

208

BBnCR n1060iii npe.[!,OCT8Bflf/BWeiiiCR

ero CMepTU BOWH8 npO.[!,Ofl)l(8fl8Cb C

aHrJIH<JaHaMH. K KOHUY uapcTBOBa-

B03MO)I(HOCTb/O BbiHYP.UTb npOTUB-

nepeMeHHbJM ycnexoM; 48CTO 3a-

HHSI KapJia V

HUK8 Cp8)1(8TbCfl B HeBb!TO.[!,Hb!X .[!,flfl

K!I/04anucb nepeMupufl. 3aBoeBaH-

JIH<JaH OCTaJIOCb TOJibKO

Toro ycnoBURX. Oco6eHHO BbJP.B/0-

Hoe UM, npBB.[/,8, YP.BflOCb OTCTORTb,'

KHX ropo,goB: Kane, BpecT, Illep6yp,

~uxcR pe3yflbT8TOB OH P.06UB8flCR

0.[/,HBKO BCR ctJpaH~UR fle)l(8fl8 B pyu-

Bop,go H BaitoHHa.

H04Hb/MU 8T8K8MU, HeCMOTpR H8

H8X.

B03My~eHUe

onepa~uu,

) B pyKax aHr-

5 IIpHMOpC-

1368 r. MS1TE>KfACKOHCKOii1

8HTnU48H, 4TO 9TO «He-

pbJ~apcTBeHHO». PewuTenbHO u yMeno Be.O.R oca,aHbJe

(1380 r.

HcrroJib30BaB MHp, 3aKJuoqeHHhlit B BpernHhH, KaK rrepe,ghliiiK)', KapJI

38XB8Tb/B8fl B nyaTy /;1 AKBUT8HUU

(6b1BIIIHJ:i AO<J:>HH, CTaBIIIHJ:i KOpOJieM

o.o.uH aHmuiiicKuiii ropo.o. 38 .o.pyruM,

1364 r.)

cyMeJI co6paTh CHJihl Ha

3HATIII.

B OTBeT H8 noMO~b, OK8-

38HHYIO .[1,10 reK!IeHOM BOCCT8BWUM, 3.o.yap.o.fii38RBUfl 0 B0306HOBfleHUU npUTR38HUiii H8 <f>paH~Y3CKUiii TPOH.

nOK8 OT BCeX 8HTnUWCKUX Bfl8.[!,eHUW

6opb6y c aHrJIH'IaHaMH. nhlJia yrrop.si-

1370 r. J1111MO>KCKAS160ii1HS1.

Ha <f>paH~Y3CKoiii Teppumpuu He oc-

_goqeHa HaJIOrOBa.si CHC'reMa, COJAaHhl

4epHb/W npuH~ 38XB8TUfl U C)l(er f1u-

Tanucb TOflbKO Kfl04KU3eMnU BOKpyr

HaeMHble 01p.si,Abl H ycoBepiiieHCTBO-

M0)1(,' npu 9TOM MHO)I(eCTBO )I(UTeneiii

bop.o.o, 6aiiioHHbJ, bpecTa, Kane u

BaHa apTHJIJiepH.si. BcKope <J:>paHUY3-

noru6no. BcKope nocne 9Toro oH

Wep6ypa. B Te4eHue 16 neT nocne

CKa.si apMH.si o,gep'lffil.Jia p.siA rro6e,g H3A

BepHyncfl B AHmu10 (1371

r.).

1372 r. 6111TBA Y JlA-POWE11111. C

K8CTUflbCKOiii

nOMO~b/0

<f>paH~Y3CKuiii <PnoT o.o.ep)l(an no6eP.Y H8P. 8HTnUWCKUM, BepHyB no.[!, KOHTpOflb ctJpaH~uu ceBepHoe u 3ana.o.Hoe no6epe)l(bR CTPBHbJ.

1375-1383 rr. nEPEMIIIPIIIE. TeM He MeHee B npo.o.on)l(eHue Bcero 9TOTO BpeMeHU Me)l(lly CTOPOHHUK8MU ctJpaH~uu u AHmuu npo.o.on)l(anucb cnopa.o.u4ecKue CTbNKU.

1376 r. CMEPTb 4EPHOfO nPIIIHl\,A.

1377 r. CMEPTb 3,0.YAPAA Ill. 1380 r. CMEPTb 6EPTPAHA ,0.10 fEKJlEHA Ill KAPJlA V MY,O.POfO. IIocJie cMeprH KapJia

B HCTO-

pHH <f>paHUHH HacryiiHJI rrepHO,A, xapaKTepH30BaBIIIHJ:iC.si BpeMeHHhlM yrra,~J.KOM UeH1paJibHOJ:i BJiaCTH H B03-

HHKHOBeHHeM B C1paHe HOBhlX <J:>eo,AaJibHblX CMYT (raK Ha3hlBaeMblit «<J:>eo,gaJIH3M rrpHHUeB» ). Pacrra,geHHe CTpaHbl Ha O'I):(eJibHhle <J:>eo,AaJibHhle BJia)J.eHHSI 6b1JIO CB.si3aHO C OCJia6JieHHeM KOpOJieBCKOJ:i BJiaCTH B rO,Ahl rrpaBJieHH.si

1422 rr. ),

KapJia

VI (1380-

rrorepSIBIIIero paccy,goK H

rrpo3BaHHoro Be3yMHhlM. BocrroJib30BaBIIIHCh CJia60CTbiO UeHTpaJibHOJ:i BJiacTH, 3HaTHhle <J:>eo,gaJihl, He ycrreBIIIHe 3a6b1Tb 0 CBOHX rrpeiKHHX BOJibHOCTSIX, BHOBb BhlCTYIIHJIH Ha CUeHy. Bopb6y Me)K,AY co6oit BeJIH B 3TO BpeMSI B OCHOBHOM ABe rpyrrrrhl <J:>eo_gaJIOB. 0AHY H3 HHX B03rJiaBJISIJIH repuorn 6ypi)'HACKHe («rraprHSI 6ypryH,gueB» ). Bo rJiaBe BTOpoit rpyrr-

8'be3A Kapna V a nyap. Kapn1Ha A. Po.lKe, 1834 r.

rrHpoBKH HaxO,AHJIHCb CTOpOHHHKH

3AnA)J.HA$l EBPOnA

209

rpo6HHQ3 «'iepHoro npHHQa», 3AY3PA3 YanbCKOro, 1330-1376 rr.' KeHTep6epH"CK11"' Kacl>eApanbHbl"' coGop repuora OpJieaHcKoro M ero cBon-

30BaTh conpoTMBJieHMe aHrJIHqaHar.t,

BOCCTaHHe TaK Ha3hlBaeMhlX MaitOTe-

cTBeHHMKOB-rpru)>oB ApMaHMIKOB.

KOTOphle He npeh--pamaJIH CBOHX BTOp-

HOB («BOopy)f(eHHhlX MOJIOTaMH» ),

ITo MX MMeHM 3Ta «napTlHI» Kopo-

)f(eHHn Bo <l>paHUHIO M K Haqany

HaqaBmeecll KaK ABH:>KeHMe, HanpaB-

JieBcKon opMeHTaUMM noJiyqMJia Ha-

CTOJieTMll fiOqTJi llOJIHOCTI>IO onycTO-

JieHHoe npoTMB HaJIOroBoro rneTa co

3BaHMe «napTMll apMaHI>liKOB». 06e

lllHJIM HopMaHAHIO, ITMKap,qMIO, ITy-

CTOpOHhl <}>eo,qaJII>HOro rocy,qapCTBa,

CTOpOHhl OAHHaKOBO paCC1paMBaJIM M

ary M AKBHTaHMIO.

ry6MJIM llOJIMTMqecKOe e,qMHCTBO

a 3aTeM o6paTHBmeecll TaK:>Ke npoTMB

Hey,qMBMTeJII>Ho, qro KoHeu

XIV

BI>Icmero ,qyxoBeHCTBa M ropo,qcKHX

<l>paHUY3CKoro KopoJieBCTBa. EecKo-

M oco6eHHO Ha<Jano

CTOJieTMll,

6oraqen. 0KOJI04 ThlCll"' BOCCTaBlllHX

HeqHhle ,qeHeJKHI>Ie no6ophl co cTOpo-

OTMe<JeHHhle llOJIHhlM pa3opeHHeM

(peMeCJieHHHKOB H MeJIKHX TOproB-

Hhl npe,qcTaBH'renen 3TMX KJIMK Been

<l>paHUMM M ,qe3opraHM3auMen ee ro-

UeB) HanaJIH Ha CKJia)l. opy)f(Hli M 3a-

CBoen TlJ)f(eCThiO lla)l.aJIM Ha llJieqM

cy,qapcTBeHHoro annapaTa B

pe3yJI~>

XBaTMJIM 6oeBble CBMHUOBble MOJIOThl,

KpeCThliH M peMeCJieHHMKOB, COBep-

TaTe Henpepi>IBHon 6opi>6i>I<}>eo,qaJII>-

llO<JeMy 3TO BOCCTaHMe M llOJIY<JHJIO

llleHHO o6e,qHeBlllMX 3a Bpetvffi BOnHI>I

HhlX KJIMK 3a BJiaCTI>, 61>1JIH nepMOAOM

CBOe HaMMeHOBaHHe. 3aHBJillli, "'TO

M <}>eo,qaJII>HhlX yco6Mu. ITo CBM,qe-

oc1pon 6op1>6hl Hapo,qHhlX Mace c <}>e-

MOJIOTaMM OHM ,qo6y,qyT CB06o,qy

B 1382

TeJII>CTBY COBpeMeHHI>IX aBTOpOB xpo-

o,qanaMM.

HMK, KpeCTI>liHe npo,qaBaJIM BCe,

BOCCTaHHe B PyaHe, r,qe HpocTh Hapo,q-

ro,qy BCni>IXHyJio

Been <J>paHUMM, BOCCTaBlllMe OCa)l.HJIM 6orarenmHe a66aTCTBa ITapM)f(a M

BllJIOTI> AO COJIOMhl, Ha KOTOpoj:j OHM

HhlX Mace o6pymMJiacb Ha KopoJieB-

no,qBepmM MX noJIHOMY onycTOme-

CllaJIM, M BCe-TaKH He 6hlJIM B COCTOll-

CKMX qHHOBHMKOB, Bhlcmee ,qyxoseH-

HHIO. OTryniUMKOB M pocTOBIUHKOB

HHM 3anJiaTHTI>Aa:JKe llOJIOBHHY TOro,

CTBO M npe,qCTaBMTeJien ropo,qcKon

qro C HMX Tpe6oBaJIM; OHH 6eJKaJIM M3

BepxymKM. ITo<JTM o,qHoBpeMeHHO

«Boopy:>KeHHhle MOJIOTaMH» YHM<JTO)f(aJIM 6e3 BCliKOn llOIUa)l.bl. bhlJIH OC-

,qepeBeHb M HallOJIHliJIM npe,qMeCTI>ll

npOM30lllJIM aHTH<}>eo,qaJII>Hhle BOC-

B06o~eHbl M3 TIOpeM 3aKJIIO<JeHHhle.

ITapM)f(a, YBeJIMqHBall qHcJio 6e3pa-

CTaHMli M B ,qpyrMX ropo,qax <J>paHUMH

ilcnyrasmeecll KopoJieBcKoe npaBM-

6oTHI>IX, a peMeCJieHHMKH llOKHAaJIM

(JIMoHe, OpJieaHe, MaHTe, AM~>eHe,

TeJII>CTBO nocnelllHO COrJiaCMJIOCI>

MaCTepCKHe M yxo,qMJIH 3a rpaHMUY.

CeH-KaHreHe, PenMce, JiaHe M Cyac-

OTMeHMTI> AOllOJIHMTeJII>Hble HaJIOrH,

CJia6oe KopoJieBcKoe npaBMTeJII>CTBO

coHe).

a TaK:>Ke ,qapoBaTb BCe06IUyiO aMHMC-

He 6hlJIO B COCTOliHHM HM HaJia)l.MTh

B TOM :>Ke 1332 ro,qy no,qHliJICll Ha

TMIO BoccTaBmHM. O,qHoBpeMeHHO

nopliAOK BHYTPM cTpaHhl, HM opraHM-

6op1>6y M ITapM)f(, r,qe pa3pa3MJIOCI>

OTpll,qhl60raThlX ropO)f(aH, OllOMHMB-

anoXA MOHronos. 1200-1400 rr.

210

IIIHXC.sl OT rrepBOHa"'a.rthHOlt IIaHHKH,

IUHXCJI Mace, KOTOphie 6opOJIHCh rrpo-

Ha"JaJIH IIpOH3BO,Ll,HTh pa3opyJKeHHe

THB IIpOH3BOJihHOro

BOCCTaBIIIHX H apeCTOBhiBaTh HX rrpe,L~,

HaJIOrOB ropO,Ll,CKOti BepxyiiiKOlt H

pacrrpe,L~,eJieHHJI

BO,Ll,H'reJlelt. HecMOTp.si Ha o6eiiiaHH.si

pacrrpaRJIJIJIHCh c 6oraThiMH eyrruaMH

aMHHCTHH, MHOrHe apeCTOBaHHhle

H pOCTOBIUHKaMH. IlpH 3TOM TIOIIIe-

6hiJIH rrpe,LJ,aHhi KopoJieM cMepTHolt

Hhl

Ka3HH.

Hepe,L~,KO

BeJIH H rrapTH3aHCKYIO

6op1>6y C aHrJIH"'aHaMH. ,ll;BH)f(eHHe

80-x ro,LJ,ax XIV BeKa Ha"'aJIOCh

3TO,,LJ,OCTHriiiee HaH60Jihiiiero pa3Ma-

Kpecn.siHCKoe ABHJKeHHe B UeH1paJih-

xa B 1384 ro,LJ,y, CMOrJIO 6hJTh IIO,LJ,aB-

Holt H KhKHoti <l>paHUHH (OBepHh,

JieHO TOJihKO o6De,LJ,HHeHHhiMH OTpJI-

IJyary, JlaHre,LJ,OK H ,ll;o<}>HHe). 0HO

,LJ,aMH KOpOJieBCKOrO HaMeCTHHKa B

IIOJIY"'HJIO HaHMeHOBaHHe «,LJ,BHJKeHH.si

0BepHH H JlaHre,LJ,oKe repuora Bep-

TIOIIIeHOB» (CJIOBO «TIOIIIeH» O,Ll,HH HC-

pHltcKoro, KpyrrHm <}>eo,LJ,a.rtOB H 6o-

CJie,LJ,OBaTeJIH IIpOH3BO,LJ,.siT OT CJIOBa

ra.Thlx ropo)f(aH.

touche, "'TO 3Ha"'HT JieCOK HJIH pOIUH-

1386 r. <t>PAHUY3CK~"' nJlAH B AHfJl~IO. Oco-

ua, C"'HTa.si, "'TT OHO 03Ha"JaeT«CKphiBaiOIUHtiC.si B Jiecy», a ,L~,pyme -

BTOP:>KEH~SI

6eHHo cepbe3HO oH M He pa3pa6aTbJBanc>~; a nocne pa3rpoMa aHmM4aHaMM tj>p8HLIY3CKO-K8CTMnbCKOTO tj>nora npvt Mapmre ( 1387 r.) or Hero OKOH4aTenbHO OTKa3anMCb.

HaHMeHOBaHH.sl BOCCTaBIIIHX B 3TO )f(e BpeMJI KpecThJIH B CeBepHoti lhaJIHH -

TYKHHOB ).

Bop1>6a TIOIIIeHoB, rro,LJ,o6Ho }KaKepHH, HOCHJiaJipKO BhlpiDY.eHHhllt aH-

24 MAPTA 1387 r.

TH<}>eO,LJ,aJihHhllt xapaKrep: BOCCTaB-

nP~ MAPf~TE. 4>noroBO.f1Libl Pvt-

KopoJieBCKHMH "'HHOBHHKa:tviH H YHH"'-

4ap,aa II, rpatj>bJ ApyH,aen M HorrvtHreM, pa36MnM B6nvt3M 9TOTO nopT8, pacnono)l(eHHoro Ha no6epe)l(be KeHTa K CeBepy 0 T/),yBpa, 06be,avtHeHHb/ M tj>paHKO-KaCTMnbCKMM tj>noT, npe,aHa3H84eHHb/M .l1fl>l BTOp)l(eHM>I B AHr-

Ba. XapaKrepHolt qepmlt ABH)f(eHHJI TIOIIIeHOB B JlaHre,LJ,OKe 6hiJia 'reCHa.si CB.sl3h KpeCTh.siHCKHX BhiCTYIIJieHHti C BhlcryrrJieHHJIMH

ropo,L~,CKHX

TPYAJI-

1389-1396 rr.

U! c pOyp

• o6pe cT

3anaAH3SI E8pona 8 KOH!4e XIV 8.

nEPEM~P~SI.

TeM He MeHee

B 9TM ro,abJ BOeHHbJe ,aeMCTB/11>1 HeCKOnbKO pa3 B0306HOBnRnMCb 1113aryxanvt BHOBb. 1396 r. nAP~:>KCK~"' M~P. AHmMMCKMM Koponb Pvt4ap.a II M tj>paHLIY3CKMI4 Koponb Kapn VI 6e3yMHbJM 38KJII04Mnvt MMP cpoKoM Ha rpvt.al.laTb neT. ComacHo ero ycnoBMRM, Ha reppvtropvtvt 4>p8HLIMY1 no,a BnaCTbiO 8Hmvt4aH ocraBanvtcb ronbKO nopr Kane Y1 4aCTb reppMTOPMM racKOH/11- OT bop,ao ,ao baMOHHbl.

RPMTAHCKME OCTPOBA

CPA:>KEH~E

IIIHe pacrrpaRJIJIJIHCh C ,Ll,BOpJIHa:tviH H TO)f(aJIH rrpe,L~,CTaBH'reJleti AYXOBeHcT-

nvt/0. 0Kono era Kopa6net4 6bmo 3axBa4eHo, a BC>!Ka>! onaCHOCTb Bb/CB.aKM npOTMBHIIIKa H8 bpMTBHCKMe OCTpOBa nonHOCTbiO nMKBM.l1MPOBaH8.

AHrnHR

03 ,aByxcor ner BonHeHMM, 6ecnop>~.aKoB

M rpa)l(,aaHCKMX BOMH MO)I(HO BbJ.f1en!IITb .l1B8 OTHOCMTenbHO .aonrvtxnepvto.aa Mlllpa 111 npoL!BeTaHMff- nplll.f1BYX Benvt48MWMX aHmMMCKIIIX MOHapxax, 3,ayap.ae I M

3AnA)J.HA$l EBPOnA 3,ayap,ae 11/, CyMeBWMX HanpaBMTb 9HeprM/O BOMHCTBeHHb/X 6apOHOB BOBHe, Ha MH03eMHb/e 3aBOeBaHMfi. 3,ayap,a I, KOTOPbiW npof!BMn ce6f! B paBHOW Mepe BenMKOnenHb/M TaKTMKOM M crpareroM, no6e.aue eenbMO)I(, ceeprwux ero orua, no3,aHee noKopun Y9nbc M WomaH,aM/0. EMy cne,ayer B03,f1aTb ,f10fl)I(HOe 3a TO, 4TO MMeHHO OH 38fl0)1(Mfl OCHOBbl TaKTM4eCKOW peopraHM3al..tMM, onupaf!cb Ha KOTOpb!e ero BHYK npOM3Ben BO epeMf! CroneTHelli BOWHbl peeon/0LlM/0 B BOeHHOM ,aene. 6e3,aapHb/W npaeurenb 3,ayap.a II cnepea 6bm M3rHaH M3 WomaH,auu Po6eproM 6p10coM, a nOTOM pa36MT M CBeprHyT B36yHTOBaBWMMMCfi 6apoHaMM. Mna.awulli Cb!H ero, 3,ayap.a Ill, cnepBa 06be,f1MHMflCfl C Mf/Te)I(HMKaMM, a nOTOM B3WI HB.a HMMM Bepx. B XO,ae CroneTHelli eolliHbJ3,ayap.a lll3apeKoMeH,aOBan ce6f! Be,ayU.IMM TaKTMKOM ceoero epeMeHu; npu HeM AHmMfl crana CaMOW MOryl.l..leCTBeHHOW eBpOne!liCKO!Ii,aep)l(aBOW. npaB,a~ 6nM)I(e K KOHLW ero npaeneHMfl ct>paHl.lMfl BOCnpf!na, M KOHTMHeHTBnbHb/e Bna,aeHMfi AHmMM M3Pfi.f1HO COKpaTMflMCb. Crapwulli Cb!H 3,ayap.aa Ill, 3HaMeHMTbJ!Ii I.JepHb/W npMHLl, yMep 3a ro,a ,ao Hero, M noroMy npecron yHacne.aoean BHYK, Pu4ap.a II, Cb!H I.JepHoro npMHl.la; ero l.lapCTBOBaHMe f!BMflOCb o4epe,aHbiM nepuo,aoM eoeHHbiX nopa)l(eHMIIi M BHyTpeHHMX BOnHeHMW. B caMoM KOHl.le BeKa Pu4ap.a II 6bm pa36MT M CBeprHyr CBOMM Hacne,aHMKOM, reHpMXOM IV.

1199-1216 rr. 1..\APCTBOBAH~E ~OAHHA

I 6E33EME1lbHOro (6biBWErO nP~HUA ,[J.)KOHA- 6PATA PW·IAPAA I JlbB~ HOE CEPAUE). OH nocrof!HHO (u, KaK npaeuno, Hey,aa4HO) eoeean: B AHmMM - c 6apoHaMM, a eo ct>paHLlMM c KoponeM ct>ununnoM II AerycTOM. B8)1(HelliwMM pe3ynbraroM eolliH C 6apoHaMM f!BMflOCb Bb/HY%.ll,eHHOe no.anucaHue «Magna Carta» - BenuKolli Xapruu BonbHOCTM.

1202-1204rr. BOPIHA C KOPOJlEM <t>PAHU~~ <t>~Jl~nnoM II ABrYCTOM. B pe3ynbrare ee VfoaHH I 6e33eMenbHbllli norepf!n lf>paHLlY3CKMe ena,aeHMfl AHmMM- npoBMHLlMM AH>Ky, 6peraHb, MeH, Hop-

211

3aMOK KOP011S13AY8PA8 I. XIII B.

MaH,aM/0 M TypeHb. npae.aa, npu noMO/.l..IM CBOMX aKBMTaHCKMX BaccanOB eMy y,aanOCb OTCTOf!Tb Bna,aeHMfl, ne)l(al.l..IMe /Oro-3ana.aHee Jlyapb!.

1213-1214 rr. B0306HOB11EH~E BOU'!Hbl C <t>PAHU~EPI. npu nonbJTKe oreoeearb norepf!HHbJe 3eMnM, ne)l(al.l..IMe ceeepHee JlyapbJ, VfoaHH I 6e33eMenbHbJ!Ii 38K!I/04Mn C0/03 C HeMel.lKMM MMnepaTOpOM OrroHoM IV M ct>ep,auHaH,aoM, rpalj>oM ct>naH,apcKMM. Broprwucb M3 AKBMTaHMM B 3ana,aHy/O 4aCTb 4eHTPBnbHO!Iic1>paHl.lM~VfoaHHIHa

,aef!nCfi OTBfle% BHMMaHMe ct>MnMnna II Aerycra, 4T06bJ co/03HMKM ero reM epeMeHeM eropmucb B ceeepoBOCT04HYIO ct>paHl.lM/0. OreneKa/0l.l..IMIIi MaHeBp He y,aancfl, M ct>ununn II pa3rpoMun OrroHa IV c ct>ep,auHaH,aoM ct>naH,apCKMM B 6MTBe npM 6yBMHe ( 1214 r.).

1215-1217 rr. 0)f(ECT04EH~E fPA)f(IJ.AHCKOU'i BOU'!Hbl B AHr11~~ . rpynnaaHmMWCKMX6apoHOB npM3Bana Ha 3aMeHy VfoaHHY I 6e33eMenbHOMY lj>paHl.lY3CKOTO ,aolj>uHa. Kor.aa Ha cropoHe ero npoTMBHMKOB 6bJn Cyl.l..leCTBeHHbJW nepeBeC B cune, Kor.aa oH norepf!n 6onbwy/O 4aCTb CTpaHbJ, KOr,aa C06CTBeHHaf! apMMfi 6bJna 6nM3Ka K nonHOMY pacna,ay- ryr- ro VfoaHH I M npof!BMn ce6f! yMeflb/M M9HeprM4Hb/M BOeHa4aflbHMKOM, ,aa)l(e BnOnHe no,a CT8Tb eenMKOMY crapweMy 6pary. 3ro no.aellicreoeano HaCTOflbKO B,f10XHOB-

flfl/0/.l..le, 4TO Ha ero CTOPOHY BCTana 6onbwaf! 4acrb Hapo,aa. l136eraf! KpynHbJX Cp8)1(eHMW, VfoaHH ynp04Mfl CB0/0 BnaCTb HB.a 3ana,aHOW M 4eHTpanbHOW AHmuei/i, OT6Mn BTOp)l(eHMe wornaH,acKoro Koponf! AneKcaH,apa II M BbJHy,aun lf>paHl.lY3CKoro .aolj>uHa J110,f10BMKa M Mf!Te)I(Hb/X 6apoHOB nepelliru B /Oro-eocro4Holli AHrnuu K o6opoHe. VfoaHH I yMep ( 1216 r.), HO ero cno,aBM)I(HMKM 3aBepWMflM pa3TpOM npOTMBHMKa Ha cywe- y f1MHKOflbHa, a TaK)I(e Ha Mope- 6nu3 C9H.l1BM4a ( 1217 r.).

1216-1272 rr. UAPCTBOBAH~E rEHP~XA

Ill. npaeureneM OH OKa3aflCfl O,f1MHaKOBO 6e3,aapHbJM, KaK,aO ,f10CTM)I(eHMfi COBepWeHHOneTMfl( 1227 r.), raKM nocne. npu HeM AHmMfi yrparuna KOHTPOflb n04TM HB.a BCeMM TeppMTOpMf!MM AKBMTaHMM M nyary; npM nonbJTKe BOCCTaHOBMTb TaM aHmMWCKY/0 BnaCTb reHpMX Ill 6bm or6ur. TeM epeMeHeM B AHmMM He,aoeonbcreo nepepocno B BOCCTaHMe.

1263-1265 rr. fPA)f(AAHCKASI BOPIHA. Bo maee Mf!Te)I(HMKOB crof!n CMMOH .ae MoHlj>op, rpalf> Jlecrep, CbJH CuMoHa .ae MoHlj>opa, B03maBnf!Bwero KpecroBbJ!Ii noxo.a nporue anb6urolliuee.

B cepeAHHe XIII BeKa rrpoH30IIIJio HOBoe o6ocTpeHHe IIOJIHTH'IeCKO~ 6opb6hl B AHmHH. HerrpeKpamaBIIIHecJI rro6opbi, IIITpruphl, BhiMoraTeJib-

212

anoXA MOHronos. 1200-1400 rr.

cTBa, p3.3)l.aqa 3eMeJib H ,.qeHer <J:>paH-

Boopy:>KeHHbie 6apoHhl BMecre c

BapoHhl cocTaBHJIH ,.qoeyMeHT, rrony-

l.IY3CKHM po,.qcTBeHHHKaM KOpOJISI H

OTpSI,.qaMH CBOHX BaccaJIOB H CJiyr

qHBIIIHI:i Ha3BaHHe «0Kc<J:>op,.qCKHX

<J:>aBOpHTaM, 3aBHCHMOCTb OT IIaiihl H

co6paJIHCb B HIOHe

1258 ro,.qy B 0KC-

rrpoBH3Hi:i» (rrpe,.qJIO:>KeHH!:i). Tpe6o-

rrpe,.qOCTaBJieHHe eMy B03MO)((HOCTH

<J:>op,.qe H II01pe60BaJIH OT KOpOJISI T'eH-

BaHHSI3Toro,.qoeyMeHTacBOAHJIHCb K

III (1216-1272 rr.),

H3BJieKaTh orpoMHhle ,.qoxo,.qhi H3 AH-

pHXa

CbiHa

TOMY, "'T06bi KoponeBCKaSI BJiaCTb

rJIHH -

BCe 3TO Bbi3biBaJIO B C1paHe

l!oaHHa Be33eMeJibHoro, y,.qaneHHSI

BCel.leJIO HaxO,AHJiaCh IIOA KOHTpOJieM

IIIHpOKOe He,AOBOJibCTBO H CHOBaiipH-

BCeX HHOC1paHHbiX COBeTHHKOB, OT-

6apoHoB. TaKHM o6pa3oM 6apoHbi rro-

BeJIO K OTKpbiTOMY BOCCTaHHIO rrpo-

Ka3a OT IIpOH3BOJibHbiX rro6opoB H

IIbiTaJIHCb ycTaHOBHTb CBOIO OJIHrap-

THB KOpOJISI.

BbiMOra'reJibCTB ,.qeHe)((lfbiX cpe,.qCTB.

XHIO. He HMeBIIIHI:i c HJI AJISI 6opb6bi KOpOJib 6biJI BhlHy)(()J.eH IIpH3HaTb «0Kc<J:>op,.qcKHe rrpoBH3HH». Ho ycTaHOBJieHHe 6apOHCKOI:i OJIHrapXHH He COOTBeTCTBOBaJIO HHTepecaM pbii.Iapel:i H ropoJKaH. B

1259

ro,.qy Ha co-

6paHHH 6apoHoB H phll.lapel:i B BecTMHHcrepe pbii.IapH 06BHHHJIH 6apoHOB B TOM, "'TO «OHH HH"'ero He C,AeJiaJIH Ha IIOJib3Y rocy,.qapCTBY, KaK o6ern:anH, H HMeiOT B BHAY TOJihKO co6cTBeHHYIO Bhlro,.qy». PMI.IapH BhlABHHYJIH PSIA CaMOCTOSI'reJihHbiX IIOJIHTH"'eCKHX Tpe60BaHHI:i, HarrpaBJieHHbiX Ha 3all.IHTY HHTepeCOB pbii.IapCTBa OT IIpOH3BOJia H CO CTOpOHbi KoponSI, H co cTopoHhl KpyrrHhlX <J:>eo,.qaJioB. Tpe6oBaHHSI pbii.IapcTBa cocTaBHJIH TaK Ha3biBaeMble «BeCTMHHCTepCKHe IIpOBH3HH». lJaCTb 6apOHOB BO maBe c CHMOHOM,.qe MoH<J:>opoM, rpa<J:>oM JiecrepCKHM, C"'HTaJia, "'TT 6e3 COI03a C pbii.IapSIMH H ropoJKaHaMH 6apOHhl He CIIpaBSITCSI C KOpOJieBCKHM IIpOH3BOJIOM, H II03TOMY IIOMepJKaJia «BecTMHHCTepCKHe IIpOBH3HH». ,[lpyraSI qacTh 6apoHoB, B03rJiaBJISieMaSI rpa<J:>oM PH"'ap,.qoM T'nocrepcKHM, rrpoAOJIJKaJia ,.qo6HBaTbCSI ycTaHOBJieHIDI 6apOHCKOI:i OJIHrapXHH H OTCTaHBaJia «0Kc<J:>op,.qcKHe rrpoBH3HH». Ho KOponb, BH,ASI IIpOTHBOpe"'HSI B Jiarepe IIpOTHBHHKOB, OTKa3aJICSI BbiiiOJIHSITh Tpe6oBaHHSI 6apOHOB H pbii.Iapel:i. B

1263 ro,.qy B AHrJIHH Ha"!aJiacb Boo-

PY:>KeHHaSI 6op1>6a, rrpHBeAIIIaSI K rpaJKAaHCKoi:i BOI:iHe. MoH<J:>op, B03rJiaBJISIBIIIHI:i 6op~>6y IIpOTHB KOpOJISI, OIIHpaJICSI He TOJihKO Ha 6apOHOB, HO H Ha pbii.Iapei!i, CB060,AHbiX KpeCThSIH H IIIHpOKHe CJIOH ropOJKaH, OC06eHHO JIOH,AOHa.

Boopy:>KeHHe pbll(apSI cepeAHHbl XIII B. MHHI'l3T10pa BecTMHHCTepcKO£:i ncanTHPH M3Tbl0 napHlKCKOro. OKOno 1250 r.

14 MASI 1264 r. 6VITBA nPVI JlbiOVICE. CvtMOH,ae Momf>op u,apyrue 6apoHbJ oca)l(,aanu Po'{ecTep, Kor.aa Ha noMomb oc8)t(ll.eHHbJM npu-

3AnA,LJ,HA~ 6btn C apMMei1J leHpMX 11/, TOflbKO 'ITO 3axaaTMBWMi11 HopTreMnTOH. B KaaanepMi1IcKoM cpaJKeHMM teHpMX 6btn Haronoay pa36MT(xorn Mono.aoi11 Cb!H ero, npMHU. 9.ayap.a - 6y.ay~.J..~Mi11 KOponb 9.ayap.a 1- cyMen o6paTMTb a 6ercTao 'laCTb 6apoHcKoro aoi1IcKa). CaM leHpMx Ill nonan a nneH M npeapaTMncH B MapMOHeTKY CMMOHa ,ae MoH(j)opa, KOTOpb!M cTan, no CYTM, npaaMTeneM AHmMM. 0pMHU. 9.ayap.a 6eJKan a 3ana.aHYIO AHmMIO, r.ae Ha'lan co6MpaTb apMMIO. CMMOH .ae MoH(j)op 3aKn10'1Mn co103 c aannMi11CKMM npaBMTeneM flneaenMHOM M Bb/CTynMn npOTMB no.a,aepJKMBaBWMX 3aKOHHOTO MOHapxa MHCypreHTOB. Ilo6e,o:a HaJJ: KoponeM BCKOJThnrnyna BCIO AHrmiiO. ,IJ;mnKeiDie 3axBaTIIJio Tenepb IIUipOKHe CJIOH KpeCThHHCTBa. B HeKoTopb!X rpa<lJcTBax KpecThHHe, HCIIOJib3YH 6opb6y <lJeo,o:aJIOB Mem,o:y co6oil, HatJaJIH rpoMHTh noMeCThH, B nepByiO Otiepe):(b,- IIpHHa,O:Jiemall(He CTOpOHHHKaM KOpOJIH. ,lJ;BH}KeHHe rpo3HJIO nepepacm B o6rn:eKpecThHHCKYIO Boney npomB <lJeo,o:aJIOB. 3To Hcnyrano 6apoHoB . M Horne H3 IDIX cTaJIH nepexoJJ:HTh Ha cTOpoHy KoponH H 6emaBirrero B 3TO BpeMH H3 IIJieHa CTapiiiero Cb!Ha KOpOJIH -

3eyap,o:a .

8 IIIIOJUI 1265 r. 5111TBA nPIII HbtonOPTE. n ocne HeCKOflbKMX nopaJKeHMM B MeflKMX CTbi'IKaX CMMOH .ae MoH(j)op 6btn Haronoay pa3rpoMneH npeaocxo.aH~.J..~ei11 no 'IMCneHHOCTM a pMMei1J npMHLJ,a 9,ayap,aa M OTCT}'nMn a Yanbc; ace ero nonb!TKM CMaHeBpM pOBaTb M, MMHYfl ap MMIO npMHLJ,a 9,ayap,aa, npOCKOflb3HYTb a Ll,eHTpanbHYIO AHmMIO, K ycnexy H e npMaenM: npMHU. 9.ayap.a yMeno nepeKpbtn no.axo,abl K peKe CeaepH.

IIIIOJlb-ABrYCT 1265 r. IIIBWEMCKASI KAMnAHIIISI. CMMOH .ae MoH(j)op-Mna,awMi11, Cb!H rpa(j)a flecTepa, C TpM,aLJ,aTMTb/Cf/'IHOM apMMei1J Bb/CTynMn M3 flOHAOHa Ha 3a na,a , 'IT06b! nOMO'Ib OTLJ,Y, 0pMHLJ, 9,ayap,a, apMMf/ KOTOporo HaC'IMTb/aana TOflbKO 20 Tb/Cf/'1 'lenoaeK, o6HapyJKMn, 'ITO MoH(j)opbl 3aJKMMaiOT ero a Knei.J..IM, npM'IeM o6~.J..~afl 'IMC-

EBPOnA

neHHOCTb MX BOUCK BABOe npeBb/waeT ero apMMIO. 9.ayap.a BbiCTynMn M3 Yop'leCTepa (31 MIOflfl), B HeCKOflbKO Mapw-6pOCKOB Bb/Wen B no6 MoH(j)opy-Mna.aweMy, HeOJKM,aaHHoi11 aTaKoi11 Ha paccaeTe Haronoay pa3rpoMMn npeaocxo.aH~.J..~Me CMflbl npOTMBHMKa B KOpOTKOM 6MTae npM KeHMnyapTe (2 aarycTa), nocne 'lero HeMe,aneHHO ao3apaTMflCfl a Yop'lecTep (3 aarycTa). TeM apeMeHeM CMMOH .ae MoH(j)op, rpa(j)flecTep, He3aMe,anMn aocnonb30BaTbCfl OTCYTCTBMeM npMHLJ,a 9.ayap.aa - oH cpa3y JKe nepenpa BMnCfl 'lepe3 CeaepH M 'lepe3 l1aweM ,aaMHyncH Ha coe,aMHeHMe c Cb!HOM K CTpaT(j)op,a-oH-9i1IaoHy(3 aarycTa). 0pMHU. 9.ayap.a TYT JKe BbiCT}'nMn M3 Yop'leCTepa M HO'IHb/M MapweM noTHan CBOIO YTOMfleHHYIO apMMIO Ha 10ro-3ana.a (3-4 aarycTa), nnaHMPYH nepeKpb!Tb rpa(j)y flecTepy .aopory K OTCTynneHMIO Ha BOCTOK. Ha paccaeTe .aae TpeTM apMMM npMHu,a 9.ayap.aa Bb!WnM K .aopore CTpaT¢op,a-oH-9i1IaoH -l1aweM ( 'IYTb ceaepo-aocTO'IHee l1aweMa). nocne AHflfl TpeTb npM6nMJKanacb K l1aweMyc 3ana.aa.

4 ABrYCTA 1265 r. 5111TBA Y IIIBWEMA. CMMOH .ae MoH(j)op co caoei11 ceMMTb!Cfi'IHOi11 apMMei11 npoTMB ,aaa,au,aTM Tb/Cf/'1 y npMHLJ,a 9,ayap,aa OKa3aflCf/ 3anepT M3flY'IMHOM peKM 9i1JB OH B COBepw eHHO 6e3Ha ,aeJKHOM nonoJKeHMM. TeM He MeHee OH npe,anpMHflfl OT'Iaf/HHYIO aTaKy Ha LJ,eHTpanbHYIO KOflOHHY C06Mpa10I.J..Iei1JCH y l1aweMa apMMM npMHU.a 9.ayap.aa. HecMOTPH Ha YTOMneHMe, 6oeaoi11 .ayx apMMM npMHu,a 9.ayap.aa 6blfl Ha Bb/COTe, M BOMCKO rpa(j)a flecTepa pa36MnM anyx M npax. C1JaKTM'IeCKM CTaB npaBMTeneM AHmMMOTeLJ, ero u,apCTBOBan flMWb HOMM HaflbH O, - 9.ayap.a no.aaaMn nocne,aHMe o'larM MHTeJKa Mpa3rpoMMn Mf/TeJKHb/X 6a pOHOB npM lfecTep (j)Mn,ae ( 1266 r.) , a TaKJKe a 6onomx flMHKOflbHWMpa M KeM6pMAJKWMpa , r.ae OHM Haw nM yKpb!TMe a cpaJKeHMfiX npM AKcxonMe ( 1265 r.) M l1nM ( 1267 r.).

213 onepauHil3a BCIO HCTOpHIO CpeJJ:HeBeKOBbH -

HCTIIHHO HaiiOJieOHOBCKOll

no 3aMb!CJIY, 3HeprH'IHOMY npeTBopeIDIIO B }KH3Hb H YBe peHHOMY KOMaH):(OBaiDIIO. 0):(HOll ee 6b!JIO 6bl ):(OCTaTO'IHO, tJTo6bl BKJIIO'IHTh 3eyap,o:a

'IHCJIO BeJIH'lalliiiHX aHrJIHHCKHX BOeHa'laJibiDIKOB

(KoMM. aem. )

1270-1272 rr. 3AYAPA I Ill KPECTOBbiE nOXOAbl. OH ocmBMn AHmMIO Ha none'leHMe .aoaepeHHbiX no,a'IMHeHHb/X.

1272-1307 rr. UAPCTBOBAHIIIE 3AYAPAA I. KaK npaBMTenb M aoeHa'lanbHMK oH cnonHa pa3BMn 3a,aaTKM, npoHaneHHble a xo.ae l1a weMcKoi11 KaMnaHMM.

1278 r. PEOPrAHIII3AUIIISI CIIICTEMbl AHrlliii~CKOrO OnOll"'EHIIISI. B pe3ynbTaTe ee 9.ayap,a I YCMflMfl LJ,eHTpanM30BaHHb/M KOHTpOflb.

1282-1284 rr. 3ABOEBAHIIIE Y311bCA. B u,apcTaoaaHMe cMnbHOro npaaMTenH flneaenMHa Yanbc npaKTM'IeCKM OT,aenMflCfl OT AHrflMM. nocne Toro KaK aannMMLJ,bl noaa,aMflMC b coaepwaTb a AHrnMIO Ha 6erM, 9.ayap.a I 3aaoeaan M ycMMpMn Yanbc. flneaenMH norM6 a 6MTBe npM Pa,aHope( 1282 r.) . B 9TMX KaMnaHM fiX 9.ayap.a I no3HaKOMMncH c aannMi1ICKMM AflMHHb/M nyKOM M npMHflfl TOT Ha BOOpy;KeHMe B Ka'leCTBe 6a 30BOTO OPYJKMH aHrnMi1IcKoi11 apMMM. 3HatJeiDie JIYKa B BOeHHOM ,o:eJie paHHero Cpe):(HeBeKOBbH TPYJJ:HO ynoBHTh B HeBepHOM CBeTe HCTO'IIDIKOB TOll IIOpb!; BO BCHKOM CJiytJae, OHO npe,o:CTaBJIHeTCH Heonpe,o:en eHHb!M H H3MeHtJHBb!M .

,O:peBHHX repMaHlieB

Mbl IIOlflli He BCTpetiaeM B HCTO'IHHKax YIIOMHHaiDIH 0 JIYKe, HO roTbl H ,o:pyrne r epMaHCKHe IIJieMeHa 3IIOXH nepeceneHHH Hapo,o:oB Bb!CTYIIaiOT c TaKHM HCKYCCTBOM B CTpeJib6e H3 nyKa, 'ITO BererrHil M or IIHCaTh, 'ITO pHMJIHHe 6b!JIH OCb!IlaHbl r pa,O:OM HX CTpen. B KaponHHrCKHX KaiiHyYJIHpHHX npe,o:IIHCb!BaeTCH BoopymeiDie nyKOM, HOB IIOBeCTBOBaTeJibHb!X HCTO'lHHKaX TOll 3IIOXH OH YIIOMHHaeTCH otJeHb pe,o:Ko, H He nowremHT coMHe -

HBrneMCKaH KaMnaHHH 6b!Jia o,o:-

IDIIO, 'ITO HeMeiiKOe p b!IfapCTBO CJie -

Hoil H3 CaMb!X 6JieCTHil(HX BOeHHb!X

eyeT n pe,o:CTaBJI5ITb ce6e BoopymeH -

anoXA MOHronos. 1200-1400 rr.

214

npeo6JI3,11,a10rn:ee 3Ha<IeHHe B aHmHltCKHX BOltCKax. KaK CJIY<IHJIOCh H KaK CTaJIO B03MO)KHI>1M, "'TO TaKOe ,qpeBHee opy)f(He, TeXHHKa KOTOporo H3BeCTHa 6biJia y)Ke ThiCli<JeJieTIIliMH H BPliA JIH Moma 6hiTh ern:e ycoBepiiieHCTBOBaHa, BHe3aiiHO CHOBa noJiy<IHJIO TaKOe 3Ha<JeHHe? Pe<Ih, TaKHM o6pa3oM, HAeT He o BBe,qeHHH qero-JIH60 COBepiiieHHO HOBOro, KaCaeTCll JIH 3'!'0 AJIHHHOro JiyKa HJIH o6bl"'aSI HaTllrHBaTh TeTHBY AO yxa- a 0 TOM, "'TO BMeCTe C Bhi3BaHHi>lM H3BeCTHI>lMH npH<IHHaMH 6oJiee HHTeHCHBHhiM npHMeHeHHeM Opy>KHH AJill crpeJih6hi, ecTecTBeHHO, H cruvta co6olt nOBI>llllaeTC.ll AO TeX nop 6poIIIeHHaSI TeXHHKa KaK H3roTOBJieHHll, 611T83. M"H"aTtopa 113 «)KyjrnH AB}'X Ocflcfl» M3Tbl0 napl-tlKCKOro. 0KOJ10

1250 r.

TaK H nOJih30BaHHSI HM H BHOBhAOCTIIraeT TaKOlt BhiCOTI>l, Ha KOTOpolt OHa,

Hi>lM no'ITH HCKJIIO"'H'reJihHO KOnbeM H

)KHH 3all3,11,HhiX crpaH; KpOMe TOro, 0

MOJKeT 6 l>lTh, CTOSIJia H paHbiiie, H 0 KO-

Me<JoM. HanpoTIIB, HopMaHHhi B cpa-

HeM ynoMHHaeTC.ll B He BIIOJIHe .llCHOM

TOpaSI COBpeMeHHHKaMH npe,qCTaBJili-

)KeHHH npH racTI!Hrce qpe3Bhi"'aHHO

CMhiCJie B OAHOM nOCTaHOBJieHHH Jla-

JiaCb HOBOlt.llTaK, COBepiiieHCTBO TeX-

IIIHpOKO HCnOJih3)'IOT CBOHX JIY<JHH-

TepaHCKOrO co6opa 1139 ro,qa.

HHKH- He npH<IHHa, a CJie,qCTBHe Ta-

KOB. KpecTOHOCI.Ii>l JKe, CTOJIKHYBIIIHCh

Ho TaK KaK HCTopHorpaHJIHn-

c rypKaMH, Haxo,qJIT, <ITO Te npeBoc-

na ABrycTa yTrep)K)l.aeT, "'TT Bnep-

KOro liRJieHHSI B BOeHHOlt HCTOpHH, KaK B03Bparn:eHHe K Jiycy, CJie,qCTBHe, KO-

xo,qsn HX 1-.'aK crpeJIKH, H no HX o6pa3-

Bhie PH<Iap,q JlhBHHoe Cep,que 03Ha-

TOpoe, npas,qa, 3aTeM HMeeT o6paTHoe

uy BBOAHT B CBoeM BOltCKe KOHHI>lX

KOMHJI <l>paHKOB C 3THM Opy>KHeM H

B03,qeltCTBHe Ha npH<IHHY: '!eM C 60Jih-

JIY<JHHKOB. M1>1 Y3HaeM o6 HMnepaTO-

<ITO IIapKa noJKeJiaJia, <JT06hi caM KO-

IIIHM ycneXOM HM nOJih3YIOTCll, TeM

pe pH,qpHXe

II, "'TT cyrn:ecTBeHHYIO

poJih IIOrH6 HMeHHO OT Hero, TO, BH-

XII BeKe ap6aJieT

<JaCTh ero BOltCKa B HTa.JlhSIHCKHX BOlt-

AHMO, B

Hax COCTaBJIHJIH ero capauHHCKHe Jiyq-

AOCTaTO"'HO pe,qoK.

HHKH, HOB CpiDKeHHSIX, B KOTOpi>lXero

61>1JI ern:e

ITo Mepe Toro KaK o6opoHH'reJih-

CHJibHee CTaHOBHTCll CTIIIVtyJI K ynoTpe6JieHHIO 3TOro opy-A<Hll. IIroTOIVty, no cym:ecTBy, Bonpoc CBOAHTCSI KTOMY, "'TO Bhi3BaJIO BAaH-

Ci>lH H BHYK 61>1JIH pa36HTI>l KapJioM

Hoe BOopy)KeHHe CTaHOBHJIOCh T.llJKe-

HOe BpeMH, H HMeHHO BAHrJIHH, TOJI-

AHJKYltCKHM, no paccKa3atvt, crpeJIKH

Jiee, COOTBeTCTBeHHO H3MeHSIJIOCh H

"'OK K B03po)K,qeHHIO HcKyccTBa

BOBCe He npHHHMaJIH yqacTHSI.

Hacryna'reJihHoe opy)f(He. YJKe B «Py-

crpenb6hi H3 JiyKa.

Haps:~,qy c JIYKOM nocTeneHHO BO-

KOBOACTBe K CTPeJib6e H3 JIYKID> Bpe-

IIIeJI B ynarpe6JieHHe H ap6aJieT (Alm-

MeH IOcTHHHaHa peKoMeH,qyeTc.ll

brust). CJioBo 3'1'0 He CTOHT B CB.ll3H

crpeJI.llTh B npoTHBHHKa HaHCKOCh,

Ha<IaJIO CBOe OHO noJiy<IHJIO B BaJI-

I (12721307 rr. ), npHBe,qiiiHX K OKOH<JaTeJib-

JIHltCKHX BOltHax 3,qyap,qa

HH CO CJIOBOM «pyKa>> (Arm), HH CO

TaK KaK cnepe,qH ll.IHT HenpoHHuaeM

HOMY noKopeHHIO Y3Jihca H npHcoe-

CJIOBOM «rpy,qh» (Brust), 6y,qy<IH Ha-

AJIH cTpeJII>l. Ap6aneT HMeeT ropa3-

AHHeHHIO ero K AHrJIHH. Ern:e B

po,qH0-9TIIMOJIOrH<JeCKOlt nepe,qeJIKOlt

,qo 6oJihiiiYIO npo6HBaiOll.IYIO CHJIY,

OnHCaHHliX npe,qi>l,qyrn:HX KpynHI>lX

cpe,qHeJiaTHHCKoro arcubalista, aiba-

<IeM npocTa.si cTpena; TaKHM o6pa3oM,

peiiiHTeJihHhiX cpiDKeHHlt B AHr-

lista. Opy>KHe 3TO B ,qpeBHOCTII npH-

ap6aJieT, O<JeBHAHO, SIBJISieTCSI Jiyq-

JIHH- npH JlbiOHCe H 3BecraMe, B

MeHHJIOCh, IIO-BHAHMOMy, He TOJihKO

IIIHM crpeJIKOBI>lM opy)f(HeM npOTHB

KOTOpi>lX no6e,qy o,qep)KaJI oreu 3,qy-

AJI.ll CTpeJib61>1, HO H B pyKonaiiiHOM

TIDKeJIOBoopy:>KeHHI>lX p1>1uapelt. O,q-

ap,qa, reHpHX

6o10. lho6piDKeHHe ero HMeeTC.ll Ha

HaKo ero pacnpocTpaHeHHe 61>1JIO

HaMH,- HeT yKa3aHHlt Ha yqacTHe

o,qHoM pen~>e4Je

co CBOHMH 6apo-

BeCbMa Me,qJieHHI>lM, H ap6aJieT BOB-

B HHX CTpeJIKOB, KaK HX HeT H B CO-

B My3ee ropo,qa

ce He BhiTeCHHJI npocToro JiyKa, a

BpeMeHHI>lX HM cpa)KeHHHX npH Be-

IIIOH. IIo-BHAHMOMY, oHo H3BeCTHO

npHMeHSIJIC.ll Hap.s!,!J,y C HHM H B KOHUe

3eBeHTe H TanhSIKouuo. By,qy<IH ern:e

6hmo H BereuHIO, AMMHaHY H llop-

KOHI.IOB ern:e pa3 AOJIJKeH 61>1JI ycry-

HacJie,qHI>lM npHHueM, 3,qyap,q y)Ke

Hi>lHe

reKa Haiiielt 3phi,

III,

Haxo,qs:~rn:eMc.ll

,qaHcy. B Cpe,qHHe BeKa B co6cTBeH-

nHTh MecTO JIYKY· IIocJie Toro KaK Jiy-

npHHHMaJI yqacTHe B 3THX CpiDKeHH-

HOM CMhiCJie CJIOBanepBbie CJie,qi>l Mi>l

KOM y:>Ke ,qoJiroe BpeMll noJih30BaJIHCh

.llX, a nocJie 3Toro coBepiiiHJI Kpec-

H3XOAHM Ha MHHHaTIOpe B 6H6JIHH

JIHIIIh HHOr,qa H KOe-rne, Mi>l HemKH-

TOBI>llt noxo,q B CBliTYIO 3eMJIIO, B KO-

JliO,qoBHKaiV OT 937 ro,qa. AHHaKoM-

AaHHO BCrpe<IaeMCSI C TaKHM He061>1K-

TOpi>llt OH, AOJI)KHO 6i>1Th, 03HaKO-

HeHa ynoMHHaeT 0 HeM no,q Ha3BaHH-

HOBeHHI>lM HBJieHHeM, <ITO JIYK B XIV

MHJICll c rypeuKHMH crpenKaMH H Hx

eM «Uarpl>l>> KaK 0 CBOeo6pa3HOM opy-

BeKax BHe3anHo npHo6peTaeT

3Ha<JeHHeM.

3AnA,LJ,HA~ ITo He BITOJIHe L\OCTOBepHoMy

EBPOnA

opy)KeHHOrO KOITbeM

pbi~apH,

215 CJiy-

HCTe"!eHHH 9TOrO cpoKa H a CJieeyiO-

ITpe):lamno 3eyapLI 6biJI L(mKe paHeH

)KHT nJIH HaC HOBbiM AOKa3aTeJibCTBOM

Il(He

rype~KOH cTpeJioil. BcTYIIHB Ha ITpe-

TOro, "'TT 3a ITpOTeKIIIHH ITpoMe)KyroK

CKHe HaeMHHKH («"!T06bi ITepeHTH B

HeneJIH ITepeilrn B KopoJieB-

CTOJI, OH B3illl Ha ce6H 3a):la'I)' ITOKO-

BpeMeHH MeTOn BHJibreJibMa 3aBoe-

Hallie paciTopH)KeHHe H ITpo6biTh Ha

pHTh BaJIJIHH~eB, KOTOpbie B CBOHX

BaTeJIH L(eHCTBHTeJibHO ITOIIIeJI Ha

HaiiieM H)KL(HBeHHH, Korna 6bi HH ITO-

ropax, HecMoTpH Ha 6ypH ciTepBa

y6biJib. B

pHMCKOH, 3aTeM aHrJIOCaKCOHCKOH,

(assize of arms) feHpHxa

HaKOHe~, HOpMaHHCKOH OKKyiTa~HH,

rona JIYK KaK OPYMHe Boo6me He yrro-

COXpaHHJIH CBOIO KeJibTCKYIO

Ha~HO

HaJibHOCTh H CTapo):laBHIOIO BapBapCKYIO BOHHCTBeHHOCTh, "!T06bi ITOJIOKOHe~

accH3e o Boopy)KeHHH

1181

MHHaeTCH.

CJie):IOBaJIO Tpe60BaHHe C BaiiieH CTOpoHbi, B ITPOAOJI)KeHHe

3 HeneJib» ) .

Ee3B03Me3L(HaH cJiy)K6a Tpe6oBaJiacb B co6cTBeHHOM r pa¢cTBe H JIH

Heo6xonHMoCTh Be):leHHH BOHHbi B ropax 3acTaBHJia 3eyapna

KYJib-

MapKe, HO KaK TOJlbKO ITepeXOL(HJIH "!epe3

rpaHH~y,

H a"!HHaJiacb BbiiTJia-

Be"!HbiM ITOrpaHH"!HbiM

THBHpoBaTh H pa3BHBaTh H3naBHa H3-

Ta )KaJIOBaHbH. IIpH 6oJibiiiHX BOeH-

BOHHaM H MbiTapCTBaM COCe):IHHX

Becrnoe, HO 3a6poiiieHHoe HHenocTa-

HbiX

rpa¢cTB. HeMHororo MO)KHO 6biJIO

TO"!HO IIIHpOKO ITpHMeHHBIIIeeCH HC-

cepbe3H OH ocane, ITOCJie

no6HThCH C HaCT05lll(HM pbi~apCKHM

KYCCTBO cTpeJib6bi H3 JiyKa. IIepBbie

3aTeJibHOH 6e3B03Me3L(HOH CJiy)K6bi

BOHCKOM cpe):IH 9THX rap, JieCOB H

KOHTHHreHTbi nJIH 9TOrO Ha6paHbi

ITpe6biBaHHe B OITOJI"!eHHH T aK)Ke OIT-

yll(eJIHH. Ha ceBepe BaJIJIHH~bi cpa-

6biJIH HM B ITorpaHH"!HbiX c Y9JibCOM

Jia"!HBaJIOCb H B ITpeneJiax

)KaJIHCb ITO npeBHeMy o6bi"!aiO, rJiaB-

rpa4JcTBaX, L(JIH KOTOpbiX BeCb )KH3-

rpa¢cTBa . HapHey c aHrJIHHCKHMH

HbiM o6pa30M ell(e C ITOMOII(biO ITHKH,

HeHHbiH HHTepec COCpeAOTO"!HBaJICH

HaeMHHKaMH 3nyapn ITpHBeJI eme

KaK H repMaH~bi Ta~HTa: Ha IOre )Ke,

B 9TOH, AJIH HHX Tpa):IH~HOHHOH, BOll-

OITbiTHbiX BOHHOB H3 faCKOHH H BeJI

r):le oHH paHbiiie ITOAITaJIH ITOA aHrJIO-

He, H cpe):IH CaMHX BaJIJIHH~eB, KO-

BoilHy 6e3 ITepepbiBa AmKe 3HMOH. Ha OCHOBaHH H COXpaHHBIIIHXCH MHOrO-

)KHTh

OITep~HHX,

KaK, HaiipHMep , ITpH

3 L(Heil o6H-

cBoero

HOpMaHHCKoe BJia):lbi"!eCTBO H BJIHH-

TOpbie ITOCTyiTaJIH Ha aHrJIHHCKYIO

HHe, pa3BHJIOCb HCKYCCTBO CTpeJib6bi

CJIYM6Y B Ka"!ecTBe HaeMHHKOB. He-

"!HCJieHHbiX AOKYMeHTOB, KopoJieB-

H3 JIYKa.

CMOTpH Ha IIIHpOKOe HCITOJib30BaHHe

CKHX ITpHKa30B H C"!eTOB OITJiaTbi Ha-

Y)Ke 3a ABa ITOKoJieHHH no 3ny-

JIYKa, C OL(HHM 4JeonaJibHbiM OITOJI"!e-

eMHHKaM Mopp Hc BITOJIHe BhiHCHHJI

I ITOJIHTH"!eCKHH ITHCaTeJib H HC-

HHeM HH"!ero HeJib3H 6biJio 6bi nocrnr-

H HarJI.HnHO H306pa3HJI BOeHHbie M e -

ap):la

TOpHK fHpaJibA ne EapB (Giraldus Cambrensis, CKOH"laBIIIHHCH ITpH6JIH3HTeJibHO B

1220 r.) ITOL(aJI COBeT, KaK

HYTD.

TOnbi TOrO BpeMeHH : BCe 9TO Bbi3bi-

IIpaBHJio, ITO KOTopoMy BaccaJibi o6H3aHbi 6biJIH CJIY)KHTh TOJibKO

BaeT B ITaMHTH BOHHbi pHM JIHH B f epMa HHH H TeBTOHCKo r o

opneHa B

OAOJieTh BaJIJIHH~eB . fHpaJibn CaM

L(HeH, B TO BpeMH 6biJIO 06Il(eiTpH3-

IIpyccHH. fJiaBHoil 3 a6oToil 3eyap-

6biJI BHYKOM HOpMaHHCKOrO KOH-

HaHHbiM: CJIY"laJIOCb, "'TO HHorna OHH

na 6hiJia opraHH3a~HH coo6Il(eHHH H

CTe6JIH B IIeM6poKe H no"lepH BaJI-

CJIYMHJIH ell(e MeHbiiie: Tpe6oBaJIOCb

cHa6)KeHHe apMHH. KaK fepMaHHK H

JIHHCKoro BO)KL\H. OH ropnHJICH cBo-

BCero TOJibKO

HM 3HaTHbiM ITpOHCXO)KL(eHHeM H ITO-

ITO HeKOTOpbiM HCTO"!HHKaM, paTHHK

C 9TOIO

HHMaJI 6oeBbie B03M0)KHOCTH OL(HOH

o6.H3 aH 6biJI CJIY)KHTh JIHIIIb TaKOH

ITyTH H BbiTpe60BaJI AJIH 9TOrG MOpH-

H npyroil cTopoHbi. OH ITpeB03HOCHT

cpoK, Ha KOTOpbiH eMy XBaTaJIO ITpH-

KOB H3 CBOHX

pbi~apcTBo H pHcyeT HaM ciToco6bi

HeCeHHOrO C co6oil ITpOBHaHTa; OH

TOMY, KaK ,[J;oM~HaH ITo6enHJI x a T-

3 HeneJIH CJiy)K6bi HJIH,

He Me~KHe pbi~apH, ~eJibiO

OH HCITOJib30BaJI

MOpCKHe H p e "!Hble

raBaHeH. llono6Ho

180

Be):leHHH 6opb6bi JierKOBOopy)KeH-

ITpHHOCHJI C co6oil OKOpOK, CTapaJICH

TOB, ITpOJIO)KHBIIIHX ITO HX CTpaHe

HbiX Y9Jibc~eB , To 6ypHo HaiTa):laiO-

B03MO)KH0 CKOpee CITpaBHThCH C HHM

KM L\Opor, TaK H 3eyapn HaHHJI L\pO-

Il(HX, TO 6biCTpO H ITpOBOpHO CKpbi-

H B03Bpall(aJICH AOMOH. 3nyapn C0-

BOCeKOB, ITpopy6HBIIIHX ITpoceKH B

BaiOII(HXCH B CBOHX HeiTpOXOL(HMbiX

3HaBaJI, "'TO JIHIIIb ITpOBe):leHHaH KpaH-

BaJIJIHHCKHX Jiecax.

Jiecax H ropax . IIo9TOMY fHpaJibn

HHM HaiTpH)KeHHeM CHJI BOHHa ITpHBe-

COBeryeT C03L(aTh BCITOMOraTeJibHbie

L(eT era neilcTBHTeJibHO K ~eJIH.

XoTH 3eyapn H HMeJI HeiTocpencTBeHHO IT03a):IH ce6H CBOIO CTpaHy H

OTpHLibl H3 ITOKOpeHHbiX BaJIJIHHCKHX

HaM H3Becrno, "'TO YMe H~aBHa B

AJIH 9TOH BOHHbi HaiTpHraJI BCe CBOH

ITJie M eH HJIH HX COI03HHKOB, KOM6H-

HOpMaHHCKOM rocynapcTBe JieHHOe

CHJibi, BCe )Ke co6paHHbie HM BOHCKa

HHpyH JIY"'HHKOB C pbi~apHMH («Bee-

OITOJI"leHHe ITOITOJIHilliOCb, a HHOr):la

eL(Ba JIH 6biJIH 6oJibiiie TeX, KOT Opbie

rna cJieeyeT ITpHcoe):IHHHTh H ITpHMe-

):laMe 3aMeHHJIOCb HaeMHHKaMH. B 9TOH

Mbi ):10 CHX ITOp BCTp e"!aJIH B Cpe):IHHe

IIIHBaTh K OTpHAaM pbi~apeil H JIY"l-

BOHHe 3eyapn CTpOHJI CBOe BOHCKO

BeKa .

HHKOB» ) .

ITO"!TH HCKJIIO"!HTeJibHO Ha HaeMHOH

EcJIH BepHyThcH K ToMy, "'TO pa-

II H

TaKHM o6pa3 0M, ITPH ITOMOII(H

CHJie, ITpH6eraH K ITpH3biBY OITOJI"!e-

Hee HMITepaTop <DpHAPHX

KOM6HHHpOBaHHbiX OTpHL\OB ITOKOpe-

HHH TOJibKO H apHey C 9THM HJIH )Ke

reJibM 3aBoeBaTeJib 6biJIH rocynapH-

Ha 6biJia TaK)Ke llpJiaHAHH. To"!HO TaK

KOM6HHHPYHTO HApyroe. HarrpHMep,

MH, HMeBIIIHMH B p .HnaX CBOHX BOHCK

)Ke H BHJibreJibM 3aBoeBaTeJib HeKor-

OH ITpHKa3 biBaJI BCeM nep)KaTeJIHM

60JibiiiOe "!HCJIO CTpeJIKOB, TO CTaHO-

na ITOKOpHJI aHrJiocaKCOB. Ho TO, "'TO

JieHoB p~apcKoro 3BaHHH (c HMyme-

BHTCH HCHbiM, "'TO CTpeJIKH ITOHBJIHIOTCH Ka)KL(biH pa3, K orna apMHH c o -

fHpaJibA peKOMeHeye T 9TOT CITOC06

CTBeHHbiM ~eH30M CBbiiiie

KaK H e"!TO oco6eHHOe H BHL(HT 4JpaH-

6biTh r OTOBbiMH K ITpH3 biBY B OITOJI-

~Y3CKHH MeTOA 6opb6bi TOJibKO y BO-

"!eHHe Ha

3 He):leJIH

40 4JYHTOB)

C TeM, "!T06bi ITO

BHJib-

3AaeTCH KPYIIHbiM BOeHHbiM BO)KL(eM , o6 Ji a):laiOII(HM

CHJibHOH B JiaCTbiO

216

anoXA MOHronos. 1200-1400 rr.

B UeHTpe, B JieHHOM )Ke OnOJI'leHHH

HOrO HaM npOTHBOpe'IHH Me)IQJ.y no-

<l>paHUY3CKHi:i HCCJie)J,OBaTeJib Jiroc

C1peJIKH oTCyTcTByiOT. IIoJIKoBo,qeu

HHTHeM <}>eo,qaJia-phlUapH H HCnOJib-

(Luce) B cBoeM Tpy,qe «Bertrand du

nOHHMaeT HX 3Ha'leHHe H UeHHT HX,

30BaHHeM CTpeJIKOB, TaK KaK nocJie,q-

Guesclin» noJiaraeT, 'ITO ,qocTaTO'l-

HO OH MO)(reT HMeTb HX TOJibKO B TOM

HHe CBH3aHh1 C BhlCIUHM KOMaH)J,OBa-

HO 6pOCHTh B3rJIHA Ha HaxO.LJ,HIUHeCH

CJiyqae, eCJIH B COCTOHHHH BhlUJia'lH-

HHeM, BhlnJia'lHBaiOIUHM )KaJIOBaHbe,

B HaiiiHX MY3eHX ap6aJieThi XIV BeKa,

BaTb HM )KaJIOBaHbe (HJIH no Kpru!Helt

'ITO npOTHBOpe'IHTCYIUHOCTH phlUap-

«si massive et d'un maniement si

Mepe o6emaTh, KaK BHJihreJihM 3aso-

CTBa.

complice» ( CTOJib MaCCHBHbie H CTOJib

eBaTeJih). BaccaJI H o,qHHO'lHhilt pbi-

floqeMY 3,qyap,q B KOHUe KOHUOB

3lThthlCJIOBaThle), 'lT06bi nOHHTh, 'ITO

uapb He o6yqaroT H He mo6HT C1peJI-

H36paJI JIYK opy)f(HeM CBOHX CTpeJI-

Ha BOi:iHe HX He MOrJIH C ycneXOM

KOB B CBOei:i CBHTe He nOTOMY, 'ITO

KOB, B TO BpeMH KaK ap6aJieT TOr,qa

npHMeHHTb npOTHB aHrJIHi:iCKHX Jiy-

OHH He yMeJIH UeHHTb 'reXHHKY 3'I'Oro

~e nOJib30BaJICH 60JiblllHM noqeTOM

KOB; 3TO yTBep)K,!l.eHHe Ka)KeTCH He

po,qa BOltCK H He nOHHMaJIH ee 3Ha'le-

H IIIHpOKO npHMeHHJICH H HM, 063TOM

BnOJIHe o60CHOBaHHh1M.

HHH B BOi:iHe, a BCJie)J,CTBHe H3BeCT-

npHMblX )J,aHHhlX y HaC He HMeeTCH.

Ap6aneT OTreCHHJI JIYK Ha BTOpolt nJiaH H, HeCMOTpH Ha aHrJIHi:iCKHe no6e,q1>1, Ha,qoJiro coxpaHHJI cBoe 3Ha'leHHe HapaBHe C HHM; eCJIH npeHMYIUeCTBOM O)J,HOro H3 3THX npe,qMeTOB

Boop~eHHH 6h1Jla npocTOTa o6pameHHH C HHM, TO ,qpyrolt ( ap6aJieT) HMeJI ropa3AO 6oJibiiiYIO npo6HBHYIO CHJIY. Pe'lb H,qeT3)J,ech, CTaJIO 61>IT1>, He npocTo 0 npeBOCXO)J,CTBe O)J,HOro opy)KHH Ha)J, ,qpyrHM, a 0 pa3JIH'lHh1X HX nJIIOcax H MHHycax, KOTOpbie O)J,HH ,qpyrHMH He ypasHoBeiiiHBaiOTCH. O,qHoBpeMeHHoe cyiUeCTBOBaHHe JiyKa H ap6aJieTa BeCbMa MeTKO cpaBHHBaeTCH C KOHeypeHUHelt B nepBolt noJIO-

BHHe

XIX

BeKa ma,qKOCTBOJihHoro

py)KbH c Hape3Hh1M p~~>eM: 3apJJAHTh rJia,qKOCTBOJihHoe py)Khe H Bh1C1peJIHTh H3 Hero MO)KHO 6h1JIO 6h1CTpee, HO MeTKOCTh ero 6biJia MeHbiiie; Hape3HOe py)Kbe 3apH)K3JIOCh c TPYAOM, HO cTpeJIHJIO 6oJiee MeTKo. ToJihKO JIHlllb H306pereHHe OrHeCTpeJibHOro opy)KHH, 3apH)KaiOIUeroCH C Ka3eHHOlt qacTH, coe,qHHHBIIIero B ce6e npeHMymecTBO 6h1CTpOTh1 3apH)KaHHH C MeTKOCTbiO, pa3peiiiHJIO )J,HJieMMY, OCTaBIIIYIOCH Hepa3peiiieHHOi:i B OTHOIIIeHHH JiyKa H ap6aJieTa. )l{IOBeHaJih ,qe IOpceH roBopHT o repuoreiloaHHeBpa6aHTCKOMB 1414 ro,qy: «Y Hero 6h1Jlo

ThiCH'lH ap6a-

JieT'lHKOB, H3 KOTOphlX Ka)IQJ.hli:i CHa6)(reH 61>m ABYMH ap6aJieTaMH H HMeJI ABYX CHJihHhlX opy)(reHocueB; o,qHH H3 HHX ,qep)KaJI 60JibiiiOi:i IUHT, a ,qpyrolt HaTHrHBaJI ap6aJieT, TaK 'ITO O)J,HH H3 ABYX ap6aJieToB Bcer,qa 6h1JI 3apH)KeH». QqeBH)J,HO TO, 'ITO OCHOBHaH npH'IHHa, no KOTopolt 3,qyap,q I KYJibTHBHpoBaJI CTpeJib6y H3 JiyKa, TOIJJ.a KaK ~e ero npe,qiiiecTBeHHHK PH'lap,q JlbBHHoe Cep,que npe,qno'lHTaJI ap6a-

KpenoCTb 11 aHmHj;icmj;i cf>noT. Cl>paH,..Y3CK3SI MI1HI13T10pa XV a.

JieT, 3aKJIIO'laeTCH B TOM, 'ITO 3TOT BO-

3AnA,LJ,HA~ eBaJI C pbiU:apHMII, a TDT- C Ba.JIJIIIHU:ro..m, IIMeBIIlliMli Jllilllb He3HatiiiTeJibHOe o6opoHIITeJibHOe BoopymeHIIe. Ho Kor,o:a B 3TIIX II B cJieJzyiOmiix 3a HliMII IIIOTJiaH):(CKliX BOHHax JIYK 6Jie-

EBPOnA

y)f(e noJJ. npeJJ.BOJJ.MTenbCTBOM Po6epm 5ptoca.

1307-1327 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHIIIE 3AYAPAA II. npaBMTeneM OH

peMeHHbtM ycnexoM; KOpOflb C!JpaH14MM C!JMnMnn IV KpacMBbtiii aHHeKcMpoaan laCKOHb M HeCKOflbKO pa3 OT6Mn O,lJ.yap,lJ.a I, XOJJ.MBWero OTBOeBbtBaTb npOBMH141!710 ( 1294 r., 1296 r., 1297 r.). 0JJ.HaKO BOiiiHa 3aaepWMnacb no,lJ.nMcaHMeM MMpa, no ycnoBMRM KOTOporo taCKOHb aepHynacb K3JJ.yapJJ.yl.

6btfl cna6btM. WOTflaH,lJ.MR CHOBa npaKTM4eCKM OT,lJ.eflMflaCb. 0pM nonbtTKe noaTopHoro noKopeHMR 3JJ.yapJJ.I/6btn Haronoay pa36MT Po6epTOM 5ptoCOM Ha pe4Ke 5aHHOK6epH ( 1314 r. ), nocne 4era AHmMR 6btna BbiHY)f(JJ.eHa npM3HaTb He3aBMCMMOCTb WomaHJJ.MM. HenpepbtBHbte BOflHeHMR BblflMflMCb B AHrflMM B O)f(eCT04eHHYIO rpa)f(,lJ.aHCKYIO BOMHy, B XO,lJ.e KOTOpoiii 3JJ.yap,l1. If M era CTOpOHHMKM O,lJ.ep)f(aflM aepx HaJJ. rep140r0M flaHKaCTepOM B 6MTBe y 5opo6pMJJ.)f(a (1322r.). 3JJ.yapJJ.I/ 6btn MapMOHeTKOM B pyKaXTpeXCBOMXrpaaopMTOB- lyro)J.ecneHcepa, rparpa BMH4ecTepa M era CbtHa lyra; OHM noTepnenM nopa)f(eHMe M 6btnM caeprHyrbt a pe3ynbTaTe 3aroaopa, ao3rnaaneHHoro Koponeaoiii l13a6ennoiii C!JpaH14Y3CKoiii M ee nto6oaHMKOM PO,lJ.)f(epoM MopTMMepoM, rparpoM JJ.e na MapweM. 3JJ.yapJJ.a II BbiHYJJ.MflM OTpe4bCR OT npecTona, BCfle,lJ. 3a 4eM OH 6btn y6MT( 1327 r.). l13a6enna C!JpaH14Y3CKaR M POJJ.)f(ep MopTMMep cTanM pereHTaMM npM ee CbtHe, HecoaepweHHoneTHeM 3JJ.yapJJ.e.

1295-1307 rr. WOTJlAHACKIIIE BOifiHbl. norpaHM4Hbtecmn-

1327-1 377 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHIIIE 3AYAPAA Ill. Kor,lJ.a oTe/4 era

KHOBeHMR M BHYTPMWOTflaH,lJ.CKMe 6ecnopRJJ.KM npMaenM K aoiiiHe. 3JJ.yapJJ.I BTOprcR B WoTnaH,lJ.MIO, 3axaaTMfl M C)f(er 5epMK-OH- TyMJJ., pa36Mn apMMIO KOpOflR l1oaHHa 53flMOfla B 6MTBe npM )J.aH6ape M npoao3rnacMn ce6R KoponeM WoTnaHJJ.MM ( 1296 r. ). 00JJ. npe,lJ.BOJJ.MTeflbCTBOM capa YMnbRMa Yonneca womaHJJ.l4bt aoccTanM, M noHa4any JJ.a)f(e OJJ.ep)f(MBanM aepx, TaK 4TO B 1297 ra,lJ.y Yonnec Ha HeKoTopoe apeMR cTan rpaKTM4eCKMM npaaMTeneM WoTnaHJJ.MM. 0JJ.HaKO 3aTeM OHM noTepnenM peWMTeflbHOe nopa)f(eHMe OT 3 JJ.yapJJ.a I a 6MTBe npM C!JonKepKe ( 1298 r.). B xoJJ.e nocneJJ.ytow.Mx KaMnaHMiii YMnbRM Yonnec 6btn cxaa4eH M Ka3HeH( 1305 r.) , a WoTnaHJJ.MR OnRTb 6btna aHHeKCMpoaaHa AHmMeiii. 0paa.aa, WOTflaH,lJ.CKOe conpOTMBfleHMe npOJJ.Ofl)f(aflOCb

oTpeKCR aT npecTona, 3JJ.yapJJ.y 6btno nRTHaJJ.!4aTb. BnacTb oH 3axaaTMn, B03maBMB BOCCTaHMe 6apOHOB npoTMB PoJl.)((epa MopTMMepa M l13a6ennbt C!JpaH14Y3CKoiii ( 1330 r. ). npa aneHMe era MMeno Jl.flR aceiii aHrnMMCKOM MCTOpMM nOMCTMHe CYJJ.b60HOCHOe 3Ha4eHMe- KaK B BOeHHOM, TaK M nonMTM4eCKOM OTHOWeHMRX.

C'TI!Il(e orrpaB,o:an ce6H, ro aHrJIIIHCKIIe KopoJIII, KaK MbiYBIIJJ:liM HlllKe, coxpaHIIJIII ero II EO cppaHUy3CKIIX BOHRax II HaiiiJIII crroco6IIcrroJib30BaTh ero HaiiBbiro):(HeHIIIIIM o6pa30M. C IIOMOIIIbiO MHOrO"!IICJieHHbiX II CIIOC06HbiX JIY"!HliKOB, KOTDpbie IIO):(,O:eplKliBaJIII pbiiJ:ape:H, a TaKme 6Jiaro,o:apH 3Heprn"!HoH MMliHliCTpau:IIII, ,o:aBaBIIIe:H B03M01KHOCTh BeCTII 6ecrrpe-

PbiBHYI0 Bo:HHy, II, HaKOHeu:, 6Jiaro,o:apH yrropH):(o"!eHHoMy CHa6meHIIIO, 3.o:yap-

JJ:Y B Te"leHIIe He CKOJibKliX JieT y,o:anOCb ):(06liTbCH OKOH"!aTeJibHOro IIOKOpeHIIH ropu:eB Y3Jlbca. Co3JJ:aHHaH 3,o:ecb BoopymeHHaH CIIJia IIOMOrJia eMy B rro6e,o:e Ha):( IIIOTJiaH):(UaMII.

1293-1303 rr. BOifiHA C PAHLI,IiiEifi. KaMnaHMM wnM c ne-

1332 r. EiliiTBAnPIIIAAnnllliiHMYPE (AEnllliiH-MIOIIIPE). CMewaHHaR rpynna WOTflaH,lJ.CKMXBbiCOKOpOJJ.HbiX M3r HaHHMKOB (TaK Ha3blaaeMbiX « 0 6e3,lJ.OfleHHbiX») M aHrflMMCKMX MCKaTeneiii npMKflto4eHMiii nO,lJ. npe,lJ.BOJJ.MTeflbCTBOM O,lJ.yap,lJ.a 5anMona BToprnacb a WoTnaHJJ.Mto; TeopeTM4eCKM Me)f(JJ.Y AHrnMeiii M WomaH,lJ.Meiii B TO apeMR 6btn MMp. B noxo,lJ.e npMHRnM y4aCTMe TbtCR4a pbt/4apefii M Tf/)f(eflbiX BCa,lJ.HMKOB, a

217 TaK)f(e nOflTOpbt TbiCR4M ny4HMKOB. l1M npOTMBOCTORflM JJ.BYXTbiCR4HaR WOTflaH,lJ.CKaR Tf/)f(eflaR KaaanepMR M 20 Tb!Cf/4 4eflOBeK neXOTbl no,lJ. KOMaH,lJ.OBaHMeM rparpa Mapa. ApMMR BTOp)f(eHMR H0%10 nepenpaaMnacb 4epe3 peKy 3pH M npeJJ.npMHRna ,l1.ep3KYIO aTaKy, yaeH4aBwytoCR ycnexoM. 0JJ.HaKo womaHJJ.14bt co6panMcb c cMnaMM M Ha paccaeTe KOHTpaTaKoaanM, nonb3YRCb CBOMM 60flbWMM 4MCfleHHbiM nepeBeCOM. TR)f(eflbte acaJJ.HMKM apMMM BTOp)f(eHMR cneWMflMCb M BbiCTpOMflMCb He6onbwoiii rpanaHroiii Ha aepWMHe xonMa. Ha rpnaHrax 6btnM BbtcTa BfleHbl ny4HMKM -He MCKflto4eHO, 4TO M Bblfl.BMHYTbt noJJ. yrnoM anepeJJ.. CToiiiKaR rpanaHra CJJ.ep)f(ana HaTMCK !4eHTpa WOTflaH,l1.!4eB, a OrOHbflY4HMKOB TaK BbiKOCMfl rpnaHrM, 4TO Ha crynaBWMe CMewanM PRJJ.bl M o6paTMflMCb B 6erCTBO. 3TO cpa)f(eHMe ,lJ.ano O,lJ.yap,lJ.y /II nOBOJJ. BTOprHyTbCR B WoTnaHJJ.Mto, a TaK)f(e o6ecne4Mno o6pa3el4JJ.flR eranocneJJ.ytow.eiii 6oeaoiii TaKTMKM. 191111011~ 1333 r. 6111TBAYXA11111AOH-XIil1111. 3JJ.eC b pereHT

WomaHJJ.MM Ap4M6anb,l1. )J.ymac nonbtTancR ,lJ.e6noKMpoaaTb oca)((Jl.eHHbtiii aHrflMMCKMMM BOMCKaMM ropOJJ. 5epMK-OH - TyMJJ.. 3JJ.yapJJ. Ill, 3aHRB o6opOHMTeflbHYIO n03Ml4MIO, BbiCTpOMfl apMMIO TpeMR «BOMCKaMM», cnewMn TR)f(enyto KaaanepMto , a rpnaHrM Ka)f(,lJ.OM ,lJ.MBM3MM npMKpbtn ny4HMKaMM. Hanaa, woTnaHJJ.l4bt 6 btnM OT6 poweHbl ny4HMKaMM M cneWMBWMMMCR pbt/4apRMM, a nOTOM pa3rpOMfleHbl CTpeMMTeflbHOM KOHHOM KOHTpaTaKoiii. TaKMM o6pa3oM, 3JJ.yapJJ. Ill pa3pa6oTan arprpeKTMB Hyto TaKTMKY c onopoiii Ha nexoTy4epe3 HeCKOflbKOfleTOHa o6ecne4MT AHrnMM aeJJ.yw.ee nono)f(eHMe Ha eaponeiiicKoM TeaTpe 6oeabtX JJ.eiiiCTBMiii.

1337-1 396 rr. n EP BA~ A3A CTOJlETHEifi BOifiHbl. 1350-1367 rr. HE06b~B11EHHA~ BOifiHA B liiCnAHiillil. 0Ha Ha4anacb c McnaHcKoiii aoeHHO-M opcKoiii 3KCne,l1.M/4MM B flaMaHW, npe,lJ.npMHRTOM B MOMeHT o4epeJJ.Horo 3aTMWbR a CToneTHeiii aoiiiHe. C!JnoT 3JJ.yapJJ.a Ill OJJ.ep)f(an

218

3nOXA MOHrOJlOB. 1200-1400 rr. npHBeno K 6yHry; KyseH PM'-/ap.aa, feHpM bOflMHI6pOK ( eb/H /),>KOHa roHra), enepBa no.a.aep>KHBan Kopona, a nOTOM BbJerynHn npOTMB Hero. CropoHHHKH PH'-/ap.aa II orerynHnMeb OT Hero, H OH 6b!fl Bb/Hy>K,aeH 0Tpe'-lbe51. Ha TPOH B30Wen feHp¥1 boflHHr6pOK- }I>Ke KaK KOPOflb feHPMX IV (1399 r:)

UJornaH.QnR

Oca)K,Q,eHHbli'i 3aMOK. P~<~cyHoK 1<13 1<1J1J110M~<~H~<~poeaHHoi1 pyKon~<~c~<~ (oKono 1400 r. ). 3all.I~<~TH~<~K~<~ 3aMKa c6pacbiBaiOT BHI-13 6onbw~<~e KaMH~<~. 0A~<~H 1<13 o6opAHAIOILII<IXCA cTpenAeT 1<13 ap6aneTa. Hana.o.a101111<1e B36~<~pa10TCA Ha CTeHbl C nOMOil.lbiO JleCTHI-1~

no6e.ay B O>KeeTO'-!eHHOM MOpeKOM epa>KeHMM npu YMH'-Ieneu, sa1.14MTMB TeM eaMbiM MOpeKMe KOMMYHMKaUMM Ha flMHMM /),yBp-Kane ( 1350 I.). KynbMMHauuefif ,,Heo6b51BneHHofi1 BOfifHbl» aBunaeb KPYnHa51 no6e.aa '-lepHOIO npuHua B 6MTBe npu HaBaperre. 1377-1399 rr. l\APCTBOBAHHE PWfAPAA II (HA nPECTOJl BCTYnHJ11 0 JlET OT POAY). BHa'-!ane erpaHofif ynpaBnWI pereHrewfif eoBeT, maBHY/0 ponb B KOTopOM !.11pan .aa.aaPM'-/ap.aa II, /],>KoH roHT ( unu /l,>KoH reHreK¥1fi1), repuor f1aHKaerep ( 1377-1385 rr.). npaBMTenbeTBO '-IYTb He 6blfl0 eBepiHYTO Bpe3yflbTaTe MOU4Hefifwero KpeeTb51HeKOIO BOeeTaHM51 no.a npe.aBo.aurenbeTBOM /l,>KeKa ConoMMHKM, /l,>KoHa Eonna 1.1 Yora TaW1epa(1381 r.)- eTOTbJea'-1Haa ronna saxBaruna 1.1 reppopusupoBana f1oH,aOH. IOHblfif KOPOflb eomaeune51 Ha neperoBopb! e 6yHTOB1.14MKaMMM y,aoBneTBOpMn nO'-ITM Bee

K{)eeTb51HeKMe Tpe6oBaHM51, XOT513aTeM noene.aoBanu eypoBbJe KaparenbHbJe Mepb!. B 1385 ro.ay PM'-!ap.a II Bosma Bun noxo.a B WornaH.aMJO, HO 6blfl OT6MT. '-lepes .aBa ro.aa BenbJXHyno KoporKoe BOeeTaHMe TaK Ha3b/BaeMb/X «nop.aoB-anenn51HTOB». B epa>KeHMM y Pa,aKOTeKOIO MOeTa MX apMM51 no.a npe.aBo.aurenbeTBOM ToMaea, repuora rnoerepa, o.aep>Kana pewMrenbHYJO no6e.ay Ha.a KoponeBeKMMM BOfifeKaMM no.a KOMaH,aOBaHMeM .ae Bepa, rpa<f>a OKe<f>op.aa. /l,e Bep ¥1 ero BofifeKa o6pamnHeb B 6ereTBO, He OKa3aB npaKTM'-/eeKM HMKaKOIO eonpOTHBfleHH51, M B pe3YflbTaTe 9TOIO KOPOflb OKa3anea B nonHOfif BnaeTM M51Te>KHb!X6apOHOB (1387 r:). noeneHeeKOflbKMXfleTOTHOeMTeflbHOIO enOKOfifeTBM51 y PH'-/ap.aa II eHOBa B03HMK enop eBb/eOKOpO,aHb/MM BeflbMO>KaMH, MKOPOflb, HeB3Hpaa Ha napnaMeHr, saxBamn a6eOfl/OTHYIO BnaeTb (1397 r.). 9TO

B XIII BeKe .aena s.aeeb o6eroanH epaBH¥1TeflbHO MMPHO. CnOKOfifeTBHe HeO>KM,aaHHO HapyWHfl ,aMHaeTH'-/eeKHfif enop, npHBe.awHfif K aHmHfifeKOMY BMewarenbeTBY H BblflHBWMfifea B npaKTH'-/eeKH Henpepb!BHY/0 rpa>K,aaHeK}I/0 BOfifHY. Ha'-/anoeb Bee e .anHrenbHofi16opbf5bJ sa He3aBMeHMOeTb; HeeMOTp51 Ha .ao6neeTHOe eonpontBneHMe no.a npe.aBo.aMrenbeTBOM YHnbaMa Yonneea, WornaH.aMJO .aBa>K.abl noKopan 9.ayap.a f. nos>Ke womaH.a/..lbl Boeeranu B O'-!epe.aHofif pas- H yenewHo; noene HeropH'-!eeKofif no6e.abl Po6epra Ep10ea npH EaHHOK6epHe WomaH.aH51 BHOBb o6pena He3aBHeHMOeTb. Ho Bene.a 3a eMepTb/0 Po6epra Ep10ea (TO'-!Hee, .Y>Ke KOpona Po6epra f) BOfifHa BenbJXHyna on51Tb, '-ITO Bbi3Bano BMewarenberBo <f>paHuysoB - noen.Y>KMBwee, B eBoJO O'-!epe.ab, o.aHMM us noBo.aoB KHa'-!any CroneTHefif BOfifHbl. /],0 KOHua BeKa npo.aon>Kanaeb HenpeKpa1.14aJ01.14aaea no eym .aena BOfifHa e AHmHefif. KaK npaBHno, aHmM'-IaHe 3al.l4MI.l4afl¥1eb, nOTOMY '-ITO OeHOBHb/e HX yeMflH516blflH HanpaBneHbl B 9TO BpeM51 Ha BOfifHy e paHUHefif Ha MarepHKe. 1214-1249 rr. l\APCTBOBAHHE AJlEKCAHAPA II. Ha.ae51eb o6paTHTb K eBOeMy npeMMYI.l4eeTBY BOeeTaHHe aHmHfifeKY1X 6apOHOB npomB Kopona /lloaHHa I EesseMenbHoro, AneKeaH.ap II BTOprea B AHmHJO H nonbJTane51 saxBaTHTb HopryM6epneH.a, HO 6bm or6poweH /lloaHHOM I or f1oH.aoHa (1216 r.). 1 249-1286 rr. ~APCTBOBA HHE AJlEKCAHAPA Ill. O.aep>KaB no6e.ay B 6HTBe npH J1apree (1263 r:), OH H31Han HOpBe>KUeB e eeBepOWOTnaH,aeKHX OeTpOBOB.

3AnA)J.HA$l EBPOnA 1290 r. cnoP o nPECTOJlOHACJ1EA&-U1. CMepTb AneKcaH.n,pa 1/1( 1286 r.) 111ero e.n,/IIHCTBeHHOW npRMoilt Hacne.n,HIIIUbl MaprapiiiTbJ (1113BeCTHOW B !IICTOP!II!II no.n, MMeHeM HopBe)I(CKoilt .n.eBbJ; 1290 r.) npMBena K TO MY, 'lTO nORB!IIfliiiCb cpa3y .D.JO)I(!IfHa npeTeH.n,eHTOB Ha TPOH. nocpe.n,HMKOM B.ll.MHaCTIII'leCKOM cnope

VCA08H61£

nonpOC!IIfl/11 BbiCTyniiiTb aHmMWCKOTO KoponR3.n,yap.n.a I; oH.n.o6uncR npu3HaHIIIR WOTnaH.n,UaMM BaccanbHOW 3aBMCMMOCTM or AHmiiiM, nocne qero B03Ben Ha WOTnaH.D.CK!IIW npecron llfoaHHa b9fliiiOna. 1295 r. COI03 C <t>PAHI..\VIE"'. OH 6bm 3aK!IJO'leH l1oaHHOM b9nuonoM Bcne.n.crBMe ocrpbJX pa3Homa-

0603 HAVCHifR

• flyv,u/ru

~•

I(Oflet)lJI.ulw

i QPIJI~Opu l l lfHe.uill

MacwuCS

tiela6o p_btu.opeu v

Pij'llfulto!

Cpa)l{eHue npu <S>onKepK.e 22HIOJ1R 1298 roAa: BBepxy- nOXOA 8HrnHHCKOH apMHH H nonbiTKa pblf.4apeH npopeaTb tronoHHbl troneH~HKOBj BHH3Y - nopa)l{eHue WOTn8HA1.4eB

100

219 C!llilt C 3.n,yap.n,oM I, KOTOPbiW 3aRB!IIfl, qro nuwaer l1oaHHa npaB Ha npecron. 1296 r. AHrJlVI"'CKOE BTOP:>KEHVIE V13ABOEBAHVIE. 3.ayap.al Broprcfl B WomaH.n,IIIJO, 3axBarun 111 C)l(er E>epMK-OH-Tyu.n., pa36Mn apMIIIJO KOpOnflllfOaHHa b9niiiOfla B 6MTBe npu /l,aH6ape 111 npoBo3macun ce6fl KoponeM WomaH.D.MM. 1297 r. WOTJlAHACKOEBOCCTAHVIE. npe.n,BO.D.IIITenb BOCCTaBW!IIX C9P YMnbRM Yonnec 11 ceHTf/6Pfl pa36Mn npu KaM6ecKeHHere ( un111 MHa'le- np111 CrepnMHr-E>pM.a>Ke) nffru.n.ecf/TMTbJCfl'lHYJO apM/1110 no.n, KOMaH.D.OBaHMeM rpalj>a YoppeHa 1• Yonnec Hanan Ha aHmuiltcKyJO apMMJO Ha Y3KOM MOCTY 'lepe3 4>epT Ill npaKTIII'leCKM YHM'lTO)I(IIffl npe.n.MocrHoe yKpenneHMe. 0CT8TK!II aHmM'laH 6bmMor6poweHbJKpeKe Tyu.n., Bpe3ynbrare qero 3annaHMPOBaHHOe BTOp)l(eHMe npoBanunocb. 3aro womaH.D.Ubl YMnbfiMa Yonneca coBepwlllnM HecKonbKO Ha6eroB B HopryM6epneH.D. 111 JJ,apeM. 1298 r. AHrJlVI"'CKOE BTOP:>KEHVIE. B apMIIIM 3.n,yap.n.a 16bmo 7 Tb/Cfl'l Tf/)l(enoilt KaBanepMM, 3 TbiCfl'l/11 nerKOW Ill OKOflO 15 Tb/Cfl'l neXOTbl. HecMOTPfl Ha Bee nonbJTKIII YunbRMa Yonneca M36e)l(aTb reHepanbHoro cpa)l(eHIIIR, 9HeprM'lHOe HacrynneHMe 3.ayap.n.a I BbJHY.D.Mno womaH.n.UeB npMHfiTb 6oilt. 22 &<1101151 2 1298 r. 6VITBAnPVI <t>OJlKEPKE (<t>AJlbKVIPKE). no.a Ha'lanoM c9pa YMnbRMa Yonneca 6blfl!ll npMMepHO 1 000 TmKeflbiX KOHH!IIKOB, .D.Be Tb/Cfl'l!ll nfiTbCOT nerKIIIX KOHHIIIKOB Ill OKOflO 25 Tb/Cfl'l neXOT!IIHUeB. Xopowo yKpenMBWMecfl 3a 60flOTOM, KOTOpoe noHa'lany cepbe3HO 38TPY.D.HIIIfl0 npo.n,B!If)l(eHMe aHmlll'laH, CTOWK/IIe WOTnaH.D.CK!IIe KOneilt~IIIK!II, BbiCTpOeHHble 'leTblpbMfl «WIIIflTpyHaMM» (KpyrOBb/MIIIlj>anaHraMIII), orpa3MnM nepBbJearaKMnpo-

YC/TOOH/;.1(

!f~ /(onOiflfl>l

0603HAVEHHR

11/0IIIalldclru;; Aone(RJ;uko6.puccrf'I'""W

. . 02H8M /11jVHVfro6

•

IL.t11wiclt. A!fVttuf<u

t ll>~211uVckue 4oneuw,ul<u

~ -...Pwu.apu,6op4o6u:ueCP 4parerIX"- "-"'

CorJiacHo ){pyrHM HCTO"'HHKaM, aHrJIH-

"!aHaMH KOMaH){OBaJI rpaq> CeppeJ;t. 2 CorJiacHo ){pyrHM HCTO"'HHKaM, 6HTBa rrpH <l:>oJIKepKe rrpoHJOI.l.llla

arrpeJill

1298

ro){a. KpoMe roro, Ha3b1BaiOTCll H ){pyrHe l.lH<}r pbl yqacTBOBaBWHX B cpa)f(eHHH BOJ;iCK-

18 500 aHrJIH'!aH

10 200 WOTJiaH){l.leB.

220

3nOXA MOHIOJlOB. 1200-1400 rr.

TMBHMKa. Ho 3aTeM, o6paTMB B 6erCTBO WOTnaH,aCKY/0 KaBanepMIO, 3.ayap.a I BbiCTaBMn npoTMB KoneiiiI.J..IMKOB CBOMX nyLfHMKOB. nocn e TOTO KaK woTnaH,acKaH nexoTa noHecna Tfl)f(enble noTepM, B HacTynneHMe nowna aHmMillcKaH KaBanepMH. TaKara HaTMCKa WMnTpyHbl y)f(e He Bbl,aep)f(anM, M apMMH Yonneca 6blna pa3rpoMneHa B nyx M npax. 3To 6blno nepBoe KpynHoMacwm6Hoe npMMeHeHMeaHrnMLfaHaMM,af7MHHoronyKa. WoTnaH,aLJ,bl noTepHnM B aToM cpa)f(eHMM OKOnO 5 TbiCf/Lf neXOTMHLJ,eB M 40 pblu,apeill; noTepM aHmMLfaH coCTaBMnM 200 KOHHbiX BOMHOB. 3,ayap,a onHTb aHHeKcMpoBan WoTnaHAM/0; Bnocne,acTBMM Yonnec 6bln 3aXBaLfeH M Ka3HeH ( 1305 r.) . EonoTa rrep en cppoHTOM H e 3a.Il(H THJIH IIIOTJiaH):([(eB, TaK KaK aHrJIHtraHe o6oiiiJIH HX crrpaBa H c n eBa. Ilon Ha THCKOM rrpeBOCXO):(HII(HX CHJI IIIOTJiaH):(CKHe CTp eJIK H TOT 'IaC p ac ceHJIHCb , a BCa):(HHKH OTCT)'ITHJIH, H e IlbiTaHCb BCT)'ITHTb B 6o:H. Torna pbiUapH

o 6pyiii HJIHC b

KO JIOHH bi

K OITeH I[(H KOB , HO He M OrJIH rrpo HHK-

1306 r.) M cpa)f(eHMM npM J].anpae ( 11 aBryCTa 1306 r.). nepBaf/3HaLfMTenbHaf/ no6e.aa Po6epTa I op10ca Ha,a rpar:j)OM neM6pOKOM 6blna o,aep)f(aHa B 6MTBe npM flay,aoH-XMnne (10 MaH 1307 r.) . 3.aecb op10c BCTpeTMn aTaKy aHmMMCKOM KaBanepMM nMHMeill CBOMX KOneiiii.J..IMKOB, KOTOPYIO aHrnMLfaHe TaK M He CMOrf7M npopBaTb, B pe3ynbTaTe Lfero OTKa TMnMcb, noHeCH 3HaLfMTenbHble noTepM. lparp neM6poK noLfen 3a nyLfwee OTCTynMTb M BCKOpe BepHyncH co cBoeill apMMeill B AHrnM/0.

1307-1314 rr. WOTJlAHACKOE B03PO>KAEHHE. 5p!OccTaBwMill KoponeM Po6 epToM I (npaBneHMe 1306-1329 rr.), - noCTeneHHO OCB060,aMn OT aHrnMLfaH nOLfTM BC/0 WoTnaH,aMIO, 3HeprMLfHO M HaXOALfMBO COLfeTaf/ 3aca,aHy/O TaKTMKY c noxo.aaMM B CeBepHy/0 AHrnM/0 M Hana.aeHMHMM Ha yKpenneHHble aHrnMMCKMe rpopnOCTbl Ha TeppMTOpMM WoTnaH,aMM. B MTore u,enoro pH.aa 6n ecTHI.J..I e npoBe,aeHH biX Ka MnaHMM no,a Bn a CTb/0 aHrnMLfaH o c TanMc b TOn bKO ropo.aa C Te pnMHr , J}.aH6ap M 5 e pyMK ( 13 14 r. ).

HYTb tre p e3 r y cTo:H n e e BbiCT aBJieHHbiX I1p0THB HHX KOITHH. 3~zyap):( OTBeJI pbiu ape:H Ha 3a):( H rrpHKa3 aJI cBoHM CTp e JIKaM OTKpbiTb CT p eJib6y ITO COM KHYTbiM KOJIOH HaM IIIOTJiaH):([(eB;

IJAHHOKIJEPHCKAH KAMIIAHMH

HX ITOA):(eplKHBaJIH K OITeHI[(HKH, KOTOpbie I10):(6HpaJIH ITOJieBbie K aM HH H M eTaJIH HX B 6ecrr OM OIUHYIO M acey.

1314 r. OCAAA CTEPJlHHrA.

B c K o p e p biuap H rrp opBanH HX oTpH-

lfTo6 bl cna cTM r apHM30H oca)f(,aeHHoro w oTnaH,au,a MM ropo,aa , 3 .ayap.a I B KOHLJ,e KOHLJ,OB CaM BbiCT}'nMn n p oTM B Po6epTa I 5 p!Oca. A HmMillcKaH apMMf/ HaCLfMTbiBana no M eHbweill Mepe 6 0 TbiCf/Lf LfenoBeK - B TOM LfMCne n OLfTM 5 TbiCf/ Lf Tf/)f(enoill KaBa nepMM, 10 TbiCHLf nerKoill KaBanepMM, OKOnO 20 TbiCf/Lf n yLfHMKOB M 25 TbiCf/Lf nexoTbl. ApMMH Po6epTa I, oca)f(.aaBw aH C TepnMHr, coc ToHn a M3 1500 Tf/)f(enbiX BCa,aHMKOB M 40 TbiCf/Lf neXOTbl.

/U>I, OCJia6 eBIIIHe HaCTOJibKO , 'ITO He B COCTOHHHH 6biJIH OKa3biBaTb HHKaKOrO corrpoTHBJieHHH, rrocne trero HatraJiaCb ITOBaJibHaH pe3HH.

1306 r. BOCCTAH HE POEiEPTA EiPIOCA. OH 6 bm BHYKOM o.aHo ro M3 ,aBeHa,au,aTM n peTeH,ae HTOB Ha TpOH 1290 ro.aa M B 6 MTBe npM C!JonKepKe BOeBan no.a KOMa H,aoBaHMeM 3 .ayap .aa I npoTMB YMn bHMa Yonneca. BcKope n ocne cBoeill Kopo Ha LJ,MM o H o.ae p)f(a n HecKonbKO n o6e.a Ha.a aHrnMLfaHaMM B c paBHMTe n bHO He3Ha LfMTenbHbiX CTbi LfKaX, HO 3aTeM noTepnen nopa)f(eHMH oT KOMa H,aoBa Bw e r o aHrnMMCKMMM BOMCKaMM per eHTa W o m a H,aMM r parpa neM6poKa B 6 MTBe npM M eTBeH e ( 19 MIOHH

23 HIOHSI 1314 r. WOTJlAHALI,bl rOTOBs:ITCs:l K EiHTBE. P o6epT I o p10c Tf.J..IaTe n bHO Bbl6pan o6opOHM TenbHYIO n03MLJ,M /O B He CKOnbKMX KMnOMeTpax /O)f(Hee C Tepn MHr a M pa3M eCTMn CB0/0 a p MM/0 Ha CKJ10He3a 5 aHHOK6 epHOM. 3 Ta M e,a-

n eHHaH M en KaH peLfKa TeKJTa no 6o n oTMCToi11 ,aon MHe , M ,anf/ HOp ManbHOronpoxo,aa r o,aMnaCbO,aHa -e,aMHCTBeHHaH c m paH .aop o ra . CneBa oT w oTnaH,au,eB no n e 6 o H o r paHMLfMBa n a Hen pox o,aMMaH TPHCMHa, cnpa Ba - n ee; no r:j)pOHT}' WMpMHa CKJIO Ha Ha,a p e LfKOM COCTaBn Hna OKOn O M MnM. 3.aecb Po6epT I n pMKa3an BblpbiTb n e p e,a nMHMHMM o 6 o pOHbl MHO )f(eCTB O He6onbWMX f/M M 3aMaCKM p oBaTb MX BeTKaMM M TpaBOM, C03,aa Baf/ cMcTeMy n oByweK .anH a HmMi11 cKo i11 Ka BanepMM. JI.o npM6biTMH aHr nM LfaH OH npMKa3 an BOMCKaM p a3MeTMTb no3MU.MM, nocn e Lfero rnaBHble CMnbl OTCTynMnM 3 a XOnM, LfT06bl He n o na c Tb nepe.a 6MTBoi11 no.a o6cTpe n a HrnMMCKMX nyLfHMKOB. 0cTanMCb TOnbKO ,aBe nMHMM 3aCTpen bf.J..IMKOB, pa3Me CTMBWMXCf/ no 6 e p e raM p eLfKM.

24 HIOHSI 1314 r. EiHTBA nPH EiAHHOKEiEPHE(EiAHHOKEiYPH E). Kor.aa aHmMLfaHe cTanM nepe xo,aMTb Lfepe3 peLfKy, WOTnaH,aCKOe BOMCKO BepHyn OCb Ha pa3M eLfeHHble n o3MLJ.MM. AHrnMiiiCKMM n yLfHMKaM , CKyLfeHHbiM 3a HeCKOn bKMMM KaBa nepMMCKMMM no,apa3,aeneHMf/MM, TaK MHe n pe,ac Ta BMn OCb B03MO)f(HOCTM,aon)f(HbiM o 6 pa30M pa3BepHYTb Cf/. WomaH,aCKMe KOneiiii.J..IMKM OT6M nM HeCKOnbKO aHrnMMCKMX KOHHbiX aTaK. no Mepe TOTO, KaK Ha Man eHbKOe none 6 0 H BnMBan MCb HOBble M HOBble aHrnMMCKMe no,apa3,aeneHMfl, nYTa HMU.a B MX pH.aax Hapacmna. flyLfHMKM, nbiTaf/ Cb CTpenHTb Lfepe3 ronoBbl, Lfa~.J..~e nona.aanM no CBOMM, LfeM no WOTnaH,aLJ,aM; a MX n onbiTKM 3aKpe nMTbCH B n ecy Ha n e BoM r:j)n aHr e 6 blf7M n pece LfeHbl pe3epB oM Po 6epTa 15 p10Ca. noKa apMMM cpa)f(a n MCb BpyKonawHy/0 Ha cKnoHe Ha.a peLfKOM, WOTnaH,aLJ,bl, OCTa BaBWMeCH 3af.J..IMf.J..IaTb n a r epb, pewMn M (He MC Kn/OLfeHO, LfTO no C06CTBeHHOM MHM LJ,MaTMBe, 6 e3 npMKa3oB Po6 epTa I) n p OMTM n eCOM M CbiMMTMpOBaTb aTa KY Ha aHmMi11CKMi11 neBblill rpnaHr . J}.y,af/ B p O)f(KM, pa3MaXMBaf/ 3 HaMe HaMM M M306pa)f(af/ KpynHbiM y,aap HbiM OTpH,a, OHM npM6nM3MnMCb KaH rf7MMCKOMY neBOMY rpnaHrY, KOTOpbiM HeMe,aneHHO CTa n paC CbtnaTbCf/ . CaM 3 .aya p.a I pew Mn n oKMHYTb none

3AnA)J.HA$l EBPOnA

221 HeO)I(Y1.11,8HHOW 8T8KOW H8 p8CCBere; 8HmY1WCKY1W KOPOflb CHOB8 6e)l(8fl C nonR 6oR. BowHa 38KOH4Y1fl8Cb no.anY1CBHY1eM B HoprreMnroHe MY1PHOro.aoroeopa( 1328 r.), no ycnoBY1fiM KOTOporo 8HmY148He npY13H8flY1 WOTn8H.IJ,CK}'/O He3aBY1CY1MOCTb. B cne.ay/0/.J..IeM ro.ay Po6epr I 6p10c yMep ( 1329 r.).

1329-1371 rr. UAPCTBOBAHl4E ,lJ.ABl4,[J.A II 6PIOCA. 1332 r. 6l4TBA nPl-1 ,O.Ann.n l4H -MYPE (,O.an.n l4H- M IOL-1PE). 1333 r. AHr.fll4fi'ICKOE BTOP)I(EHl4E. no.a.aep)I(Y1B8fl npereH3Y1Y1

¥CAOBH61£

2t50

H8 WOTn8H.IJ,CKY1W TpOH 3.ayap.aa b9flY10fl8, 3.ay8p.a Ill eroprcfl B Wom8H.IJ,Y1/0 Y1 o.aep)l(an no6e.ay B 6HrBe npH XanH.IJ,OH-X;mne. /18BY1./J, ll 6p10c 6e)1(8fl eo <1>paHl.lY110. Kor.aa H848nacb CronerHflfl BOWH8, B WomaH.IJ,Y1Y1 aHmY148He BbJH}')I(.IJ,eHbJ 6bmY1 nepewrH K o6opoHe, 4TO n03BOflY1flO /18BY1./J,Y lf 6p10cy eepHyrb npecron.

0603HA'IEHJIR:

-M 2110

000

7110 •

17 OKTSI6PSI 1346 r. 6l4TBA nPl-1 HEBl4.fl.flC-KPOCCE./18BY1./J, ll

CpaJKeHHe npH 6aHHOK6epHe 24 HIOHS1 1314 r.

6Y1TBbl, Y1 BCKOpe ero M8flOJWWHOMY npHMepy nocne.aoe8n8 6onbW8R 48CTb 8PMY1Y1. Wom8H./J,/..lbl nycrHnHcb B npecne.aoB8HY1e Y1 y6HnY1 TbJCR4Y1 8HmY148H, nbJT8BWY1XCfl nepe/4TY1 pe4KY Y1 6onoro. AHmY1WCKY1e norepH COCT8BY1flY1, no MeHbWeW Mepe, 15 Tb/Cf/4 4eflOBeK; WOTn8H.IJ,CKY1e BepOfiTHO, OKOflO 4 Tb/Cf/4. «H8 baHHOK6ypHe,- nY1WeT 0M8H,- 8HTflY1WCK8fl 8PMY1R norepnen8 C8Moe npY1cKop6Hoe nop8)1(eHY1e 38 BC/0 CB0/0 Y1CTOPY110». CpiDKeHHe 6bJJlo BhlHrpaHo o6opoHHBIIIHMHCH, B OTJIH'IHe OT cpaJKeHHH IIpH racTHHrce H <f>aJihKHpKe, HO aHaJiorH'IHO cpaJKeHHIO rrpH Kyp1pe, rroToMy, 'ITO rrperrHTCTBHH rrepe.LI. 4lpoHTOM (6oJIOTHCTh1J;I pyqeJ;I, OTKOC, BOJI'IhH liMhl) MeiiiaJIH H Bpe.LI.HJIH phluapHM, 4>JiaHKHpOBaHHe 6bJJIO HeB03MO)KHO, CTeCHeHHOCTh B .LI.BH)KeHHliX He .LI.OIIYCKaJia COBMeCTHhlX .LI.ettCTBHH CTpeJIKOB H phlUapett H, HaKOHeU, ITOTOM)', 'ITO Bp10c rroBeJI MHoro'IHCJieHHYIO coMKHY'I)'IO Macey B KOHTpaTa-

KY· IlpHHUHIIHaJihHoro rrpesocxo.LI.CTBa IIIOTJiaH.LI.UeB HJIH IIIOTJiaH.LI.CKOtt BOeHHOtt opraHH3auHH H3A aHrJIH'Ia-

HaMH BaHHOK6ypH He ycTaHOBHJI.

rrocJie 3Toro 6JieCTHl.l.lero ycnexa Po6epT Bp10c, KaK npasHJihHO oTMeTHJI 0MaH, yKJioHHJICH OT oTKphrrhlX 6oes C aHrJIH'IaHaMH, a B

1321

ro.LI.y .LI.OIIy-

CTHJI .LI.IDKe HOBoe BTOpiKeHHe aHrJIHJ;fCKOJ;I apMHH .LI.O CaMOro 3.LI.HH6ypra, IIpH'IeM, 'IT06i>I 3aCTaBHTh ee yJ;ITH H3 C1paHhi, OH C.LI.eJiaJI TOJihKO O.LI.HO0Tpe3a.JI IIO.LI.B03 npO.LI.OBOJihCTBHli.

1314-1328 rr. nOSEAAWOT.flAH.O.UEB. Wom8H./1,/..lbl 48CTO CH8p>f)l(anY1 noxo.abJ B my6b AHmY1Y1. T8K, H8npY1Mep, nocn8HHbJW Po6eproM I bp!OCOM rp8cp j1)1(eWMC ,£1ym8C o.aep)l(an no6e.ay B /11opKwY1pe, npH MHrroHe (20 ceHrR6pfl 1319 r.) np8B.l1,8, H8./J, BOWCKOM, COCTOf/BWY1M, maBHb/M o6p830M, Y13 BOOpy)l(eHHb/X MOH8XOB BO maBe C apXY1enY1CKOnOM YY1nbfiMOM MenroHOM. XorR Y1 He CflY1WKOM 3H84Y1TeflbH8fl, no6e.11,8 9T8 TeM He MeHee 38CT8BY1fl8 3.ay8p.11,8 I CHRTb oc8.ay c GepHK-OH- TyYf./1,8. V1 ece )l(e Po6epr I BCR4eCKY1 Y136eran reHep8nbHoro cpa)l(eHHR. Kor.aa 3.ayap.a I npe.anpHHfln o4epe.aHYIO nonbJTKY erop)l(eHY1fl, Po6epr I pa36Y1n ero npH GawneH.ae-

bp!OC BTOPTCfl B AHmY110, HO, BCTpeTY1B O)l(eCT04eHHOe conpOTY1BfleHY1e ceeepoaHmHwcKoro onon4eHY1fl no.a KOM8H.IJ,OB8HY1eM C9p8 (eHpY1 nepCY1 ( Y1HOT.l1,8 Y1MeHyeMOTO TBJOKe (orcnepoM) Y1 c9pa Panbcpa HeBHnn8, norepnen coKpywHrenbHOe nop8)1(eHY1e. norepY1 WOTn8H.IJ,l.leB COCT8BY1flY1 oKono 9 Tb/Cf/4 4enoeeK. CaM ,£1aBY1./J, ll Y1 MHOrHe Y13 ero npY16flY1)1(eHHbJX non8nY1 B nneH, r.ae co.aep)l(8nHcb .ao nonY4eHY1fl Bbteyna.

1350-1400 rr. BOVIHA 6E3 OnPE,D.E.flEHHOrO l4CXOAA. 0Ha RBnRn8 co6owceoero po.a8 no6o4HYIO BeTBb CroneTHew BOWHbJ. HaH6onee 3H84Y1TeflbHb/M ee9nY130./J,OM f/BY1fl0Cb WOTfl8H.IJ,CKO-cppaHl.lY3CKOe BT0p)l(eHY1e B CeeepHy/0 AHmY110, B03maeneHHoe rpacpaMY1 J])KewMcoM ,£1ymacoM Y1 M!OppeeM. npY1 Orrep6epHe ( 15aerycT8 1388 r.) OHY1HaHecnHnop8)1(eHY1e 3H84Y1TeflbHO ycryn8/0/.J..IeW 4Y1CfleHHO .IJ,eBf/TY1Tb/Cf/4HOW 8HmY1WCKOW 8PMY1Y1 no.a KOM8H.IJ,OB8HY1eM C9P8 (eHpY1 nepcY1. AHmY148He pewY1TeflbHO 8T8KOB8flY1 WOTn8H.IJ,CKY1e noneBb/e YKPenneHY1fl, HO 6bmY1 or6poweHbJ Y1 H8ronocy pa3rpoM!leHbJ, norepfiB OKOflO 2 Tb/Cf/4 4eflOBeK. nore-

anoXA MOHronos. 1200-1400 rr.

222

PM WOTJIBH.ll,~eB 6bJnM He3H8'4MTeflb-

TBKMe npaBMTenM, KBK 4>MnMnn

Hbl, OP.HBKO rpacp ,lPKeWMC )J,ymac B

rycT, 4>MnMnn

9TOM cpa)l(eHMM norM6.

MeHbwew cTeneHM, J110JJ.OBMK IX CBfi-

1204 rr.).

Tow, HeCMOTpfl H8 nOCTOf/HHOe 3Hep-

C06bJTMe 3TOW KBMnBHMM- OC8JJ.8 M

!ApnaH.qHR 8naCTb8HmM<i8H B MXMPflBHP.CKOW KonoHMM 6bma noKone6neHa B pe-

II AB-

KpacMBbJW M, B

Hb/e neHHb/e Bfl8P.eHMfl), npOCTMPBBWMeCf/ K ceeepy oT JlyapbJ (

1202-

CaMoe npMMe<~aTenbHOe

rM<!HOe M O)l(eCTO<!eHHOe conpOTMB-

B3fiTMe 4>MmmnoM

neHMe Koponew AHmMM, fiBflfiBWMX-

nocTpoeHHoro PM<!BPP.OM I JlbBMHoe

cfl B TO BpeMf/ C8Mb/MM KpynHb/MM 3eMneenaP.enb~BMM

Ha TeppMTO-

B HopMBHP.MM

CepJJ.~e 3BMKa WaTo-rawflp M PyaHa B 9TY M B nocneP.y-

( 1203-1204 rr.).

3YflbTaTe WOTnBHP.CKOrO BTOp)l(eHMfl

PMM 4>paH~MM. 0P.HMM M3 88)t(HeW-

IOll.IMe CBOM KBMnBHMM 4>MnMnn II H8-

n0.11. npeJJ.BOJJ.MTeflbCTBOM 3P.YBPP.8

WMX co6bJTMW Ha<~ana XIII BeKa fiBMn-

HMM8fl KB83MperynflpHy/O KOponeB-

bp10ca, 6para Po6epTa I. 3P.YBPP. B03-

Cfl TBK H83biB8eMbiW Anb6MrOWCKMW

CK}f/0 BPMM/0 no CMCTeMe «KOHTP8K-

flO)I(Mfl Ha ce6fl KopoHy VfpnaHP.MM

KpecTOBbJW noxo.11. npoTMB epeTM<!e-

TOB8HMfl».

HO P.BYMfl rOP.BMM n03)1(e

CKMX 06ll.IMH /O)I(HOW 4>paH~MM - K8-

noTepnen nop8)t(eHMe M norM6 B 6MT-

Tapoe M anb6Mrow~eB. 4>paH~Y3-

( 1316 r.),

Be npM4>orapTe( 1318 r.), nocne <~ero

CKMe KOPOflM BOCnOflb30B8flMCb

Bfl8CTb 8HmM<i8H 6bJn8 BOCCT8HOBne-

3TMM nOXOP.OM, <!T06bJ 38 C<!eT MeC-

H8. B nocneP.YIOll.IMe roP.bl OTMe<~ancfl

THOW apMcToKpaTMM 3HB<!MTenbHO

38MeTHb/W poeT MOryll.leCTB8 Mpfl8H.ll,-

YCMflMTb CB0/0 Bfl8CTb H8 /Ore CTpa-

CKMX BO)I(JJ.e/4, TOrJJ.8 KBK BHmMWcKOe

Hbl. Bo BTopow nonoBMHe

BflMf/HMe cna6eno. PM<!BPP.II nnaHTa-

C H8<!8flOM CroneTHeW BOWHbl, BCeX

AJihl>HfOHCKHE KPECTOBbiE IIOXO,[(hl, 1203-1226 IT.

XIV BeKa,

reHeT flM4HO B03m8Bflflfl nOXOP. H8 Vfp-

3TMX npMo6peTeHMW cppaH~Y3CK8fl

1208-1213 rr. nEPBASJ <PA3A.

fl8HP.MIO, MMeBWMW ~eflb/0 YCMMpeHMe HenOKOpHbiX BO)I(JJ.e/4 ( 1398-

KOPOH8 flMWMfl8Cb; 8 BeflMKMe no6e-

B Ha<~ane XIII BeKa Ha 10re 4>paH~MM nony<~MnM wMpo<~awwee pacnpocT-

.ll.bl aHmMWCKoro KOPOflfl 3P.YBPP.8 Ill

HO JJ.06MTbCfl peWB/Oll.lero

nOCTBBMflM CTPBHY H8 rpaHb BOeH-

paHeHMe epecM KaTapoe 1, anb6Mrow-

nepeeeca eMy He YP.BflOCb, M K KOH~Y

HO-nOflMTM<!eCKOrO Kpaxa. B KOH~e

~ee2 M BBnbP.eHCOEf3- He BP.8B8f/Cb

BeKa 8HmM<i8He npaBMflM B VfpnaH.ll,MM

BeKa 6neCTflll.IMW BOeH8<!8flbHMK

1399 rr.),

CKOpee HOMMHBnbHO.

KOHHeTa6nb bepTp8H .11.10 reK!leH cy-

1 Ka-:rapbl (or rpeq. «t,~HCTI>Ie»)- epeTH-

Men 3anycTMTb npo~ecc ecnf/Tb, HO

qecKasi ceKTa XI-XIV BeKOB B 3alla}:lHOi't E&

4>paH~Mfl 6bma pa3opeHa, ne)l(ana

po11e. Ee IIOCJie}:lOBaTeJJH orpHUaJIH J:lOTMaTbl o

BPYMHBX.

<PPAHQH.H

CMepTH H BOCKpeceHHH XpHCTa, He 11pH3HaBa-

1180-1223 rr. UAPCTBOBA-

JIH HKOHbl, KpecT, XpaMbl, o6bl!BHJIH }:lbllBOJ!bCKHM 06MaHOM CeMb TaHHCTB, 11p0110Be}:lOBaJIH

MeP.neHHO, HO BepHO B03p8CT8fl0.

HLt1E <1>Lt1JlLt1nnA II ABrYCTA. 1202-1204 rr. BOii'IHA C L-10AHHOM I 6E33EMEJlbHbiM, KOPOJlEM AHfJ1Lt1Lt1. 4>MnMnn ll3aBo-

npo~eccy 9TOMY cnoco6cTBOBanM

eean aHmMWCKMe cpbecpbJ ( cpeoP.anb-

XIII

BeKe M B Ha<~ane

XIV BeKa

MOryll.leCTBO cppaH~Y3CKMX KOpone/4

acKeTH3M, 6e36paqHe H HellpOTHBJieHHe. YqeHHe KaTapoB, HaxO.[lHBWHXCll IIO}:l BJ!HllHHeM 6orOMHJ!bCTBa, 6b!JIO BOCIIpHHllTO aJib6Hroi'tl.laMH. 2 AJib6Hroi'il.lbl- epeTHqecKoe .!lBH)f(eHHe so <t>paHUHH,l::lTaJIHH H fepMaHHH B XII-XIII BeKaX, IIOJIYt,iHBWee CBOe Ha3BaHHe 110 ropo.!lY AJib6H B JiaHre.[loKe. AJ!b6Hroi'tl.lbl orsepraJIH }:lOTMaT 0 TpHe.[lHHCTBe 6ora, uepKOBHble TaHHCTBa, IIOt,IHTaHHe KpecTa H HKOH, He 11pH3HaBaJIH BJiaCTh llallbl H Ha3b!BaJIH KaTOJIHqecKYIO uepKoBb «.!lbllBOJibcKO!l cHJioi't», co3.[laB cso10 He3aBHCHMYIO uepKOBb. llallal-iHHOKeHTHi'i

VII

IIPe.!laJI aJib6Hroi'tues aHa<j>eMe H co-

3BaJI 11poTHB HHX B

1209

ro}:ly KpecTOBb!i't llo-

XO.!l, 3aBepWHBWHi'tCll HCTpe6JieHHeM aJib6Hroi'tueB K KOHLlY XIII seKa. 3 BaJib}:leHCbl- JIHOHCKHe 6e}:lHl!KH, llocJie.[loBaTeJIH epeTHqecKoro .!lBH)f(eHHll, B03HHKwero B XII seKe Ha 10re <t>paHUHH H pac11pocTpaHHBwerocl! B CesepHoi't 1-iTaJIHH, fepMaHHH, 'texHH, HcllaHHH, <t>paHUHH. Ha3BaHHe .[laHo 110 HMeHH KYII!.la ITbepa BaJibJ:lO, OCHOBaBwero B

1176

l'O.!lY o61I(HHY «Co-

BepweHHblX». BaJib}:leHCbl oTpHUaJIH 11paso uepKBH co6HpaTb .[leCl!THHY, BblCTYIIaJIH 11poTHB llallbl pHMCKOro, He 11pH3HaBaJIH TaHHCTBa, }:lOTMaTbl H BHeWH!OlO CHMBOJIHKY XpH-

6HTaa. MHHHaTIOpa 6116n1111 Ma1.411eacKOro

CTHaHCTBa.

3AnA)J.HA$l EBPOnA Bno,apo6HOCTM, MO)I(HO CKa3arb, 4TO BCe OHM BOCXO,aMflM K MaHMXeWCTBY M6orOMMflbCTBY, He npM3HaBanM KaronM4ecKoi/t ~epKBM, nponoee.aoeanM acKeTM3M M HenpOTMBfleHMe. rnaBHb/MM ~eHTpaMM epeTMKOB 6bmM TynY3a M ropo.a Anb6M e coepeMeHHOM flaHre.aoKe. KaronM4eCKOMY ,ayXOBeHCTBY cnpaBMTbCS'l C epecRMM He y.aanocb, M nana pMMCKMW l1HHOKeHTMW Ill npM3Ban K KpecroeoMynoxo.ay. CaM c!>MnMnn IIAerycr y4aCTMS1 e noxo.ae He npMHMMan, HO, c ero aerycrei/twero Hayll.leHMS'l, ceeepo<f>paH~Y3CKMe 6apoHbl co6panM KpynHy/0 apMM/0, KOTOPYIO eo3maeMn nony<f>paH~Y3-nonyaHr足 nM4aHMH CMMOH .ae MoH<f>op. Mero,aM4HO 3axearbJBas:~ no nyrM ropo.a 3a ropo.aoM, oH noeen ceoe BOMHCTBO B 3ana,aHb/W flaHre,aOK, pa3rpOMMfl npaKTM4eCKM BCe apMMM fO)I(HO<f>paH~Y3CKMX 6apOHOB M B3S1fl n04TM BCe MX KpenOCTM. Anb6M M 60flbWMHCTBO ,apyrMX ~eHTPOB epeTM4eCKOTO ,aBM)I(eHMS16blflM 3aXBa4eHbl, a MX )I(MTeflM 6e3)1(8fl0CTHO nepe6MTb/ KpeCTOHOC~aMM. ,lJ,ep)l(aflMCb ronbKO ropo.aa Tyny3a M MoHro6aH, a raJOKe eo3ee.aeHHbJW Ha rope 3aMOK MoHcer10p- maeHaR reep,abJHR MCBRTb/Hs:l anb6Mroi/t~eB. l13 BCeX KpynHb/X apMCTOKpaTOB /O)I(HOW ct>paH~MM npo.aon)l(aTb conporMeneHMe ocMenMeanMcbnMwbrpa</>bl Tyny3bl, ct>ya (reppMropMs:~ coep . .aenapraMeHra Apbe)l(), a TaJOKe KoMMMHa eo ct>naH,apMM. Ha Mcxo.ae nepeoi/1 <Pa3bl noxo.aa 6onbWMHcreo ceeepo<f>paH~Y3CKMX 6apOHOB BepHyflMCb no ,aoMaM, OCTaBMB CMMOHa ,ae MoH<f>opa c He6onbWMM eoi/tcKoM 3aeepwaTb noKopeHMe M o6pall.leHMe B MCTMHHY/0 Bepy.

1213 r. BMEWATEJlbCTBO nEAPO II APAfOHCKOfO. Onacas:~cb YCMfleHMS'l KOponeBCKOW BflaCTM B /O)I(HOW c!>paH~MM, a TaJOKe 3a CBOM <Peo.aanbHbJe ena.aeHMR, ne)l(all.IMe ceeepHee nMpeHeee, ne.apo II ApaTOHCKMW, HeCMOTpR Ha npMCYil.IMW McnaHCKMM npaeMrenRM HenoKone6MMbJW KaTOflM~M3M, npMBen CB0/0 apMM/0 eflaHre.aoK Ha noMOil.lb epeTMKaM. 06be,aMHMB CMflb/ C rpa<f>oM Pai/tMyH,aoM VI TynY3CKMM, OH38XBaTMn HeCKOflbKO yKpenneHHb/X aBaH-

223

nocroe.ae MoH<f>opa. C apMMei/1, coCTORBwei/1 M3 4 Tb/Cf/4 Ts:l)l(eflOW KaBanepMM M 30 TbJCS14 nexorbJ, ne.apo II M Pai/tMyH.a VI HaMepeeanMcb oca,aMTb M10pe- o,aHy M3 HaM6onee 3Ha4MMb/X B CTpaTerM4eCKOM OTHOWeHMM Kpenocrei/t CMMOHa .ae MoH<f>opa, rapHM30H Koropoi/t .aocrMran 700 4enoeeK. Boi/tcKO ne.apo II M Pai/tMyH.aa VI 6bmo }l)l(e Ha no.axo.ae, KOr,aa K 3811.1MTHMKaM npMCOe,aMHMflC$1 caM CMMOH .ae MoH<f>op c orpR.aoM Ts:l)l(eflOW KaBanepMM ( OKOflO 900 4enoeeK).

13 CEHTS16PS1 1213 r. 6"'TBA Y MIOPE. CMMOH,ae MoH<f>op o6HaP}I)I(Mn, 4TO npoeMaHTa e M10pe He xearaer, a pacc4MTbJBaTb Ha noMOil.lb M3 CeeepHoi/t ct>paH~MM He npMxo,aMTCR - noKa oHa no.aocneer, rapHM30H 6y.aer Bb!Hy)I(O.eH KanMrynMpoearb, 4T06bJ He yMepeTb c rono.ay. Tor.aa oH npM,ayMan 6necm11.1Mi/t, xom MpMcKoeaHHb!W nnaH nepexeara MHM~MaTMBbl M cnpoeo~Mpoean OCa)I(O,a/Oil.IMX araKOBaTb RK06bJ cna60 3all.IM11.1eHHb/e /OIO-BOCT04Hb/e eopora. Kor.aa aTaKYIOil.IMe xnbJHynM 3a eopora, ro yro.aMnM e ycrpoeHHY/0 CMMOHOM KaBanepMWCKY/0 3acq.ay M, noHeCR Ts:l)l(eflb/e norepM, OTKaTMflMCb. 3aTeM, noKa BHMMaHMe OCa)l(,aaBWMX6blflO OTBfle4eHO, CMMOH,ae MoH<f>op M ero 900 BCctaHMKOB BbJpeanMcb M3 ropo.aa 4epe3 /Oro-38nctaHbJe BOpOTa, TaK 4TO npOTMBHMK no,ayMan, 6y.aro OHM cnaca10rcs:~ 6ercreoM. Ha caMOM )l(e .aene CMMOH .ae MoH<f>op M ero eca,aHMKM no.a npMKPbiTMeM HeBb/COKMX XOflMOB, pacnOflO)I(eHHb/X K 3ana.ay or ropo.aa, noeepHynM Ha ceeep M nepenpaeMnMcb 4epe3 !1}1)1( - peKY, nporeKaewy/0 ceeepHee M10pe, pa3orHaB3a11.1Mil.laBwMi/t .aanbHMW 6eper Mano4McneHHbJW orps:~.a. nocne 4ero .ae MoH<f>op HeO)I(M,aaHHO araKoean rpa<Pa .ae ct>ya M Haronoey pa36Mn ero BOWCKO. 3TOT KOPOTKMW 6oi/t nocny)I(Mfl npe.aynpe)I(O,eHMeM ne.apo II M ero aparoHcKoi/t apMMM. OHM e.aea ycnenM nocrpoMTbCR, Kor.aa Ha HMX 6yKBaflbHO o6pyWMflMCb ,aee TpeTM KaeanepMcroe CMMOHa .ae MoH<Popa. l1Mes:l Ha,a Hana,aaBWMMM n04TM TpM,a~arMKpaTHbiW 4MCfleHHb/W nepeeec, aparoH~bl ryr )l(e oKpy)I(MflM MX.

Pbl'-'apH. MHHHaTIOpa XIII a.

Ho noKa 9TO Hanq.aeHMe oreneKano MX BHMMaHMe, ,ae MoH<f>op C OCTaBWMMMCS1300 BCa,aHMKaMM o6orHyn nporMBHMKa no wMpoKoi/t .ayre MaraKoean c Tbma. l1cnaH~bl He BbJ,aep)l(anM M o6parMnMCb e 6ercreo, noHecR e Mrore TR)I(eflbJe norepM; cpe.aM norM6WMX 6bm M CaM KOPOflb ne,apo II. nocne KOPOTKOIO npecne,aoBaHMR KpeCTOHOC~bl pa3BepHyflMCb MHananM Ha Pai/tMyH.aa VI Tyny3cKoro, 4bR apMMS'l ocraeanacb noKa He3arpoHyroi/t. Y.apy4eHHbJe cny4MBWMMCR TYflY3~b/ 6blflM 6bJCTpO no6e)I(O,eHbl M YHM4TO)I(eHbl 4YTb flM He .ao nocne.aHero 4enoeeKa.

1213-1226 rr. 3ABEPWEH"'E KPECTOBOfO nOXOAA. 6MTBa no.a M10pe 6bma nocne,aHMM KpynHbJM cpa)l(eHMeM noxo.aa, HO Ha OKOH4arenbHoe no.aaeneHMe epecM noHa.ao6Mnocb 6onbwe .aecRTMneTMR; CMCTeMaTM4eCKM 3aXBaTb/BaR O,aHy anb6MrOWCKYIO KpenOCTb 3a ,apyroi/1, KpecroHoc~bl no4TM noronoeHo npe.aaeanM eperMKOB Me4y. Bo epeMs:~ oca,abJ o.aHoi/1 M3 Kpenocrei/1 no.a Tyny3oi/t nom6 CMMOH .ae MoH</>op( 1222 r.), Ho.aeno npo.aon)l(anM ero npeeMHMKM. BcKope nocne,aHMe o4arM epecM 6bmM MCKopeHeHbl ( 1226 r.).

1213-1214 rr. BOl'IHAC AHfJl"'Elll, fEPMAH"'Elll"' <PJlAHAP"'Elii.B anpene 1213 ro.aa e xo.ae MOPCKOIO cpa)l(eHMR 6nM3 /),aMMe

anoXA MOHronos. 1200-1400 rr.

224

ropo.LI.aMH B 6oiO rrpu EyBnHe Ha cTopoHe <J>paHI.IY3CKoro Kopon.s~ cpiDKaJIHCh ropO.LI.CKrui MHJIHI.IH.si CeBepHhlX <J>paHI.IY3CKHX KOMMyH. AHmu~cKu~ Koponh lloaHH Ee33eMeJihHhl~ opraHH30BaJI KOa.JlHI.IHIO IIpOTHB <}>paHI.IY3CKOI'O KOpOJI.si, B COCTaB KOTOpO~ BOIIIJIH repMaHCKH~ HMrrepaTop OT-

IV, rpa<}> <l>naH.LI.pCKH~, rpa<J> EynoHCKH~ H HeKOTOphle .LI.pyrue <J>e-

TOH

O.LI.aJihl. AHmuqaHe BhlCa.LI.HJIH CHJih-

Hhl~ .LI.eCaHT, HO

HIOJI.si

1214

ro.LI.a

<}>paHI.IY3CKoe BO~CKO IIOA KOMaH.LI.OBaHHeM ChlHa <f>HJIHIIIIa, 6y.LI.yrn:ero JliO.LI.OBHKa VIII, pa36uno aHrJiuqaH B 6oiO npu Jiapoiii-o-MyaH. B 3TO speM.si Bo~cKo IIOA KOMaH.LI.OBaHHeM OTTOHa

IV,

C0e.LI.HHHBIIIHCh CO CBOHMH

coi03HHKru.m y HHBeJIJI.si, ~o IO:>KHee EpiOcceJI.si, .LI.BHHynoch Ha BaJiaHCheH.

MAPT -L"'IOJJb 1214 r. 6YBL"'HCKAs:l KAMnAHL"'s:l. MaHeepupyfl,

60H BOVIHOB <PVI11VInna

II C

BOVIH8MVI PVI"'8PA8

I AHr11VIHCKOro.

<J>paH ...Y3CKaSI MVIHVI8T10pa XV B.

( B COBp. ronnaHP.viM) l/>flOT &13 500 8HrflMWCKMX KOpa6neft nOP. KOM8H.tJ.OB8HMeM rpalf>a Conc6epu aTaKoean M paccef!n 6onbWOW lj>paH~Y3CKMW lj>noT, KOTOPbiW .tJ.Ofl)l(eH 6blfl nOP..tJ.ep)I(8Tb nnaHupyeMoe ct>ununnoM II AerycToM BTOp)l(eHue BO ct>naHP.pmo. AHmu~aHe 38XBaTunu 300 u CO)I(rfl&-1 OKOflO 100 lj>paH~Y3CKMX KOpa6neft, B pe3ynbTaTe ~ero ct>ununny II npMWflOCb OTK838TbCfl OT CBOero HaMepeHMfl. TeM He MeHe, oH cnonHa npORBMfl CBOM nonKOBOP.~eCKMe CnOC06HOCTM, KOT.l1.8 0Tpa3Mfl OTBfleKB/OWMW MBHeBp t1oaHH8 I

6e33eMenbHoro B 3ana.tJ.HOW ct>paHa noToM ecTpeTun Ha ceBepoeocToKe rnaBHb/e CMflbl BTOp)l(eHMfl, B03rfl8BfleHHb/e repMBHCKMM MMnepaTOpOM OTTOHOM IV 6payHweewrCKMM. ~uu,

ct>ununn II ABrycT, no.tJ. KOMBHP.OBaHMeM KOTOporo H8XO.ll.Mfl0Cb 11 TbiCfl~ Tfl)l(enow KaBanepuu u 25 TbJCR~ neXOTbl, CyMen .tJ.06MTbCfl T8KTM~ec足 KOTO npeMMYWeCTB8 HBP. OTTOHOM IV, B CMeW8HHOW8HmO-HeMe~足 KO-l/>fl8M8H.tJ.CKOW apMMM KOTOporo H8C~MTb/B8flOCb T8K)I(e 11 Tb/Cfl~ Tfl)l(eflb/X K8BanepUCTOB, HO 38TO OKOflO 60 TbJCR~ nexoTbl. OnoH IVnpe.tJ.npuHRn nonbJTKY nepeKpbJTb ct>ununny II coo6weHue Me)l(l1y TypHu unapu)l(eM. t13o6pa3MB naHu~ecKoe 6ercTBo, ct>ununn II BbiHYP.Mn HeMe~足 KY/0 KOHHU~y K CKOponanuTeflbHOW 8T8Ke H8 paCKUHYBWeWCfl BOCTO~Hee bYBUH8 paBHUHe, TP.e lj>paH~Y3CK8fl K8BanepUfl .l1.0fl)I(H8 6blfl8 UMeTb npeuMywecTBo. OnoH IV, HeO)I(UP.BHHO 06Hapy)I(MB lj>paH~Y3CKYIO apMU/0 Bb/CTpOeHHOW 6oeBb/M nopR.tJ.KOM, cnewHo nocTpoun ceo10. ilcTOqHHKH CHJihHO rrpeyBeJIHquBaiOT CHJihl CTOpOH, HO COBepiiieHHO

B HaqaJie XIII BeKa<}>paHI.IY3CKH~

.siCHO YKa3hlBaiOT Ha npeBocxo.LI..sirn:ue CHJih10ITOHa. QqucJieHHOM rrpeBOC-

II ABrycT 3axBaTHJI

XO.LI.CTBe HeMQeB H HX COI03HHKOB

Koponh <l>unurrrr

P.s!A aHrJIH~CKHX BJia,r:J,eHH~ Ha KOHTH-

I'OBOp.siT He TOJihKO HCTOqHHKH, HO H

HeH-re, B TOM qucne HopMaH.LI.HIO H

.LI.e~cTBH.si OrroHa, KoTOphl~ Hacry-

P.s!A

rran H aTaKOBaJI, a Ta!OKe .LI.e~CTBH.si

KpyrrHhiX ropo.LI.OB, KOTOphle oH

IIpHBJieK Ha CBOIO CTOpOHY, .LI.aB HM

<l>unurrrra, KoTOphl~ OTcryrraJI, a 3a-

KOMM)'HaJihHhle rparvtOThl. B pe3JJih-

'reM.LI.aJI o6opOHH'reJihHhl~ 60~. <f>paH-

TaTe COI03a KOpOJieBCKO~ BJiaCTH C

l.IY3CKH~ KOpOJih peiiiHJI neperrpaBHTh

3AnA)J.HA$l EBPOnA C=:J KopoAe&CKHh -

AOMeH

225

OJ<OAO ll37r.

f p&RKJ,lbl 3eMeAb, 1faXO.lM81JJHXCJI n0.4

BA&CTblO f eHpHX8 nABKTBrCBCT& C 1152 r . fpaHJ<~bl rpa~Taa TyAyacJ<oro " """"Y"e AAb6HroRcKHX aollu (oJto..o 1196 r.)

120 . ..

•t::.::.::=::i::=::f:;::~

.o·.

:s:

oBgproc

. . . . . . . . .c.... . . . .

j1 1l

···.\. ... \ •. TeppHTOPHif, oxn3qcnwa11 noccTaHHeM ,naCTYWKOB" 8

1251

HanpaoAeHIHI ABK~euuR r pex _ _ _.. r AaBHbiX OTp$1,400 110DCTaH!,AC8

!te.

KpynHbiC ropoAa, 6 KOTOpbiX no6bl·

saAH noocTaHy_bl

MecTo ·nOAaBAeHHJI

,. "

ocHORHhlX cHA

BAaAeRHR

npHuuea KopoAeBCKOr·o

AOM

008CTaH\.lt&

fpaHH~bl KOpOACUCTBa Cl>paHUHH - - - K J337r. TeppHTopHH,npKcoeAHHCHKbiC •

c=J HHeM

KOpOACUCKOMy AOMeHy ( C YKa38· A3T)

<l>paH!41U' 8 XII-Ha"fane XIV 88.

0p04He cpeOA8AMfhlC BA8,(eHHH, UC 80• UJCAtUHe D COCTaS KOpOAeBC )(OrO AOMetta

8A84CHHR aHrAHqall

Cl>p&HUKH K

13:J7r. ~ TcppHTOPHH, opeMettHO axoAHBWHe s ( _ J COC T3 tl ttOpOACBCTua Cl>paHIJHH

226

anoXA MOHronos. 1200-1400 rr.

sot:icKo Ha JieBhlt:i 6eper peKH MapKa. Kor,u_a asaHrap,u, 6h1JI y)Ke Ha ,u,pyroM 6epery peKH, nocTynHJIO ,u,oHeceHHe o npH6JIH)KeHHH npoTHBHHKa. Tor,u_a <DHJIHnn H3MeHHJI csoe perneHHe H npHKa3aJI CTpOHTI> 6oeBOH nop.si,U,OK Ha npaBOM 6epery peKH; npaBhlt:i 4lJiaHr- phluapH repuora BypryHACKoro H KOMMyHaJII>Ha.si MHJIHUHH; UeHTp- 4>paHUY3CKHe phluapH, <DHJIHnn co cBHTot:i H KOMMYHaJII>Ha.si MHJIHUHSI; JieBhlt:i 4lJiaHr- KOMMYHaJII>Ha.si MHJIHUHH ropO.D,OB H 6peTOHCKHe )KaH.D,apMhl; 06I.l.IHI:i pe3epB- 150 KOHHhlX cep)KaHTOB, oxpaHHBlllHX MOCT y BysHHa. 0TTOH, BHAHMO, paCC<JHThlBaJI HanaCTI> Ha4>paHUY30B Ha Mapme, HO YBHAeJI nepe,u, co6ot:t rorosoro K 6o10 npoTHBHHKa. Bee )Ke oH pernHJI aTaKOBaTI>. Bot:icKo repMaHcKoro HMnepaTopa pa3Bepr1>1BaJIOCI> c Maprna H, KaK BHAHO, scrynano B 6ot:t Heo,u,HospeMeHHO. Ero 6oesot:i nopSIAOK 6h1JI cJie,u,yiOI.l.IHM: npas1>1t:i 4lJiaHr- aHrJIHt:iCKHe JIY<JHHKH H phlUapCKa.si KOHHHUa, UeHTp - HeMeUKa.si nexoTa; BO BTOpot:i JIHHHH - 6payHrnBet:ircKHe )KaH,u_apMI>l H OrroH co csoet:i CBHTOt:i: JieBhlt:i 4lJiaHI'- 4>JiatvtaH.D,CKHe pi>lUapH: 06I.l.IHI:i pe3epB- CaKCOHCKa.si nexOTa, pacnoJio)KeHHa.si 3a ueH'rpoM 6oesoro nop.s~,u,Ka. TaKHM o6pa3oM, 6oeBhle nopSI.D,KH npOTHBHHKOB npe,u_CTaBJI.liJIH co6ot:i CO<JeTaHHe pi>lUapCKOt:i KOHHHUhl CneXOTOH. IloJieM 6o.si .siBJI.siJiaCI> OTKpi>ITa.si paBHHHa, OKpy)KeHHa.si 6oJioTatvtH. IIo3HUHH 4>paHuy3cKoro BOt:iCKa.D,OMHHHpOBaJia Ha.)J, pacnOJIO)KeHHeM BOt:iCK 0TTOHa. <DJiaHI'H 4>paHUY30B 6h1JIH npHKphlThl 6oJIOTHCTOt:iAOJIHHot:i peKH MapKa, B H3JIY<JHHe KOTOpot:i <DHJIHnn nocTpOHJI CBOe BOt:iCKO.

26 ~10Jls:l1214 r. 6~TBA nP~ 6 YB~HE. ATBKY </JpaH~Y3CKow nexoTb/ </JflBMBH,aCK!Iie IIi HeMe~K!Iie KOneW~!IiK!Ii OTP83!1ifl!li. noKa 48CTb ero

Kaeanepuu oTeneKana Ha <PnaHrax maBHbJe cunbl repMaHcKow, ct>ununn pa3 38 p830M 6pocan OCTBflbHY/0 CB0/0 KOHH!Ii~Y HB ~eHTp BpB)I(eCK010 nocTpoeHMR, noKa He npopean o6opoHy. O.aHoepeMeHHO Ha npaBOM </JnaHre </JpaH~Y3CK8R KBBanepMR no.a KOMBH,aOBBH!IieM pb!~BpR-

611TB3 np116yB11He

IOCn!liTBflbepa rapeHa OTOIH8fl8 4McneHHO npeeocxo.aR~Me cunbl npoTMBHMKa. XoTR ucxo.a 6MTBbl ocTaeancR e~e Heonpe.aeneHHbJM, OTTOH IV 6e)l(an c nonR 6oR, 4TO no3BOnuno ct>ununny II AerycTy onRTb cocpe.aoT04MTb YC!Iifl!lifl HB npaBOM <PnaHre npoTMBHMKa, r.ae oco6eHHO OTfl!li4!1iflCR He60flbWOW BHm!liWCK!IiW OTpR,a, IIi BCKOpe OKOH48TeflbHO ero CMRTb. ct>paH~Y3bJ o.aep)l(an!lf pewuTeflbHY/0 no6e,ay, B pe3yflbT8Te KOTOpow Koanu~MR pacnanacb, a no3M~MM <Pvinunna II AeryeTa 38MeTHo yKpenunucb.

ITo onucaHHSIM cospeMeHHHKOB, 6ot:i 3aBSI3aJI npashlt:i 4lJiaHr 4>PaHUy30B no,u_ KOMaH.D,OBaHHeM repuora BypryHACKoro. ATaKa 4>paHUY30B 6hlJia oTpa)KeHa. fepuor BypryHACKHt:i npHBeJI B nop.si,U,OK CBOHX pi>lUapet:i H CHOBa noBeJI HX B aTah.')', HO 4>JiatvtaHAUI>l KOHTpaTaKOJ;i OIIpOKHHyJIH npaBhlt:i 4lJiaHI' 4>paHUY30B H CTaJIH pa3BHBaTh csot:i ycnex. B 3TO speMH c Jiesoro 6epera peKH MapKa no,u_ornJia KOMMYHaJII>Ha.si MHJIHUHSI 6h1BlllHt:i aBaHrap,u_, KOTOphlt:i B03BpaI.l.laJICSI CIO.D,a no npH Ka3aHHIO <DHJIHIIna. CoMKHyTot:i KOJIOHHOI:i MHJIHUHSI HaHecJia 4>JiaHroBI>lt:i y,u,ap 4>JiaMaHACKHM phlUapSIM H onpOKHHyJia HX. fpa4l <DJiaH.D,pCKHJ;i 6h1JI B3SIT B nJieH, a ero phluapH 6pocHJIHCI> 6e)KaTI>. fepuor BypryHACKHt:i npHBeJI csot:i OTPHA B nop.siAOK H nocnernHJI Ha no-

MOI.l.lh ueHTPY 6oesoro nopSI,u,Ka 4>paHUY30B. B ueHTpe HeMUJ>l aTaKOBaJIH 4>paHUY3CKHX phlUapet:i, onpoKHHYJIH HX, npo6HJIHCJ> K CBHTe <DHJIHnnaH nepe6HJIH ee, acaMoro 4>paHUY3CKoro KopoJISI c6HJIH c Jiorna,qH. Ho <DHJIHnn TaK xoporno 61>m 3aKOBaH B )KeJie30, 'ITO ero He MOI'JIH nopa3HTh. B 3TO sper.m no,u_ocnena KOMMYHaJIJ>Ha.si MHJIHUHSI, pernHBllla.si HCxo,u_ 6oSI Ha csoeM npasoM 4lJiaHre, H 4lJiaHI'OBhlM y,u_apoM o6paTHJia HeMUeB B 6ercTBO. Ha JieBoM 4lJiaHre 4>paHUY3CKot:i apMHH rpa4> ByJioHCKHt:i aTaKOBaJI MHJIHUHIO IInKap,u,HH H IIIarvmaHH H CTaJI TeCHHTJ> ee. KpoMe CBOHX pi>lUapet:t, rpa4> ByJioHCKHt:i HMeJI OKOJIO 700 nelllHX HaeMHHKOB- 6pa6aHTUeB, KOTOphlX OH noC1pOHJI KOJII>UOM. B 3TOT Kpyr phluapH BXOAHJIH AJIS! TOro, <JT061>1 npHBeCTH ce6SI B nop.si,U,OK H OTAOXHYTI>. IIexOTa, omeTHHHBllla.siC.si KOni>HMH, CJIY)KHJia npHKphlTHeM.D,JISI p1>1Uapet:i, KOTOphle BeJIH 6ot:t. Ho MHJIHUHSI so I'JiaBe CeiiHCKOnOM ropo,u_aBOB3 aTaKOBaJia 6pa6aHTUeB H paccTpOHJia HX pS!.D,I>l. IlpH61>1BlllHe Ha nOMep)KKY MHJIHUHH cep)KaHTI>l nepe6HJIH 6pa6aHTUeB, a CaMOI'O rpa4la B3SIJIH B nJieH. OrroHy e,u_sa YAaJIOCJ> cnacTHCJ> 6ercTBoM. Co103 KopoJieBcKot:i BJiacTH c ropo,u,arvm o6ecne<JHJI 4>PaHUy3aM no6e,u_y Ha.)J, HeMuaMH, a TeM caMhlM H Ha.)J, aHrJIH<JaHaMH. IIo6e,u_ot:t npH ByBHHe 3aKpenJISIJIHCJ> 3aBoeBaHHSI H ynpo<JHB3JICSI COI03 4>paHUY3-

3AnA)J.HA$l EBPOnA CKOI'O KOpOJili C ropO.Ll,aMH, MHJIHUHli KOTOphlX HrpaJia KpyrrHyiO pOJII> B 6010. Ilo6e.LJ,e <J>paHUY30B Ha)J. 'lHCJieHHO rrpeBOCXO.LJ,HBIIIHM IIpOTHBHHKOM CIIOC06CTBOBa.JIO TaJOKe B3aHMO.LJ,eJ:iCTBHe COCTaBHhlX <JaCTeJ:i 6oeBoro IIOp.lJ,AKa <J>paHUY3CKOI'O BOJ:iCKa H B3aHMO.LJ,eJ:iCTBHe MHJIHUHH ropO.Ll,OB C phluapCKOJ:i KOHHHUeJ:i.

1223-1226 rr. UAPCTBOBAH"'E JliOAOB"'KA VIII. no~nt Ha eceM nponvKeHMM ceoero KoporKoro npaeneH!IIR OH eoeean c aHmM~a HaMM V/3 -3a 3eMenb, fle)l(all.lMX /OTO3ana.aHee JlyapbJ. O.aep)l(aB noHa~a ny pR.a no6e.a, OH 3areM norepfl!l ece 3aBOeBaHHOe B AKBV/TaH!II!II, HO 3aKpenMflCR B nyary, flMMY3eHe VInep!llrope.

1226-1270 rr. UAPCTBOBAH"'E JliOAOB"'KA IX CBS1TOrO. bOflbWe .tJ,eCRTV/fleTMR, noKa Jl/0.[1,0BMK IX He .aocr111r coeepweHHone-

T!IIR ( 1226-1234 rr.), pereHrwew 6bma ero MaTb, Koponeea 6naHKa KaCTV/flbCKaR. 3a 9TO epeMR ew npMWflOCb no.tJ,aBV/Tb HeCKOflbKO MRTe)l(ef;i KpynHbiX cpeo.aanoe ( 1226-1231 rr.). KpoMe roro, oHa nono)l(!lfna KOHe~ Anb6Mroi4cKMM eoi4HaM. CaM JliO.tJ,OB!IIK CeRrow o.aep)l(an no6e.ay Ha.a rpacpoM .ae na MapweM, np111 no.a.aep)I(Ke aHrn!ll~aH Bb/CTynMBWVIM npOT!IIB KOpOflR ( 1242 r.), a enocne.acrBM!II no ycnoe!IIRM .aoroeopa, nono)I(MBwero KOHe~ srow pacnpe, nony~Mn enacrb Ha.a HopMaH.tJ,!IIew, AH)I(Y, Me HOM /(/ nyary ( 1259 r. ). Oco6eHHO orn!II~MBWMWCR e .aeyx KpecroBb/X noxo.aax, J110.aoeMK RBnRn co6oi4 eonnoll.leHMe pbJ~apcKow .ao6necr!ll 111 C!llflbl. OH 6bm cnoco6Hb!M npaeMreneM, a raK)I(e noMCT!IIHe CBRTb/M ~enoBeKOM, VI KaHOHV/3!11poBaH enonHe 3acn}')KeHHO. OH .ao6!1/ncR ~acr!II~Horo ycnexa e 3anpe-

227 ll.leH!IIVI BHyrpeHH!IIX BOWH Me)l(.tJ,y cf>e o.aanaM M.

1242-1243 rr. BO"'HA C AHrll"'E"'. no6e.tJ,MB B 6!1/TBe Ha CeHe (1242 r.), JliO.tJ,OBVIK 0Tpa3Mfl BTOp)l(eHMe reHpMXa Ill !II 3aeoeean no~TVI ec10 AKB!IITaH!II/0 c rpacpcreoM Tyny3CK!IIM.

1270-1285 rr. UAPCTBOBAH"'E "'Jl"'nnA Ill OTBA)f(HOrO. OH np!llcoe.aMHMn K KopoHe rpacf>creo Tyny3cKoe ( 1271 r.). np111 no.a.aep)I(Ke nanbl 4:>Mn!llnn Ill eroprcR e AparoH, nbJTaRcb cMecrMTb c rpoHa OTny~eHHOTO OT ~epKBVI ne.apo Ill AparoHcKoro, KoropbJW e pe3ynbrare «C!II~!IIfl!IIWCKOW ee~epH!II» ( CM. H!lf)l(e) oena.aen C!II~MnMew, Meo3een Ha npecron co6creeHHoro Cb/Ha Kapna Banya(1284 r.). O.aHaKo AparoHCKMW «KpeCTOBb/W nOXO.ll,» 3aeepWV/flCR Hey.aa~ew- 4:>Mn!llnn Ill Orea)I(HbiW 6bm Haronoey pa3rpoMneH !II BCKOpe yMep.

BblcryMeHHe niOAOBHKa IX npoTHB rpa<t>a Ae na Mapwa. <PpaH"'Y3CKaH MHHHaTIOpa XV a.

anoXA MOHronos. 1200-1400 rr.

228

BH3HT 3AyapAa I K HnHnny IV KpacHBOMy. MHHHaTJOpa 6onbWHX <l>paH~Y3CKHX xpoHHK. Ha'fano XV a.

1285-1314 rr. 1..\APCTBOBA-

MBH/l,OBBHMeM BMnbrenbMa )I(Mnbe

BHJIJHlHH norecTsyer o TOM, KaK

IV KPACVIBOfO.

38HflflM o6opOHMTeflbHYIO n03M~M/O

HeBepOHTHO rop.LJ,bl 6h1JIH ipJI3};1aH,!J,l.lbl

/),efiTeflbHbli!t M B Bb/CWei!t CTeneHM

H8 60flOTMCTOM, M306MflYIOI.l.leM K8-

csoe~ no6e.LJ,o~ npH Kyprpe, H roso-

o.aapeHHbJi!t npaeMrenb, oH o4eHb

H8fl8MM y4acrKe. Kor.aa HM ¢paH-

pHT, qro nocJie Hee OAHH ipJiaMaH.LJ,el.l

YCMflMfl KOponeBCKY/0 Bfl8CTb M pac-

~Y3CKMM neXOTMH~BM, HM ap6aner-

C ro.LJ,eH.LJ,aroM B pyKax peiiiHJICJl 6bi

WMPMfl BflB.ll,eHMfl KOPOHbl.

4MK8M He y.aanocb noKone6arb MX

npoTHBOCTOJITb ABYM KOHHhiM phii.Ia-

1294-1298 rr. B0171HA C SAYAPAOM I, KOPOJ1EM AHff1VIVI.

o6opOHbl, B 8T8KY 6e3p8CCY/l,HO,

pHM. OH .LJ,aer no.LJ,po6Hoe onncaHHe

npfiMO 4epe3 co6crBeHHYIO nexory,

cpiDKeHHJI. <DJia};taHAI.Ibieme oc3.iK)l.a-

Pewa/OI.l.lero nepeeeca He y.aa-

6pOCMflMCb ¢paH~Y3CKMe KOHHb/e

JIH 3aHJITbie ippaHI.IY33};1H 3aMKH Kac-

nocb /l,06MTbCfl HM 0/l,HOi!t M3 CTO-

pbJ~apM, B03maBnfleMbJe rpa¢oM Po6epoM.a'Aprya. BenMKoe MHO)I(e-

CeJib H KypTpe, Kor.LJ,a Ha noMOIUb

poH. noBO/l,OM /l,flfl BOWHbl nocny)I(Mfl cnop M3-38 AKBMTBHCKOi!t npo-

creo ¢paH~}'3CKMX Tf/)l(eflb/X KOHHM-

ippaHI.IY3CKaJI apMHll llOA KOMaHAO~

HVIE

<t>VIf1V~nnA

BMH~MM IMeHb. B

1295

OCa:>K.LJ,eHHhiM llO,[J,OIIIJia 60JiblllaJI

ro.ay 4JM-

KOB 38Bf/3flM B 6onore, M ¢naM8H-

reHepaJI-KanHTaHa rpaipa A' Aprya,

KpacMBbJi!t 38Kfl/04Mn c

/l,CKMe KOnei!tl.l.lMKM ycTpOMflM HB-

3JITJI KOpOJIJl <D HJIHnna.

WomaH.aMei!t co/03, MMeewMi!t .aa-

CTOfll.l.lY/0 6oi!tHIO. no OKOH48HMM

BBHAY 3TOro ipJiaMaHAI.Ihi CHJIJIH

neKo M/l,YI.l.lMe nocne.acrBMfl M .anfl

cpa)l(eHMfl OHM /l,OflTO CpbJB8flM C

oca.LJ,y KacceJIJI H cocpe.LJ,OTO"'HJIH see

nMnn

4JpaH~MM, M .anfl WornaH.ll,MM, M

o6yBM CBOMX )l(epTB 30fl0Tb/e wno-

CBOH CHJihi llOA Kyprpe, JKHTeJIH KO-

pbl; /1,0 CeMMCOT 9TMX CMMBOflOB

TOporo TaiOY.e npHC0e.LJ,HHHJIHCb K.LJ,BH-

e CeeepHy/0 4JpaH~M/O ¢paH~Y3bl

pbJ~apcKoi!t.ao6necrM 6bmo pa3Be-

:>KeHHIO. Aprya no.LJ,OIIIeJI K ropoAy,

OT6MflM.

waHo noroM Ha creHax co6opa B

HeCOMHeHHO llOJiaraJI,

1300-1302 rr. B0306HOB-

Kyprpe, M3-3a 4ero cpa)l(eHMe 9TO

llOJIBJieHHe BhiHYAHT ipJiaMaH.LJ,CKOe

f1EHVIE B0171Hbl C AHff1VIE171 VI <t>f1AHAPVIE171. KynbMMHB~Mei!t

48CTO H83b/B8/0T «bMTBOi!t 30fl0Tb/X

rp3.iK,!l.aHCKoe OllOJI"'eHHe OTC'l)'llHTb H

wnop». (EI.l.le o.aHa«6MTBa wnop»).

9TOi!t BOWHbl, B XO.ll,e KOTOpoi!t .ll,0-

3ro 6bma nepeafl B Cpe.aHMe BeKa

CHJITb ocap;y 3aMKa. Ho ipJiaMaHAI.IaM 6h1JIO JICHO, "'TT eCJIH OHH XOTJIT cnac-

6MTbCfl pewa/OI.l.lero nepeeeca HM

no6e.aa neXOTHOi!t apMMM H8/1, K8B8-

TH CBOIO crpaHy, TO OHH ,[J,OJI:>KHhi 6y-

0/l,HOi!t M3 CTOPOH TBK M He Y/1,8fl0Cb,

nepMei!t, HO MCTOPM4eCKOe 3H84e-

AYT cpa:>KaTbCJI, H OHH peiiiHJIH npH-

.anfl AHmMM. Brop)l(eHMe 3.ayap.aa

q'J'Q

O.LJ,HO ero

f/BMflCfl COKpyWMTeflbHbli!t pa3rpoM

HMe ee He CTOflb BeflMKO BBM/l,Y cne-

HJITb cpiDKeHHe HMeHHO 3,[1,eCb, nepe.LJ,

¢naMBH/l,CKoi!t nexoroi!t ¢paH~Y3-

~M¢M4HOCTM YCflOBMi!t. /),ByMfl TO-

Kyprpe. EcJIH 6hl OHH OTC'l)'llHJIH H

cKoi!t Tf/)l(enoi!t KOHHM~bl B 6MTBe

.aaMM no3)1(e ¢paH~Y3CKMe pbJ~apM

pacnycTHJIH CBOIO apMHIO, TO ippaHI.Iy-

npM Kyprpe (

M/Oflfl

1302 r.).

4Jfl8M8H/l,CKMe KOnei!tl.l.lMKM n0/1, KO-

B3flnM peeaHw npM MoHc-aH-neBene (

1304 r.).

3hi He TOJibKO OCB060.LJ,HJIH 6hl 3aMOK H pa30pHJIH paBHHHY, HO, B03MO:>KHO,

3AnA)J.HA~ n 33XB:ITHJIH ohl ropo,l\a, ,l\IDKe BpiOrre, nocKOJlhK)' on oh1Jl cna6o yKpenneH. 0Hn Mornn s eme 6onhweA c-reneHH , qeM HeKO!Jl.a nepcbl B ATI'HKe, paccqHThJBaTh HaCTOpOHHHKOB cpe,l\H caMoro HacenentHI. KpenKHA 3aMoK (HJ1H UHTa,ll.eJlb) KypTpe, KOTOphlH <J>paHUY3hl XOTeTIH OCBOOO,l\HTh OT oca,l\hl, HaxO,l\HJlCSI B CesepHOM yrny ro po,l\aHa peKe J1nc (Lys), TaK>Ke KaK H CaM ropOA, Ha npaBOM IO>KHOM 6epery ee. ,[(JlSI Toro, tJTOOhl 3aKphlTh AOCryn K UHTaJl.eJlH, <J>naMaHAUbl llOCTpoHJlHCh Henocpe,l\CTBeHHO nepeA HeR, 33HSIB yron M~Y ropO,l\OM H peKOH. Cnpasa oT HHX OhlJl npo,l\onroBaThlH H Y3KHit ropoA, npocTnpaswnitcSI BAOJlb peKH Ha 10r, cnesa - ne)[{lllllnit y peKH MOHaCThlpb, cnepe,ll.H - AOBOJlbHO rnyoOKHit pyqeit fpeHHHreH, 6epera Komporo qacTRqHo OhlJ1H 6oJlOTHCThlMH. 1103HUHSI He ,l\OfiYCKaJla OTCTYnJieHHSI: s cJiyqae nopa>KeHHSI ropCDKane oh1Jln ohl c6poweHhl BpeKY, HaxO,l\HBWYIOCSI ReDOCpe,l\CTBeHHO B ThlJlY HX;JliO,l\H, npHIUIBWHe ~Cb Cpa >KeHHe, peWHJIH DOOe,l\HTb HJlH yMepeTb. Hx noc-rpoenne onncbiBaeTCSI KaK «OoeBM JlHHHSI, oqeHb ,l\JlHHHaSI H nnoTRM»; «noc-rpoeHHble BOAHY posHYIO JlHHHIO n C.l\BHHYThleTecHo, c coMKHYThlMH pSJAaMH»; «ropo)KR}Ie o6pa3osann OAHY eAHHCTBeHHYIO 6oeBYIO nHHHIO, Bhlcnas snepe,u. c-rpenKos, 3aTeM JliO,l\eit C KODbSIMH H >KeJle3HhlMH Ay6uHaMn nonepeMeHHO, 3aTeM ocTanbHhlX» (Genealogia Com. F1andrensium), «serrementetespessement ordonnes» (xpoRnKa CeH-,[(3HH). TaKHM o6pa3oM, nocTpoeHne 6omo <J>naHroo6pa3Hoe H B ,l\JlHHY HMeJIO, oqeBHAHO, MHHHMYM 600 M, a MO>KeT ohlTh n eme 6onowe; He ocooeHHo MHoroqncneHHhle c-rpenKu pacchlnaJlHCb nepe.l\ <J>poHToM; rnasHM Macca oh1Jla soopY>KeHa nuKaMH H ro,l\efl.l\araMH (pa3HOBH,l\HOCTb ane6ap,l\bl) H TMhKO qacTnqno - o6opoHHTeJ1bHhlM opy)f(HeM. 06a KOMaHAYIOIUHX rpa<J>a H HX CBHTa - npuMepHO 10 KOHHhlX pbiUapeH - cneWHJlHCb H RTlHJlHCb B <J>ananry, TaK tJT0 HH 0,!\HH sonH He ohln sepxoM. ITpenS!TCTBHe nepeA <J>pOHTOM- fpeHHHieH, HMeIOIUHit, no coo6meHHIO xpoHHKH Bnnnann, 5 noKTeit B wuputiy H 3 noKTII B rnyonHy, ohlno eme HCKYCCTBeHHo

EBPOnA

229

6HTBa. MHHHaTIOpa 6H611Hif M ai.IHeacKOro

CPAJKE H11 E npH KYPTPE 11 HIOJIJt 1302 r. 500

soo

IOOOW

ere11m

• "iSJ

<> o

<3>.13M3HIICKHC OO.::t~eltUbl: nexora

ny~tHtkll

•

<l>paHUpCKOe BOiiCKO: pb1U3;>CKaR KOHHI!Ua

Bon~blt liMb!

1\ 0

K oH rpy.napbl cjlna Matt.I!CK HX onon~eHues

o<>.J

......_~

OrpaJKeHtte BblnaJKit

Uy3C KOr O rapH IIJOHa

cjlpaH·

P. I

o Sp~ze ,IJ.PUJI

MeTanbi.UIIKU .lj»ntKOB (611110n11j

p= =v HanpasneHIIll y11a pos II OTXOA ~ cjlpaHuyJcKux pt.~uapeR _,.

3° 8..1

ap6a:teT~Itklt

230

anoXA MOHronos. 1200-1400 rr. IIpH 3TOM pa30pHTI> CTpaHy. 0,~J,HaKO, rapHH30H UHTa)l.eJIH KypTpe, oqeBHAHo, ,[I,OJIJKeH 6hiJI 61>1 TeM BpeMeHeM c,~J,aThca,

H B TO BpeMa, KaK ycrrex APY-

rHx MaHeBpOB 6hiJI 6hl COMHHTeJII>HI>IM, II06e,[l,a Ha3TOM yqacTKe O,ll,HHM yAapoM pernHJia 61>1 HCXOA BOJ;iHI>I H YHH<fi'OlKHJia 61>1 Bpara. IIwmMy Aprya pernHJI HacryrraTh. BrrepeAH IllJIH reHY33CKHe ap6an:erqHKH H HCIIaHCKHe MeTaJII>lllHKH APOTHKOB, 3a HHMH CJie,[I,OBaJIH OTp$1,[1,1>1 pi>IuapeJ;t; He6oJII>rnoJ;t oTpaA ocTasan:ca B pe3epBe. Ap6aJieTqHKH H MeTaJII>lllHKH,ll,pOTHKOB IIOrHaJIH HerrpH$1'reJII>CKHX C1peJIKOB H o6CTPeJIHBaJIH <}>an:aHry, CTOHBillyiO, O'IeBH,ll,HO, Herrocpe,ll,CTBeHHO 3arpeHHHreHOM. Hx oro HI> 6hiJI HaCTOJII>KO 3<}><}>eKTHBeH, 'ITO <}>aJiaHra He Mom aero BhiAepJKaTI>, HO rpa<}>aM yAaJIOCI> OTBeCTH ee B rropa,ll,Ke HeMHOfO Ha3a,[l,. IIeperrpaBHTI>C$1 qepe3 rpeHHHreH ,[I,JI$1 II pecJie,[I,OBaHH$1 <}>JiaMaH,[I,UeB Ha ApyroM 6epery <}>paHUY3CKHe CTpeJIKH He MOrJIH, TaK KaK HM yrpOiKaJia 61>1 orracHOCTI> KOHTpaTaKH. IIo3TOMY rpa<}> A' Aprya rro,~J,aJI cHrHaJI ap6aJierqHKaM OTXO,[I,HTI>, a p1>1UapaM aTaKoBaTI>; BBHAY Toro, 'ITO HerrpHHTeJII>CKaa IIeXOTa ,ll,OCTaTO'IHO

,~J,a

JieKO OTC'I)'IIHJia OT rrperraTCTBH$1 rrepe,ll, <}>pOHTOM, OH MOr Ha,[l,eaTI>C$1, 'ITO KOHHHUa rreperrpaBHTC$1 qepe3 pyqeJ;t H Ha ApyroM 6epery 6yAeT HMeTI> MecTo AJia pa36era. XoTII oTXOA cTpeJIKOB CKB031> P.lJAI>1 aTacyiOlllHX p1>1UapeJ;t BI>13BaJI HeKOTOp1>1J;i 6eCIIOp.$IAOK H Koe-KTO H3 reHy33UeB 6hiJI IIOTOIITaH, O,ll,HaKO IIpH COBMeCTHhiX ,~J,eJ;tcTBHax 3THX poAOB BoJ;icK

6HTBa npa.t KypTpe («6HTBa 3onoTbiX wnop»}. MHHHaTtopa 6onbWHX <l>p3HL\Y3CKHXXpoHHK. CepeAHHa xva.

TaKOe HBJieHHe, IIOJKaJiyJ;t, IIO<fi'H BCer,[l,a HMeJIO MeCTO H HHCKOJII>KO He MOfJIO IIOBJIHHTh Ha pa3BHTHe H HC-

ycJmeHO BO.Jl'II>HMH $1MaMH H, BepOHT-

ro 6oJ;tua, IIOH$1JI, <fi'O II03HUH$1 rrpo-

HO, ymy6JieHHeM MeJIKHX MeCT.

THBHHKa O'IeHI> KperrKa H 'ITO ee

0AHH OTPHA, IIOA KOMaH,~J,oJ;t oco-

HeJII>3$1 HH aTaKOBaTI> C <}>pOHTa, HH

XOA cpalKeHH$1. Ho

ryT rrpoH30illJIO He<fi'o

HOBoe

H COBeprneHHO HeCJihiXaHHOe: B TOT

6eHHO OIII>1THOrO B BOeHHOM ,[l,eJie

o6oJ;tTH c <}>JiaHroB. HecKOJII>KO AHeJ;t

MOMeHT, KOr,[l,a p1>1UapH IIpHroTOBH-

phluapa HoraHHa <}>oH PeHecce, cTo-

OH BI>DKH,[I,aJI, paCIIOJIOiKHBillHCI>Jiare-

JIHCI> coBeprnHTI> TPYAHYIO rreperrpa-

aJI B pe3epBe II033)l.H <}>aJiaHrH. ,[{py-

peM B qeTBepTH MHJIH IOJKHee ropo-

BY qepe3 pyqeJ;t, rrpH<IeM 3TOMY Me-

roJ;t 0Tp.$IA, COCTOHBIIIHJ;i H3 ropmKaH

,~J,a:

rnan:H Te'IeHHe BO,ll,I>I, 60JIOTHCTOCTI>

Hrrpa, 6hiJI o6pameH rrpoTHB UHTa)l.e-

OCMeJI$1TCH CpiDKaThCH Ha II03HUHH,

6eperOB H COOpYJKeHHI>1e <}>JiatvtaH,[I,Ua-

JIH, ,~J,a6hl rapHH30H ee He CMOr BO

He ,[l,aiOllleJ;t B03MOlKHOCTH OTC'I)'-

MH HcKyccTBeHHI>Ie rrperrHTCTBHa,

BpeMH 6oa HaiiaCTI> <}>an:aHre B ThiJI.

IIHTh? IIpaB,~J,a, <}>paHUY3CKHJ;i rroJIKO-

HerrpHaTeJII>CKaa <}>an:aHra BApyr 3a-

HeYJKeJIH ropmKaHe B caM oM AeJie

rpruj> A'Aprya, KOTOporo OIIHChi-

BOAeu CMOr 6hl BhiHYAHTh HX OTOJ;i-

rneBeJIHJiacl>, 6pocHJiacl> BrrepeA H,

BaiOT KaK MyJKeCTBeHHOfO, B Il$1TH

TH, orrepHpya rrpoTHB Hrrpa HJIH He-

py6a H KOJI$1, KHHyJiaCI> Ha p1>1UapeJ;t.

HJIH IlleCTH CpiDKeHHSIX HCIIhiTaHHO-

rrocpeACTBeHHO rrpoTHB Bp10rre, H

IIocJieAHHe BPHA JIH 61>1JIH B cocma-

3AnA)J.HA$l EBPOnA HHH yno1pe6HTh CBoe Op)')KHe H y)K

neXOThl ycnelllHO MOryT npOTIIBOCTO-

BO BC.siKOM CJiyqae He MOrJIH npHMe-

liTb pbiUapCKOit KOHHHUe H .Ll,IDKe KOH-

HHTh CBOIO HaCTO.sii.I.IYIO CHJIY -

TpaTaKOBaTb ee.

Ha-

231 K8ccene ( 1328 r.), 4>ununn VI cHoB8 eepHyn 4>n8H.O.PMIO no.a <f>P8H~Y3cKuiii KOHTPOflb.

1337-1453 rr. CTOJ1ETHS1S1

TIICK CBOHX TIIJKeJlhlX 6oeBhlX KOHeit,

EoeBoJ;I nopli.Ll.OK <PJiaMaH.Ll,UeB

6Jiaro.Ll,ap.s~ KOTOPOMY OHM o6hl'!HO pac-

OKa3a.JIC.si CllOC06HhlM K MaHeBpy Ha

BO~HA.

ceHBa.JIH H C6HBa.JIH HenpHsrreJibCKYIO

noJie 6oll. ~a.JiaHra cyMeJia B nop.si.Ll.-

nexory. HecoMHeHHO, o6a <l>JiaH.Ll,pc-

Ke OTCl)'llHTh, "'TT6bi BhlJ;ITH H3 no-

1358 r. :>KAKEPLt1S1. 3ro 6bmo KPOB8BOe KpeCTbf/HCKOe BOCCT8HY!e c ~eHrpoM B .aonMHe peKM Y83bl K ceeepy or n8pmK8, no.a8eneHHoe o6be.O.MHeHHbiMM ycMnMRMM <f>p8H~Y3CKMX 68pOHOB BO m8Be C H8B8ppCKMM np8BMreneM K8pnoM 113nbiM.

KHX rprupa npe.Ll,BapJITeJibHO npOHHCT-

piDKaeMOJ;I 30Hbl, a 3aTeM CTpeMH-

pyKTIIpOBa.JIH CBOHX ropO)KaH B OTHO-

TeJibHO KOHTpaTaKOBaTb HacrynaB-

llieHHH 3TOit TaKTHKH H 'renepb CBOe-

lliYIO KOHHHUY. BbJ.Ll,eJIHB pesepBhl H

BpeMeHHO no.Ll,aJIH cHrHaJI. ITocJie

CBOeBpeMeHHO BBe.Ll,ll HX B 6oit, <l>Jia-

BblCl)'llJieHH.si CTpeJIKOB, "'HCJieHHO

MaH.Ll,Uhl CMOrJIH JIHKBH.Ll,HpOBaTb npo-

6e3yCJIOBHO npeBOCXO.Ll,HBIIlHX phlUa-

phlB UeHTpa<t>a.JiaHrH H OTpa3HTb Bhl-

peit, TaK '!TO K3.)K.Ll,blit phlUapb 6h1JI

Jia3KY rapHH30Ha3aMKa. TaKTH'!eCKaSI

aTaKOBaH O.Ll,HOBpeMeHHO MHOrHMH

my6HHa o6ecnet:IHJia ycmJ;It:IHBOCTb

cTpeJIKruvm, nocJie.Ll,HHe cpa3y C.Ll,eJia-

6oeBoro nop.si.Ll,Ka <PJiaMaH.Ll,UeB.

JIHCb I'OCllO.Ll,aMH llOJIOJKeHH.si H MaCCaMH y6HBa.JIH phlUapeit.

Y <l>JiaMaH.Ll,UeB

Cpa:>KeHHe npH Kyp1pe- O.Ll.HH H3 .Ll,OBOJlbHO pe.Ll,KHX HCTOpHt:IeCKHX

nepe.Ll. 6oeM 6h1JI

npHMepoB o6opOHH'reJlbHOI'O 6o.si, B

H3.Ll,aH npHKa3: f..'TO llOI.I.Ia.Ll,HT npOTHB-

KOTOpOM 6hlJia .Ll,OCTHrHyTa llOJIHall

HHKa HJIH ORJia.Ll,eeT .Ll,06hlt:Ieit .Ll,O KOH-

no6e.Ll,a.

ua cpa:>KeHH.si, .Ll,OJI)KeH 6h1Tb HeMe.Ll,JieHHO 3aKOJIOT CTO.sll.I.IHMH B6JIH3H BOHHaMH. ToJibKo B ueHTpe phluap.s~M Y.Ll.aJIOCb .Ll.OBOJibHO 6hlcTpo nepe6paThc.si qepe3 fpeHHHI'eH H n pHBhl'!-

1328-1350 rr. UAPCTBOBAHLt1E <PLt111Lt1nnA VI BAJlYA. OH 6bm nepBbiM <f>p8H~Y3CKMM KOponeM M3 .aoM8 88ny8. O.aep)I(8B no6e.ay npM

1364-1380 rr. UAPCTBOBAHLt1E KAPJlA V MYAPOfO. 6n8ro.a8PR co6creeHHbiM cnoco6HOCTRM M noMo~M T8Koro Bbi.0.810~erocR rocy.0.8pcreeHHoro M eoeHHoro .aeRrenR, K8K KOHHeT86nb 6eprp8H .0.10 leK!IeH, Kapny V y.a8nocb cn8cru crp8HY or KP8X8, H8 rp8HM Koroporo OH8 npe6b!B8n8 nocne roro, K8K npe.awecrBeHHMKM K8pn8 V- 4>ununn VI 88ny8 M l1o8HH II )J,o6pbliii ( ro.abl np8eneHMR 1350-1364 rr.) -norepnenu~enbliii PR.O. COKPYWMTeflbHbiX nop8)1(eHMiii. Pa.aMK8flbH8R MWMPOKOM8CWT86H8R

HhlM cnoco6oM aTaKoBaTb H oT6poCHTb HenpH.si'reJlbCKYIO <l>a.JiaHry. Ho B 31'0 BpeM.si B 6oit BCl)'llHJI OCTaRJieHHhlit Ha BC.siKHit CJiyqait <l>JiaMaH.Ll,CKHit pe3epB no.Ll, KOMaH.Ll,Oit HoraHHa <PoH PeHecce, KOTOphlJ;I H BOCCTaHOBHJI noJIO)KeHHe. 3Ta CXBaTKa TaK)Ke 3aKOH"'HJiaCb llOJIHhlM nopiDKeHHeM no6e)f<AaBlliHX BHat:IaJie pbiUapeit, TaK KaK HM CHOBa npHlliJIOCb nepenpaBHTbC.si Ha o6paTHhlit 6eper fpeHHHreHa, r.Ll,e <PJiruvtaH.Ll.Uhl JierKO HaCTHrJIH H pa36HJIH HX. CaM rprup .Ll.'ApryaxOTeJiliK06hl C.Ll,aThc.s~

O.Ll,HOMY BOHHCTBeHHOMY MOHaxy

BHJihn~Jibl'Yty H3 CIO<l>THHreHa, HO Ta.K KaK OH I'OBOpHJI no-<f>paHUY3CKH, TO <l>JiaMaH.Ll,Ubl KpHKHYJIH: «Mhl He noHHMaeM Te6.si!» H y6HJIH ero. Bh1Jla3Ka, npe.Ll,npHHliTall rapHH30HOM UHTa.Ll,eJIH, 6e3 Tpy.Ll,a 6blJia OTpiDKeHa cneuHa.JibHO .Ll.Jlll 3TOit UeJIH o6pa30BaHHhlM 3aCJIOHOM rp3.)K.Ll,aH ropo.Ll,a Hnpa. Pe3epB no.Ll, KOMaH.Ll.Oit CeH-IloJib, ocTaBJieHHhlJ;I rpa4>oM .Ll.'Aprya, 6h1JI He B COCTO.siHHH cnacTII HJIH llOMO'!b. B 3TOM 6o10 HOBaSI, xoporno opraHH30BaHHaSI nexoTaropo)KaH H KpecThliH pa36HJia phluapct..)'IO KOHHHUY. CTa.JIO .s~cHo, "'TT cnJiot:IeHHhle Macchl

MeJKAoycoGHaH ao~Ha ao <PpaH'-'1n1. XIV a.

anoXA MOHronos. 1200-1400 rr.

232

MO~epHM3a~M~ KOCHynacb BCeW <f>paH~Y3CKOW BOeHHOW CMCTeMbl.

Kapn V u KOHHeTa6nb ~/0 leK!IeH opraHM30Banu HOBble npo<f>eccuoH811bHble peryn~pHble no~pa3~eneHM~, B TOM '-mcne apTunnepuwcKue; no-HoBOMY ycTpOMflM KOMaH~OBaHMe; peopraHM30B8JIM <t>nor. BoKpyr napu%a 6b!nM B03Be~eHbl HOBble CTeHbl. 1364-1367 rr. BMEWATEJlb-

CTBO B KACH1JlbCKYIO fPA)f(AAHCKYIO BO~HY. KynbMMHa~uew ee ~Bunacb 6MTBa npu HaBaperre ( 1367 r.). 1380-1422 rr. UAPCTBOBA-

Hl-'IE KAPJlA VI 6E3YMHOfO. t133a ero coBepweHHO 6e3~apHoro npaBneHM~,

nepeMe%aeweroc~

npuna,aKaMM 6e3yMM~, M HenpepbiBHOTO ~aBneHM~ aHmM4aH (CToneTH~~ BOWHa) nepMO~ 3TOT OTMe4eH 60flbWOW KPOBb/0, 4aCTbiMM 6ecnop~~KaMM M 6yHTaMM.

1382 r. BOCCTAHl-'IE BO <t>JlAHM~Te%HMKM BO maBe c ct>ununnoM BaH ApTeBenb~e 6bmM pa3rpoMneHbl <f>paH~Y3CKOW apMMew B pa3BepHyBWeWC~ 27 H0~6p~ 6urBe npu Poc6eKe(unu Po3e6eKe). 3~eCb COpOKaTbiC~4HOe <f>naMaHk cKoe onon4eHue noHa'lany cnerKa noTeCHMflO <f>paH~Y30B, KOTOpbiMM KOMaH~oBan Kapn VI, HO 3aTeM OHM 6b!nM OT6poweHbl aTaKOW <f>paH~y3-

APl-'ll-1.

061.4Dtt

CKOW KOHHM~bl Ha <f>naHrax M o6paTMflMCb B 6ercTBO. MHorue TbiC~4M <t>naMaH~~eB, u caM BaH ApTeeenb~e B TOM 4Mcne, noru6nu Ha none 6o~, a Ta/OKe BO epeM~ nocne~oBaB wero npecne~oBaHM~.

Cpa}f(eHv.e npv. Po3e6eKe (Po36eKe), 27 HOS16pSI 1382 ro.Qa IIonHTHqecKas ocHoBa H xapaKTep 3TOlt 6oph6bl OTnHqaiOTC.si OT KypTpe B TOM OTHOIIIeHHH, ~0 Ha 3TOT pa3 rprup <f>naH.LJ.pCKHlt HaxO.LJ.HTC.si He Ha cTopoHe ropo:>KaH, aHa cTOpoHe Kopona. feHT ITO.Jl. rrpe.LJ.BO.LJ.HTenhCTBOM <l>HnHrrrra ApTe<}>enh.LJ.e BOCCTaJl rrpOTHB rrpaBHTen.si CTpaHhl rprupaJIIO.LJ.BHra. Haero cTOpoHy cTanH- qacThiO .LJ.06poBonhHO, qacThiO cKnoHeHHhle cHnolt - .LI.pyme ropo.LJ.a <f>naH.LJ.pHH. 06I.l.IHMH ycHnH.siMH 3THX ropo.LJ.OB rprup 6bln H3rHaH. Ho OH ycrren IT03BaTh ce6e Ha ITOMOI.l.lh IOHoro Kopona paHI.\HH Kapna VI, KOTOphllt H OTITpaBHnC.si.LJ.n.si ITO.LJ.aBneHH.si M.siTe:>KHHKOB. fiocpe.LJ.HHKOM B 3TOM coi03e 61>m repuor <l>HnHrrrr BypryH.LJ.CKHlt, 3.siTh H Brrocne.LJ.CTBHH Hacne.LJ.HHK rpa<}>a naH.LJ.pcKoro, Me~y 'reM KaK <l>HnHrrrr ApTe<}>enh.LJ.e HCKaJl coi03a c KoponeM AHmHH. ::n-o rronHTHqecKoe pa3BHTHe Me'A<.LJ.Y

Kapta

onop~t4H

150 • .

Cpa)l(eHHe npu Po3e6eKe 27 HOS16pH 1382 r.

C06blTH.siMH 1382 H 1302 rO.LJ.OB 01pa3HnOCh H Ha C1pa'rerHH. ApTe<}>enh.LJ.e OC3.LJ.Hn ropo.LJ. Y.LJ.eHap.LJ. Ha llienh.LJ.e, B 25 KM Bblllle feHTa. 3TOT ropO.LJ. yrropHO 3al.l.IHI.l.IM O.Jl.HH <}>paHI.IY3CKHlt pbiUaph, CTO.siBIIIHlt Ha CTOpOHe rprupa <f>naH.LJ.pCKOro. paHI.IY3CKHtt Koponh cyMen co6paTh apMHIO .LJ.n.si .LJ.e6n OKa,LJ,hl ropo.LJ.a TOnhKO qepe3 6 MecaueB H B cepe.LJ.HHe Ho.si6pa 1382 ro.LJ.a rrpHBen ee co cTOpOHhl Appaca. XoT.si B HCToqHHKax coo6maeTC.si, qTo ApTe<}>enh.LJ.e HMen orpoMHhie rryiiiKH, BCe :>Ke OH, C06CTBeHHO roBOp.si, ropO.LJ. He OCllli'-.LJ.M, a CTapaJJC.si B3.siTh ero H3MOpOM, 3al.l.IHTHB CBOIO apMHIO OT HaiTa,LJ,eHH.si H3BHe yKperrneHH.siMH. BoeHHhllt coreT <}>paHUY30B, co6paBIIIHltca B CeKneHe 17 HO.si6pa (KoHeTa6nh OnHBhe KnHccoH H 1p0e .LJ..si.LJ.elt Kopona), .LJ.OmKeH 61>m, TaKHM o6pa30M, peiiiHTh- ITOBeCTH nH HacryrrneHHe rrpOTHBAp're<}>Mh.LJ.e Hero BOltCKa B.LJ.Onh llienh.LJ.hl, .LJ.a6bl OCB060.LJ.HTh Y.LJ.eHap.LJ., HnH :>Ke rry'reM .LJ.HBepcHH 3aCTaBHTh HerrpH.si'ren.si OTKa3aThC.si OT OC3.LJ.hl, BhlMaHHTh ero H3 CHnhHOtt IT03Hl.\HH H, 6hiTh MO:>KeT, rrpHHY.Jl.HTh HnH rro6y.LJ.HTh ero K peIIIHTenhHOMY cpa:>KeHHIO B KaKOMnH60 .LJ.pyroM MeCTe. fiaM.siry.si, BH.LJ.HMO, neqaJJhHhltt orrhlT Kyp1pe, coBeT peiiiHn, KaK HH T.siJKeJio 6hlno nono:>KeHHe oc3)K,!J,eHHhlX B Y.LJ.eHap.LJ.e, oTKa3aThC.si OT Henocpe.LJ.CTBeHHOlt aTaKH H BMeCTO 3TOI'O BTOprHYThC.si B 3alla,LJ,HYIO <f>naH.LJ.pHIO. EcnH Ap1e<}>en1>.LJ.e cMor 6hl BnonHe nono:>KHThC.si Ha<}>naH.LJ.pCKHe ropo.LJ.a, TO OH MOr 6bl H He OCTaM.siTh CBOelt no3Hl.IHH rrpH Y.LJ.eHap.LJ.e. EcnH 61>1 ropo.LJ.a 3arrepnH CBOH BOpOTa, H <}>paHI.IY3hi, BMeCTO TOI'O qm6hi.Jl.BHHYThC.si Ha BOCCTaBIIIHe ropO.LJ.a H OCB060.LJ.HTh OCaif'-.LJ.eHHhlX coareqeCTBeHHHKOB, CTaJlH 6bl onycTOIIIaTh nHIIIh MeCTHOCTh 6nH3 rpaHHI.\hl, TO MopMhHhitt rrepeBec 6bln 61>1, HecoMHeHHO, HacTOpoHe Apre<}>enh.LJ.e. Ho Be.LJ.h B narepe Kopona HaxO.LJ.Hnc.si rprup, 3aKOHHhllt Hacne,qcTBeHHhllt npaBH'renh naH.LJ.PHH. CTapa.si npHBep:>KeHHOCTh H CTpax rrepe.LJ. CHnhHOtt <}>paHUY3CKott aprviHelt, correpHHqeCTBO C feHTOM H orraceHHe ycHneHH.si

3AnA)J.HA$l EBPOnA

233

caMoro <l>HJIHnnaApre4Jenb,LI.e,- Bee 3TO CllOC06CTBOBaJIO HeyrepeHHOCTH HacTpoeHHll ropo,LI.OB. Ap-re<j>eJib,LI.e, KaK HaM KIDKe'I'Cll, Ha!vtepeBaJICll3ai.UHlllaTh pel..)' JIH, npHKpblBaBiliYIO <j>JiaMaH,LI.UeB C 3TOI!t CTOpOHbl, HO <j>paHUy3aM YAaJIOCb <J:>opcHpoBaTb peey y ropo,LI.aKoMHHa, BhlllieKyp-rpe, HTQTqaC iKe KOpOJieBCKOI!t apMHH C,LI.aJIHCbifnp H

PSI.Jl. ceneHHI!t. EcJIH 6hl -renepb Ap-re4Jenb,LI.e npo-

.Jl.OJIJKaJI CTOliTb no,LI. Y,LI.eHap,LI.oM, TO <j>paHUY3Cf..'a.ll apMHli,LI.BHHYJiaCb 6bl Ha Bp10rre, CHMnaTHH rpalfQJ.aH KOTOporo pa~eJIHJIHCb, OBJI3AeJia 6hl HM, H apMIDI Ap're<j>eJib,LI.e npocTO-HanpocTO pa36eJKaJiacb 6hl. Tenepb eMy He ocTaBaJIOCb HH<Jero ,LI.pyroro, KaK HJIH OTOiitTH K feH'I)' B Ha,u.eJK,LI.e y,LI.epJKaTbCll TaM, OCTaBHB Ha npOH3BOJI cy,LI.b6hl OCTa.JlbHYIO <l>JiaH,!I,pHIO, HJIH iKe noreCTH CBOIO apMHIO H3 Y,LI.eHap,LI.a HaBCTpeqy<j>paHUY3aM H llOJIOJKHThCll Ha 6ora BOiitHhl, T.e. BC'I)'llHTh B OTKphlTOe cpaJKeHHe TaM, r,LI.e npH,LI.eTcll.

B caMoM ,LI.eJie, ,LI.aJKe ecJIH

6bJ Hapo,LI.-

Hbllit B())l()l.b <j>JiaMaH,LI.UeB HCKa.JI IJ{e-HH6y,LI.b MeJK,D;y HnpoM H Bp!O[re TaJ<YIO JKe yKpenJieHHYIO ll03HUHIO, KaKJIO ero npe,LI.JlieCTBeHHHKH HMeJIH npH KyJYfpe, H KaJ<YIO oH, 6e3 coMHeHHll, B03.Jl.BHr nepe,LI. Y,LI.eHap,LI.oM, TO, BOnepBhlX, HalitTH TaJ<YIO ll03HUHIO 6bmO He TaK-TO JierKo, aecJIH 6hl ,LI.aJKe cJiy<JalitHo H HaJliJiaCb TaKruJ ll03HUIDI, TO HH'ITO He llOMelliaJIO 6hl <j>paHUY3aM He aTaKOBaTh, a o6oi!tTH ee, 3aCTaBHB <j>JiaMaH,LI.UeB aTaKOBaTb HX B 6oJiee no,LI.XO.Jl.llllleM Mec-re. He,LI.OCTaTO<JHO 6h1JIO rJia3a llOJIKOBO,LI.Ua, KOTOphllit HaJlieJI H H36pa.JI 6hl ll03HUHIO, KaK3TO 6bmo c MHJibTH3AOM npH Mapa<j>oHe H c <j>JiaMaH,LI.UaMH npH KypTpe,-

6HTBa ct>paH~Y30B cca>naMaHA~aMH npH Po3e6eKe B 1382 r. MHHHanopa XV a.

HYJKHa 6h1Jla UeJiruJ llOJIHTHK0-<:1pa'rerH<JeCKlUI KOM6HHaUHll, KOTOprui Bbl-

MeC're H llOCTaBHTh Bpara nepe,LI. ,LI.H-

MepliThCll CHJia!vlH C pblUapliMH H npH

HY'A'.,LI.aJia 6bl npOTHBHHKa aTaKOBaTb

JieMMOI!t- HJIH aTaKOBaTb HMeHHO

paBHhlX C HHMH ycJIOBHliX.

HMeHHO ':TI"f ll03HUHIO.

3,LI.eCb, HJIH ompaBJiliTbCll ,LI.OMOI!t.

<l>paHUY3hl, BTOprlliHeCll B

1382

<l>HJIHnn ApTe<j>eJib,LI.e, pyBapT

Ha3TOT pa3 pe<Ib lliJia cKopee o6

<l>JiaH,LI.pHH, KaK 0 H ce6ll Ha3h1Ba.JI, 6 h1JI

ro,LI.y BO <l>JiaH,LI.pHIO, OTKa3aBJliHCb OT

06bl<JHOM CpaiKeHHH, KOTOpoe pa3hlr-

,LI.OCTaTO<JHO CMeJI, <JT06hl pelliHTbC.sl

Henocpe,LI.CTBeHHOI!t ,LI.e6JIOK3Jl.hl Y,LI.e-

ph1BaeTCll JIHJlib B TOM CJiyqae, eCJIH

Ha TaKoe cpaJKeHHe, a ropoJKaHe no-

Hap,LI.a, 6h1JIH CB060,LI.Hhl B BbJ6ope

HH O,LI.Ha H3 CTOpOH He HMeeT B MeCT-

cJie,LI.OBaJIH 3a HHM.

nyTH ,LI.JI.si npoxo,LI.a qepe3 cTpaHy H

HOCTH CJIHJliKOM CHJibHOro COI03HHKa.

<l>JiaMaH,LI.CKasi nexOTa, Konel!tmH-

MOrJIH He aTaKOBaTb ll03HUHH, Ha HX

fopoJKaHe H KpecTh.siHe, no6e,LI.HBI1IHe

KH H BOHHhl C ro,LI.eH,LI.aroM o6pa30Ba-

B3rmi,LI., CJIHiliKOM CHJibHOI!t. TaKHM

npH Kyp1pe c noMOlllbiO 3Toro coi03-

JIH 'reCHO COMKHY'I)'IO <j>aJiaHry' KOTO-

o6pa30M, o6opOHli!OlllHiitC.si He HMeJI

HHKa, ,LI.OJIJKHbl 6h1JIH -renepb- ,LI.a6hl

pru:!, B OTJIH<JHe OT KypTpe, He CTaJia

B03MOJKHOCTH pacnOJIOJKHTbCll B Ka-

He 6h1Tb pa36HThlMH 6e3 6HTBhl -

~aTb aTaKH,

KOM-JIH60 onpe,LI.eJieHHOM Bhlf'O,LI.HOM

llOKa3aTb, "'TO OHH B COCTOliHHH no-

BC1peqy Bpary. HY'A<HO no,LI.<IepKHyTh,

a CMeJIO CaMa llOJliJia Ha-

anoXA MOHronos. 1200-1400 rr.

234

'IT03TO 6hlJiae,LI.HHCTBeHHaJI B03MO)K-

flpH TaKOM pacrroJio)KeHHH rro6e-

HOCTb Bb1HrpaTb CpiDKeHHe. ~aTb

,LI.a 6hlJia <}>paHn:y3aM o6ecrreqeHa.

rroqe.MY IIpeBOCXO,LI.CTBO ropO,LI.CKOtt rre-

HacryrrJieHHH <}>paHI.IY30B, He H.MeH

«0H H B HarnHx pyKax. HarnH KHeXThl

XOThl He YTBep,LI.HJIOCb. 0HH ocTaJIHCb TOJibKO 3IIH30.Jl.~IH. CpiD£eHHe rrpH Po-

He IIOJIY<JHJIOCb HH<Jero ,LI.JIH'TeJibHOro H

B03MO)KHOCTH yrrepeTb CBOH <}>JiaHrH,

CMOrJIH 6hl HX O,LI.OJieTb»,- 3aJIBHJI,

KaK rrpH KypTPe, H 6e3 KOHHHI.Ihl.Jl.JIH

JIK06bi, KOHHeTa6Jib, B03BpaTHBlllHCb

3e6eKe

IIpHKphlTHJI HX,- 3Ha<JHJIO 3apaHee

C pa3Be,LI.KH H ,LI.OKJia,LI.hlBaJI KOpOJIIO 0

'ITO, KaK TOJibKO ropO,LI.CKaJI MHJIHI.IHH

H.Jl.TH Ha BepHyiO m6eJib. TaKHM o6-

rrpe,LI.CTOHille.M CpiDKeHHH.

YTPa<JHBaJia rrpeHivi)'IlleCTBO II03HU:HH,

pa3oM, Apre<}>eJib,LI.e rrpoHBHJI ce6JI

CrrepBa, rrpas,LI.a, <}>Jia.MaH,LI.CKOH

6paBhlM H xpa6phl.M COJI,LI.aTOM, C,LI.e-

<}>anaHre, crrycTHBrneficJI co.MKHYThl-

JiaB H3 C03,LI.aBrnerOCJI IIOJIO)KeHHJI

MH pH,LI.aMH IIOCJie 3aJina H3 rryrneK C

pelllHTeJibHhl~ BhlBO,LI. H CaM Ha<JaB Ha-

xoJI.MaBHH3, Y.LI.aJIOCb HeMHoro rrOTec-

26 Ha 27 HOJI6-

HHTh <}>paHI.IY30B. «flpH6JIH)KaBlllaJI-

pH o6e ap.MHH pacrroJIO)KHJIHCb HeB,LI.a-

CJI C KOIIbHMH H KOJiaMH Mace a IIOXO-

2 MHJIJIX

,LI.HJia Ha Jiec,- roBopHT pyac-

cryrrJieHHe. B HO% c

JieKe ,LI.pyr IIpOTHB ,LI.pyra, B

ceBepo-3arr3)l.Hee Hrrpa: Ha cJie,LI.yiO-

cap,- H, KaK Beiipb, KHHyJiaCb Ha

mee YTPO OHH rrpoH3BeJIH B3aHMHYIO

Bpara». MoHax H3 CeH-.Il:eHH TaJOKe

peKOrHOCU:HpOBKY H, HaKOHeU:, B IIOJI-

rrpH3HaeTCJI, 'ITO <}>paHU:Y3hl oTCryrrH-

HOM pa3BepHyTOM 6oeBOM IIOpH,LI.Ke

JIH Ha

CTOJIKHYJIHCb y ,LI.epeBHH BecT-Po3e6eKe.

1,5 mara.

I'O.Jl.aMH II03)Ke IIOKa3aJIO,

IIpeBOCXO,LI.CTBO, KaK H BCel)J.a, OKa3hlBaJIOCb Ha cmpoHe phln:apcTBa.

CKAH,[J;HHABCKHE CTPAHhi Ba)f(HeJ:trneJ:t oco6eHHOCTbiO CKaH.Jl.HHaBcKoro <}>eO,LI.aJIH3Ma, OTJIH<JaB-

Ho <}>paHU:Y3bi He 6hlJIH orrpoKHHY-

llleJ:t ero OT<}>eo,LI.aJIH3Ma,LI.pyrHX 3arra,LI.-

Thi OKOH<Ja'reJibHO H He o6paTHJIHCb B

HOeBporreJ:tcKHX CTpaH, 6hlJIO 6oJiee

KoHHeTa6Jib cocpe,LI.omqHJI BCIO

6ercTBO, 6Jiaro,LI.apH qe.MY H BhlHrpaJIH

3~te,LI.JieHHoe ero pa3BHTHe. Kor,LI.a B

CBOIO rrexory B n:eHTpe H, qm6bi B

CpiDY..eHHe: B 3TOT MO.MeHT Ha<}>Jia.MaH,LI.-

liTaJIHH, paHI.IHH H AHmHH Kperroc-

O)KH,LI.aHHH y,LI.apa <}>JiaMaH,LI.U:eB IIpH-

ceyiO <}>anaHry c o6oHX <}>JiaHroB ycT-

THoe IIpaBO y)Ke Hcqe3JIO, B .1J:aHHH OHO

,LI.aTb e~ 60JiblllYIO ycTo~qHBOCTb,

peMHJIHCb KOHHhle, 'ITO OCTaHOBHJIO

eme TOJibKO o<}>op.MJIHJIOCb. [(exoBaJI opraHH3al.IHJI pe.MecJia B Illren:HH rro-

IIpHKa3aJI cnelllHTbCH BCe.M IIOCTaB-

TaiOKe H HaTHCK Ha<}>pmrre. 3m IIOHe-

JieHHhlM B n:eHTpe phln:apHM 3a HC-

BOJie HaiiOMHHaeT cpiDKeHHe rrpH KaH-

JIBHJiacb TOI)J.a, KOI)J.a B IfTaJIHH H fep-

KJIIOqeHHeM MaJIOJieTHero KOpOJIJI H

Hax. l13-3a mro, qro TOJirra B CTPaxe

MaHHH OHaCTaHOBHJiaCb Y*e IIOMexott

C)KaJiaCb, MHOrHe 33,LI.OXHYJIHCb, Cpe,LI.H

HapO)fQJ,aBlllel'vi)'CH KaiiHTaJIH3My. [(ep-

ero 6JIH)Ka~llle~ CBHThl. Ho 3a,LI.a<Jefi 3Toro n:eHTpa 6hlJIO

HHX H caM <l>HJIHIIII Apre<}>ellb.Jl.e (ero

KOBb Ha CKaH,LI.HHaBCKOM CeBepe 6opo-

3aTIIrHBaTb cpiDKeHHe, pernwreJibHbi~

TPYII HarnJIH 3are.M, BH.Jl.HMO, 6e3 paH,

JiaCb c ,LI.oxpHCTHaHCKHMH KYJibTaMH

)Ke y,LI.ap ,LI.OJI)f(Hbl 6hlJIH HaHeCTH-

Cpe,LI.H y6HThlX Ha IIOJie 6HTBhl). 0THOCH'reJibHO <JHCJieHHOCTH o6e-

O,LI.HOBpe.MeHHO C o60HX <}>JiaHrOBphln:apH, OCTaBlllHeCJI Ha KOHJIX.

HX ap.MHH, cpiDKaBlllHXCJI rrpH Po3e-

JIOCb BeCTH 6opb6y C 6IOprepCKO~

6eKe, HeT HH Ha,LI.e)KHhlX YKa3aHH~, HH

epecbiO. Pacn:BeT phln:apcKoJ:t KYJihTY-

,LI.OCTaTO<JHbiX ,LI.aHHhlX ,LI.JIJI Bbl<JHCJie-

phl B CKaH.Jl.HHaBCKHX cTpaHax oTHoCHJICJI K 6oJiee II03,LI.HeMy Bpe.MeHH,

HHJI. .1J:JIH eBporre~CKOH HCTOpHH 3TO

qe.M paHHee Bo3po)fQJ,eHHe B liTaJIHH .

CpiDKeHHe HMeJIO 60JiblllOe, HO CKO-

Kpo.Me O'IJJ.eJihHbiX pafioHoB .D:a-

pee OTpHU:aTeJibHOe, qe.M IIOJIO)KH-

HHH, cpe,LI.HeBeKoBaa CKaH,LI.HHaBHJI

'reJibHoe 3HaqeHHe. EcJIH 6hl rro6e,LI.H-

IIO<JTH He 3HaJia KpYIIHhlX <}>eO,LI.aJibHhlX

TeJIJIMH rrpH Po3e6eKe oKa3aJIHCb

rro.MeCTHfi. CJia6aJI rrmpe6HOCTh CKaH-

<}>JiaMaH.Jl.l.lhl, TO <}>paHU:Y3CKHe ropo-

.Jl.HHaBCKoJ:t 3HaTH B 6apillHHe B pe3YJib-

,LI.a BbllllJIH 6bi H3 IIOBHHOBeHHJI KOpO-

TaTe KpaJ:tHeJ:t 3e.MeJibHOH TeCHOTbl

JIIO, a rrpen:e,LI.eHT rro6e,LI.hl rpiDK,LI.aH-

(y,LI.o6HhlXJVIH XJie6orrarnecTBa 3eMeJib

cKoJ:t MHJIHU:HH B OTKpbiTOM 6010 H3Jl.

Ha cerepe 6hlJIO o<JeHb MaJio) ,LI.OJiroe

phln:apcKO tt ap.MHeJ:i Bhl3BaJI 6 hi H .LI.PY-

Bpe.MH ,LI.eJiaJia H3JIHIIIHe~ KpeiiOCTHYIO

rne rr O.Jl.o6 Hhle co6hlTHJI. Bee 3TO rr pH-

3aBHCHMOCTb KpeCTbJIHCTBa. 0,LI.HaKO

,LI.aJIO 6hl COBCe.M,LI.pyroe HaiipaBJieHHe

3aMe,LI.JieHHOCTb rrpon:ecca <}>eo,LI.aJIH-

COU:HaJibHO.MY pa3BHTHIO rep.MaHO-po-

3al.IHH He HCKJIIO<JaJia HMYmecTBeHHO-

.MaHCKHX HapO,LI.OB.

ro H COU:HaJibHOI'O paCCJIOeHHJI cpe,LI.H

CpiDKeHHe npH Po3e6eKe rroKa3biBaeT, rroqeMY H3 3apo,LI.hlrnett Bceo6mero

WneM-6ai.U1HeT c 3a6panoM «KJ130BH3Hp», 1350-1370 rr.

B TO BpeMSI, KOI)J.a B ,LI.pyrHX CTpaHax 3arr3)l.Hott EBponhl efi Y*e rrpHXO,LI.H-

rpiD~QJ.aHCKOI'O

KpecThHH -o6mHHHHKOB. CKaH,LI.HHaBHH CTaJia IIpHcyma CBOeo6pa3HaJI

BOopy)KeHHH,- KO-

<}>op.Ma BHe3KOHOMH<JeCKOro IIpHHy)K-

TOpoe rrpH J1eHbJIHo, no MeHbrnett

,LI.eHHJI- IIpHHy)fQJ,eHHe MaJI03eMeJib-

Mepe, crroco6cTBOBaJIO ycrrexy, a rrpH

HbiX H HeH.MYillHX CeJibCKHX )KH'reJiett

KypTpe rrpHBeJIO K coreprneHHO caMo-

K TPY.LI.Y no HaJ:il'vl)' y KperrKHx xo3HeB.

CTOH'TeJibHott KpYIIHO~ II06e,LI.e, BCe )Ke

Crren:H<}>H<JeCKH CKaH.Jl.HHaBC KHM HBJie-

3AnA)J.HA$l EBPOnA

235

HHeM 6i>IJI pa60THHK, Ha,r{eJieHHI>Itt KJioqKoM 3eMJIH HJIH yca,LJ,h6ott (xyc-

W JleM-031.\HHeT C 33 6p3JJOM «xyHACryrenb». CeaepHaSIVITanHSI. KoHei.\XVa.

MeH). KpyrrHettiiiHMH servmeBJia):{eJihUaMH .liBJIJIJIHCh KOpOJIH H uepKOBh. HaH6oJiee 6i>IcTpo rrpouecc <}>eoAaJIH3auHH IIIeJI B ,[(aHHH, IJ~,e K

XIV

reey ocHOBHYIO Macey KpecThHH coCTaRJIHJIH y)Ke JIHqHo 3aBHCHMhie ,~J,ep JKa.TeJIH, aBXV BeKe arpapHi>Itt CTpott MeCTaMH MaJIO qeM 01JJHqaJIC.li OT ceBeporepMaHCKOrO. CpaBHHTeJihHO 60JihiiiOe pa3BHTHe IIOJiyqHJIH B ,[(aHHH H KpyrrHI>Ie rroMeCThH, B KOTOpi>IX 3e1v1JI.ll o6pa6aThiBaJiaCh IIpH IIOMOIUH 6apiUHHHoro TPYAa 6e,~J,HettiiiHX Aep:>KaTeJiett. 3HaqH'reJihHO Me,~J,JieHHee IIIeJI rrpouecc <}>eo,~J,aJIH3auHH B IIIseUHH. B cTapettiiieM o6JiacTHoM 3aKOHe 3TOtt CTpaHi>I- «BecTbeTCKOtt rrpasAe» HaqaJia XIII reKa HeT ,!J,a)Ke CIIeUHa.JlhHI>IX IIIBe,!J,CKHX TepMHHOB AJIJI 0603HaqeHHH <}>eO,!J,aJIOB, KOTOphie OKa31>IBaJIHCh, TaKHM o6pa30M, KaK 6i>I CKpi>ITi>I B <}>opMaJihHO paBHOIIpaBHOtt Macce CB060,!J,HI>IX C06CTBeHHHKOB6oHAOB. Oco6eHHO AOJiro B IIIseuHH coxpaHHJIOCh pa6cTBo, a Aep:>Ka'reJIH qy:>Kott 3eMJIH Aa:>Ke B

BeKe co-

IIOJIHO OTpa3HJia qepTI>I,

orrpe,~J,eJI.liB

<}>eo,~J,aJihHoro 3eMJieBJia,LJ,eJihUa-

CTaBJIHJIH MeHhlliHHCTBO KpeCTh.liH.

IIIHe OTCYTCTBHe B CKaHAHHaBHH TeX

KaTOJIHqecKott uepKBH. B KOHUe

IIpHqHHa3TOro OTCTaBaHHH IIIseuHH

OCHOBHI>IX IIpH3HaKOB <}>eO,!J,aJIH3Ma,

BeKa BOCCTaBIIIHe ,~J,aTC KHe KpeCTh.liHe

OT CBOHX CKaH,!J,HHaBCKHX COCe,~J,ett 3a-

KOTOphie 6i>IJIH CBOitCTBeHHhi TaKHM

y6HJIH KOpOJI.li KHyAa (KHyTa), KOTO-

KJIIOqaJiaCh, IIO-BHAHMOlvfY, B TOM, qm

cTpaHaM 3arra,LJ,Hott Esporri>I, KaK

pi>Itt o6JIOJKHJI HX ,~J,eCHTHHott. B

OHa HaxO,!J,HJiaCh B cpaBHHTeJihHOtt

¢paHUHH, AHmHH HAP· IIpouecc

ro,~J,y BBe,~J,eHHe T.li)KeJIOit IIOIIJIYJKHOtt

1249

H30JIHUHH KaK OT 3arra):{Hott Esporri>I,

<}>eoAaJIH3auHH, HaqasiiiHttc.si B Hop-

IIO,!J,aTH BI>I3BaJIO KpyiiHOe BOCCTaHHe

rrocKOJihKY IO:lKHaH qacTb CKaHAHHaB-

sernH paHhiiie, qeM B lliBeUHH, KaK

,~J,aTCKHX

cKoro rroJiyocTposa B CpeAHHe BeKa

6i>I OCTaHOBHJIC.li Ha CBoett rrepBHqHott

3pH Ka, rroJiyqHBIIIero rrpo3BHIUe

KpeCTh.liH IIpOTHB KOpOJI.li

6i>IJia,~J,aTCKott, TaK H oT BocToqHott,

CTa,LJ,HH. IIroTOMY, XOTH B XV reKe B

«IIJiy:>KHhitt rpoiii». B HopsernH so

IIOCKOJihKY TOproBI>Ie IIYTH «H3 BapHr

HopsernH KpecThHH -

BTOpott rroJIOBHHe

B rpeKH» H B CpeAHIOIO A3HIO rrpH-

3eMJIH- 6i>IJIO MeHhiiie, qeM B IIIse-

IIIJIH B yrra):{oK. Pa3opeHHe pyccKHX

UHH, HX rrpasa Ha 3eMJIIO 6i>IJIH eme

CTaHHe TaK Ha3hiBaeMI>IX 6HpKe6ettHe-

KH.li:lKeCTB BCJie,!J,CTBHe TaTapO-MOH-

6JIH:>Ke K IIOJIHOtt C06CTBeHHOCTH, qeM

poB1, B KOTOpOM ome,~J,HHHJIHCh MeJI-

roJihCKOrO HaiiieCTBH.li KOCBeHHO CKa-

rrpasa IIIBeACKHX KpeCThHH. ToqHo TaK

KHe <}>eo,~J,a.n:I>I H KpecThHHe. Ycrrex

3aJIOCh H Ha lliBeUHH.

JKe KJiacc KpyrrHhiX 3eMJieBJI3AeJih-

3TOro ,!J,BH:>KeHH.li H BOUapeHHe Ha HOp-

BJia,LJ,eJihUeB

1184 rr.)

XII reKa (1174-

IIpOH30IIIJIO KpyiiHOe BOC-

HecKOJihKO rro-ApyroMy IIIJIO pas-

ues-<}>eo,~J,a.n:os CJIO:>KHJICH B HoprernH

Be:lKCKOM rrpeCTOJie BO:>K)l..ll 6HpKe6ett-

BHTHe HopserHH. PHAI>I KpecThHH-

paHhiiie, qeM B lliBeUHH, HO y:>Ke B

HepoB CseppH rrpHBeJIH K speMeHHO-

XIV BeKe Ol\'ll3aJICH H Ma.n:oqHcJieHHee

MY ocJia6JieHHIO MorymecTBa Hop-

H CJia6ee IIIBe,!J,CKOrO.

Be:>KcKott 3HaTH H rrpeJKAe scero

co6cTBeHHHKOB TaHJIH 3,!J,eCh 6i>ICTpee, H y)Ke K KOHUY

XIV

BeKa

3/5

o6pa6aTI>IBaeMott 3eMJIH B cTpaHe

¢eO,!J,a.JlhHhitt Ha:lKHM Ha CKaH,!J,H-

rrpe,~J,CTaBH'reJiett uepKBH- eiiHCKO-

cocpe,!J,OTOqHJIHCh B pyKax KOpOJI.li,

HaBCKHX KpeCTh.liH, Bi>IpaiKa.BIIIHitCH,

IIOB, a TaK:>Ke K HeKOTOpOM)' yKperrJieHHIO IIOJIHTHqecKHX IIpaB 6oraTO-

BBe,~J,eH HH

CBeTCKOtt H OC06eHHO AyxOBHOtt 3Ha-

B rrepeyiO oqepeAh, so

TH. B TO :>Ke speMH HopserHH (KaK H

HOBhiX HaJIOroB, BI>I31>IBaJI OTIIOp C HX

see

ro KpecThHHCTBa. TaKott HCXOA ABH-

llcJiaH,!J,H.li) C ee CHCTeMOtt xyTOpOB,

CTOpOHhi. 061>JqHo KpeCTh.liHCKHe

:>KeHHH 6HpKe6ettHepoB HaJIO:lKHJI

yAaJieHHI>IX H H30JIHpoBaHHI>IX Apyr

BOCCTaHH.li B03rJiaBJIHJIH MeJIKHe co6-

OT Apyra, H TOtt Ba:lKHOtt pOJihiO, KO-

CTBeHHHKH, IIJiaTHBIIIHe IIO,!J,aTh KOpO-

TOpyiO B 3KOHOMHqecKOtt :lKH3HH 3TOtt

JIIO H AOpo:>KHBIIIHe csoett ApeBHett

1 EHpKe6eJ;iHepaMH, 'ITO 3Ha'lHT «6epe3oHorHe», BOCCT3BWHe H33blB3JIHCb, I!O-BHII,HMO-

CTpaHi>I HrpaJIH MOpCKOtt IIpOMI>ICeJI

cso6o,~J,ott. HepeAKO soccTaHHH 61>IJIH

My, IIOTOMy, 'ITO, CKpblBas!Cb B Jiecax, H3ro-

H ropHoe CKOTOBO,!J,CTBO, HaH60Jiee

HarrpasJieHI>I rrpoTHB KpyrrHettiiiero

TOBJ!l!JIH o6yBb H3 6epeCTb1.

236

3nOXA MOHIOJlOB. 1200-1400 rr.

CBOH OTIIe'!aTOK Ha ):la.JibHeHIIIee IICTOpii'IeCKOe pa3BliTlle CTPaHbi: cpeo):lanbHoe ABOpHHCTBO B HopBeriiii XIII BeKa- HOBoro npoiicxom):leHIIH; 9TO cnymiinble mo):lll, AepmaTenii neHoB oT KopoM. ITo3):1Hee Bcero Ha'!aniiCb KpeCTbHHCKIIe BbiC'I)'nneHliH B OTCTaBaBIIIeH no CBOeMy 9KOHOMII'IeCKOMY pa3BIITIIIO lliBe[(llll. CKaH):ll!HaBCKIIe CTpaHbi He 3Hanii IInii no'ITII He 3Hanii cpeo):la.JibHOH pa3Apo6neHHOCTll. ,IJ;epmaTenii KoponeBCKIIX 6eHecpll[(IIeB (B CKaH):lliHaBllll IIX Ha3biBanii neHaMII), KaK npaBIIno, He CTanii 3Aecb HacneACTBeHHbiMII Bna):lenbUaMII nomanoBaHHbiX 3eMenb II He nOfl)"'IInii Ha):l HaceneHIIeM 9TliX 3eMenb CTOnb IIIIIpOKliX npaB (HanpiiMep, cy):le6HbiX), KaK HeMe[(KIIe IInii cppaHUY3CKIIe cpeoAanbi. «BapBapCKIIe» KOponeBCTBa 9nOXll BIIKIIHrOB Henocpe):lCTBeHHO pa3BIIfliiCb 3):leCb B ueHTpanii30BaHHble paHHecpeoAanbHble MOHapXllll, OKOH'IaTenbHO cno)KliBIIIIIeCH B ,lJ;aHIIII K cepe):ll!He XII BeKa npii KoponHX BanbAeMape I II Banb):leMape II, B HopBernii - B cepeAIIHe XIII BeKa npii noTOMKax CBeppii, a B lliBeuiiii - B KOH[(e XIII BeKa npii CbiHOBbHX Hpna EIIprepa <DonbKyHrax. ITocne ynopHo:H 6opb6bl Mem):ly KopoMMII II 3HaTbiO Ha py6eme XIIIXIV BeKoB cpeoAa.rrbi CKaHAIIHaBCKIIX CTpaH y):loBonbCTBOBaniicb orpaHmeHIIeM KOponeBCKOH Bnacrn npii nOMOI[(II Cbe3):10B 3HaTII II nOCTOHHHOrO roCy):lapcTBeHHOrO coBeTa. XapTIIH AaTcKoro KoponH 3piiKa KrriinniiHra B 1282 rO):ly II ycnOBIIH II36paHIIH IIIBe):lCKO-HOpBemCKOrO KopoM M arHYca B 1319 rO):ly- HpKIIe naMHTHIIKII TOpmecTBa apiiCTOKparntieCKOH MOHapXliii B CKaH):lliHaBCKIIX CTpaHax. ,lJ;aTCKIIH KOpOnb 6bln o6H3aH ):laBaTb npii BCTYTineHllll Ha npecmn oco6oe o6H3aTenbCTBo: co6niO):laTb BCe BOnbHOCTll ABOpHHCTBa. 06H3aTenbCTBO 9TO cpiiKCIIpOBa.JIOCb B TaK Ha3biBaeMOH KaniiTYflH[(IIII . focyAapcTBeHHbiH coBeT - piiKCpO):l - CTa.JI BamHeHIIIIIM npaBIITenbCTBeHHbiM )"'pe)K):leHIIeM B CKaH):ll!HaBCKIIX cTpaHax, HepeAKO, oco6eHHO B XV BeKe, pernaBIIIIIM BOnpoc o6 II36paHllll KoponH, pacnpeAen eHllll neHHbiX noma.JIOBaHIIH II HanpaBneHllll BHernHe:H nonliTIIKII.

YnpotieHIIe ueHTPa.JibHOH Bnacrn no3BOniino CKaH):ll!HaBCKIIM rocy):lapCTBaM B0306HOBIITb CBOIO BHeiiiHenofliiTII'IeCKYIQ 9KcnaHciiiO. Bo BTopo:H nonoBIIHe XII BeKa ):laTCKIIe Koponii orHeM II Me'IOM nOKOpiinii nOMOpCKIIX cnaBHH, a B Ha'!a.rre XIII BeKa '!aCTb 3CTOHIIII II HeMe[(KIIe ropOAa B pa:HoHe Hll)l(He:H 3nb6bl (faM6ypr II TII06eK) 1 . lliBe):lcKIIe Koponii yme c cepe):ll!Hbl XII BeKa CTpeMIIniiCb 3aXBaTIITb <l>IIHflHH):ll!IO, HO nepBbiH peIIIaiOI[(IIH rnar K ee 3aBoeBaHIIIO 6bln c):lenaH niiiiib cTo neT cnycTH KapnoM EIIprepoM. ITollbiTKa BTopmyncH B npe):lenbl Pycii OKOH'Illnacb nopameHIIeM IIIBe):lcKoro BoHcKa Ha HeBe B 1240 ro):ly. lloKopeHIIe <l>IIHnHHAllll IIIBeACKIIM KoponHM yAa.rrocb 3aBepIIIIITh niiiiib B XIV BeKe. HopBemcKIIe Koponii B XIII BeKe pacnpocTpaHIInii CBOIO BnacTb Ha HcnaHAIIIO (12621264 IT. - KOHe[( IICnaH):lCKOH He3aBIICliMOCTll), a 3aTeM Ha fpeHnaH):lliiO. 3KcnaHCIIH HOpBemCKIIX KOponeH B CeBepHOMHanpaBneHIIII,KKOnbCKOMY nonyoCTpoBy, 6blna ocTaHOBneHa HOBropOAUaMII B cepe):ll!He XIII BeKa. B XIV BeKe apiicToKparnH oT):lenbHbiX CTpaH npeAnO'IIITa.Jia pa):lll COXpaHeHIIH CBOIIX noniiTII'IeCKIIX BOflbHOCTeH II Moryl[(eCTBa IIMeTb Kopone:H-Tiyme3eMueB II rnna Ha 3aKniOTieHIIe nii'IHbiX YHIIH. To, 'ITO 9TII YHllll 3aKn iO'Ianiicb Me)K):ly CKaH):lllHaBCKIIMII CTpaHaMII, 06bHCHHfl0Cb IIX 9THmecKo:H, H3biKOBOH II KynhrypHOH 6nii30CTbiO, a TaKme TeCHbiMII IIMyru:eCTBeHHbiMII II poACTBeHHbiMII CBH3HMII npe):lCTaBIITene:H IIX rocnOACTBYIQI[(IIX KnaCCOB. B 1319 roAy no cornarneHIIIO MemAy cpeo):lanaMII o6eiix cTpaH B niiTIHYIO YHIIIO BCTYTIIInii lliBeUIIH II HopBeriiH. Ho B 1363 roAy Ha IIIBeACKIIH npecTon 6bln npiirnarneH ceBeporepMaHCKIIH repuor Anb6pexT M eKneH6yprcKIIH, KOToporo HopBe)K[(bl He npii3Ha.JIII. IToHBneHIIe KOponH-HeMua Ha CKaH):ll!HaBCKOM npeCTOne 6blnO npii3HaKOM IIIIIpOKOrO npoHIIKHOBeHIIH B CKaH):liiHaBIIIO repMaHCKIIX 9n eMeHTOB. faH 3eHCKIIe Kyn[(bl II CaKCOHCKIIe peMecneHHIIKII, 1 ITo'!TM Bee 3TH 3aBoemuiiDI 6LIJIM,

'!eM, yrpa'!eHhl )laT'!aHaMM.

Brrpo-

npii6biBIIIIIe B Macce cBoe:H Ha CeBep IIMeHHO B XIII-XIV BeKax, cnoco6cTBoBa.rrii pocry npOII3BO):lCTBa II TOproBnii B CKaH):ll!HaBCKIIX CTPaHax. Ho B TO me BpeMH repMaHCKaH KOflOHII3a[(IIH rp03IIna liX TeppliTOpiiaflbHOH uenocrnocrn II ):lame He3aBIICIIMocrn. Xo3HHHII'IaHbe HeMeUKIIX cpeoAanoB B ,lJ; aHIIII B 20-30-x roAax XIV BeKa npiiBeno K npii3HaHIIIO ):laTCKOH 3HaTbiO TaK Ha3biBaeMOH «Banb):leMapoBOH KOHCTll'I)'[(IIII», cornaCHO KOTO poH ):laTCKIIH Koponb BnpeAb coxpaHHn fliiiiib HOMIIHanbHYIO Bn acTb Ha):l IIIne3BIIroM, 9TOH BamHo:H cocTaBHOH TiaCTbiO cpeAHeBeKoBo:H ,lJ;aHIIII. lliTPa.Jib3YH):lCKIIH MIIp, 3aKpeTIIIBIIIIIH no6e):ly 60 raH3eHCKIIX ropo):loB Ha):l AaTCKIIM KoponeM B a.rrb):leMapoM ATTepAaroM ( 1370 r. ), Ha):lonro ywepAIIn IIX r ocnoACTBo Ha Ea.rrTll:HcKOM Mope II n paBo BMernaTenbcTBa B caMoe II36paHIIe AaTcKoro Ko ponH. HaMernBIIIeMycH B XIV BeKe ynaAKy HopBerllll, HecoMHeHHO, cnoco6cTBoBa.rra Ka6a.JibHaH 3aBIICliMOCTb OT faH3bi, coc peAOTO'IIIBIIIe:H B CBOIIX PYKax BCIO TOproBniO CTpaHbi, B '!aCTHOCTll )KII3HeHHO Ba)l(HbiH nO):lB03 xne6a. ITepe):l niiUOM 9TOH o6ru:e:H onac Hocrn, rpo3IIBrne:H CKaHAIIHaBCKIIM CTPaHaM, oHII 6blnii BbiH)')KAeHbi o6be):ll!HIITbCH. ,IJ;eno o6be):ll!HeHIIH CKaH):ll!HaBIIII B03rnaBIIna CaMaH CllnbHaH II3 HIIX- ,lJ;aHIIH. B 1389 ro):ly B nm HOH YHllll BO rnaBe c KoponeBo:H MaprapiiTo:H ,lJ;aTCKOH oKa3aniicb yme Bee CKaHAIIHaBCKIIe KoponeBcTBa. B 1397 roAy Ha cbe3):le 3Harn B KanbMape YHIIH 6blna yTBepmAeHa B KatiecTBe Be'!Horo n onliTIITiecKoro coi03a, npii coxpaHeHIIII BHYTpeHHe:H caMoCToHTenbHocrn Ka)K):IOH II3 npiiMKHYBIIIIIX K YHIIII cTpaH. KoponeM Bcex Tpex KoponeBCTB 6h!n mpmecTBeHHO npoBo3rn arneH 3piiK lloMepaHCKIIH, Bey'!aTbiH nneMHHHIIK Kopon eBbi MaprapliTbi. KanbMapcKaH YHIIH 6blna croBopoM, B nepByiO otiepeAb, MemAy ):laTCKIIMII II IIIBe):lCKliMII cpeO):la.JiaMII. LITo KacaeTCH HopBernii, TO K IIcxoAY XIV BeKa cKa3a.rrcH HBHbiH ee ynaAOK (npii'IIIHbi KOTOporo ):10 CIIX nop el[(e He BnonHe BbiHCHeHbi), II n09TOMY B MOMeHT 3aKniO'IeHIIH Ka.rrbMap cKo:H YHllll oHa He Hrpana 3Ha'IIITenbHo:H noniiTmecKo:H ponii.

3AnA,LJ,HA~

B rrepBbie ro)U>I ymrn L(aTCKHe KOpoJIH BbiCTYIIaJIH KaK HOCHTeJIH rrpo-

EBPOnA

Kp11cm¢epa I ( roJJ.bl npa aneHI1>1 1252-1259 rr.).

JiaM, oco6eHHO rrme):ICKHM. Ho He

1259-1319 rr. 50Pb5A LI,EPKOPOH bl. 0Ha Ha 'lanacb noJJ. KOHe!4 npaaneHI1>1 Kp11cm¢epa I

IIpOIIIJIO H <IeTBepTH BeKa, KaK CTaJIH

rpeCCHBHbiX HCTOpH<IeCKHX TeHL(eHU:Hll B IIpOTHBOBeC MeCTHbiM cpeo):la-

CKa3biBaThCH OTPHUaTeJibHbie IIOCJie):ICTBHH YHHH. 0Ha OKa3 aJiaCb BbirOL(HOll rJiaBHbiM o6pa30M L(JIH ,lJ;aHHH. HopBernH H oco6eHHo IIIBeU:HH, BTHHYT bie B TH}KeJiyiO BOHHY KopoJIH 3pHKa C faH3 0ll, CTpa):laJIH KaK OT He6biBaJioro rro):laTHoro rne T a, TaK H oT 6JioKa)U>I rro6epe}l(Hll. KopoJieBCKHe HaMeCTHHKH, HBJIHBIIIHeCH, KaK rrp a BHJIO, L(aT'IaHaMH HJIH HeMU:aMH, BeJIH ce6H B illBeU:HH H HopBerHH rron o 6 HO 3 aBOeBaTeJIHM H }KeCTOKO IIpHTeCHHJIH KpeCTbHHCTBO.

KB~ ~

c nepeMeHHoill c11noill npoJ].On)l(anacb a 14apcTaoaaH11>1 9pi1Ka V lnl1nni1Hra ( roJJ.bl npaaneHI1>1 12591286) 11 9pi1Ka VI MeHaeJJ.bl (rOJJ.bl npaaneHI1>1 1286-1319).

1202-1241 rr. LI,APCTBOBAH~E BAllbAEMAPA II CEiflPA(T.E. n05EA~TEnS1). Banb,IJ.eMap ll6btn aeCbMa 3HeprW·IHbiM aoeHa'lanbHI1KOM. OH noKop11n no'ITI1 ace no6e p e)l(be noMepaHI111 ( OKOnO 12031210 r r.) 11 opraHI13oaan KpecTOablill noxoJJ. Ha seMnl1 9 cm>IHJJ.I111 ( coap. ceae pHa>l 9 cTOH11>1; 1219 r .), rJ].e n o c Tp o11n M OLljHYIO KpenocTb Peaenb ( coap. Tanni1HH). 0JJ.HaKo saTeM OH 6 bln saxaa 'le H a nneH M>ITe)I(HbiM HeMe!4KI1M aa c canoM rp arj)OM leHpi1XOM Waepi1HCKI1M ( 1223 r .) 11 Ky n11n cao60JJ.Y !4eHOM ac ex caOI1X saaoe aaHI1ill, Kp oMe ocTp oaa P10reH 11 9 CTn>IHJ].1111( 1225 r.) . npeJ].np i1H)Ia HacTynneHI1e c 14enb10 ae pHYTb YTPa 'leHHble seMnl1, Banb,IJ. eMap II 6bln Haronoay pas 611T n p11 5 opHxea eJ].e (11n 11 5 opHr eaeJ].e, a coap. / e pMa H1111; 122 7 r.) a c pa )l(eHI111 C M>ITe)I(HI1Ka MI1 npoai1Hl41111 J}.I1TMapw eH ( OJJ.HOI1MeHHa>l reorpa ¢114ecKa>1 o6na cTb a coa p . /epMaH1111), aoccTa aWI1MI1 npOTI1a ,lJ.aTCKOTO ana,lJ.bl'leCTaa . 9 TI1M nop a)l(eHI1eM KOH'II1nac b a p a J].aTcKoro rocn oJ].cTaa Ha 5 anTI1Ke; Banb,IJ.e Ma p co cpeJJ.OTO'II1nC>I 11C Kni0'111TenbHO Ha aHYTpeHHeill n oni1TI1Ke.

1241-1252rr. 50Pb5A 3A BnACTb ME>KAY CbiHOBbS1M~ BAllbAEMAPA. 0 Ha saaepw11nacb KOpOHa1411eill ero MnaJ].wero CbiHa -

JJ.ara, o c Ta aan acb pereHTweill 11 a J].aHI111, 11 a H o paer1111, a TaK)I(e 6btna npi13HaHa Koponeaoill W ae141111 n oc n e Toro , KaK 6 bln caeprHYT Anb6p eXT M eKneH6yprcKI1ill. Ee aHy 'laTblill nneM)IHHI1K 9pi1K VII noMepaHCKI1M CTan KOponeM W ae141111, a noTOM 6 bln KOpOHOaa H n p aai1Ten eM acex Tpex CKaH,l1.11HaaCKI1X KOp OneacTa ( 1110Hb 1397 r.).

1232-1240 rr. ME>KAYBnACnocne cMepTM Kp11cm¢epa II ( MnaJ].wero 6paTa 9pi1Ka VI MeHae-

HOPBErHH

JJ.bl) Henpo'IHa>l anacTb npi1HaJ].fle)l(ana ronWTI1HCKI1M rparj)aM (KOTOpbiM Kp11cTo¢ep II sano)l(l1n no'ITI1 ace J].aTCKI1e seMn11).

1217-1263 rr. LI,APCTBOBAXAKOHA IV XAKOHCCOHA CTAPoro. HesaKoHHo po)I(JJ.eHHblill CbiH Kopon >l XaKoHa Ill ( rOJJ.bl npa a-

1340-1375 rr. LI,APCTBOBABAllbAEMAPA IV ATTEPAA-

n eHI1>1 12 02 - 1204 r r.), OH p OJ].I1nC>I acKop e n o cne c MepTM OT!4a, Ha npecTon as owen TPI1HaJJ.!4 aTI1 n e T oT p oJJ.y 11 non o )l(l1n KOHe14 anoxe rpa)I(JJ.aHCKI1X aoiiiH 11 Me)I(JJ.OYC06HbiX pa3J].Op oa. XaKoH IV npeJJ.n pi1H>In c e p besHbl e perj)op Mbl 11 n oJ].aa11n M>ITe)l( >lpna CKynl1 ( 1240 r.). no3J].Hee OH y6eJJ.I1n t1cnaHJJ.I110 ( 1261 r.) 11 /peH naHJJ.I110 ( 1262 r. ) npi13HaTb CI03epeHI1TeT Hopaer1111. B oiiiHa c WoTna HJJ.I1eill ( 1263 r.) COCTO>Ina 6yKaan bHO 113 C'II1TaHHbiX CTbl'leK, a nOTOM 6btn saKniO'IeH MI1PHbiMJJ.Oroaop, cornacHO KOTOpOMY paCWI1p>lnC>I KOHTpOnb XaKoHa IV HaJJ. WeTna HJJ.CKI1MI1 11 0pKHeillcKI1MI1 ocTpoaaMI1, a ocTpoa MaH 11 /e6pi1JJ.bl OTXOJJ.I1nl1 woTnaHJJ.!4aM. BcKope nocne amro oH yMep Ha 0pKHeillcKI1X oCTpoaax (JJ.eKa6pb 1263 r.).

T~E.

H~E

rA. no'ITI1 ace caoe npaaneHI1e JJ,AHHH

237

BanbJ].eMap IV ( CbiH Kp11cm¢epa II) saHI1MancR aosapalljeHI1eM co6cTaeHHoro KoponeacTaa- npoJJ.aaan 9CTOHI110 ( 1346 r.), 'IT06 OTKyni1Tb JJ.pyrvre seMnl1. Banb,IJ.eMap IV noJ].aal1n M>ITe)l( a IOmaHJJ.I111 ( 135 0 r.) , ae pHyn 113-nOJ]. KOHTpOn>l Wa e141111 n onyo c Tpoa CKoHe ( 1360 r.) 11, no 6 eJ].I1a a 611Tae n p 11 B11 c610 ( 1361 r. ), OTaoeaan OCTpoa l OTnaHJ]., 'ITO n pl1aeno K aoiiiHe C JaH3eMCKI1M COI030M. HecMOTP>I Ha To, 'ITO KoneHrareH 6 bln a3>1TI1 pasrpa6neH, aen11Ka>1 n o6 eJJ.a Banb,IJ.eMapa a 611Tae np11 X enbCI1Hr6op re (a coap. Wae141111; 1362 r.) s a cTa al1na l aHs eillc KI1ill co10s sa Kn i0'111Tb MI1P ( 136 3 r . ) . K 1367 TOJJ.Y BanbJJ.eMa py IV npoTI1aocTORnl1 y;>Ke He TOn bKO l aHsa, HO 11 MeKneH6 y pr, l OnWTI1HI1>1, W ae1411>1, a TaK)I(e M>ITe)I(Hble IOTnaH,lJ.CKI1e 6apOHbl; ao eHHa>l yJJ.a 'la oTae p Hynac b oT Hero, 11 eMy np11wn o c b 6 e)l(aTb 113 J].a HI111 ( 1368 r.) . n o WTpanb3yHJ].CKOMYJJ.Oro aopy ( 1370 r. ) CKoHe Ha nRTHaJJ.14aTb n eT saKnaJJ.blaan cR l aHse; Kpo Me TOTO, p a CWI1p >lni1Cb TOproable n paaa laHseillcKoro co10s a Ha Tep PI1TOPI111 J].aHI111.

1397 r.

KAJ1bMAPCKAS1YH~S1.

BanbJJ.eMa p IV y Me p 6 es,lJ.eTHbiM; HacneJ]. oaan e My Ona¢ Ill X a KOHccoH ( 13 75 r. ) , KOTOp biM CTan 11 Kopon eM Hopaer1111 On arj) oM IV, HO a 17 n eT yMep ( 1387 r .). M aTb ero, Maprap11Ta J].aTcKa>l ( oHa )l(e MaprpeTe 1), JJ.O'Ib B anb,IJ.eMapa IVA rrep -

H~E

1263-1319 rr. LI,APCTBOBAH~Sl MArHYCA VI nArA5ETEPA

(T.E. ~CnPAB~TEnS1 3AKOHOB, 1263-1280 rr.) ~ 3P~KA II (1280-1299 rr.). B Me)I(J].yHapoJJ.HbiX aoiiiHaX Hopaer 11>1 a 3TI1 TOJ]. bl He y'laCTaoaana, HO aHYTpeHHee pa3ai1TI1e npOJ].On)l(anOCb.

1299-1319 rr. LI,APCTBOBAXAKOHA V MArHYCOHA. Xa -

H~E

KOH V nocTpOI1n He CKOnbKO Kpenoc Teill, 113 KOTOp biX oco6o cneJ].yeT oTMeTI1 Tb AKepwyc 6n11s coap. Ocno (T.e. 14eHTP anacTI1 Ha'lan nepeMeLljaTbC>I C sanaJ].a a CTOpOHY HbiHeWHeill cTon1114bl). OH noMoran woTnaHJJ.!4aM a 11x aoiiiHax c A Hm11eill (1297-1 3 14rr.) 11 HeCKOnbKO pa3 aoeaan c J].aHI1eill 11 W ae1411eill.

238

anoXA MOHronos. 1200-1400 rr.

1319-1355 rr. UAPCTBOBAHII'IE MAfHYCA VII 3PII'IKCOHA. npeCTOfl OH yHacne.aoean 4epe3 MaTb - l1Hre6opr, .ao% Koponf! XaKOHa V. no4TM BCe CBOe npaeneHMe MarHyc VII npoeen B WBel..lMM; HopBe)I(CKMe MarHaTb/ Bb/Hy,aMnM ero npM3HaTb KoponeM Hopeeruu ero Cb/Ha XaKoHa VI MarHycoHa Mna.awero ( 1343 r.), a no TOM M oTpe%Cfl B nonb3Y nocne.aHero ( 1355 r.).

1355-1380 rr. UAPCTBOBAHII'IE XAKOHA VI MAfHYCOHA MJlAJJ.WErO. 1380-1387 rr. UAPCTBOBAHII'IE OJlA<t>A IV XAKOHCOHA. OH yMep B B03pacTe 17neT, nocne 4ero pereHTwew cTana ero MBTb MapraPMTa)J,aTcKaf! ( unu MaprpeTe I, .ao% Banb.aeMapa IV Anep.aara).

1397 r. KAJlbMAPCKASI YHI!'ISI. npueMHb/W Cb/H ( M O,aHOBpeMeHHO BHy4aTbiW nneMf!HHMK) MaprapMTbl )J,aTCKOW, 3pMK noMepaHCKMW, 6bm npoeo3maweH npf!MbiM Hacne.a-

HMKOM HOpBe)I(CKOTO npeCTOna

( 1389 r.). KopoHoBaHHbiW B wee.aCKOM ropo.ae KanbMBP ( MIOHb 1397 r.), oH coe.aMHMn KopoHbl Hopeeruu, a TBK)I(e )J,aHMM M WBel..lMM (CM. HM)I(e).

WBEl.lMfl

1210-1250 rr. l\APCTBOBAHII'ISI3PII'IKA IV KHYTCOHA 111 3PII1KA V 3PII'IKCOHA. B 9TM.aecf!TMneTMfl npeKpBTMflMCb rpa)l(,a8HCKMe BOWHb/ M HaCTynMn MMp.

1250-1275 rr. 1..\APCTBOBAHII'IE BAJlbAEMAPA I Eiii'IPfECOHA. Cb!H flpna 6uprepa, OH 6bm 06bf!BfleH Hacne,aHMKOM 6e3,aeTHOTO KOPOflfl 3pMKa V 3pMKCOHa M ceMMneTHMM ecrynun Ha npecmn, Kor.aa TOT CKOH'iaflCfl ( 1250 r.). )J,o cMepTM flpna 6uprepa ( 1266 r.) Banb.aeMap I npaeun BMecTe coTl..lOM. CeeprHYT 6paToM MarHycoM (nOTOMY 'iTO, ompaBMBWMCb B na-

noMHM'iecTBo B PMM, npe.aocTaeun CflMWKOM 6onbWMe npMBMnerMM nane fpuropu10 X; 1275 r.) MompaeneH B CCblnKYB HopeerMIO, r.ae M)I(Mfl .ao CBMOW CMepTM ( 1302 r.).

1275-1290 rr. UAPCTBOBAHII'IE MAfHYCAI JlA)J.YJlOCA (T.E. AMEiAPHbl~ 3AMOK). CeeprHyB ceoero 6paTa, Banb.aeMapa I 6uprecoHa, oH oceo6o.aun oT Hanoroe 3eMneena.aenbl..leB ( ecnu Te cn'Y)I(Mnu y Hero B apMMM), a TaK)I(e co3.aan cpeo.aanbHY/0 apucToKpaTM/0. OH 3apa60T8fl penyTal..lM/0 3BmMTHMKa C06CTBeHHOCTM npOCTOflfO,aMHOB (oTKy.aa M npo3eume) M .ao6uncf! HanoroBbiX nocna6neHMW .anfll..lepKBM.

1290-1318 rr. fPA)f(AAHCKII'IE EiECnOPSIAKI!'I. OHM coena.aafOT no BpeMeHM C J..lapCTBOBBHMeM 6uprepa MarHycoHa, KOTOPbiW 6e3ycnewHo 6oponcf! c MarHaTaMM M C06CTBeHHb/MM 6paTbf/MM 3a BflBCTb B KOponeBCTBe.

Pa36oj;iHoe HanaAeHHe pbl"apej;i Ha waeACKYIO K:penoCTb. XIV a.

3AnA)J.HA$l EBPOnA KOHLIOB ee BOWCKaM y,aanOCb 38XBaTMTb y CTOpOHHMKOB CBeprHyToro Kopon~ CToKronbM ( 1398 r.).

1397 r. KAJlbMAPCKASfYHIIISf. 9pMK noMepaHCKMi!t- BHy4aTbJi!t nneM~HHMK MaprapMTbl 111 ee npMeMHbJi!t Cb!H- 6bm KOPOHOBaH B KanbMape O,aHOBpeMeHHO KOponeM WBeLIMM, /l,aHMM 111 HopBerMM ( MJOHb 1397 r.). Co103 npocyiJ..IeCTBOBan .ao 1523ro.aa. WBeACKHH 60HA. rpaaJOpa

<PMHRf1HtliAf1

1318-1364 rr. UAPCTBOBA-

1191-1216 rr.AATCKO-WBEA-

HIIIE MAfHYCAII3PIIIKCOHA.Ac-

CKOE COnEPHIIIliECTBO B <PIIIHJlSfHAIIIIII. Wee,abl 38 CBOM ycMnM~

caM6ne~ MarHaToB M36pana ero KOponeM B B03pacTe TpexneT oT po.ay; OH TaK)I(e LtapCTBOBan B HopeerMM no.a MMeHeM MarHyca VII. C ceMHa.aLtaTM neT ( 1332 r.) oH npe6bJBan no npeMMYIJ..IeCTBY B WBeLIMM- B pe3ynbTaTe 4ero YTPaTMn cnepea no.a.aep)I(KY HOpBe)I(CKMX MarHaTOB, a 3aTeM Ill CaM HOpBe)I(CKMIA TpOH ( 1355 r.). MarHyc 116e3ycnewHo 6oponc~ CO WBe,aCKMM/11 MarHaTaMM Ill Bb/Hy)I(IJ.eH 6bJn cornaCMTbC~ Ha 6paK cBoero CbJHa XaKoHa c MaprapMToi!t, .ao4epbJO .aBTcKoro Kopon~ Banb.aeMapa IVAnep.aara( 1359 r.). MarHaTbl 3aKnJ04MnM MarHyca B TJOPbMY 111 npe.ano)I(MnM TPOH Anb6pexry MeKneH6yprcKoMy ( 1364 r.). Bnocne.aCTBMM MarHyC 6bm BblnYIJ..IeH Ha CB06o.ay 111 nepe6panc~ B HopBerMJO ( 1371 r.), r.ae BCKope 111 yMep (1374r.).

1364-1388 rr. U,APCTBOBAHIIIE AJlbSPEXTA MEKJlEHSYPrCKOro. OH cornacMnc~ no.anMcaTb ,aBe xapTMM, CMnbHO ype3a/01.1..1Me CaMO,aep)l(aBHY/0 BnaCTb ( 1371 r. Ill 1383 r.), HO 3aTeM B03HaMepMnC~ HaBepcTaTb ynyiJ..IeHHOe, 4TO Bb/3Bano conpoTMBneHMe, 111 wee.acKMe MarHBTbl npM3BanM Ha noMO/J..Ib MaprapMryJl,aTCKYJO ( oHa )l(e Maprpem I, 1388 r.). nocnaHHa~ e10 apMM~ no6e.aMna 111 3axeaTMna Anb6pexTa (1389 r.).

1389-1396 rr. PErEHTCTBO MAPfAPHTbl AATCKOlll (11111111 MAPfPETE 1). TanaHmMBOMY .aMnnoMaTY 111 npaBMTenbHMLte, ei!t npMxo.aMnocb OT6MBaTbC~ OT C0/03HMKOB Mb6peXTa MeKneH6yprcKoro. B KOHLte

nony4MnM nancKyJO no.a.aep)I(KY ( 1216 r.) M6bJnM ynonHOM04eHb/ Y4pe,aMTb B 4JMHn~H,aMM enapXM/0 pe3M,aeHLtMei!t enMcKona cTan ropo.a A6o(lj>MHCKMi!t TYPKY).

1227-1229 rr. PYCCKASf IIIHTEPBEHU,IIISf. HoBropo.acKMi!t KH~3b >JpocnaB OKKynMpOBan BOCT04Hb/e 3eMnM 4JMHn~H,aMM. 9KcnaHCM/O npaeocnaBM~ y.aanocb ocTaHOBMTb TOnbKO CBOeBpeMeHHb/M WBe,aCKMM KOHTpHaCTynneHMeM,opraHM30BaHHbiM npM aKTMBHOift no.a.aep)I(Ke nanbl PMMCKOro.

1240 r. KPECTOBblli'l nOXOA HA HOBfOPOA. 0Tpfi.a KpecTOHOCLteB no.a KOMaH,aOBaHMeM bMprepa MarHycoHa 6bm pa36MT B cp8)1(eHMM Ha peKe HeBa (15 11110n~ 1240 r.) HOBropo.acKMM KH~3eM AneKcaH.apoM, Bnocne,aCTB/11/11 np03BaHHb/M 3a 9TY no6e.ay HeBCKMM.

1249 r. nOXOABTABACTIIIIO. 6111prep ompaBvm Boi!tcKo B TaBacTM/0 ( TeppMTOpM~ COBp. n~H/11 X~Me Ha 10re 4JMHn~H.aMM), r.ae nocTpoMn KpenOCTb ( COBp. ropo.a X~Me9H nMHHa, MnM TaeacTexyc B 4JMHn~H .aMM).

1293-1323 rr. KAPEJlbCKASf BOli'IHA. Topmn KHYTCOH opraHM30ean noxo.a B KapenMJO ( 1293 r.) 111 nocTpoMn KpenOCTb BMMnypM ( COBp. BbJ6opr). 9To npMBeno KB0306HoBneHMJO BOi!tHbl c Hoeropo.aoM, KOTOpa~ T~Hynacb TPM .aec~TMneTM~.

1374-1386 rr. PE>KIIIM fPIIInA. B 4JMHn~H.aMM Anb6epT MeKneH6yprCKMi!t 6bm Henonyn~peH, 111 K 1374 ro.ay n04TM BCeift CTpaHOift npa-

239 BMn WBe,aCKMift apMCTOKpaT bO flfoHCOH lpMn. nocne ero cMepTM ( 1386 r.) KOHTpOnb Ha.a 4JMHn~H,aM eift nepewen K MaprapMTe /],aTcKoi!t (MnM MaprpeTe I; 1388-1389 rr.); B KOHLte KOHLIOB CTpaHy npMCOe,aMH/11nM K KanbMapcKoi!t YHMM ( 1397 r.).

MCRAHtliAfl

1261-1264 rr. COrllACIIIE IIICJlAHAIIIIII nPIII3HATb HOPBE)f(CKIIIli'l CI03EPEHIIITET. AnbTMHr npMH~nnpe.ano)l(eHMeXaKoHaiVXa

KOHCOHa. noKa BCe nneMeHHb/e 80)1(.aM npMHOCMnM XaKoHy IV Kn~TBY BepHOCTM, npowno Tp/11 ro.aa.

rEPMAHIHI KaK 111 paHbwe, co6bJTM~, npoMcxo.aMBWMe B /epMaHMM, B 3Ha4MTenbHOift cTeneHM onpe.aen~nMcb HaB~34MBbiM CTpeMneHMeM repMaHCKMX MMnepaTOpOB K KOHTpOn/0 Ha.a t1TanMei!t, a TaK)I(e MX HenpepbJBHoi!t 6opb6oi!t 3a enacTb c nanaMM. Ha1116onee npMMe4BTenbHbJM !113 npaBMTenei!t nepeoi!t nonoBMHbJ XIII BeKa 6b!n 6neCT~/.1..1MW, T8JiaHTnMBblift 111 )l(eCTOKMi!t 4JpM.apMx II WTaylj>eH, B KOTOpOM C04eTanMCb KaK ny4WMe, TaK Ill xy,awMe Ka4eCTBa o6eMX lj>aMMnbHb/X nMHMift- Ill /oreHWTaylj>eHOB, Ill MTanb~HCKMX HOpMaHHOB. BcKope nocne ero cMepTM /epMaHM~ norpy3Mnacb B ny4MHY xaoca, M3BeCTHOrO KaK «BenMKOe Me)l(,ayLtapCTBMe», KOHeLI KOTOpOMyHaCTynMn c M36paHMeM Ha npecTOn Py.aonblj>a I, nepBoro MMnepaTOpa.aMHaCTMM la6c6yproB. XIV BeK OTMe4eH npaKTM4eCKM HenpepbJBHOift 6opb6oi!t 3a npecTOn Me)I(IJ.y .aoMaMM /a6c6yproB, BMnenbc6axoB 111 flJOKCeM6yproB. 3a 9TM ,aBa CTOneTM~ nOCTO~HHO ro 6ypneHM~ B /epMaHM/11 np0/1130wen no,abeM ,aByx KBa3MaBTOHOMHbiX MOryiJ..IeCTBeHHbJX cMn. B Ha4ane XIII BeKa pbJLtapM TeBTOHCKoro op.aeHa BO maBe C /epMaHOM lj>OH 3anb/_jeM Ha4anM pacnpOCTpaH~Tb XpMCTMaHCTBO Ill CB0/0 BnaCTb B ~3b/4eCKMe 3eMnM npyCC/11!11 Ill flMTBbl. PocTy 6o-

240

anoXA MOHronos. 1200-1400 rr. H8eeneHvteexpuervt8Hereo, TeeroHeKMW op.aeH noereneHHO eo3.D,8n eo6ereeHHoe roey.a8pereo.

JieM ( C

1212 r. ),

yHaCJie.D,OBaBIIIH.M

KopoJieBCTBO o6eHx CHUHJIHH B IOJKHolt lhaJIHH H JIHIIIh rroTo.M rrorraBIIIHM Ha HMIIepaTOpCKHH TpOH.

B 1200

ro,u_y no rrpH3hiBY pHM-

ro pyKoBOACTBOBaJICli HHrepecaMH

TOBhiH IIOXOA C UeJihiO IIOKOpeHHli

repMaHHH. pHAPHX II CTapaJICli coqeTaTh H.D,eiO o6oJKeCTBJieHHli HMIIe-

cJie,u,yiOmeM ro,u_y 6b1JI rro-

cTpoeH ropo,n_ PHra, KOTOphiH cTaJI

paTOpCKOH BJiaCTH (B ,n_yxe TeOKpa-

orropHhiM rryHKTOM arpeccopoB.

THH) C H,U,eej;j CHJihHOH KOpOJieBCKOH

,[lJili rropa6omeHHli BOHHCTBeH-

BJiaCTH, 3aHMCTBOBaHHOlt H3 IIpaKTH-

HhiX IIJieMeH <J:>eO.D,aJlhHOe OIIOJI'leHHe

KH CHUHJIHltcKoro KopoJieBCTBa.

pbiUapelt-KpeCTOHOCUeB OKa3aJ10Ch

3TOT HMIIepaTop IlhlTaJICli .D,06HTh-

HerrpHroAHhiM. Ilo OIII>l'I)' KpecTOBhiX

Cli OT 3aiia,U,HOeBporreHCKHX KOpOJiej;j

1202

IIO.D_'IHHeHHli eMy, KaK «IIepBOMY Cpe-

rroxo,n_oB B MarryiO A3HIO, B

ro,n_y B IlpH6aJITHKe 6b1JI yqpe-A<,LJ,eH

AH paBHhiX». O,u,HaKo ero rrorrhiTKH

Op,u,eH .Me<IeHocueB, co,n_epJKaBIIIHlt

,u_o6HThCli rocrro,n_cTBa Ha)l. Bcelt <J:>eo-

IIOCTOliHHOe pbiUapCKOe BOHCKO, KO-

AaJihHOH Esporro8 rrpoTHBopeqHJIH

1208 ro,n_y IIOKOpHJIO JIHBOB,

HHTepeCaM HapO:K,LJ,aBIIIHXCli UeHTpa-

1228 ro,u_y H 3CTOB. O,u,HospeMeH-

JIH30BaHHhiX rocy,n_apcTB H rroreprre-

mpoe K a K

r8TeTB8 M Mory11..1eere8 HeMe~KMX ropo.aoe, oeo6eHHO noproe H8 CeeepHOM M b8nTm4eKOM MOpfiX, enoeo6eTBOB8nO MX 06be.D,MHeHvte B eeoero P0/1.8 eo103 no.a H83B8HvteM f8H38. K eepe.auHe XIV eeK8, 6n8ro/1.8Pfl no6e.D,8M H8/l, HeMe~KMMM 68pOH8MM M eK8H/l,MH8B8MM, f8H3eWeKMW e0/03 38Hfln roeno.D,eTBY/0/J..Iee nono)l(eHVte e CeeepHow fepM8HMM M H8b8nTMKe. 1197-1214rr. conEPHW4ECTBO IIIMnEPATOPOB. fepM8HeKvti4 rpoH oen8pvte8nvt OrroH IV 6p8yHweewreKvti4(eenbcp) M<Pununn II We86eKvti4 (B8i46nvtHreH)- noK8 <Pununn II He 6bm y6ur ( 1208 r. ). Tor.a8 eonepHMKOM OrroH8 IV er8n <Ppu.apux II roreHWT8ycpeH; oH eerynun B e0/03 e KOponeM 4>p8H~MM <PvtnvtnnoM II AeryeroM nporue OrroH8 IV M8Hmvti4eKoro Koponfl t1o8HH8 I 6e33eMenbHoro. KynbMMH8~vtei4 ux eoi4Hbl noen'Y)I(vtno nop8)1(eHvte OrroH8 B 6vtTBe npvt bYBMHe. 1210-1239 rr. POCT MOfYW,ECTBA TEBTOHCKIIIX PbiUAPEIIt 0eHOB8HHbJW e KOH~e XII eeK8 B n8neeTMHe BO epeMf/ KpeeTOBb/X noxo.aoe 9TOT op.aeH o6p8rvtn B3mfl/l.bl H8 68nro-en8Bf!HeKvte 3eMnM. 38XB8Tb/B8fl Bee HOBble TeppvtTOPMM MH8evtnbeTBeHHO o6p8/l..l8fl MeeTHOe

CBOelt IIOJIHTHKe OH MeHhllle BCe-

cKoro rrarrhl 6b1JI opraHH30BaH KpecJIHBOB.

CJ>pHAPHX 6ap6apocca - IQ>ecTOHoce"'. MHHH3T10pa H3 pytronHCH «1.1CTOpHSI HepycanHMa» XIII a.

HO HeMei.IKHe pbii.IapH Ha'laJIH HaC'I)'IIJieHHe Ha pyccKHe 3e.MJIH. Op,u,eHy Me<IeHocues OKa3arrach

JIH Kpax. HecMOTPli Ha IIOCTOliHHhle CTOJIKHOBeHHli pHApHxa

c rrarra.MH

H ilHHOKeHTHe.M

IV)

He IIOA CHJIY 6oph6ac Hapo,n_aMH IlpH-

(I'pHropHe.M

6aJITHKH, KOTOphiX IIOMepiKHBaJia

H AIDKe Ha HeO.D,H OKpaTHhle OTJiyqe-

Pych. Me<IeHOCI.Ihl rrpH rrocpe,n_cTBe

HHli ero OT uepKBH, pa3HOrJiaCHli

Ilaiihl BhiHyJ£<;r(eHhl 6h1JIH 061>e.D,HHHTh-

Me:K,LJ,Y HMrrepampoM H rrarraMH He-

Cli c TeBTOHCKHM op,n_eHoM H CTaJIH

pe,n_Ko OTC'I)'IlaJlH Ha BTOpOH IIJiaH

ero <J:>HJIHaJIO.M IIOA HMeHeM JlHBOH-

rrepe,n_ yrp03olt HapO.D,HhiX ABHJKeHHlt

CKOro op,n_eHa.

H epecelt, IIO.D,phlBaBIIIHX OCHOBhl KaTOJIH'leCKOH l.lepKBH H cpe,n_HeBeKOBOlt

1211-1250 rr. U,APCTBOBAHIIIE 4>PIIIAPIIIXA II rorEHWTAY4>EHA. no4TM eee epeMfl eeoero np8eneHMfl npoeen e t1r8nMM, 6opfleb 38 Bn8eTb e n8n8MM; 0/l,HOepeMeHHO oH er8n KoponeM t1epye8nvtMeKMM. BbJewew ro4Koi4 ero MHO T04 Men eHH b/X MT 8nbfl HeKMX K8Mn8HMW f/BMn8eb no6e.D,8 H8/l, floM68p.D,eKOW nvtrOW B 6vtTBe npvt Kopre-Hyoe8 (unu KopreHyoe8, 1237 r.. KpoMe roro, <Ppu.apux II .D.B8)1(/l.bl eoee8n e 8PMMfiMM n8nbJ fpuropvtfiiX ( 1229-1230 M 12401241 rr.). Y.D.84H8fl eoi4H8 e n8now t1HHOKeHTMeM IV (1244-1247 rr.) npueen8 K TOMY, 4TO n8n8 er8n nO.D,.D,ep)I(MB8Tb 8HTMKOponei4 feHpMX8 TIOPMHreKoro M BvtnbrenbM8 ronn8H.D.eKoro ( 1244-1256 rr.) e rp8)1(/1.8HeKoi4 eoi4He nporue <Ppu.D.PMX8 II M ero ebJH8 KoHp8/1.8 IV (1246-1256 rr.).

HMIIepHH. By,n_yqH o,n_HoBpe.MeHHO rep.MaHCKHM HMIIepaTOpOM H CHI.IHJIHltCKHM KopoJie.M, pHApHx

II CTPeMHJICli 3a-

xsaTHTh B CBOH pyKH TaKJKe CesepHYIO H Cpe,u,HIOIO ilTaJIHIO c reM, 'IT06hi C03.D_aTh XOTII 6hl MeXaHH'leCKOe o61>eAHHeHHe <J:>eo,n_arrhHo-pa3.D_po6JieHHolt ilTaJIHH H pacrra,u,asiiieltcH Ha KHlliKeCTBafepMaHHH. ,[lJili .D,OCTHJKeHHli 3TOlt UeJIH OH 6eCIIOIIla.D,HO BhliKHMaJI ,n_eHeJKHhle cpe,n_cTBa H3 6oraTolt CHUHJIHH, a repMaHHIO <J:>aKTHqecKH O'JAaJI B pacrropH:a<eHHe KHll3elt, OT KOTOphiX Tpe60BaJ1 JIHlllh rrpe,n_oCTaBJieHHli eMY BaCCaJIOB .D_Jlll BoeHHhlX IIOXO.D,OB. Pa3JIHqHe BJIOM6ap,n_cKHX BOHHax pHApHXa I Hero BHyKa pHApHxa

3aKJIIOqaeTCli B TOM, qTQ IIOCJie,U,HHlt TOJihKO H3pe,n_Ka IIOJIY'laJI IIO.D,KperrJieHHli H3 fepMaHHH, HO 3aTO B CaMOlt ilTaJIHH OH HMeJI OCHOBY CBOero MOrymecTBa- rroJiy<IeHHoe HM B Ha-

pHApHx

II 6h1JI

B cymHoCTH He

cJieACTBO OT MaTepH KOpOJieBCTBO

rep.MaHCKHM, a CHUHJIHltCKHM KOpO-

o6eHx CHUHJIHlt. repMaHCKHe <J:>eo,n_a-

3AnA)J.HA$l EBPOnA

241

Jihl y:>Ke He rrpo.siBJI.siJIH 6om>rne I'OTOB-

AJI.si cpa:>KeHH.si, a AJI.si mro, ~o61>1

eMy He OCTaBaJIOCb HHqero HHOrO,

HOCTH rrepeXOAHTb, Haiip.sira.si CBOH

IIY'reM MaHeBpHpOBaHH.si, IIY'reM 3a-

KaK pacnycTHTb 01p.siAbl BepHbiX HM-

CHJlf>I, qepe3 Arlbiihl, TaK KaK OXOTa K

H.siTH.si II03HUHH, rrpope3aHHOlt peKa-

rrepHH ropo,.qoB, KOTOpble He IIO:>Ke-

Harpa,u,aM H rroqecTIIM Ha HMrrepamp-

MH H KaHaJiaMH, BOCIIpeii.siTCTBOBaTb

JlaJIH OCTaBaThC.si AaJibliie IIpH HeM.

cKolt cJiyiK6e co speMeH Bap6apoc-

oca,u,e H 3axsary yKperrJieHHhlX MeeT.

Chl 6blJia y:>Ke B 3HaqHTeJibHOlt Mepe

TiepBhllt ro,.q

(1236 r.)

Ho HMeHHO 3TY o6cTaHOBKY HM-

HM y,.qaJiocb

rrepaTop cyMeJI HCIIOJlb30BaTb C

yrpaqeHa, a yMaMH rrpe,.qcTaBHTeJielt

rrpo,.qep:>KaThC.si TaKHM MaHeBpHpOBa-

TOHKHM pacqeTOM, qro6bl B IIOCJie,.q-

OTAeJif>HhlX KH.si:>KeCKHX AOMOB BJia,.qe-

HHeM. Bo BTOpolt ro,.q

r.) CaM

HHlt MOMeHT HMeTb B03MO:>KHOCTb

JIH AHHaCTHqecKHe CTpeMJieHH.si, Bhl-

HMIIepaTop OTIIpaBHJIC.si eme pa3 B

IIpHltTH K :>KeJiaHHOMY perneHHIO H

(1237 2

TeCH.si.si rocy,.qapCTBeHHYIO H,.qeiO.

repMaHHIO H OCeHblO C

i l CBOHM IO:>KHOHTaJib.siHCKHM KOpO-

pb1Uapelt B03BpaTHJIC.si BHOBb qepe3

ThlC.siqaMH

JieBCTBOM, KOTOpoe IIOCJie CMepTH

BpeHHep. OH CKJIOHHJI MaHTYIO

HMrrepampareHpHxa VI (1197 r.), so

BblltTH H3 JloM6ap,.qCKOro COI03a H yr-

BpeMeHa pereHTCTBa IIpHliiJIO K aHap-

po:>KaJI BpernHH, Hacryrra.si Ha Hee c

HaHeCTH IIpOTHBHHKY CMep'reJif>Hbllt y,.qap.

Cpa:>KeHMe npM KopTeHyosa, 27 HOS16pSI 1237 ro.Qa

XHH, <l>pH,.qpHXY IlJIHliib IIOCTeiieHHO

IOrO-BOCTOKa. ,ll;JI.si II pHKpbiTH.si 3TO-

y,.qaJiocb oBJia,.qeTh cHosa: rrocJie 3TO-

ro ropo,.qa JIOM6ap,.qcKoe soltcKo 3a-

JloM6ap,.quhl, ysH,.qes, ~o HMrre-

ro OH CTaJI C1peMHTbC.si BOCCTaHOBHTb

H.siJio II03H UHIO, HaCTOJlbKO 3all.IH-

pamp pacrrycTHJI KOHTHHreHTbl CBO-

CBOH KOpOJieBCKHe H HMIIeparopCKHe

ll.leHHYIO peKaMH, pBaMH H KaHaJia-

HX ropo,.qoB, a CaM, IIOABHra.siCb K 3a-

npasa H B BepxHelt ilTaJIHH, TaK:>Ke

MH (rrpH MaHep6Ho, 3a peqoHKOH

rra,u,y, rreperneJI 0JIHO AJI.si mro, no-

o6reTrnasrnHe 3a3TO speM.si. EcJIH 6hl

Jly3HHbOJIO), ~0 HMIIepaTop He MOr

BHAHMOMY, qro6bl OTIIpaBHThC.si Ha

ero rroJIHTHKa HMeJia ycrrex, TO pe-

HHqero rro,.qeJiaTb. B KOHUe Ho.si6p.si

3HMHHe KBapTHpbi B KpeMoHy, pernH-

3YJif>TaTOM ee, BepO.siTHO, 6biJIO 6bl o6De,.qHHeHHOe ilTaJib.siHCKOe KOpOJieBCTBO, O'IfJ,eJieHHoe OT repMaHCKOlt HMIIepHH. IJepBa.si IIOIIhlTKa HMIIepaTopa <l>pH,.qpHXa pacrrpocTpaHHTb CBOIO BJiaCTb Ha CeBepOHTaJib.siHCKHe KOMM:YHhl He HMeJia ycnexa. ,ll;ec.siTh JieT crrycT.si, c03,.qas ce6e xoporny10 rro3HUHIO cpe,.qH repMaHCKHX <}>eo,.qaJIOB 6Jiaro,.qap.si CBOelt ycryrrqHBOCTH K HX -reppHTOpHaJif>HhlM IIpHT.si3aHH.siM H o6ecrreqHB ce6e IIOMeP:>KKY c HX CTOpOHhl, OH HaqaJI peliiHTeJibHYIO 6opt>6y, AO KOHUa KOTOpolt He ,.qo:>KHJI. B rrpe:>KHHe speMeHa, Kor,.qa Bap6apocca HJIH ero rrpe,.qrnecTBeHHHKH IIO.siBJI.siJIHCb C HeMeUKOH apMHelt K 10ry oT AJif>II, HTaJif>.siHUf>I He pernaJIHCf> BC1peTHTbC.si C HHMH B OTKpbiTOM rroJie. EcJIH HHor,.qa H rrpoHcxoAHJIH cpa:>KeHH.si,- B qacTHOCTH, Koma Bap6apocca reprreJI nopa:>KeHHe npH KapKaHo HJIH JleHb.siHo,TO 3,.qecb 6b1JIH TOJlbKO O'IJ],eJif>Hhle 01p.siAhl, Ha KOTOphle MHJiaHUbi Harra,.qaJIH JIOBKO H CIIJioqeHHO, paHbliie qeM OHH ycneBaJIH BbiiiOJIHHTb CBOe HaMepeHHe coe,.qHHHTf>C.si c APYrHMH 01p.si,.qru.-m. B cymHocTH JioM6ap,.quhl BCer,.qa IIOJiaraJIHCb Ha o6opOHHTeJibHhle CHJlhl CBOHX ropo,.qCKHX yKperrJieHHlt. TipoTHB <l>pH,.qpHxa II OHH BhlcryrrHJIH CO CBOHM COI03Hh1M BOltCKOM B OTKphlTOM IIOJie, HO BCe :lKe He

Cpa)l(eHHe. MHHHaTIOpa KOHQa XIII a.

242

anoXA MOHronos. 1200-1400 rr.

JIH TaK)f(e IIYCTHTbC.si B o6paTHbltt

lbmepaTop rrpHKa3aJI, "'T06hi pbi-

rryTh. CBoett n:eJIH- rrpHKphlTH.si

n:apH 3ry HO"lb O'I)J,blXaJIH, He CHHMa.si

HHe HMeJIH He BOeHHble)J,eitCTBH.si, HO CMeHa rrapTHtt, 3aCTa:BJI.siBIIIa.si ropo-

BpeiiiHH- OHH AOCTHrJIH. Ilp.s~Mott

IIa:HU:Hp.si, )J,a6bl Ha CJie)J,yiOIUHtt )J,eHb

)J,a H <}>eO)J,aJIOB rrepeXO,[J,HTb OT O,[J,HOtt

rryTh OT 3aHHMaBIIIHXC.si HMH AO rro-

rrpOAOJI)f(aTb 6HTBY.

CTOpOHhl KApyrott; CMeHa rrapTHtt CO-

3HU:Htt HaKpeMY H MHJiaH TOJihKO Ha

Ho JIOM6apAU:hl He AO)f(,l:{aJIHCh

BepiiiaJiaCb reM Jierqe, "'TT B 6oJibIIIett l:JaCTH ropO,[J,OB HMeJIHCb rpyrrrrH-

paCCTO.siHHe O,[J,HO)J,HeBHOro rrepeXO)J,a

B03o6HoBJieHH.si 6o.s1. Ho"lhiO 6biCTpo

YAaJIHJI 6hl HX oT mro MecTa (IloH-

B03paCTaJIO l:JHCJIO y6era:BIIIHX, H B

pOBKH, 6opOBIIIHeC.si 3a BJiaCTh H HC-

TeBHKO ), r,[J,e <f>pHApHX CaM rrepeiiieJI

KOHU:e KOHU:OB 6erCTBO CTaJIO o6-

KaBIIIHe

0JIHO; C ,[J,OCTaTO"'HOtt OCTOpO)f(HOC-

IUHM. BpocHB Kappo1:Jl:JHO Ha rrpoH3-

HMrrepaTope, aApyrHe- B coiOse ro-

ThiO, 1:JT06bl H36e)f(aTb CTOJIKHOBeHH.si,

BOJI cyAh6hl, OHH 3axBaTHJIH c co6ott

poAOB HJIH y IIaiihl. IlroTOMY BCe 3TH

OHH CBepHyJIH C ,[J,Oporn Ha CeBep, Ha

TOJibKO KpecT, OTJIOMaHHhltt OT ApeB-

pa3JIH"'Hble CMeH.siBIIIHeC.si Ka)f(,l:{hltt

paCCTO.siHHe eme O,[J,HOro AH.si rryTH,

Ka 3Ha:MeHH, HOB KOHU:e KOHU:OB H OH

ro)J, BOeHHhle IIpeAIIpH.siTH.si orrpe,[J,eJI.si-

AOttA.si, TaKHM o6pa3oM, IIO"'TH AO

6blJI 6poiiieH H OKa3aJIC.si B l:JHCJie

JIHCh B 60Jibiiiett CTeiieHH IIOJIHTH1:Je-

OIIOphl,

O,[J,HH-

IIOAHO)f(H.sJ: AJihii. Ho HMrrepamp caM

Tpo<}>eeB HMIIepaTOpCKHX BOitCK.

CKHMH, l:JeM BOeHHhlMH MOTHBa:MH.

HeMe)J,JieHHO IIOIIIeJI BBepX ITO peKe:

Becb Jiarepb rrorraJI B HX pyKH, H

HepeAKO AeJIO AOXOAHJIO AO CThJ<IeK

MHOrHe H3 JIOM6ap,~J,U:eB 6blJIH BO

H AaJKe AO KpyiiHhlX Cpa:)f(eHHtt; HO

BpeM.si 6erCTBa y6HThl HJIH 3a:xBal:Je-

ecJIH )J,a)f(e OAHa H3 rrapTHtt, cJiyqa-

Hhl B IIJieH.

JIOCh, H HeCJia 60JibiiiHe IIOTepH, TO

Ka:K

BCe :>Ke IIOCJie)J,CTBH.sl BCer)J,a 6blBaJIH

HH 3Hal:JH'reJihHa 6blJia rro6e-

Aa HMIIepaTopa H KaK HH T.sJ:)f(eJIO

Ol:JeHb HHl:JTO)f(Hhl, H60 y IIpOTHBHH-

6hlJIO IIOpa)f(eHHe JIOM6ap,~J,U:eB IIpH

KOB He XBaTaJIO CHJI ,[J,JI.sl OC3Ahl 60Jib-

KopTeHyosa, Bee :>Ke HCXOA sottHhl

IIIero MaCIIITa6a.

3THM eme He orrpeAeJIHJIC.si. Ilpa:s,~J,a, 3YCJIOBHYIO IIOKOpHOCTh, KOTOpott

1211-1224 rr. TEBTOHCKI-1E Pblu,API-1 B BEHfPI-11-1. no npocb6e

TPe6osaJI <l>pHApHx, OHH He comaiiia-

BeHrepCKOTO KOPOflfl AH.apeflll, OHIII

MHJiaHU:hl IIpOCHJIH MHpa, HO Ha 6e-

JIHch; Ta:KHM o6pa30M, Cpa)f(eHHe IIpH

BOeBBJIIII C nOJIOBLIBMIII. no3)1(e,

KopreHyoBa He HMeJio CKOJihKO-HH-

o6ecnOKOeHHb/W pOCTOM TeBTOHCKO-

6yAh cymecTBeHHbiX pe3yJihTaTOB, H

TO Bfllllf/HIIIfl, AH.apet/i lf!II31H8!1 IIIX 1113

BOttHa IIpO,[J,OJI)f(a]laCb. ,[{aJieKHtt OT

CTPBHbl.

MbiCJIH HeMe)J,JieHHO IIpHCTYIIHTb K

1226-1285 rr. KPECTOBbiVI nOXOA 1-1 nOKOPEHI-1E TEBTOHCKI-1MI-1 Pblu,APSIMI-1 nPYCCI-11-1.

oca,~J,e ca:Moro MHJia:Ha, <l>pHApHx y:>Ke B cJieAyiOIUeM roAy rrocJie KopreHyosa He Mor B3.siTh )J,a:)f(e BpeiiiHIO. XoTII B pacrrop.si)f(eHHH HMrrepaTopa 6hlJIH 3Hal:JH'reJibHbie cpe,[J,CTBa:>KeCTO-

KpeCTOBbte noxo.Qbl repMaHCKHX PbiL\apeH B npH6311THKY

KO 3KCIIJiyaTHpyeMOro HM KOpOJieB-

WneM «Tonct>xenM». BTopast nonoBHHa XIII a.

CTBa o6eHx CHU:HJIHtt; xoTII Ha ero

Pa3,[J,po6JieHHIO repMaHHH CIIO-

CTOpOHe Cpa:)f(aJIOCb H BCeMH CHJiaMH

co6CTBOBaJIH H 3aBoeBa'reJibHble IIO-

ero IIOMep)f(HBaJIO HeMaJIOe l:JHCJIO

XO,[J,hl B IlpH6aJITHey. IlpOHHKHOBe-

JIOM6ap,[J,l.lhl, CIIOKOitHO paCIIOJIO)f(HB-

HTaJih.siHCKHX KOMMYH H MorymecT-

HHe HeMn:es Ha 6epera PH)f(CKoro 3a-

IIIHeC.si JiarepeM rrpH KopTeHyosa B

seHHhlX <}>eO)J,aJIOB; XOT.sl B rrepBbie

JIHBa H B 6accettH 3arrap,Hott ,[{BHHhl

o6JiaCTH Bepra:Mo, BHe3arrHo IIOABep-

r0,[J,hl repMa:HH.si Ta:K:>Ke IIOChlJiaJiaeMy

Ha"laJIOCh eme B KoHn:e XII BeKa, Kor-

rJIHCh Harrap,eHHIO. TaK Ka:K BottcKa

3Hal:JH'reJibHble IIO,[J,KpeiiJieHH.si, -

BCe

Aa B ycThe ,[{BHHhl CTaJIH e3)l.HTh repMa:HCKHe eyrrn:hl H3 ropoAa BHc6H (Ha

<f>pHApHXa ,[J,OJI)f(Hbl 6hlJIH C,[J,eJiaTb

)f',e ero MOryiUeCTBO OKa33JIOCb He)J,O-

AJIHHHhltt rryTh, cpiDKeHHe Ha"laJIOCh

CTaT01:JHbiM AJI.si BeAeHH.si peiiiH'reJih-

OCTpOBe roTJiaHA) H H3 BpeMeHa.

JIHIIIh K Be"'epy. AsaHrapA JIOM6apA-

Hott BOitHhl.

1186

roAy apxHerrHcKorr BpeMeH-

n:es 6blJI OIIpOKHHYT phln:ap.siMH

BottHa rrporeKaJia B rroxo,~J,ax, cJiy-

CKHtt yqpe,[J,HJI oco6yiO ,[J,OJI)f(HOCTb errHcKorra BocmqHott IlpH6aJITHKH H

<l>pHApHxa. Bee Te H3 oxBal:JeHHhlX

)f(lfBIIIHX TOJihKO AJI.si orrycmiiieHH.si,

IIaHHKOtt JIOM6ap,[J,CKHX BOitCK, KOTO-

B Harra,~J,eHH.siX H Ha6erax Ha Kperroc-

Ha3Hal:JHJI Ha Hee cBoero cTaBJieHHHKa.

pble He cpa3y o6paTHJIHCh B 6ercTBo,

TH H 3aMKH, a HHOI):\a B ocap_e ropo-

CMeH.siBIIIHeApyr ApyraerrHCKOIIhl rrpH-

co6paJIHCb BOKpyr Kapp01:Jl:JHO, KOTO-

AOB C pe,[J,Hett BeJIH1:JHHhl, 60Jibiiiett

BJieJ..'aJIH K ce6e Ha IIOMO!Uh HeMeU:KHX

poe, Ka:K H IIpH JieHb.siHO, CTO.siJIO Ha

qacTbiO He IIpHBO,[J,HBIIIett K n:eJIH, 3a

phln:apett H ycHJieHHO 3a:HHMaJIHCb Ha-

3aiUHIUeHHOM pBOM HJIH KaHaJIOM

HCKJII01:JeHHeM TeX CJiyqaes, KOr,[J,a B

CHJibCTBeHHOtt XpHCTHa:HH3a:n:Hett MeC-

Mecre. Phln:apH <l>pHApHxa He B co-

CaMOM OCa)f(,l:{eHHOM ropo,[J,e KaKa.si-

THOro HaCeJieHH.si, KOTOpoe COCTOSIJIO

CTO.siHHH 6biJIH B3.siTb 3TY II03HU:HIO

JIH60 IIaPTH.si CTa:HOBHJiaCb Ha CTOpO-

H3 pa3JIH1:JHhiX JIHTOBCKHX H JiaThliii-

rrpHcryrroM.

HY oca)f(,l:{a:BIIIero. PeiiiaiOmee 3Haqe-

CKHX IIJieMeH. 0pra:HH30Ba:HHOe BOeH-

3AnNJ,HA~

EBPOnA

243

HOe HaCTYITJieHHe Ha 3eMJIH JIHBOB H

3TH KpeiTOCTH 6biJIII CBH3aHbl Me)f{L(y

HOM, CKOJibKO )XeHCTBeHHOCTb Mep

3CTOB 6biJIO ITpOH3BeJJ:eHO CHJiaMH

co6oi1 II C fepMaHIIeH BOJJ:HbiM ITy-

IIpOTIIB MHTe)f{a, KOTOpblli BCerJJ:a ITOJJ:HIIMaeTCH, KaK TOJibKO ITOKOpeHHbie

JJ:yxoBHO-pbiQapcKoro OpJJ:eHa MetJ:e-

TeM . ,UOCTIIrHyB BHII3 ITO TetJ:eHIIID

Hocu;eB, ITOJJ:tiHHeHHOrO pH:lKCKOMY

HoraTa EaJITHHCKoro MopH, OHH

y3HaiDT tJ:y)Ke3eMHoe BJiaJJ:I>I'leCTBo,

eiTHCKOITY H OCHOBaHHOrO C QeJibiD

BCTYIIIIJIH B CBH3h c ITPIIMOpCKHMH

HOBllleCTBa II rHeT. Ha ABeHanuaTOM

(1242 r.)

3aXBaTa CeBepHbiX TOprOBhlX ITyTeH.

roponaMH fepMamm. 3Jih6HHr no

rony 3aBoeBaHHH

,UJIH OCyiQeCTBJieHH51 3TOH QeJIH He-

HeKOTOpOH CTeiTeHH 6biJI KOJIOHIIeH

JIOCh ITepBOe 60JihlllOe BOCCTaHIIe,

MeQKHe cpeOJJ:aJibi YCHJIHJIH ITOJIHTH-

J1ro6eKa. MapKrpacp feHpiiX MeilceH-

KOTOpoe ITpOJJ:OJI)l(aJIOCb

KY HaCHJihCTBeHHoil xpucnmHH3aQnn

CKIIH, CTaBmHH 6oraTeHrrrHM cpeOJJ:a-

1253

JI3TbllliCKHX H 3CTOHCKHX ITJieMeH.

JIOM ITOCJie TOrO KaK 06Hapy)KHJIOCb

6opb60H B OTKpbiTOM ITOJie, a TeM,

BJJ:OXHOBHTeJieM HacTyiiJieHim Ha Ha-

cepe6po B py.D:e ero rop, ITocenm OJJ:-

'ITO ITpyCCbi He B COCTOHHIIII 6biJIII

pOJJ:hi Ilpu6aJITITKIT 6hTJI ITaiTa l1HHO-

III. 1210

KeHTITH K

ro.D:y pi>ru;apu -

pa3pa3H-

JieT, .11:0

rOJJ:a, H 6biJIO ITOJJ:aBJieHO He

Ha)f{ll:bT BO BpeMH KpeCTOBOrO ITOXO-

OBJia)l.eTb BCeMIT yKpeiTJieHIIHMIT pbl-

L(a Op~~:eH, oKa3aJI eMy 6oJiblllYID yc-

u;apetf IT, TaKIIM o6pa30M, BbiTeCHIITh IIX II3 cTpaHbi. Bee HOBbie KpecTOHOC-

tiJieHhr

eyry, tJ:eM CBOIIM pbm,apCTBOM, TeM,

Op~~:eHa MetieHocu;eB, cTpeMHBmuecH

'ITO ITOJJ:apHJI e.M)' JJ:Ba BOeHHhlX KO-

Qbi ITO,[():(ep)f{HBaJIH pbmapeil, y'IaCT-

K 3eMeJII>HhiM 3aXBaTaMIT o6oraru;e-

pa6JI5l -

«IliiJIDrpHM» II «<l>piiJJ:e-

BOBaJIII B IIX KOHTpaTaKaX II ITOMOfJIH

HITID, 3aBOeBaJIH JlHBOHHID, HeCMOT-

JiaHII:», 6Jiaronap51 KoTophiM OpneH

liM 3aJIO)l(IITh B rJiy6IIHe CTpaHbl B

pH Ha yiTopHoe coiTpOTHBJieHire Jill-

OBJiaJJ:eJI piimracpoM.

KpiicT6ypre HOBYID yKpeiTJieHHYID

BOB H 3CTOB. Ho ITPIT IIOIThiTKe 3axBa-

OT KpeiTOCTeil Ha BOL(HbiX II)'THX

6a3y. IlaiTCKIIH JieraT HKOB JliDTTIIX-

THTh JCTOHITID OHIT HaTOJIKHYJIITCh Ha

pbiQapii npOL(BIIraJIHCb B rey6b CTpa-

CKIIH 6bTJI nocpeJJ:HITKOM npii 3aKJIID'leHIIII MIIpa C 'laCTbiD nOBCTaHQeB

CITJibHOe ITpOTITBOJJ:eHCTBITe pycCKITX

Hbi, OCHOBbTBaH BCe HOBbie yKpeiTJie-

KH513ell:. ToJibKO B cJieJJ:ymru;ee JJ:eC5l-

Hll5l,KaK,HaiTpliMep,PeJJ:eH,DapTeH-

THJieTHe, BCTymm B COID3 C JJ:aTCKHM

IIITeHH, PeccJib.

TOpOM coxpaHHJICH no cew neHh. Eru;e

<PeBpaJI5l

1249 r. ), ,[(OKyMeHT 0

KO-

KopoJieM BaJibJJ:eMapoM, MetJ:eHOCQbi

CaM OpneH 6hm cJIIIIIIKOM cJia6

pa3 pa3ropeJiaCb 6opb6a, B KOTopow

BCe )f{e 3aXBaTHJIIT JCTOHITID IT ITOJJ:e-

JJ:JIH HacTynaTeJibHhTX JJ:eHCTBITH, HO

.na)f{e pbiQapiT noTepneJIIT TH)KeJioe

rona

Ha ITOMO!Qh eMy ITOCTOHHHO ITpiiXOL(HT

ITopa)f{emre B 6oro rrpu KproKeHe

repMaHCKHe cpeOL(aJibl ITO HHHUHaTH-

KpeCTOHOCQhi, '!aCTO KpyiTHhie cpeona-

(23 HOH6p51 1249 r. ), r[(e ITaJIO 54 'lJie-

HatJ:aJIH

Jibi, B COITpOBO)f{)XeHHII BOopy)f{eHHbiX

Ha OpneHa. Ho B KOHQe KOHQOB Bee

IIpOHHKaTb B IlpyCCHID ITOJJ: ITpeJJ:JIO-

oTpHJXOB, MapKrpa<j>I>I MeilceHCKIIHII

BOCCTaBIIIHe ITpiiHHJIII ycJIOBIIH MIIpa.

fOM KpecToBoro IToxona ITpoTrrB

EpaHneH6yprcKIIii, JiaHJJ:rPa<P TmpiiH-

OpneH TOT'Iac )f{e Bo3o6HoBIIJI

«H3hi'leCKOro» IIJieMeHH npyccoB. Ha

reHCKIIil, repu;or EpayHmBetfrcKIIH,

CBOID 3aXBaTHII'IeCKYID ll,eHTeJib-

IIOMOIQb HeMeQKHM pbiUapHM, CTOJIK-

eiiiiCKOIT Mep3e6yprcKIIH, KHH3b AH-

HOCTb. Ilpii CO,[(eHCTBIIII 'lelliCKOrO

HYBlliliMCH co CTOHKHM coiTpOTIIBJie-

ram TCKIIH.

JIHJIH ee c naT'laHaMH. C Be Toro )f{e l1HHoKeHTH5l

1215

III

BCITOMoraTeJibHoro KopiTyca, ITpiiBe-

HIIeM ITpyccoB, ITaiTCTBO ITepeBeJio B

f. ,UeJib6piDK 3aMetJ:aeT, 'ITO pe-

Ilpii6aJITHKY TeBTOHCKIIH op~~:eH ( oc-

maiDIQee 3H3'leHIIe ITpll BCHKIIX KO-

pOM, OCHOBaHO 6biJIO yKpeiTJieHHe

1198 rOJJ:Y B IlaJieCTHHe ), KOTOpblll C 1230 rOJJ:a HatJ:aJI 3aBoeBaHIIe Ilpyccnn. B 1237 ro~~:y

JIOHIIaJibHbiX 3aBOeBaHIIHX HMeeT He

ITPII ycTDe IlpereJIH -

CTOJibKO ITepBaH yJJ:atia, KOTOpaH 'laC-

(1254 r. );

TO II:OCTaTO'IHO JierKO JJ:OCTIIraeTCH

K ypJIHHJJ.IIeil, y ycTI>H HeMaHa Ha K y-

3TOT OpJJ:eH cJIHJicH c Op~~:eHOM Me-

HeO)KIIJJ:aHHOCThiD HaiTaJJ:eHIIH, 06Ma-

piimracpe OCHOBaH 6bTJI M eMeJib (Me-

HOBaHHI>IH eru;e B

,neHHoro JIII'IHO KOpOJieM 0TTOKa-

tJ:eHocueB. Pbm:apii ITpe)KJJ:e Bcero ocHoBaJIH Ha BITcJie B oiTycTomeHHoil ITOJibCKOH ITOrpaHII'IHOll 06JiaCTII CIIJibflYID KpenOCTb TopH

(1230

HJIH

1231 r.);

OT-

CIDII:a OHIT JJ:BHHYJIHCb BHIT3 no Te'leHHID BHCJibi IT nOCTpOHJIIT KpenOCTIT KyJII>M, M a piieHBepnep II 3JII>6IIHr

(123 7

r. ). 3aTeM OHII II:BIIHYJIIICb

naJihllle BL\OJih 6epera piilllTacpa 11 ITOCTpOI1JII1 TaM EaJihry

(1239

r. ).

B 3TOM rrpOL\BH)f{eH!1H 11x BL\OJih rpaHHQhi ycMOTpeJIH HaMepeHHe KaK 61>1 oKpy)f{IITb ITpyccoB, HO He B 3TOM 6biJIO L(eJIO. 3L(eCb HHKOrL(a He HMeJIO MeCTa CTpaTerH'leCKOe B3aHMOL(eHCTBIIe JJ:BYX pa3JIH'IHhiX 633: pelllaiDIQee 3HatJ:eHIIe, BepHee, IIMeJIO TO, 'ITO BCe

KeHurc6epr

eiiie paHee, JJ.JIH CBH3II c

6oeaoiii nopSIAOK IIIIIBOHCKIIIX pbl43peiii

anoXA MOHronos. 1200-1400 rr.

244

BMUe-MarMCTP renbMepMX C 40 qJie-

OcaJY-,AeHHble c XMTpocTbiO IIOA-

HaMH Op.D,eHa M 6biJIO YHM<JTOJKeHO

roTaBJIMBaJIMCb K 6ercTBy B IIpO.D,OJI-

BCe XpMCTHaHCKOe BOitCKO

(13

MIOJIJI

C'reHaMM KpeiiOCTM B IIOJIHOlt TMIIIM-

<JaJiacb B HerrpepbiBHO B0306HOBJIJIB-

He, TaK "'TO rrpyccbl C<JMT3JIM Kpe-

IIIHXCJI C o6eMX CTOpOH pa360itHM<Jb-

IIOCTb (6ypr) y)f(e OCTaBJieHHOlt, HO

MX M OIIYCTOIIIHTeJibHbiX Ha6erax, B

KaK TOJibKO OHM npM6JIM3HJIMCb, OHM

KoTOpbiX rrpyccbiAOCTHrJIM creH Top-

IIOI!a.JIM IIOA o6cTpeJI H C 60JiblliHMM

H a H pa3pyrnMJIH MapMeHBep.D,ep.

IIOTepJIMM 6biJIM OT6poiiieHbi. ,[{JIJI

0KOH<Ja'reJibHOe )f(e peiiieHMe M Ha

yxo.LJ,a M3 KperrocTH rapHH30H pa3.D,e-

3TOT pa3 .LJ,aJia 6opb6a 3a yKperrJieH-

JieH 6biJI Ha.LJ,Ba He60JiblliMX OTpJI.D,a, M3 KOTOpbiX O,!J,MH IIOIIIeJI ITO rryTH B

Hble rryHI-'Tbi. flpyccbi OBJia)J,eJIH BCeMH yKperrJieHHbiMH rryHKTaMH BHYTPM crpaHbi,

6a~I1HeT OT AeTCKOrO AOCnexa.

0Kono 1390 r.

)f(eHHe HeCKOJibKMX.LJ,Helt, II pJI<JaCb 3a

1263 r.). BoltHa B ocHOBHOM 3aKJIIO-

KeHMrc6epr

MHm), a Apyrolt-

B 3Jib6MHr (15 MMJib): O.LJ,HH y6omlt

AO KpHcT6ypra. IlpaB.LJ,a, oca.D,Hoe

CJierroJ;t 6paT OCTaBJieH 6biJI B Kpe-

MCKYCCTBO rrpyccOB CTOJIJIO HeBbiCO-

IIOCTH H peryJIJipHO 3BOHMJI B KOJIO-

KO, XOTII OHM M 3aMMCTBOB3JIM y CBO-

KOJI B qacbl uepKOBHOit CJIY~bi, IIOA-

MX IIpOTHBHHKOB KOe-qTo M3 rrpH-

,!J,ep)f(HBrui y IIpOTHBHMKa, CKJIOHHO-

MeHeHMJI OCa.D,HbiX opy.D,Mlt, HO OHM

ro K OCTOpO)f(HOCTM IIOCJie He.LJ,aBHMX

6JIOKMpOB3JIM KpeiiOCTM, CO CBOelt

IIOTepb, BrreqaTJieHMe, "'TO KpeiiOCTb

MeJib6ypr) M BHYTPM cTpaHbi-

CTOpOHbi CTPOHJIH npOTMB HMX CBOH

eme 3aHJITa rapHH30HOM. Kor.LJ,a

Kpeitu6ypr. 3areM rrocJie.LJ,OBaJIH Jia-

KpenOCTH, .D,ep)f(a.JIM TaM CMeHJIBIIIM-

6Hay Ha KypMIIIra<Pe (MoJKeT 6biTb,

eCJI rapHM30Hbi M 6pa.JIM IIpOTHBHMKa

rrpyccbi HaKoHeu y6e.LJ,MJIMCb, qTo TeBTOHbi .LJ,eltCTBMTeJibHO Mcqe3JIM,

JIHIIIb HeMHOrO Il03)f(e), )J,3Jlbllle B

M3MopoM. To<JHO TaK )f(e, KaK HeKor-

IIOCJie.LJ,HMe 6biJIH y)f(e .LJ,aJieKO H yc-

my61> cTpaHbi, HailpereJie -

Benay.

Aa pHMCKHlt rapHH30H KperrocTM AJIM-

rreJIM cKpbiTbCJI. 06a MX OTPJIAa 6Jia-

3THX M HeKOTOpbiX HOBbiX IIYHK-

30 c ocTaTKaJviH apMMH Bapa, .D,ep)f(aB-

rorroJiy<JHO AOCTMrJIH KeHMrc6epra H

TOB coBepiiiaJIOCb rroKopeHMe Boc-

IIIHltcJI MeCJII.Ia!viH IIpOTHB repMaHUeB,

3Jib6MHra.

TO<JHoit flpyccHH, KOTOprui B 60Jibiiielt

B KOHUe KOHUOB, KOr.LJ,a MCTOII.IMJIHCb

,[{JIJI CHJITHJI OCa,JJ,bi CO BCeX 3TMX

cBoen qacTH HaceneHa 6bma y;y..e He

C'beCTHbie npHIIaCbi, TaltKOM BbiliieJI

Kperrocrelt Op.D,eH He Mor rrpMHJITb

rrpyccaMH B C06CTBeHHOM CMbiCJie, a

H 6JiarOIIOJIY<JHO npOIIIeJI 20 MMJib

HMKaKHX Mep, HO KpeiiOCTH, Jle)f(aB-

JIMTOBU3MH.

AO PeltHa, TaK M rerrepb rapHM30Hbi

IIIMe y BOAHbiX rryren, TaKHe, KaK Me-

CrrycTII 6 JieT, B 1260 ro.LJ,y, BCIIbiX-

Kperrocren op.D,eHa B IlpyccHM crra-

MeJib6ypr, KeHMrc6epr, BaJibra M

HyJio Bmpoe 6oJibiiioe BOCCTaHHe, BO

CaJIMCb, 06MaHbiBaJI 6.LJ,MTeJibHOCTb

3Jib6MHr, yAep)f(aJIHCb: K TopHy M

BpeMJI KOTOporo JIHTOBI.Ibl HaHeCJIM

OCa)f()J,aBIIIMX H TaitKOM BbiXO)J,JI M3

KyJII>MY MJITe)f(HMKH He peiiiaJIMCb

pbiUapJIM TII)f(eJioe rropa)f(eHHe rrpM

KperrocTH.

IIOACTYIIHTh. )l{ecToKolt oca,JJ,e IIOA-

,[{yp6aHe, rrpH<JeM, Ila.JIH 150 qJieHOB

rapHH30Hbi re~tJic6epra M BpayH-

Op.D,eHa BO rJiaBe C MarHCTPOM JlMBOH-

c6epra ycKOJib3HYJIM, TaKHM o6pa30M,

c6epr: noA KeHMrc6eproM rrpyccbl

CKOro Op.D,eHaBypxap.D,OM <PoH ropH-

B 3Jib6MHr, a M3 BM3eH6ypra (K cere-

IlbiTaJIMCb AaJKe rrepepe3aTb BO.LJ,Hblit

ray3eH M MapiiiaJIOM reHpMXOM Bo-

py oT PacTHH6ypra) qepe3 rrycTbiH-

IIYTb, HaBe.LJ,JI MOCT Ha flpereJie, HO

TeJieM

(13

BepmHcb Banbra M oco6eHHO KeHHr-

MIOJIJI 1260 r. ). IloMe3a-

HYIO MeCTHOCTb Ha IOre- B IloJibiiiY

pbiUapM pa3pyiiiHJIM ero H IIOJIY<Ja.JIM

HMJI, pacrroJIOJKeHHaJI Ha BMcJie, Ha

MJIM 3acceH. ,[{MBaH, BOeHaqaJibHMK

Bee BpeMSI MopeM HOBble 3arracbl rrpo-

3TOT pa3 ocTaJiacb repHolt, HO 5 BHYT-

6apmB, 3aMeTHB MX yxo.LJ,, rrpecJie.LJ,o-

AYKTOB, rro.D,KperrJieHMJI M, HaKOHeu,

peHHHX oKpyros: 3eMJiaH.LJ,IDI, HaTaH-

BaJI HX C

reH, 3pMJiaHAMJI, Ilore3aHMJI M Bap-

pbiX MOrJIH BhlAep)f(HBaTb TaKOlt .LJ,OJI-

CHJIBIIIee OCa.D,Y. 0.LJ,HH pa3 MM npH-

TeH, IIO.LJ,roTOBMB 3aroBop, BOCCTaJIM

rnlt rryTh, M, HaKoHeu, HaCTMr MX. Ho

IIIJIM Ha rroMOII.Ib rpa<l>bi IOJIMXCKHlt M

BOMHaMH, JIOIIIa,ll,H KOTO-

MOpeM )f(e rrpH6biJIO K HHM BOltCKO,

M Bbi6paJIH ce6e rrpe.D,BO)J,HTeJielt-

KOr.LJ,a OH Calvi B CXBaTKe 6biJI paHeH,

Bepr, KOTopbiX rrpyccbi rrporHaJIH (22

repuoroB, KaK Mbl 6bl MX Ha3Ba.JIM,-

OCTaJibHble OTKa3aJIMCb OT 6opb6bl H

JIHBapJI 1262 r. ). B 1265 ro.LJ,y rrpM6bi-

KOTOpbie BeJIH yrropHyiO 15-JieTHIOIO

rrpecJieA OBaHMJI.

JIH repuor BpayHIIIBeltrcKHlt M JiaHA-

MeHee rrocqacTJIMBMJIOcb rapHM-

rpa<P TIOpMHreHCKHlt, AaBIIIMe pbiua-

0.LJ,MH H3 3TMX rrpe.D,BO)J,MTeJielt,

30HY Kpeltu6ypra, KOTopbilt 6biJI 3a-

PJIM 0p.D,eHaB03MO)f(HOCTh BHOBb rroBeCTH HacryrrJieHMe M3 KeHHrc6epra.

BOltHy. reHpHX MoH're HaTaHreHCKHlt, noJiy-

CTMrHYT HOqbiO npH IIOilbiTKe K 6er-

qHJI, KaK HeKor.LJ,a ApMHHMit B PM Me,

CTBY M M3py6JieH. B

npo.D,OJI)f(eHMe

Bmpoe 6oJibiiioe BOCCTaHMe npH-

CBOe BOCIIHTaHMe, a 6biTb MOJKeT, M

4 JieT BapreHIIITeltH Bbi.D,ep)f(HBaJI

XOAMT K KOHUY B TaKOlt iKe Ca!vtolt

xpMCTMaHCKoe MMJI B Mar.LJ,e6ypre.

6JIOKa,JJ,y. floJIO)f(eHMe ero rapHM30Ha

o6CTaHOBKe, KaK M rrepBoe, B CYII.IHO-

IJpyccbi MHOroKpaTHO O.D,ep)f(HBaJIH

CTaJIO HaKOHeU TaKHM 6e3BbiXO)J,HbiM,

CTH rrpyccbi He 61>IJIM rro6e-tK.D,eHbi.

Bepx Ha IIOJIJIX Cpa)f(eHMlt, B <JaCTHO-

"'TO e.LJ,MHCTBeHHbiM crraceHMeM OCTa-

,[{Boe M3 npe.D,BO)J,MTeJielt MJIM repuo-

CTH B CpaiKeHMM rrpM Jie6ay, r.LJ,e Ila.Jl

JIOCb TaitHOe 6ercTBO.

roB, reHpMX MoH're M3 HaTaHreHa M

3AnA)J.HA$l EBPOnA Dianne M3 3pl'vUia.H,LJ,a, 6Jiaro,LJ,ap.a XIIT-

MH, a II03iKe, B CBOIO O'Iepe,LJ,b, IIO,LJ,-

pocTH, a B03MOJKHO, KaKOJi-JIM60 M3-

BepraJIMCb 3aKpenomeHMIO. IIpHMep-

MeHe CO CTOpOHhl MX COIIJieMeHHMKOB

HO B 3TO :JKe BpeMJI B IIpyccMM Haqa-

IIOIIaJIM B IIJieH K phiUapJIM M 6hiJIM IIO-

JIO CKJia,LJ,hiBaTbCJI phiUapCKOe IIOMeC-

BeilleHhl; TpeTMli, )J:MBa.H, BOeHa'IaJib-

Tbe, IIOCTaBJIJIBillee 3epHOBOJi XJie6

HHK 6aJYfOB, rraJI rrpM oca,LJ,e Kperroc-

Ha BHelliHMJi pblHOK.

TH IlleH3ee.

3aBoeBa.HHJI Op,LJ,eHaB fipM6aJITH-

fipycchl y6e,LJ,MJIMCh, 'lTO OHM He B

Ke C03AaJIM KaK 61>1 eme O,LJ,HO, M II pH-

CMJiax nporHan 3aBOeBaTenell, KaK

TOM KpyrrHoe, reppHTOpMaJibHoe KHJI-

HM BeJIMKO 3JIO, IIpM'IHHeHHoe MMH, M

iKeCTBO, a3TO HapHAY C HepaBHOMep-

KaK HH MHOro 3axBaTHJIM OHM ropo-

HhiM pa3BMTHeM TOBapHO-,LJ,eHeJKHhiX

,LJ,OB, ABopoB M Kpenocrell, YHM'ITO-

OTHOilleHMJi B pa3HhiX <JaCTJIX repMa-

245 .n.ofl)l(eHMeM rpa)l(.ll,aHcKow BOWHbl B (epM8Hl1!.1, 8 T8K)I(e K8Mn8Hl1f/Ml1 npor1.1e nanbi pMMCKoro 11 He3aBMC!.1MbiX !.1T8flbf/HCK!.1X TOCY.ll.BPCTB. 1254-1273r~ ME>KJl,YUAPCTB~E.

BEJl~KOE

B crpaHe 1.18-

PMn a6conFOTHbiW xaoc. li~TBA nP~ AYP6E AYP6AHE B 26 KM OT COBP. fOPOAA Jl~En.ASI B JlAT-

1260 r.

(~Jl~

B~~). TeeroHCKMe pb!l.IBPM norepnenM COKPYWMTeflbHOe nopa)l(eHMe OT fll1TOBI.IeB.

iKHB HX iKHTeJiell. Tor,LJ,a Ch.')'MaHA,

HHM eme 6oJihrne ycMJIHJIO pa3o6meH-

AOJiro M xpa6po cpaiKaBiliHlica rrpo-

HOCTh pa3JIH'IHhlX 3KOHOMH'IeCKHX

TMB 3aBOeBa'reJieJl Ha IOrO-BOCTOKe

paliOHOB B npe,LJ,eJiax BCeJl CTpaHhl.

H~E

CTpa.Hbl, B IIOXO,LJ,ax CBOMX ,LJ,OXO,LJ,MB-

:QeJihlli pHA BHOBh OCHOBa.HHhiX MJIH

0Ho HB'lanocb eoi4Hoi4 c 'lewcKMM KOponeM np)l(eMb/CflOM II 0TTOK8poM, KoropbiW norepnen nopa)l(eHMe 11 nom6 e 61.1ree np1.1 Mapwlj>enb.n.e (Maxplj>enb.n.e, 1.1n1.1 j],ypHKpyre, 1278 r.).

IliMli AO KyJihMa, pernHJI c,LJ,aThCJI.

CMJihHO BhlpocrnMx ropoAOB IIpM6aJI-

B rroJIHOM OT'IaJIHMH oH rrepeceJIHJI-

TMKH (Jli06eK, raM6ypr, BHcMap, Po-

1273-1291 rr. UAPCTBOBAPYAOJlb<PA I fA6C6YPfA.

ca 6hiJIO BMeCTe CO CBOMMM B JlMTBY,

CTOK, )J:aHUMr) BOilleJI IIOTOM B TOp-

HO 3aTeM BepHyJIC.ll, IIpMHJIJI XpMCTM-

roBhlli COI03 -

a.HCTBO M IIpM3HaJI BJiaCTh pbiUapell.

ra.H3y», HrpasrnyiO BeCbMa BaiKHYIO

TaK rrocryrranM M ApyrMe masapM

pOJib B CeBepHOM M BOCTO'IHOeBpO-

rrpyccoB, M B 1283 ro,LJ,y Ha53-M ro,LJ,y

rreliCKOM palloHax mproRJIM, o6oco6-

H~E JliOAOB~KA

IIOCJie OCHOBaHMJI TopHa, IIOKOpeHMe

JieHHhiX OT paliOHOB IIpHpeliHCKOro H

T~~ B~TTEJlbC6AXOB).

fipyccMH IIpH3HaHO 6hiJIO OKOH'Ia-

rnBa6cKo-6asapcKoro.

«BeJIMK)'IO HeMeUK)'IO

'reJlhHhiM. HecKOJihKO paHhrne (B cepeAMHe

XIII

B.) 3aKOH'IHJIOCh 3aBoe-

BaHMe KypJIHHAMH. B JlMBOHMM 3asoesaTeJIM 61>IJIM BhiHyiK,AeHhl BHa<Jane coxpaHMTh 3a MeCTHhiMH KpeCTbJIHaMH MX 3eMeJibHhle Ha,!J,eJihl, JIHillb o6JIOiKHB KpeCTh-

1241 r.

li~TBAnP~JlEfH~UE

(HEM. BAJlbWTATT). no6e.aa MOHronoe Ha.n. KoponeM C!-me3!.1!.1 feHp/.1xoM 6naro'leCTl1Bb!M.

1250-1254 rr. UAPCTBOBAH~E

KOHPAAA IV. OrMe'leHo npo-

1314-1347 rr. UAPCTBOBAV

npaeneHMe ero H8'll1H8fl0Cb O)l(eCTO'leHHOW rpa)l(.ll,BHCKow eoi4Hoi4 ( 13141325 rr.) Cc!Jp!.1.ll,pl1XOM 1.13 .ll,OMB (a6c6yproB. np/.1 MFOnb.ll,Oplj>e( 1322 r.) flFO.O.OBl1K V pa36!.1n c!Jp!.1.ll,pl1X8 !.138XB8Tl1fl B nneH. OrpeweH or npecrona e pe3ynbrare rpa)l(.ll,aHcKow eowHbl c KapnoM IV flFOKCeM6yprcKMM,

.llH ,LJ,eC.llTMHOJi B IIOJib3Y uepKBM M He60JiblliOJi OTpa60TO'IHOJi peHTOJi, a TaKiKe o6JI3aB MX HeCTH BOeHHYIO cJiyiK6y. 3To o61>JICHJIJIOCh oTcyTCTBMeM B JlHBOHMM Ha nepBblX rropax HeMeUKHX KOJIOHMCTOB. He 6hiJIO B JlMBOHMH BHa'IaJie M o6rnHpHblX,LJ,OMeHOB C C06CTBeHHhiM X03.llJiCTBOM <J>eo,LJ,aJIOB. B OTJIWIMe ar JlHBOHMM, r,LJ,e <J>eo,LJ,aJibHaJI 3KCIIJiyaTaUMJI KpeCTh.llH HeMeUKHMM 3aBOeBa'reJI.llMH ycMJIMJiaCb HeCKOJihKO no3:JKe, B IIpyccHM oHa cpa3y iKe npMo6pena 6ecnoma,LJ,Hhlli xapah."'rep. EoJihiiiHHCTBO MecTHoro HaceneHHJI 6hiJIO 3aKperromeHo M rrpeBpameHo B 6ecnpasHhiX JIIO,LJ,ell, o6JI3aHHhiX He TOJibKO HeCTM 6apmMHy, HOM ynJia'IHBaTh,LJ,eC.llTMHY C ypoiKaJI B rroJih3Y Op,LJ,eHa, a TaKiKe BhlnoJIH.llTh IIOBMHHOCTh ITO IIOCTpOJiKe M IIO'IHHKe 6yproB. 3axBa<JeHHhle B IIpyccHH 3eMJIM 3aCeJIJIJIHCb HeMeUKMMM KOJIOHMCTaMH- KpeCThJIHaMH, KOTOpble BHa<JaJie iKHJIM TaM CB060,LJ,HhiMH 06111HHa-

(~3 A~HAC

Pblf.43pb. HeMe1.4Kast MHHHaTIOpa. KoHe1.4 XIV s.

anoXA MOHronos. 1200-1400 rr.

246

qewcKMM (c 1346 r.), a ra/OKe repMBHCKMM(c 13471.)KoponeMMMMnepaTOpOM Ce~weHHoi1 PuMcKoi1 MMnepuu.

1347-1378 rr. 1..\APCTBOBAHVIE KAPJlA IV JliOKCEM6YPrA.

uorcTBo CnoJieTo ( K BOCTOK)' OT PHM-

qaJie B pyKax KpynHblX 3eMJieBJia-

cKo~ o6JiacTH), a TaK:>Ke H PoMaHbiO

)l.eJibUeB, pa36oraTeBIIIHX Ha 3aMOp-

(no ceBepo-3ana)l.HOMY no6epeiKI>IO

CKO~ ToproBJie. BnocJie)l.CTBHH 3TH

A,L\pHaTHqecKoro MopJI). TaKHM o6pa-

3eMJieBJia)l.eJibUbl CJIHJIHCb C 'reCHO

30M, ceBepHrui rpaHHUa nancKoro ro-

CBJI3aHHblMH C HHMH OnTOBblMH TOp-

cy)l.apcTBa BnJIOTHYIO npH6JIH3HJiaCb K

roBUaMH B O)l.HH CJIOI!i ropO)l.CKOro na-

B lepMaHMM npo.aomKanucb BHYTpeHHMe 6ecnop~.ll,KM M 8H8PXM~.

reHeUHaHCKHM BJia)l.eHHJIM. BcJI KM<-

TpHUHaTa. ropo)l.CKrul 3HaTb BeHeUHH

Hrui J1Ta.JIHJI K cepe)l.HHe XII BeKa o6be-

H36HpaJia)l.OJKa, CTOJIBIIIero BO rJiaBe

1387-1389 rr. ccrOPOACKA51

.Jl.HHHJiacb no)l. BJiaCTblO HOpMaHHCKHX

ropo)l.a H o6Jia)l.aBIIIero noiKH3HeHHO~

BOPIHA». 0Ha npoucreKna ecne.a-

KOpOJiel!i H BOIIIJia B COCTaB TaK Ha3bi-

BJiaCThiO. HaqHHrui c

CTBMe He.ll,OBOflbCTB8 HeMe/..lKOW 8PMCTOKP8TMM ycuneHMeM BOflbHb/X IOPO.ll.OB. nepeeeca He y.ll,anOCb.ll,06MTbC~ HM O.ll,HOW M3 CTOpOH, HO 6o18TCTBO M MOrywecTBO ropO.ll,OB 6bmM no.aopeaHbl.

BaeMOro KopoJieBcTBa o6eHx CHUH-

UHaHCKHI!i naTpHUHaT BCe 6oJiee or-

BeKa BeHe-

JIH~. 3To KOpOJieBCTBO BKJIIOqaJIO OC-

paHHqHBa.JI BJiaCTb)l.OJKa, Ha3HaqeHHe

1pOB CHUHJIHJI, AnyJIHIO H Ka.Jia6pHIO,

KOTOporo CTa.JIO 3aBHCeTb OT He60Jib-

a TaK:>Ke o6IIIHpHhle repuorcTBa Ca-

IIIOrO KOJIHqecTBa naTpHUHaHCKHX

JiepHo H BeHeBeHT H .Jl.OXO.Jl.HJIO .Jl.O

ceMe~. B TeqeHHe

IOiKHhlX rpaHHU IIancKo~ o6JiaCTH.

BH'reJIH ropO)l.CKOro naTpHUHaTa o6-

XII BeKa npe)l.cTa-

pa30Ba.JIH 3aKOHO)l.a'reJibHbl~ OpraH -

HTAJHUI

CesepHafl H l.J,eHrpan~>Hafl HranHfl

TaK Ha3blBaeMbl~ BoJibiiiO~ coBeT, qneHbl KOToporo c KOHUa

XIII

reKa

CTaJIH yJKe HeCMeHJieMblMH, H HX ropo)l.a HHr)l.e He Hrpa.JIH B CpeA-

)l.OJiiKHOCTb- HaCJie)l.CTBeHHO~. J13

CeBepHrui H IJ;eH1pa.JibHrul lfTa.Jillil

HHe BeKa TaKOI!i rpOMa)l.HO~ nOJIHTH-

(JloM6ap)l.HJI HTocKaHa) 6blJIH no)l.qH-

qecKO~ pOJIH, KaK B lfTa.JIHH, H HHr)l.e

cpe)l.bi BoJibiiioro coBeTa 6h1JI Bbi)l.eJieH HcnoJIHH'reJibHbll!i opra.H- MaJibii!l coseT, HJIH CoreTcopoKa. TaKHM

HeHhl fepMaHCKO~ Hl'vtnepHH. <l>aKTH-

pa3Max HX TOproBhlX CHOIIIeHH~ He

qeceyiO iKe BJiaCTb B 3THX o6JiaCTJIX

6h1JI TaK BeJIHK, KaK HMeHHO B 3TO~

o6pa3oM, noJIHTHqecKH~ cTpo~ BeHe-

HMeJIH KpynHhle <}>eO)l.a.JibHhle CeHbO-

cTpaHe. K TOMY :>Ke He TOJibKO B03-

UHH K KOHUY

pbl H ropo)l.a. IIancKoe rocy)l.apcTBO K

HHKHOBeHHe, HO H paCUBeT HTa.JibJIH-

xHqecKHM, T.e. BeHeuHe~ npaBHJia

XIII

XIII BeKa 6h1JI

OJIHrap-

reKa CHJibHO pacumpH-

CKHX ropO)l.OB OTHOCHJICJI K 6oJiee

eyqKa 6oraThlX H 3HaTHblX eyneqec-

JIOCb H BKJIIOqHJIO B CBO~ COCTaB rep-

paHHeM:y BpeMeHH, qeM B ApyrHx 3a-

KHX pO)l.OB.

Haqany

na)l.HOeBpone~cKHX CTpaHax.

0)l.HaKO pa3JIHqHhle HTa.JibJIHCKHe

AellbH Y6epYH. Cl>pecKa AHApeo Aellb KaCTaHbO. OKOIIO 1450 r.

XIII

ropo)l.a CHJibHO OTJIHqaJIHCb )l.pyr OT

ropo)l.OB B CeBepHol!l lfTa.JIHH. B

)l.pyra H no CBOel!i 3KOHOMHKe, H no

BeKe reHy33CKHe eynUbl npOHHKJIH

CBOe~ COUHa.JibHO~ CTpyt..--rype. 0)l.HH

)l.aJKe B KphlM, r)l.e HMH 6h1JIH ocHo-

H3 3THX ropO)l.OB (BeHeUHJI, feHy.si,

BaHbi ToproBbie <}>aKTopHH -

IlH3a) B 'reqeHHe Bcero Cpe)l.HereKo-

<}>a( no3)l.Hel!liiia.si eo)l.OCHJI ), CoJI-

Ka-

BbJI HrpaJIH rJiaBHhlM o6pa30M pOJib

)l.al!lJI (Cy.LI.aK) H BanaKJiaBa. feHy33-

KpynHel!iiiiHX TOproBhlX UeH1pOB H 3a-

CKHe <}>aKTopHH B KphlMY cTaJIH

HHMaJIHCb npeHM:yW:eCTBeHHO BHeiii-

BaiKHblMH onopHblMH nyHKTaMH fe-

He~ ToproBJiel!l. BMec're c TeM B HHX

HYH B ToproBJie c IloJibiiiel!l, PychiO,

pa3BHBa.JIHCb H MHOrHe OTpaCJIH pe-

HpaHoM, IJ;eH1paJibHO~ A3He~, HH-

MeCJieHHOro npOH3BO)l.CTBa. ,[{pyrHe

)l.He~ H KHTaeM. feHy33Ubl co3)l.aJIH

ropo)l.a (MHJiaH, 6oJibiiirui qacTb JIOM-

KOMH'reT )l.JIJI ynpaBJieHHJI KpbiMCKH-

6ap)l.CKHX ropo)l.OB H PJIA ropo)l.OB

MH KOJIOHHJIMH H e:>Kero)l.HO Ha3Haqa-

Cpe)l.He~ lfTaJIHH) JIBJIJIJIHCb npeJK)l.e

JIH OC06oe )l.OJiiKHOCTHOe JIHUO H3

Bcero ueH1paMH cpe)l.HereKoBoro pe-

feHyH (KOHCyJia) )l.JI.si ynpaBJieHHJI

MecJia, XOT.si npHHHMa.JIH yqacTHe H B

Ka<}>ol!l H ApyrHMH KOJIOHH.siMH.

ToproBJie. HaKoHeu cym:ecTBoBaJIH

B KaJKAOM KpblMCKOM ropo)l.e, no-

TaKHe ropo)l.a (HX JipKHM npHMepoM

naBIIIeM no)l. BJiaCTb feHyH, o6pa30-

MOJKeT CJI:YiKMTb <l>JiopeHUHJI), KOTO-

BaJIHCb KaK 6bl )l.Be ropO)l.CKHe o6m:H-

phle, 6y)l.yqH pa3BHTbiMH TOproBo-pe-

Hbl: O)l.Ha- 3aBHCHMa.si, COCTO.siBilla.si

MeCJieHHhlMH UeHTpaMH, Bbl)l.BHHy-

H3 MeCTHOro HaCeJieHHJI,

JIHCb O)l.HOBpeMeHHO H KaK UeH1phl

npHBHJiernpoBaHHrui, COCTO.siBillrul H3

pocmBm:HqecKoro KanHTa.Jia. 3H3THbl~ cj>nopeHnte" <J>apHH3T3

feHyJI 6blJia Hap.siAY c BeHeuHe~ O)l.HHM H3 CaMblX KpynHhlX TOprOBblX

Pa3JIHqHbiM 6h1JI H noJIHTHqecKH~

)l.pyrru~

reHy33UeB. 3TO npHBeJIO KJKeCTOKO~ 3KCnJiyaTaUHH reH)'33UaMH MeCTHhlX

cTpol!l HTa.JibJIHCKHX ropo)l.OB. B Be-

peMecJieHHHKOB H K yna)l.ey MeCTHO~

HeUHH rocnO)l.CTBO HaxO)l.HJIOCb BHa-

ToproBJIH.

247

3AnA)J.HA$l EBPOnA TaK :lKe KaK H BeHeuHelt, reHyett ynpaBJHIJIH 6oraTI>Ie H 3HaTHI>Ie 3eMJieBJia,D.eJII>UI>I, yqacTBOBaBIIIHe B OllTOBOlt 3ru.topcKolt mproBJie. HH:lKe HX CTOi!JIH ocTaJII>HI>Ie Kynui>I, a eme HH:lKe- «CTapiiiHe UeXH» CYKOHIUHKOB H npOH3BOAHTeJielt IlleJIKOBI>IX TKaHelt (K HHM npHMI>IKaJIH 30JIOTI>IX AeJI MacTepa). PeMecJieHHHKHApyrnx npo¢eccHlt 61>1JIH opraHH30BaHI>I B TaK Ha31>1BaeMI>Ie «MJI3.IJ-IIIHe UeXH», KOTOpi>Ie He HipaJIH B :lKH3HH ropO.IJ-OB HHKaKolt noJIHTH<JecKolt poJIH. Henpepi>IBHoe mproBoe conepHH<JecTBo M~Y

HTaJII>i!HCKHMH ropOAaMH npH-

BOAHJIO K llOCTOi!HHI>IM CTOJIKHOBeHHi!M H BOltHaM Me:W,LJ,Y BeHeuHelt, reHyett H IIH3olt. B

XIII

BeKe HeKOTOpi>Ie ropoAa

npHo6peJIH llOJIHTH<JeCKOe rOCllOACTBO H3A UeJII>IMH TeppHTOpHi!MH; 3TH ropOAa npHHi!TO Ha31>1BaTh ropO.IJ-alviHrocyAapcTBaMH. TaKHM KpynHeltiiiHM ropoACKHM KOMfv!YHaM IfTaJIHH, KaK ¢JiopeHUHil H MHJiaH, B

XIII

BeKe npHH3.IJ-Jie:lKa-

JiaHe TOJII>KO ropOACKasi 30Ha C npeAMeCTI>eM H 3eMJii!MH «3allOBe.IJ-HOlt MHJIH», T.e. 3eMJii!MH B Pa.D-Hyce OAHolt MHJIH OTropO.IJ-a, HO H llO.IJ-"'HHeHHasi AaHHOMY ropOAY CeJII>CKasi TeppHTOpHi!, He HMeBIIIasi B CBOeM COCTaBe CKOJII>KO-HH6yAI> 3Ha<JHTeJII>HI>IX ropO.IJ-OB (oHa Ha31>1BaJiaCI> KOHTa,D.O). KpoMe mro, 3THM KpynHeltiiiHM ropoACKHM KOMfv!YHaM npHHa,D.Jie:lKaJia reppHTOpHi!, BKJIIO<JaBIIIasi B ce611 Apyrne ropOAa, KOTOpi>Ie JIH60 61>1JIH 3aBoeBaHI>I <l>JiopeHUHelt HJIH MHJiaHOM, JIH60 OKa3aJIHCI> BI>IHy~eHHI>I MH llO.!J-"'HHHThCil HM B CHJIY AOrOBO-

KoHHaH cTaTYH sepoHctroro TMpaHa KaHrpaHAe Aenna CKana. nocne 1329 r.

poB (3Ta reppHTOpHi! Ha31>1BaJiaCI> AHCTperro ).

CTaB 3THX «napTHlt» HeO.IJ-HOKpaTHO

Bap6apocc1>1- reHpHxe

IIpoTHBope<JHil BHYTPH HTaJII>i!H-

MeHSIJICSI, HO B OCHOBHOM rH6eJIJIH-

1197 rr.),

VI (1190-

KOTOpi>IIit :lKeHHJICSI Ha Ha-

cKHX ropO.IJ-OB OCJIO:lKHi!JIHCI> 6op1>60Jt

HaM CO<JYBCTBOBaJia ropO.IJ-CKasi 3HaTh,

CJieAHHUe CHUHJIHltCKOro npeCTOJia

HMnepHH H nanCTBa, npHBe.IJ-IIIelt K

BI>IIIIeAIIIaH H3 ABOpi!HCKHX poAOB, a

KoHCTaHUHH.

o6pa3oBaHHIO ABYX «napTHlt» B JfTa-

rBeJII><J>aM- BI>ICIIIHlt CJIOlt ropO:lKaH,

0AHaKO nepBai! :lKe llOlli>ITKa reH-

JIHH -

6oraTI>Ie eynu1>1 H pocTOBIUHKH. Bop1>-

pHXa VI ocymecTBHTI> cBoe rocnoACTBO B IO:lKHOlt IfTaJIHH nyTeM Ha-

CTOpOHHHKOB repMaHCKHX

HMnepaTOpOB, HJIH rn6eJIJIHHOB (HTa-

6a 3THXABYX «napTHlt» 61>IJia, KpOMe

JII>i!HH3HpOBaHHOe HaHMeHOBaHHe

TOro, OTpiDKeHHeM 3KOHOMH<JeCKOI!t

3Ha<JeHHil AOJI:lKHOCTHI>IX JIHU, nepe-

HeMeuKoro 6ypraBatt6JIHHreH, poAO-

KOHeypeHUHH ropO.IJ-OB KaK Ha BHeiii-

cMoTpa Bcex npe-A<HHX npHBHJierHI!t

Boro BJI3.IJ-eHHil lllTay<J>eHOB), H CTO-

HHX pi>IHKax, TaK H B CaMOlt IfTaJIHH.

pOHHHKOBllallCTBa,HJIHrBeJif>¢oB(OT

KOHUe

XII

MeCTHI>IX CeHI>OpOB H ycTaHOBJieHHSI

reKa HopMaHHCKoe

HOBI>IX llO.IJ-aTelt BI>I3BaJia BOCCTaHHe

H3MeHeHHOlt HeMeUKOlt <J>aMHJIHH

KopoJieBCTBO o6eHx CHUHJIHlt nepe-

IO:lKHO-HTaJII>i!HCKHX ¢eoAaJIOB. XOTH

Benf>¢1>1, npHH3.IJ-Jie:lKa.BIIIelt K BpiDK-

IIIJIO B pyKH repMaHcKolt HMnepaTop-

H c 60JII>IIIHM TPYAOM, HO reHpHxy VI

Ae6HOMY lllTay¢eHaM repuorcKOMY

cKolt AHHaCTHH lllTay¢eHoB. 3To

Bee :lKe YAaJIOCI> noAaBHTI> BOCCTaHHe.

POAY B repMaHHH). CoUHaJII>HI>Ilt co-

npoH30IIIJIO npH CI>IHe <l>pHApHxa

Cpa3y :lKe nocJie 31'0ro B CHUHJIHlt-

248

3nOXA MOHIOJlOB. 1200-1400 rr. XIII BeKe, cpaK-

CKOM KOpOJieBCTBe HatiaJIHCb L(JIH-

ITpOH30IIIJIO HaiTpaBJieHHOe ITpOTIIB

KBH3HU:HH B03HHKJia B

TeJibHbie cpeo):laJibHbie yco6lll(bi.

cppaHU:Y3CKHX cpeOL(aJIOB BOCCTaHHe,

TIIIIeCKH )l(e 3HatiHTeJibHO paHbiiie.

3TH yco6HU:bi ymJIHJIHCb B

ITepH-

coiTpoBO)l(L(aBrneecH HX YHHIITO)l(eHH-

TbiCH'IH HH B tieM He ITOBHHHbiX

OL\ ITOHTIIcpHKaTa (T. e ITpe6biBaHHH

eM (TaK Ha3biBaeMaH «Cill(HJIHHCKaH

JIIOL(eH ITOCJie CaMbiX ~aCHbiX ITbiTOK

Ha ITaiTCKOM ITpecrone) ITarrbi HHHO-

BetiepHH» ). IIocne 3Toro ocTpoB CH-

ITpHCY)l(L(aJIHCb HHKBH3HTOpaMH K

rr.), KOr):la

U:HJIHH ororneJI K A paroHcKoMy Kopo-

CMepTII Ha KOCTpe.

H KoH-

JieBcTBy, Me)l(L(y TeM KaK B IQ)l(HOH

CTaHU:HH CHU:HJIHHCKoe KoponeBcTBo

tiacTII AITeHHHHCKoro ITonyocTpoBa

H3 HaH6onee pa3BHTbiX CTpaH EBpo-

OKa3aJIOCb ITO):( HeiTOCpe):ICTBeHHbiM

6biJIO o6pa30BaHO HeaiTOJIHTaHcKoe

ITbi. B

yrrpaBJieHHeM ITaiibi. Ho ITaiiCTBY He

KOpOJieBCTBO.

L(a OTCTOHJIH CBOIO He3aBHCHMOCTb B

KeHTIIH

III (1198-1216

ITocne cMepTII feHpHxa

XIV BeKe HTaJIHH 6biJia oL(HoH XIII BeKe

HTaJibHHCKHe ropo-

yAaJiocb yAep)l(aTb Clll(HJIHHCKoe KO-

XIII BeK 6biJI oTMetieH B HCTopHH

6op b6e C BOHCKaMH repMaHCKHX HM-

poneBCTBO B CBOHX pyKax. BcKope

EBpoiibi IIIHpOKHM paciTpocTpaHeHH-

ITe paTOpOB, a ITOCJie ITa):leHHH L(HHaC-

eM epece:H, HaiTpaBJieHHbiX ITpoTIIB

TIIH foreHIIITaycpeHOB OKOH'IaTeJibHO

ITocne cMepTII HHHOKeHTHH

III

oHo

BHOBb ITepelllJio B PYKH IIITaycpeHOB, ITpHtieM re pMaHCKHH HMITe paTOp

u;epKBH H cpeOL(aJibHbiX ITOpHL\KOB.

YTBepL(Hnacb cpaKTHIIe CKaH H e3aBHcH-

CaMyiO paAHKaJibHYIO tiacTb yiia-

MOCTh HTaJIHH oT HMITepHH. 0AHaKO

II foreHimaycpeH (12201250 r r . ) - CbiH feHpHxa VI- ITO-

CTHHKOB epeTIItieCKHX L(BH)l(eHHH CO-

BpeMeHHoe o6beL(HHeHHe tiacTIIropo-

CTaBJIHJIH IIIHpOKHe MaCChi 3aKpeiTO-

L\OB L(JIH 6opb6bi C HMITepHeH He ITpH-

IIbiTaJicH ITpeBpaTIITb CHU:HJIHHCKoe

Il(eHHOrO KpeCTbHHCTBa H ITJie6e:Hc-

BeJIO K yMeHbiiieHHIO 3KOHOMH'IeCKOH

KOpOJieBCTBO B OITopy CBOeH BJiaCTII,

KOe HaceneHHe ropoAOB. fopoAa

H ITOJIHTIItieCKOH pa3L(p06JieHHOCTII

a KpoMe roro, 3 axBaTHTb CeBepeyiO

6biJIH MeCTOM, r):le B03HHKaJI L(yX He-

HTaJIHH.

H CpeL(HIOIO HTaJIHIO. Bee 3TO ITpH-

BepHH H KpHTHKH, L(yX 6opb6bi ITpO-

BeJio K HOBOH L(JIHTeJibHOH 6opb6e HM-

TIIB rociTOL\CTBYIQrn:ero KJiacca H roc-

ITepaTopa c ITaiTo:H, B KOTopo:H B KO-

ITOACTBYIQrn:e:H u:epKBH. I I peACTaBHTe-

HeaiTOJIHTaHCKoe K oponeBcTBo . 3Ha-

II ITOTepiTeJI

JIH HaH6onee paAHKaJibHbiX epece:H

IIHTeJibHaH IIaCTb ll,eHTpaJibHOH HTa-

ITpOITOBe):IOBaJIH «B03BpaT K ITpOCTO-

JIHH BXOAHJia B IIaiTCKYIO o6JiaCTb, ro-

Te ITepBOHatiaJibHOrO XpHCTHaHCTBa»,

Cy):lapeM KOTOpOH HBJIHJICH ITarra pHM-

<DpHL~pHx

HetiHOM ctieTe <DpHL\pHx ITopa)l(eHHe. B

CHU:HJIHHCKOM KoponeBCTBe

<DpHA pHx

XIV BeKe IO)l(HYIO tiaCTb AITeH-

HHHCK o ro ITOJIYOC T pOBa 3aHHMaJIO

ITpoBOAHJI ITOJIHTHKY,

ITOHHMaH ITOA 3THM yCTaHOBJieHHe co-

CKHH, XOTH B TetieHHe 60JibiiieH tiaCTII

ITpOTHBOITOJIO)l(HYIO TOH, KoropyiO OH

U:HaJibHoro paBeHcTBa H yHHIITO)l(e-

XIV BeKa ITaiibi ITPO)l(HBaJIH Bo <DpaH-

BeJI B fepMaHHH, r):le OH ITpe):IOCTaB-

HHe 3KCITJIYaTaTOpOB H HaCHJibHHKOB.

U:HH. B ll,eHTpaJibHOH H TaJIHH 6biJIH

JIHJI KpyrrHeHIIIHM cpeOL(aJiaM, T.e. KHH-

06bHBJIHH OKp~aBIIIHH HX MHp C ero

paciTOJIO)l(eHbi TaK)l(e p ecrry6JIHKaH-

3bHM, ITOJIHTHtieCKYIQ CaMOCTOHTeJib-

yiipe)l(L(eHHHMH H HepaBeHCTBOM MH-

CKHe ropo):la-rocy):lapcTBa <DnopeH-

HOCTb. B IC))l(HQH HTaJIHH OH OITHpaJI-

poM 3Jia, KOTOpbiH C03L(aJI L(bHBOJI ,

U:HH, CHeHa, IIH3a. HaH6onee Ba)l(Hbi-

CH Ha M eJIKOe pbiu;apCTBO H 6opOJICH

CTOpOHHHKH 3TIIX epece:H OTpHU:aJIH

MH roc y):lapcTBaMH CeBepHo:H HTa-

C KpyrrHbiMH cpeOL(aJiaMH (6apOHaMH).

H cpeo):laJibHOe rocy):lapCTBO, H KaTO-

JIHH 6biJIH MHJiaHCKoe repu:or c TBo,

JIHtiecKyiO u;epKOBb B u;eJIOM.

):(Be MOpCKHe pecrry6JIHKH- feHyH

ycHJIHJI u:eHTpaJIH3aU:HIO B o6na-

CTH cy):la, yrrpaBJieHHH H JieHHOH CHC-

MHoroo6pa3He cpe):(HeBeKOBbiX

(Ha ITo6epe)l(be JIHrypHHCKoro MOpH),

T eMbi H ITOL('IHHHJI BC e X cpeo):laJIOB

epece:H o6bHCHHJIOCb ITeCTPOTOH COU:H-

BJia):leBrnaH ocTpoBoM KopcHKa, H

HeiTOCpe):ICTBeHHO KOpOJieBCKOH BJia-

aJibHOro COCTaBa HX ITOCJie):IOBaTeJieH.

B eHeU:HH (c T eppHTopH e:H Ha A ITeH-

CTH. nbiJIH ITOCTpoeHbi KopoJieBCKHe

0L(HaKO o6rn:HM AJ1H Beex e peTHtieCKHX

HHHCKOM H E anKaHCKOM ITo6ep e)l(bHX

KpeiTocTII H ITOJIO)l(eHo HatiaJio opra-

L(BH)l(eHHH HBJIHJiaCb Bpa)l(L(a K cyrn:e-

ALipHaTIItiecKoro MopH), a TaK)l(e Ta-

HH3aU:HH HaeMHOrO BOHCKa H3 capa-

CTBYIQil(eMy o6rn:ecTBeHHOMY CTpOIO,

KHe M eHee 3HatiHTeJibHbie cpeo):laJib-

II 6biJI

K 6oraro:H H Moryrn:ecTBeHHo:H u:epK-

Hbie BJia):leHHH, KaK repu:orCTBo Ca-

BparoM ropo):lcKoro caMoyiTpaBJie-

BH, K ITaiiCKOMY PHMy, K L(yXOBeHcTBy,

BOHH, MapKrpacpcTBa MoHcpep p aTo ,

HHH. 0H Ha3HatiaJI B ropo):la CBOHX

oco6eHHO MOHarnecTBy. C

AOJI)l(HOCTHbiX Jill[( H CTPeMHJICH ITO-

ITpecJie):IOBaHHe epeTHKOB 3 aHHJIO

nyiiaTh C ropOL(OB KaK MO)l(HO 60Jib-

OL(HO H3 rJiaBHbiX MeCT B L(eHTeJibHOC-

IIIe L(OXOL(OB .

TII ITarrcTBa. HHHOKeHTHH

IJ;HH. BMecTe c TeM <DpHL\pHx

XIII BeKa III

BbiCTY-

Canyu:u:o H <DpHyJib. KpoBaBaH Bpa)l(L(a 3aiiOJIHHJia co6o:H HcropHIO pecrry6JIHK -<:oiTepHHL( <DnopeHu;HH H CHeHbi, BeHeU:HH H re-

IIocne ITMeHHH foreHIIITaycpeHoB

ITHJI BL(OXHOBHTeJieM paciTpaBbi CeBe-

HYH. B

KoponeBcTBo o6eHx CHU:HJIHH 6biJIO

pocppaHIJ;y3CKHX pbiu;ape:H c aHTIIcpeo-

BHeiiiHeM pbiHKe ITpe):ICT aBHTeJIH Ky-

3axBatieHo B

1268

6opb6e 3a ITpe o6JIMaHHe Ha

ro):ly KapnoM AH-

L\aJibHbiM L(BH)l(eHHeM HapOL(HbiX Mace

ITetieCKOH BepxyiiiKH BeHeU:HH H fe-

)l(YHCKHM, 6paTOM cppaHU:Y3 CKOro KO-

Ha IOre <DpaHu;HH (KpeCTOBbiH ITOXOA

HyH, rOBOpHBIIIHe Ha OL(HOM H3biKe H

poJIH JliOAOBHKa IX. fociTOACTBO Kap-

ITPOTHB aJib6Hro:Hu;eB ).

)l(HBIIIHe B OL(HOH CTpaHe, 6pocaJIH

na AH)l(yHcKoro ITPHHecno c co6o:H

lJ,JIH 6opb6bi C epeTHtieCKHMH

HOBoe ycHJieHHe HaJioroBoro rHeTa H

L(BH)l(eHHHMH H L(JIH ITOL(aBJieHHH CB0-

CBOH apMHH B 6o:H H Cpa)l(aJIHCb, KaK cMepTeJibHbie Bparn. B

YHHIITO)l(eHHe ocTaTKOB ropoACKoro

60L(HOH MbiCJIH ITaiTCTBO C03L(aJIO HH-

HY33 U:bi pa3 6HJIH BeHeu;HaHCKHH

1298 ro):ly re-

1282

KBH3HU:HIO. KaK perynHpHo L(e:HcTBo-

cpnoT H eAaJieKo oT caMo:H B eHeU:HH.

ro):ly B CHU:HJIHHCKOM KopoJieBCTBe

BaBIIIHH TaHHbiH u:epKOBHbiH cyA HH-

0HH ITpHBe3JIH B fe HyiO TbiCH'IH

caMoyiTpaBJieHHH. IIo3TOMY B

3AnA)J.HA$l EBPOnA

6HTB3 MelKAY CHeHI.\3MH H $110peHTHi'ii.\3MH npH noAltCH6oHCH B

249

1363 r. <J>pecKa CHeHCKOi'i paTyWH

1242 r. MOHfOJlbCKlttE HA-

nJieHHhlX cpe,Ll.H KOTOphlX 6h1JI H 3HaMeHHThlit nyremeCTBeHHHK- BeHe-

O,Ll.HOKpaTHO npH3h1Ba.JIH qy:lKe3eMHh1X 33XBa'I"'HKOB, CTpetvlSICb K ycHJieHHIO

6Erlt1.

l.IHaHel.l MapKo IIoJio. l.J:epe3

80 c 1380 ro,Ll.y, BeHel.IHSI,

JIHlllb C06CTBeHHOI'O llOJIHTHqecKOro

JIHlllHHM JieT, B

npecTH)f(a H YBeJIHqeHHIO cBoero 6o-

1253-1299 rr. BEHEUlttAHCKO-fEHY33CKlt1E BO~Hbl. l1x

raTCTBa.

npWlMHOW fiBMflCfl cnop M3-38 KOH-

npeBpaTHBlllaSICSI B CHJibHYIO MOpCKYIO ,Ll.ep:lKaBy H BJia,D.eBmaSI 6oJib-

l.leCCMW H8 TOPIOBfl/0 B AKpe ( n8ne-

lllHM KOJIHqecTBOM KOJIOHHit, o6Jia-

Henpepb!BHbJe BOWHbl, Koropb!e

CTMH8). CnepB8 no6e)l(.l1.8fl8 BeHe-

,Ll.aSI <!>JIOTOM B HeCKOJibKO ThlCSiq KO-

BeflMCb MeflKMMM IOCY/1.8PCTB8MM

l.lMfl, HO nOTOM MHMl.lM8TMBY nepeXB8-

pa6Jieit, HaHecJia cBoeit conepHHI.Ie

CeeepHow M L(eHTP8flbHOW l1r8nMM,

TMflM reHy93l.lbl: nocne TOIO, K8K no-

y,Ll.ap TaKOit CHJihl, OT KOTOporo re-

YKII8/I.biB8flMCb B pycno .ll.BVX m8BHb/X

MOmM BM38HTMWI.l8M OTBOeB8Tb y

HYSI y:lKe He B COCTOSIHHH 6biJia on-

KOH<f>nMKTOB: IBenblf>OB C IM6ennM-

lf>p8Hl.lY3CKMX KOponew M HeMel.lKMX

paBHThCSI.

H8MM ( CTOPOHHMKM n8nbl npOTMB

MMnep8ropoe KoHCT8HTMHononb

CTOPOHHMKOB MMnep8TOp8) M TOpro-

( 1261 r.).

lOr llra.JIHH Ha npOTII:lKeHHH BCeX cpe,Ll.HHX BeKOB 6h1J1 He TOJibKO 06'beK-

8010

conepHW~eCTB8

.ll.BVX MOWHb/X

TOM 6opb6hl qy:lKe3eMHh1X 4>PaHI.IY3-

npMMopcKMX rocy.n.8pcre -

CKHX H aparoHCKHX BJiaCTH'reJieit, HO

l.lMM M leHyM.

H H3XO,Ll.HJICSI llO,Ll. HX BJiaCTbiO. 3TO

1204 r. YlfACH1E BEHEUlttltt B lfETBEPTOM KPECTOBOM noXOAE. 1237 r. 6lt1TBA nPltt KOPTEHYOBA. 3.n.ecb c:t>PM.ll.PMX llloreHw-

o6oco6JISIJ10 IOI' lhaJIHH OT OCTa.JibHhlX ee qacreit H Mema.Jio ee o6'be,Ll.HHeHHIO. [(eHTpaJIH3al.IHH lfTaJIHH npenSITCTBOBa.JIH TaiOKe 3aBOeBa'reJib-

BeHe-

O.n.ep)I(8B no6e.n.y B MOp-

CKOW 6MTBe y Tp8n8HM (CMl.lMflMfl;

1264 1.),

BeHel.lM8Hl.lbl BOCCT8HOBM-

flM CBOM TOPIOBb/e np8B8 B KOHCT8HTMHOnone. 3<f><f>eKT or no6e.ll.bl reHy93l.leB npM AneKC8H/I.perre (

1294 r.)

6bm B TOM )l(e ro.n.y cee.n.eH H8 HeT, KOI/1.8 BeHel.lM8HCKMW lf>noT no.n. KOM8H/I.OB8HMeM 8/I.MMp8n8 Mopo3M-

Hhle llOXO,Ll.hl repMaHCKHX HMnepaTO-

T8Y<f>eH no6e.n.Mn 06be.ll.MHeHHYIO

HM, npo6MBWMCb 4epe3 )1,8p/1.8Hen-

poB. IIancKoe rocy,Ll.apcTBO pa3pe3a-

8PMM/O MMfl8HCKMX IBenblf>OB M f10M-

flbl, 38XB8TMn M C)l(er lan8ry, ropro-

JIO lfTa.JIHIO Ha)l.BOe, a CaMH nanhl He-

68p/I.CKYIO nMry.

Bb!W <f>opnocr reHy93l.leB y KoHCT8H-

250

anoXA MOHronos. 1200-1400 rr.

TMHOnom;T. B KOHU,e KOHU,OB nocne no6e.tJ.bl reHy93U.eB Ha A.n.pvtaTMKe 6nvt3 Kypu.onbl( 1299 r.) 6bm 3aKnJO'leHMMp.

1378-1381 rr. KbOA)I(AHCKASI BO~HA (ME)I(AY BEHEI.t~

1312-1400rr. B03BbiWE-

nYJlE. feHy93CKMi1 a.n.Mvtpan f1Y4a-

H~E M~JlAHA. B npaeneHvte ceMei1crea BMCKOHTM MMflaHU,bl nOKOpvtnM BepoHy, Bvt'leHU.Y M na.n.yJO ( 1386-1388 rr. ), a 3areM - nvt3Y M CvteHy( 1399 r.).

HO ,D,opvta c scKa.n.poi1 M3 22 ranep .n.an 6oi1 BeHeU,MaHCKOMY cpnory, HaXO.ll.MBWeMyCR B no pry MCTPMWCKOTO ropo.n.a nynbl (B COBp. XopBaTMM). BeHeu.vtaHCKMi1 a.n.Mvtpan Bvtrropvto nvt3aHM HeO)I(M.tJ.aHHO COTPR.ll.OM B 20 ranep araKoean reHy33CKMi1 cpnarMaHCKMi1 Kopa6nb. Bo epeMR a6op.n.a)I(Horo 6oR ,D,opvta norvt6. O.n.HaKo reHy33/J,bl, co6paBWMCb C CMflaMM, OTTeCHMflM M pa36MnM nvt3aHM. BeHeU,MaHU,bl norepRnM 2 TbiCR'lM 'lenoBeK y6MTb/MM M ewe 1 900 paHeHb/MM,' KpOMe TOrO, reHy93/J,b/3aXBaTMflM 15 ranep.

1320-1323 rr. q>JlOPEHT~~ CKO-JlYKKAHCKASI BO~HA. no6e.n.y B Hei1 o.n.ep)l(ana flyKKa.

1351 r. q>JlOPEHT~~CKO-M~ JlAHCKASI BO~HA. YcraHOBMTb KOHrponb H8.f1. TocKaHoi1 He y.n.anocb HM O.fl.HOW M3 CTOPOH.

E~ ~ fEHYE~). MA~ 1379 r. CPA)I(EH~E nP~

BECHA 1380 r. OCA.Q,A KbOA6paT norvt6wero npM nyne a.n.Mvtpana f1Y4aHO ,[l,opvta, nbeTpO ,[l,opvta, 38XBBTMn ropo.n. Kbo.lJ.)Ky, HO caM OKa3BnCfl 0C8)1(.tJ.eH B HeM BeHeU,MaHU,aMM no.n. KOMaH.n.oeaHvteM Bvtrropvto nvt3aHM. feHy33CKMi1 rapHM30H ynopHO o6opOHWICfl, HOB KOHU,e KOHU.OB 24 M/OHR 1380 ro.n.a 6bm Bb/Hy;K.tJ.eH c.n.arbcfl. BeHeu.vtaHU.b13axearvtnM 19 reHy93CKMX ranep M 40 Tb!CR'l nneHHb/X. feHyR, Bb/Hy;K.tJ.eHHaR 3aKn/04MTb MMP, HMKor.n.a 6onbwe cepbe3HO He yrpo)l(ana maeeHcrey BeHeU.MM Ha Cpe.n.vt3eMHOMOpbe. ~.

1228-1241 rr. BO~Hbl ME)I(AY rP~fOP~EM IX~ q>P~AP~ XOM II. HaeMHble apMMM nanbl pa3opvtnM AnynMJO ( 1228 r.). BepHyBWMCb M3 Kpecroeoro noxo.n.a, ct>pvt.ll.PMX II M3rHan 3axBaT'lMKOB M BbiHY.n.vtn nany 3aKn/04MTb MMP ( 1229 r.) . Kor.n.a cHoea pa3pa3vtnacb eoi1Ha ( 1240 r.), ct>pM.tJ.PMX II yrpo)l(afl PMMY M3axearvtn TocKaHy(1241 r.).

1244-1250 rr. BO~HAq>P~A P~XA

II C nAnO~ ~HHOKEHT~ EM IV. ct>pvt.n.pvtx II ycnewHo eroprCfl B KaMnaHM/0 ( 1244 r.). B KOHcpnMKT OKa3anacb BOBfle'leHHOW BCR l1ranMR. Xorfl nocne .n.onroi1 OC8.fl.bl napMbl f:Ppvt.n.pvtxa II Bee )l(e y.n.anocb OT6MTb( 1248 r.), KaKnpaBMflO, KaMnaHMM nporeKanM .n.nR Hero ycnewHO- ennorb .n.o BHe3anHoi1 ero CMepTM. npo.tJ.Ofl)I(Mfl BOWHyero Cb!H, KoHpa.n. IV ( 1250-1254 rr.). Oca.Qa napMbl, 1247-1248 rr. <l>pHApHX BeJI OCa):J.y TaK, qTo rrpoTHB MeHblllell JieBo6epeJKHoll qacTH ropoAa pas6HJI yKperrJieHHbill Jiarepb, Ha3BaHHbill HM BHrropHa, H OIIYCTOlllaJI OTCIOAa OKpeCTHOCTH IIapMbi, IIhiTMCb B TO JKe BpeM.si Bocrrperr.siTCTBOBaTb IIOAB03y. Ho TaK KaK rJiaBHaa qacTb ropoAa He 6hJJia oKpyJKeHa H ocaJKAeHHhle carvm pacnoJiaraJIH 3Ha<JH'reJibHbiMH 6oeBbiMH CHJiaMH, a HX COI03HH-

... .

;;,, .. : '

KH- MaHryaHUbi, IIO.siBHBlliHeC.si Ha

HaeMHI1trn11AYT Ha WTYPM tcpenocrn. P11CYHOK XV B.

1375-1378 rr. COI03 q>JlQPEHLt~~ C M~JlAHOM. OH vtMen U,eflb/0 COBMeCTHOe npOTMBOCTORHMe nanCKMM nonbiTKaM aHHeKCMpOBaTb TocKaHy.

1397-1398 rr. B0306HOBJ1EH~E q>JlOPEHT~~CKO-M~JlAH CKO~ BO~Hbl. KaMHeM nperKHOBe-

HMR CHOBa nOCfly;KMna TOCKaHa.

1353-1355 rr. B0306HOBJ1EH~E BEHELt~AHCKO-fEHY33-

CK 0~ BO~Hbl. no6e.n.vtna feHyR, Haronoey pa3rpoMMB BeHeU.M/0 B MopcKoi1 ooree npvt CanbeHu.e ( 1354 r.); ror.n.a 6bma YHM'lTO)I(eHa 6onbwaR 'lacrb eeHeu.vtaHcKoro cpnora.

peKe ITo co CBOHM <PJioToM,- oKa-

no'lTM BeCb XIII BeK /O)I(Hafll1TaflMR npe.n.craenRna co6oi1 maBHYJO onopHyJO 6a3y roreHwraycpeHoB B 6opb6e MMneparopoe c nanaMM. B KOHU.e KOHU.OB c noMOWb/0 Kapna I AH)I(YWCKoro nancKaR cropoHa o.n.ep)l(ana eepx. KaK M ero HopMaHHCKMe npe.n.wecreeHHMKM, Kapn I 3arnR.tJ.b!BancR Ha KoHcraHTMHOnonb, HO B KOHU,e BeKa AH)I(YWCKafl .tJ.MHacrMR 6bma no6e)l(.n.eHa MceeprHyra o6be.tJ.MHeHHbiMM ycvtnMRMM pacna.n.aJOmei1cR Bvt3aHTMM M arpeccvtBHoro AparoHa. B XIV eeKe AparoH ynpo'lvtn ceoi1 KOHTponb H8.l1. /O)I(Hoi1l1ranvtei1.

3hiBaJIH HM Ae.si'reJibHYIO IIOMepJKKy, TO HMIIepaTop AeilCTBHTeJibHO He HMeJI HHKaKHX lllaHCOB IIpHBeCTH HX K IIOKOpHOCTH HJIH, IIO KpailHeil Mepe, IIOCTeiieHHO CAeJiaTb HX 6oJiee IIOAaTJIHBbiMH. IIoAC<JHTaHo, qm ecJIH 6bi HMnepamp XO'reJI o6JIOJKHTh ropoA co Bcex CTOpOH, TO ero KOHTpBaJIJlal.IHOHH:u! JIHHH.si yKperrJieHHil 6hiJia 6hl AJIHHOIO B

7 KM H AJI.si OCa)l.hi IIOTpe60BaJIOCb 40 ThiC.si<J <JeJIOBeK.

6bl

ToT

4>aKT, "'TO <l>pHApHx AOBOJib-

CTBOBaJica <JaCTH<JHOil 6JIOKa)l.Oil, llBJI.sieTC.si AOKa3a'reJibCTBOM TOrO, "'TO OH 6hiJI CJIHlliKOM CJia6 AJill IIOJIHOil

06bEA~HE

OCa):J.hi, H, CJieAOBa'reJibHO, BOilCKO

H~E IO)I(HO~ ~TAJl~~ q>P~AP~

ero 6biJIO O<JeHb yMepeHHOil <JHCJieH-

XOM II rorEHWTAYq>EHOM.

HOCTH.

1221-1231 rr.

3AnA,LJ,HA~ 3HMoli HMITepaTOp paciTycnm oTPHJU>I ropOJ:!OB EepraMo, ITaBHH, TopTOHhl H AJieccaH):lpHH H oTKoMaH):lH-

EBPOnA

6op&6a AHJKYHCKoif AHHaCTHH c roreHwTaycJ>eHaMH, 1266-1268 rr.

poBaJI oTpm:lbi B TpeBH30 H AJieccaHi=lPHIO. OcTaBIIIHecH ITPH HeM BolicKa

1100

COCTOHJIH H3 Qbl,

~eJIOBeK KOHHH-

2 Tb!CH~ ITeiiiHX KpeMOHQeB H He-

PHAbl, B03Bpaw,aawvrecH nocne npecne.aoaaHvrH. KoHpa,avrH vr Q:Jpvr.apvrx AacTpvri11cKvri116bmvr Haronoay pa36vrTbl, 3aXBa"'eHbl B nneH J..1 Ka3HeHbl; TaK npepaanacb .avrHacTvrH loreHwTayr:PeHoB.

18 <iJeBpaJIH C):leJiaJIH Bbl-

anonb vr nepewen "'epe3 AneHHvrHbl- BO J..136e)l(aHvre CTOflKHOBeHMH c apMvreill MaH¢pe,aa, .aep)l(aaweill o6opoHy Ha peKe BonbTYPHO. MaHrppe.a C BOMCKOM, MO)I(eT6b!Tb, "'YTb"'YTb 6onee MHOrO"'IIFCfleHHbiM, npecne,aoaan era .ao 5eHeBeHTO.

HeHHble HeMeQKHe, HCITaHCKHe H HTa-

ITapMQhl, B cymHocTH, xoTeJIH

26 EBPAJls:l 1266 r. 6111TBA nPII1 6EHEBEHTO. MaH¢pe,ay He y.aanocb cKoop,avrHvrpoaaTb .aei11CTBvri11 CBOIIFX ny"'HIIFKOB, nerKOM J..1 TH)I(eflOM KOHHJ..114bl, "'TO n03BOflJ..1flO TH)I(eflOM Kaaanepvrvr Kapna I AH)I(yillcKoro no OT,aenbHOCTIIF pa3rpOMJ..1Tb repMaHcKy/0 vr HeanonvrraHcKy/0 apMvrvr. MaH¢pe.a norvr6, a Kapn I B03no)l(vrn Ha cao10 ronoay KopoHy HeanonvrTaHcKoro KoponeacTBa.

HHX HaCTYIIHJIO CHJibHOe paccTpOllCT-

OITpe):leJieHHOrO

~HCJia

capaQHHOB; B

QeJIOM ~HCJieHHOCTb BOllCK e):!Ba JIH ITpeBbliiiaJia

Tb!CH~. 113 HHX

1000

~eJIOBeK 6b!JIO OTKOMaH):lHpOBaHO . CaM HMITepaTop ompaBHJICH c BCa):lHHKaMH Ha KaK ITapMQbl

oxory,

500

B TO BpeMH

Jia3Ky. ITpe):lllpHHHTb JIHIIIb 3KCITe):lHQHID ITO peKe ITo ITpoTHB KopoJIH 3HQHO, H OTITpaBHJIH Ty):la ITpH6JIH3HTeJibHO ITOJIOBHHY CBOero BOllCKa, a Bb!Jla3KY C):leJiaJIH C ITOMOII(b!D ):lpyroll ITOJIOBHHbl, c QeJibJD ITpHKpb!Th Tb!JI ITepBoli. BoT TYT-TO H cJiy~HJIOCh TaK, ~To HMITepaTOpCKHe BOllCKa 6e3 BCHKOrO ITpHKa3aHHH H He B ITOJIHOM BOopymeHHH 6pOCHJIHCb Ha ITpe):lllpHHHBIIIHX BblJia3Ky; ITpOH30IIIJia CXBaTKa, OKOH~HBIIIaHCH ~TO

s:IHBAPb 1266 r. AH>KY171CKOE BTOP>KEHII1E. HecMOTPH Ha 3MMH/O/O noro.ay, Kapn I amprcH B He-

251

HaCTOJibKO ITJIOXO ):!JIH HHX,

ITpecJie):lOBaTeJIH O):lHOBpeMeHHO

c y6eraBIIIHMH BopBaJIHCh B BHTTopmo H 3aHHJIH ee. ITo HX co6cTBeHHblM coo6meHH-

1500 ~eJIOBeK H 3 Tb!C~H B3HJIH B ITJieH; 6JIH1Ke K HC-

HM, ITapMQbl y6HJIH

THHe, ITomaJiyli, ):laHHble ITJiaQeHTHHCKHX aHHaJIOB, ITO KOTOpbiM B ITJieH B3HTO 6b!JIO

1500

100

pb!Qapeli H

ITeiiiHX.

3To 6oJiee HJIH MeHee cJiy~ali Hoe ITopameHHe 6b!JIO peiiiaJDII(HM, KaK HeKor):la ITo6e):la <l>pHi=lpHxa

ITPH KopTeHyoBa.

1255-1265 rr. B03BbiWEHII1E MAHPEAA (6PATA KOHPAAA IV). OH ycTaHoavrn cao10 snacTb B /Q)I(Hoillllfranvrvr ( 1255 r.) vr Ha Cvr14Mnvrvr ( 1256 r. ). B nocne,ay10w,vrx KaMnaHMHX OH no,a"'MHJ..1fl nO"'TIIF BC/0 IIITanvr/0. nana Yp6aH IV npe,afl0)/(J..1fl CMI4Mnvri11cKy/O KopoHy Kapny I AH)/(yillcKoMy, 6paT}' rfipaH!4Y3CKOrO KOponH fl10,aoavrKa IX, vr oKa3an TOMY r:PvrHaHcoaoe co.aeillcTavre npvr c6ope apMvrvr npoTvrB MaH¢pe.aa

(1265r.).

EiiiiTBa npH TanbSIKOL41.40

23 asrycTa 1268 ro,qa B pm:~e HCTO~HKOB BblCKa3b!BaeTcH coMHeHHe,

cpameHHe ITpoTe -

KaJio TaKHM o6pa30M, ~TO CHa~aJia Bolic Ka KoHpa):lHHa ITo6e):lHJIH coe):lH-

JlbHHCKHe BOllCKa, HO 3aTeM, KOr):la y BO 6oeBOro ITOpfl):(Ka, OHH 6b!JIH pa36HTbl BCTYIIHBIIIHMH B 6oli pe3epBaMH ITO):( Ha~aJibCTBOM CaMOrO KOpOJIH KapJia. C KaKHM H aMepeHHeM H KaKHM o6pa3oM KapJI ):lepman 3TOT pe3epB KaK 6ywo CKpb!ThiM B 3aCa):le, ro ITO ):lOIIIe):liiiHM ):!0 H aC

3TO-

HCTO~HHKaM

1111011b-ABrYCT 1266 r. BTOP>KEHII1E rorEHWTAYEHOB. Ap-

He BH):!HO H 06 3TOM MOlKHO TOJibKO

MvrHrvr6 ennvrHoano,aKoMaH,aoaaHvreM aacTpvrillcKoro rep14ora Q:Jpvr,apvrxa vrwaa6cKoro rep14ora KoHpa.avrHa ( nHTHa.al4aTvrneTHero Cb!Ha KoHpa.aa IV) 3axaaTvrna PvrM (vr!Onb), a 3aTeM BTOpmacb B /O)I(HY/0 llfTaflllr/0. 1113 -3a a BTOKpaTvr "'ecKoro npa aneHvrH Kapna I AH)/(yillcKoro /Q)I(HaH IIITanvrH vr Cvr14vrnvrH y;Ke 6bmvr oxaa"'eHbl aoccraHvreM. KoHpa,avrH co caoeillwecTMTbiCH"'HOill HeMe!4KOM apMvreill nepewen "'epe3 AneHHMHbl vr yrny6vrnCH B Anynvr10 ( 18 aarycra).

MHeBaeTCH, ~T06bl Kap JI c caMoro Ha-

23 (11111111 25) ABrYCTA 1268 r. 6111TBA nPII1 TAJlbs:IKOU,U,O. Kapn I AH)I(YMCKIIFM, apMIIFH KOTOporo HaC"'IIFTb/Bana MeHbWe 5 Tb/CH"' "'eflOBeK, 3aHHno6opoHyypeKvr Canbco; npvrMepHo TpeTb BOMCKa OH OCTaBJ..1fl B pe3epae, YKPbiB 3a XOflMOM. np o HBIIFB aoo6pa)l(eHvre Ky.aa 6onee 6oraToe, "!eM xapaKTepHo,anH cpe,aHeaeKOBbiX cpa)l(eHvrill, KoHpa,avrH oKpy)I(Mfl MeHbWY/0 no "'J..1CfleHHOCTJ..1 aH)I(YMCKYIO apMIIF/0 J..1 pacceHn (KpoMe yKpb!Toro pe3epaa). O,aHaKo, KOr,aa nO"'TIIF BCe HeMe!4KOe BOMCKO pa36e)l(anocbnpecne.aoaaTbaH)I(yi1114eB, Kapn I Bb!Ben M3 3aca,abl pe3epa vr no o"'epe.avr pa36vrn HeMe14KMe aT-

JIHIIIb ):(Ora):lb!BaTbCH. f .):J;eJib6p !DK CO-

~ana HaMepeHHO ):laJI pa36HTh 6oJibIIIYJD ~aCTb CBOell apMHH C TaKHM pac-

~e TOM, ~T0 6bl 3aTeM HaiTaCTb H3 CBOell 3aCa):lbl Ha ITpHIIIe):liiiHX yme B paccTpolicTBo ITo6e):lHTeJieli H ITpe OJ:!OJieTh HX CHJIOll CBOell COMKHYTOCT H . EcJIH 6bl ITpH ITOMOII(H CTOJib HeCJI01KHOr O <iJoKyca MaJIO~HCJieHHOe BOllCKO MOrJIO IT06em):laTb MHOrO~HC JieHHOe, TO K HeMy ITpH6eraJIH 6bl ropa3):lO ~ame . ITpH OCTaBJieHHH ~ac TH BOllCKa B pe3epBe MOlKeT HMeTbCH B BHJ:!Y TOJibKO BBeCTH ee B 6oli B TO BpeMH, KOr ):la yciTeX B cpameHHH K JIOHHTCH TO B

ry, TO B ):lp yrYJD CTOpoey;

6oJiee IT03):!Hee BMeiiiaTeJibCTBO MorJIO 6bl 6b!Th Jieruo OTPameHo ITponmHHKOM ):lame B TOM

CJiy~ae,

KOr):la y

Her o OCTaJDTCH COMKHYThiMH H roTO BblMH K 6oJD JIHIIIb He3Ha~HTeJibHb!e CHJibl, KOTOpb!e T eM CaMbiM OKa3b!BaIDTCH H):lpOM ):lJIH C06Hp aHH H BOHHOB, XOTH H pacceHBIIIHXCH B ):laHHblll MOMeHT, HO ITpe):lCTaBJIHIDII(HX CaMH ITO ce6e BO MHOro pa3 ITpeBOCXOJ:!HII(YID ITpOTHBHHKa

~HCJieHHOCTb .

PoJio¢ pHcyeT HaM HarJIH):lHO coCTOHHHe IT06e):lOHOCHOrO pb!QapCKOr o BOllCKa CJi e ):lyiDII(HM o6pa30M :

anoXA MOHronos. 1200-1400 rr.

252

AJIH C03AaHHll peiiiHTeJihHoro rrepeBeca Ha,D, oqeHb MHoroqHcJieHHhlM BOi:tCKOM, HCIIhiThlBaBIIIHM 6JiarOJ(apll II06e,J(e 60JibiiiOi:t MOpaJibHhli:t IIOJ('beM. Bollcq

Kap"a AMikyACMOI'O 4

rw~~·

Bo3MO:>KHo, -

KaK yKa3biBaeT J(aJih-

IIIe PoJio<J:>,- qro B Boi:tcKe KoHpaAHHa, COCTOHBIIIeM H3 Tpex HaUHOHaJibHOCTei:t, rOCIIOJ(CTBOBaJIO 60JibIIIOe B3aHMHoe He.J(OBepHe, H B CBH3H C IIOCJie.J(HHM B HeM cpa3y HaqaJiaCb rraHHKa, rroToMy qro rrpH BHe3arrHoM HacryrrJieHHH HOBhlX HeiipHllTeJibCKHX BOi:tCK B03HHKJIO IIOJ(03peHHe B

Hot<PIIA"" ~

Kap•

H3MeHe.

AH~y•c••~

G;>.

Ci!l Jlo?I!,Po

1266-1285 rr. UAPCTBOBAHI-1E KAPJlA I AH:>KY~CKOfO, KOPOJlSI 06EI-1X CI-11.\I-1Jll-1~ (T.E. HEAnOJlSI 1-1 CI-11.\I-1Jll-11-1). Kapn I npiii-

~ flMailfeHue nepea cpoJiret~ueN

':faop!tpAOH2U!Tt.l110rpRtJOI>I -

/(opno /1t1Jif<!i1Ckoeo

6a.naa npa.t TanbHKOLU.\O 23 aaryCTa 1268 r.

«IlpeACTaBHM ce6e 6oi:t Me'A<AY ABY-

3Y, MOiKeT 6h1Tb, H BOBCe He BC1peqa-

Mll phluapcKHMH apMHllMH. HecKOJib-

eT J(OCTOi:tHOro ce6ll IIpOTHBHHKa H

KO ThlCllq e.J(HHHqHhlX 6oi:tUOB IIpH-

MO:>KeT rrocrerreHHO YHHqTO:>KaTb Bpa-

6JIH3HTeJibHO OJ(HOBpeMeHHO Bcryrra-

iKeCKHe CHJihl. KaKoi:t o6opoT rrpHMeT

IOT B pyKorraiiiHhli:t 6oi:t; crrycTll

cpa:>KeHHe B cJiyqae TaKoro Harra,D,e-

HeKOTOpoe BpeJI;lll, 6oJiee CJia6all CTO-

HHll, BCeUeJIO 3aBHCHT OT OC06biX o6-

poHa HaqHHaeT OTcryrraTb; IIOHllTHO,

CTOllTeJibCTB; IIpH 60JiblllOM qHcJieH-

rerrepb qacTb rro6eAHTeJiei:t HaqHHa-

HOM rrpeBOCXOJ(CTBe aTaf..)'eMhlX He

eT TeCHHTb oTcryrraiOI.UHX, Apyrag

HCKJIIOqeHa H TaKall B03MO:>KHOCTb,

qacTb COCKaKHBaeT C JIOIIIa,D,ei:t, ~0-

qro OHH IIpHM:yT 6oi:t H,J(06biOTCll II0-

Hfln Y4BCTMe B KpecroBoM noxo.11.e cBoero 6para, flJO.ll.OBMKa IX CBfiTOro, B TyHIIIC ( 1270 r.). B cne.ll.YJO~eM noxo.11.e Ha 5nmKHMW BocroK oH no6e.ll.Mn MBBPOB B O)l(eCTO~eHHOM KapcpareHCKOM cpa)l(eHMIII, npeJl.np!IIHfiB 6necm~!IIW KBBanep!IIWCKMW MaHeBp nocne roro, KBK c.11.enan 8111.11., 6y.ll.TO o6paT!IIflCfl B 6erCTBO ( 1280 r.). OH ~aero B03maBnfln noXO.ll.bl Ha 3ana.11.Hoe no6epe)l(be 5anKBH Ill oprBH!II30BbJB8fl TBM onopHb/e 683bl, rOTOBf/Cb K WIIIPOKOM8CWT86Hb/M onepa~Mf/M npOTMB B!II38HTMW-

6hl rrepeBll3aTb CBOH paHhl, IIpHBeCTH

6e,J(hl. TaK KaK pbiUapb- 6oeu-oAH-

B IIOpll.J(OK IIOBpe)KJ(eHHOe B 6010 BO-

HoqKa H 6e3 3aTpy.J(HeHHi:t .!(Jill ce6ll

opyiKeHHe, rrepeMeHHTh JIOIIIa,D,h, A0-

MOiKeT IIOBepHyTh B JI106y10 CTOpOHY, TO He HMeeT 60JibiiiOro 3HaqeHHll, Ha-

~eB.

6HTh .!(0 CMepTH HJIH B3llTh B IIJieH IIpOTHBHHKa, c6poiiieHHOrO C JIOIIIa-

rrpaBJieH JIH BHe3aiiHhii:t yAap BO

CKASI BE'4EPHSI». np111 no.ll.CTpeKa-

J(H, H OTHllTh y Hero KacyiO-JIH60 UeH-

<J!JiaHr HJIH B ThlJI: peiiiaiOI.UHM BCe-

HYIO qacn cHapll:>KeHHll HJIH opY:>f<Hll.

fAallBJilleTCll BOIIpoc, CKOJibKO pbiUa-

HaqaJibCTBa, KoTOpoe rrperrllTCTBOBa-

pei:t B MOMeHT yAapa Bhl6hlJIO H3

Jio 6hl TaKO?vfY CaMOBOJibHOMY rpa6e-

CTpOll H KaKJ(aJieKO OHH paccellHhl».

renbCTBe BM3BHTMC1~eB Ha C!II~Mn!ll!ll BCnbJXHyno KpOBBBOe BOCCTBHMe nporMB Kapna IAH%YWCKoro; B!II3BHTMW~bJ )l(e cyMen!ll y6e.ll.!IITb Koponfl neJl.pO Ill AparoHCKoro B03mBB!IITb noxo.11. Ha ocrpoB. Kapn I, roroB!IIBW!IIWCfl K nOXO.ll.Y HB 8!1138HTMIO, C06Mpan apM!IIJO B Kana6pM!II. C 9TMM BOWCKOM OH CpO~HO BepHyflCfl HB CM~!IIfllll/0, r.11.e, MBHeBpMpyfl, He .11.8BBJ/ neJl.pO Ill AparoHCKOMY npOJl.B!IIHYTbCfl .ll.Bnbwe Mecc!IIHbJ. O.ll.HOBpeMeHHO aparOHCK!IIW B.ll.M!IIpan Po)l(e .11.e flopMa c KaranoHCK!IIM cpnOTOM pa3rpOMMfl B MOPCKOM cpa)l(eH!II!II y Mecc!IIHbJ BH)I(YWCK!IIW cpnOT ( 1283 r.). no rOM flop!IIB CHOBB pa36Mn BH)I(YWCK!IIW cpnor 6nM3 Heanonfl !113BXBBTMn Kapna, Hacne.ll.HMKa npecrona ( 1284 r.). BowHa TfiHYnacb .ll.B8.11.~8Tb neT; B KOH~e KOH~OB

:>£<Y,

rrepephlBY B 6010 H BhlH)')KAaJIO

B TaKoi:t MOMeHT HaqaBIIIei:tcll

61>1 phlUapll OCTaBaTbCll IIOCTOllHHO B

J(e3opraHH3auHH,

IIOJIHOM CHaplliKeHHH H roTOBhiM B

Jio<J!, KapJI, AOJI:>KHO 6i>ITh, H aTaKO-

rrpoAOJI:>KaeT Po-

6o10 KO BCeM:y, He cymecTByeT. Ta-

BaJI BOi:tCKO foreHIIITay<J?eHOB. 3To

Koro po.J(a IIOJIO:>KeHHe, HeH36e:>KHO

HMeJIO .!(Jill Hero oqeHb 6oJibiiiHe Bhl-

CBll3aHHoe C K3)f(,!J,Oi:t II06e,J(Oi:t phlUap-

ro.J(bi, Ho, cJie.J(yeTeme pa3 rro.J(qepK-

CKOro BOi:tCKa, 6e3 COMHeHHll, B 3Ha-

H)'Th, K 3TOMY rrpHBeJiaJIHlllh CJiyqai:t-

qHTeJibHOi:t Mepe IIOHH:>KaeT ero 6oe-

Hall IIpHqHHa, COCTOHI.Uall B TOM, qro

CIIOC06HOCTb, H 01pll.J(, 3aCTHriiiHi:t

rJiaBHall qacTb aH:>f<Yi:tCKOrO BOi:tCKa

IIpOTHBHHKa B TaKOi:t MOMeHT, J(OJI-

61>ma pa36HTa H 6e:>KaJia paHbiiie, qeM

:>KeH, eCJIH OH J(a:>Ke 3HaqHTeJihHO CJia-

paccqHThiBaJI KapJI. HecoMHeHHO,

6ee, HMen 6oJibiiiHe rrpeHMymecTBa.

AeJIO AOlllJIO AO :>KecToKoro 6oH; HO

MHorHe crreiiiHBIIIHecll phluapH rro-

rroqervty cpa:>KeHHe oKoHqHJIOCh rro6e-

q™ 6e33ai.UHTHhl IIpOTHB Haiia,D,aiO-

AOi:t <J?paHUY30B, Mhl He 3HaeM, TaK

I.UHX KOHHhlX, a aTaeyeMOe BOi:tCKO

KaK, He3aBHCHMO OT BCero rrpoqero,

pacrrpe.J(eJilleTcll Ha 6oJihiiiOM rrpo-

BcryrrJieHHH CBe:>KHX OTPllAOB B rroJI-

C1paHCTBe, TaK qro aTaf..)'IOI.UHi:t cpa-

HOM 6oeBOM IIOpH.J(Ke He.J(OCTaToqHo

1282-1302 rr. ~<CI-1UI-1Jli-1~

3AnA,LJ,HA~ AparoH noKopMn CMU.MflM/0. C!JpaHU.Y3CKaH MHTepaeHI..J,MH, npeJ].npMHHT8R a noMOLl.jb Kapny, ycnexoM He yaeHI.fanacb ( 1284-1285 rr.; eM. HM%e).

ITMPEHEMCKMM ITOJIYOCTPOB HcnaHHR Ha nMpeHeiiiCKOM nonyocTpoae npOJ].Ofl)l(8fl8Cb XpMCTM8HCK8H 9KCnaHCMH; noJJ. anacTb/0 Maapoa ocraaanacb TOflbKO /paHaJ].a B /OrO-BOCTO'-IHOM 1!1cnaHMM. nocne nonyaeKoaoiii rereMOHMM npe6b!BaawaH noJJ. anacTb/0 nocpeJJ.CTBeHHbiX npaaMTeneiii KacTMnMR crana KnOHMTbCH K 38Kary; 38TO H8'-18fl0 paCTM BflMHHMe ManeHbKoro AparoHa. nocKonbKY rpaHMU.bl C MYCYflbM8H8MM He OCT8B8fl0Cb, aHeprM'-IHbliii AparoH 3aTeHn MOpCKY/0 9KCnaHCM/O Ha BOCTOK. 3aBOeBaB ocTpoaa 3anaJJ.HOro CpeJJ.M3eMHOMOPbH, a TaK%e CMU.MflM/0 aKyne C /O%HOM fi1TanMei11, K KOHU.Y BeKa AparoH cran caMoiii Moryll.jeCTBeHHoiii J].ep%aaoiii a cpeJJ.M3eMHOMopCKOM 6accei11He. B KOHIJ:e XII BeKa ArrbMOXa.JU>I OT-reeHHJIH KaeTIUibl(eB Ha eeBep, HO B HaL£a.rre XIII BeKa eoe)J.llHeHHble BOeHHble ellJibi L£eTh!pex KopoJieBCTB (KaeTIIJIHH, JieoHa, HaBappbi n AparoHa),

a TaK}!(e n KpeCTOHOel(eB H3 AP)'TIIX CTpaH EBpoiibi, oeo6eHHo H3 <l>paHI(HH, HaHeeJIH A.rrbMOXa):(aM peiiiHTeJibHOe rropameHHe B 6IITBe rrpn Jlae-HaBae-neToJioea (1212 r. ). IIoeJie 3TOH rro6e):(bl

253

EBPOnA

HOM eOCTOHJIOeb Ha l(eJIOe eTOJieTHe paHbiiie (1137 r. ). IIpoL£HoCTb o6be):(HHeHHH KaeTH-

Hble IIOeJie):(CTBHH: yeHJIHJIOeb IIOJIHTH"!eeKOeBJIHHHHeropOAOB,KOTOpbie BbleryrraJIH B eOI03e e KOpOJieBeKOH

JIHH e JieoHoM, HaL£a.rro KOTOPOMY 6biJio rroJio}!(eHo eme B rrepBoli rroJIOBHHe XI BeKa, o6bHeHHeTCH HX ):(JIHTeJibHbiM eOBMeeTHbiM YL£aCTHeM B peKOHKHeTe. 06be)J.llHeHne }!(e KaTa.rroHHH e AparoHoM 6biJIO Bbi3BaHo rrpe}!():(e Beem poeTOM TopmBbiX eBH3eH Me}!():(y IIpHMOpeKHMH o6JiaeTIIMH BOeTO"!HOH "!a-

BJiaCTbiO rrpoTHB KPYIIHbiX cpeona.rroB, HOeHTeJieH IIOJIHTH"!eeKOH pa3npo6JieHHOeTH.BHerraHHHeKJia):(biBaJIHeb IIpenrroebiJIKH AJIH ee IIOJIHTH"!eeKO-

eTH IInpeHelieKoro rroJiyoCTpoBa, KOropbie rrpHHHMa.rrn YL£aeTHe B epenn3eMHOMopeKoli ToproBJie. B Te"!eHHe

ro o6beAHHeHnH. CHJibi, erroeo6eTBoBaBIIIne yeTaHOBJieHHIO e):(HHeTBa eTpaHbi, Bee 6oJiee KperrJin B JIHI(e rop o):(eKHX eOI030B (3pMaH):(a):(), Bpa}!():(OBaBIIIHX e cpeO):(a.JibHOH 3HaTbiO. fopo}!(aHe "!eM Aa.Jibiiie, TeM Bee 6oJiee OT"!eTJIHBO 3aHBJIHJIH 0 eBOHX

XIII BeKa AparoHeKoe KopoJieBeTBo 3axBaTHJio EaneapeKne oeTPOBa (30-e ro):(bl), Ba.rreHeHIO (1238 r . ) nMypeHIO (1266 r.), rrepeiiieAIIIYIO BeJieA 3a TeM non BJiaCTb KaCTHJinn. B 1282 mey K A paroey 6biJia rrpneoe)J.llHeHa n Clll(HJIHH. K 3TOMy BpeMeHn KaeTHJiblJ:bi ):(OIIIJIH ):(0 eaMoro IOra IlnpeHelieKom rronyocrpoBaHB3HJIH Xepee nrrpHMopeKnli ropon Kanne. KaeTHJibeKne ropona nMeJIH 3Ha-

nHTepeeax Ha Kop-reeax, eaMYIO BJIHHTeJibHYIO "!aeTb KOTOpbiX, Ha"!HHaH e XN BeKa, OHH eoeTaBJIHJIH. 0):(HaKO Ha rryTH K l(eHTPaJIH3al(HH

L£HTeJibHble BOeHHble OTpf!Abi, eoeTOHBIIIHe H3 ropO}!(aH, K KOTOpbiM IIpHeoe):(HHHJIHeb HaxO):(HBIIIHeeH y HHX Ha eJiym6e pbiQapn (KaBa.rrbepo ). OrroJIL£eHHH 15 roponoB, B TOM L£HeJie BaJibHAOJinna, ToJie):(O, CeroBHH H np., IIpHHHJIH eaMoe aKTHBHOe yL£aeTHe B

HOeHTeJibHHI(a epenHeBeKOBbiX BOJibHOeTeH n rrpnBHJiernli - rronnep}!(HBaJia KOpOJieBeKYIQ BJiaeTb rrpoTHB KPYIIHbiX cpeona.rroB H n yxoBeHCTBa JIHIIIb IIpH yeJIOBHH HeiipHKOeHOBeHHOCTH Beex 3THX BOJibHOCTeH. Orropoli KOpOJieBeKOH BJiaeTH HBJIHJIOeb MeJI-

6nTBe rrpn Jiae-HaBae-ne-ToJioea. BoeHHaH MOIIJ:b n 3KOHOMmeeKoe 3HaL£eHne KaeTHJibeKnx, roponoB, IIpHHHMaBIIIHX aKTHBHOe yL£aeTHe B

KOe H epe):(Hee ABOpHHeTBO, AJIH KOTOpbiX eHJibHaH l(eHTpaJibHaH BJiaeTb eny}!(llJia rapaHTHeli eoxpaHeHHH cpeonaJibHOH peHTbi, IIOJIY"!aeMOH e Kpe-

peKOHKHeTe, IIpHBeJIH K yenJieHHIO HX rroJIHTHL£eeKoli poJin. K TOMY }!(e OHH eTpeMHJIHeb HeiiOJib30BaTb pa3):(0pbi M e}!(ey cpeO):(a.JiaMH H HX Herrp eeTaHHYIQ 6opb6y e KOpOJieBeKOH BJiaeTbiO ):(JIH 3aKperrJieHHH eBOHX BOJibHOeTeH. C 3TOH QeJibiO ropona HaL£aJin o6be-

eTbHH, H HaHJIY"!IIIHM opynneM H 6opb6e e KpeeTbHHeKHM eorrpoTHBJieHneM.

yerrex peKOHKHCTbi 6biJI o6eerreL£eH . MHoroBeKoBaH 6opb6a BeryrrnJia B XIII BeKe B eBoli rroeJieAHHli rrepnon. 3aBoeBaHHe MYeYJibMaHeKHX BJianeHHli yeKopHJioeb. B Te"!eHHe rrepBoli rroJio BHHbi XIII BeKa KaeTHJibl(bl B3HJIH CTOJllll(y KopnoBeKom xaJIHcpaTa KopnoBy

AHHHTheH B eOI03bi (3pMaH):(a):(bi), KOTOpbie ):(06HBa.JIHeb eaMoyrrpaBJieHHH n rrpaBa HMeTb eo6eTBeHHbiH eyn. B KOHI(e XIII BeKa 3pMaH):(a):(bl eJin-

(1236 r. ), a TaKme CeBHJibiO (1248 r. ). IIpOABll}!(eHHIO KaCTllJibQeB Ha IOr erroeo6CTBoBa.rro oKoHL£aTeJibHOe o6bennHeHne JieoHa n KaeTHJIHH, KoTOpoe

B TOM "!HeJie H KOpOJIIO, name MaJieHIIIHe rroeHraTeJibeTBa Ha roponeKne BOJibHOeTH, B "!aCTHOeTH, Ha B3HMaHHe Ha.JIOrOB BOIIpeKH IIpe):(OCTaBJieH-

rrpon3oiiiJio B 123 0 mey, errycrn 18 JieT rroeJie 6IITBbi rrpn Jlae-HaBae-ne-ToJioea. 06be)J.llHeHHe KaTa.rroHHH e A pam-

HbiM HM IIpHBHJierHHM. 3KoHoMmeeKoe pa3BHTHe HerraHHH B XN BeKe HMeJio BeebMa Ba}!(-

JIHeb B O):(HH o6mnli eOI03 (1298 r.) H ):(OeTHrJIH TaKOH eHJibi, "'TO HX eTaryTbi 3aiipemaJIH KOMY 6bl TO HH 6biJIO,

BJiaeTH B HerraHHn eToHJin 6oJibiiiHe TPYAHOeTH. OeHOBHbiM rrperrHTCTBHeM 6biJIH KpyiiHbie eeHbOpbi, KOTOpbie 3a BpeMH peKOHKHeTh! 3HaL£HTeJibHO YBeJIH"!HJIH eBon 3eMeJibHble BJianeHHH n 6oraTCTBa. KpoMe Taro, rraTpnQnaHeKaH BepxyiiiKa roponoB -

1158-1214rr. LI,APCTBOBAAllbOHCA VIII KACT~nb CKOrO. Pa3BMBaH JJ.OCTMrHYTble pa Hee ycnexM, AnbrpoHc VIII npoaen H~E

cepMIO MOLl.jHb/X H8CTynneHMM npoTMB AnbMoxaJ].oa; KynbMMHBU.Meiii HBMfl8Cb 6MTB8 npM flac-Haaac-J].eTonoce. 3JJ.ecb 16 M/OnH 1212 roJJ.a COWflMCb o r pOMH8H apMMR xanMrpa MyxaMMeJ].a-aH-HacMpa, HaC'-IMTblaaawaH, no cnoaaM xpoHMCTOB, JJ.O 600 Tb/CH'-1 l.feflOBeK, M 06be,lJ.MHeHHb/X xpMCTMaHCKMX cMn KacTMnMM, neoHa, AparoHa, Haaappbl M nopTyranMM nOJ]. 06Ll.jMM KOM8HJ].OB8HMeM AnbrpoHca VIII. Maapb!6blflM pa36MTbl HarOflOBY, flMWb Ol.feHb HeMHOr MM

254

3nOXA MOHIOJlOB. 1200-1400 rr.

y.aanocb cnacTMCb 6ercTBOM c nonH 6oH. B pe3yf1bTaTe no.a anacTbiO KaCTMJ1MM OK838J18Cb BCH Li,eHTp8f1bH8H t1cnaHMH.

3To 6bm peBaHin 3a nopamemre npn AnapKoce 1, no6e,o:a, nonmKHBrnaa Ha<J:ano HOBOMY rypy 3aBoeBaTeJibHbiX BOHH, KOTOpbie He 3aMeAJIHJIH nocne,o:oBaTb. B pe3yJibTaTe 3TOH no6e,o:bi Y6e,o:a, Ea3ca H PM ,o:pyrnx aH,o:anyccKHX KpenocTeil nonan n B PYKH xpHCTHaH. IIopa)l{eHne, noHeceHHoe MaBpaMH no,o: Jiac-HaBac-,o:eTonoce, H BeyTpeHHHe pa3,o:opbi, HaqaBrnnecH BCKOpe B aJibMOXa,O:CKHX rocy,o:apCTBax, npnBeJIH K TOMY, 'ITO Moryrn;ecTBo MycyJihMaH B HcnaHHH 6blno coBeprneHHO no,o:opBaHo. Koponb JieoHa, Anh<jJoHc IX, xoTH H He y<J:aCTBOBaJI B Cpa)l{eHHH TipH JiacHaBaC-,O:e-TOJIOCe, co cBoeil cmpoHbi, TaK)l{e BeJI 6opb6y npOTHB MaBpOB B 3cTPeMa,o:ype H 3axBaTHJI y HHX BmKHbie ropo,o:a: Kacepec, Mepn,o:y, a TI0 3)l{e Ea,o:axoc (1229 r.). Anh<jJoHc VIII yMep cnycTH ,o:Ba ro,o:a nocne no6e1J:bi npn Jiac-HaBac,o:a-Tonoce (1214 r.). Cne,o:yeT oTMeTHTb, qTo KacmJIHH B npaBJieHHe A nh<jJoHca VIII TipeB30lliJia B TIOJIHTH<J:eCKOM OTHOllieHHH ,o:pyrHe XpHCTHaHCKHe KOpOJieBCTBa. Haqano 3TOMY 6blno nono)l{eHo ern;e HMnepaTOpaMH <l>epHaH,o:o I H Anh<jJOHCOM VII. Kopomo JieoHa, HeCMOTpH Ha TO, qTo OH TaK)l{e 6biJI BHYKOM Anh<jJoHca VII, npnrnnocb o6bHBHTb ce6H BaccanoM KaCTHJibCKoro rocy,o:apH.

1196-1213 rr. UAPCTBOBAH~E

nEAPO II APArOHCKOrO. C ero nopa)l(eHMeM M rM6enbiO a 6MTaenpM M10pe( 1213 r.) H8CTaf1 KOHe/4 MCnaHCKOMY Bf1MHHMIO ceaepHee 0MpeHeea.

IIe,o:po II, CbiH Anh<jJoHca II, BCTYTIHJI Ha npecTOJI npH BeCbMa KpnmqecKHX o6cTOHTeJibCTBax. PacnpocTpaHeHH e apar oHo-KaTanoHCKHX BJia,O:eHHH Ha IOre <l>paHl(HH, r,o:e 1

B 1195

rozy BoitcKa Am<jloHca

VIII

6hlJrn: p a36lffhl B 6liTBe rrpn AnapKoce 6onee MHOrO'!HCJieHHOH anhMOXa)l;CKOH apMHeH.

6ecnopH,O:KH 6biJIH TIOCTOHHHbiMH, qpe3Bbi<J:aHHO OCJIO)KHHJIO TIOJIHTHqecKym o6cTaHOBKy. HoBbiH KopoJib BCTpeTHJI 6onhrnHe TPYAHOCTH, Bbi3BaHHble BeJIHKO,O:ep)l{aBHbiMH CTpeMJieHHHMH <jJpaHQy3CKHX Koponeil, -reppHTOpHH KOTOpbiX rpaHH'IHJIH CaparoHCKHM KOpOJieBCTBOM, H TIOCTOHHHbiMH pa3,o:opaMH B IIpoBaHce, r,o:e 3HaTb oTCTaHBana CBOIO He3aBHCHMOCTb OT aparoHcKoil KopoHbi. IIocne,o:cTBHH 3THX CMYT He 3aMeAJIHJIH cKa3aTbcH. TeM He MeHee IIe,o:po II npncoe,o:HHHJI K cBoeil KopoHe rpa<jJCTBo MoHneJibe B pe3yJibTaTe 6paKa c rpa<jJnHeil Mapneil (1204 r.). B 1205 ro,o:y oH oBna,o:en TaK)l{e rpa<jJcTBOM Ypxenb. B 3TO BpeMH IIe,o:po II ocyrn;eCTBHJI aKT, KOTOpbiH HMeJI orpOMHOe TIOJIHTH<J:eCKOe 3HaqeHHe AJIH ero KoponeBCTBa. Peqb n,o:eT o nyTernecTBHH IIe,o:po II B PHM, Ky,o:a oH ompaBHJICH, )KeJiaH, qro6bi nana KopoHoBan ero. To<J:HO He H3BeCTHbi TIOAJIHHHbie MOTHBbi, no6y,o:HBIIIHe IIe,o:po noilTH Ha TaKOe HOBllieCTBO B 06biqaHX aparoHCKOro KoponeBcTBa H 6apcenoHcKoro rpa<jJcTBa. O<J:eBHIJ:HhiM, HJIH o<jJHQHaJibHhiM, KaK Mbi CKa3aJIH 6bi Tenepb, MOTHBOM 6biJIO, TIO-BH,O:HMOMY, CTpeMJieHHe nony<J:HTb no~J:Aep)l{KY nanbi H noMOII(b reHy33l(eB H TIH3aHl(eB - o6Jia,O:aTeJieH 60JiblliHX <jJJIOTOB - AJIH 3aBoeBaHHH EaneapcKHX ocTpoBoB. BnonHe BepoHTHo, qTo, noMHMO 3TOro, IIe,o:po II, onnpaHcb Ha noMep)l{KY nanhi, )Kenan pa3p ernHTh yro,o:HbiM ,O:JIH Hero o6pa30M TIOJIHTH<J:eCKHe npo6neMbi, CBH3aHHbie c IO)l{Ho<jJpaHliY3CKHMH TeppHTOpHHMH. B HoH6pe 1204 ro,o:a nana KopoHoBaJI IIe,o:po II B PHMe, a 3aTeM nocBHTHJI ero B pbiQapn. Koponb o6H3aJICH 3arn;HII(aTb KaTonmecKym Bepy, YBa)l{aTb CB06o,o:y H HenpHKOCHOBeHHOCTb QepKBeil H npecne,o:oBaTb epeTHKOB. KpoMe mro, oH o6bHBHJI ce6H BaccanoM nanbi, a 3Ta ,o:eKnapanHH o6H3biBaJia ero KO MHOroMy. IIe,o:po II nepe,o:an nane B Ka<J:ecTBe <j;Jeo,o:a KOponeBcTBo AparoH H KamoHHIO, KOTOpbie IJ:OJI)KHbi 6hiJIH nnaTHTh e)l{ero}lHyiO IJ:aHb B Ka<J:eCTBe B03Harpam,o:eHHH 3a TIOKpOBHTeJibCTBO, KOTOpoe nana H ero npeeMHHKH 6y eyT B ,o:aJibHeilrneM OKa3biBaTh aparOHCKHM KO-

pOJIHM . 3TOT aKT Bbi3BaJI He,O:OBOJibCTBO B A paroHe H KaTanoHHH, r,o:e no,o:o6Haa BaccanbHaH npncara, ,o:aHHCUI KoponeM 6e3 cornacHH 3HaTH H ropO,O:OB, CO<J:TeHa 6biJia He,O:eHCTBHTeJibHOH. ,[l,BopHHCTBO H ropo,o:a o6be,O:HHHJIHCb B COI03, HJIH 3pMaH,o:a,o:y, Tpe6yH, <J:To6bi IIe,o:po II OTIW3aJICH oT npncarn. H o Koponb, Komp or o noMep )l{HBaJI nana, He y,o:oBJieTBopnn 3TH Tpe6oBaHHH H n po,o:oJI)KaJI nnaTHTb PnMy o6ern;aHHYID ,o:aHb. IIe,o:po II npHHHJI THTYJI «KaTonmecKoro KOpOJIH>>.

KpecTOBbliii noxo,q npoTHB an~:>6Hroiii~es

PeJIHru03Hhlll Bonpoc B IIpoBaHce H Ha BCeM IOre <l>paHQHH C Ka)l{,O:biM ):(HeM Bee 6onee H 6onee ocJio)KHHJICH. OTHorneHHH Me)l{ey 3HaThiO H naTIOH 6biJIH BeCbMa HaTHHYTbiMH, TIOCKOJibKY IJ:BOpHHe He 6hiJIH CKJIOHHbi, yro)l{,o:aH nane , no,o:aBJIHTh epecb. B KOHI(e KOHI(OB OTHOllieHHH Me)l{ey npoBaHcanbcKoil 3HaTbiO H nanoil o6ocTpHJIHCb ,o:o KpailHocm. IIana npH3BaJI K KpecTOBOMY n oxou y npoTHB anb6nroilQeB H, np e)l{,o:e Bcero, npoTHB rpa<j;Ja Tyn y3cKor o, 3HTH IIe,o:po, H npoTHB PaMoHa Po)l{epa, BHKOHTa Ee3be H KapKaccoHbi, Baccana AparoHa (1209 r.). KpecmHOCQbi coe}lHHHJIHCh B JinoHe . fpa<j;Jy Tyn y3CKOMY, KOTOpbiil6oJibiiie Bcero cnoco6CTBOBaJI pa3pbiBY C PHMOM, npOTHB CBOeH BOJIH npHIIIJIOCb TIOKOpHTbCH. KpecTOHOCQbi n o,o: pyKOBOJlCTBOM <jJpaHQy3cKoro IJ:BOpHHHHa CHMoHa ,o:e MoH<jJopa Hanann Ha ropo,o: Ee3be H, HecMoTpH Ha r epomecKoe conpoTHBneHHe oca)l{}leHHbiX, B3HJIH ero rnrypMOM, Bbipe3aB BCe HaCeJieHHe, KaTOJIHKOB H epeTHKOB, M~qHH, )l{eHII(HH H }leTeil, npecne}lyH Hx }la)l{e y no,o:HO)l{HH aJITapeH. 3aTeM OHH TIO}lO )KrJIH ropo,o: (22 HIOJIH 1209 r. ) . KpeCTOHOCQbi OCa}lHJIH, a 3aTeM B3HJIH K apKaccoey, noBmpHB y)l{aCbi Ee3be. CHMOH ,o:e MoH<jJop oBna,o:en 3eMJIHMH PaMoHa Po)l{epa, HO c no,o:o6HbiM 3axBaTOM IIenpo II corn acilTbcH He Mor. BoilHa n po,o:on)l{anacb ,o:o Tex nop, TIOKa CHJia o6CTOHTeJibCTB, Tpe60BaHHH MoH<jJopa H nocpeAHH<J:ecTBo nancKHX n er amB He npHBen n K co-

3AnNJ.HAs:l EBPOnA rnamemno, B pe3yJibTaTe KOToporo Koponb AparoHa cornac11ncll rrp113HaTh MoHCpopa ceHhopoM Ee3he 11 KapKaccoHhi. 3a 3Tl1M IIOCJieD.OBaJI HerrpOLI.OJl)!{IITeJibHhlll MIIp, KOTOphrii Ile11.po II HCITOJib30BaJI )];Jill TOrO, "!T06bi yAeJIIITb BHHMaHHe rroJio)!{eHIIIO B HcnaHIIM. OH npHHHJI y"!aCTHe B KpecTOBOM TIOXO)l;e rrpOTHB MaBpOB, 06bHBJleHHOM ArrhcpOHCOM VIII, 11 s 3Ha"!IITeJihHOH CTerreHII crroco6cTBOBaJI rro6e)l;e rrpn Jlac-HaBac-)l;e-Tonoce (1212 r.). ~o 3TOrO eMy y)l;aJIOCb IIp11COe)l;I1HIITh K CBOeMy KOponeBCTBY HaBappCKI1e Tepp11TOp1111 (Ali6ap 11 PoHceBaJih), KaCTIIJlhCK11e 3eMJIII (MOHKaHO) H TeppnTopnn IO)!{HhiX MycynhMaH. Me)!{)l;y TeM XOiJ: co6biTI1H s IO)!{Hoil <l>paHJ.J,l1ll rrp11HllJl il:YPHOH o6opoT D.JIH IleApo II. B 1213 ro11.y B0306HOBI1nacb BOHHa npoTHB rpacpa Ty.rry3cKoro. fleApo II rrhiTaJICll MHpHO yperymrpoBaTb sonpoc, o6paTHBlllHCb K nane II K co6opy c npocb6oi1 OTHeCTIICb crrpaBeD.JIHBO K rpacpy TyJIY3CKOMY H 3all1HTHTb ero OT rrpOH3BOJ1a MoHcpopa. He .uo611BlllHCb 3TOro MHpHbiM rryTeM, OH rrp116er K Cl1Jie opy)!{l1ll 11 no.u.uep)!{a.rr rpacpa Ty.rry3cKoro 11 ocTaJihHhiX iJ:BOpHH, y KOTOpbiX cppaHUY3hl OTHHJIH 3eMJIH. B 6HTBe y Mrope BOHCKO IleApo II 6biJIO pa3rpOMJieHO, a CaM OH IIOrl16

(1213 r.) 1213-1276 rr. LJ,APCTBOBAHHE XAHME I 3ABOEBATEnSI, KOPOnSI APArOHCKOrO. O,n,vtH M3 aenw-1ai!twvtx nonKoao,n,u,ea 38 BC/0 MCTOpMIO 11/cnaHMM, OH OTBOeB8fl y M8BpOB 5aneapCKMe OCTpOB8 ( 1229-1235 rr.) M BaneHCM/0 ( 1233-1245 rr.) . Xai!tMe I npvtHvtMan ae,n,yw,ee y'-laCTvte a KaMnaHMM no oTaoeaaHM/0 y MycynbMBH Mypc vtvt /l,flfl KaCTMflMM ( 1266 r .; CM. HM)I(e).

Ilocne cMepTH IleD.po II AparoH H KaTaJIOHHH Ha HeKoTopoe BpeMll ocTaJIHCb 6e3 Koponll. XaH"Me, e):(HHCTBeHHbril CbiH yMeplller o MOHapxa, 6hiJI B pyKax CHMOHa )l;e MoHcpopa, KOTOPOMY IleApo II rrepeAan ero, KorAa npoeKTHpoBaJicH 6paK il:O"!epn MoHcpopa c aparoHCKIIM HHcpaHTOM. B pe3yJibTaTe BMemaTeJihCTBa rrarrhr

255

YCnOBHbiE 0603HA'lEHI-1H 1 r pa4JcTeo HJUit

---·-

MoHnen~Ja

&eabe UleHylleT

t0JKH&" M IOCTO'IMilR rp&MMI&A

CDpaH~HM.( BcA KBTa.~tONMR "aa ...

nMpeHe"c""e enaAe""" AparoHa, tcpo•e OpoeaHca- aacCallbHble 80MAH UJpaH~YSCKOA KOpOMbl;

npoaaHc sacc&llbHU ae•nR Ca. PM•c~o~.oA HMilepaut)

KapHaCCON

PyccMJI!.OH

lllya

Kyaepo.H

G•r"''v

6eapM

a 1209 r. M"CWTA&

liiHHOKeHTHll III CHMOH Ae MoHcpop BepHyn XaiiMe Ha cneAyromHii roll: rrocne 6HTBhl y Mrope (1214 r. ). AparoHUhi H KaTaJIOHUhl C JIJIKOBaHHeM IIpllHHJill HOBOrO KOpO.ITll, O)l;HaKO, 6yil:Y"'ll HeCOBepmeHHOJieTHHM, OH He Mor cpa3y )!{e B3llTh B csoH pyKH 6pa3il:hi rrpaBJieHJill. ~Jill ycTaHOBJieHJill orreKI1 Ha.u XailMe B Jieprr.ue co6paJll1Cb KopTeCbi AparoHa 11 KaTaJIOHlll1. OrreKyHoM KopoJIH 6biJI Ha3Ha"!eH rpoccMeiicTep OpD.eHa TaMnmrepoB fHJiheH Ae MoHpe.uo, a reHepanhHhiM rrpoKypaAopoM 1 o6oHx rocyAapcTB - 6paT AeAa Xai1Me, CaH"'O. EhiJIH TaK)!{e Ha3Ha"'eHhi "'eThrpe MJiaAIIIHX rrpoKypaD.opa: )l;Ba - )];Jill AparoHa, OAHH - UJIH KaTaJIOHHHI1 O):(llH - AJIH MoHTieJlhe. 0):(HaKO MHp B KOpO.ITeBCTBe eme He 6hiJI BOCCTaHOBJieH, TaK KaK reHepaJibHhrll rrpoKypai..lOP CaH"!O 11 il:Hil:H XanMe, <PepHaHAO, crpeMHJIHCh npHCBOJITb KOpoHy. C Apyron CTOpOHbi,

1 TipoKy p M Opbl -

):lenyTaTbT OT COCJTO-

DI'IH n KOpTecax, n 6oJTee unrpoKOM CMhiCJTe -

nOJTHOMO'fHhre npeACTamnem r.

B AaHHOM cJTy -

qae npoKypaAOphr, Ha3Ha'feHHhle

KOpTeca~m ,

6biJTII npaB!ITeJIHMII KOpOJTeBCTBa, <j:>opMaJTbHO C'fiiTaHcb neJTeraTaMII KOpTecoB npii oco6e HeCOBepweHHOJTeTHero KOpOJTl!.

••I

aparOHCKJie iJ:BOpllHe, CBOeBOJihHbie H 6ecrrOKOHHbie, BeJIII ce6H KaK He3aBHCl1Mbie rocynap11, BOIOll Apyr c ApyroM H Bbi3biBall 60JihiiiHe 6ecrropllUKH. B KOHUe KOHli,OB napTI1H, BepHall Xai1Me, BblpBaJia )l;eBHTIUieTHero KOpOJIH H3 pyK fliJibeHa Ae MoHpeAo, KOTOphrH 3aKJIIO"!HJI 6hiJIO Xai1Me B KpeIIOCTb MoHCOH (1217 r. ). XailMe BCTaJI BO rnaBe BOHCK, ITO)l!l,ep)!{HBaBlll11X ero, H Xpa6po cpa)!{aJICll IIpOTHB CBOIIX "!eCTOJII06IIBbiX pOUCTBeHHHKOB JI rrpOTHB aHapXII"!eCKOH3HaTH. C TIOMOlllhiO rrpe)!{)l;e BCero KaTaJIOHCKHX )l;BOpHH JI KOpTeCOB, K KOTOpbiM OH CeHqac )!{e o6paTHJ!Cll, Xai1Me cyMeJl ecJlH He BOCCTaHOBHTh TIOJIHOCThiO CBOIO BJiaCTh, TO, IIO KpaiiHen Mepe, o6y3.LI,aTb CBOI1X )l;Hil:elll1 rrpHB.rre"!h Ha CBOIO CTOpoHy 60JiblllYIO "'aCTb ITOil:):(aHHbTX. ~Jill 3Toro eMY rrpmrrn och B Te"'eHHe MHOfliX JieT (11.0 1227 r.) BeCTH IIOCTOllHHYIO 60pb6y CO 3HaTh!O, npe)l;CTaBHTeJill KOTOpOH BOeBaJIH II npOTHB KOpOJill, H n:pyr C n:pyroM. B KOHJJ,e KOHUOB TIOC.Jle TOro, KaK KOpOJih TIOUTIHCaJI cor.rrallleHHe co 3HaTbro, 6biJI ycTaHoBJieH BCeo6mHH MHp. Tiocn e Toro, KaK 6hiJIH pa3pemeHbi BII)'TpeHHJie BOilpOCbi, BHeiiiHllll rroJIHTHKa XanMe I 6bma HarrpaBJieHa Ha pacmHpeHHe rpaHHU KoponeB-

3nOXA MOHIOJlOB. 1200-1400 rr.

256

CTBa B COOTBeTCTBIIII C HaCTpOeHIIH-

1232

MII 3HalffiTeJThHOH tiaCTli HaCeJieHIIH,

oM6pe (3HaTHb!:H ABOPHHIIH), EnacKo

aparOHCKOH 9 KCnaHCllll HaMetieH 6b!JI EIIap. 3eMJIII, pacnoJio)KeHHh!e IO)K-

oco6eHHO KaTaJIOHIJ;eB. KaTaJIOHIJ;hl

.o;e AnaroH, Ha CBOH cTpax II piicK

Hee, XOTH 6bl OHII II HaXO):(IIJIIICb EO

IICCTapii BeJIII TOprOBJIIO C 6JimKHII-

npe.o:npiiHHJI noxo.o: Ha MopeJibiO II

BJiacm MycyJibMaH, ocTaBJIHJIIICb B

MII II ):(aJThHliMII CTpaHaMII II CTpeMII-

3axBaTIIJI 9TOT ropo.o;. KopoJib OBJia-

KaCTliJibCKOH ccpepe. Xa:HMe, Kompo-

JlliCb K ycTaHOBJieHIIIO a6COJIIOTHOH

.o;en MopeJibe:H npii no.o:.o:ep)l(Ke He-

ro no.o;.o;ep)KIIBaJIII MHoriie aparoH-

rereMOHllll Ha Cpe):(ll3eMHOM Mope.

CKOJibKIIX 6apOHOB II ropO):(CKOrO

CKIIe II KaTaJIOHCKIIe iJ:BOpHHe, Hapy-

IIepBb!M rnaroM Ha 9TOM nym HBII-

IIIIIJI 9TOT ):(OrOBOp II npe.o:npiiHHJI B

JIOCb 3aBoeBaHIIe EaneapcKIIX OCTPO-

onorneHIIH KaTaJIOHIIII. IIpo.o;oJI)KaH KaMnaHIIIO B BaJieH-

BOB, HaCeJieHHbiX MaBpaMII, tiaCTO CO-

ciiHCKIIX 3eMJIHX, Xa:HMe MaJio-noMa-

CIIII. BnpotieM, OH HaMe peH 6b!JI ne-

roey O):(IIH aparOHCKIIH piiKO

1265 roey 3aBOeBaHIIe 9MIIpaTa Myp-

BeprnaBIIIliMII TIIIpaTCKIIe Ha6ern Ha

ny 3aBOeBaJI Bee Ba)l(HeHrniie 3aMKII

pe.o;aTb MypciiiO CBOeMY 3HTIO, Kopo-

IICnaHCKOe no6epe)Kbe. IlpOTliB 9TO-

II ceneHIIH II B HatiaJie

1238 ro.o:a ocaceHTH6pe 1238

JIIO KacTIIJIIIII AnbcpoHcy X. Xa:HMe cnepBa OBJia.o;eJI 3Jibtie II A JIIIKaHTe,

ro npe.o;npiiHTliH 6Hna aparoHcKaH

.O:IIJI BaneHCIIIO. B

3HaTb, OTKa3aBIIIaHCH ):(aTb KOpOJIIO

ro.o;a BaneHCIIH KaniiTYJIIIpoBaJia,

a B

BOHCKa II ):(eHbrii, II KaTaJIOHIJ;bl3ana.o;-

nplltieM B cornarneHIIII o c.o;atie ropo-

no ycnoBIIHM KaTIIIT)'JIHQIIII MycynbMaHe, ):(06IIJIIICb npaBa OCTaTbCHB r o -

Hb!X pa:HoHoB. Xa:HMe

.O:OJI)KeH 6h!JI

.o:a 6h!JIO cne.o:YIQmee ycnoBIIe: Xa:H-

1266

ro.o;y B3HJI ro po.o: MypciiiO;

):(OBOJThCTBOBaTbCHBOHCKaMII,):(eHe)K-

Me IJ:OJI)KeH 6h!JI pa3peiiiiiTh MaBpii-

po.o;e . liM pa3perneHo 6h!JIO coxpa-

Hb!MII CCYIJ:aMII II KOpa6JIHMII, npe.o;o-

TaHcKoMy 9MIIpy II BCeM, KTO Ha TO

HIITh MetieTli, II 3a HliMII 6hlJIO n pii-

CTaBJieHHb!MII eMy HeKOTOpb!MII ce-

II3bHBIIT)KeJiaHIIe, 6ecnpenHTCTBeH-

HbOpaMII, IJ:YXOBeHCTBOM II ropo.o;aMII

HO noKIIHYTb ropo.o;. Pa3pernanocb

3HaHO npaBO 6b!Tb cy.o;IIMb!MII n o CBOIIM co6CTBeHHh!M 3aKOHaM. Xa:H-

KaTaJIOHllll II IO)KHOH <DpaHQIIII. Xa:H-

B3HTb TOJibKO TO IIMYIIJ;eCTBO, KOTO-

Me nepeceJIIIJI B MypciiHCKIIe BJia):(e-

Me co6paJI ):(OCTaTO'IHOe BOHCKO II,

poe MO)KHO 6b!JIO yHeCTII Ha ce6e.

HIIH KaTaJIOHCKIIX KOJIOHIICTOB II pac-

npe.o;eJIIIJI 3eMJIII Me)Key ceHbopaMII,

CHapH):(IIB cpJIOTliJIIIIO II3 II

43 KOpa6JieH

ranep, Bb!Ca):(liJICH Ha OCTpOBe

KaK nepe.o;aiOT, ropo.o: noKIIHYJIII

Th!CH'I MycyJibMaH. Ilocne B3HTliH Ba-

OKa3aBIIIIIMII eMy n OMOII(b B 3aBOeBa-

IIo-

JieHCIIII 3aBOeBaHIIe KOpOJieBCTBa

HIIII. 0):(HaKO OH npii3HaJI 91)' Teppii-

Kop eHIIe OCTpOBa OKa3aJIOCb npe.o;-

6b!JIO 3aBeprneHO 3axBaTOM pHAa .o;pyriiX Ba)l(Hh!X ropo.o;oB, npe)K.o:e Bcero

TOpiiiO nO):(BJiaCTHOH KaCTliJibCKOMY

npiiHTIIeM HeTpyAHhlM, nocKOJibKY C caMoro Hatiana Xa:HMe y.o;anocb pa3-

XaTIIBhl, KpenocTb KOTopo:H ClffiTa-

6 IITh MycyJibMaHCKIIe BoHcKa Ilanb-

Jiacb nepBOKJiaccHo:H, AJibciipb! II

Mh!II ropHb!X o 6JiaCTeH .

MHOriiX YKpenneHHbiX nYHKTOB (Bxo-

Ma:HopKe B ceHTH6pe

1229 ro.o;a.

O.o;IIH II3 MeCTHh!X KHH3bKOB ga-

KOpOJIIO.

Eiopb6a CO 3H8Tbl0. nonliiTIIIKa KOpOnSI

IJ:HIIJ;IIX Hh!He B npoBIIHQIIIO AJIIIKaH-

1253 r. ).

KJIIOIIIIJI C Xa:HMe COI03 II OKa3aJI eMy

Te;

3eMJIII 6h!JIII pacnpe.o;e-

B n epBb!e r o):(bl cBoer o n paBJieHIIH

nOMOIIJ;b JIIO):(bMII II npO.O:OBOJThCTBII-

JieHh! Me)Key ceHbopaMII, oKa3h!BaB-

Xa:HMe npiiiiiJIOCb 6opoThcH npoTIIB

e M. Ilocne 3axBaTa CTOJIIIIJ;hl, a 3aTeM

IIIIIMII KOpOJIIO nOMOIIJ;b EO BpeMH

CBOeBOJibHOH 3HaTli, II 6opb6a 9Ta,

II Bcero oCTpoBa .o;o6HIIa 6h!Jia pa3 -

3aB oeBaHIIH. O.o;HaKo 3aBoeBaHHh!e

.o;eneHa Me)K.o;y con.o;aTaMII, a 3eM-

TeppiiTOpiiii He 6b!JIII eme nOKOpeHb!

KaK Y*e YKa3h!BaJIOCb, 3aBeprniiJiacb KOMnpOMIICCHb!M COrJiaiiieHIIeM .

JIII -

Me)Key CeHbOpaMII II nOJIKOBO):(-

OKOHtiaTeJibHO; ):(Ba)K):(bl BOCCTaBaJIO

EMy tiacTo npiiXO.O:IIJIOCb IIIJ:Tli Ha yc -

QaMII. )J;JIH ynpaBJieHIIH OCTpOBOM

MaBpiiTaHCKOe HaCeJieHIIe B r opHb!X

zynKII, 'IT06bl Ha HeKOTOpoe BpeMH

KOpOJib OCTaBIIJI B IlaJibMe CBOero

paHOHax: KOpOJIIO II CeHbOpaM He 6e3

ycTpaHIITb o n aCHOCTb rpa)K):(aHCKIIX

HaMeCTHIIKa. B pe3yJibTaTe HOBoro

BOHH . 3HaTb HeO):(HOKpaTHO .o;eHCTBO -

Tpy.o;a y .o;aJIOCb no.o;aBIITb 9Tll BOCCTaHliH. Bo II36e)KaHIIe HOBh!X ocJIO)KHe-

BaJia CaMOCTOHTeJibHO, He o6pamaH

ro.o;y, ocTpoB Ma:HopKa cTaJI

HIIH Xa:HMe II3rHan II3 BaJieHCIIHCKIIX

BHIIMaHIIH Ha KOpOJIH, OTKa3b!BaH eMy

BaccaJibHh!M BJia.o;eHIIeM AparoHa.

3eMeJTh MHO)KeCTBo MYCYJThMaH nocne

B BOeHHOH noMOIIJ;II IIJIII n pe.o;n piiHIIMaH nOXO):(bl Ha CBOH CTpax II piiCK.

II aparOHCKIIX CeHbOpOB nOKOpiiJIII

nepBoro BoccTaHIIH. ToJibKO cMepTb Xa:HMe II36aBIIJia MaBpOB OT OKOHtia-

ll6IIcy. TaKIIM o6pa3 0M, EaneapcKIIe

TeJibHOro II3rHaHIIH, KOTOpOe OH Ha-

ro, 'ITO n o Mepe p acTa cBoero Mory-

OCTpOBa 6hlJIII OTBOeBaHbl y MycyJTh-

MetiaJI ocymecTBIITb nocne no.o;aBJie-

meCTBa II nOJIIITlitieCKOH BJiaCTli KO-

MaH II CTaJill tiaCTbiO KaTaJIOHCKO-apa-

HIIH BTOporo B03MyiiJ;eHIIH.

pOJib cTapancH Bee 6onee II 6onee

roHCKOro KoponeBCTBa.

OCJia6liTb MOII(b 3HaTII II OTHHTh y Hee

He 3 aBepiiiiiB eme 3 aBOeBaHIIH

Xa:HMe npe.o:npiiHHJI eme PHA 3aBOeBaHIIH Ha MaBpliTaHCKOH TeppliTO-

IIpe3MepHb!e cpeo.o;aJibHble npiiBIIJie-

EaneapcKIIX ocTpoBoB, KopoJib Xa:H-

piiii. Kor.o:a Xa:HMe BeJI BOHHY npo-

rnii. KopoJib II e ra c Taprnll:H Ch!H Ile.o:-

I npe.o:npiiHHJI 3aBOeBaHIIe BaneH-

TliB KoponeBCTBa BaneHCIIII, rpaHII-

po, KOTOpb!H TaK)Ke npiiHIIMaJI yiiaC-

CIIII II npiineraiOme:H K He:H TeppiiTo-

IJ:hl KOToporo .o;oxo.o;IIJIII .o:o EIIapa, OH

TIIe B ynpaBJieHIIII rocy.o;apCTBOM,

noxo.o;a, npe.o:npiiHHToro Xa:HMe

1232 B

1235 ro.o:y .o:p y)KIIHh!

KaTaJIOHCKIIX

III,

Il09TOMY HeT HIIIIero YIJ:liBIITeJibHO -

piiii, r.o;e rocno.o;cTBOBaJIII MycyJibMa-

.o;oroBopiiJICH c <DepHaH.o;o

'ITO

nb!TaJIIICb BHeCTII HeKOTOpb!e II3 Me-

He. CaMocToHTeJibHOCTb .o;e:HcTBIIH

p y6e)KaMII AparoHa 6y.o:YT rpaHIIQhl

HeHIIH B 3aKOHO):(aTeJThCTBO II 3aCTa-

CeHbOpOB HpKO xapaKTepii3yeTCH 0):(-

BaJieHCIIHCKOH o6JiaCTII, npiiiieM

BIITb 3HaTb BblnOJIHHTb CBOH ):(OJir.

HIIM 9nii30):(0M 9TOH KaMnaHIIII: B

KpaHHIIM IO)l(Hb!M nyHKTOM ccpepb!

3m npiiBen o MOHapxa K TPYIJ:HOH II

3AnA)J,HAs:l EBPOnA

257

3aTlDKHOH rpa)f(L(aHCKOH BOHHe ITpO-

B KacTIIJIIIIO. epHaHJJ:O, KOToporo

06bHBJieH 3aKOHHbiM CbiHOM. Il03TO-

TIIB 06be):(IIHIIBIIIIIXCH KaTaJIOHCKIIX II

ITOL(JJ:ep)f(IIBaJIO 60JiblliiiHCTBO ropo-

MY Ka3aJiocb, 'ITO KopoHa JleoHa L(OJI)f(Ha ITepeHTll K HeMy; OL(HaKO AJib-

aparoHCKHX ceHbopoB. ToJibKO BOC-

JJ:OB 11 'IaCTh 3HaTH, oTpa3l1JI BOHCKa

CTaHHH BaJieHCI1HCKI1X MaBpOB l1 HO-

CBoero OTI!a 11 3acTaBHJI AJihcpOHca

cpOHC 3aBeiiiaJI ITpeCTOJI JJ:BYM CBOHM

BOe MycyJihMaHcKoe BTOp)f(eHIIe, yr-

3aKJIIO'IIITh ITepeMIIpiie. HeKoTopoe

JJ:O'IepHM oT ITepBoro 6paKa. epHaH-

po)f(aBIIIee Mypciiii, ITepeKJIIO'IIIB

BpeMH eiiie ITPOJJ:OJI)f(aJiacb 6opb6a

JJ:O OITpOTeCTOBaJI 3aBeiiiaHIIe, CCbiJia-

BHIIMaHIIe 3HaTII Ha JJ:pyriie 06beKThi,

ITpOTIIB L(OMa Jlapa, a 3aTeM ITpOTIIB

HCb Ha 3aKOHhi 0 ITpeCTOJIOHaCJie):(IIII,

ITpHBeJIH K ITpeKpaiiieHHIO BHyTpeH-

JJ:pyrHX CeHbOpOB, 06bHBI1BIIII1X ce6H

OTJJ:aBaBIIIHe ITpeJJ:ITO'lTeHHe MY)f('lHHe.

HllX CMyT.

He3aBHCHMhiMH (PoJJ:pHro )J,Haca, ce-

Ka3aJIOCh, 'ITO BOT-BOT BCIThrxHeT BOH-

Hbopa KaMepoc, foHcaJio Ilepeca 113

Ha, TaK KaK CeCTpbl He )f(eJiaJIII ITOCTy-

1217-1252 rr. L..I,APCTBOBA-

MoJIIIHhi 11 JJ:p. ). B KOHI!e KOHI!e ep-

ITaTbCH CBOI1MI1 ITpaBaMH. 0JJ:HaKO pa3-

Hli!E Cl>EPAHHAHAA Ill KACTli!JlbCKOrO. H8 TPOH OH B3owen nocne

HaHJJ:O pa3rpOMI1JI CBOHX ITpOTI1BHI1-

HOrJiaCHH 6biJII1 yperyJIHpOBaHbl CO-

KOB, a rpacp Jlapa BhiHY)f(JJ:eH 6biJI 6e-

rJiaiiieHHeM, ITO KOTOpOMY <J>epHaHL(O

,ll,JIJI/TeflbHOfii ,D.I1H8CTI1'1eCKOfii 60pb-

)f(aTb B CTpaHy MaBpOB, r):(e II yMep B

ITepeXOL(llJia JieOHCKaH KOpOHa, a o6e

HHIIIeTe.

JJ:O'lepH AJibcpoHca

6bt 38 npecTOn

(1214-121711.).

O,D.ep)f(8B p'ii,D. KpynHbtX no6e.D. H8.D.

epHaHJJ:O

III

IX ITOJIY'laJIH

3Ha-

L(aJI qpe3Bhi'laHHO

'Il1TeJibHbie JJ:eHe)f(Hbie KOMITeHcaul1l1.

M8Bp8MI1, OH 38XB8TI1fl Kop,D.OBY

MOIIIHhiH TOJI'IOK peKOHKIICTe, OBJia-

TaKIIM o6pa3oM, KopoJieBCTBa JleoH II

( 1236 1.), Cea11nb!O ( 1248 1.) 11 X83H ( 1246 I.). K KOHU.Y e/0 np8BfleHI1'il

L(eB ITO'lTH BCeMH MycyJihMaHCKHMH

KacTI1JIIIH BHOBh o6oeJJ:HHI1JIIICh 11 6o-

Teppi1TOpi1HMI1 Ha IOre ITOJiyOCTpOBa.

Jiee y)f(e He pa3JJ:eJIHJIHCh.

nO,D. Bfl8CTbiO M8Bp08 OCT888flC'il

3To 6bmo ero rJiaBHOH 3acJiyro:H KaK

fli1Wb KpOWe'IHbtiii tp8H8,D.CKI1iii 3MI1-

ITOJIIITIIKa. Ero BJIIIHHIIe 'IYBCTBOBa-

CBOII CIIJihi, epHaHJJ:O

p8T 11 TO npi13H8B8BWI1iii CI03epeHI1-

JIOCh 11 B AcppHKe.

BHJI BOeHHbie ITOXOJJ:bi; OH 3aBOeBaJI

TeT K8cT11n1111. TeM He MeHee aoiiiH8

)J,JIH OCyiiieCTBJieHIIH CBOIIX I!eJieH

c lp8H8,D.Oiii c nepepbtB8MI1 npo,D.on-

OH ITpeJJ:ITpiiHHJI HeCKOJibKO ITOXOJJ:OB.

)f(8fl8Cb ei..Ll,e nonTop8 aeK8.

IlepBbiH ITOXOJJ: OTHOCIITCH K

YBeJIII'IIIB ITOJJ:06HhiM o6pa3oM

III

B03o6Ho-

1225

roJJ:y. B 3TOH KaMITaHIIII 6biJIII 3aBoeAJibcpoHca

VIII

cMeHIIJI Ha ITpe-

BaHhi AHJJ:yxap II JJ:pyriie ceJieHIIH He-

CTOJie ero HeCOBepiiieHHOJieTHHH Chili

ITOJJ:aJieKy OT KopJJ:OBhi. B TO )f(e Bpe-

3HpiiKe. B CBH3II c 3TIIM B03o6HOBII-

MH epHaHJJ:O HaiTpaBIIJI B AcppiiKY

JIIICh 6eCITOpHJJ:KI1, HMeBIIII1e MeCTO BO

BOHCKO L(JIH BOCCTaHOBJieHHH Ha ITpe-

BpeMH HeCOBepiiieHHOJieTHH ero

CTOJie CBOero COI03Hl1Ka -

OTI!a, XOTH 3HpiiKe HaXOL(IIJICH ITO):(

Xa):(CKOrO IIMITepaTopa aJib-MaMyHa.

aJibMO-

1229 roJJ:y aJih-MaMyH B 6JiaroJJ:ap-

oiTeKon MaTepii, a IT03)f(e TeTKII Ee-

peHreJihi. fJiaBHbiMII 3a'IIIHIIIIIKaMII

HOCTh 3a ITOMOIIIh IT03BOJIIIJI KaCTIIJib-

6eciTopHJJ:KOB, KaK II ITpe)f(JJ:e, 6biJIII

I!aM o6ocHoBaTbCH B ropoJJ:e MapoK-

ITpeJJ:CTaBHTeJIH ceMbH Jlapa. EepeH-

Ko, r):(e OHH OCHOBaJIH CBOH KBapTaJI

reJia JJ:JIH YMHpOTBopeHHH HX ITopy'IH-

l1 ITOCTpOI1JII1 uepKOBb. AJib-MaMyH

Jia oiTeKy JJ:OHY AJihBapo JJ:e Jlapa.

OTHOCIIJICH K 3TOH KOJIOHIIII O'IeHb

0L(HaKO B CBH3II C TeM, 'ITO OH 3JIO-

6JiarOCKJIOHHO. 3Ta XpiiCTIIaHCKaH

YITOTpe6JIHJI CBOeH BJiaCThiO, BOCCTa-

KOJIOHIIH (a ITOJJ:06Hbie KOJIOHIIII B MY-

Ba)f(HYIO KpeiTOCTh, JJ:peBHIOIO CTOJIII-

Jill JJ:pyrHe JJ:BOpHHe. Heo)f(HJJ:aHHaH

cyJibMaHCKHx 3eMJIHX l13BeCTHbl 6biJIII

IIY xaJIHcpaTa, KopJJ:OBY

(1217 r.)

IX B.)

lilcnaHCKIIIiil pblu,apb 1113 5yproca

(1236 r. ),

ITpocyiiieCTBOBaJia B

rJiaBHaH Me'IeTh KOTopo:H 6hma ITpe-

Jia 3TH paciTpH, XOTH OHa l1 HBllJiaCb

MapoKKO JJ:OJiroe BpeMH, HBJIHHCh

BpaiiieHa B XpHCTHaHCKyiO uepKOBb.

ITpii'IIIHOH HOBhiX CMYT.

Ba)f(HOH BOeHHO-ITOJIIITII'IeCKOH 6a30H

KoJioKoJia, KOTOpbie HeCKOJIDKO BeKoB

KacTIIJIIIII Ha acppiiKaHcKo:H TeppiiTO-

TOMY Ha3aJJ: aJib-MaHcyp ITepeHec B

CMepTb KOpOJIH

ITpeKpaTII-

KopoJieBon 6bma II36paHa EepeH-

eiiie B

reJia. 0Ha He ITO)f(eJiaJia ITPIIHHTh KO-

piiii.

ee ITOMOIIIhiO cppaHI!IICKaH-

KopJJ:oBy Ha ITJie'Iax ITJieHHhiX, 6hiJIII

poHy l1 ycTyiTHJia ee CBOeMy CbiHY

CKHe MOHaXH C03L(aJII1 CeTb CBOHX

ITOL(06HbiM )f(e o6pa30M JJ:OCTaBJieHbl

<J>epHaHL(O, pO)f(L(eHHOMY OT 6paKa

MIICCIIH B AcppiiKe.

(IT03JJ:Hee aHeyJIIIpoBaHHoro) c AJIDcpoHcoM

IX JleoHCKIIM. Ka3aJIOCh, 'ITO

XOJJ:

1225

o6paTHO B KoMITOCTeey. BcKope Ma-

III ITPOJJ:OJI)f(aJI 6bi ITO-

BpiiTaHCKIIH 3MIIp Mypciiii MyxaM-

roJJ:a II ocaJJ:y KopJJ:OBhi,

MeJJ:-II6H-AJIII (YJJ:II3Jih) HaiTpaBIIJI

epHaHJJ:O

eCJIII 6bi He ITOJIY'IIIJI C006IIIeHIIH 0

ITpaBa <J>epHaHL(O, KOTOpbiH 6biJI B Ta-

cMepTH cBoero OTI!a AJibcpoHca

KOH )f(e CTeiTeHII ero CbiHOM, KaK II

JleoHcKoro. B cBoe BpeMH 6paK AJih-

ChiHOM IIHcpaHThi KacTIIJihCKOH. Ho

cpoHca

)f(eJiaH OBJia):(eTb KaCTI1JibCKI1M ITpe-

HYT BCJieJJ:CTBHe pOJJ:CTBa Me)f(JJ:Y cyiT-

BHHY rocyJJ:apcTBeHHhiX c6opoB, ITPH

OITIIpaHCh Ha

pyraMII, TeM He MeHee <J>epHaHL(O,

YCJIOBIIII, eCJIII ITOCJie):(HIIH ITpiiMeT Ha

ITOL(JJ:ep)f(KY cpaMIIJIIIII Jlapa, BTOprcH

6yJJ:y'III pO)f(L(eHHbiM ):(0 pa3BOL(a, 6hiJI

ce6H 3aiiiiiTY MypciincKoro 3MIIpaTa.

CTOJIOM, AJihcpoHc

IX,

IX c EepeHreJIOH 6bm pacTopr-

epHaHJJ:O

III

AJibcpoHc JJ:OJI)f(eH 6bm oTcTaiiBaTh

ITIIChMO, B KOTopoM

ITpe):(JiaraJI KaCTllJibCKOH KOpOHe ITpHHHTb CI03epeHIITeT HaL( ero BJia):(eHIIHMII II ycTyiTaJI epHaHJJ:o

III

ITOJIO-

258

3nOXA MOHIOJlOB. 1200-1400 rr.

Kor):(a 3TO npeJJ:JiomeHIIe 6biJIO npii-

HaHJJ:o

III

npoJJ:oJimaJIII era noJiliTII-

,J:(eJiaX Eepbi 1. 3a 3Tll Jlll'!Hble CEO II KatJ.eCTBa OH 6biJI npii'lliCJieH K JIIIKY

IDITO, cTaprmrn CbiH epHaHJJ:O, AJib-

KY xorn 6bl E TetJ.eHIIe HenpoJJ:OJI)Kll-

¢oHc, II MyxaMMe):( TIOJJ:TIIICaJIII co-

TeJibHoro EpeMeHII, EJiaCTII MaEpOE

CEH'Th!X. Hau;IIoHaJibHoe Han p aBJieHIIe

rJiarneHIIe, KOTOpoe CKpeTIIIJili CEOII-

Ha noJiyocTpoEe cKopo npiiiiieJI 6bl

era TIOJiliTIIKli xapaKTepii3yeTCH OT-

Mll TIO):(TIIICHMII appa3Cbl (npaBIITeJili)

KOHeu;. OJJ:HaKo cMepTb epHaHJJ:o III

EeTOM, ):(aHHbiM liM era pOJJ:CTBeHHII-

AJIIIKaHTe, 3JibtJ.e, 0piiy3Jibi, AJibxa-

napaJIII30EaJia):(aJibHeliiiiiieEoeHHble

Mbi, AJie):(o, Pocbl II Cbecbl (a cnycTH

yciiJIIIH. IIpaBJJ:a, CbiH era AJib¢oHc X

KY KopoJIIO paHIJ;IIII JliOJJ:OEIIKY IX, KOTO pbiH HaCTaliEaJI, 'IT06bl <l>epHaH-

HeKOTOpoe EpeMH- npaBIITeJili Jlop-

3aEoeEaJI TeppiiTOpiiiO Y3JibEbi, HO

):(0 ompaBIIJICH c HIIM E KpecTOEbiH

Kll, MyJibi II KapTaxeHbi). XpiiCTIIaH-

ETIJIOTh JJ:O cepeJJ:IIHbi

CKIIe EOHCKa EcryniiJIII E Mypcmo

TIIJibCKIIe KOpOJili He npe):(llpiiHIIMa-

MaH. e pHaHJJ:O

(1241

Jlli 6oJiblllliX TIOXO):(OE npOTliE MaE-

3eMJie XBaTaeT MaEpOE», II OH 6biJI

pOE. BpeMH OT EpeMeHII OHII COEep-

npaE. )J;JIH liCTiaHU:eB KpeCTOEble TIO -

ro):(y, EO EpeMH HOEOH KaMna-

IIIaJIII TIOXO):(bl Ha MaEpliTaHCKlle

XO):(bl HatJ.aJIIICb eme E

HanaJI Ha Xa3 H,

3eMJIII , HO 3TO 6biJIII CKOpee napa):(-

6biJIO He06XO):(liMO 3aBepiiiliTb liX.

npiiHa):(JlemaBIIIIIH TOrJJ:a, KaK HaM II3-

Hble ):(eMOHCTpaU:IIII, '!eM EOeHHble

r . ), II 3TOT 3MIIpaT OKa3aJICH EO

EJiaJJ:eHIIII KacTIIJillll. qepe3

1246

Hllli epHaHJJ:O

III

5 JieT,

EeKa Kac-

noxa ):( np o mE EOCTO'!HbiX MycyJib-

III 3aHBIIJI: «HaMoeli

Eecrno, 3MIIPY fpaHa):(bl aJib-XaMapy .

KaMTiaHllli C OCH3aeMbiMli pe3yJibTa-

BOOPY>KEHHASI

AJib-XaMap EbiHY)K):(eH 6biJI c):(aTb 3TY

TaMli. IIo3TOMY rpaHa):(cKoMy 3MIIpa-

KACT~Jl~ ~

KpenocTb liCTiaHU:aM II o6bHBIIJI ce6H

TY HeTpYJJ:HO 6biJIO coxpaHIITh CEOII

):(aHHIIKOM KaCTIIJibCKOrO KOpOJIH.

EJiaJJ:eHIIH E TetJ.eHIIe Ecero 3Toro ne-

3aEOeEaE, TaKIIM o6pa30M, ECIO

III

HanpaEIIJICH E noxa):( npomE

no):(Eepr CeEIIJibiO oca):(e c

BoiiJcKo B oeHHaH cJiym6a, KaK yme oTMe -

noni!ITI!ILieCKI!Ie Ill BOeHHble pe<IJopMbl

):(OJirOM ECeX TIO):():(aHHbiX KOpOJIH, KaK

CaM aJib-XaMap fpaHa):(CKIIH. epHaH-

III

OPrAH~3AL.U;ISJ

B XIII BEKE

'laJIOCb, 6biJia E 3TOT nepiiO):( o6ru;IIM

CeEIIJibii, npiitJ.eM era conpoEom):(aJI ):(0

EeKe, II

piioJJ:a.

CeEepHyiO AH):(aJiyciiiO, epHaHJJ:O

VIII

):(EOpHH II ):(yxoEeHCTBa, TaK II TIJie6e-

III

3aHIIMaJicH He

eE. OT EOeHHOH cnym6bl ocEo6om):(a-

CYIIIII II CO CTOpOHbi p eKII, II TOr):(a

TOJibKO EOeHHbiMli ):(eJiaMII, HO II

JIIICb TOJibKO E OtJ.eHb p e):(KIIX CJIYtJ.a-

EnepEbie Ha IOre HcnaHllll noHBIIJiacb

EHyTpeHHeH opraHII3aiJ;IIeH CEOIIX

HX II TOJibKO KOr):(a pe'Ib IIIJia 06 yK-

KaCTIIJibCKaH 3CKa):(pa, COCTOHIIlaH ll3

EJia):(eHIIH, a 3a):(atJ.a 3Ta 6biJia TeM

p eTIJieHHbiX liJili 6JIII3KliX K r paHIIIJ;e

KOpa6JieH TipliMOpCKliX ropOJJ:OE KaH-

6 oJiee cJiomHa, 'ITO E npe):(eJibi Kopo-

ceJieHIIHX, npii'IeM miiTeJIII IIX JJ:OJim-

Ta6piiHCKOrO no6epembH II JJ:pyriix

JieECTEa EKJIIO'leHO 6biJIO HeMaJIO

Hbi 6biJili ):(aEaTb o6H3aTeJibCTEO E

cy):(oE, cneu;IIaJibHO nocTpoeHHbiX

EHOEb 3 aEoeEaHHbiX 3e MeJib. IIpii

c JiytJ.ae Hana):(eHIIH Epara oTpamaTh

):(JIH KOpOJIH. 3TOH 3CKa):(pOH KOMaH-

3aEoeEaHIIII CeEIIJibii EbiHEIIJiacb He-

era CEOIIMII CIIJiaMII. l'IHbiMli CJIOEa-

):(OBaJI PaMoH EoHII¢ac, nepEbiH aJJ:-

o6xo):(IIMOCTb E CliJibHOM <iJJIOTe.

Mli, OHII OCE060)K):(aJiliCb TOJibKO OT

MIIp aJI KOpOJieECKOrO KaCTIIJibCKOrO

epHaHJJ:O

¢JioTa, KOTopoMy yJJ:aJIOCb pa3rpo-

miiTh E CeEIIJibe Eep¢II JJ:JIH nocT-

MliTh MycyJibMaHcKIIli ¢JioT E ycThe fEaJJ:aJIKEIIEIIpa. epHaHJJ:O

III

OEJia-

JJ:eJI CeEIIJibeli, KOTOpaH KaTIIIryJIIIpo-

e pHaHJJ:O

III

pacnopHJJ:IIJICH 3aJio-

He06XO):(IIMOCTli cpamaTbCHE OTKpbiTOM TIOJie .

poHKII KopoJieECKIIX Kopa6Jieli. OH

EoJiee a6coJIIOTHhili xapaKTep HO -

meJJ:po HarpamJJ:aJI MopenJiaEaTeJieli

CIIJIO OCE060m):(eHIIe OT EOeHHOH

II 6biJI nepEbiM opraHII3aTOpOM EO-

CJiym6bi o meJibHbiX JIIIU:, KOTOpbiM

III npiinii-

3Ta JibroTa npe):(ocTaEJIHJiacb Ha yc-

orpOMHOrO 3HatJ.eHIIH; CJie):(CTBIIeM ee HBIIJiaCb KaTIIIryJIHIJ;liH pHJJ:a I0)KHOaH-

CbiEaeTCH HaMe p eHIIe ony6JIIIKOEaTb KO):(eKC 3aKOHOE ):(JIH ECeX CEOIIX KO-

JIOEIIHX ynJiaTbi E03M e ru;eHIIH E ):(eHb-

):(aJIY3CKliX ropoJJ:OE: MeJJ:IIHbi-CIIJJ:O-

poJieECTB. 3TOT TIJiaH He 6biJI ocy-

BolicKo co6IIpaJiocb TOJibKO EO

HIIII, ApKoca, Ka):(llca, CaHJIYKapa II

ru;eCTBJieH ll3-3a CMepTH MOHapxa, HO

EpeMH KaMTiaHllll. ITo OKOH'laHllll Eoli-

EaJia E

1248 rGJJ:Y.

3To 6biJia no6e):(a

eHHoro ¢JioTa. epHaHJJ:O

rax IIJIII Harypoli ( ¢oHcaJJ:e p a ) .

JJ:p. ORa 3HaMeeyeT co6on OKOHtJ.aHIIe

JJ:yx 3aKOHOJJ:aTeJibCTBa epHaHJJ:O

III

Hbl EOliHbi E03Eparu;aJIIICb K CEOIIM

EeJIIIKliX XpiiCTllaHCKliX 3 aEOeEaHliH.

6eccnopHo CEIIJJ:eTeJibCTEyeT o e ra

MIIpHbiM 3aHHTIIHM, eCJili 3TO 6biJili

B pyKax MaEpOE ocTaJIIICb TOJibKO

CTpeMJieHIIli o6be):(liHIITb li u;eHTpa-

n Jie6eii, IIJIII me npe):(aEaJIIICb ombl-

rpaHaJJ:CKOe KOpOJieECTBO II He KOTO-

Jlli30EaTb CEOe rocy):(apCTBO, XOTH He

xy, ecJIII 3TO 6hiJIII JJ:BOpHHe. IIocToHHHOH apMIIli He 6biJIO, IIMeJIOCb CEO -

pbie TeppiiTOpiiii E Y3JibEe, TaK KaK

Ecer):(a 3Ta TeHJJ:eHU:IIH II TIOJIYtJ.aJia

MycyJibMaHCKIIe 3e MJIII Ha EOCToKe

):(OCTaTO'IHO OT'leTJiliEOe Eblpame-

6biJIII 3 aBoeEaHbi KopoJieM AparoHa,

Hlle . epHaH):(o

III

Topoe C03biEaJIOCb TOJibKO E CJIYtJ.ae H e 06XO):(liMOCTII, E MIIpH Oe EpeMH

1244

pe¢opMbi E CIICTeMe r ocyJJ:apcTBeH-

ro):(y 3 aKJIIO'lliJI ):(OrOEOp (KOTOpbiH

Horo ynpaEJieHIIH, JJ:apoEaJI ¢y3poc

HBIIJICH ):(OTIOJIHeHIIe M K TpaKTaTy,

MHOrliM ropo):(aM II CO):(eHCTEOEaJI

11 79 r. ),

pa3EliTIIIOYHIIEepCIITeTOE.

c KOTOpbiM IIH¢aHT AJib¢oHc E

no ycJIOEIIHM KOToporo

era po):(a EpeMeHHoe o noJitJ.eHIIe, KO-

npoEeJI tJ.aCTHble

B ncTopHH

I1crramrn <I:>epmumo

III

oc-

T aBIDI IIOCJie ce6JI IIe'Ia.JihH)'IO IIaMl!Th. «PBe-

6biJIII pa3rpaHII'leHbi Me)KJJ:Y cropoHa-

OH 6biJI tJ.eJioEeKoM EbiCOKoo6pa-

HHe B ,lleJiax Bep!D>, 0 KOTOp OM BCKOJI],3h y rro-

MII TeppliTOpiiii, TIO):(Jlemaru;IIe 3aEO-

30EaHHbiM II 3Heprii'!HbiM II o6Jia):(aJI

MHHaeT AmTaM!rpa, Ha caMOM ,lleJie 61!JIO'IH-

eEaHIIHM. EcJIII 6bl npeeMHIIKII ep-

TIOJIIITII'leCKliM TaKTOM II pEeHIIeM E

cTeHrrlliM H3yBep CTBOM.

3AnA,LJ,HA~

EBPOnA

259

BOHCKO COCTOilliO TOJibKO H3 HeCKOJib-

cKaM H paciTpeneJieHHH 3aBOeBaHHbiX

me ITOJIY<IHJI HMH OpneHa AJibKaHTa-

KliX HaeMHb!X ):lp)')KHH KOpOJIH HJIH H3

3eMeJib HJIH A06bi<IH. 3TH o6H3aTeJib-

pbi, TaK KaK AJibcpOHC

JIHU:, HaXOAHBIIIHXCH Ha CJiym6e BO

CTBa BITOCJieACTBHH 6biJIH <IeTKO OIT-

eMY ropoA AJibKaHTapy. Bee TPH Op-

):!Bopu:e (MecHa):lepoc-AoHceJiec) (me-

pe):leJieHbi AJibcpOHCOM X, ITpeeMHH-

neHa 6biJIH YTBepJKAeHbi ITaiTo:H. OT

snaderos donceles).

KOM epHaHAO

III.

IX ITOmaJIOBaJI

<IJieHoB ero He TPe6oBanocb o6eTa 6e3-

Kor):la BOHHa cTaHOBHJiacb HeH3-

IloMHMo ceHbopHaJibHbiX APYJKHH

6eJKHo:H, KopoJib o6paru;ancH c ITpH-

H MYHHu:HIIaJibHb!X oiTOJI<IeHH:H, B BOH-

ThH» -

3biBOM, ITO KOTOpOMY K HeMy HBJIH-

CKO <IaCTO BXOAHJIH HHOCTpaHU:bi -

O pAeH oB HapaBHe c pblll;apHMH-MHpH-

JIHCb CBeTCKHe H ):lyxOBHbie CeHbOpbi

COI03Hble MaBpbi, eBpeH, a TaKme

HaMH. ,IJ;yxoBHbie JIHIJ;a -

CO CBOHMH BaCCaJiaMH, KpeiTOCTHbiMH

cppaHu;y3bi, HeMIJ;bi, HTaJibHHu;bi H T.A.

):leHa -

6pa<IHH, H AYXOBHbie JIHU: a ( «6pafre i res) ITpHHHMaJIHCb B pf!Abi

<IJieHbi Op-

mHJIH B oco6b!X opAeHcKIIX

H T. A., o6pa3yH pa3JIWIHbie ):lp)')KH-

):lOMax ( KoHBeHTax) . B o r JiaBe OpAe-

Hbi (MeCHaAbi) ITOA KOMaHAOH CeHbO-

HOB CT OHJIH MalliCTPbi (maest res), H3-

BoeHHble OpJJ.eHa

pa, ITpH<IeM B HeKOTOpbiX CJiy<IaHX

6HpaeMbie pbiu;apHMH OpAeHa H yT-

APYJKHHHHKH HaXOAHJIHCb Ha coAep-

B BOHHax xpHCTHaH c BOCTO<IHbi-

Bep)K):laeMbie ITarro:H, KOTOPOMY ITOA<IH-

maHHH y cBoero KOMaHAHpa. EcJIH

MH MycyJibMaHaMH (B IlaJieCTHHe)

HHJIHCb Bee 9TH OpneHa. OpAeHa

CeHbOp 6biJI Moryru:ecTBeHHbiM H OT

B03HHKJIH OITOJI<IeHHH CMeiiiaHHOrO

CTaJIH 6 JiaronapH HaKOITJieHHbiM 6o-

Hero 3aBHCeJIH ):lpyrne ):lBOpHHe HJIH

BOeHHO-peJIHrH03HOrO xapaKTepa,

raTCTBaM H <IHCJieHHOCTH CBOero BO-

Ka6aJibepoc, KalKAbiH H3 HIIX coiTpo-

COCTOHBIIIHe H3 A06pOBOJibiJ;eB, 60Jib-

HHCTBa HaCTOJibKO Moryru:ecTBeHHbi-

BOJKAaJI CBOero ITaTpOHa C TaKHM KO-

IIIeH <IaCTbiO pbiu;ape:H, ):lBOpHH HMO-

MH, <ITO ITOpOH ITpeACTaBJiilliH AM KO-

JIH<IeCTBOM ITeXOTHHIJ;eB HJIH KOHHH-

HaxOB. IIepBbiM 6biJI C03AaH OpAeH

KOB, KOTOpoe eMy yAaBaJIOCb C0-

XpaMOBHHKOB (TaMITJIHepoB,

1118 r.)

pOHbi HeMaJI)'IO yrpo3y H ITOCTOHHHO BHYIIIaJIH KopoJIHM oiTaceHHH.

6paTh. C ):lpyro:H cTopoHbi, Ha BOHHY

AJIH 3all(HTbi ITaJIOMHHKOB, KOTOpbie

B KacTHJIHH 6biJIH BBeAeHbi H npy-

IIIJIH TaKme OITOJI<IeHHH BOJibHbiX ro-

IToceru;aJIH IlaJieCTHHy. 3TH OITOJI<Ie-

rne OpAeHa, co3naHHbie 3a ee ITpeAe -

pOAOB, PYKOBOAHMbie aJibcpepecaMH

HHH cMeiiiaHHoro xapaKTepa Ha3BaHbi

JiaMH: )')Ke yrroMHHaBIIIHHCH OpAeH

( alferezes) HJIH a6aHAepaAo ( abande-

6biJIH BOeHHbiMH OpAeHaMH. TaKHe

TaMIIJIHepoB, OpAeH HOaHHHTOB (roc-

r ados) ( 3HaM eHocu;aMH). B

OpneHa 6biJIH opraHH30BaHbi HaiiOA0-

ITHTaJibepoB) H T.):l., KOTOpbie ITpHo6-

Kam):loro ropo):la ycTaHaBJIHBaJiocb

6He OpneHoB MOHaiiiecKHX, H BCHKHH,

p e JIH B crpaHe 6oJibiiioe 3Ha<IeHHe .

<IHCJIO rpamAaH, KOTOpbie AOJimHbi

KTO BCTyrraJI B HHX, AaBaJI pa3JIH<IHbie

OpAeHa ompaBMJIHCb Ha BOHHY

6biJIH y<IaCTBOBaTb B OITOJI<IeHHH, HX

o6eTbi, ITOCTOHHHO HOCHJI OpAeHCKYIO

ITO ITpH3biBY KOpOJIH CO CBOHMH Ma-

):lOJimHOCTH, 065I3aHHOCTH, BpeMH H

OAemey, o6H3aH 6biJI 6eciTpeKocJioB-

rHCTpaMH H ITpencTaBMJIH OAHY H 3

o6CTOHTeJibCTBa, ITpH KOTOpbiX OHH

Ho ITOA<IHHHThCH AHCU:HITJIHHe OpAe-

CaMbiX MHOrO<IHCJieHHbiX H BalKHbiX

):lOJilKHbi 6biJIH ompaBMThCH B BOeH-

Ha H T. A· YCTaBHbie ITOJIOmeHHH 9TIIX

cocTaBHbiX <IacTe:H BOHCK . Pbiu;apH

HbiH ITOXOA. B ):le:HcTBHTeJibHOCTH me

OpAeHoB oiTpeAeJiilliHCb BOeHHbiMH

cpamaJIHCb Ha KOHHX, H OpAeHCKaH

Ha BOHHY IIIJIH He Bee ropomaHe.

u;eJIHMH, a IT09TOMY PM Tpe6oBaHH:H,

KaBaJiepHH C<IHTaJiaCb HeiTpeB30 HAeH-

I I pem):le Bcero He o6H3 aHbi 6biJIH

KOTOpbie ITpeAbHBJiilliHCb MOHaXaM

HOH. Y KamAoro pbiu;apH 6 biJIO He-

HATH Ha BoliHy aJibKaJibAbi, cy):lbH H

<IHCTO AyxOBHbiX OpAeHoB, 6biJIH AM

CKOJibKO ITeiiiiiX opymeHocu;eB ( escu-

rJiaBbi CeMefl:; ITOCJie):lHHe MOrJIH ITO-

<IJieHoB BOeHHbiX Op):leHoB Heo6H3a-

deros).

CbiJiaTb BMeCTO ce6H (B COOTBeTCTBHH

TeJibHbiMH. HaiTpHMep, H e Bee TaMIT-

cpy9po

C HeKOTOpbiMH cpy9pOC) CbiHa HJIH

JIHepbi AOJimHbi 6biJIH C06JIIOAaTb

ITJieMHHHHKa. KoMaHAHpbi oiTomeHHH

o6eT 6e36pa<IHH, a B npyrnx BOeHHbiX

6biJIH onHoBpeM eHHO H cyAbHMH; HM

OpneHax ITO):l06HbiH o6eT He ITpHHO-

ITpHHa):lJiemaJio ITpaBo KapaTh Hapy-

CHJICH B006Il(e.

Cnoco6 aeJJ.eHMH BOMHbl B oeHHbie o6bl<IaH 6biJIH CTOJib me cypOBbi, KaK H 9ITOXa, liX ITOpOA:HB-

IIIHTeJie:H AHCU:HIIJIHHbi H ITpeCTyiiHH-

B ilciTaHHH C03AaHHe BOeHHbiX

IIIaH. K ITo6emAeHHbiM o 6bi<IH O He

KOB BO BpeMH IToxona H p aciTpe):leJIHTh

OpneHoB 6biJIO o6ycJIOBJieHo oco6bi-

ITp OHBJIHJIH HH maJIOCTH, HH MHJIOCep-

3 axBa<IeHH)'IO B 6oHx no6bi<IY . B O):l-

MH ITOTpe6HOCT5IMH peKOHKHCTbi.

AHH. EoJiblllaH <IaCTb BOeHHbiX ITOXO-

HOM H3 ITOBeCTBOBaHHH 0 6HTBe ITpH

IIepBbi:H ITO BpeMeHH B03HHKHOBeHHH

AOB ITpOBOAHJiaCb He pa):!H KaKHX-

(11 95 r.) yrroMHHaeTCH My-

OpAeH 6biJI C03AaH AJIH 3all(HTbi Kpe-

JIH6o ITOJIHTH<IeCKHX H JIH CTpaTern<IeCKHX BbirOA, a AJIH TOrO, <IT06bi

AJiapKoc e

6HTBe

ITOCTH KaJiaTpaBbi ITpoTHB aJibMoxa-

ITpH nac-HaBac-):le-ToJioce y<IaCTBO-

HHU:HITaJibHOe OITOJI<IeHHe. B

AOB H Ha3BaH ITO HMeHH 9TOro ceJie-

OTHHTb Cpe):lCTBa cyru:ecTBOBaHHH y

BaJIH oiTomeHHH CopHH, AJ!bMacaHa,

HHH. HeMHoro crrycTH 6biJI Y<Ipem):leH

BparOB H HaHeCTH HM B03MOmHO

ATbeHcbi, CaH 3cTeBaHa-ne-fopM ac,

Apyro:H OpAeH -

CaHThHro, ITOCKOJib-

60Jib iiiHH yru:ep6. 0 6bi<IHO OAHH H JIH

A:HJiboHa, MeAHHaceJIH, Ky9HKH, M e -

KY pblll;apH ero ITOCBHil(aJIH c e 6H rJiaB-

):lEa pa3a B rOA KaCTHJibCKHe BOHCKa

AHHbi, BaJibf!AOJIH):la, T oJieAo, ABHJibi,

HbiM o6pa30M 3all(HTe ITaJIOMHHKOB,

COBe piiiaJIH Ha6ern Ha Te p pHTOpHIO

CeroBHH H ):lpyrHx ropoAOB.

IToceru;aBIIIIIX CaHThHro ):le KoMITOCTe-

MaBpoB, 3 axBaTbiBaH H YHH<ITomaH

KopoJib HMeJI oiTpeAeJieHHbie o6H-

Jiy. B

11 66

roey 6biJI opraHH30BaH

3 aTeJibCTBa ITepeA Ka6aJibepoc B oT-

Tpe TH:H OpneH -

OpAeH CBHToro Xy-

HoiiieHHH YITJiaTbi maJioBaHbH BOH-

JIHaHa H 3 IIepe:Hpo -

KoTopbi:H IT03 -

cTan a, o6peKaH Ha pa3rpa6JieHHe ropoAa H CeJieHHH, BbiTaiiTbiBaH ITOM, Bbipy6aH OJIHBKOBbie poll(H H BHHOr-

260

3nOXA MOHIOJlOB. 1200-1400 rr.

pa)UIHKH. )KH'reJiell HCTpe6miJ!H HJIH )'BO~JIH B pa6cTBo. IIo.o:o6Hble me Ha6erH coBeprnanH H MaBpb!. Oco6eHHO mecTOKHe pacnpaBbl y~HHH JIHCb nocJie no6e):(OHOCHb!X cpameHHll. 3THM o6bl~aHM cne.o:oBaJIH .o:ame EO BpeMH 60JibiiiHX nOXO):(OB, EO rnaBe KOTOpb!X CTOHJIH KOpOJIH,- KaMnaHHll, npe):(npHHHMaBIIIHXCH ):(JIH 3aBOeBaHHH MaBpHTaHCKHX TeppHTOpHll. EcJIH TaKHe noxo.o:bl oKa3b!BaJIHCb HeB03M0)KHb!MH, KOpOJIH orpaHH~H BaJIHCb MeJIKHMH pell):(aMH Ha 3eMJIH MaBpOB, onycTOIIIaJIH nOJIH H 3aXBa1biBaJIH nneHHb!X. TaKHe noxo):(bl coBeprnaJIHCb JIH60 ):(JIH ycTpaiiieHHH Bpara, JIH6o ):(JIH TOro, ~T06bl ):(06HTbCH OT MaBpOB ynJia1bi ):(aHH. IIpH c.o:a~e ropo.o:a o6bi~Ho coCTaBJIHJICH ):(OrOBOp (KanHrymru;HH), no ycnoBHHM KOToporo no6e.o:HTeJib rapaHTHpOBaJI HenpHKOCHOBeHHOCTb HMyll(eCTBa no6e)K):(eHHb!X H HX JIH~ HYIO 6e3onacHOCTh. 0JUiaKO yme oTMe~anocb, ~To HepeJJ:Ko 9TH o6H3aTeJibCTBa HapyiiiaJIHCb. 3aBOeBaHHble 3eMJIH, ~aCTHble )lOMa H HMyll(eCTBO, OCTaBJieHHble 6emaBIIIHMH, norn6IIIHMH HJIH n epeceJIHBIIIHMHCH MaBpaMH, pacnpe.o:eJIHJIHCb Memny neXOTHHUaMH H BCa)lHHKaMH, HaH60Jiee OTJimHBIIIHMHCH Ha BoliHe. KoponH He 3a6b!BaJIH TaKme nenaTh no.o:apKH uepKBaM, MOHaC1bipHM, BOeHHb!M OpneHaM H T.JJ:. 3TH pacnpeneneHHH (penapTHMbeHToc r epartimi entos) cpHKCHpoBaJIHCb B oco6blx cTIHcKax. CnHCKH penapTHMbeHToc, npoBeneHHb!X B MypcHH H CeBHJibe (XIII B.), coxpaHHJIHCb .o:oHb!He. lJ,BIDKHMoe HM)'IIIeCTBo (neHbrn, nparoueHHOCTH H T. n.) TaK)Ke pacnpeneJIHJIOCb B coorneTCTBHH c onpe.o:eneHHb!MH npaBHJiaMH, npmeM ~acTb .o:o6bl~ nony~aJI KopoJib. 06opOHHTeJibHOe opymHe COCTOHJIO, KaK H B np eJJ:biJJ:YIIIYIO 9noxy, H3 IIIJieMa, MeTaJIJIH~ecKoro ( o6bi~Ho CTaJibHOrO) naHUHpH, 3aKpb!BaBIIIero BepXHIOIO ~aCTb TeJia, H KOJib~yrH. B KOMnJieKT noJIHoro pb!uapcKoro BOOpymeHHH BXO):(HJIH, KpOMe TOrO, HanJie~HHKH, pyKaBHUbl, n6HomH H Il(HT (.o:epeBHHHblll HJIH KOmaHblll, CKpenJieHHblll MeTaJIJIH~eCKHMH noJIOCaMH, JIH6o H3rOTOBJIHeMblll UeJIH-

KOM H3 meJie3a ), Ha KOTOpblll HaHOCHJICH rep6 pb!UapH HJIH OC06blll 3HaK ( empresa) c .o:eBH30M HJIH 6e3 Hero. EpoHH 3all(Hll(aJia TaKme H 6oeBb!X KOHen . HacTynaTeJibHb!M opymHeM cJiymHJIH Me~, Konbe, TIHKa, ap6aneT, H3 KOTOporo MeTaJIHCb CTpeJibl H )lpOTHKH, KHHmaJI H TOnop. lJ,JIH rnrypMa OKpymeHHb!X CTeHaMH ropOJJ:OB HCnoJib30BaJIHCb nepeBHHHble 6arnHHTapaHb!, nono6Hble pHMCKHM, KaTanyJibTa H T.)l. PBbl 3anoJIHHJIH KaMHHMH HJIH CBH3KaMH XBOpOCTa H TPaBbl; HHorna ~epe3 HHX nepeKH):(b!BaJIH .o:epeBHHHble MOC1bl. 3HaMeHa, 6oeBOll por HJIH Tpy6bl, 6apa6aHbl H .o:pyrne HHCTpyMeH1bi (BBe)leHHIO Tpy6 H 6apa6aHOB KaCTHJibCKOe BOllCKO 06H3aHO MycyJibMaHaM H oco6eHHo ArrbMOpaBHJJ:aM H AJibMoxanaM) npHMeHHJIHCb npH BOeHHb!X onepaUHHX, HBJIHHCb JIH60 OTJimHTeJibHb!MH 3HaKaMH, JIH6o cpencTBaMH B036ym.o:eHHH 6oeBoro nyxa. Bo BpeMH B3HTHH CeBHJibH Ha KoponeBCKOM 3HaMeHH 6b!JI H3o6pameH rep6 JieoHa H KacTHJIHH B TOM BH):(e, B KaKOM OH 6b!JI npHHHT no3me. l:IHOr):(a Ha 3HaMeHaX H3o6pamaJIHCb cpHrypb! CBH1biX, 6oroMaTepH HJIH Kpec1bl. 3HaMeHa 6b!JIH pa3JIH~b!X UBeToB. Co6CTBeHHO HaUHOHaJibHOro UBeTa ell(e He 6b!JIO. QJnoT

lJ.o nepBoli noJIOBHHbl XII BeKa XpHCTHaHe CeBepHOll l:IcnaHHH He HMeJIH BOeHHOro cpJIOTa. lJ,JIH pb16HOll JIOBJIH OHH HCnOJib30BaJIH MaJieHbKHe rpe6Hble cy.o:a, noKa lJ,Hero X eJibMHpec He C03)laJIB ilpHH Cy)lOBepcpH, KOTOpb!MH Be)laJI reHy93 CKHll MaCTep Ore pHil, B 20-x ro.o:ax XII BeKa nocTpoHBIIIHli JJ:Be ranepb!. lJ.ecHTb neT CTiyCTH B JieTOnHCHX yme ynOMHHaeTCH KpynHaH 9CKa)lpa, KOTOpaH OKa3aJia n oMOII(b AJibcpoHcy I AparoHcKoMy n pH ocane EalioHHbl; BCKope nopryraJibUbl C03)laJIH MOpCKOll cpJIOT, KOTOpb!ll ym e B 1182 rony 6oponcH Ha MOpe C MaBpaMH. B TO BpeMH 6oeBble Kopa6JIH He 6b!JIH co6cTBeHHOCTbiO KopoJIH. HeKOTOpb!e H3 HHX npHHa,J:(Jle)KaJIH c eHbOpaM, HanpHMep apXHenHCKony KoMn ocTeJibCKOMy , npyrHe- 9p-

MaH)la)laM npHMOpCKHX ropO)lOB KaHTa6pHHCKOrO no6epembH H ropOJJ:aM ATJiaHTH~ecKoro no6epembH <DpaHUHH. BHnHMo, Ha BJia)leJibUeB 9THX cynoB pacnpocTpaHHJiocb o6H3aTeJibcTBo ~acTBoBaTb B BoliHax ( cpoHca.o:epa), KOTOpb!e BeJIH KOpOJIH. <DepHaHno III EO BpeMH oca.o:bl CeBHJibH ompaBHJI PaMoHa EoHHcpaca, 6yproCCKOro )lBOpHHHHa, CBenyIl(ero B MOpCKOM )leJie, )lJIH c6opa «MopcKoro cpoHcano» B ceBepHb!X ropo.o:ax, HMeH B BHJJ:Y co6paTb B03 MO)KHO 6oJibiiiee ~cno cynoB. IIpHMopcKHe BOJibHble ropona y.o:oBJieTBopHJIH ::JTY npocb6y, H EoHHcpac co 6pan 13 6oJibiiiHX CYJJ:OB, K KOTOpb!M npHcoe~HHJIHCb 5 rane p, nocTPoeHHb!X B CaHTaHJJ:epe 3a c~eT KoponH. C 9TOll CMeiiiaHHOll9CKa)lpOll, ~aCTb KOTOpOll npHHa):(Jiem aJia BOJibHb!M ropo.o:aM, a ~acTb- KopoJIIO, EoHHcpac pa3rpoMHJI MycyJibMaHcKyiO cpJIOTHJIHIO, OXpaHHBIIIYIQ BXO):( B fBa):(aJIKBHBHp. B cHapfl)KeHHH 9CKaJJ:pb! npHHHMaJIH ~acTHe rop o.o:a CaHTaH.o:ep, Jlapeno, KaCTpoyp~ane c, ilpYH H np. KopoJib Harpa~JI MopHKoB, no manoBaJI HM 3eMJIH npH pacnpe.o:ene HHH 3aBOeBaHHOll ):(06bl~ H napoBaJI npHBHJierHH, O)];Ha H3 KOTOpb!X COCTOHJia B TOM, ~TO o6Il(HHa MOpHKOB, no CeJIHBIIIHXCH B CeBHJibe, paccMaTPHBaJiacb KaK oco6aH KopnopauHH c co6CTBeHHb!M aJibKaJib):(OM, KOTO pb!ll HMeJI n paBo pa36HpaTb HX mm6bl H cnopb!. 0HH )KHJIH B KBapTaJie fpaHEappHO. <DepHaHJJ:O III C03)laJI KopoJieB CKYIO cpnoTHJIHIO, ocHoBaJI B CeBHJibe CYJJ:OBepcpH H nOCTaBHJI EO rJiaBe cpJIOTa EoHHcpaca, KoropoMy JJ:aH 6b!JI THryn a)lMHpana ( alrnirante ) . A)lMHpaJI no~ npaBa IOpHC):(HKUHH Ha)l MOpHKaMH, B ero nOJib3Y nOCTynaJia ~aCTb nOIIIJIHH Ha TOBapb!, BB03HMb!e B Kac THJIHIO MopeM. EMy n omanoBaHbl 6b!JIH H npyrHe npHBHJierHH. C npyroli CTO pOHbl, KaHTa6pHllCKHe BOJibHble ropo)la, He3aBHCHMO OT KOpOJIH, npHHHMaJIH ~acTHe co CBOHM cpnoTOM B BOHHax Memny <!>paHUHell H A HrJIHeli, 3aXBa1biBaH B n n eH cy.o:a aHrJIH~aH (1234 r. ) H oKa3b!BaH no MOII(b ocam.o:eHHoli Jla PorneJIH. AHrJIHHCKHli KopoJib f eHpHx III 3aHBHJI B CBH3H c 9THM npoTeCT <DepHaHJJ:O III.

3AnA,LJ,HA~

EBPOnA

261

IIocJie 3aBOeBaHIDI CeBIIJibH MHO-

aparOHCKOH 9KCTiaHCHH, 06beKTOM KO-

KOB, C Mara3HHaMH H T.IJ:., a ;c(pyraH-

ro MOpHKOB-CeBepHH nepeceJIHJIOCb

TOpOH CTaJIH CTPaHbi Cpe}J.ll3eMHOMo-

IJ:JIH CeHbOpOB H BOHHOB. 06e rpyn-

Ha IDmHoe no6epembe. 3TH JIIOIJ.ll co-

pbH. B pe3yJibTaTe AparoH B X I V -

Tibi 31J:aHHH omeJieHbi 6biJIH IJ:pyr OT

CTaBIIJIH MPO MopcKoro qmoTa. B 9C-

XV BeKax CTaJI 3HatiHTeJibHOH cpe;c(H-

;c(pyra CTeHOH. BHYTPH 3aMKOBOH Tep-

Ka,I:lpe o6H3biBaJIH CJIY)I{HTh )I{HTeJieH

3eMHOMopcKo:H ;c(epmaBOH.

KapTaxeHbi (cl:Jy9po

1251

1246 r.),

CeBH-

pHTOpHH HaXOIJ:IIJiaCb H30JIHpOBaHHaH

HHocTpaHHbie BoeHHbie OpiJ:eHa

pBOM BbiCOKaH 6arrrHH, HOCHBillaH Ha-

r.) H Apyrnx ropo-

(OpiJ:eH xpaMoBHHKOB, OpAeH rocnH-

3BaHHe 6aiiiHH BaccaJibHOH KJIHTBbi

;c(OB; BCe 9TH MeponpHHTIIH COIJ:eH-

TaJibepoB H AP ), yKopeHHBrrrHecH B

( t orre del homenaje ), KOT OpaH cJiy-

pocry MopcKHX ciiJI KaCTII-

AparoHe, TaK me KaK H B KacTHJIHH,

miiJia TIOCJie!J:HHM y6e)I{HII(eM B CJiy-

JIHH H YKPermeHHIO ee MOrYJI(eCTBa.

yiiaCTBOBaJIH B BOHHax, OKa3biBaH KO-

tiae rrrTypMa. B ceHbOpHaJibHbiX ro-

poJIHM HeMaJiyiO TIOMOII(b. IlpaBIJ:a,

po!J:ax 3aMoK, IIJIH )KHJIHII(e ceHbopa,

6JiaroAapH CBOeMy 6oraTCTBY H npH-

KOTOpbiH rOCTIO;c(CTBOBaJI H a,I:l BCeMH

JibH (cl:Jy9po CTBOBaJIH B

1251

ro;c(y EoHH¢lac IJ:06HJICH HO-

BOH no6e!J:bl Ha,I:l MaBpaMH. YnoTpe6JIHJIHcb Kopa6JIH CJie;c(y-

o6peTeHHOH MOII(H, OHH npe!J:CTaBJIH-

oCTaJibHbiMH YKPenJieHHHMH, CTpoHJI-

IOII(HX THTIOB: raJiepbi (gal eras), KO-

JIH B A p aroHe 3HatiHTeJibHo 6oJibiiiyiO

cH TaK, IIT06bi B CJIYIJae Heo6XO!J:HMO-

TOpbie nepeABHraJIHCb Ha BecJiax

onacHOCTh, IIeM B KaCTIIJIHH. AparoH

CTII MOmHO 6biJIO Bbi;c(epmaTb HaTHCK

(a HHOr;c(a H C TIOMOII(biO napycoB, KO-

HMeJI B 9TOT nepHo;c( TaKme PM co6-

BOCCTaBIIIHXropomaH. B MOHaCTbipHX

TOpbie HMeJIH, OIJ:HaKO, BCTIOMOra-

cTBeHHbiX Op;c(eHoB: CaH Xopre ;c(e

H eTIHCKOTICKHX !J:BOpu;ax BOCTipOH3BO-

TeJlbHbiH xapaKTep ), H Kopa6JIH B co6-

AJixaMa, ocHOBaHHbiH Ile!J:po II,

MH-

}J.llJiaCb Tame CHCTeMa o6opOHHTeJib-

CTBeHHOM CMbiCJie CJIOBa ( naos liJIH

JiocepAHH (Merced), OCHOBaHHbiH

HbiX coopymeHHH. CTeHbi KaK B ceHbopHaJibHbiX, TaK H B CB060IJ:HbiX

carracas), O!J:HOMatiTOBbie IIJIH ABYX-

IleApo HanacKo H Pa:HMYH;c(OM IleHb-

MatiTOBbie C COOTBeTCTByiOII(HM na-

H¢lopToM npH Xall:Me

pyCHbiM BoopymeHHeM. MeJIKHe Cy;c(a

Op;c(eHaHe npHo6peJIH TaKoro 3Hatie-

CTOpOH, o6pa3yH HHOr!J:a ;c(BOHHOH

Ha3biBaJIHCb raJieOTaMH, KappaKOHa-

HHH, KaK yme YTIOMHHYTble KaCTHJib-

noHc YKpenJieHH:H c r Jiy6oKHM pBoM

MH, JieHbHMH, KOKaMH H T. IJ:.

CKHe.

01J:HaKo 9TH

r opo;c(ax oKpymaJIH ceJieH He co Bcex

nocepe}J.llH e . CTeHbi ropo;c(oB B03BOIJ.llJIHCb H3 6HTOrO KaMHH H 3eMJIH H

BoopYJKeHHaSI opraHIII3a1_4111SI AparoHa B XIII B.

3aMKIII 111 soeHHble narep111 IIICnaHI_49B

CHap~ o6JIHJJ;OBbiBaJIHCb KaMeHHbiMH TIJIHTaMH. EarrrHH H a Hapy)I{HbiX o 6BO;c(aX, TIO!J:beMHbie MOCTbi, OC0-

AparoHCKoe BOHCKO cl:JopMHpoBa-

K KOHU:Y XII BeKa Bbipa6aTbiBaeT-

6ble yKpenJieHHH y BopoT coopyma-

JIOCb, KaK H B KacTHJIHH, TIYTeM c6o-

CH THTI cl:JeO;c(aJibHOrO 3aMKa, KOTOpbiH

JIHCb B CHCTeMe ropOIJ:CKHX o6opo -

pa ceHbopHaJibHbiX ApymHH H MYHH-

TIOJIYIJaeT Bceo6rn:ee pacnpocTpaHe-

HHTeJibHbiX coopymeHHH no o6pa3 -

U:HTiaJibHbiX OTIOJitieHHH, o6be!J:HHeH-

HHe. KaK npaBIIJio, 3aMoK cHapymH

u:y TIOIJ:06HbiX me TIOCTpOeK B 3aMKax

HbiX C TeMH CHJiaMH, KOTOpbie KOpOJib

OKpymaJICH pBOM C H3rOpO;c(biO, 3a KO-

cl:JeoAaJioB.

Mor co6paTh caMOCTOHTeJibHO. Mbi

TOpbiMH B03BOIJ:IIJlaCb MaCCHBHaH BHe-

fopOIJ:a no-npemHeMy COCTOHJIH

yme BH;c(eJIH, 'ITO KOpOJIHM HeOIJ:HO-

IllHHH CTeHa c pHJJ:oM KpyrJibiX HJIH

H 3 Y3KHX H H3BHJIHCTbiX YJIHU:, HO

KpaTHO TipHXO}J.llJIOCb CTaJIKHBaTbCH C

KBa!J:paTHbiX 6arrreH . CBepxy CTeHa

CTPOHTCH yme 6oJiee KpynHbie !J:OMa .

OTKa30M IJ:BOpHH H Aame HeKOTOpbiX

BeHIIaJiacb 3y6u;aMH (almenas), TIOIJ:

Kopnopau;HH H MHOrHe IIaCTHbie JIHJJ;a

ropo;c(OB YIJaCTBOBaTh B BOHHax. Xa:H-

npHKpbiTHeM KOTOpbiX 60HU:bi B eJIH

coopymaiOT y;c(06Hble H KpacHBbie 3;c(a-

y;c(eJIHJI H eMaJIO BHHMaHHH Bon-

CTpeJib6y H 3 JIYKOB. CHCTeMa BHe-

HIDI. B BOJibHbiX ropo!J:ax B03BO;c(HT-

pocaM opraHH3aU:HH BoopymeHHbiX

IIIHHX o6opOHHTeJibHbiX coopymeHHH

CH 3/.l:aHHH paryrrr (casa d e villa) c

CHJI. 0H 3aJIOmHJI OCHOBbi C06CTBeH-

3aBeprrranacb Bbi;c(aiOrn:HMHCH Hapymy

60JibiiiHMH 3aJiaMH IJ:JIH co6paHH H, a

HO KOpOJieBCKOro BOHCKa, cl:JopMHpO-

BbiCT)'TiaMH B BepxHeH tiaCTII CTeH H

c KOHU:a XII BeKa B031J:BH r aiOTCH Be -

BaBirrerocH H3 mesnaderos (APY)I{HH-

6arrreH, TIOJI B 9THX BbiCT)'TiaiOII(HX tia-

IIeBbie 6arrrHH ( atalayas ) c KOJIOKOJia-

HHKOB), o6H3aHHbiX CBOHM B03BeJIH-

CTHX CTeH 6biJI npope3aH Il(eJIHMH

MH. 3BOH KOJIOKOJIOB 9THX 6arrreH

tieHHeM KOpOJIIO.

(matacane s), IIepe3 KOTOpbie BOHHbi

B03Bern:an o6 o6rn:eropo;c(CKHX co6pa-

Y AparoHa He 6biJIO CBoero Mop-

MOrJIH MeTaTb pa3JIH'IHbie CHapH):(bi

HHHX, BOeHHOH TpeBore , c6ope OTIOJI-

cKoro cl:JJioTa, TIOCKOJibKY 9TO KOpo-

Ha ocamiJ:aiOII(HX B TOM cJiytiae, Kor-

tieHHH H T.IJ:.

JieBCTBO He HMeJIO BbiXO;c(a K MOpiO.

Aa TIOCJie;c(HHe npH6JIHmaJIHCb K CTe-

IIocJie YHHH c KaTaJIOHHeH AparoH

HaM 3aMKa. BopoTa 3all(HII(aJIHCb

TIOJIYIIHJI cl:JJIOT, H C 9THX nop Bee yc-

6aiiiHHMH H BbiHeCeHHbiMH Bnepe!J:,

neXH KaTaJIOHCKOrO cl:JJIOTa HCTIOJib30-

3a BHe iiiHIOIO JIHHHIO CTeH, yKpenJie-

BaJIHCb aparOHCKHMH KOpOJIHMH. 3TO

HHHMH (barbacanes). MocTbi , nepe-

o6CTOHTeJibCTBO HMeJIO orpOMHOe

KHHYTbie tiepe3 pBbi, 6biJIH TIO!J:beM-

3HatieHHe, TIOCKOJibKY HaJIHIIHe cl:JJio-

HbiMH.

Ta, C03;c(aHHoro np eATipHHM'IHBbiMH H

Bo BHYTpeHHe:H tiaCTII 3aMKaHMe-

CBeiJ:yll(HMH B MOpCKOM ;c(eJie KaTa-

JIHCb ABe rpynnbi 3;c(aHHH: O;c(Ha -

JIOHJJ;aMH, onpeAeJIHJIO HanpaBJieHHe

npe!J:Ha3HatieHHaH IJ:JIH peMecJieHHH-

1252-1284 rr. UAPCTBOBAHIIIE Anb<t>OHCA X MYAPOrO, KOPOns:l KACTIIInllllll Ill nEOHA. OH '-!acTo aoeaan c lpaHa.aoiii, QJpaH14Meiii, nopTyranMefii M, K8K npaBMflO, Hey,aa'-IHO; 3eMflM, 38XB8'-IeHHble MyCYflbM8H8MM, aepHyn c noMOW.b/0 aparoHcKoro KoponH XaiiiMe I ( eM. Bb!We).

262

3nOXA MOHIOJlOB. 1200-1400 rr.

IIepBaH ero BOeHHaH KaMnamm 6biJia npe):lnpHHHTa B COOTBeTCTBHH c npoeKTaMH, pa3pa6oTaHHbiMH ell(e <DepHaH):lO III. 06beKTOM 3TOH KaMnaHHH 6biJia AcppHKa, H 3aKowmJiacb oHa nopameHHeM KaCTHJibl(eB H3-3a pa3HorJiaCHH AJibcpoHca X c KopoJIHMH IIopTyraJIHH H HaBappbi. IIoxo):l 3TOT noJiy'IHJI o):lo6peHHe nan liHHOKeHTHH IV H AJieKcaH):lpa IV H 6biJI coBeprneH B 12541255 ro):lax. B ceHTH6pe 1262 ro):la AJibcpoHc X npH no):l):le pmKe rpaHa):lcKoro 3MHpa H MOpCKHX CHJI KaHTa6pHHCKHX ropO):lOB BHe3anHO HanaJI Ha Ka):!Hc, B3HJI ropo):l H 3axBaTHJI orpoMHYIO ):l06bi'IY. C 3aBOeBaHHeM Ka):lHCa 6biJI YHH'!TomeH O):!HH H3 l(eHTpOB MaBpHTaHCKHX nHpaTOB, OTKy):la COBepiiiaJIHCb Ha6erH Ha KaCTHJibCKHe ropo):la H, B '!aCTHOCTH, Ha CeBHJibiO. B cJieAYIOII(eM roey AJibcpoHc X OBJia):leJI KapTaxeHo:H, rAe 6biJIO no):laBJieHo BOCCTaHHe MaBpOB. ,[(JIH o6opOHbi BHOBb npHo6p eTeHHbiX BJia):leHHH 6biJIH coopymeHbi KpenocTH B Ka):!Hce, PoTe, CaH-flyKape H IIy3pTo -Ae-CaHTa-MapHH (3TOT ropoA ocHoBaH 6biJI AJibcpOHCOM X). CrrycTII HeKowpoe BpeMH AJibcpoHc X OBJia):leJI Hbe6Jio:H - npH'IeM B 6HTBe 3a 3TOT ropOA BnepBbie 6biJIH npHM eHeHbi nopox H nyrnKH (MaBpaMH) - H HeKOTOpbiMH nyHKTaMH B AJirapBe. HoByiO BOHHY Bbi3BaJIH MaBpbi H oco6eHHO rpaHa):lCKHH 3MHp, KOTOpbiH BbiCTynHJI npOTHB KaCTHJlbl(eB, onHpaHCb Ha BOCCTaBIIIHe ropoAa Xepec H MypcHIO H no1IY'J:HB no):l):lepmKy OT MapOKKaHl(eB . AJibcpoHc X B coi03e c Xa:HMe I OBJia):leJI XepecoM, B3HJI PM yKpeiiJieHHbiX nyHKTOB H 3aMKOB H pa3rpOMHJI rpaHaACKoro 3MHpa H ero coi03HHKOB. Bo:HHa npo):loJimaJiacb H AaJibrne, TaK KaK A JibcpoHc X yMeJio HCnoJib30BaJI pacnpH H pa3HorJiaCHH Memey 3MHpOM fpaHa):lbi H ero BaJIH (HaM eCTHHKaMH) B MaJiare, fya):!Hce H KoMapec. Ha cTopoHe rpaHa):lcKoro 3MHpa cpamaJIHCb HeKoTopbie KaCTHJibCKHe MarHaTbi, He):lOBOJibHbie KopoJieM. B 1272 roey nocJie cMepTH 3MHpa aJib-XaMapa 6biJI 3aKJIIO'IeH MHp Memey KaCTHJIHeH H fpaHaAOH.

CrpeMneHI!Ie K IIIMnepCKOH KOPOHe YII(ep6 Aeny peKOHKHCThi, KaK yme OTMe'IaJIOCb, npH'IHHHJIH HeKOTOpbie He CBH3aHHbie CHeM cryeMJieHHH AJibcpoHca X. Bo-nepBbiX, AJibcpoHc X ynopHO ):l06HBaJICH npHCOe):lHHeHHH K CBOHM BJIMeHHHM HaBappbi H facKoHH. il3BeCTHO, 'ITO HaMepeHHH KaCTHJibCKHX KopoJie:H OBJia):leTb HaBappo:H B npornJioM npoHBJIHJIHCb yme He pa3, H HeMaJIO KpOBH 6biJIO npOJIHTO B 6opb6e 3a OBJia):leHHe TeppHTOpHeH PHoxH. B 1253 roAy yMep KopoJib HaBappbi Teo6aJibA I H npecToJI neperneJI K ero nmHa):ll(aTHJieTHeMy cbiHy Teo6aJihey II. AJibclJoHc X BOCnoJib30BaJICH 3THM o6CTOHTeJibCTBOM ):!JIH HarraneHHH Ha HaBappy, pereHTrna KOTOpOH (B):lOBCTBYIOII(aH KOpoJieBa MaprapHTa) B npeABHAeHHH no):lo6HbiX OCJIO)I{HeHHH 3apy'IHJiaCb nO):l):lepmKOH Xa:HMe I. 0):!HaKO BOHHa He B03HHKJia 6Jiaro):lapH nocpe):!HH'!e cTBy npeJiaTOB H 3HaTH, KOTOpbiM y):laJIOCb ):lo6HThCH 3aKJIIO'IeHHH MHpa. fepl(OrCTBO raCKOHCKOe, BOIIIe):lIIIee B COCTaB KaCTHJibCKOH ):lepmaBbi KaK npHAaHoe cynpyrH AJibcpoHca VIII, KaK pa3 B 3TO BpeMH Ha'IaJIO BOHHy c AHrJIHe:H H o6paTHJIOCb 3a noMOII(biO K AJibcpOHCY X, KOTOpbiH noMOII(b 3TY OKa3aJI, HMeH B BH):ly 3aKpenHTb CBOIO BJiaCTb Ha):l raCKOHCKOH TeppHTOpHeH. 0):!HaKO 3TO HaMepeHHe KOpOJIH TaKme He OCyll(eCTBHJIOCb, KOpOJib npHHHJI MHpHbie npeAJIO)I{eHHH AHrJIHH H ):loroBOpHJICH o 6paKe cBoe:H cecTpbi C aHrJIHHCKHM npHHl(eM 3nyap):!OM, OTKa3aBIIIHCb 3a ce6H H CBOHX npeeMHHKOB OT npHTII3aHHH Ha r epQorCTBo facKOHb (1254 r. ) . 3TH Hey):la'IH 6biJIH He3Ha'IHTeJibHbiMH no cpaBHeHHIO c nopameHHeM, noHeceHHbiM A JibcpOHCOM X npH nonbiTKe OBJia):leTh KOpOHOH fepMaHCKOH HMIIepHH. AJibcpoHc X, oiiHpaHcb Ha po):lCTBeHHbie CBH3H CO IIIBa6CKHM repl(OrCKHM ):!OMOM (K 3TOMY ):!OMY npHHa):lJiemaJia ero MaTh), 3aHBHJI npeTeH3HIO Ha BaKaHTHbiH HMnepaTOpCKHH npecTOJI. l.lacTh H36HpaTeJieH npoBo3rJiacHJia B 1257 roey AJibcpoHca HMnepaTopoM. AJibcpoHc X BcrynHJI B 6opb6y C aHTHHCn aHCKOH napTHeH, KOTOpaH n o):l):lep)KHBaJia KaH):lH):larypy

feHpHxa III AHrJIH:HcKoro, H He maJieJI cpe):!CTB ):lJIH ):lOCTH)I{eHHH nOCTaBJieHHOH l(eJIH. OH HanpaBHJI B feHYIO 3CKanpy C ):leCaHTHbiMH '!aCTHMH H yrropHO OTCTaHBaJI CBOH npaBa. 0):!HaKO nocJie cMepTH feHpHXa III ( 1272 r .) KOJIJierHH H36HpaTeJieH OCTaHOBHJiaCb Ha KaH):(H):lazype rpacpa Py):!OJibcpa fa6c6ypra, KOTOpbi:H H 3aHHJI HMnepaTopCKHH npecTOJI B 1273 r o):ly. IIpH 3TOM Hey):la'!a, noCTHriiiaH AJibcpoHca X, BO MHOrOM 06bHCHHJiaCb conpOTHBJieHHeM CO CTOpOHbi n an, H B oco6eHHOCTH narrbl fpHropHH X, no):l):lep)I{HBaBIIIero Py):!OJibcpa fa6c6ypra. AJibcpOHC, BOCnOJib30BaBIIIHCb nepHO):lOM H3BeCTHOro CnOKOHCTBHH B KaCTHJIHH, peiiiHJI cHJio:H opymHH A06HTbCH ycnexa, HO nOIIbiTKa 3Ta OKa3aJiaCb HanpacHo:H. IIeperoBopbi c f pHropHeM X 6biJIH 6e3ycneiiiHbi, a Korna AJibcpoHc Ha'IaJI HaCTaHBaTb Ha CBOHX npeTeH3HHX H Bbi3BaJI Bo:HHy B liTaJIHH, npHCBOHB ce6e 3HaKH H THTYJI HMnepaTopa, n ana npHr po3HJI eMy OTJiy'IeHHeM oT QepKBH. B pe 3YJibTaTe AJibcpoHcy X He y AaJiocb 3aHHTb HMnepaTOpCKHH npeCTOJI.

Hey):la'IH conyTcTBOBaJIH AJibcpoHcy X H B o6JiaCTH BeyryeHHe:H noJIHTHKH. 3TOT rOCy):lapb 6biJI npHBepmeHl(eM npHHQHna KopoJieBCKoro e):lHHO):lepmaBHH H BparoM cpeo):laJibHOH aHapxHH. Ero MHpoB033peHHe 6biJIO npOHHKHYTO H):leHMH pHMCKOro npaBa; JII06oBb K KYJibzype H me JiaHHe OBJIMeTh BCeMH ee 6oraTCTBaMH HBJIHJIHCb xapaKTepHbiMH ero oco6eHHOCTHMH. A Memey TeM B cBoe:H npaKTH'IeCKOH ):leHTeJibHOCTH OH CTaJIKHBaJICH C Bpam):le6HbiMH CHJiaMH, 'IbH CTpeMJieHHH H TeH):leHl(HH 6biJIH HeCOBMeCTHMbi C ero y6e)l{):leHHHMH H Bbi3biBaJIHCb CBOeKOpbiCTHbiMH, 3rOHCTH'IeCKHMH HHTepecaMH. OH 6o poJicH co 3HaTbiO, Ha):!MeHHOH, rop AOH, 6ecnpHHQHIIHOH, Bcer):la rowBOll BbiCTYnHTb npOTHB KOpOJieBCKOH BJiaCTH C opy)I{HeM B pyKaX. IIoJiomeHHe A 1IbcpoHca X ocJiomHHJIOCb ell(e H noTOMY, 'ITO 6e):!Ha 6biJia ero Ka3Ha, HCTOII(eHHaHBHeiiiHHMH BOHHaMH H paCTO'IHTeJibHOCTbiO caMoro KopoJIH, 'IeJioBeKa Il(e):lporo H

3AnA,LJ,HA~

263

EBPOnA

mecmumoro . 3Ta pacTO<J:HTeJibHOCTh

IIIHe BHYTpeHHee IIOJIOmeHHe B CTpa-

peHHeH 6opb6bl, IIOpMOK rrpeCTOJIO-

Bbi3b!BaJia Bceo6mee He):lOBOJibCTBO,

He. fpaHa):lCKHe MaBpbi, meJiaH OTIIJia-

HaCJie):lHH, yCTaHOBJieHHbiH HM me ca-

KOTOpoe IIOJIHTI!'IeCKHe IIpOTHBHHKH

THTh 3a rrpoiiiJible rropameHHH, 3apy-

MHM.

Anb<lJoHca X OTJIH'IHO )'MeJIH ncrroJib-

'IHJIHCb rroMOII(biO MapHHHAOB, KOTO-

'IO B ymep6 HH<lJaHTaM <lJaMHJIHH Cep-

30BaTh B CBOHX [(eJI5IX.

pbie ycTaHOBHJIH CBOe rOCIIO):lCTBO B

):la. llH<lJaHTbi, a C HHMH H HX MaTh 6emann B AparoH, HO HM He YAaJIOCb

IIJiaTHBIIIeHCH 3MHpOM fpaHa):lbi, H B

CeBepHoH A<lJpnKe rrocne pacrra):la aJibMOXa):lCKOH ):lepmaBbi. MapHHHAbi 1

TO me BpeMH CTaJI rrpn6eraTb K rrop-

BbiCa):lHJIHCb B Tapn<lJe c CHJibHbiM

HOBJieHHH CBOHX rrpaB. MemAy TeM

KopoJib CHH3HJI pa3Mep ):laHH,

OH rrpH3HaJI Hacn e):!HHKOM CaH-

3apy'IHThCH IIO):l):lepmKOH AM BOCCTa-

<J:e MOHeTbi, 'ITO CHJibHO Bpe):!HJIO TOp-

BOHCKOM. liM 6biJIO OKa3aHO COIIpO-

CaH'!o rro):lrrHcaJI cornaiiieHHe c apa-

roBJie . HecMoTpH Ha MHoro'IHCJieH-

THBJieHHe, HO y):la<J:a B pH):le IIOCJie):ly-

roHcKHM KOpoJieM, KOTOpbiH 3aKJIIO-

Hble rrpoTeCTbi KaCTHJlb[(eB (II0):!06-

IOII(HX cpameHHH He COIIYTCTBOBaJia

'IHJI o60HX HH<iJaHTOB B KpeiiOCTb

Hble me IIpOTeCTbi HMeJIH MeCTO H B

KaCTHJib[(aM. B rrepBoli me 6nTBe rro-

XamBy. A n b<lJoHc X, Ha KOToporo

AparoHe B CBH3H c <lJnHaHCOBbiMH Me-

rn6 Ha<J:aJibHHK BOHCK rrorpaHH'!HOH

OKa3biBaJI ):laBJieHHe 4JpaH[(Y3CKHH

Anb<lJoHc

IIOJIOCbi HyHbO foHcanec ):le napa H

KopoJib <DHJinrrrr

o6JIO)KHJI IIOIIIJIHHaMH TOpiDBble C):leJI-

PM Apyrnx rrpeACTaBHTeJiel! 3Harn.

TOB Ce p):la , - o6pa3oBaJI AJIH cTap-

KH. 3TO MeporrpHHTHe He IIpHBeJIO K

Bo BTOpoM cpameHHH cnomHJIH ro-

IIIero HH<lJaHTa HOBOe KOp OJieBCTBO Ha

HaMe'leHHOH [(eJIH.

JioBy HH<lJaHT CaH'IO, CbiH Xal!Me

porrpHHTHHMH Xal!Me

I),

III-

MM HH<iJaH-

I, H

TeppnTopHH Xa3Ha, omenHB era oT

apxnerrHcKorr Tone):!CKHH. ToJibKO

KaCTHJIHH Ha rrpaBax BaccaJibHOH Te p -

B o6JiaCTH 3KOHOMH'leCKOH, COIIpOBOm-

6naro):lapH oTBare ceHbopa EncKaHH

pHTOpHH. Bee rrp o<J:He CBOH BJia):leHHH

):laJIHCb H pMOM Heuenecoo6pa3HbiX

BolicKa apxneiiHcKorra Tone):lcKoro He

oH ocTaBHJI C aR'! a. 3TOT pa3):leJI rrpH-

IIOCT)'IIKOB KOpOM, B KOHe'IHOM C'leTe

6biJIH yrrH'!TomeHbi rroJIHOCTbiO H oKa-

IIIeJicH He rro BKycy C aH<J:O, H, rr o -

He)'Aa'IH, rrocTHriiiHe AJib<PoHca X

Bpe):!HbiX C rocyAapCTBeHHOH TO'IKH

3aJIHCb B COCTOHHHH OTCT)'IIHTb, CO-

CKOJibKY Anb<lJoHc X OTCTaHBaJI cBoe

3peHHH. TaK, AJib<lJoHc X ycT)'IDIJI Tep-

XpaHHH rropMOK. Mem):ly TeM rrepBe-

peiiieHHe, Mem):ly OT[(OM H CbiHOM

pHTOpHio AJirapBe Kopomo IIopwa-

Heu KOpOM- <DepHaH):lO, KOTOpbiH

B03HHK BOopymeHHbiH KOH<lJJIHKT

JIHH, OCB060):!HJI era OT JieHHOH 3aBH-

):lOJI)KeH 6biJI rrpH6biTh C HOBbiMH IIO):l-

(1281

CHMOCTH H O'IXa3aJICH OT IIpaB Ha rac-

KpeiiJieHHHMH, c epbe3HO 3a6onen H

ycrrexoM. H a cTopoHe CaH<J:o 6biJia

(1275 r.),

r.). Eopb6a iiiJia c rrepeMeHHbiM

KOHCKO e repuorcTBo. KacmJibCKaH

yMep B CbiO):la):l P eane

oc-

IIO'ITH BCH K aCTHJibCK aH 3HaTh, BO C-

3HaTh pac[(eHHBaJia 3TH ):leHCTBHH KaK

TaBHB IIOCJie ce6H ABYX CbiHOBeH;

IIOJib30BaBIIIaHCH ):lHHaCTH'leCKOH p ac-

3JIOYIIOTPe6JieHHe BJiaCTbiO H KaK rrpo-

CTa piiiHH H3 HHX B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3a-

rrp eH, AJIH Taro 'IT06bl o6ecrre'lHTh

HBJieHHe a6COJIIOTH3Ma. 3HaTh C ):!OC-

KOHOM, ycTaHOBJieHHbiM caMHM Anb-

CBOH IIpHBHJierHH H ):l06HThCH eme

TOHHOH rropnuaHHH roTOBHOCThiO Boc-

<lJoHcoM X, ):lOJimeH 6biJI Hacne):loBaTh

6oJibiiieH He3aBHCHMocm. IIp e):lcTa-

CTaBaJia rrpO'rHB KopoM TO IIOA PYKO-

rrpecToJI. Ho o):!HoBpeMeHHO rrpeTeH-

BHTeJIH 3HaTH C03BaJIH KOpTeCbi B

BOACTBOM HH<lJaHTa 3HpHKe, TO IIO):l

3HIO Ha KOpOHY rrpe):lbf!BHJI BTOpOH

BaJibf!AOJIHAe

BO):lHTeJibCTBOM none )J;nac ):le Apo,

CbiH KoponH CaR'!a, H TaKHM o6pa3oM

p eiiieHO 6biJIO IIpH3BaTb Ha IIOMOII(b BJiaCTHTeJIH MapoKKO H 3anomHTb

(1282 r. ),

H a KOTOpbiX

ceHbopa EncKal!H H T. A. KacTHJibCKHe

6biJI Bbi3BaH HOBbiH KOH<lJJIHKT. KaK

ABOpHHe CJiymHJIH H KopomiM Aparo-

TOJibKO CaH<J:O Y3HaJI o cMepm cBoe-

eMy B Ka<J:ecTBe o6ecrre<J:eHHH 3a rrpe-

Ha, H HaBappbi, H 3MHPY fpaHa):lbl, a

ro 6paTa, OH CrOBOpHJICH C rrpe):lCTa-

):lOCTaBMeMbiH 3aeM B

HHOr):la BCT)'IlaJIH B COI03 H C TeMH, H C

BHTeJIHMH 3HaTH, He):lOBOJibHbiMH KO-

JIOTbiX ):!YKaTOB KOpOJieBCKYIO KOpO-

TbiCH'l 30-

):lpyrnMH H , ):lame c MycyJibMaHaMH

poJieM A Jib<lJoHCOM, c TeM <J:To6 bl OHH

Hy. CrrepBa Ha cTOpoHe CaH'Io 6biJia

MapoKKO, H eB3HpaH Ha rrpHBHJiernn,

rroMepmann era rrpHTH3aHHH Ha rrp e -

He TOJibKO 3HaTb, HO H ):lyXOBeHCTBO

KOTOpbie KOpOJib ):laJI HM Ha KOpTecax

CTOJI. IIpn 3TOM CaH<J:o ocHOBbiBaJI-

H 60JibiiiHHCTB O ropO):lOB. 0):!HaKO

B Eyproce B

1271 ro):ly;

3HaTh He ycT-

cH Ha CTapHHHOM o6bl<J:ae, ITO KOTO-

BCKOpe Ha'laJIHCb rr epe 6 emKH B Jia-

paiiiaJIH meCTOKHe Kapbi, KOTOpbiM KO-

poMy rrp ecToJI ):lOJI)KeH 6 biJI rrepexo-

repb A nb<lJoHca X, K KoTO poMy rrpn-

pOJib rro):l'lac rroABe pran ee . TaK, Ha-

AHTb K 6JIHmal!IIIeMy pO ):lH'IY B

MKHYJIH MHorne rrp eACTaBHTeJIH 3Ha-

rrpHM ep, oH rrpHKa 3aJI cme'lb )KllBbiM

<lJaMHJIHH KopoAA. KpoMe Taro, CaH-

m H ropoAOB. Ha 3TOM 3Tarre 6opb6bl

CHMOHa Pyrrca ):le Apo H 3aAYIIIHTh

<J:o ):lOKa3biBaJI, 'ITO HeJib3H rrepe):la-

KOpOJib AJib<lJOHC 3a6 oJieJI H BCKope

(1284 r . ).

BaTb KOpOHY HeCOBepiiieHHOJieTHe-

)'Mep B CeBHJibe

My. )l{eJiaH 3apy'IHTbCH IIOMe pmKOH,

IIOC Jie):!HeM 3aBell(aHHH OH JIHIIIHJI

aJib-XaMapa HaCT)'IIHJI rrepHO):l OTHO-

CaH<J:o o 6eman ):lapoBaTb 3Ham 3Ha-

CaH'Io TpoHa, Ha3Ha'IHJI HacJie):lHHKoM

CHTeJibHOro CIIOKOHCTBHH.

'IHTeJibHble IIpHBHJierHH H MHJIOCTII;

CTapiiieiD CbiHa IIOKOHHOID <DepHaH-

HH<iJaHTa <l>a):lpHKe. IIocne cMepm KopoJIH fpaHa):lbl

AIIIHacnt"'eCKIIIiii sonpoc. CMepTb Anb4>oHca X KopoJib Anb<lJoHc X Haxo):!HJICH B OTCYTCTBHH, KOr):la IIpOH30IIIJIH BeCbM a cepbe3Hble C06biTHH, OCJIO)KHHB-

B cBoeM

B p e3yJibTaTe OH IIpHBJieK ee Ha CBOIO

):10 ):le na CepAa H C03AaJI ):!Ba HOBbiX

cTopoHy, H Anb<lJoHc X

KoponeBcTBa: KoponeBcTBo CeBHJibiO

BbiHymAeH

6 biJI H 3MeHHTb, XOTH H He 6e3 BHYT-

H Ea):laxoc- ):!JIH HH<lJaHTa XyaHa H MypcHIO- AJIH HH<iJaHTa Xal!Me. 1

1 Map~, HJlli Mep~

JUieMH

KO'!eBHHKOB M3 ceBep<r3a!Ia,n;rwfi Caxaphl, B ceperorne XIII BeKa oBna,n;eBmee MaBpMTaHMeit.

I1HijHllfm X yaH M XaltMe - 6pan,JI CaH-

'!O IV.

264

3nOXA MOHIOJlOB. 1200-1400 rr.

CaH'IO He rrpH3HaJI 3aBemaHHH oma H o6bHBHJI ce6H KopoJieM. Ha era cTopoHy rrepernJia 6oJibiiiaH '!aCTh 3HaTH H HeMaJIO ropO):(OB, XOTH rrepBoMy CbiHY epHaHAO p;e Jia Cepp;a yp;aJIOCb 3apyTIHThCH IIO):():(epmKoli H3BeCTHbiX KpyroB 3HaTH. 0):(HOBpeMeHHO X yaH, B COCTaB HOBOrO KOpOJieBCTBa KOToporo BOIIIJIH CeBHJibH H Eap;axoc, He rrpH3HaJI KopoJieM CaH'!O H BOCCTaJI CO CBOHMH MHOro'IHCJieHHbiMH BaccaJiaMH, cpep;H KOTOpbiX HaXO):(HJICH TaKme yme yrroMHHyTbili none p;e Apo, p;pyr H copaTHHK AJibcpoHca X. CaH'IO rrpHHHJI :meprH'IHbie Mepbi H rrpH6erHyJI K KpoBaBbiM perrpeccHHM. OH rrpHKa3aJI y6HTh p;e Apo H apecToBaTh XyaHa. OH pacrropHAHJICH rrepe6HTh 4 TbiCH'IH cTopoHHHKOB pop;a Cepp;a B Eap;axoce H 400 B Tanasepe. TaKHe me aKTbi «rrpasocywm» 6biJIH coBeprneHbi B ABHJie H B ToJiep;o. 0):(HaKO p;ame TaKHMH MepaMH CaH'Io He yp;aJiocb rroracHTb cMyTy. liHcpaHT XyaH, rrpomeHHbili CaH'IO, BHOBb B03MYTHJICH IIpOTHB Hero, o6paTHBIIIHCb 3a rroMOII(bJO K MapHHH):(aM, H Ha'!aJI BoeHHbie p;eliCTBHH rrpoTHB CaH'lo. K 9TOMY BpeMeHH OTHOCHTCH H3Be CTHbili HHQH):(eHT C fycMaHOM )J,o6pbiM, rrpaBHTeJieM TapHcpbi, ropop;a, KOTOpbili HHcpaHT ocamp;aJI C IIOMOIl(b!O M aBpoB. XyaH rrpHrpo3HJI fycMaHy y6HTh era MaJioJieTHero CbiHa, Haxop;HBIIIerocH B Jiarepe ocamp;aJOmHx, B cJiyTiae ecJIH KperrocTh He 6yp;eT eMy cp;aHa. fycMaHa He ycTpaIIIHJIH yrp03bi, H OH, COXpaHHH BepHOCTb KOpOJIIO, IIOCJiaJI HHcpaHTY CBOli C06CTBeHHbili HOm, 'IT06bi TOT 3ape3aJI HM pe6eHKa. )J,oH XyaH BeJieJI 3aKOJIOTh CbiHa fycMaHa y CTeHbi ocamp;eHHoli KperrocTH . Ho TapHcpa He C):(aJiaCb, H 9TO paCCTpOHJIO IIJiaHbi HHcpaHTa, IIOJIOmeHHe KOTOporo yxyp;rnHJIOCb eme H rroToMy, 'ITO CaH'IO pa3rpoMHJI Ha cyme H Ha Mop e BJiacTHTeJIH MapoKKO H pacceHJI era 9CKap;py, rrop;roTOBJie HHYJO B TaHmepe AJIH BbiCaAKH p;ecaHTa B IIcIIaHHH. KopoJib CaHTio yMep B 1305 rop;y. CoBpeMeHHHKH, rrpH3HaBaH era oTBary H yrropCTBO, IIpOHBJieHHbie B 6opb6e, p;aJIH eMy rrpo3BHme «Xpa6pbili» (el Bravo).

Mapi!ISI .Qe Mon111Ha 111 <l>epHaH.QO IV CaH'IO OCTaBHJI IIOCJie CBOeli CMepTH p;eBHTHJieTHero CbiHa <l>epHaH):(O, pomp;eHHoro B 6paKe c MapHeli p;e MoJIHHa. epHaHAO 6biJI rrpoB03rJiarneH B ToJiep;o KopoJieM rrpep;CTaBHTeJIHMH Tpex COCJIOBHli fleoHa H KacTHJIHH, H cpa3y me rrocJie 9Toro CTpaHa 6biJia BBeprnyTa B CMYTY 3HaTh!O, KOTOpaH IIO):():(ep)KHBaJia pa3JIH'lHbiX IIpeTeH):(eHTOB Ha rrpeCTOJI H OTCTaHBaJia B 9TOli 6opb6e JIHIIIb CBOH co6cTBeHHbie HHTepecbi. B Te'!eHHe '!eTbipHaAQaTH JieT QapHJia IIOJIHaH aHapXHH. CHoBa 3aHBHJI cBoH rrpeTeH3HH Ha KOpoHy X yaH, CHOBa BOCCTaJI cTaprnlill HHcpaHT H3 p;oMa Cepp;a. KaK rrepBoro, TaK H BTOporo rrop;p;ep)KHBaJIH KopoJIH IIopryraJIHH, AparoHa H <l>paHQHH. <l>paHQY3CKHli KOpOJib, 6yey'IH CJ03epeHoM HaBappbi, meJiaJI BOCIIOJlb30BaThCH KaCTHJibCKOli CMyTOli, 'IT06bi yseJIH'IHTh CBOH BJiap;eHHH. liHcpaHT 3HpHKe, '!eCTOJIJ06HBbili H ma):(Hbili, HeCMOTpH Ha TO, 'ITO oH cpa3y me cTaJI pereHToM Ha BpeMH HeCOBepiiieHHOJieTIIH KOpOJIH, He pa3 rrepexo):(HJI Ha CTopoHy era EparoB HJIH me He OKa3biBaJI HM ):(OCTaTO'lHO 9HeprmHoro corrpoTHBJieHHH. OH 3a6oTHJICH rrpe)K):(e Bcero o ce6e H CrOBOpHJICH C MaBpaMH fpaHa):(bl 0 cp;atie HM KperrocTH TapHcpbi H rrpeKpameHHH BOHHbi. MHorHe rrpep;cTaBHTeJIH 3HaTII, IIOJib3YHCb IIOJIOmeHHeM, C03):(aBIIIHMCH B CTpaHe, IIpOHBJIHJIH CBOli MHTemHbili HpaB. 0HH TO BOCCTaBaJIH IIpOTHB KOpOJIH, TO rrepeXO):(HJIH Ha era CTOpoHy, BbiMOraH pa3JIH'!Hble IIOmaJIOBaHHH; 6yp;Y'!H Heyp;oBJieTBopeHHbiMH KOpOJieBCKHMH MHJIOCTHMH, OHH HeMe):(JleHHO H3MeHHJIH MOHapxy H cpamaJIHCb IIpOTHB Hero, rro):(Aep)KHBaH JIJ06oro rrpeTeHp;eHTa Ha rrpecToJI. fopop;a, rrpHBJie'!eHHbie Ha cTopoey XyaHa HJIH HHcpaHTOB p;e Jia Cepp;a, Hepep;Ko BbiCTyrraJIH rrpoTHB epHaHp;o IV H 3aKpbiBaJIH rrepep; HHM CBOH BOpOTa, KaK 9TO HMeJio MecTo B BaJibMOJIHp;e, CanaMaHKe H B CeroBHH. HaCryiiHJI MOMeHT, KOrp;a KOpOJIIO epHaHp;o IV H era cTopoHHHKaM rrpHIIIJIOCb BOeBaTh c IIop~anHeli, AparoHoM (3axBaTHBIIIHM KopoJieB-

cTBo MypcH!O), paHQHeli, HHcpaHTOM XyaHoM, BJia):(eBIIIHM neoHOM, H MaBpaMH fpaHap;bi. IIpH 9TOM epHaHAO IV He Mar B 9Toli 6opb6e orrHpaThcH Ha CKOJibKO-HH6yp;b Hap;emHbiX rrpHBepmeHQeB, orracHOCTh r po3HJia eMy H CO CTOpOHbi pereHTa 3HpHKe. Cpep;H Bcex 9THX HeB3rop; BAOBCTByJOmaH KopoJieBa, orreKYHIIIa cBoero CbiHa H pereHTIIIa, He TepHJia IIpHCYTCTBHH p;yxa H CIIOK oliCTBHH. 0Ha IIpHBJieKaJia Ha CBOIO CTOpOHY ropop;a o6emaHHHMH HOBbiX BOJibHOCTeli H rrpHBHJiernli. CBoeli rn6Koli IIOJIHTHKoli OHa rrapaJIH30BaJia YCHJIHH MHTe)l{HbiX BaCCaJIOB, p;eJiaH HM ycryrrKH HJIH IIpHBJieKaH HX Ha CTOpOHY KOpOJIH HHbiMH cpep;cTBaMH. Eli yp;aJIOCb OTBJie'lb KopoJIH IIop~aJIHH oT coJ03a C MHTemHHKaMH, XOTH IIOCJiep;HHli IIOJib30BaJICH JIJ06biM CJiy'laeM ):(JIH IIpHo6peTeHHH HOBbiX BJiap;eHHH. Eli yp;anocb paccrpoHTh IIJiaHbi 3HpHKe, yme p;oroBopHBrnerocH o rrepep;a'!e MaBpaM T apHcpbi, H YMHPOTBopHTh KopoJIH AparoHa. 0Ha 6e3 ycTaJIH BeJia 6opb6y, p;o6HBaHCb cy6cHAHli oT KopTecoB H ropop;oB . epHaH):(o IV ITO):( BJIHHHHeM CBOHX cpaBOpHTOB, paHee 6biBIIIHX era BparaMH (B TOM 'IHCJie H HHcpaHTa XyaHa), rrpoHBHJI He6Jiarop;apHOCTh K MaTepH, IIOTpe60BaB OT Hee OT'leT 06 HCIIOJib30BaHHH rocyp;apcTBeHHbiX cpOH):(OB H IIpHHHB cepbe3Hble peiiieHHH, He TOJlbKO He IIOCOBeTOBaBIIIHCb C He!O, HO H BorrpeKH ee MHeHHJO. B TiaCTHocTH, oH p;oroBopHJicH c KopoJieM AparoHa H KyrrHJI MHp c 9TOli p;epmaBoli QeHoli IIOTepH '!aCTH MypcHliCKOli o6JiaCTII, xow caM ropop; MypcHH H ocTaJicH 3a KacTHJIHeli . 0):(HoBpeMeHHo y p;aJIOCb YTHXOMHpHTh AJibcpoHco p;e Jia Cepp;a QeHoli ycTyrrKH eMy pMa ropop;oB H ceJieHHli. 3aTeM KOpO Jib peiiiHJI OTIIpa BHThCH B IIOXO):( Ha MaBpOB. 0H 3aKJIIO'IHJI co103 c KopoJieM AparoHa, KOTOpbili IIpep;ocTaBHJI ):(JIH 9TOli QeJIH CBOH KOpa6JIH H COJI):(aT H IIO):(Bepr ocap;e AJibMepH!O, fH6paJITap, AJibxecHpac. Op;HaKo yp;aJiocb 3axBaTHTb TOJibKO BTopy!O H3 9THX KperrocTeli. C MaBpaMH 6biJI 3aKJIJO'!eH MHp, COrJiaCHO KOTOp OMY OHH ycTyrraJIH ropop;a K ecap;y H Ee3Map H o6H3biBaJIHCb BbiiiJiaTHTh rro6ep;H-

3AnA)J.HA$l EBPOnA

265

liHTBa. <J>paFMeHT MHHHaTIOpbl KaTanoHcKOro MaHycKpHrrra. nepaaSI nonoBHHa XIV a.

TeJillM 50 ThiCll"' AYKaToB. EABa 3aKOH"'HJiacb BOitHa C MaBpaMH, KaK CHOBa BOCCTaJI XyaH, IIJiaHhi KOTOporo, OAHaKO, 6hiJIH paccTpOeHhi KOpoJieBOit -MarepbiO. ¢epHaHAO IV cHoBa ABHHYJICll B IIOXOA Ha MaBpOB, )freJiall OBJia,z:J,eTb KperrocTbiO AJibxecHpac. OH rrpHKa3aJI CHapllAHTb 6oJibiiiYIO 3CKa,z:J,py, <rro6hl HaiiaCTb Ha MaBpOB C MOpll. 0AHOBpeMeHHO ero BOitCKa OKpy)KHJIH KperrocTb AJibKayAere. KopoJib HaiipaBHJICll K BOitcey, HO IIO AOpore 3a6oJieJI H BCKope yMep (1312 r.)l

1276-1285 rr. UAPCTBOBAnEAPO Ill APArOHCKOrO.

H~E

Bcrym1e B co103 c BM3BHTMWCKow MMnepMeW, ne.n,po c.n,enan BM.ll., 6y.n,ro omnbJBaer c KpecTOBbiM noxo.ll,OM B A<f>pMKy; HB CBMOM )l(e .n,ene nocne «CM~MflMWCKOW Be4epHM» BbiCB.ll,MflCR H8 CM~MflMM ( 1282 r.; CM. Bb/We). bbln OTnY4eH OT ~epKBM nano/4 pMMCKMM MapTMHOM IV, KOTOPbiW npe.ano)I(Mn KopoHy AparoHa Kapny Banya, CbJHY <f>paH~Y3CKoro KOpOnR 4>MnMnna Ill 0TB8)1(HOTO. 4>MnMnn Iff, BOW.ll,R B C0/03 CO CBOMM .ll,R.n,e/4 KapnoM I AH;«ywcKMM, eroprcfl Ha CM~MnMJO, HO norepnen nop8)1(eHMe OT ne.apo Ill AparoHCKoro ( 1284 r.). KopoJib XattMe I rrepeA cMepTbiO pa:3)J,eJIHJI CBOH BJI3,ll,eHHll, OCTaBHB KopoJieBCTBO AparoHcKoe (c KaTaJIOHHeit H BaneHcHeit) IleApo III, 1

MaspHTaHCKHe HCTopHKH yTBep)!(l{aiOT,

'ITO <PepHaHI{O

IV 6biJJ y6HT.

a BaneapcKHe ocTpoBa- XaitMe. B pe3yJibTare Ha AOJiroe BpeMll BaJieapcKHe OCTPOBaOKa3aJIHCb OTTOprHYThiMH OT AparoHa, xoTll, KaK Mhl YBHAHM, cBll3b Me:/KAY ManopKott H IIOJIYOCTPOBOM HHKOrAa He rrpephiBaJiaCb. Al\'T pa:3)J,eJia rrpeACTaBJilleTcll BeCbMa Hepa3yMHhiM MeporrpHllTHeM, IIOCKOJibKY B 're BpeMeHa CTpaHa 6oJiee Bcero Hy~aJiacb B KOHI.IeHTpal.IHH BJiaCTH, HO, C Apyroit CTOpOHhi, cJieAyeT OTMeTHTb, qTo XattMe I B CTpeMJieHHH paCIIIHpHTb npeAeJibl cBoero KopoJieBcTBa iKeHHJI cBoero ChiHa- 6yAymero KOpOJill IleApO III- Ha KoHCTaHI.Ie, AoqepH CHI.IHJIHitcKoro KopoJill MaH<}>peAa !oreHIIITay<}>eHa. 3TOT 6paK llBHJICll AJill aparoHCKHX KopoJieit IOPHAH"'eCKHM OCHOBaHHeM AJill IIpHTll3aHHit Ha qacTb HTaJIHH, rrpHTII3aHHit, KoTOphle B 're"'eHHe HeCKOJibKHX BeKOB orrpeAeJillJIH BHeiiiHIOIO rroJIHTHKY AparoHa H Bhi3hiBaJIH KOH<J:>JIHKThi Me'A<,LJ,Y 3TOit AepiKasott H pHAOM rocyAapcTB 3arra,z:J,Hoit EBporrbL YiKe BO BpeMeHa XattMe B03HHK BpaiKAe6Hhlit eMy COI03, 3aKpeiiJieHHhlit 6paKOM rpa<}>HHH IIpoBaHca c KapJioM AHif<YitCKHM, IIpHHI.IeM <}>paHI.IY3CKOro KOpOJieBCKOrOAOMa. IlepBhiM aKTOM Ile,u.po III llBHJiacb AeKJiapal.IHll, rrpoB03rJiaiiiaBIIIaH ero He3aBHCHMOCTh oT narr1>1. TaKHM o6pa3oM, IIpH 6JiaroiipHllTHOM OTHOIIIeHHH K 3TOMY 60JibliiHHCTBa HaCeJieHHll 6hiJIH nopBaHhi Y3hl BaccaJibHott 3aBHCHMOCTH OT rrarrhl, KOTOphle CBll3hiB3JIH AparoH c PHMOM co BpeMeH IleApo II.

BcKope rrocJie cBoett KopoHal.IHH KopoJib IleApo III 6hiJI BhiHyJKAeH BcrynHTh B 6op1>6y co 3HaTbiO. IloBOAOM K 3TOit yco6Hl.le .liBHJICll BOilpoe 0 npaBax HaCJieAOBaHHll KOpOHbl rpa<}>cTBa YpxenbcKoro. KopoJib, eme 6yAyqH HH<}>aHTOM, O'DlH"'aJICll CBOHM Bp~e6HhiM OTHOIIIeHHeM K 3HaTH H Ha3TOT pa3 Ha"'aJI BOitHy npOTHB ApMeHroJill X - rrpereHAeHTa Ha YpXeJibCKoe rpa<}>cTBO. BottHa cKopo 3aKOH"'HJiacb, H ApMeHroJib rrpH3HaJI ce6ll BaCCaJIOM KOpOJill. Ho 6opb6a rrpoTHB 3HaTH onllTh B03o6HOBHJiacb. Ha 3TOT pa3 Bell 3HaTb KaTaJIOHHH o6'beAHHHJiacb rrpoTHB KOpOJill (1280 r. ). KopOJib B03rJiaBHJI OIIOJI"'eHHe ropOAOB H OC3,ll,HJI ropOA Banarep, B KOTopoM yKphiJIHCb MllTeiKHHKH. B Banarepe 61>mo 300 rrpeACTaBH'reJieit 3HaTH BO rJiaBe C rpa<}>oM <Dya. Oc~eHHhle, He IIOAAepiKHBaeMhle MeCTHblM HaceneHHeM, KarrHryJIHpoBaJIH. KopoJib 3aKJIIOqHJI B TIOpbMY 3aqHHlllHKOB Mll're'..Ka, HO BCKOpe BhiiiYCTHJI HX Ha CB060AY, 3aKJIIOqHB C HHMH COrJiaiiieHHe, H 06ll33JI HX B03MeCTHTh IIpH"'HHeHHhlit HMH ymep6. TeM BpeMeHeM 6paT KOpoJill, XattMe, KOTopoM:y ore1.1 ocTaBHJI PyccHJibOH H Mattopey, IIOAIIHcaJI B 1278 r0AY AOroBop CO CBOHM 6paTOM KopoJieM IleApo III, no KOropoMy IleApo III H ero HacJieAHHKH IIpH3HaB3JIHCb CI03epeHaMH BJI3,ll,eHHit XattMe. IleApo III ycTaHOBHJI APY:>KeCKHe OTHOIIIeHHll c KacTHJIHett H c IlopryraJIHeit; rropryraJibCKHit KOpoJib ,[{HHHC BcryrrHJI B 6paK c aparoHcKoit HH<}>aHTott H3a6enJiott. Bon-

266

3nOXA MOHIOJlOB. 1200-1400 rr.

Ha ITponm MaBpoE BaneHCHH, KOTO-

ITpHHHJI 9TO ITpeAJIO)KeHHe, ETOprcH E

pa.H Ha<J:aJiaCb, KaK )')Ke )'IIOMHHaJIOCb,

KOpOJieECTBO, pa3rpOMHJI EOHCKa CH-

1282 r. ), EOCCTaHHH, EO EpeMH KOTO -

I, 6biJia

QHJIHHCKOro pereHTa MaH<iJpe):la H

poro HCTpe6JieHbi 6biJIH 4JpaHQY3CKHe 3aXBaT<J:HKH. IIocoJibCTBO ITpo-

ITocne cMepTH KopoJIH XaliMe

III,

QHJIHHCKOH Ee'IepHH» ( 31 MapTa

ITPH<J:eM ITO-

yMepTBHJI ero. TaKaH )Ke cy):lb6a ITO-

cne):!Hlill: H3rHaJI MHO)KeCTBO My):leXa-

cTHrJia ITJieMHHHHKa MaH<lJpe):la KoH-

CHJIO IIenpo

poE H3 ITpe):leJIOE EaJieHCHHCKOrO KO-

pa):lHHa, KOTOpOMY ITO ITpaBy ITpHHa):l-

Ha ITOMOII(b E HX 6op b6e ITpOTHE K ap -

3aEeprneHa Ile):lpo

poJieECTBa.

III ITpllliTII CHQHJIIill:QaM

III H 3bHEHJI

Jie)KaJia KopoHa. KoHpaAHH 6biJI pa3-

Jia AH)KyHcKoro. IIenpo

6HT, ITOITaJI E ITJieH H o6e3rJiaEJieH E

COrJiaCHe, C'IHTaH, 'ITO eMy ITO ITpa-

MyCTaHcHpa, 9MHpa TYHHCa, KOTO-

1268 ro):ly. 3TII C06biTHH Ebi3EaJIH y

EY ):lOJI)KeH ITpHHaAJie)KaTh CHQHJIHH-

pbiH EbiiTJia'IHEaJI ):laHb KopoJIHM A pa-

Ile):lpo III, KOTOpbiH, KaK oTMe<J:aJIOCb,

CKHH ITpecToJI. B aErycTe 1282 r ona

roHa. IIocJie cMepTH aJib-MycTaHcH-

6biJI )KeHaT Ha O):!HOH H3 ):lO'IepeH

oH EbiCa):lHJICH E TpaiTaHH.

pa ITpeCToJI 6biJI Y3YPITHpoEaH O):!HHM

MaH¢pe):la, 3aKOHHbili HHTepec K cH-

H3 ero CbiHOEeH.

QHJIHHCKHM ):leJiaM.

XaliMe

6biJI coi03HHKOM aJib-

KopoJib Ile):lpo EOCITOJib30EaJicH 9THM o6CTOHTeJibCTBOM ):!JIH EMeiiia-

HeH3EecTHo, Ha<J:aJI JIH Ile):lpo

III

ITOWOTOEKY K 3aEoeEaHHIO CHQHJIHH

3asoesaHIIIe Clllu,lllnllllll. BoHHa npOTIIIB <J>paHU,IIIIIIIII pa3,QOpbl C nanoH

TeJibCTBa EO EHYTpeHHHe ):lena TYHH-

cpa3y )Ke ITocne ITo6e):lbl Kapna AH-

OH ompaBHJI E TYHHc 3KCITeWfiUIIO

)KyHcKoro. Tpy):!HO TaK)Ke yTBep)K-

Koponb AparoHCKHH 6e3 TPYi=la

( 1280 r.) ITO):! KOMaH):lOH CHUHJIHHCKO-

):laTh, EeJI JIH KopoJib AparoHa ITepe-

3aXBaTIIJI CHQHJIHIO. Kapn AH)KyH-

ro MopHKa KoHpaAo ):le JlbHHca. B pe-

roEopbi C CHQHJIHHQaMH, KOTOpbie

CKHH 6e)KaJI E llTaJIHIO, HE HeCKOJib-

3YJibTaTe 6biJI ycTaHOEJieH ITpOTeKTO-

6biJIH HacTpoeHbi He):lo6po)KeJiaTeJib-

KHX MOpCKHX H cyXOITYTHbiX CpaMe -

ca.

paT AparoHa Ha):l TYHHCOM. IIpcrnH-

HO ITO OTHOIIIeHHIO K y 3ypiTaTopy -

HHHX aparoHQbi o):lep)KaJIH pernHTeJib-

TeJib TyHHca o6H3aH 6biJI OTHbiHe

Kapny AH)KylicKoMy, ITo6e):la KOTO-

HYIO ITo6eey . B ¢eEpan e 1283 rona

EbiiiJia<J:HEaTh Aparoey AaHb, a apa-

poro 6biJia ITpe)K):le Ecero ITo6e):loli

IIenpo

roHQbi ITOJIY'IHJIH ITpaEO c6opa ITO-

ITaiTbi. BepoHTHo, Ile):lpo

III EeJI ITe-

eM K ana6pHH. BoliHa E llTaJIHH ITpo-

IIIJIHH Ha TOprOEJIIO EHHOM (E ITOJIO-

peroEopbi C CHQHJIHHQaMH H )K):laJI

AOJI)KaJiacb H 6biJia yciTeiiiHOH nJIH

EHHHOH ):lOJie ) H ITpaEO Ha3Ha<J:eHHH

TOJibKO, KOr):la ITp e):lcTaEHTCH yAo6-

apar oHQeE. AparoH CKHH anMHpan

aJibKaJib):la, KOTOpbiH ):lOJI)KeH 6biJI

HbiH CJIY'IaH AJIH EM eiiiaTeJibCTBa E

Po)Ke ne JiaypH a (HJIH JiopHa), crn)KaBIIIHH rpoMKyiO CJiaEy CEOHMH IT0 -

III

OEJia):leJI ECeM ITo6epe)Kb-

yrrpaEJIHTh ECeMH xpHcTHaHaMH Ty-

):leJia 9TOrO KOpOJieECTBa, KOTOpbiH H

HHca. B ropo):la EyMHIO H TYHHc 6biJIH

HacryiTHJI ITocne ITo6eAbi Ha):l TyHH-

6enaMH, p a36HJI Epa)KeCKYIQ 9CKa):lpy

Ha3Ha<J:eHbi KaTaJIOHCKHe KOHCYJibi.

coM. Bo3MO)KHO, 'ITO H ITOXOA E Ty-

y MaJibTbi H y HeaiTOJIH H 3axBaTIIJI E

Jli060IIbiTHO, 'ITO aJibKaJib):l HMeJI ITpa-

HHc 1280 ro):la cne):lyeT paccMaTpH-

ITJieH CbiHa Kapna AH)KyHCKoro, Kap -

EO EbiBeiiiHEaTh CEOH <iJnar, KOTOpo-

EaTb KaK ITpeJIIO):lHIO K CHQHJIHHCKOH

na XpoMoro (HIOHb 1 284 r. ) .

MY ):lOJI)KHbi 6biJIH omaEaThcH TaKHe

EOHHe. KaK 6bi TO HH 6biJIO, E 1 28 1

)Ke ITO<J:eCTH, KaK HTYHHCCKOMY. 3ToT

roey E A paroHe Ha<J:anacb ITO):lrOTOE-

Mor ITpocTIITb I le):lpo

3Ha'IHTeJibHbiH ):lHITJIOMaTH'IeCKHH

Ka K KpyiTHbiM EOeHHbiM OITepaQHHM.

CHQHJIHH H KOTopbiH IT p enbHEJIHJI

Me)K):ly TeM ITa iTa, KOTOpbiH He

III

3aEoeEaHHH

yciTex, o6eciTe<J:HEIIIIDI AparoHy Ebi-

B ycThe 36po cocpe):loTo<J:eHa 6biJia

ITOCJie):!HeMy CTapbie ITpeTeH3HH, OC-

ro):!Hbie IT03HQHH E A¢pHKe, 6biJI no-

<iJJIOTHJIHH E 140 KOpa6JieH H ITHTHa):l-

HOEaHHbie Ha ycryiTKax IIenpo

rn<J:ecKoli ITpe):liTOCbiJIKOH HOEbiX yc-

QaTHTbiCH'IHOe ):leCaHTHOe EOHCKO.

o6bHBHJI, 'ITO IIenpo

ITeXOE, apeHOH KOTOpbiX C):leJiaJIOCb

BcTpeEo)KeHHbiH 4JpaHQY3CKHH KO-

CEOHX EJia):leHHH , H OCE060):!HJI ero

KoponeEcTBo CHQHJIHH. B

cocTaE

poJib HaiTpaEHJI ITOCJIOE E AparoH,

ITonnaHHbiX OT ITpHHeC eHHOH eMy

9Toro KoponeECTBa EXOAHJia CHQH-

'IT06bi ):l03HaThCH, C KaKOH QeJibiO Ee-

KJIHTEbi E EepHOCTH, EEepHE HX

JIHH H <J:aCTH HeaiTOJIHTaHCKOH TeppH-

JIHCb ECe 9TH ITpHrOTOEJieHHH. 04JH-

cynb6y Kapny B anya, ETopoMy CbiHY

TOpHH.

QHaJibHO 6biJIO C006Il(eHO, 'ITO 9KC-

KopoM <l:>p aHQHH (Mali 1 284 r. ) . B HH-

Xorn 9TII EJia):leHHH H ITpHHaAJie-

ITe):lHQHH cHapH)KaJiacb E K oHCTaHTII-

Eape 128 5 ro):la Kapn AH)KYHCKHH

)KaJIH CbiHOEbHM repMaHCKOrO HMITe-

HY (E AJI)l(Hpe), ropoA, ITpaEHTeJib

paTOpa <l>pH):lpHXa

II,

OHH ociTapHEa-

KOToporo o6paTHJICH K IIenpo

III

II,

JIHrnaeTcH

yMep. <l:>paHQY3CKHe EOHCKa E llTa-

JIHH OCTaJIHCb 6e3 pyKOEO):lCTBa, TaK KaK CbiH Kapn a HaxonHJicH E ITJieHy.

JIHCb ITarroli, 6opb6a KOToporo ITpo-

ITp OCb60H OKa3aTb eMy ITOMOII(b E

TIIE repMaHCKHX HMITepaTOpOE 3TOrO

6opb6e c cynTaHoM. B

1 282 ro):ly

BcKope ITocne 9Toro 4JpaHQY3bi ETOp -

KopoJieEcTBa ITpo):lOJI)KaJiaCb ):loJiroe

¢noTIIJIHH EbiiiiJia E Mope H HaiTpa-

r JIHCb E KaTaJIOHHIO. IlaiTa ITpHnan

EpeMH. IIaiTa, E cTpeMJieHHH 3aKpe -

EHJiacb K ropo):ly AJibKOHJIIO. AJib -

3TOMY ETOp)KeHHIO xapaKTep KpeCTO-

IIHTh CEOH COMHHTeJibHbie ITpaEa Ha

KOHJib 6biJI E3HT, H, yKpeiTHEIIIHCb

EOrO IToxon a .

CHQHJIIDICKHe 3eMJIH, ITpe):lJIO)KHJI HX

3necb, aparOHQbi ITpHCT)'IIHJIH K ITO-

Kapny AH)KyHcKoMy c ycnoEHeM,

KOpeHHIO 6JIH3Jie)Kall(HX Tepp HTO-

PyccHJibOHa H MaliopKH -

3aXBaT'IHKOE ITOMe p)KaJI KOpOJib

<J:T06bi ITOCJie):lHHH OTBOeEaJI 3TII Tep-

p HH. II pH 3THX o6cTOHTeJibCTEax

6 paT IIenp o

pHTOpHH y Koponeli roreHIIITay¢eH-

ITpH6biJIO CHQHJIHHCKOe ITOCOJibCTEO

MeTHTh, 'ITO HeKOTOpbie pyccHJibOH-

cKoli ):lHHaCTHH H yiTpaEJIHJI HMH E

E aparOHCKYIO CTaEKy, H CJIY'IHJIOCb

CKHe Kp eiTOC TH, OTCTaHEaH n eJIO

):laJibHeHrneM KaK Eaccan PHMa. KapJI

3TO ECKOpe ITOCJie 3HaMeHHTOH «CH-

A paroHa, oKa3aJIH coiTpoTIIEJieHHe

III,

XaliMe,

xoTH c Jie):lyeT oT-

3AnA)J.HA$l EBPOnA

267

4>Pa.HUY3aM. Tie;:wo III co csoe~ cTo-

<f>paHUY3CKaJI apMHll, KOTOpaJI JIH-

poHhl He HailleJI .LJ,OCTaToqHo e.LJ,HHO-

IIIHJiaCh B03MO)KHOCTH IIOJiyqHTh

AYIIIHO~ IIOMep)KKH B CBOHX KOpo-

IIO,ll,KperrJieHHe CO CTOpOHhl MOpll,

3TO )f(eJia.HHe KOpOJIJI Tie.LJ,pO He

JieBCTBax. HeKoTOphle rrpeACTaBHTe-

BhlHy)f()J,eHa 6MJia HaqaTh OTXOA 3a

6hiJIO npeTBopeHo B )KH3Hh. HHIITO H3

JIH 3HaTH H AYXOBeHCTBa H MHOrHe

TIHpeHeH. 3To oTCryrrJieHHe 6hiJIO

ero ChlHOBe~ H He IIOMhlliiJIJIJI 06 OT-

ropo.LJ,a ArvmypAa.Ha JIH6o rroKHHYJIH

AJIJI Hee m6eJihHhiM. AparoHcKo-Ka-

Ka3e OT HOBOro KOpOJieBCTBa B lfTa-

KOpOJill, JIH60 qHHHJIH eM)' rrpeiiJIT-

CTHJihCKoe BO~CKO, IIO.LJ,06paBliiHCh K

JIHH. KopoJieM CHUHJIHH cTaJI BTOpo~

1285-1291 rr. Anb<J>OHC Ill

CTBHJI. paHUY3hi rrpoHHKJIH B AM-

IIHpeHe~CKOMY rrepeBaJiy TiaHHC-

ChlH rroKo~Horo KopoJIJI X~Me, a KO-

rrypAaH qepe3 OAHH cJia6o oxpa.HJie-

capc, rrporrycTHJIO 4>paHUY3CKH~

poHaAparoHa H KaTaJIOHHH rrepeliiJla

Mhl~ rrpoxoA B TIHpeHeJix H 3axBaTH-

asa.HrapA so mase c KopoJieM, a 3a-

Kero cTapiiieM)' ChiHY AJih4>oHcy. OH

JIH rroqrH BCIO cTpa.Hy. KapJI BaJiya

TeM aTaKOBaJIO OCHOBHhle CHJihl Bpa-

TaiOKe BJiaAeJI Ma~opKo~ AO

KOpOHOBaJICJI B 3aMKe Jlhepc, a 3a-

ra H pa3rpOMHJIO HX HarOJIOBY.

ro.LJ,a, IIOCJie qero 3TOT OCTpOB 6hlJI

TeM oca,JJ,HJI XepoHy. XepoHa repo-

B cTpaiiiHO~ pe3He HCTpe6JieHo

B03BparueH X~Me

HqecKH conpoTHBJIJIJiach, H 3TO AaJIO

6hiJIO rroqrH BCe 4>paHUY3CKOe BO~C

Hec JieHHYIO rrpHcJiry AJih4>oHcy. B

B03MO)KHOCTh Po)Ke Ae JlopHa csoe-

KO. Bo~Ha B PyccHJihOHe rrpoAOJI)Ka-

lfTaJIHH aparOHCKHe H KaCTHJihCKHe

BpeMeHHO IIpH6hiTh Ha IIOMO!Uh ileA-

Jiach, H OTHOIIIeHHJI Me)f()J,y Aparo-

BO~CKa IIpO,ll,OJI)KaJIH Cpa)KaThCJI rrpo-

III. Bo 4>paHUY3CKOM so~cKe H3-

HOM H <f>paHUHe~ OCTaBaJIHCh Bpa)K-

THB 4>Pa.HUY30B. B KOHUe

3a He.LJ,OCTaTKa IIpO,ll,OBOJihCTBHJI H

.LJ,e6HhlMH, reM 6oJiee qro Tie.LJ,po

III

II,

1295

KoTOphi~ rrpH-

1288

ro.LJ,a

6hlJI 3aKJIIOqeH MHp B KaM4>pa.HIII Ha

H36hlTKa JIIO.LJ,e~ HaqaJiaCh 3IIH.LJ,e-

rrpoAOJI)KaJI .LJ,ep)KaTh B rrJieHy Kap-

MHJI, KOTOpaJI IIpHBeJia K 3HaqHTeJih-

Jia XpoMoro. B HOJI6pe

ro.LJ,a,

BaJI YTPaTHBIIIHM CHJIY ru-'T IIO)KaJIO-

HhiM rrorepJIM. TeM speMeHeM apa-

HaKaHyHe oTrrpaBKH Ha Ma~opKy

Ba.HHJI CHUHJIHH KapJiy AH~~cKoM:y;

roHUhi pa36HJIH 4>Pa.HUY3CKH~ 4lJIOT.

soeHHO~ 3KcrreAHUHH, Tie.LJ,po

III

rrpH3HaBaJIOCh rrpaso AparoHa Ha

B 3TOM cpa)KeHHH 6MJIH rrepe6HThl

yMep. Tiepe.LJ, CMepThlO KOpOJih 3aJI-

M~oph.)' H PyccHJihoH; KopoJih Apa-

3axsaqeHHhle B rrJieH 4>paHUY3hl.

BHJI, qTo B03BpaTHT rrarre CHUHJIHIO.

roHaAOJIJKeH 6hlJI ocso6o.LJ,HTh KapJia

1285

CJie.LJ,yiOIUHX ycJIOBHJIX: rrana IIpH3Ha-

Cp3lK3101J4H~ BOHHbl. <J)parMeHT<j>p3Hl(Y3Ctro£:i MHHH3T10pbl H3'4ana XV B.

268

3nOXA MOHIOJlOB. 1200-1400 rr. BTop>KeHIIIe MaBpoB

XpoMoro, HO JIHIIIb IIOCJie TOro, KaK

;c(5I;c(H KOpOAA, era MaTh H 6a6YIIIKa, 3Ha-

IIOCJie)UIHH B03MeCTHT H3;c(ep:lKKH Ha

MeHHTaHMapHH;c(e MoJIHHa, ocwpC»K-

Be;c(eHHe BOHHbl H rrpe;c(CTaBHT BMeCTO

HOCTb H MY;c(pOCTb KOTOpOH B IIOJIHTH-

f paHa;c(CKHe MaBpb!, HCIIOJib3YH

ce6H 3aJIO:lKHHKoB; Xall:Me rrpH3HaBaJI-

t.reCKHX ;c(eJiax H36aBHJIH BHYKa OTMHO-

BHYTpeHHee rroJio:lKeHHe, co3;c(aBIIIe-

CH KoponeM O!:UHJIHH. IIocne ocBo-

rnx orracHoCTell:. MapHH ;c(e MoJIHHa

ecH B KacTHJIHH, Herrpe pb!BHO coBep -

6o:lK;c(eHHH Kapna XpoMoro HH KopoJib

rropyt.rHJia oxpaHy KopoJIH pb!UapHM

IIIaJIH Ha6erH Ha ee rpaHHQbl. MaBpb!

<l>paHQHH, HH rrarra He Bb!IIOJIHHJIH B35I-

ABHJibl H BaJibH;c(OJIH;c(a. IIocne CMep-

BHOBb 3aKJIIO"'HJIH COI03 c MapHHH;c(a-

Tb!X Ha ce6H o65I3aTeJibCTB. <l>paHUy3-

TH rrocne;c(Hero H3 t.reTblpex pereHTOB

MH, KOTOpb!e Bb!Ca;c(HJIHCbB HcrraHHH

cKHll: Koponb, croBopHBIIIHCb c Xall:-

OIIHTh B03o6HoBHJiacb 6opb6a 3a rrpa-

C 60JibiiiHM BOHCKOM H 3aH5IJIH fH6-

Me Mail:opKHHCKHM, yrpo:lKaJI Boll:Holl:

BO orreKH Ha;c( KopoJieM. B Hell: yt.racT-

paJITap . KacrnJibcKaH 3CKa;c(pa ;c(Ba:lK;c(bl rroTe p rrena rro pa:lKeHHe, H xoTH

Aparoey, B O!:UHJIHH 6opb6a rrpo;c(OJI-

BOBaJIH XyaH MaHY:;JJib H XyaH KpH-

:lKaJiacb. ITo ycnoBHHM HOBoro MHpHo-

BOH ( Cb!H HH~ XyaHa, oca)K;c(aBIIIe-

6JIH3 Jle6pHXH HCIIaHCKOe BOHCKO

ro ;c(oroBopa, 3aKJIIOt.reHHoro B Tapac-

ro TapHcpy BO BpeMeHa CaHt.ro IV).

O;c(ep:lKaJIO Bepx Ha;c( acppHKaHQaMH,

KOHe B

1291

rG;c(y, aparoHQbl Bb!HY:lK-

BaJibH;c(OJIH;c(CKHe pb!uapH, oxpaHHB-

IIOJIO:lKeHHe B o6rueM OCTaBaJIO Cb

;c(eHbl 6b!JIH IIOHTH Ha 3Hat.rHTeJibHble

IIIHe KOpOAA, 06b5IBHJIH era COBepiiieH-

BeCbMa cepbe3Hb!M. Tor;c(a KoponH

YCTYIIKH. XoTH CHUHJIHHCKHM Kopo-

HOJieTHHM, e;c(Ba JIHIIIb eMY HCIIOJIHH-

KacTHJIH H, AparoHa H IIopryraJIHH

JieM H rrpH3HaBaJICH Xall:Me, HO Apa-

JIOCb

14 JieT (1325 r.). CT0Jlb TIDKeJibl

o6be;c(HHHJIHCb, H COI03Ha5I apMHH

roH ;c(OJI)KeH 6b!JI yrmaTHTh rrarre ;c(aHb,

6b!JIH HCIIb!TaHHH, KOTOpb!M IIO;c(Bepra-

;c(BHHy JiaCb Ha IIOMOI.Ub TapHcpe, KO-

ycTaHOBJiemryro rrpH IIe;c(po II, 3a Bee

JiaCb CTPaHa, t.rTO, rro CJIOBaM coBpe-

TopyiO OCa:lK;c(aJIH MapHHH;c(bl H rpa-

BpeMH, HCTeKIIIee C MOMeHTa IIpH3Ha-

MeHHHKa-xpoHHCTa, «KOpOJieBCTBO

Ha;c(CKHe MaBpb!. Ha 6epery peKH Ca-

HH5I 3THM KOpoJieM BaCCaJibHOH 3aBH-

COBCeM o6e3JIIO;c(eJIO, H60 BCe pHKOC

Jia;c(o ( 1340 r. ) rrpoH30IIIJio cpa:lKeHHe,

CHMOCTH aparOHCKOrO KOpOJieBCTBa OT

OM6pec )KHJIH pa360eM H HeiipaBe;c(HOH

B K OTO pOM rro 6e;c(HJIH XpHCTHaHe.

rrarrbl. AJibcpoHc III, B CBOIO ot.repe;c(b,

):(06blt.[eH; H, KpOMe TOrO, OIIeKYHb! KO-

3MHp f paHa;c(bl 6e:lKaJI, a MapHHH;c(bl

rrpe;c(IIpHHHMaJI IIOIIb!TKH OTHHTb y

poM BBeJIH MHC»KeCTBO HecrrpaBe}:VIH-

Be peynHcb B AcppHKy H He IIb!TaJIHCb

cBoero 6paTa CHUHJIHIO. B HHBape

Bb!X IIO;c(aTeH, H H3-3a BCero 3TOro 6oJib-

6onee BTOpraThCH B HcrraHHIO, xoTH

12 86

IIIOH YIIIep6 TeprreJIH ropo;c(a H ceneHHH

H rrpo;c(OJI:lKaJIH 3aHHMaTb B AH;c(any-

ro;c(a oH 3aBOeBaJI OCTPOB M e-

HopKy, KOTOpb!H ):(0 3TOrO C"'HTaJICH BaccaJibHb!M BJia;c(eHHeM AparoHa H HOMHHaJibHO 6b!JI H e3aBHCHM.

1312-1350 rr. UAPCTBOBAH~E AllbOHCA XI KACT~Jlb CKOrO. OH ynpo'-IMn a KacTMfTMM KoponeacKy/0 anacTb. C noMOW.b/0 Anbc{JOHCa IV, KOPOflfl nopTyraf/111111, oH Haronoay pas6111n o6beJJ.MHeHHY!OapMII1/0 IIICnaHCKIIIX 111 MapOKKaHCKIIIX MycynbMaH Ha peKe CanaJJ.o (30 OKTR6pfl 1340 r.); :3TO 6blfl noCfle,lJ.HIIIM pas, KOrJ1.8 MycynbMaHe cepbesHo yrpo)l(af1Ml1cna H/11111. OH oca)l(,lJ.an 111 BSflfT Anbxec111pac ( 1344 r. ), '-IT06b! ycTaHOBIIITb KOHTpOfT b HaJJ. ceaepHbiM 6eperoM IM6panmpcKoro npon111aa. Cb!ey <l>epHaH;c(O VI, AnbcpoHcy, e;c(Ba MHHYJI rG;c( B M OMeHT CMepTH KOpoM. IIocKOJibKY rrpH"'HHbl, KOTOpb!e Bbl3BaJIH CMYJY BO BpeMH HeCOBe piiieHHOJieTHH <l>epHaH;c(O

IV,

He 6b!JIH ycT-

paHeHbl, 6ecrrop5I;c(KH B0306HOBHJIHCb, H rrpe)K;c(e Bcero H3-3a crropa o pereHTCTBe , K KOTOPOMY CTPeMHJIHcb MHome.

CMyra IIpO;c(OJI)KaJiaCb ):(0 TeX IIOp, IIOKa He 6b!JIH H a3Hat.reHbl t.reTblpe pereH-

Ta -

HH~;c(OH IIe;c(po H ;c(OH X yaH,

KoponeBCTBa».

CHH HeKOTOpb!e KpeiiOCTH, HaiipHMep

AnbcpoHc XI He Mar rroKOH"'HTh co

P oH;c(y . 3aT eM A JibcpoHc X I B3HJI c

BCeMH 3THMH 3JIOyrroTpe6JieHHHMH H

MOpH A JIXecHpac ( 13 44 r.) H rroiib!TaJI-

IIO;c(aBHTh MHTe:lKH 06blt.[HblMH IIpHeMa-

CHTaK:lKe OTBOeBaTh fH6paJITap. 3IIH-

MH H BblHY)K;c(eH 6b!JI rrpH6ernyn K o6-

;c(eMHH t.rYMb!, :lKepTBOH KOTOpOH CTaJI

MaHY -

e;c(HHCTBeHHOMY cpe;c(CTBY,

KOTopoe cyJIHJIO ycrrex B

3rroxy

A JibcpoHc X I , paccTp OHJia 3aBo eBa TeJibHble IIJiaHbl KaCTHJibUeB ( 13 50 r. ) .

6ecrrpecTaHHb!X rrpe;c(aTeJibCTB H pa3ryna aHapXHt.reCKHX CTpaCTeH. ()H IIpH3BaJI K ce6e BO ;c(Bopeu HHcpama Xya-

1323-1324 rr. 3ABOEBAH~E APArOHOM. OcTpoa

CAPA~H~~

Ha H, cJie;c(yH Tpa;c(HUHHM cBoero oma

6blfl OTBOeBaH y reHy:3S/4eB 111 nMSaH -

H cBoero ;c(e;c(a, rrpHKa3aJI YMepTBHTh

14ea. OJJ.HaKo 6opb6a sa CapJJ.MH/1110

era. Ta :lKe yt.racTh rroCTHrJia MHornx

n p oJJ.OfT)I(aflacb ew,e no'-IT/11 TPMJJ.J4aTb neT.

3a"'HHIIIHKOB CMYTbl. 3TH Mepb! ycTpaiiiHJIH OCTaJibHb!X MHTe:lKHHKOB, B TOM t.rHcJie H XyaHa-Maey3JIH, H Bee OHH H 3b5IBHJIH IIOKOpHOCTb KOpOJII01.

1 0)l;HoBpeMeHHo Am<jloHc XI lKecToKo pacnpaBIDICli CO CBOMMH <jlaBOpliTaMH - BOlKMMJI CHJI],Hh!X rrapTiffi H rpyiiiiHpOBOK 3Ha TH. E11Jlli y6= rapcmliCO )le Jia Bera, PYKaMH KOToporo Am<jloHc XI H36aBHJICli oT XyaHa KpHBoro, H AmBap Hymec )le OcopHo.CBoero Ka3Ha '!ell, eBpeH Xoce , Am<jloHc H3rHaJI, npe)IBapmemHo oTo6paB y Hero Bee er o coKpOBHml!. OT npeTeH)IeHTa Ha npecToJI, Am<jl oHca 11e na Cep)la, Am<jloHc XI OTKyrriDICli )lemr=, a ceHhopa EHcKaiD! Am<jloHca )le Apo Ka3HHJI. Bee 3TH Mephl OTHIO)Ih He crroco6cTBOBaJIH YMHPOTBOpeHHJO; CJIOMH'f], CBoeBOJI],HYKJ 3HaTh Am<jloHcy XI He YllaJIOCh .

1336-1387 rr. UAPCTBOBAnEAPO IV APArOHCKOrO.

H~E

0pi11 HeM ,lJ.fTIIITeflbHble paSHOrflaCIIIfl C 6apoHaMII1 Bblf1111f1111Cb B O)l(eCTO'-IeHHY/0 rpa)l(,lJ.aHCKY/0 BOiiiHy, KYflbMII1HaJ4111ei11 KOTOpoiil f/BIIIflaCb peW/11 TeflbHaf/ no6e,lJ.a ne,lJ.pO IV B 6111TBe np111 8n111ne ( 1348 r.). OH OKOH'-IaTenbHo oTaoeaan y leHyM CapJJ.MH/1110

(1353r.). 1350-1369 rr. UAPCTBOBAH~E nEAPO I >KECTOKOrO, KOPOJl~ KACT~Jl~~- CnepeMeHHbiM ycnexoM oH aen HeCKOH'-IaeMy/0 rpa)I(JJ.aHcKy/0 aoiiiHy sa KopoHy co CBOIIIM 6paTOM leHpiiiXOM TpacTaMape (HeCKOflbKO pas TpOH Ha KaKOe -

3AnA,LJ,HA~ TO BpeMHAOCT8B8J1Cfl reHpMXy). ne,apo I noMoranM aHrnw-taHe no.a KOMaH,aoaaHMeM 9.ayap,aa, npMH~a Y311bCKOro (L{epHoro npMH~a), areHpMxy- rppaH~Y3bl BO maae C KOHHeTa6neM 5epTp8HOMAIO reKJ1eHOM. HecMOTPH Ha To, 'ITO Me)J(.ay AHmMe£1 VI C1JpaH~Me£1 TOr,aa ,aei1CTBOB8J10 nepeMMpMe, 3TO f/Bf1f/J10Cb 3nV130,aoM CToneTHe£1 BOMHbl.

ArrbcpoHc XI ocTaBIIJI o.a;Horo 3aKOHHoro Cb!Ha- IIenpo II IDITb CblHOBeH He3aKOHHOpO'JK}];eHHb!X- 3HpiiKe, <DanpiiKe, <DepHaHno, TeJibo II XyaHa, npmKIITb!X oT 3Harnoll: ceBliJibCKoli naMbl3JieOHOpb! ne fycMaH. ,lJ,oJiroJieTHIDI CBH3b AJibcpoHca XI c 3JieoHopoll: ne fycMaH Bo36)')KnaJia HenoBoJibcTBo KopoJIH IIopryraJIIIII, TeCTH A.rrbcpOHCa, KOTOpb!H liCKaJI noBona MH BMerna-reJibCTBa EO BHYTpeHHIIe neJia KacTIIJIIIII II HarneJI era, Korna nocJie BcryrrJieHIIH Ha npeCTOJI IIenpo Ha<J:aJiaCb 6opb6a 3a KaCTIIJibCK)'IO KOpoey Me'JK}];y 3TliM nocJie.a;HIIM II 6aCTapnaMII AJibcpoHca XI. Bee He3aKOHHble Cb!HOBbH A.rrbcpOHCa IIMeJIII rpoMKIIe TIITyJib!II BJia):(eJIII KpyiiHb!MII ceHbOpiiHMII. B <J:aCTHOCTII, 3HpiiKe HOCIIJI TII'I)'JI rpacpa TpacTaMapcKoro, a <DanpiiKe 6b!JI MariiCTPOM OpneHa CaHTbHrO. CaM cpaKT HaJIII'IIIH B KopoJieBcKoli cpaMIIJillli nByx KOJieH HBJIHJICH yme noBonoM ):(JIH cepbe3Hb!X CTOJIKHOBeHIIH, KOTOpb!e II He 3aMenJIIIJili nocJienoBaTh. KopoJieBa-MaTh cpa3y me nocJie noxopoH KopoM AJibcpoHca HarnJia yno6Hb!H cJiy<J:all:, 'IT06bl OTOMCTliTb CBOeH conepHH[(e, 3aCTaBliB KopoJIH IIenpo omaTh npiiKa3 o6 apec-re 3JieoHopb!. 3TOT aKTMeCTII Bbl3BaJI OTBeTH)'IO p eaK[(liiO y Cb!HOBeH 3JieOHOpb! II y BCeX, KTO B CBOe BpeMH nonnep)I{IIBaJI BHe6pa'IHb!H coi03 AJibcpoHca XI II 3 JieOHOpb!. 3 JieOHOpa, ee Cb!HOBbH II CTOpOHHIIKII, npenyrrpe'JK}];aH co6b!TliH, yKpb!JIIICb B pa3JIII'!Hb!X 3aMKax II yKp enJieHHb!X nYHKTax eme B ry nopy, Korna TeJio AJibcpoHca XI He 6b!JIO norpe6eHo. CTaprniiH Cb!H 3JieoHopb!, 3HpiiKe, 3aTaiiBIIIIIH o6li):(y Ha IIenpo, Bb!pa3IIJI npiiTBOpHyiO nOKOpHOCTh HOBOMY KOpOJIIO II npliMllpiiJICH CHliM. TaK me nocryiiiiJI npyr II poncTBeH-

EBPOnA

HIIK 3HpiiKe, aJIKaJibn AJixeciipaca IIenpo IIoHce ne JieoH. HecMOTPH Ha TO, 'ITO KOpOJib apeCTOBaJI 3JieOHopy, ee Cb!HOBbH He nopb!BaJIII no nopb! no BpeMeHII c IIenpo I II name no6liJillcb OT Hero pa3JIII'!Hb!X nomaJIOBaHIIH. MIIp LIJIIIJICH HenoJiro; II3-3a HeoCTopomHocTII, nonymeHHoll: 3JieoHopoll:, ee noJiomeHIIe yxynrniiJIOCb, II IIenpo cneJiaJI, no-Bli):(liMOMy, nonb!TKy apeCTOBaTb 3HpiiKe. IIocJienHIIH c HeCKOJibKIIMII npy3bHMli 6emaJI B Acrypmo, rne oH IIMeJI 6oraTble BJianeHIIH. Co CBOeH CTOpOHb!, MarHaTbl- KaK npy3bH 6acTapnoB, TaK II IIX Henpyrn - BOCnOJib30BaJIIICb CJIY'laeM ):(JIH Y<J:HHeHIIH CMYTbl- 3HaTh pyKoBonCTBoBaJiacb npii 3TOM CBOIIMII 3rOIICTII'!eCKliMli IIHTepecaMII, XOTII CJienyeT OTMeTliTb, 'ITO y MHOriiX Bbl3BaJIO HenoBOJibCTBO TO o6CTOHTeJibCTBO, 'ITO KOpOJib OKa3b!BaJI oco6oe noKpOBIITeJibCTBO 3HaTHOMY nopTyraJibUY XyaHY AJibcl:JoHco AJib6yKepKe, cBoeMY cpaBOPIITY II JIII'IHOMY COBeTHIIKy. He MeHee MHTemHo HacTpoeHbl 6b!JIII npeJiaTb!II nyxoBHble ceHbopb!. TaK, B nepBb!H me ron cBoero npaBJieHIIH IIenpo I HaKa3aJI eniicKona IIJiaceHCIIII, KOTOpb!ll: ciiJioll: 3axBaTIIJI uepKOBb B fBananyrre, a peCTOBaJI ee HaCTOHTeJIH II OBJianeJI XpaMOBblMli COKpOBIII[(aMII. 0rraCHOCTb yciiJIIIJiaCb eme II noTOMy, 'ITO IIenpo Tfi)I{KO 3a6oJieJI. IIoJiaraH, 'ITO KOpOJib CKOpO yMpeT, MarHaTbl 3aTeHJIII cnop o npecToJioHacJieniiii. TaK KaK IIenpo He IIMeJI eme neTell:, To o.a;HII npe):(JlaraJIII nepenaTh Kopoey IIJieMHHHIIKY AJibcpoHca XI <DepHaHno, MapKII3Y TopTOcbl; npyriie me OTCTaliBaJili KaH):(IInarypy MOrymecTBeHHeHIIIero MarnaTa XyaHa HYHbeca ne Jiapb!, ceHbopa EIIcKall:II, CBH3aHHOro y3aMII ponCTBa C noMOM ne Jia Cepna. JIIo6onb!THO, 'ITO HIIKTO He npenJiaraJI KopoHy 6acTapnaM, na II OHII CaMII He npennpHHIIMaJIII HIIKaKIIX IIIarOB B 3TOMHanpaBJieHllli. Bee 3TH cnopb! Heo)l{llnaHHO npepBaJIIICb - KopoJib IIenpo Bbl3nopoBeJI, II cnycTH HeMHOrO BpeMeHII yMep XyaH HYHbec ne Jiapa. OnHaKo 6ecnopHnKII Ha'laJIIICb CHOBa, Korna no npiiKa3y BnOBCTByIOI[(eH KopoJieBbl 6b!Jia YMepmBJieHa 3JieoHopa (Heii3BeCTHo, naH Jill 6b!JI

269 3TOT n piiKa3 c BenoMa IIenpo, KOTOpb!ll: 6b!JI eme no'ITII pe6eHKOM; HO, EO BCHKOM cJiy<J:ae, XyaH AJib6yKepKe Y<J:aCTBOBaJI B 3TOM neJie ). Bnpo<J:eM, BCKope Bee 6acTapLibl, KpOMe 3HpiiKe, li3bHBliJili CBOIO noKOpHOCTb KOpOJIIO 6opb6a co 3HaTbiO 111 6acTap.QaMIII

KaCTIIJibCKaH 3HaTh 6b!Jia B Bb!Crnell: CTeneHII He npiicnoco6JieHa K MIIpHOH mii3Hli II K nOBliHOBeHHIO, a IIenpo, B CBOIO O'Iepenb, OTHIOnb He CKJIOHeH 6b!JI npomaTh KOMY 6bl TO Hll 6b!JIO nep30CTII II norrycKaTb MHTe)I{Hble nell:CTBIIH. EoJiee TOro, rpy6b!ll II nopb!BIICTb!ll HpaB Bcerna no6y'JK}];aJI KOpOM K 6b!CTPb!M II 3Heprii'lHb!M penpeCCliHM, KOTOpb!e np OHBJIHJlliCb B CTOJib me meCTOKOH cpopMe, KaK II 3K3eKyUIIII, KOTOpb!e y<J:IIHHJIII era o-reu II nen. EcTecTBeHHO,'ITOCTOJIKHOBeHIIH co 3HaThiO He 3aMenJIIIJIII n ocJienoBaTb. C n epBa fap ciiJibHco ne Jia Berii, 6yproccKIIH MarHaT, coBMecrno C npyrnMII 3HaTHb!Mli JIIOnbMli 3TOro ropona Bbl3BaJI B Eyproce 6ecnopHnKII, EO BpeMH KOTOpb!X 6b!JI y6IIT KopoJieBCKIIH c6opl[(IIK nonaTell:. HymHo oTMeTIITh, 'ITO f apciiJibHco 6b!JI CTOpOHHliKOM pona Jlapa II BparoM A Jib6yKepKe . ITo co6 CTBeHHOH me HeOCTOpomHOCTli f apCliJibHCO yroniiJI B TIOpbMY II 6b!JI BMeCTe C TpeMH CBOIIMII npy3bHMli Ka3HeH. MHomecTBo miiTeJiell: Eyproca, onacaHcb MeCTII co cTopoHbl KopoJIH, 6emaJIII II3 ropona. Cn ycTH HeKOTOpoe BpeMH npyroll: MarHaT, AJibcpoHco <DepHaHnec KopoHeJib, ceHbop ropona AriiJiapa, BoccTaJI n p oTIIB Ko poJIH (non n penJioroM 6opb6bl c A Jib6yKepKe) II BcryniiJI B neperoBopb! c npyriiMII MarHaTaMII II r p aHancKIIMII MaBpaMII. IIen po ocaniiJI AriiJiap, B3HJI ropon II npiiKa3aJI Ka3HIITb KopoHeJIH II Bcex 3HaTHb!X OC06, KOTOpb!e OKa3b!BaJili eMy nonnep)I{Ky. AriiJiap 6b!JI o6bHBJieH KOpOJieBCKliM noMeHOM (realengo) Ha Be'!Hble BpeMeHa. B CBOIO O'lepenb, non TeM me npenJioroM 6opb6bl n poTIIB AJib6yKe pKe, Ha<J:aJIII pa3miiraTh CMYTY 6acTapLibl.

270

3nOXA MOHIOJlOB. 1200-1400 rr.

O.o;HH H3 HHX, Tenbo, orpa6HJI

MHOrHe ITpe.o;CTaBHTeJIH 3HaTH 6biJIH

CTBYH ee cy.o;b6e, TaK}Ke B OCCTaJIH,

6yprOCCKHX K)'II[(OB, KOTDpbie CJie):(O-

y6HTbi, aTe, KOTOpbie CITaCJIHCb, H3-

ITo.o;aB ITpHMe p .o:pyrHM ropo.o;aM . O.o;-

BaJIH Ha HpMapKy B AJibKaJia, a 3aTeM

6e}KaJIH rn6eJIH JIHIIIb 6naro.o;apH .o;o-

HoBpeMeHHo KOpOJIH ITOKHHYJIH MHO-

6e}KaJI B AparoH. TeM BpeMeHeM 3H-

Hbe MapHH. B '!aCTHOCTH, CJIO)KHJI

rHe ero ITpHBep}KeHUbi H .o:a}Ke HH-

pHKe ITo6y}K):(aJI K MHTe}KY acrypHH-

ronoBy MarncTp op.o;eHa KanaTpaBbi

<jJaHTbi AparoHa, KOTOpbie BHa'!aJie

Acrypmo,

H .o;pyr AJib6YKepKe, KOTopbiH, ITOJiy-

6biJIH Ha ero cTopoHe. Bee ITpocHJIH

OBJia):(eJI XHxoHoM H, 3axBaTHB cyiT-

'!HB OT KOpOJIH o6el[(aHHe, rapaHTH-

KopoJIH ocTaBHTh MapHIO IIa.o;HJibH

pyry 3HpHKe, ITPHHYAHJI ITOCJie):(Hero

pyiOI[(ee eMy ITOJIHYIO HeiTpHKOCHO-

H ITpeKp aTHTh pa3):(a'!y ITO}KaJIOBaHHH

K MHpy. IIpaB.o;a, Koponb oman 3H-

BeHHOCTb, HBHJICH K ITOCJie):(HeMy B

ee po.o;H'!aM. BoccTaBIIIaH 3HaTb ITbi-

pHKe BCe 3aMKH H 3eMJIH, KOTOpbie

3aMOK AJibMarpo. Y6HH[(a- )];Hero

TaJiacb .o;ocTH'!b cornaiiieHHH c Kopo-

[(eB. IIe.o;po HarrpaBHJICH B

6biJIH OTHHTbi y Ka3HeHHOH 3JieOHO-

fapcHa .o;e IIa.o;HJibH- Ha3Ha'!eH 6biJI

JieM, HaCTaHBaH Ha CBOHX Tpe6oBa-

pbi, y caMoro 3HpHKe H y ero cyrrpy-

Ha OCB060):(HBIIIYIOCH TaKHM o6pa30M

HHHX H O):(HOBpeMeHHO 3aHBJIHH 0

rn. TaKHM o6pa3oM, IIe.o;po ITpOHBHJI

):(OJI}KHOCTb MarncTpa Op.o;eHa Kana-

CBOeH ITpe):(aHHOCTH MOHap xy. TeM

YCT)'II'!HBOCTb ITO OTHOIIIeHHIO K 3H-

TpaBbi.

B peMeHeM A n b6yKepKe yMep (KaK

pHKe, H6o 3a.o;a'!a yMHpoTBopeHHH CTpaHbi 6biJia MH Hero 6onee Ba}K-

yTBep}K):(aJIH HeKOTOpbie, 6 y.o;y'!H

n111ra npOTIIIB na,Qiilnblil Ill KOpOnH

HOH, '!eM aKTbi JIH'!HOH MecTH 3a ocKop6neHHH H 06H):(bi.

Kopom, ne,qpo, EinaHKa Eiyp60HCK8SI Ill Mapi!ISI ,Qe na,QiilnbH B

1353

OTpaBJieHHbiM ITO ITpHKa3y KO pOJIH); ITpe):(CTaBHTeJIH 3HaTH ITO):( BJIHHHH-

BcKope ITocne 3Toro Koponb

eM MaTe pH KOpOJIH ITpH6erJIH K 3Hep-

o6bHBHJI Botl:Hy Anb6YKepKe, C'!HTaH

rH'!HbiM MepaM . 0HH ITpe.o;JIO)KHJIH

ero MHTe}KHHKOM. EbiBIIIHH <jJaBopHT

KopoJIIO .o;aTh cBoe cornacHe Ha ITe-

3aKJIIO'!HJI COI03 C 6aCTap):(aMH-

peroBopbi c HHMH B Topo. K o r.o;a KO-

3HpHKe H <l>a.o;pHKe; peiiieHO 6biJIO

poJib ITpH6biJI B 3TOT ropo.o;, OHH JIH -

ITO):(HHTb BOCCTaHHe, HH3JIO}KHTb IIe-

IIIHJIH ero cBo6o.o;bi, paciTpe.o;eJIHJIH

ro.o;y KopoJib IIe.o;po }Ke-

.o;po H ITepe.o;aTb KOpoHy O):(HOMY H3

Me}K.o;y co6 oH: rJiaBHbie ITOCTbi ITPH

HHJICH Ha EJiaHKe Eyp6oHcKoH, ITO-

CbiHOBeH ITOpTyraJibCKOrO KOpOJIH,

):(BOpe H Ha'!aJIH yiTpaBJIHTb KOpOJieB-

po.o;HHBIIIHCb TaKHM o6pa30M C <jJpaH-

BHYKY CaH'!O

IIocJie):(HHH ciTepBa

CTBOM ITO CBOeMy ycMOTpeHHIO, H e

UY3CKHM KoponeBCKHM .o;oMoM. 3roT

H 3bHBHJI cornacHe Ha ITpe.o;Jio}KeHHe

T OJibKO H e C'!HTaHCb C MHeHHeM KOpoJIH, HO H ITO):(BepraH ero ITOCT)'IIKH

IV.

6paK 6 biJI yCTpoeH AJib6yKepKe H

MHTe}KHHKOB, HO 3aTeM OTKa3aJICH OT

MaTepbiO-KoponeBOH. 0):(HaKo erue .o;o

KaCTHJibCKOH KOpOHbi , CJie):(yH COBe-

pe3KOH KpHTHKe . B KOH[( e KOH[(OB B

}KeHHTb6bi IIe.o;po BCT)'IIHJI B CBH3b

TaM oma.

narepe ITo6e.o;HTeJietl: B03HHKJIH pa3 -

(ITpH HeiTocpe.o;cTBeHHoM co.o;eHCTBHH

B 3ry

cMyry BMeiiiaJicH ITarra, KO-

Horn acHH . Koponb BOCITOJib30BaJicH

AJib6YKepKe) c MapHeH .o;e IIa.o;HJibH,

TopbiH ITOTpe6oBaJI, '!T06bi KOpOJib

3THM H 6e}KaJI H3 Topo c HeKoTopbi-

.o;aMotl: H3 3HaTHotl: c eMbH. Liep e3 TPH

BepeyncH K 3aKOHHOH cyiTpyre . IIe.o:-

MH ITp e.o;c TaBHTeJIHMH 3HaTH, 'ITO

):(HH ITOCJie CBa):(b6bi OH 6e}KaJI H3

po H e TDJibKO H e BHHJI HaCTaBJieHHHM

Bbi3BaJIO 60JibiiiOe 3aMeiiiaTeJib CTBO

):(Bo pua K IIa.o;HJibe. 3To co6biTHe

ITaiibi, HO BCT)'IIHJI B 6paK c XyaHoH

B p H):(aX MHTe}KHHKOB H ITpHBeJIO K

Bbi3BaJIO B BaJibHIJ:OJIH):(e, r.o;e Haxo-

.o;e KacTPo, BIJ:OBOH H3 3HaTHoH ceMbH,

paciTa.o;y KOaJIH[(HH . IIe.o;po co6pan

.O:HJICH ):(BOp, 60JibiiiOe CMHTeHHe .

COCJiaBIIIHCb Ha TO, 'ITO ero 6paK C

BOHCKO H HaHeC ITOpa}KeH He JIH[(aM,

MHorHe ITpe.o;CTaBHTeJIH 3HaTH, cpe-

EnaHKOH He.o;etl:CTBHTeJieH . E e3 TPY-

OKa3biBaBIIIHM eMy COITpOTHBJieHHe .

AH KOTOpbiX HaxO):(HJIHCb TaK}Ke ero

.o:a eMy y.o;aJIOCb ):(06HTbCH OT IJ:BYX

Oco6eHHO yiTopHyiO 6opb6y c KopoJieM BeJIH ero CBO):(Hble 6paTbH 3H-

ITocry-

eiTHCKOITOB (CanaMaHKH H ABHJibi)

ITOK KOpOJIH, C'!HTaH, 'ITO ITpHMbiM

ITpH3HaHHH He):(eHCTBHTeJibHOCTH ero

pHKe H <l>a.o;pHKe : 6y.o:y'IH pa3rpoM -

CJie):(CTBHeM COBepiiiHBIIIHXCH C06bi-

6 paKa c EnaHKOH. Ha cne.o;yiOI[(HH

JieHbi B ropax 6 JIH3 A BHJibi, OHH OT-

THH 6y.o;eT ITa.o;eHH e Anb6 yKepKe.

.o;eHb ITocne CBa):(b6bi IIe.o;po 6pocHJI

cryiTHJIH K Tone.o;o, r .o;e co}KrJIH H

)J;pyrne ITOpHUaJIH ITOBe.o;eHHe IIe.o;po,

XyaHy; ITOBTDpHJiacb CTapaHHCTDpHH

ITO.O:BeprnH pa3rpa6neHHIO eBpeH: -

CBO.O:Hbie 6paTbH, o.o;o6pHJIH

H HeMaJio .o;BopHH y .o;anHJIOCb B CBOH

c EnaHKOH. IIaiTa cypoBo ocy~J:HJI 3TOT

CKHH KBapTaJI H ITepe6HJIH MHO}KeCT-

BJia.o;eHHH. TaK ITOCTYITHJI 3HaTHbiH

ITOCT)'IIOK H ITpHKa3aJI B036y):(HTb ITpO-

BO ero o6HTaTeneH:. IIe.o;po cne.o;oBaJI

ranHcHe[( <DepHaHIJ:O .o;e KaCTpo. AJib-

[(eCC ITpOTHB ):(Byx BbiiiieyriOMHHYTbiX

ITO ITHTaM 3a BOHCKOM 6acTap):(OB H

6YKepKe, oiTacaHcb KopoJIH, BHa'!aJie

eiTHCKOITOB, ITpHrp03HB KOpOJIIO OTJiy-

OBJia.o;en Tone.o:o H Topo . B o6oHX ro-

6e)KaJI B BaJibH):(OJIH.O:, a 3aTeM B Kap-

'!eHHeM OT [(epKBH.

po.o;ax OH }KeCTOKO paciTpaBH JICH C

Baxanec- ceJieHHe, paciTOJIO}KeHHoe

TeM BpeMeHeM BOCCTaHHe, opra-

MHTe}KHHKaMH. HeKoTopbix H3 HHX

6JIH3 ITopryraJibCKOH rpaHH[(bi. Ko-

HH30BaHHoe Anb6yKepKe H .O:BYMH

OH ITpHKa3aJI yMepTBHTb y HOr CBO-

ponb, KOTOpbiH HaxO):(HJICH ITO):( BJIH-

CBO):(HbiMH 6paTbHMH KOpOJIH, pa3pa-

eH M aTe pH, KOT opaH ITpoKJIHJia ero 3a

HHHeM iJ:OHbH MapHH H ee po.o;cTBeH-

CTaJIOCb. K Anb6yKepKe ITpHcoe.o;H-

3TOT ITOCT)'IIOK. B pe3yJibTaTe Tep-

HHKOB, ITpHKa3aJI 3aTO'!HTh EJiaHKY B

HHJICH <DepHaH.o;o .o;e KacTpo H MHO-

popH3Hp oBaHHbie MHTe}KHHKH ITpe-

KpeiTOCTb ApeBano H o6pyiiiHJICH Ha

rHe .o:pyrHe ITp e.o;cTaBHTeJIH 3HaTH.

Kp aTHJIH 6opb 6y ITpOTHB K OpOJIH.

CBOHX copaTHHKOB H ITpH6JIH)KeHHbiX.

)KHTeJIH Tone.o;o, Ky.o;a KopoJib ITpH-

3HpHKe 6e}KaJI BO <l>paHUHIO, a <l>a.o;-

Do ero TaHHOMY paciTopH}KeHHIO

Ka3 aJI ITepeBe 3TH EnaHKY, co 'lyE-

pHKe H Tenbo ITOKopHJIHCb KopoJIIO .

3AnA)J.HA$l EBPOnA nepaast H BTOpast BOHHa cAparoHoM

271

BoltHa npo,ll,OJI)f(aJiacb Ha cyiiie H

ero CTOpOHHHKH 6e)f(aJIH no <l>paH-

Ha Mope c nepeMeHHbiM ycnexoM.

UHIO. BcKope nocJie 3TOro nocJie,ll,O-

KopoJIIO Tie,ll,po H3MeHHJIH HeKoTO-

BaJia CMePTb 3aKOHHOlt cynpyrH KOpOJIJI- bJiaHKH (BH,ll,HMO, y6HTOj;j no

uapHJI MHp, HO BCKOpe BHOBb paspa-

pbie ero npH6JIH)f(eHHble, H OH BHOBb yqHHHJI )f(eCTOKHe Ka3HH. HaKoHeu

3HJiaCb soj;jHa, Ha3TOT pas y:>Ke c BHe-

nop3)f(eHHe CBO,ll,HOro 6paTa KOpOJIJI,

JibH.

IIIHHM sparoM- AparoHoM. TipeAJioroM K 3'J'Oj;j BOj;jHe nocJiy)f(HJIO TO

3HpHKe B Haxepe, C,ll,eJiaJio B03MO)f(HbiM Be.Jl.eHHe MHpHbiX neperosopos,

o6CTO.srreJibCTBO, qro 3CK3,ll,pa KaTa-

Ha KOTopbie KopoJib AparoHa renepb

JIOHCKHX KOpa6Jiej;j 33XBaTHJia B BO-

AaJI csoe comacHe. 0,ll,HaKO 3TH ne-

HeKoTopoe BpeMJI B KacTHJIHH

npHKasy Tie,ll,po) H MapHH ,ll,e Tia,ll,H-

BoHHa c MaapaMH. Hoaast BOHHa cAparoHoM

,l1,3X KacTHJIHH, Ha masax y KopoJIJI

perosopbi copBaJIHCb, H soltHa npo-

Tie,ll,pO,,ll,BareHy33CKHX CY.Jl.Ha, MOTH-

.Jl.OJI)f(aJiacb .Jl.O MaJI

ro,ll,a. TipH

rpaHa,qe, f,ll,e npeCTOJI 33XBaTHJI KHJI-

BHpyH 3TOT 3axBaT reM, qTO AparoH

co,ll,eltcTBHH nancKoro JieraTa 6h1Jlo 3aKJIIOqeHO COrJiaiiieHHe. 3HpHKe H

3eK A6y-CaHA, no npo3BHIUY EepMexo («Pbl)f(Hj;j»), KOpOJib Tie,ll,pO HaqaJI

H reHy.JI H3XO,ll,HJIHCb B COCTO.JIHHH

1361

BocnoJib30BaBIIIHHCb CMYTaMH B

soj;jHbi. Kopa6JIH 6h1JIH yse,ll,eHbi KaTaJIOHUaMH, XOTJI Tie,ll,pO HaCTaHBaJI Ha HX ocso6Cfll()J,eHHH. Boj;jHa,ll,JIHJiacb Ha 3TOT pa3 He,ll,oJiro. B

1357

ro.LI.y

6biJIO 3aKJIIoqeHO nepeMHpHe Ha O,ll,HH fO.Jl.. 3HpHKe, CBO,ll,HbJj;j 6paT KOpOJIJI, H ,ll,pyme 3HaTHbie KaCTHJibUbi, HaxO,ll,HBIIIHeC.JI BO <l>paHUHH, nOMOfaJIH Kopomo A paroHa.

Bpa:w-.LI.aM~Y o6oHMH MOHapxaMH, O.Jl.HaKo, He npeKpamaJiacb. B TO speMJI KaK KopoJib AparoHa Tie,ll,po IV CTapaJIC.JI npHo6peCTH KaK MO)f(HO 60Jibiiie COI03HHKOB ,ll,JIJI 6y,ll,yiUelt 6opb6bi, ero KaCTHJibCKHj;j Te3Ka, He ,ll,OBepJIH CBOeMY OKpy)f(eHHIO, onacaJICb npe,ll,a'reJibCTBa H CBHpeno KapaH 3a npocrynKH, cosepiiieHHble npoTHB Hero B npOIIIJIOM, npO,ll,OJI)f(aJI yqgHJITb :>KeCTOKHe 3K3eKyUHH, :>KepTBaMH KOTopbiX CTaJIH <l>a,qpHh.'e, ero KY3eH HHq>aHT XyaH, KOTopbij;j cTpeMHJIC.JI CTaTb CeHbOpOM bHCKaltH, H MHOrHe ,ll,pyrne npe,ll,CTaBH'reJIH 3HaTH H3 Kop,ll,OBbi, CaJiaMaHKH H HHbiX MeeT. YMepmBJieHHe <l>a,ll,pHKe noseprJIO B HpOCTb ero 6paTa, H3XO,ll,HBIIIeroCJI B AparoHe, H oH, HeB3HpaH Ha nepeMHpHe, BTOprcJI B KacTHJIHIO. 0,ll,HOBpeMeHHO HHq>aHT <l>epHaH,ll,O- 6paT XyaHa, y6HToro KopoJieM, - BToprc.JI B KacTHJIHIO co cTOpoHbi MypcHH. Tie,ll,po, onHpaJicb Ha noMeP)f(KY nopryraJibCKoro H rpaH3.Jl.CKoro q>JIOTOB, ,ll,eJI'reJibHO fOTOBHJICJI K Hana,ll,eHHIO Ha AparoH c MopH. B KoHq>JIHKT BMeiiiaJIC.JI narra, nonbiTKH KOTOporo npHMHpHTb Bp3)£(AYIOIUHe cTopoHbi He yseHqaJIHCb ycnexoM, TaK KaK KopoJib AparoHa peIIIH'reJibHO OTKa3aJICJI npHHJITb MHpHble npe,ll,JIO)f(eHHJI.

VicnaHO- Ma Bpl!tT3HCKJ1H Me-.!. Knl!tHOK, A3TI!tpyeMbl H OKOno 134 7 r., c wMeHeM MyxaMMeAa V, CbiHa IOcycf>a; 3cf>ec wcnaHctroi:i pa6oTbl XVI a.

272

3nOXA MOHIOJlOB. 1200-1400 rr.

BOHR)' C MaBpa:MII B COI03e C 6biBIIIHM rpaHMCKHM 3MHpoM MyxaMMe.o;oM V, KOTDpblli o6eru:an IIe.o:po ru:e.o:pyro Harpa.o:y 3a OKa3aHH)'IO eMy IIOMOII(b. Boll:Ha rrpo.o:onmanacb He.o:onro; IIe.o:po 3aMaHHJI K ce6e A6y-CaH):la, n Kor.o:a IIOCJie):(Hllll HBHJICH K KOpOJIIO, TDT IIpHHHJI ero BeCbMa 6JiaroCKJIOHHO, HO 3aTeM OTD6pan BCe COKpOBllll(a rOCTH H co6cTBeHHopyqHo y6HJI ero, MOTHBnpyH 3TDT aKTBepOJIOMCTBa TeM, 'TID A6y-Call):( B CBOe BpeMH OKa3biBaJI rroMOII(b Aparoey B BOHHe c KaCTHJIHeil. BcKope B03o6HOBHJiacb Boll:Ha c AparoHoM. B caMoM Hatiane 3TDH BOHHbi 3HpHKe BHOBb BCTYIIHJI B COI03 c KoponeM AparoHa n rro):(IlllcaJI c HHM B 1363 ro):(y COrJiaiiieHHe, B KOTDpOM BrrepBbie rpaQ_:J TpacTaMapcKilll BbiCTYrraeT B poJIH rrpeTeH):(eHTa Ha rrpecTDJI KaCTHJIHH. XoTH MHp Mem.o:y AparoHOM n KacTHJIHeil 6biJI 3aKJIIO'IeH O'IeHb CKOpO, TeM He MeHee OH He 6biJI rrpo.o:oJI)KHTeJibHbiM. KopoJib A paroHa BHOBb 3aKJIIO'IHJI COI03 C3HpHKe ll o6eIl(aJI eMy OKa3biBaTh IIOMOII(b B OBJia):(eHHll rrpeCTOJIOM C ycJIOBHeM, 'lTD rrocne rro6e):(bl Ha.o: IIe.o:po 3HpHKe rrepe.o:aCT BO BJia):(eHne AparoHa KopoJieBCTBO MypcHIO n PHA BamHbiX KperrocTell:, pacrronomeHHbiX 6JIH3 KacTHJibCKo-aparoHcKoil rpaHllll;bi. Boll:Ha rrpo.o:onmanacb rJiaBHbiM o6pa3oM co cTopoHbi BaneHCHH n Mypcnn. B CTpeMJieHHH YBeJIH'IHTh CBOH CHJibi IJ:OH 3HpnKe n KopoJib AparoHa ycnJieHHo llCKaJill HOBbiX COI03HHKOB.

«Eienble KOMnaHIIIIII». no6e,Qa 3Hp111Ke Coi03HHKH 3TH 6biJIH Hail.o:eHbi. IIe.o:po IV AparoHcKHilH3HpHKe rrpnBJieKJIH Ha CBOIO CTOpOH)' TaK Ha3biBaeMbie «6eJibie KOMIIaHHH» ~ 6aHAbi aBaHTIOpHCTOB, KOTOpbie pa30pHJill <DpaHU:HIO. C 3THM c6po.o:oM 3 HpHKe TpacTaMapcKilllH IIe.o;po IV 3aKJIIO'IllJIH corJiaiiieHne He 6e3 co.o;ell:cTBHH rrarrhi (ThH pe3ll):(eHu;nH 6biJia TDr):(a B ABHHbOHe) n Q_:JpaHu;y3cKoro KopoJIH, KOTDpbie He 'IaHJill, KaK llM H36aBllThCH oT 6ecrroKollHb!x rocTell:. TaK CTpaCTHO )Ka)KiJ:aJIH BO <l>paHu;HHH36aBJieHllH OT «6eJibiX KOMIIaHHH», 'lTD rrarra ):(aJI HM 100 TbiCH'l 30JIOTbiX QJJIOpHHOB C YCJIOBlleM, 'ITD6bi 6aH):(HTbl IIOCKO-

pee y6npaJIHcb B HcrraHHIO. KopoJib AparoHa TaKme .o:an HM 100 TbiCH'l QJJIOpHHOB ll, KpOMe TOro, rrpe):(OCTaBHJI HM IIpaBO IIpHCBOeHHH BCero, 'ITO 6y.o:eT HMH Harpa6neHo B HcrraHHH, c ycJIOBHeM, 'IT06bi OHll He pa30pHJIH CeJieHllll ll ropo):(OB Ha TeppHTOpllll AparoHa. 3TD cornaiiieHne n rroqecTH, oKa3aHHbie KoponeM AparoHa Ha'IaJibHHKY .O:pymHH, KOTDpOMY OH ):(aJI THTYJI rpaQ_:Ja Eopxa, He rroMeiiiaJIH aBaHTIOpHCTaM COBepiiiaTh 6eC'IllHCTBa, rpa6e)Kll, y6HilcTBa H rro):()Korn B Eap6acTpo n .o:pyrnx ropo.o:ax AparoHa. «EeJibie KOMIIaHHH» COCTOHJIH ll3 HeMIJ;eB, raCKOHU:eB, llCIIaHIJ;eB, aHrJIH'IaH n T.IJ:. Bo rJiaBe nx Haxo):(HJICH QJpaHU:Y3CKHH pbiu;apb EepTpaH )J,IO feKJieH ll QJpaHIJ;y3CKHe ll aHrJIHHCKHe ceHbOpbi. 3HpHKe TpacTaMapcKoMy OKa3biBaJill TaKme IIOMOII(b MHOrHe 3Harnble KaCTllJibU:bi n aparoHIJ;bi. IIpn nx rro.o:.o:epmKe oH 3aHHJI Kanaoppy n rrpoB03rnacHJI ce6H KopoJieM KacTHJIHH 16 MapTa 1366 ro.o:a. OH 3axBaTHJI 3aTeM Eyproc (B KOTDpoM KopoHOBaJicH), Tone.o:o n CeBllJibiO. IIe.o:po 6emaJI B faJIHCHIO, a OTry.o:a BO <l>paHU:lliO, B EailoHHy. OqyTHBIIIHCb B BeCbMa TPYAHOM rronomeHHH, KopoJib IIe.o:po o6paTHJICH 3a IIOMOII(biO K aHrJIH'IaHaM ll K KOpOJIIO HaBappbi. HHoro Bblxo.o:a y Hero He 6biJIO, 6oJibiiiaH qacTh 3HaTH ll ropO):(OB JIH60 rrepeiiiJia Ha CTOpOHY 3HpHKe, nn6o H3bHBHJia rrocne.o:HeMy rroKopHOCTh. Ho IIe.o;po He Mor 3apy'IHThcH rroMOII(biO 6e3B03Me3):(HO. OH BbiHym):(eH 6biJI o6eru:aTh 6acKcKHe 3eMJIH, AnaBy, JiorpoHbo, <DHTepo, Kanaoppy n AnbQ_:lapy, EepMeo, EHJib6ao, KacTpoyp~J:Hanec, a TaKme MHOrlle .O:pyrne KpeiiOCTll, TeppHTOpHH, ropo.o:a n ceneHHH KopoJIIO HaBappbi.

npof/BMB ce6f/ CTpaTerOM 6onee MCKyWeHHbiM, LfeM B

npeAbfAY~MX KaM-

naHMf/X, LfepHbiM npMHI4 o6owen r:/)paH!4Y3CKO-KaCTMflbCKYIO apMM/0, nbtTaBWYIOCf/ nperpaAMTb eMy nyrb Lfepe3 PoHceaanbcKoe y~enbe sAOnMHY 36po. Mapw era 6btn HacmnbKO CTpeMMTeneH, LfTO, KOrAa LfepHbiM npMHI4 nepenpaBMflCfl Lfepe3 36po, leHpMx TpacTaMape M KOHHeTa6nb 5epTpaH A/0 leKneH 6btnM BbtH}?I<AeHbt nocneWHO OTCrynMTb OT peKM Ha 10r. B KaCTMflbCKoiii apMMM 6btno npMMepHo 2TbiCf/LfM r:/)paH!4Y3CKMXTf/)f(eflbiX KaBanepMCTOB, 5 Tb!Cf/Lf 500 KaCTMflbCKMX Tf/)f(eflbiX KaBanepMCTOB, 4 TbiCf/LfM nerKMX KaBanepMCTOB, 6 TbiCf/Lf ap6aneTLfMKOB M OKOflO 20 Tb!Cf/Lf HeHaAe)f(Horo nexoTHoro ononLfeHMfl. 8oi1JCKO LfepHOro npMH!4a COCTOf/flO, BepOf/THO, M3 10 Tb!Cf/Lf KOHHMKOB (COBOKynHO Tf/)f(eflbiX M nerKMX), a TaK)f(e 10 Tb!Cf/Lf HaeMHbiX neXOTMH!4eB ( HaCKOflbKO M3BeCTHO, nOflOBMHa M3 HMX 6btnMflYLfHMKaMM, nOflOBMHa -ap6aneTLfMKaMM M KOneiii~MKaMM). BbtCTPOMBWMCb APYr HanpoTMB APyra /O)f(Hee 3 6po 6nM3 Haaaperra (3 anpeflf/) B Tp M flMHMM, apMMM CTaflM c6nM)f(aTbCfl no6

s no6,

Aa)f(e He

nbtTaf/Cb MaHeBpMpoaaTb. B aaaHrapAe KaCTMflbCKOro BOMCKa 6 btnM cneWMBWMeCf/ r:/)paH!4Y3CKMe Tf/)f(eflbte KOHHMKM nOA KOMaHAOBaHMeM KOHHeTa6nfl A/0 leKneHa. KacTMnbcKafl KaaanepMfl noHecna Tfl)f(eflbte noTepM OT OrHf/ aHrflMMCKMX flYLfHMKOB M none 60fl nOKMHyna, HO r:/)paH14Y3aM B Tf/)f(eflbiXAOCnexax 3 TOT o6CTpen BpeAa nOLfTM He npMLfMHMfl. XOTfl rj)paH!4Y3bl 6MflMCb CTOMKO M A06neCTHO, MCnaHCKMe C0/03HMKM MX acKope 6 btnM paccef/Hbt, M nocne O)f(eCTOLfeHHOM pyKonaWHOM rj)paH14Y3bl CAaflMCb. noTepM KaCTMflbCKOM apMMM COCTaBMflM 7Tb1Cf/Lf y6MTb iM M, BKfl/OLfaf/ 400 r:/)paH14Y30B M 700 MC-

HABAPETICKME KAMITAHHH If ElfTBA, 1367 r.

naHCKMX Tf/)f(efl biX KOHHMKOB, a TaK)f(e 6 TbtCf/Lf pa36e)f(aBWMXCfl n exo TMH14eB; paHeHbiX, BepOf/THO, 6 btn0 npMMepHo cTOnbKO )((e. AHmMi1IcKafl apMMfl noTepf/na, no HeKOTOpbi M MCTO LfHMKaM, 100 LfeflOBeK y6MTbiMM;

3AyapA, npMH14 YanbCKMiii (LJepHbtiii npMHI4) n epeaen apMM/0 Lfepe3 nMpeHeM ( r:/)eapanb 1367 r. ), LfT06bt aepHyrb TPOH neApO

)/(ecTOKOMY,

paHeHbiX, BepOf/THO, 6 btnOHeCKOfl bKO COTeH.

1369 r. EiHTBA nPH MYTHHE. 3AyapA, npMH14 YanbCKMiii (LJepHbtiii

3AnA)J.HA$l EBPOnA nplliHI..I) noccoplliflCR c ne.apo I )f(ecTOKIIiM 111 yeen ceo10 apMIIi/0 1113 t.1cnaHII1111. leHpllixTpacraMape, cHoeanplli no.a.aep)I(Ke KOHHera6nR .a10 leKneHa, B36yHroeancR. B O)l(ecro~eHHo£1 6111ree np111 CbJO.aa.a-Peane leHpllix TpacraMape co6creeHHOP~Ho y6111n ne.apo I 111 38XB8TIIifl TPOH. 1369-1379 rr. U,APCTBOBAHVIE fEHPVIXA II TPACTAMAPE, KOPOJlSI KACTV!JlVIVI. HecKonbKO pa3 OH eoeean c nopryran111eft!11 AparoHoM; .ao6!11TbCR pew111renbHOro nepeeeca Hili B O,aHOWII13 K8Mn8HII1W HlliKOMY He y.aanocb. KacrllinbcKIIifr cpnor noMoran cf>paHLtY3CKOMY no6e,aii1Tb 8Hrflii1WCKII1W B cpa)l(eH!I1111 y J1aPowen!l1 ( 1372 r.).

273

( adalides), cBoero poAa HaqaJibHMKax

JiyycTaBH oro-rr oJiyHayqH oro xapaK-

IIITa6oB, Ha3HaqaeMhiX KopoJieM no

repa 0 BOeHHOM MCh'YCCTBe M IIpaBM-

12 OIIbiTHhiX BOMHOB H

Jiax BeAeHMJI BOitHbi. IIpHMepoM MO-

o6JI3aHHhiX BeCTM BOitCKO, HaiipaB-

)KeT CJIY)KMTb rrpe_L\IIIeCTBYIOI.UMli

rrpe_L\JIO)KeHMIO

JIJITh ero no repHorvty rryTM, cHa6)KaTb

«IlapTMAaM» c6opHMK «CTapble q>y-

IIpOBMaHTOM B ):\OCTaTO'iHOM KOJIM'ie-

3poc KOHHbiX OIIOJI'ieHMit» (Fuero

CTBe M IIpOH3BO.L\HTh paccJie):\OBaHMJI

viejo de las cavalgadas), cocTaBJieH-

IIO BOIIpOCaM, B03HMKaiOI.UMM B CBJI-

Hbiii Ha OCHOBe pa3JIM'iHblX IOpMAM-

3M C Ha6era.MM, B 'iaCTHOCTH IIpH TJI)K-

qecKHX AOKYMeHTOB.

6ax, CBJI3aHHblX c pacrrpe_L\en:eHMeM

Yrro1pe6JieHHe rropoxa, BBeAeH-

XIII

A06hl'IH; o Ha'iaJibHMKax rrorpaHM'i-

Horo B ilcrraHMM B cepeAHHe

Hoit C1pa)KH (fronteros) M aJIDq>aKeKe

reKa, cTaJio 6biCTpo pacrrpocTpaHJITb-

( alfaqueques), KoTOpbie BeAaJIH Bbn,-y-

cJI, M IIOpOX IIpMMeHJIJIH B pa3JIH'iHhiX

rroM IIJieHHbiX M CJIY)KMJIM rrepeBOA-

BoeHHblX orrepauMJIX, OAHaKO 3TO o6-

'iHKM.IH rrpM rreperoBopax c MycyJib-

CTOJITeJibCTBO HeCKOpO M3MeHMJIO

MaHMvtH. A,ZJ,a.JIM.L\bl Ha3Haqa.JIH aJibMO-

ycJIOBMJI M TaKTMKY Be):\eHMJI BOitH, a

Ka):\eHOB (almocadenes), KOMaH_L\MpOB

TaiOKe CHC'rervty opraHH3auMH BOitCKa.

OTPJIAOB rrexoTDJ.

B cepeAHHe XIV BeKa B KaCTMJibCKOM

BoMcKo"' <t>noT HcnaHLteB aXIVaeKe 0pra.HH3auHJI BO~CKaB OCHOBHOM He rrpereprren:a M3MeHeHM~. 0Ho rrorrpe)f(HeMy peKpyTMpyercJI Ha OCHOBe o6JI3aTenbCTB HeCeHHJI B0eHHO~ CJiyiK6hi, B03JIO)KeHHhiX Ha .L\BOpJIHCTBO H ropo_L\a, IIpH'ieM Ka:JK,LJ,aJI BOMHCKaJI eAMHMUa (KopoJieBCKHe APY)KHHbi, ropO.L\CKaJI MMJIMI.\MJI M T.II.) COXpaHJieT H3BeCTHYIO He3aBMCMMOCTb, MMeer C06CTBeHHOe 3HaMJI M

cBo~ oco6hlli ycTaB. AJioq>oHc

AHAanyacKYle crpeMeHa XV B.

0):\HOM M3 3aKOHOB «IlapTH.L\» YIIOMHHaer o6 o6JI3aHHOCTH AYXOBeHCTBa

B 31)' 3rroxy coBepiiieHcTByeTCJI

BOitCKe y)Ke IIOJIBJIJieTCJI apTMJIJie-

rrpMHMMaTh HerrocpeACTBeHHoe yqa-

BoeHHoe HceyccTBo. «IlaPTMAbi» pa3-

pHJI- He60JibiiiHe IIYIIIKH, TaK Ha3bl-

CTMe B BOliHax c MaBpaMH. I IpH 3TOM

JIM'iaJIH, KpOMe KOHHMKOB, CJie):\yiO-

BaeMbie cep6aTaHhi ( cet·batanos) MJIM

OTeiiHCKOIIOB H rrpen:aTOB, _L\ep)f(llll.IHX

I.UMe pO.L\bi opy)KHJI: rrexoTMHUeB

h-yJieBpMHbl (culebrinas) M3 KOBaHOro

3eMJIIO OT KOpOJIJI MJIM IIO IIpaBy Ha-

(peones), BOopy)KeHHhiX KOIIbJIMM,

:>KeJie3a C TaKHMH )Ke Jiruj:>erru.tH, C1pe-

CJie):\CTBa, 1pe6yeTCJI JIM'iHaJI CJiy)K-

APOTMKaMH, HO)KaMM M KHH)KaJiaMH;

JIJIBIIIMe crrepBa KM.teHHblMM, a 3a'reM

6a B BOliCKe; JIMillb B MCKJIIOqM'reJib-

ap6aJieT'iHKOB (balles teros); oT6op-

CBMHI.\OBblMM H )KeJie3HhiMM JIApaMH.

HhiX CJIY'iaJIX MM pa3peiiiaeTCJI IIOCbi-

HhiX COJI):\aT ):\JIJI Ha6eroB -

IIyiiiKM BIIJIOTb AO orrpeAeJieHHoro

aJibMO-

JiaTb BMeCTO ce6JI pbiUape~-BaCCaJIOB

raBapoB (almogavares), BepxoBhiX H

BpeMeHH He IIpMo6pen:M, 0):\HaKO, pe-

M cJiyr. BaccaJibi uepKBeli He ocBo-

IIeiiiMX, JierKOBOOp~eHHblX; Berepa-

IIIaiOmero 3Ha'ieHMJI . .IJ:pyrHe )Ke

6o)K,AaJIMCb OT BOeHHOJ;i CJiy)K6bi M

HOB, CIIeUHaJibHO CO_L\ep--A<ai.UHXCJI ):\JIJI

BM.L\bi omecTpeJibHoro opy)KMJI rroJiy-

o6JI3aHhi 6hiJIM OT6biBaTh ee H B TeX

BeAeHMJI rrorpaHMqHDJX BOIIH M AP·

'iHJIM pacrrpOC1paHeHMe 3HaqH'reJibHO

CJIY'iaJIX, KOIJJ,a OT 3TOJ;i IIOBMHHOCTH

.lJ:JIJI KIDI'.,r{oro po_L\a BOlt CK «IlapTM.L\hi»

II03)Ke. KaK M B rrpeAMAYI.UMe CTOJie-

M36aBJIJIJIMCb AYXOBHhle JIHI.\a.

orrpe_L\eJIJIIOT ycTaBHble o6JI3aHHOCTM

TMJI, o6opOHH'reJibHhiM opy)KMeM OC-

B 3TY 3rroxy oTMeqaeTCJI poeT KaK C06CTBeHHblX BOopy)KeHHblX CHJI KO-

M ycJIOBMJI MX co3hiBa. B «IlapTMAax»

TaiOTCJI )KeJie3Hhle JiaTbl, Hacryrra-

co_L\ep)KaTcJI TaK)Ke YKa3aHHJI o pa3-

'reJibHhiM- KOIIbJI, TOIIOpbi, IIIIIarH M

pOJIJI, TaK M BOliCKOBblX KOHTMHreH-

JIM'iHhiX crroco6ax BeAeHMJI BOliHbi:

ap6aJierbi; IIOCJie):\HHe 3M.teHJIIOT CTa-

TOB, cocTOJII.UMX B ero BeAeHHH. Bo-

aTaKax, rrpMcryrrax, oca):\ax ropoAOB,

pHHHbiJ;i JIYK M CTpeJIJIIOT TQqHee M

Jiee qeTKO orrpeAeJIJIIOTCJI AOJI)KHOC-

0 paCKBapTHpOBaHMM BOitCK, CO_L\ep-

AaJibiiie. B roAM rrpaBJieHHJI 3HpM-

THbie o6JI3aHHOCTH KOMaH_L\MpOB, qro

)KaHHM BbiO'iHblX )KHBOTHhiX M o6o-

IIpH_L\aeT HeKOTOpoe e):\MHCTBO ap-

30B, HeO)KH_L\aHHblX Haiia):\eHHJIX, BHe-

JieHMe, IIOA BJIHJIHMeM q>paHUY30B,

II B ilcrraHHM BBOAMTCJI B yrrOTpe6-

MHH: peqb M):\eT 0 KOMaH):\HhiX IIOCTax

3aiiHhiX Ha6erax KOHHMI.\hl M T. II . .lJ:JIJI

CJIO)KHOe BOopy)KeHMe, KOTOphiM

M, B rrepeyro oqepe.L\b, o6 3):\aJIMAax

TO~ 3IIOXM xapah'TepHb11paKrn.Tbi IIO-

IIOJib30BaJIMCb «6eJible KOMIIaHMH».

274

3nOXA MOHIOJlOB. 1200-1400 rr.

Pa3p;en BOeHHoil p;o6bllffi npmi3BO;a;HncH cornacHo onpep;eneHHbiM npaBHJiaM: Koponb 3a6npan ce6e nmyiO tiaCTb p;o6biiiH H yp;epwman 3a co6oll: ropop;a, Kpenocm, JJ:BOpUbi H Kopa6nn npoTIIBHHKa H 6onbiiiYIO tiaCTb tiJieHOB CeMbH, cnyr H JIH'IHOro HMyIl(eCTBa no6e)K):(eHHOrO BO)K):(H HnH KOpOnH. 3TO CBOe npaBO KOpOnb MOr ycrynHTh p;pyroMy JIHUY· 0CTaJ1bHaH tiaCTb ):(06biiJH p;eJIHnacb Me)K):(y BOHHaMH B COOTBeTCTBHH C HX 3BaHHeM H BOeHHbiMH gacnyraMH. KoHHbie Hae3):(bl peryJIHpoBaJIHCb oco6biMH 3aKoHaMH. Conp;aTbi cBepx Taro nonYIJaJIH B03Mern:eHHe yrn:ep6a ( encha) 3a paHeHHH H 3a noTepiO co6cTBeHHOCTII; a B cnytiae HX rn6enn 3TO B03Mern:eHHe, KOTopoe p;ocmrano TOrp;a Han6onbiiiero pa3Mepa, nonYIJann nx Hacne):(HHKH. Pa3Mepbi B03Mern:eHHH 3aBncenn oT pa3MepoB p;o6biiiH. OnnaTa HaeMHHKOB, 'IHCnO KOTOpbiX B03pacTano no Mepe yBenHIIeHHH co6cTBeHHoro KoponeB cKoro BOHCKa, BbiTeCHHBIIIero 6biJibie JJ:pyw!Hbi (mesnadas), YMe B TO BpeMH Bbi3biBana cepbe3Hble 6ecnop.H):(KH. CKyp;HaH Ka3Ha He Bcerp;a Morna yp;oBneTBOpHTh Tpe6oBaHHH conp;aT, H OHH BOCCTaBanH H rpa6HnH p;epeBHH H nonH. Cnopbi o pa3p;ene p;o6biiiH H npOtiHe TH)K6bi Me)Key BOHHaMH HatianbHHKH pa3peiiianH Ha npaBax cyp;ell:, opraHH3YH oco6ble TpH6yHaJibi. KacaHcb cocTOHHHH cpnoTa, Heo6XO;a;HMO OTMeTIITh, 'ITO HHHUHaTIIBa <DepHaHp;o III 6blna c ycnexoM pa3BHTa era npeeMHHKaMH. A nbcpoHc X He TOnbKO nocTpOHn B CeBHJibe apCeHaJI ):(JIH BOeHHbiX KOpa6neil:, HO H BnepBbie C03):(an, H npH 3TOM He H3 lffiCna CYJJ:OB, npe):(OCTaBnHeMbiX KaHTa6pHHCKHMH MOpHKaMH, KaCTIInbCKYIO KOponeBCKYIO 3CKap;py, COCTOHBIIIYIO H3 p;ec.HTII HOBbiX ranep, KOTOpbie 'IHCnHnHCb nOCTOHHHO Ha cny)K6e KOpOnH. ,lJ;nH y npaBneHHH 3TOll 3CKap;poll: H BCeM cpnoTOM AJ1bcpoHc X ocHoBan ):(Ba a):(MHpameilcTBa: OJJ:HO B CeBHJibe, a p;pyroe B Eyproce. 3TO nocne):(He e ):(On)KHO 6binO ocyrn:ecTBJIHTh HaJJ:30p 3a apceHanaMH ceBepa H B cnYIJae Heo6xop;HMoc TII CHapH)KaTh CMeiiiaHHbie cpnOTHJIHH B COCTaBe KOponeBCKHX ranep H KOpa6neil:, npep;ocTaBnHeMbiX npn6pe)K-

HbiMH ropop;aMH. KaMJJ:blll TaKoil: ropop; o6H3aH 6biJI B cnyiiae BOHHbi BbicTaBHTh OJJ:HY IIIecmp;ec.HTIIBecenbHYIO ranepy cpoKoM Ha TPH Mecaua. Op;HaKo 3TO He noMeiiiano CaHIJo IV npH6eraTh K nOMOII(H (KaK 3TO BCerp;a H p;enanocb) HaeMHoro reHy33CKOro cpnoTa, xorn Cantio IV H cTponn HOBbie KOpa6nH B CeBHnbe. C nOMOIl(biO KoponeBCKHX ranep, ranep KaHTa6pnilcKHX ropOJJ:OB, HeCIIIHX BOeHHYIO cny)K6y, H reey33CKHX Kopa6nell: KaCTHJibCKHll aJJ:MHpan op;ep)Kan ):(Be KpynHbie no6ep;bi (B 1284 H 1292 rr.) Hap; cpnoToM A6y-IOcycpa. Bnocnep;CTBHH Cantio IV npn6eran TaK)Ke K nOMOII(H aparOHCKOrO cpnoTa (JJ:nH oca):(bl TapHcpbi). EacKCKHe nepeceneHUbi, oceBIIIHe Ha 6eperax CpeJJ:H3eMHoro MopH, rp;e HX onopHbie TOprOBbie 6a3bi nOHBHnHCb YMe B 1293 roey, oKa3anH 6oJ1bIIIoe BnHHHHe He TOnbKO Ha pa3BHTIIe H ynytiiiieHHe OpraHH3aUHH KaCTHJibCKOro cpnoTa Ha IOre CTpaHbi, HO H Ha HTaJibHHCKHll cpnoT; HTaJibHHUbi 3aHMCTBOBaJIH y 6aCKOB HeKOTOpbie THTibi Kopa6nell:. «liapTIIJJ:bi» noCBHII(aiOT uenblll pa3p;en «BOHHe, npOHCXO):(HII(ell Ha Mope» (TaK )Ke, KaK H npeJJ:biJJ:YII(YIO rnaBy- BOllCKy); B 3TOM pagp;ene ycTaHaBnHBaiOTCH npaBHna Be):(eHHH BOeHHbiX onepauHil H nepetiHcnHIOTcH BH):(bl BOOpy)KeHHH H ):(On)KHOCTHble o6H3aHHOCTII BOeHHbiX MOpHKOB pa3nHIIHoro paHra. B «IIapmp;ax» onpep;eJIHIOTCH o6H3aHHOCTII KOMaHp;yiOII(ero cpnoTOM HnH a):(MHpana ( almirante ), KanHTaHOB ( comitres ), H36HpaeMbiX ):(BeHa):(UaThiO MOpHKaMH-BeTepaHaMH; nHJIOTOB (pilot as), HOCOBbiX (proeles)- JIHU, B HatiaJie CpaMeHHH HaXO):(HII(HXCH B HOCOBOll tiaCTII KOpa6nH H nepBbiMH BCryTiaiOIl(HX B 6oll:; cpnaHrOBbiX {alieres)Hecyrn:nx cny)K6y B 6oiO BJJ:Onb 6opTOB Kopa6nH; 3anacHbiX (sobresalientes ), ap6aneTIJHKOB H T.JJ:. «IIapTII):(bl» pa3JIH'IaiOT HeCKOnbKO TIInOB KOpa6neil:: KpynHbie Kopa6nn, Ha3biBaeMbie KappaKaMH, H Kopa6nHB Y3KOM CMbiCne cnoBa «naos», JJ:ByXMatiTOBbie H O):(HOMatiTOBbie MeJIKHe cyp;a, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT CBOero THna HOCHII(He pa3nHIIHbie HaHMeHOBaHHH ( carracones, buzos, taridas, cocas, lenos,

barcas H T.JJ:.) . B «IIapmp;ax» oTMe tiaeTcH, 'ITO B HcnaHHH «Kopa6nHMH n nn 6onbiiiHMH ranepaMH» (navios o galeras grandes) Ha3biBaiOTCH cyp;a, CHa6)KeHHbie O):(HOBpeMeHHO H napyCaMH H BecnaMH H npe):(Ha3HatieHHbie p;nH Bep;eHHH 6oeBbiX onepaunll:. Cocas- MeHee KpynHbie H 6onee nerKHe KOpa6nH 6biJIH BBe):(eHbi KaHTa6pHHUaMH H n on YIJHnH 6onbiiiOe pacnpocTpaHeHHe B Cpep;H3eMHOM Mope. ManoBepoHTHO, xoTH H ecTh OCHOBaHHH nonaraTh, 'ITO YMe BO BpeMeHa AnbcpoHca XI Ha ncnaHCKHX KOpa6nHX Hatiana n pHMeHHTbCH apmnnepHH. AnbcpoHc XI B CBOHX BOHHax nonb30BanCH KaK reHy33CKHMH H KaTanOHCKHMH CYJJ:aMH, TaK H raJIHCHllCKHMH H acrypHHCKHMH KOpa6nHMH. IIep;po I IIIHpoKo ncnonb30Ban p;nH CBOHX BOHR c AparoHoM Kopa6JIH ceBepHbix ropop;oB, a 3HpHKe II c 3TIIMH )Ke CHnaMH npoBen 6n eCTHII(YIO KaMnaHHIO npoTHB aHrnHIIaH H nopryranbUeB (1377- 1400 rr.), op;ep)KaB PHA KpynHbiX no6ep;. Boil:Ha B03o6HoBHnacb B 1405 roey, H KaCTHnbCKHll cpn oT cpaMaJICH O):(HH HnH B COI03e C cppaHUy3cKHM cpnoTOM npomB AHrnnn, 6epera KOTopoll: 6binH onycToIIIeHbi 3HaMeHHTbiM a):(MHpanoM IIepo HHHbO. M e)KJJ:Y TeM 6acKH He pa3 Bcrynann B BOllHbi tiacTHoro xapaKTepa; TaK, Han pHMep, OHH Ben H BOllHY C )KHTenHMH Ep eTaHH H EailoHHbi H 3aKniOIIanH COI03Hble ):(OrOBOpbi C nopryranbCKHM KoponeM, cpaMaHcb COBMeCTHO C cpnOTOM 3TOll p;ep)KaBbi npOTHB MaBpOB ( 141 2 r .) . 3TO 6bln 6neCTHII(Hll nepHO):( B HCTOpHH KaCTHnbCKOrO cpn oTa, KOTOpbill rocnO):(CTBOBan TOrp;a H Ha CeBepe H B CpeJJ:H3e MH OM Mope , cpa)KaHcb H npoTIIB aHr nHIIaH H npOTHB MaBpOB. Co BpeMeH 3HpHKe IV MeHHeTcH BHeiiiHHH n onHTHK a KacTHnHH H npHXO):(HT KOHe U Tpa):(HUHOHHOMY COI03Y C <DpaHUHell. L!ncneHHOCTb KaCTHnbCKOrO cpnoTa, 06be):(HHHBIIIerOCH cnycTH HeKOTOpoe BpeMH C aparOHCKHM H KaTanOHCKHM, 3H atiHTenbHO B03pocna, opraHH3aUHH era H3MeHHnacb. B opraHH3aUHH BoilcKa H cpnoTa AparoHa B 3TOT nepnop; nponcxop;HT

3AnA,LJ,HA~

EBPOnA

B 3aKo-

Kopon ii TaKMe HaHIIMaJIII, oco-

Hax, o6Hapo.o:oBaHHHX nocne Xa.llMe

6eHHO JJ:JIH .o:aneKIIX II TPYJJ:Hb!X noxo-

He3HatiiiTeJThHHe II3MeHemrn.

I, no~UEep)K):(aeTcH o6H3aHHOCTh cpe-

JJ:OB, JIIO):(ell, HaxO):(IIBIIIIIXCH B eme

OJJ:aJIOB CJI)')KliTh B BOllCKax KOpOJIH

XYJJ:IIIeM TIOJIOMeHIIII, 6aH):(IITOB, KO-

( eCJIII OHII He HaxO):(HTCH B 3TO BpeMH

TOpb!X npecne.o:oBaJIII B KacTIIJIIIII

BHe AparoHa IIJIII <<3a MopeM» ), npii-

3pMaHJJ:a):(bl. ToT Me xpoHIICT TIIIIIIeT: «3To Ka-

tieM OHII TIOJI)"'aJIII 3a 3TO B03Hai'paJK,J:(eHIIe TaKMe, KaK II BaccaJibl KOpOJIH, npii3BaHHble liM Ha c.rryM6y. McKJIIO-

CTIIJibU:bl II JIIOJJ:II II3 rny6IIH McnaHIIII: 'lame Me OHII - MeCTHble ypo-

tieHIIH ):(OTIYCKaJIIICb ):(JIH 6oJibHb!X,

MeHU:b!. TaK KaK OHII He IIMeiOT HII-

JJ:JIH Tex, y Koro 6b!JIII npii cMepTII

KaKIIX ):(OXO):(OB IIJIII Me npOMIIJIII II

OTeU:, MaTh IIJIII MeHa, ):(JIH OCB060M-

npoiirpaJIII IIX, IIJIII COBepiiiiiJIII Ka-

):(eHHbiX OT BOeHHOll CJI)')K6bl II B He-

KOll-HII6y):(b JJ:ypHOll TIOCTYTIOK, TO

KOTOpb!X IIHb!X CJI)"'aHX. )J,BOpHHe,

OHII 6eryT C opyMIIeM II3 CBOIIX 3e-

KpOMe TOrO, ):(OJIMHbl 6b!JIII OKa3bi-

MeJib.

BaTh TIOMOIIIb npii 3aiiiiiTe ropOJJ:OB II

HII'IHOMY ropHoMy nepeBany Mypa-

BHOCIITh ):(eHblli Ha TIO'IIIHKY ropOJJ:C-

.o:aJib, r.o:e Bb!COKIIe ropb!, KpenocTII

KliX CTeH.

II .o:peM)"'IIe neca rpaHIIlJ:aT c BJia):(e-

Ho Koponii He JJ:OBOJibCTBOBaJIIICb

M OHII ompaBJIHIOTCH K norpa-

HIIHMII capaU:IIHOB, C O):(HOll CTOpO-

CTOJTh CKYJJ:Hb!MII pecypcaMII npii Be-

Hbl, II XpiiCTIIaH -

):(eHllll BOHR. Hepewo oHII HaHIIMa-

npoxo):(IIT nyTh II3 KacTIIJIIIII B Kop-

JIII oTpHJJ:bl aBaHTIOpiiCTOB, KaK 3TO

JJ:OBY II CeBIIJibiO, II OTCIOJJ:a JIIOJJ:II

6b!JIO BO BpeMH BOHH MeMJJ:Y Ile.o:po

II Ile.o:po I KaCTIIJibCKIIM II BO

C JJ:pyroil; II 3):(eCb

3TII Hana.o:aiOT Ha xpiicTIIaH II capaU:IIH, II6o HII K lJ:eMy IIHOMY OHII He

BpeMH IITaJThHHCKliX KaMTiaHIIll, IIJIII

cnoco6Hbl, a caMII yKpb!BaiOTCH B ne-

Me HaHIIMaJIII OTpHJJ:b! TeX ropu:eB-

cax II MIIBYT B HIIX; CTOJib Moryme -

aJibMOraBapOB (almogavares), K no-

CTBeHbl II TaK XOpOIIIO BOopyMeHbl

MOIIIII KOTOpb!X npii6eraJIII, KaK TO

3TII JIIOJJ:II, 'ITO KopoJib KacTIIJIIIII He

OTMelJ:aeTCH B «IlapTIIJJ:ax», TaKMe II

MOMe T C HIIMII CnpaBIIThCH)>.

KaCTIIJibCKIIe Koponii. O.o:IIH xpoHIICT

AparoHU:bl Boo6me 6b!JIII npoTIIB-

KOHIJ:a XIII BeKa oniiCb!BaeT aJibMO-

HIIKaMII C03):(aHIIH KpynHb!X apMIIll,

raBapoB cJieJJ:YIOIIIIIM o6pa3oM: «3To

Heo6XO):(liMOCTb cpopMIIpOBaHIIH KO-

JIIO):(ll, KOTOpb!e He MOryT )Kl!Tb 6e3

TOpb!X onpe):(eJIIIJiaCb 3axBaTHIIlJ:eC-

BOHH II KOTOpb!e YMIIpaiOT He B ropo-

KOll noJiliTIIKOH p HJJ:a Koponeil (B oco-

):(ax II ceneHIIHX, a B ropax II B necax;

6eHHocTII Me Ile.o:po II II A nbcpoH-

II OHII Henpepb!BHO BOIOIOT C capau:II-

HaMII II BTopraiOTCH 6oJThiiiiiMII OTPH-

3HalJ:IITeJibHb!X paCXO):(OB II BeCbMa

JJ:aMII B IIX BJia):(eHIIH II 3TliM MIIBYT II

MaJIO OTB e lJ:aJia CKpOMHOMY o6pa3y

TepTIHT MHOro HeB3ro):(, KOTOpb!e JJ:py-

MII3HII MIITeJieil AparoHa.

V).

3Ta noJIIITIIKa Tpe6oBaJia

riie JIIO):(II He MOrJIII 6bl Bb!HeCTII; c.rry-

HaBe.o:eHIIe o6mecTBeHHoro no-

tiaeTCH nopoil, 'ITO OHII, eCJIII 3TO

PHJJ:Ka B cnytiaHX rpa6eMa B HeHace-

HYMHO, npoBOJJ:HT ):(Ba JJ:HH no.o:pHJJ: 6e3 e):(b!II TIIITaiOTCH TpaBoil c non en ... M

JieHHoil MeCTHOCTll IIJIII MHTeMa Jie MaJIO Ha o6H3aHHOCTll ropO):(OB II cpe-

275 nopryraniiiR Bee aTM aeKa nopryranbLJ,bt npo.aon)l(anM HenpepbtBHO aoeaaTb c MaapaMM- KOr,aa B OAMHOLfKY, KOr,aa a coto3e c KacTMnMeill M AparoHOM. Anbc{JoHc II no.a.aep)I(MBan KacTMnbu,ea npM flac-Haaac-.ae- Tonoce M npM co,aeil!CTBMM KpeCTOHOCLJ,eB OTOABMHyn rpaHMLJ.Y CBOero KOpOn eBCTBa .aanbwe Ha tor a pe3ynbTaTe no6e,abt npM AnbKacap-.ao-Cone ( 1217 r.). LJacTO cnyLfanMcb aoiliHbt M c KacTMnMeill. K KOHU.Y XIV aeKa, Kor.aa nopa)l(eHMe OTKaCTMnbu,ea Ka3anocb anonHe aepoHTHbtM, nopryranbu,aM oKa3anM noJ],IJ.ep)I(KY aHrnMLfaHe, LfTO npMaeno K no6e,ae )f(yaHa I ABMCCKOro B 6MTBe npM An)l(y6appore ( 1385 r. ). 3aTeM (9 MaH 1386 r.) 6btn no,anMcaH BMH,a3opcKMill.aoroaop o .ap}')K6e M B3aMMonoMOI..LIM Me)l(,ay 0opTyranMeill M AHmMeill, KOTOpbtill npo.aon)l(aeT.aeiiicraoaaTb .ao cMx nap.

WsenqapiiiR B o a mpoill nonoaMHe XIII aeKa ropHbiM pail!OH, HaXO,af/f..LIMMCH B caMOM u,eHTpe coapeMeHHoill Waeillu,aPMM, o6pen OTHOCMTeflbHYIO a BTOHOMMIO, XOTH HOMMHaflbHO OCTaBaflCH no.a anacTbto waa6cKMX M aacTpMillcKMX la6c6yproa. B Ha Lfane XIV aeKa WBeillu,apLJ,bl npOTMBOCTOHflM la6c6ypraM a 6opb6e aenbc{Joa c aaill6nMHreHaMM. l a6c6ypm nocbtnanM a ropbt KapaTeflbHbte 3KCne,aMLJ,MM, M33a Lfero BOeHHbte ,aeil!CTBMH He npeKpaf..LiaflMCb nOLfTM LJ,eflbiM BeK M npMaenM K nonHOM He3aBMCMMOCTM rop HbiX KaHTOHOB.

IIX HalJ:aJibHIIKaM Be):(OMbl BCe MeCTa

O):(aJIOB . 3a HeBb!TIOJIHeHIIe 3TOll

II BCe JJ:OpOrii.

11 HOCHT OHII, 6YJJ:b TO JieTO, OJJ:HY II ry Me py6a-

TIOBIIHHOCTII TIOJiaraJiaCb CMepTHaH

3 IIMa IIJIII xy, a roneHII IIX npiiKpb!Tbl KOMaHbi-

Ka3Hb.

B 3TOT nepiiOJJ: ( 1319 r.) co3.o:aeT-

.o:ymen TeppiiTopiiii IIIBellu:apiiii 3aHIIMan ocb CKOTOBO):(CTBOM II 3eMJie-

MII IIITaHaMII, a 06YTbJ OHII B «a6ap-

CH HOBblll .o:yxoBHO-pb!u:apcKIIH Op-

,J:(eJIIIeM. qepe3 CeH-foTap .o:cKIIil n e -

Ka»

HaceneHIIe ropHHx pailoHOB 6y-

Ka)K):(bllliiMeeT KOTibe II ):(Ba

.o:eH MoHTecbl, K KoropoMy nepexo-

peBaJI B AJThnax n poxo.o:IIJI Ba)KHblll

.o:poTIIKa II KOMaHYIO CYMKY, B KOTO-

JJ:IIT IIMYmecTBo TaMnJIIIepoB. Tor.o:a

roproBblll n yn, CBH3b!Ba BIIIIIH ropo-

poil OH .o:epMIIT CBOIO TIIIIIIY· 0HII CIIJibHhi II 6b!CTpb! B 6ere ... 3TO -

M e ocHOBb!BaiOTcH Op.o:e H AnbcpaMbl

.o:a CeBepHoil MTaJillll c coi03 aMII ce -

II Op.o:e H MIIno cepJJ:IIH (de l a M e r-

BeporepMaHCKIIX ropOJJ:OB, 'ITO CTIO-

KaTaJIOHUbl, aparoHU:b!II ropHb!e MII-

ced), KOTOpb!ll II3 JJ:yxOBHO-pb!U:apc-

co6CTBOB a JIO pOCTY IIIBeilu:apCKIIX r opo.o:oB - EepHa, JIIOu:epHa, ll;IOpii-

•

TeJIII» . 1 P o11 caMo)lemHofi o6yBM m HeBLI/IeJiaHHofi KOJKM, HaJIOMMHaiOIIl;efi OIIOpKH.

KOro npeBpaTIIJICH B HIIIIIeHCTByiOIIIIIll. Il ocne JIIIKBIIJJ:aU:IIII op.o:eHa TaMTIJIIIe pOB BeCbMa B03Bb!CIIJICH TaK-

xa II .o:pyriix.

Me Op.o:eH IIOaHHIITOB.

ceBe pHYIQ paBHIIHHYIO lJ:aCTh illBell-

fepMaHCKII e cpe O):(aJibl 3aXBaTIIJIII

3nOXA MOHrOnOB. 1200-1400 rr.

276

HHe illneuuapcKoro co103a no,n:HH-

1 - lliBHU. 2- YpH 3 - YHTepBaAbAeH

JTOCb npoTHB 3axnaT'lHKOB. Eoll:, pelllHBlllHH HCXO,[( 60pb6bi Ha ,n:aHHOM 3Tarre H HMeBIIIHH 3Ha'leHHe B pa3BHTHH BOeHHoro IJCKYCCTBa, IIp01130IIIeJT oceHbiO 3Toro )f(e roLJ,a y ropbi Mop-

12 KM cesepHee illnHua.

rapTeH, 'ITO

15 HOSISPSI 1315 r. SlltTBA Y rOPbl MOPrAPTEH. 80CbMIIITblcR"'H8R1 88CTpi!IMCK8R apMIIIR, K8K M/IIHIIIMYM Tp8Tb KOTOpoi/t COCT88flRna Tfl)f(8fl8R K888fl8pi!IR, nO,D, KOM8H,l1,088H/118M 3pu,repu,ora Jleononb,D,a

8TOpmacb 8 W8eiltu,ap1!110. nonTOpbl Tb/CR"'/11 W88ML1,8pCK/IIX ny"'H/IIK08 /II KOn8MUI,/IIK08 /113 80CCT88W/IIX K8HTOH08 W8111U., Yp111 111 YHTep8anb,D,eH ycTpolllnlll 111M 3aca,D,y 8 yw,enbe Me>K,D,y cKaniiiCTbiM CKnOHOM ropbl MoprapTeH 111 ropHbiM o3epoM 3replll3e. no,D, rpa,D,OM K8MHeilt /II ,D,pe8eCHb/X CT80-

06pa3oBaHHe WseiiiL.!apcKoro co103a

fl08, CK8Tbi888Mb/X CO CKflOH8, 88CT-

uap1111 11 nopa6oTI1JTI1 ee HaceJTeHI1e,

OcHony 6oecnoco6HOCTH soopy-

pi!IML./,bl cMewan/11 pR,D,bl, nocne "'ero

HO B ropHbiX JTeCHbiX paHOHaX OHH

)f(eHHOH opraHI13aQIIFI lllneuuapues,

6blfllll "'YTb n111 He noron08HO nepe6111-

BCTpeTI1Jlii COIIpOTIIBJTeHIIe CB060.[(0-

KaK IIIICaJT ):(eJTb6piOK, COCTaBJTHJTII

Tbl W8eiltu,apCK/IIM/II ny"'H/IIK8M/II /II

JTJ0611BOrO HaCeJTeHI1H, COXpaHI1Bllle-

reorpa<PH'leCKHll ll 3KOHOMH'leCKHU

ane6ap,D,IIICT8MIII.

B pe-

MOMeHTbl. IJo,n: 3KOHOMH'leCKHM MO-

3YJTbTaTe 6opb6bi, npOAOJT)f(aBllleHCH

MeHTOM OH JIOHHMaJT 3aH.HTHe )f(HTe-

KorLJ,a B coro3e «JTeCHbiX 3eMeJTb»

CBbiille .ll:BYX BeKOB, )f(JITeJTHM HeKO-

JTeH. «CKOTOBO,[(CTBO 11 OXOTa B ropax

CTaJTO 113BeCTHO 0 JJO,[(rOTOBKe fa6c-

ro nepe)f(I1TKI1 po.n:onoro cTpOH.

TOpbiX JTeCHbiX «3eMeJTb» YAaJTOCb co-

6biJTII 6oJTbllle crroco6Hbi no.n:.n:ep)f(H-

6ypraMII JJOXOLJ,a IIpOTHB HHX, IIIBeH-

xpaHI1Tb cnoro cno6o,n:y .

naTb BOHHCTBeHHO-aBaHTIOpHCTH'leC-

IIapllbi npiiCT)'IIHJUI K peMOHT)' CTapbiX II JJOCrpOHKe HOBbiX 060pOHHTeJThHbiX

B XIII

neKe rrpo11cxo,n:11JT <Peo-

KHll .n:yx, '!eM 3eMJTe,n:eJTb'leCKHe pan-

,n:aJTbHbill pacna.n: fepMaHcimll: 11Mrre-

HI1Hbi, a 6e,n:HOCTb ropHOH )f(lf3HII JI0-

coopy)f(emrn, KoTopbie ,n:oJT)J<Hbi 6bJJTII

p11H, B pe3yJTbTaTe 'lero CJTO)f(HJTaCb

6y)f(L(aJTa HCKaTb 3aHHTIIH 11 3apa60TKa

nepexBaTbJBaTb OCHOBHbJe JJOL(CTYIIbl

E.A.

6JTaronp1IHTHaH o6cTaHOBKa .[(JTH o6be-

B .n:pyroM MecTe».

AHHeHHH illBeHQapCKHX «3eMeJTb» B

pa)f(aH, 3aMe'laeT, 'lTO Ha caMoM )f(e

illBeMIIapQbl B03BO,[(HJTH TaKHe

He3aBI1CI1MbiH OT repMaHCKHX <Peo,n:a-

,n:eJTe 6oecnoco6nyro noopy)J<eHHYJO

o6opoHIITeJTbHbie coopy)f(eHIIH eme B ,n:peBHeHIIIHe BpeMeHa, Ha3biBaJTHCb

JTOB coro3.

B 1291

Pa311H, B03-

K illBIIUy.

ro.n:y TPI1 «JTeCHbie

opram13aQHJO IIIndi.uapues c03,n:anaJTa

illBIIU, Yp1111 YnTepsaJTb-

6opb6a cno6o.n:noro KpecTbHHCTBa 3a

OHM JTeTIII1HaMI1. 3TO 6biJTII CTeHbl

3aK.nJO'lHJTI1 «Be'lHbiU COI03»

CBOIO He3aBHCHMOCTb, a He «BOI1HCT-

BbiCOTOH LI,O

AJTH 6opb6bi c fa6c6ypraMII. 3ToT

BeliHO-aBaHTIOpHCTH'leCKHH .n:yx» CKO-

Tibi B ,n:OJTHHY illBHII rrperpa)J<.[(aJTII ,[(Be

3eMJTII» AeH -

4 M C 6aWHHMH. IloLJ,cTy-

COJ03 JJOCJTY)f(HJT OCHOBOH B03HllKHO-

TOBOLI,OB 11 OXOTHHKOB. Pa3BIITHe HO-

JTeTUHHbi: o,n:Ha y AJlbTMaT, npont)f(e-

BeHIIH illneuuapcKoro rocy.n:apcTna.

BbJX 6yp)f(ya3Hb!X IIOpH.[(KOB Onpe,n:e-

HHeM OKOJTO

qiiCJTeHHOCTb HaCeJTeHHH TOr,n:arriHeH

JTHJTO TOT <PaKT, 'lTO IIOJTHTH'leCKYJO

lllaHCH OT ropbi Poc6epr .n:o ropbi

illsell:uaprm He npeBbilllaJTa

500

KM, ll BTOpaH, THHyB-

8 KM . .IJ:opo-

Tbi-

cso6o.n:y rr soeHHbie ycrrexrr IIInell:uap-

P11rrr, rrpoTH)f(eHrreM .n:o

CH'l 'leJTOBeK, 'lTO np11 IIHTliiipOUeHT-

Ubi npeBpaTHJTIJ B LJ,eHbrH rryTeM IIIH-

ra H3 Qyra B illBHII, IIpOXOAHBIIIaH JIO

HOH Bep60BKe MOrJTO ,[(aTb ,[(Jl.H apMIII1

pOKOrO HCJIOJlb30BaHH.H HaeMHH'leCT-

CeBepO-BOCTO'lHOMY 6epery 3repHfi-

TbiCH'l BOIIHOB. Ho HI1KOr,n:a nep-

Ba. CJTe,n:onaTeJTbHO, ,n:eJTo 3aKJTIO'la-

CKOrO o3epa, He 6biJTa rrepexBa'leHa

60BKa He OXBaTbJBaJTa O,[(HOBpeMeHHO

JTOCb He B 6e,n:HOCTH ropHOH )f(H3HH ll

JTeTIIHHOH:. MO)f(HO npe.n:rroJTaraTb,

BCe KaHTOHbl. Ilo3TOMY BOIICKO lllBeH-

He B JIOIJCKaX 3aHHTHH 11 3apa60TKa, a

'ITO JIOCTpOHTb 3,[(eCb JTeTIII1HY WBeU-

Qapuen 06hl'lHO IIC'li1CJTHJTOCb He-

B 6opb6e rrmeHQapues c <Peo,n:aJTbHbiM

IIapllbl He ycneJTII.

CKOJlbKI1MI1 TbiCH'laMII 'leJTOBeK. Jlec-

M11pOM 11 B pa3BI1TIII1 TOBapHO-.[(eHe)f(-

Hble KaHTOHbl, a 3aTeM II ropo,n:a Bbl-

HbiX OTHOilleHHH.

CTaBJTHJTII 6oecrroco6Hyio rrexoTy,

B 1315

roAy fa6c6ypm opraHI1-

1 Pa 3JJJlqHbJe HCTO'IHIIKI1 pacXOIUITCH B OUeHKaX qJlCJJeHHOCTH aBCTplffiCKOll ap1111111 ,

rJTaBHbiM opy)f(IIeM KOTOpOH 6bJJTa

30BaJTH JIOXO,[( phlUapCKOrO BOHCKa

Ha3biBa!l OT BOCbMH /10 /1BeHa/1UaTH Tb!C5!'1 qe-

aJTe6ap.n:a.

npOTHB «JTeCHbiX 3eMeJTb». HaceJTe-

JIOBCK.

3AnA)J.HA$l EBPOnA KaK TOJif>KO oT pa3Be,LI.<JHKOB cTaJio H3BeCTHO 0 ,LI.BHJKeHHH IIpOTHBHH-

277

TaJIHSI MOrJia HaHeCTH y,LI.ap HaKOpOT-

MeHHHK BHTOAYPaH roBopHT, <ITO Jle-

Ke, He paCCTPOHB CBOHX pSI,LI.OB.

onoJib,LI. HMeJI

Ka qepe3 [(yr Ha lliBHU, IIIBeituapuhl

Bolte KOM fa6c6yproB KOMaH,LI.OBaJI

20 ThiCSI<J <JeJIOBeK.

r. ,[J:eJI1>6piOK 3a.siBJISieT, <ITO BOH-

BhiCTYIIHJIH B HarrpaBJieHHH IIIopHo.

repuor JleorroJif>A BaBapcKHR. 0,LI.HH

CKO repuora HaC<JHTblBaJIO

2-3 Tbl-

llx BOeHa<JaJif>HHK aMMaH BepHep

H3 ero rpa<l>oB ,LI.OJiiKeH 61>m HarracTh

CSI<JH <JeJIOBeK.

E. A. Pa3HH

C<JHTaeT,

lliTay<J><J>axep pernHJI aTaKOBaTf> rrpo-

Ha YHrepBaJif>,LI.eH qepe3 BpiOHHHr H

<ITO BHm,LI.ypaH Bce-TaKH CTOHT 6JIH-

THBHHKa B TOT MOMeHT, KOr,LI.a OH 6y-

CKOBaTf> <JaCTf> CHJI lliBeituapCKOrO

JKe K HCTHHe. ComaCHO HCTO<JHH-

,LI.eT rrpoxo,LI.HTf> ,LI.e<J>HJie y rophl Mop-

COI03a. fJiaBHOe BOitCKO IIO,LI. KOMaH,LI.O-

rapreH.

BaHHeM repuora cocpe,LI.OTO<JHJIOCf> B

KaM, BCa,LI.HHKOB 6hiJIO OKOJIO 34 ThiCSI<J qeJioBeK. Ho B phluapcKoM BoitcKe XIV BeKa nexoThl o6hl<JHO

ITo coo6IIIeHHIO HCTO<JHHKOB, lllBeituapUhi HMeJIH

1300

paitoHe [(yra, <JT06hl pa3BHTf> OTCIO,LI.a

IIeXOTHH-

HacrynJieHHe HalliBHU qepe3 IIIopHo.

r. ,[J:eJI1>6piOK, OIIHpa.siCf> Ha HCCJie-

B pa3JIH<JHf>IX HCTO<JHHKax Ha3f>IBa-

A OBaH He 3KCJIH B OTH OIIIeHHH <JH CJieH-

eTCSI pa3Ha.si <JHCJieHHOCTh aBCTPHitCKHX

30M, BOHCKO repuora HaC<JHTblBaJIO

(18 ThiCSI<J

BORCK. B paccKa3e o6 3TOM 6oe coBpe-

OKOJIO

UeB.

HOCTH HaCeJieHHSI lliBHUa

61>IJIO B ,LI.Ba pa3a 60Jif>llle, T.e. OKOJIO

ThiCSI<J <JeJIOBeK. TaKHM o6pa-

12 ThlCSI<J <JeJIOBeK, <ITO ,LI.aBa-

<JeJIOBeK), C<JHTaeT, <ITO IIIBeituapCKHX BOHHOB 61>1JIO

3-4 Tf>ICSI<JH qe-

CPA.iltEHME y ropbi

JIOBeK. KpoMe mro, qacTf> CHJI 61>ma

MOPrAPTEH

Bhl,LI.eJieHa B Ka<JeCTBe rapHH30HOB

JieTUHH H ,LI.JISI o6opoHhl YHrepBaJif>-

JIM

,LI.eHa. HeMeUKHit HCTopHK cTapaJicSI

IIOKa3aTf> <JHCJieHHOe rrpeBOCXO,LI.CT1[10pU%Q

BO lllBefiuapCKOH neXOTf>I, KOTOpoe SIK06hl o6ecrre<JHJIO HM no6e,LI.y. 芦qTO MOrJIH IIO,LI.eJiaTf> phlUapH,- IIHCaJI OH,- IIpOTHB ,LI.HKOro HaTHCKa KpeCTMIHCKOH TOJIIIhi C TaKHM BOopyJKeHHeM?禄 CJie,LI.oBaTeJif>HO, no ,[J:eJif>6piOey BhlXO,LI.HT, <ITO OCHOBOH rro6e,LI.bl SIBHJIHCf> He Bf>ICOKHit MOpaJII>HhlH AYX IIIBeituapcKoR nexoThl, He ee CIIJIO<JeHHOCTf> H HCflYCHOe HCIIOJif>30BaHHe MeCTHOCTH, a <JHCJieHHOCTf>, ,LI.HKHR HaTHCK H aJie6ap,LI.a. C 3THM He COrJiarnaeTCSI H3BeCTHhiR BOeHHblit HCTOpHK E.A. Pa3HH. OH OTMeqaeT, <ITO HeT HHKaKHX OCHOBaHHH 6paTf> IIO,LI. COMHeHHe C006ll.leHHSI HC-

.;. 0

9 cP

('l

(f'

..0

+ 0

TO<JHHKOB, KOTOphle IIO,LI.TBepiK,ll_aiOTCSI pac<JeTOM <JHCJieHHOCTH HaCeJieHHSI. lliBHU C HaCeJieHHeM B

18 Thl-

CSI<J <JeJIOBeK MOr Bf>ICTaBHTf> He 6oJiee

900

rrexoTHHUeB

rrpoueH-

TOB OT o6mefi <JHCJieHHOCTH HaCeJieHHSI). B pH,LI.e HCTO<JHHKOB rrpe,LI.noJiaraeTCSI, <ITO B ,LI.e<J>HJie 6blJia ycTPoeHa 3aCeKa H3 ,LI.epeBDeB. 3,LI.eCf> JKe Ha KpyTOM cKare OTpora rophl MoprapreH, CKphiTHO paCIIOJIOiKHJICSI He60Jif>lllOR aBaHrap,LI. rnreituapueB, Hac<JHThiBaBIIIHR OKOJIO

50 neXOTHHUeB. fJiaBHf>Ie

HX CHJihl TaKJKe CKphiTHO 3aHSIJIH y,LI.o6HyiO ,LI.JISI aTaKH no3HUHIO Ha B03BhlllleHHOCTH MarrJiyriOTIIIy. 0HH 6hlJIH rrocTPoeHhi B 6aTaJIHIO- IIJIOTHYIO Macey c O,LI.HHaKOBf>IM KOJIH<JeCTBOM IIIepeHr H P.lJAOB

(35x35). Ba-

~:路:::

ABCTpo-repMaHCKHe

BOACKa

HanpaaneHHSI Yll~poil waeiiuapCKHX BOHCK 6erCTB0 aBCTpO路repMaHCKHX BOliCK

278

anoXA MOHronos. 1200-1400 rr.

JIO eMy flO'tJTH ,LJ,eCSITHKpaTHOe npeBOCXO,LJ,CTBO Ha,LJ, IIIBeituapuaMH. B 6o10 <f>aKTH<JeCKH yqacTBOBa.JIO He 6oJiee 3-4 ThiCSI"l BCa,LJ,HHKOB repuora. BoitcKo noA KOMaHAOBaHHeM repuora,LJ,BHra.Jiocb HalllopHo, HMea snepeAH He6oJihiiiOit asaHrapA H3 phluapeit, 3a KOTOphlM CJie,LJ,OBaJIH rJiaBHhle CHJihl- pb1UapCKaSI KOHHHUa, a 3a HeiO Ha HeKOTOpOM y,LJ,aJieHHH IIIJia nexOTa c o6o3oM. KaK TOJihKO asaHrapA phluapeit npH6JIH3HJICSI K 3aBaJiy, aBaHrap,LJ, mseituapues BHe3anHo Ha<JaJI c6paChiBaTh Ha phluapeit 6oJihiiiHe KaMHH H 6peBHa. B pa,LJ,ax phluapeit npoH30IIIJIO 3aMemaTeJihCTBO. AsaHrapA IIIBeituapueB CBOHMH ,LJ,eitCTBHSIMH

OTBJieK Ha ce6SI BHHMaHHe npOTHBHHKa. rJiaBHhle CHJibi pbiU:apCKOro BOitCKa llO,LJ,OIIIJIH K CBOeMy aBaHrap,LJ,y. HaTOJIKHYBIIIHCh Ha KPYThle CKJIOHhl MoprapreHa, noxo,LJ,HaSI KOJIOHHa npeBpaTHJiaCb B TOJiny BCa,LJ,HHKOB. B 3TO speMSI Ha phluapeit noKaTHJIHCh 6peBHa H 6oJihiiiHe KaMHH. OAHospeMeHHO C ThiJia phiUapH 6biJIH BHe3anHo aTaKOBaHhl mseituapcKoit 6aTaJIHeit, CTpeMHTeJibHO ,LJ,BHraBIIIeitCSI BHH3 no CKJIOHY ropbl. ,[{e3opraHH30BaHHhle BC~HHKH He Bbi,LJ,ep)Ka.JIH aTaKH neXOTbi. llyiUeHHbie B XOAIIIBeituapcKHe a.Jie6apAhi nop3)((3JIH pb1Uapeit, KOTOpbie He MOrJIH OKa3aTb opraHH30BaHHoro conpoTHBJieHHll.

He BhiAep:iKaB yAapa mseituapcKoit 6aTa.JIHH, MHOrHe phluapH H cpeAH HHX CaM repuor 6pOCHJIHCb 6e:iKaTb. B nexoTe H B o6o3e 6hlcTpo pacnpocTpaHHJiacb naHHKa. Bhlcrpoe npecJie,LJ,oBaHHe 3asepmHJIO pa3rpoM scero phluapcKoro soitcKa. IIIseituapcKaa nexoTa o,LJ,ep:iKaJia noJIHYIO no6e,LJ,y, KOTOpaSI yKpenHJia flOJIHTHqecKOe flOJIOiKeHHe COI03a «JieCHhlX 3eMeJih». B 1322 ro,LJ,y K coi03Y npHcoe,LJ,HHHJICSI JIIOuepH. Co103 CTaJI pacIIIHpllThCSI.

21 VIIOHSI 1339 r. 6VITBA nPVI JlAYnEHE. n~Tb Tb/CW·I weewuapCKIIIX KonewumKoB 1113 6epHa 111 necHbJX K8HTOHOB no.a KOM8H.lJ,OB8HIIIeM Py.aonblj>a lj>oH 3pnaxa orpa3111n111 BTOp)l(eH!IIe n~TH8.lJ,U8TIIITb/C~4HOW 6ypryH.tJ,CKOW apMIIIIII no.a KOM8H.tJ,OB8HIIIeM rpalj>oe K1116ypra 111 H111.aay.

B 9TOM

cpa)l(eHIIIIII

weewuapUbJ

BnepBbJe npo.tJ,eMOHCTPIIIPOB8fllll CBOIII BbJY4KY Ill CTOWKOCTb. HeCMOTPfl H8 HepOBHY/0 MeCTHOCTb, KOnewmiiiKIII nplll no.a.aep)I(Ke fl'j4HIIIKOB o6P8TIIIfllll B 6ercreo 6ypryH.tJ,CKYJO nexory, a 3areM or6111n111 araey T~)l(enow Kaeanep111111.

B pe3ynbrare pa36111Tb!e

6ypryH.tJ,Ubl 6bJnlll BbiHY.>K.tJ,eHbl OTCTyniiiTb

BOCBO~CIII,

OTK838BWIIICb OT

oca.tJ,bJ J1ayneHa.

OcaAa BHnbAeHwTe£'iHa 6epHL\3MH a 1324 r. MHHHaTIOpa 1470 r.

lloBO,LJ,OM K BOitHe flOCJIY)KHJIO TO, '<ITO 6epHUhi He XOTeJIH npH3HaBaTb JliO,LJ,OBHKaBasapCKOro HMnepaTOpOM H nepeiiiJIH Ha CTOpOHY pHMCKOrO nanhl, CKOTOphiM JliO,LJ,OBHK BeJI 6opb6y. B KoaJIHUHIO <f>eo,LJ,a.JIOB BOIIIJIH enHcKonhl Jio3aHHhl H Ba3eJia H ropoA <l>peit6ypr, Bpa)K,Ll,OBaBIIIHit C BepHoM. BoitcKo KOa.JIHUHH oc~HJIO ropoAOK JiayneH, o6opoHSIBIIIHitcSI orpSIAOM 6epHUeB B 600 "leJIOBeK. rapHH30H oKa3a.JI ynopHoe conpoTHBJieHHe, H OC~a 3aTSIHyJiaCb. rJiaBHhle CHJibi phluapcKoro soitcKa pacnoJIO:iKHJIHCh JiarepeM Ha JlayneHCKHX BhlCOTax, a yKpenJieHHbiit ropO,Ll,OK 6biJI OXBa'<JeH noJiyKoJihUOM UHPKYMBanauHoHHoit JIHHHH. ToJihKO Ha 12-it ,LJ,eHh oc~hl 6epHUhl no,LJ,OIIIJIH AJISI ,LJ,e6JIOKa,LJ,hi JiayneHa. Illseituapuhl BhiiiiJIH H3 Jieca Ha ropy BpaM6epr, r,LJ,e H npoH30llleJI

3AnA)J.HA$l EBPOnA

279

6oJ;i, XO,LI. KOTOporo BnOJIHe peaJihHO BOCCTaHOBHJI f. ,[(eJih6piOK. BoesoJ;i nopH,LI.OK rnseJ;Iuapues COCTOHJI H3 1pex qac-reJ;i: aBaHrap,LI.a H3 neXOTHHUeB «JieCHhlX 3eMeJih» (30 pH,LI.OB, 30 rnepeHr), rJiaBHOJ;i 6aTaJIHH (50 pH,LI.OB, 50 rnepeHr) H apheprap,LI.a (40 pH,LI.OB, 40 rnepeHr). He6oJihrnoe qHCJIO CTpeJIKOB pacnOJIO)f(HJIOCh Bnepe,LI.H K3)K,!J,OJ;i 6aTaJIHH, Me'AQJ.Y 6aTaJIHHMH HaxO,LI.HJIHCh phlUapH. TaKHM o6pa3oM, 6oesoJ;i nopH,LI.OK rnreJ;Iuapues 61>IJI pacqneHeH Ha TPH TaKT~eCKHee,LI.HHHUhl, KOTOphle MOrJIH B3aHMO,LI.eJ;iCTBOBaTh MeW-,Ay C06oJ;i. BoesoJ;i nopH,LI.OK phluapcKoro BOJ;iCKa COCTOHJI H3 .Jl.BYX rpynn: npaBOJ;i - <}>peJ;I6yprcKaH nexoTa H JiesoJ;i- phiUapcKaH KOHHHUa. ,[(JIH cKphiTHoro o6xo,LI.a Jiesoro <}>JiaHra H aTaKH 6epHUeB C ThiJia 6hlJI Bhl,LI.eJieH OTpH,LI., OT ,LI.BH)f(eHHH KOTOporo 3aBHCeJIO HaqaJIO 6oH. 01pH.Jl. phluapcKoro soJ;icKa 3arepillHJI o6xo,LI.JIHillh K seqepy, cpasy )f(e aTaKOBaJI aBaHrap,LI. 6epHUeB H JierKO ero onpoKHHyJI. l.JacTh 6epHues yKphlJiach B Jiecy, qacTh 6e-A<aJia no ,LI.Opore Ha BepH. 3pJiax npHKa3aJI K3)K,!J,OMY nexoTHHUY rJiaBHoJ;i 6aTaJIHH B3HTh no HeCKOJihl\')' KaMHeJ;i. B 3TO speMH nexoTa <}>peMyp)f(UeB ,LI.BHHyJiaCh B aTa1\')' Ha rJiaBHYIO 6aTaJIHIO 6epHUeB, KOTOphie BC1peTHJIH npOTHBHHKarpa,LI.OM KaMHeJ;i. BcJie,LI. 3a 3THM 6epHUhl

CpaJKeHwey nayneHa, 1339 r. MwHwaTJOpa 1485 r.

KOHTpaTaKOBaJIH <}>peJ;I6yp)f(UeB H onpOKHHYJIH HX. BHAH ycnernHhle ,LI.eJ;icTBHH rJiaBHoJ;i 6aTaJIHH, asaHrap,LI. rnreJ;Iuapues (neXOTHHUhl «JieCHhlX 3eMeJih») ,LI.BHHYJICH BHH3 no cKJioHy rophl, HO 61>m KOH1paTaKOBaH phluapHMH. AsaHrap,LI. o6pa30BaJI ((e)f(ID>, HanpaBHB nHKH BO

HeMe'-'Kw£:1 wneM 1370 r.

see cTopoHhl. PhiUapH oKpy)f(HJIH rnseJ;Iuapues, HO He MorJIH npeo,LI.oJieTh HX conpoTHBJieHHe.

rJiaBHaH 6aTaJIHH, nOKOHqHB C <}>peJ;I6y~UaMH, aTaKosana phluapeJ;I C ThlJia H o6paTHJia HX B 6ercTBO. 0TpHA phluapcKoro soJ;icKa, onpoKHHyBrnHJ;i apheprap,LI. 6epHUeB, B 6010 rJiaBHhiX CHJI yqacTHH He npHHHMaJI. PhluapcKoe soJ;icKo noTepHJIO B 3TOM 6010 OKOJIO 4 ThlCHq qeJioBeK. OcTaJihHhle cnacJIHCh 6ercTBoM. IIo-repH rnseJ;Iuapues HeH3BeCTHhl.

anoXA MOHronos. 1200-1400 rr.

280

M acwra6 0 500

.aa 11/. naM~TY~ 0 CBOeM npOWflOM nop8)1(eHMM or weeiiil.lBPCKoiii nexoTbl, a TaJOKe no.a enM~HMeM npMMepa 8HTnW48H B CroneTH/010 BOWHY, 8BCTpMiiicKafl KaeanepMfl cnewMnacb. Koneiiil..l.IMKM H8C1'jn811l1 B T~)l(eflb/X .aocnexax no cMnbHO nepece'4eHHoiii MeCTHOCTM. noH8'48flY OHM CyMefll.f OTTeCHMTb He CTOflb MH0!0'4MCfleHHb/X M cna6ee 38/..l.IMI..l.leHHbJX .aocnexaMM WBeiiil.lBPl.leB, HO BCKOpe, no.a rpy30M TBKO!O KOflM'4eCTB8 )l(efle38, BBCTPMW/..lbl YTOMl.fflMCb l1 B CTPOIO MX B03HMK!IM npoMe)I(}'TKM. Weeiiil.lBPcKa~ nereH.aa macMT, '4TO nepBbliii pa3pbJB no~BMnc~ 6naro.aap~ caMono)l(epTBOBBHM/0 ApHonb.aa BMHKenbcppM.aa(MnM BMHKenbpM.aa), KOTOpbJiii crpe6 HeCKOflbKO 8BCTpMiiiCKMX nMK l1 HanpaBl.ffl ce6e B rpy_ab; 38TeM ero COOTe'4eCTBeHHMKM BOCnOflb30B8flMCb o6p830B8BWMMCfl B l.lenl.f HBCTynB/0/..l.ll.fX pa3pbJBOM. Weeiiil.lBPLl~KOHTpaTaKoBanM, y.aapMnM C cpnaHJOB, CMflflM CTpoiii H8crynaBWMX M Haronoey pa3rpoMMnM apMM/0 Jleononb.aa. 3ra 6MTBa ~BM nacb pewa101.1.1eiii B eoiiiHe weeiiil.lBPl.leB c la6c6ypraMM, xom noroM aecrpMiiil.lbl 6bmM no6e)l(.aeHbJ e1.1.1e B cpa)l(eHMM npM Hecpenbce ( 1388 r.).

1000

K KOHUY XIV BeKa rrpaBHTeJihCTBO ra6c6yproB C<JHTaJIO O,AHOi! H3 OCHOB-

6oH npH JlayneHe a 1339 r.

HhlX CBOHX 33,1J,a<J IIO,AaBJieHHe OCB060,AHTeJihHOfO ABH)KeHH.si rnBeiluap-

Ilo6e,Aa rrpH JlayrreHe eme 6oJib-

HoBoe B 6oiO rrpH JlayrreHe 3aKJIIO-

ues, ,AOCTHriiiero K 3TOMY BpeMeHH 3Ha<JHTeJibHblX ycrreXOB. ra6c6yprH

rne yrrpoqHJia IIOJIHTWieCKoe IIOJIO)Ke-

qaeTc.si B opraHH3aUHH B3aHMO,Aei!-

HHe rnrei!uapcKHX ropo,AoB, oco6eH-

CTBH.si H B ocymecTBJieHHH B3aHMHOi!

co6paJIH 3Ha<JHTeJibHhle CHJibl H ,ABH-

HO BepHa, H JieCHI>lX KaHTOHOB, KaK

BblpY<JKH lliBei!UapCKHX 6aTaJIHi! B TO

HYJIH HX rrpoTHB rnrei!uapueB. Boii-

CTaJIH IIOTOM Ha3b1BaThC.si 3eMJIH

BpeM.si, KO!AaCOCTaBHble <JaCTH pb1Uap-

CKOM KOMaH,AOBaJI

ro,Ay

CKOro BOil CKa ,Aei!CTBO BaJIH pa3p03HeH-

IIOJib,A- IIJieM.siHHHK JleOIIOJib,Aaba-

K COI03Y IIpHCoe,AHHHJIC.si l(IOpHX, a B

HO. IIpoTHB aTaK KOHHHUhl rrexoTa

BapcKoro, rrareprreBIIIero rropaJKeHHe

1353

C1pOHJiaCb B <J?opMe

rrpH MoprapreHe.

IIIsei!uapcKoro coi03a. B

1351

ro,Ay H BepH. CHJibl rnsei!uap-

((e)KID),

KOTOporo

repuor Jleo-

ueB AJI.si 6op1>61>1 c <J:>eo,AaJiru.m YBeJIH-

MO)KHO C<JHTaTb IIpe,AllieCTBeHHHKOM

<JHJIHCb.

Kape.

HMeJI 3Ha<JHTeJibHhle CHJihl- AO

9 L"'IOHSI 1386 r. 6L1TBA Y 3EMnAXCKOfO 03EPA. npMMepHO 1 600 WBeiiil.lBPCKMM KOneiiil.l.IM-

AeJieHo Ha 1pH 01p.si,Aa, H3 KOTOpl>lX

25 ThlC.si<J <JeJIOBeK. BoilcKo 61>1JIO pa3-

6oiO rrpH JlayrreHe 6oJibrnoe

3Ha<JeHHe HMeJI TOT <J?aKT, "'TO BOi!CKO IIIBei!uapueB B03rJiaBJI.siJI OIIhiTHbli! p1>1Uapb 3pJiax, COrJiaCHBlliHi!C.si KOMaH,AOBaTh JIHllib IIpH ycJIOBHH rrpe,AOCTaBJieHH.si eMy IIOJIHOi! BJiaCTH H TO"'HOro BbliiOJIHeHH.si ero IIpHKa30B.

ITo HeKOTopblM AaHHhlM, repuor

KBM npOT!t1BOCTO~flM 3_aecb OKOflO 6 Tb/Cfl'4 1 8BCTpMiiil.leB no.a KOMBH.aoBBHMeM Kopon~ Wea6MM Jleononb-

3pJiax xoporno rrpo.siBHJI ce6.s1 B rnec-

rJiaBHbli!, IIOA KOMaH,AOBaHHeM repuora, ABHHYJIC.si HaJliOuepH qepe3 Cyp3e. qacTh CHJI 61>ma HarrpaBJieHa Ha l(IOpHx. OTp.siA JleorroJibAa HMeJI oKoJio

3-4 TblC.si"l BC3AHHKOB H AO 2 Tbl-

CSI"l IIeXOThl.

TH cpaJKeHH.siX. OH o6yqaJI rnsei!uap-

1 ,[(pyrHe HCTQqHHKH Ol.{eHHBaiOTqHCJleH-

Illsei!uapubl BhlCJiaJIH IIOAKperr-

«Y KOro 60Jibllie BoeH-

HOCTb aBCTpHtiCKOti apMHH B 4 TbiCllt,~, a IIIBeti-

JieHHe l(IOpHxy, a rJiaBHble CHJihl co-

ueB, 3a.siBJI.si.si:

HblX 3HaHHil, TOT CHJII>Heil».

l.{apl.{eB- B

5 Tb!Cllq qeJJOBeK.

cpe,AOTO<JHJIH, IIO-BH,AHMOMy, y rHc-

3AnA)J.HA$l EBPOnA JIHKOHa, OTK)'Aa ABHHYJIHeb B eTOpoHY 3ervmaxa. ¢eO,LJ,aJibl IIO,LJ,OIIIJIH K 3eMrraxy, o6JIO)f(HJIH ero H 3aTeM 9 HIOJlll ABHHYJIHeb AaJibiiie rro AOpore B soeTO<JHOM HarrpaBJieHHH. IIoA ropo,LJ,oM, Bepoanw, 6bma oeTaBJieHa rrexoTa e He60JiblliHM <JHeJIOM pbiUapei:t. Illrei!uapuhl B 3TO BpeMlliiiJIH Ha Bblpyqcy eBoervty rapHH30HY. B HeTo<JHHKax roBOpHTCH, 'ITO IIpH 6oe IIOA 3ervmaxOM «O,LJ,HH H3 IIpOTHBHHKOB HH<Jero He 3HaJI 0 ApyroM». MeeTHOeTb, ~e rrpoH30IIIeJI 6oi!, rrepeeet:JeHHM, e pa3JIH<JHbiMH rrpeiiHTeTBHllMH: 3a6opaMH, 1\)'eTaMH. HarrepeKpeeTKe,LJ,oporHaxOAHTeH HaeeJieHHhlil rryHKT XHJib,LJ,HepHAeH, oT KOTOporo HAeT KPYTOil erryeK B eTOpoHy 3ervmaxa, 3areM He6oJibiiiM paBHHHa, IIOTOM OIIllTb KpyTOi! erryeK K 03epy. PhiUapHM rrpe,LJ,eTOHJIO rrpeo,LJ,oJieTb KPYThle IIOA'heMbi H pa3JIH<JHbie rrperrllTeTBHll Ha rrepeee<JeHHoil MeeTHoeTH Hama3ax y IIIBeiluapueB, KoTOpbie HMeJIH XOpOIIIHe yeJIOBHH,Ll,Jlll Ha6JIIO,LJ,eHHll . .lJ:eHb 6biJI )f(apKHil, H 3TO yxyAIIIaJIO IIOJIO)f(eHHe pbiUapei!. IllBeiluapeKHil aBaHrapA BbiiiieJI Ha B03BbiiiieHHOeTb y rrepeKpeeTKa AOpor B XHJib,LJ,HepHAeHe H YBHAeJI erreiiieHHbiX phluapeil. 3TO 6biJI asaHrapA pbiuapeKoro soileKa, paerroJio)f(HBIIIeroeH Ha rrpHBaJI AJIH o6e,LJ,a. IllBeiluapuhl 3aHllJIH YA06Hyro AJIH o6opOHbl II03HUHIO. ABaHrapA phluapeil B rreiiieM eTporo IIbiTaJiea IIITYPMOBaTh 3aHllryro IIIBeiluapuaMH Bbleory, HO yerrexa He HMeJI. IllBeiluapeKaa 6aTaJIHll, OllleTHHHBIIIHeb JieeOM IIHK, rrpeBpaTHJiaeb B «e){(a», rrperpaAHBIIIero rryTh pbiuapaM. repuor JleoiiOJibA, AYMM, 'ITO rrepeA HHM Bee IIIBei!UapeKOe BOileKO, He O)f(H,LI,all IIOeTpOeHHll ,LI,Jlll 6oa Beex eBOHX rJiaBHbiX eHJI, IIOBeJI eHOBa B aTah)' qaeTb erreiiieHHhlX pbiuapeil. ATaKa HMeJia qaeTH<JHhlil yerrex, HO pa3BHTb ero pbiuapaM He YAaJIOeb. Kor,LJ,a Ha3peBaJI KpH3He 6oH IIIBeiluapeKoro asaHrap,LJ,a, IIOAOIIIJia HX rJiaBHall 6aTaJIHH H BHe3aiiHO aTaKOBaJia e ThlJia erreiiieHHhlX pbiuapeil. BoJI hill all qaeTb phluapeil oKa3aJiaeb Me)f(,Ay ABYMll IIIBeiluapeKHMH 6aTaJIHllMH, OeTaJibHall HX

281

qaeTb eme TOJlbKO H3rOTaBJIHBaJiaeb K 6oro. ilaHHKa oxBaTHJia rrpe)f(,Ae Beero opy)f(eHOeUeB, ,LJ,ep)f(aBIIIHX pbiUapeKHX JIOIIIa,LJ,eil. Opy)f(eHOeUbi yeKaKaJIH e JIOIIIa,LJ,bMH, JIHIIIHB pbiUapei! B03MO)f(HOeTH erraeTHeb 6ereTBOM. 06paTHJIHeb B 6ereTBO H 're phlUapH, KOTOpbie yerreJIH eeeTb Ha KOHei!.

Pa3rpoM BoileKa <J:>eo,LJ,aJioB 3aBepIIIHJI rapHH30H 3eMrraxa, e,LJ,eJiaBIIIHil yAa<JHYIO BbiJia3cy. PhluapH rrorepaJIH y6HThlMH AO 2 ThleH<J <JeJIOBeK. B 3TOM 6oro 6biJI y6HT H repuor JleorroJibA. IIo6e,LJ,a rr pH 3eMrraxe err oeo6eTBoBaJia eme 6oJibiiiervty yKperrJieHHIO H paeiiiHpeHHIO Illrei!uapeKoro eoro3a.

Bl1TBA y 3EMfiAXA .9 600

H IO HJI

600

1386 r. 1200 M

3etM\O.XC\\Oe

0 s.H10u.epH

E nanH H (por H ~:o~ e KonoHH bl ) w sel1 l.lilpCKI1X 60HCK

----1~ Hanpa eneHK5! n ei1CTBHH

D;S··•

wseiiuapcr.Hx. soliCK

¢anaHra aacrpHACKHX

QQ BORCK, ny'I HHKH

~co¢>

HanpasneHHR J!eAcraHA aBCTpHACKHX BOHCK·

282

3nOXA MOHIOJlOB. 1200-1400 rr.

EoeBble ,o:e:HcTBIIH rrpoTeKaJIII B CIIeUII~II~eCKOH TaKTII~eCKOH o6CTaHOBKe: o6e CTOpOHbi He IIMeJIII

JJ:JIH IIX po,o:a BolicK. CrreiiiiiBaHIIe pbiuape:H, rrpiicrroco6JieHHbiX K 6oiO Ha

IIOIIepeK KOIIIIH IIpOTliBHIIKa II IIpiirii6aJI IIX K 3eMJie IIJIII )Ke 3aXBaTbi-

CBe,O:eHIIH 0 IIpOTIIBHIIKe, 3aBH3KY

KOHe II ,o:eHCTBIIHM ):(JIIIHHbiM TIDKe-

BaJI B OXaiiKY KOHUbi IIX KOIIIIH, ~eM

6oH ocymecTBJIHJIII aBaHrapJJ:bl, rrpo-

JlbiM KOIIbeM, orrpe,o:eJIHJIO IIX MaJIYIO rro,o:BII)KHOCTb II rrac CIIBHOCTb. K poMe

rreHIUIIKOB, r,o:e ycrreiiiHO MOrJIII ,o:e:H-

TIIBHIIKII BCryiiaJIII B 6o:H IIOCJie):(O-

Toro, pbiuapii B 3aKpbiTbiX IIIJieMax

CTBOBaTb KOpOTKIIe KOIIbH. 06bl~HO

BaTeJibHO, OT):(eJibHbiMII OTpH,O:aMII.

IIMeJIII o~eHb orpaHII~eHHbiH o63op.

TaKo:H xpa6peu rrorii6aJI.

Bee ::JTO, HBJIHBIIIeecH oco6eHHOCTH-

3TO oco6eHHO CKa3biBaJIOCb Ha IIX

MII BCTpe~HOrO 6oH, 6biJIO HOBbiM

,o:e:HcTBIIHX B ropax.

MOMeHTOM B pa3BIITIIII BOeHHOro IICKYCCTBa.

OTKpbiBaJI ,o:opory B rJiy6b CTpOH KO-

B CBH3II c 6oeM rrpii 3eMrraxe B

1394 r. nEPEMii1Pii1E C rAEiCEiYPrAMii1. ComaweHMeM npM3Ha-

IICTO~HIIKaX coo6maeTC5I O):(IIH II3

aanacb npaKTM'IeCKM nonHaR He3a-

TIDKeJiaH pbiUapCKaH KOHHIIUa He

crroco6oB rrpopbiBa 6oeBoro rropHJJ:Ka,

BMCMMOCTb Waef;fu,apCKOM KOHrpe-

MorJia ycrreiiiHo ,o:e:HcTBoBaTb B ropax,

OIUeTIIHIIBIIIerOCH JieCOM ):(JIIIHHbiX

II II09TOMY aBCTpiiHCKIIe pbiUapii IIbi-

KOIIIIH. 3aKJIIO~aJIC5I OH B TOM, ~TO

,QepaLJ,MM B paMKaX /epMaHCKOM ( MnM CBRW.BHHOM PMMCKOM) MMne-

TaJIIICb peiiiaTb 3a):(a~, HeiiOCIIJibHYIO

xpa6pbiH BOIIH liJIII KJiaJI CBOe KOIIbe

PMM.