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287

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CaHL(OMHp. OT CaHL(oMHpa o):(Ha qacTb BOeHHhiX CHJI MOHrOJibCKHX XaHOB HanpaBHJlaCh B BeJIHKyro IloJibury, a LIPYraH - B MaJIYIO IloJihury, Ha KpaKoB n BpouJlaB. KpaKoB 6hiJI pa3opeH, a so BpoQJlaBe ropo)KaHe My)KeCTBeHHO OTCTOHJIH l1HTa):(eJib. EoJihmHe BOeHHbie CHJlbl IIOL( KOMaHL(OBaHHeM KpaKoBcKoro KHH3H feHp11xa EJiaroqecTHBoro co6paJIHCh y J1HrHHI1hi. 9 anpeJIH 1241 ro):(a ero soiicKo, HeCMOTpH Ha CBOe My)KeCTBO, 6hiJIO pa36HTO. IloToM IIOJI'IHIUa EaTbiH HaHecJIH nopa)KeHHe 60-ThiCH'lHOMY soiicey seHrepcKoro KopoJIH EeJibr IV, oKpy)KeHHOMY Ha peKe Cai1o (HJIH illai1o ), B LIOJIHHe MorH, H npOLIOJl)KaJIH 3asoesaHHe BeHrpHH. EhiJia onycToiiieHa XopsaTHH. 3asoesaHHe MOHrOJibCKHMH soH:cKaMH PycH, pa3opeHHe IlOJlhiiiH, BeHrpnn H 6aJIKaHCKHX 3eMeJib Bhi3BaJlo naHHKy B Espone. JlHXopaL\O'lHO fOTOBI1JIHCb K o6opoHe L(a)Ke TaKlfe OTL(aJleHHhre ropo):(a, KaK Jlro6eK H HropH6epr. CTpax oxsaTHJl <l>paHUHIO 11 AHrJIIIIO. Ih cTpaxa nepeA MOHfOJiaMII OL(HO BpeMH L(a)Ke npepBaJiaCb aHrJII1HCKaH TOproBJIH C KOHTI1HeHTOM. OLIHaKO, ocJia6JieHHbre HenpepbrnHbiMI1 MHOfOJleTHHMI1 60HMH, MOHrOJibCKI1e 3aBOeBaTeJII1 He IIOIIIJII1 Hl1 Ha l'ITamoo, Hl1 Ha ABCTpHIO, HH Ha qeXHIO, r):(e 'leiiiCKHH KOpOJlb npOB0):(11Jl L(eHTeJibHYIO IIOL(rOTOBKY K o6opoHe. HecMoTpH Ha cTpaiiiHoe pa3opeHI1e, pyccrulli HapoA npOAOJI)KaJI secTI1 HeycTaHHYIO napTH3aHCKyiO 6opb6y c 3axsaT'lHKaMH. CoxpaHIIJIOCh npe):(aHHe o pH3aHCKOM 6oraTbrpe EsnaTHI1 KoJioBpaTe, KOTOpblli co6paJl 113 yueJieBIIIHX oT no6oliilla B PH3aHH JliOL(ei1 LIPY)KHHY B 1700 qeJloBeK 11 HaHeC HeMaJiblli ypoH TaTapCKHM IIOJlKaM. PyccKHii HapoA conpoTHBJlHJICH 3asoesaTeJlHM B Te'leHIIe 'leTbipex JieT(1237-1240 rr.). ApxeoJlorH'leCKHe pacKOIIKH B Knese, PH3aHH II L1pyr11x ropo):(ax no3BOJIHIOT L(OIIOJ1HI1Tb KapT11HY HapOL\HOH o6opOHbl ropOL\OB Ha Pyc11. Haii):(eHbr pa3BaJ111HhlL\OMOB,l1epKBeii,rpyAMCKeJieToB )KHTeJleH, naBIIIIIX B 6010 11 Jie)J(aBIIIIIX B BOpOTaX L(OMOB C Me'laMH, 6yJiaBaMH 11 L(a)Ke HO)KaMH B pyKax. Eopo-

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1223 r.

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288

anoXA MOHronos. 1200-1400 rr. CaHAp pelliHJl HaHeCTH lliBe)J,aM HeO15 HIOJIJI pyccKoe BO~CKO BHe3anHO HaiiaJIO Ha rnBeACKH~ nareph. KoHHaJI APY)f(HHa c 6oeM npoABHranach B ueHTp pacnoJio)f(eHHJI lliBe)J,CKHX BO~CK. 0)J,HOBpeMeHHO nernee HOBropOACKOe ononqeHHe, cneAyJI BAOJ1h HeBhi, HanaJio Ha Bpa)f(eCKHe Kopa6nH. TpH Kopa6nJI 6hiJ1H 3axsaqeHhi H YHH~o )f(eHhi. YAapaMH BAOJ1h ll)f(ophl H HeBbi lliBeACKoe so~cKo 6hiJ1o onpoKHHYTO H onecHeHo Byron, o6pa3yeMbi~ ABYMJI peKaMH. CooTHorneHHe CHJ1 H3MeHHJ10Cb, H pyccKHe KOHHhle H nernHe OTPJIAhi, coeAHHHBlliHCh, c6pocHJ1H Bpara B BOAY· IJJiaH TaJ1aHTJ1HBOro nOJ1KOBO)J,Ua AneKcaHApa HpocnasHqa, paccqHTaHHhi~ HaBHe3arrHhi~ yAap no rnBeACKOMY BO~CKY, B coqeTaHHH c repo~ CTBOM npOCThiX BOHHOB o6ecneqHJ1 HM 6hlc1py10 H cnasHyiO no6eAy. PycCKHX na.JIO BCero OKOJ10 )J,Ba,L{UaTH qeJlOBeK. 3a no6e)J,y, O)J,ep)f(aHHYIO Ha HeBe, KHJI3h AneKcalf)J,p 6hln npo3BaH «HeBCKHM». Eop1>6a 3a ycThe HeBhi 61>1J1a 6opb6o~ 3a coxpaHeHHe AJIJI PycH BhiXOAa K MopiO. IIo6eAa Ha.A lliBeAaMH npeAOTBpaTHJia norep10 PyCbiO 6eperoB <l>HHCKOro 3aJIHBa H yrpo3Y npeKpaiUeHHJI X03JI~CTBeHHhiX CBJI3e~ c APYrHMH C1paHaMH. TeM CaMhiM 3Ta no6eAa o6nerqHna AaJihHe~rnyiO )f(H)J,aHHhi~ yAap. YTpoM

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HeacKast 6HTaa. MHHH3TIOpa «)i(HTHR ca. AneKCaHApa Heactroro»

BaccanoM ( 1240-1263 rr.). B HeBcKotli 6MTBe oH pa36Mn He6onbwoe WBe/J,CKOe BOtliCKO no.a KOM8H/J,OB8HII1eM apna 6111prepa MarHycoHa, nOflO)I(IIIB KOHe~ WBe/J,CKIIIM nonbJTK8M 38BOeB8Tb CeBepHb/e 3eMflll1 HoBropo.aa (15 111/0flfl 1240r.). B 6MTBe Ha 4y.acKoM o3epe (fle.aoBoe no6o111me) OH pa36Mn reBTOHCKMX pbJ~apetli (5 anpenfl 1242 r.).

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H EBCKA.R B HTHA 15(21) H 10.1111 12 40 r

B TSDKeJihie roAhi MOHroJibCKoro HallieCTBHJI pyccKOMY HapOAY npHlliJ10Cb OTpa.JKa.Tb HaTIICK HeMeUKHX H lliBe)J,CKHX <}>eO)J,aJIOB. IliBeACKoe npaBHTeJihCTBO HarrpaBHJIO npOTHB PycH KpynHhle CHJlhi (B TOM qHCJle H 01pJIA nO)J,BJlaCTHbiX <}>HHHOB) nOA npeABOAHTeJlbCTBOM Hpna (KHJI3JI) Yn1><}>a <l>acH H 3JITJI KoponJI- EHprepa. [(eJihi03TOro nOXO)J,a6hiJ133XBaT Jia)J,OrH, a B cnyqae yAaqH H caMoro Hosropo)J,a. rpa6HTeJihCKHe UeJIH noxoAa no o6hiKHOBeHHIO npHKphiBaJIHCh <}>pa3aMH 0 TOM, qTQ ero yqacTHHKH cTpeMJITCJI pacnpocTpaHHTh cpeAH pyccKHXJ1IOAe~ «HCTHHHYIO Bepy»KaTOJ1HUH3M. Ha paccseTe HIOJlhCKoro AHJI 1240 ro)J,a lliBe)J,CKaJI <}>J10THJ1HJI HeO)f(H)J,aHHO nOJIBHJlaCb B <l>HHCKOM 3aJ1HBe H, npo~AJI no Hese, cTana B

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0CUTI(08

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289

norpe6eHHe naawHx nocne Heactro~ 6HTabl. MHHHaTIOpa «)I(HTHSI ca. AneKCaHApa Heactroro»

290

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26 aBrycTa no,LJ,OIIIJia K Ko-

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304

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:>KeTCJI )l.OBOJlbHO 3HaqHreJibHOlt.

PyccKHii

4 KM 1•

H ,[(oHoM (paciiiHpJIIOI.l.leecJI c cesepa

xaiiJIOBHqa Bo6poKa (BoJibiHCKoro ),

7 )l.O 18 KM) CY)KHBaeTCJI )l.O

qb.si BOHHCKaJI CJiaBa 6biJla)l.aBHO H3-

Ha IOr OT

JieHHoro rrpeBOCXO)l.CTBa TaTap Ha

rrpe)l.eJIOB qeTbipexyroJibHHKa, KOTO-

BeCTHaHaPycH, 6biJI CKpbiT BJiecy-

KyJIHKOBOM rroJie, O)l.HaKo, KaK CBH-

pbiM orpaHHqHBaeTCJI KyJIHKOBO rro-

«3eJieHOlt ,[(y6paBe», K IOrO-BOCTOl\)'

)l.ereJibCTBYIOT MaTepHaJibl, BCe Ta-

Jie, a HMeHHo: Ha cesepe- OT peKH

TapCKOe BO}tCKO HaKyJIHKOBOM IIOJie

HerrpJI)l.Bbl (rrpoTHB cena Bepe3oB-

130-150

KH-Boropo)l.Hl.IKOe) )l.O BOCTOqHolt

HacqHTbiBaJio He 6oJiee TbJCJiq qeJIOBeK.

OKpaHHbl cenaPo;KAeCTBeH~MoHa-

1 CM. ,[(. MacJIOBCKHti.lb HCTopHH soeHHoro HCK)ICCTBa B PoccHH. «BoeHHblti c6opHHK». 1881 r. No 8. C. 230-231.

,.,.. , ...• •#'

·-) '

O)l ,.

BoHcKO AMHTPHSI AoHcmro Ha KynHKOBOM none 11 3onoroopAbiHCKOe BOHCKO. MHHHanopbl «CKa3aHHSI o MaMaeaoM no6o11~e»

BOCTOLIHA~ OT cena Po)l{):(eCTBeHo-MoHaCTbipmnHhL MaMaii, c6nn3HBIIIHCh c pyccKHM BOHCKOM, paCKHHYn CBOH IIIaTep Ha KpacHoM XoJIMe, HaxonnBmeMcH B nOJIYTOpa KHnOMeTpax OT BepXOBbeB OBpara peKn Kypiibi n rocnoncTBOBaBmero Han Been MeCTHOCThiO. CBoe BOiicKO OH pacnonmKHn no npyryiO CTOpOHY BepXOBheB HIDKHero .IJ:y6HKa n CMOJIKH, y nepeBHH .IJ:aHnnoBKH n KpacHoro XonMa. 0QeHHBaH H36paHHYJO .IJ:MIITpHeM MeCTHOCTh, MacnoBCKHH npnmen K 3aKJIIO'!eHJIIO, 'ITO pacnonO)f{eHHe Ha HeM pyCCKOH paTH JIMeno BCe HeBbrronhi «neiicTBHii B MeiiiKe». TaKaH Q:>opMyniipOBKa, ecnii IICXOniiTb II3 OIIeHKII TaKTIIKII npOTJIBHIIKa II pycCKHX BORCK, He MO)f{eT 6hiTb npiieMneMa. TaTapbi Bcerna cTapannch nocTaBIITh npOTIIBHIIKa B nonO)f{eHIIe OKpy)f{eHHH, HO He Ha rrepece'!eHHOH MeCTHOCTII, a B OTKpbiTOM none, rne llX KOHHHIIa, HarranaH C pa3HhiX CTOpOH, JIMeJia B03MO)f{HOCTh MaHeBpHpOBaTh. PyccKne BOHCKa pacnonarannch KaK 6bi B MeiiiKe, HO TaKOe pacnono)f{eHHe II36aBAAnO llX OT HaCTOIDIIero MeiiiKa, KOTOpbiH MOrnH C03naTh TaTapbl Ha paBHIIHHOH MeCTHOCTII B xone cpa)f{eHHH. llp11 BbJ6ope IIOnH cpa)f{eHIIH .IJ:MHTpiiH .IJ:oHCKOH HCXOnHJI 113 OIIeHKH TaKTHKH pyCCKIIX II TaTapCKHX BolicK. OH 3acTaBnn MaMaH npHHHTh 611TBY Ha HeBbiTOnHoii nm TaTap MeCTHOCTII, 3arpynHHBmei1 11CnOnh30BaHHe KOHHHIIhi. B 3TOM 6onhmaH 3acnyra pyccKoro noJIKOBOniia. B IIeHTpe no3rmnn pyccKoro BOHcKa CTOHn 6oJibmoii nonK. K Q:>naHraM 6onhiiiOfO nonKa npHMbiKanii nonKII npaBoii II neBoii pyKH. EoJibmoii noJIK II noJIKH npaBoii II neBoii PYK11 o6pa30BhiBaJIH rnaBHYIO nHHHIO BCero 6oeBOfO nopHnKa. Bnepenn rnaBHoii nHHHH HaxonnnCH nepenOBOH nOJIK. KpoMe Toro, 3a neBbiM Q:>naHroM 60nhiiiOrO nOJIKa HaxonHJICH OC06hrH OTPM - '!aCTHhrH pe3epB. 11, HaKoHeii, KaK y)f{e OTMe'lanOCb Bbiiiie, B «3eneHOH .IJ:y6paBe» 6hiJI CKpbiTHO pacrrono)f{eH 3acanHhrii noJIK ( o6miiii pe3epB). EonbiiiOH IIOnK COCTOHJI 113 rrexoTbi 11 KOHHIIIIbl. B QeHTpe ero HaXO-

,n:.

EBPOnA

nnnOCb BeniiKOKHH)f{eCKOe 3HaMH II, cnenoBaTenbHO, «nBOp», T. e. KOHHbiH oTpHn .IJ:MnTp11H. IIepenoBoii nOnK COCTOHn 113 neiiiHX BOHHOB. IIonKH rrpaBoii II neBoii PYK11, o6pa30BbiBaBmne Q:>naHrii OCHOBHOH niiHHH 60eBOrO nOpHnKa, COCTOHnH H3 KOHHIIIIbl II H3 IIeiiiiiX OTpHnoB, IIOCTaBneHHbiX c IIenhiO Haii6onhmero yciineHHH 3TIIX O'leHb Ba)f{HbiX 'laCTell 6oeBoro nopHnKa. 3acanHhrii nOnK 6hiJI YKOMnneKTOBaH H3 OT60pHOH KOHHHQbi. BoeHHhiH ncTopnK A.A. CTpOKOB 3aMe'!aeT, 'ITO neneHIIe 6oeBoro rropHnKa Ha 5 nOnKOB, He C'IJITaH '!aCTHa rrepenoBoii, HOfO pe3epBa, 6onbiiiOH, neBoQ:>naHrOBbiH, rrpaBOQ:>naHrOBbiH 11 3acanHhiH MO)f{HO BCTpeTHTb BO BCeX pa60TaX, nOCBHmeHHhiX KyniiKOBCKoii 6IITBe, Ho TaKoe ycTaHOBIIBmeecH neneHHe 6oeBoro nopHnKa no noJIKaM He HBnHeTCH noJIHbiM. 11ccnenoBaTenn no Heii3BeCTHhiM npli'IIIHaM He o6paTHJIII BHIIMaHHH Ha coo6meHIIe 4-ii HoBroponCKoii neTOIIHCH (CnHCOK .IJ:y6pOBCKOro B KOTopoii HapHny c nepenoBbiM nOJIKOM Ha3BaH CTOpO)f{eBOH IIOnK II nepe'IIICneHhi noHMeHHO Ha'laJibCTByIOIIIHe Han HllMll KHH3bH 11 BOeBOnhi 2. IIpo113BOJibHoe, BorrpeKH HCTO'IHI1KaM, orpHIImrne y'laCTHH B pa3rpoMe TaTap Ha KyJIHKOBOM none cTopo)f{eBoro nOJIKa npiiBeno K HenpaBJIJibHOMY ocBemeHHIO caMoro xona KynnKoBcKoii 611TBhi. Bhman oqeHb cymeCTBeHHhiii Ha qaJibHhrH ee 3Tan. BBon B 611TBY Ha KyJIHKoBOM none CTOpO)f{eBOrO nOJIKa, COCTOHBIIIero 113 nerKOH KOHH1111hl, 6hin Bbl3BaH CnO)f{IIBIIIeHCH o6craHOBKoii. ABaHrapn TaTap, COCTaBneHHbrH II3 nerKOH KOHHIIIIhl, ynaAAnCH HHOrna Ha oniiH IIJIH Ha nBa-Tpii KHJIOMeTpa OT OCHOBHbiX cnn II 3aBH3hiBan cpa)f{eHne. Ero neii-

1 CM. ITCPJI (IloJIHoe co6pa1111e pyccKwx JICTOITHCCH ), T. IV, '!. 1. c. 486. 0 JJCTOIJHCHOH rronecTH no ciTHcKy )J,y6poncKoro cM. C . K. IllaM6HHaro. IlonecTH o MaMaenoM no6oJllne, CI16, 1906 r., c. 151- 161. 2 rJepe'!CHh BCCX nOJIKOB )laH n011 CJJOBaMH: «11 cTan TY KHH3b (y HenpHIIBbi. - A . C.) BCJIHKH, no )IOCTOliHHIO nOJIKH pa3pH!111B 11 BOCBO)Ibl Y'fHHHB» . CM. 4-H Honropo!ICKaH JieTonwcb. CITHcoK )J,y6poncKoro, ITCPJI, T. IV, c. 486.

307

«3anaAHOiii»nonK CTBHH B CJIY'Iae Heo6xon11MOCTII nonnep)f{IIBan11Cb TaKJIMII )f{e nerKIIMH KOHHbiMH oTpHnaMH. Ha 3TOM nepBoHaqaJibHOM 3Tane cpa)f{eHHH TaTapbr CTpeMHniiCb II3MOTaTb npOTIIBHIIKa. 11 neiiCTBIITeJibHO, ecnii 6bi nepBaH nnHHH pyccKoro 6oeBoro nopHnKa orpaHH'IIIBanacb nepenoBbiM noJIKoM, COCTOHBIIIIIM H3 neXOTbl, TO TaTapbl Mornii 6hr c ycnexoM npnMeHHTh CBOIO TaKTIIKY, paCC'IJITaHHYIO Ha H3MaTbiBaHHe. llpH 6biCTpOM KOHHOM HaJieTe TaTapbl OCbillaJIH 6bi pyccKHX Ty'leH CrpeJI, a npH OTCTYIIJieHIIH CTapanHCb 6bi BbiMaHHTb pyCCKHe nOJIKH c nx KpenKrrx no3HIIHH. OnHaKo TaTapbi cpa3y )f{e IIOCne CTOJIKHOBeHHH CTOpO)f{eBbiX IIOJIKOB npHHHJIH Q:>pOHTaJibHOe cpa)f{eHHe, XOTH H CTpeMHnHCb Bcerna H36eraTb ero: OHO npoTHBopeqnno HX ycTaHOBHBIIIHMCH TpanHIIHHM. BhlnenHH CTOpO)f{eBOH nonK II3 nerKOH KOHHIIIIhi, .IJ:MHTpiiii .IJ:oHCKOH, 6e3yCnOBHO, IIMen B BIIllY TaTapcKIIe nprreMhi 6oH. llepen cTopo)f{eBhiM noJIKoM 6bina nocTaBneHa 3anaqa rrapnpoBaTb ynapbi aBaHrapna (nepenoBoro OTplllla) TaTap, JII1IIIHTb IIX B03MO)f{HOCTH Ha6paChiBaThCH Ha OCHOBHhle pyccKIIe CHJibr. IIepenoBhie qacTrr TaTap, BCTpeTIIB CTOpO)f{eBOH nOJIK Ha H3BeCTHOM ynaneHHH OT CBOHX rnaBHbiX cHJI, BCTYIIHJill B cpa)f{eHHe. Cno)f{HBIIIaHCH 06CTaHOBKa BhiHynrrna MaMaH qepe3 onpeneneHime BpeMH rrycTHTb B neno CBOH OCHOBHbie CHJibl.

anoXA MOHronos. 1200-1400 rr.

308

TaKHM o6pa3oM, 6oeBoit rropJIAOK pyccKoro BOitCKa COCTOJIJI H3 IIJITH

3a 6oJihliiHM noJIKOM OTPJIAOB, co-

IIOJie OH TaJOKe, H3XO,I{JICh Ha HeKOTO-

CTaBJIJIBliiHX qaCTHhlit pe3epB.

poM y.!{aJieHHH OTOCHOBHhiX CHJI, nep-

JIHHHit: H3 IIOJIKOB CTOpOiKeBoro, ne-

CTopo)f(eBOil noJIK B noxo.!{e y.!{a-

BhiM HaqaJI 6HTBy, H TOJihKO IIOCJie

pe.!{OBOro, 6oJihrnoro, npasoil H Jie-

JIJIJICJI Ha 3HaqHTeJihHOe paCCTOJIHHe

ero CTOJIKHOBeHHJI C nepe.!{OBhlMH qa-

Boil pyKH, 3aCa.!{Horo H nocTaBJieHHhiX

oT ocHOBHhlX CHJI. Ha KyJIHKOBOM

CTIIMH TaTap B 6HTBY BTJIHYJIHCh BCe pyccKHe BOitCKa, B TOM qHcJie H nepe.!{OBOit IIOJIK.

RYJIHROBCKAH BHTBA 8 ceHTJI6pR 1380 r . 1,5

1,5

3,01\M

Bhv::r,eJieHHe H yAaqHoe pacnoJio)f(eHHe CHJihHOro 3aCa,I{HOrO IIOJIKa IIO,I{ KOMaH,I{OBaHHeM Bhl,I{aiOWHXCJI BOeHaqaJihHHKOB KHJI3JI BJia,n,HMHpa AH.!{peeBH"'a H BOeBOAhl ,[(MHTPHJI Bo6poKa, a Ta:tOKe HaJIH"'He B 6oeBoM IIOpJI.!{Ke CTOpO)f(eBOrO IIOJIKa, HMeBruero 3a.!{aqy 3aBJI3aTh cpa)f(eHHe H napHpOBaTh KOHHhle HaJieThl TaTap, .fiBJIJIIOTCJI CBH,I{eTeJihCTBOM 60JihliiOro noJIKOBO.!{"'ecKoro HceyccTBa ,[(MHTpHJI ,[(OHCKOro. OueHHBaJI MeCTHOCTh H 6oeBhle IIpHeMhl TaTap, ,[(MHTpHil ,[(OHCKOit npaBHJihHO orrpe.!{eJIHJI, <ITO MaMaH 6yAeT CTPeMHThC.fl pa36Hn npe-K.,LJ.e Bcero JieBoe KphlJio 6oeBoro nopJIAKa, c TeM "'T06hi OTPe3aTh BoilcKa oT neperrpaB H IIpH)f(aTh HX C TpeX CTOpoH K o6phlBHCThlM 6eperaM peKH HenpJIABhl. IlpH BhiiiOJIHeHHH TaKOro 3aMhiCJia TaTaphl HeMHHyeMO ,I{OJI)f(Hhl 6hmH OTKphlTh CBOit ThlJI,I{JIJI BHe3aiiHOro y.!{apa 3aCa.!{Horo noJIKa. PacnoJio)f(eHHe 3aCa.!{Horo noJIKa y 6poAOB HMeJIO 3HaqeHHe H B CJiyqae IIO,I{XO,I{a .HraitJIO K IIOJIIO 6o.fl. BoeBoit nopJIAOK TaTap Ha KyJIHKOBOM IIOJie COCTO.fiJI H3 nepe.!{OBOro OTpJI.!{a (JierKaJI KOHHHUa), UeHTpa, CHJihHhlX KOHHhiX KphlJibeB (JieBOro H npasoro), pacnoJIO)f(eHHhiX B .!{Be JIHHHH H TaK)f(e HMeBliiHX CBOH nepe.!{OBhle OTPJIAhl, H pe3epBa. B BoilcKax MaMaJI 6h1Jla nexoTa, B TOM "'HCJie

BoA pyccKoro nepe.11oaoro .AOM MOHrono-r arap

nonKa c aeaHrap-

feHY33CKaJI. KHJI3h ,[(MHTpHH HBaHOBHq, Bhl6paB II03HUHH H Ha3HaqHB MeCTa pacIIOJIO)f(eHHJI .!{JI.fl Ka)f(,I{oro cBoero

<t>poHranbHbiH y.nap rnaaHbiX c11n MoHrono-ra. rap 11 npopbiB neeoro Q>naHra pyccKHX BOHCK nepeMeiUeHHe pe3epea pyCCKHX BOACK Jlml npHI<pbiTI151 neeoro lj>naHra 11 Tblila 6onb路woro nonKa BHe3anHbiA y.11ap Jaca.QHoro nonKa H P,aJrpoM MOH ron o-ra rap

IIOJIKa, C B03BhlliieHHOro MeCTa Ha6JIIO,I{aJI 3a HX pa3BepThlBaHHeM. 3aTeM OH 06'be3)f(aJI IIOJIKH, O'rnaBaJI IIOCJie,I{HHe pacrropJI)f(eHHJI H IIpH3hlBa.fl BOHHOB K 6eccTpaliiHOit 6opb6e C TaTapaMH. 芦B03JII06JieHHhie OTUhl H 6paTHa,- rOBOpHJI OH,- ... CBOero pa.!{H cnaceHHa IIO.!{BH3aitrecJI 3a

npecne.AOBaHHe MOHfOflO路Tarap pyCCKHMH BOACKaMH

npaBOCJiaBHYIO Bepy, H 3a 6paTHIO Harny! BCH 60 eCMhl OT MaJia H ,!{0 BeJIHKa 6paTHa e,I{HHH ... yMpeM B CHit

BOCTOLJ HA$l EBPOnA

309

qac ... 3a 6paTHIO Harny, 3a Bee npaBOCJiaBHoe XpHCTHaHCTB0». 1 BoHHhl, cJiyrnasrnHe pe"'h ,[{MHTpHH, npo,qomKaeT «CKa3aHHe», «yKpenHBillaJICJI H My)f(eCTBeHH 61>Jilla, JIKO opJIH JieTaiOII.Ie H JIKO JlbBbl phlKaiOII.Ie Ha TaTapCKHa nOJIKhl». 2 0CB060.LJ.H'TeJlbHhle UeJIH BO~Hhl BOo,qyrneBJIJIJIH pyccKoe BO~CKO, OHM BCeJIJIJIH B Hero «KpenOCTb» H M)'JKeCTBO.

9Tanbl 6MTBb/

KyJIHKOBCKJIO 6HTBy M(J)f(}f o

(8 ceHTII6pH)

no,qpa.~eJIHTh Ha <JeTbipe 3'nllla.

IJepBhl~ 3Tan -

60~ CTOpO)f(eBO-

ro pyccKoro noJIKa c nepe,qoBI>IMH <JaCTIIMH TaTap. B 11-M qacy, KOI)J,a coJIHUe 6hlJlo J)Ke BI>ICOKO H TYMaH pacceJIJICJI, npoTHBHHKH YBHAeJIH ,qpyr ,qpyra. HaqaJIH C'be3)f(aTbCJI, C006ll.laiOT JleTOnHCUhl, CTOpO)f(eBbie nOJIKH pyccKHX H TaTap. BenHKH~ KHJI3b ,[{MHTpH~ no cTapoM:y pyccKOM)' o6hl<JaiO caM BbiexaJI CO CTOpO)f(eBI>IM nOJIKOM, <JT06bi Ha<JaTb 6HTBy. B

cTopo)f(eBoM

nOJIKJ OH npo6biJI He,qoJiro H B03BpaTHJICJI no,q CBOe BeJIHKOKHJI)f(eCKOe 3HaMJI B 60JibillO~ nOJIK.

noeAHHOK nepecaeTa C 'feny6eeM. MHHHaTIOpa «CKaaaHHSI o MaMaeaoM no6o11~e»

BcKope BCJie,q 3a CTOJIKHOBeHHeM CTOpO)f(eBOro nOJIKa C nepe,qOBI>IM OTPJIAOM TaTap B ,qeJio BcTynHJIH rJiaBHbie CHJlbl CTOpOH.

HO H pyKaMH xBaTaJIH ,qpyr ,qpyra,

ll.IHII.IeHHbie oBparaMH peK. BHTBa

BTOpo~ 3'nlli 6HTBI>I xapru.'"repH30-

YMHpaJIH no,q KOHCKHMH KOnbiTaMH,

rJiaBHI>IX CHJI Ha<JaJiaCb q>poHTaJibHbiM

BaJicJI q>poHTa.JlbHI>IM CTOJIKHOBeHHeM

33AhlXaJIHCb OT BeJIHKOfi 'reCHOTbi, no-

CTOJIKH OBeHHeM.

OCHOBHI>IX CHJI H ycneXOM TaTap Ha

TOM)' "'TT HeJib3JI 6hlJIO HM noMeCTHTb-

IJ03T01\1)' CBO~ y,qap TaTaphl Ha-

JieBOM KphlJle pyccKOro BO~CKa.

CJI Ha KyJIHKOBOM noJie: Ma.JIO MecTa

npaBHJIH Ha UeHTP pyccKO~ n03HUHH

B «CKa3aHHH o MaMaeBoM no6o-

Me~y ,[{oHoM H HenpH.LJ.BOIO. Ha TOM

C nocJie,qyiOII.IHM CTpeMJieHHeM pa3-

Hll.le»3 o6 3TOM 3Tane 6HTBI>I coo6ma-

noJie COillJIHCb BMeC're CHJlbHhle noJI-

6HTb JieBoe Kpi>IJIO, nOCKOJibKJ 3a pe-

eTCJI: «TaTaphl JKe HAYT no o6e cTO-

KH, H3 HHX BhlcrynHJIH KpOBaBhle 30pH,

KO~ CMOJIKO~ KOHHHUa MOrJia pacno-

poHhl peKH, Hei)J,e HM pa30fiTHCb: Ta-

OT6JieCKaMe<Jefi, TO"'HO MOJIHHH, 6JIH-

JiaraTb noJieM AJIJI MaHeBpa. OxBaT

Tap MHOro, a MeCTa AJIJI HHX He-r4.

CTaiOT.

If 6hlJI rpOXOT OT JIOMaiOII.IHX-

npasoro pyccKoro q>JiaHra no ycJio-

B CXBanre o6a BO~CKa H

CJI KOnHfi H cryKa Me<Je~, B O.LJ.HH qac,

BHJIM MeCTHOCTH ( OBparn H Jieca) 6hlJI

KpenKO 6HJIHCb He TOJlbKO opy)f(HeM,

B MrHOBeHbe OKa, CKOJlbKO TbiCJI"' 6o-

HaH6oJiee 3aTpy,qHeH. K TOM)' JKe oH

)f(bef0 co:3)J,aHHJI norn6aeT. Ha<Ja.JIH Ta-

He 61>IJ1 H 6e3onaceH: TaTaphl, 3afiAJI

If COillJIHCb

HHKOHOBCKal! JJeTOITHCb, 1380 fO.Q. 2 TaM)f(e. 3 C.K. IIIaM6HHaro. IloBeCTH o MaMaeBOM noooHme. CII6., 1906. C. 29-30. 4,[(aJJee fOBOpHTCll 0 e,QHHOOOpCTBeTaTapCKOfO 6oraTblpll TeMHp-Myp3bl, KOTOpbli't 60JJbWe H3BeCTeH B HCTOpHH ITO.Q HMeHeM 'IeJJy6ei't, H pyccmro 6oraTblpll IlepecBeTa, BbiexaBwero K HeMY HaBCTpeqy OT nepe.QOBOro ITOJJKa («Y.QapHJJHCb OHM KpenKO, HynaJJH o6a Ha 3eMJJro MepTBbie»).

Tapbi o,qoJieBaTb HarnHx... »

cnpasa, MOrJIH 6hlTb OT6porneHhl K

0KOJIO 12 <JaCOB.LJ.HJI 1 nocJie CTOJIKHOBeHHJI CTOpO)f(eBOro nOJIKa C Ta-

KPYTI>IM 6eperaM peKH HenpJI)l.Bhl.

TapCKHM nepe,qoBbiM OTPJIAOM rJiaB-

npHHJIJI Ha ce6JI q>poHTaJibHhlfi y,qap,

Hhle CHJlhl TaTap no,qOillJIH K pyccKHM

«H 6hlCTb 6paHb KpenKa H ceqa 3Jla

PyccKH~ nepe,qoBo~ noJIK nepBI>IM

no3HUHJIM. OHM He MOrJIH oxBaTHTb

3eJIO». IlernaJI paTh nepe,qoBoro noJI-

CBOefi KOHHHUefi pyccKHeq>JiaHrn, 3a-

Ka BCJI noJierJia Ha noJie 6oJI, «aKH ,qpeBeca CJIOMHillaCJI H aKH CeHO no-

1 C.K. IliaM6HHaro. CKa3aHHe o MaMaeBOM no6oHme. CII6., 1906. C. 56.

Ce<JeHO». BHTBa, pa3BepHyBrnaJicJI K 3TOM)' BpeMeHH no BCeMy q>poHry,

3nOXA MOHIOJlOB. 1200-1400 rr.

310

OTJIWiaJiaCb KpaHIDIM omeCTOtieHHeM.

Kam):lblll, KTO HatiHHaeT 6e3 BpeMe-

3eMJIH ITO):( K OITblTbl KOCThMH TaTap-

OrpoMHble CHJibl c o6eHx cTopoH

HH- ITpHHOCHT ce6e 6eAy. IIoMoJI-

CKHMH 6blJia HaceeHa, a KpOBbiO HX ITOJIHTa 6blCTh» 1.

crp)?J:HJIHCb Ha TeCHOM ITOJie. BeJIH-

IIHM H ITOTepiTHM ern:e ):(0 YA06Horo

KOKHIDKeCKHH OTpH):l, Ha):l KOTOpbiM

BpeMeHH, KOr):la ):la):(HM OTBeTHblll

pa3BeBaJIOCb 3HaMH ,lJ;MHTpHH ,lJ;oH-

yAap HaiiiHM BparaM ... »

ITpHIIIeJI

Coi03HHK MaMaH, JIHTOBCKHH KHH3b HrailJio, HaX OAHBIIIHH CH c

CKOrO, Hec 6oJibiiiHe ITOTepH. CaM

tiac. BoJiblHeu: 3 aKpHIIaJI rpOMKHM

TPHAIJ:aTHTblCH'IHblM BOHCKOM He):la -

BeJIHKHll KHH3b py6HJICH, KaK ITpOCTOll

JieKo OT ITOJIH 6HTBbl, Y3HaB 0 ITOJI-

BOHH H, HaKOHeU:, H3paHeHHblll Bbl6blJI

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HO B03pOCJia. EoJibiiiOH ITOJIK, KOCTHK

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pyccKoe BOHCKO ):(0 BCTYITJieHHH B

ITO'ITH ITOJIOBHHY BOHHOB. B

6HTBe

6HTBa BOCCTaHOBHJia y pyccKoro H a -

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ITaJIO MHOro KHH3ell H BOeBO):l. BeJIH-

p o ):la Bepy B CBOH CHJibl H CITOC06-

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cKoil 6blJI HaH):leH B ITOJie B ITOJIYC03 -

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y ):lapOM C Tpex CTOpOH OT6pOCHTh

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pyccKoe BOHCKO B HeiTpHABY H 6oJib-

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M eHHHK,- 6blJIO B TO BpeMH CMOT-

pyccKoro HapoAa, 6opb6bl c TBepbiO

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TpeTHil 3TaiT 6 HTBbl- BHe 3 aiT-

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T eKJia» • H o ITOTepH TaTap 6blJIH eme 6oJibIIIe: rpyAbl HX TeJI BaJIHJIHCb Ha Ky-

1 TaM lKe , c . 127, cM. «CnoBo o K yJIMKOBCKOR 6MTBe» Ca<jloHIDI PH3aHD;a (3a)J;oH-

Jll;IIHa) , BonncKMe rroBecTM )J;peBHeR PycM, 19 49 r . CBoeBpeMeHMh!:it BBO)J; o6m;ero pe3epBa B )J;eJio cpa3y M3MeHMJI xo)J; 6MTBhl. TaTa-

KHH3 b BJia):lHMHp AH):lpeeBHII,

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coo6rn:aeT «CKa3aHHe», Ha6JIIO):laH 3 a

):lo peKH KpacHBOH MeiiH; «IIepHa

phl, He OlKM)J;aBimre yll;apa c <jlnaHra M ThlJia, r r p = B 3aMerna TeJihCTBO . BcKope rro)J; HaTMCKOM BCeX pyccKMX BORCK, rrep erne)J;IllliX B

1 ITo HHKoHOBCKOR neTorrncM, yll;ap 3aca)J;Horo IIOJIKa 6hiJI HaHeceH OKOJIO 3 -X l!aCOB i1JUI - «ylKe )J;eBliTOM)' 'lacy MCXO)J;l!IIly» (no

KOHTpaTaKy, TaTaphl B IIOJIHOM 6ecrropll)J;Ke 6p ocMJIHCh K KpacHOM)' XoJIM)', Ha KOTop oM pa3BeBanoch 3HaMH XaHa. MaMa:it BBeJI B )J;eJio

TOr)J;allllieM)' MCl!MCJieiDIIO BpeMeHH). 2 C.K. illaM6nnaro. lloBeCTM o MaMaeBOM rro6o~e . CI16., 1906 . C . 128.

CBOM IIOCJie)J;HMe pe3 epBhl, HO C)J;eplKaTh HacryiiJieHMe pyccKMX BORCK ylKe He MOr. PycCKMe rrpecJie)J;oBaJIM pa3rp oMJieHHhle TaTap-

'3a)J;o~a. CM. C.K. illaM6nnaro . IToBecTM o MaMaeBoM rro6o~e. C I1 6 ., 1906.

CKMe rroJilfMIIl;a )J;O p eRM KpacMBoR Mel!M, Ha paCCTOliHMM 30-40 KM .

XO):(OM 6 HTBbl, <<He MOr 6oJiee TepITeTb, CH):lH B 3 aCa):le , H CKa3aJI ,lJ;MHTpHIO BoJibiHU:y: « ... EeAa BeJIHKaH, 6paT, tieMy ITOMOraeT Hallie CTOHHHe B 3aCa):le, 6y):leT OHO HaM B ITOCMeiiiHIl(e , KOMY 6yAeM ITOMoraTh».

cKa-

3 aJI eMy ,lJ;MHTpHll: « ... B e JIHKaH 6e):la, KHH3b, Ho eme He ITpHIIIeJI Haiii tiac :

BOCTOLJ HA$l EBPOnA

311

H PH3aHI>IO, c JIHTOBUaJvtM H TaTapaMH. MHoroJieTHi!H 6op1>6a cnoco6cTBOBaJia cnJio<JeHHIO CHJI pyccKoro Hapo.LJ,a H HaKOIIJieHHIO 6oeBOro OIIhlTa. IlooTOr.ty HeJII>3i! KyJIHKOBCKYIO 6HT-

BY paccMaTpHBaTI> BHe CBH3H co BCeM rrpe.LJ,IIIeCTBOBaBIIIHM nepHO,[I,OM pa3BHTHli pyccKOro BOeHHOro HCKYCCTBa. B pe3yJII>Ta're AJIH'reJII>HOJi IIOJIHTH<JeCKOJi IIO.LJ,rOTOBKH K BOJiHe C 3oJIOTOJi Op.LJ,oli YAaJIOCI> o61>e.LJ,HHHTh no<JTH BCIO CeBepo-3anaAHYIO Pyc1>. EcJIH ThlJI pyccKoli paTH 6hlJI H3,!J,e)f(eH, TO Ha<l>JiaHrax ee orrepaUHOHHoro Ha-

npasJieHHHHaxOAHJIHC1>Bp~e6HMe rpynrrHpOBKH- JIHTOBUI>I H pi!3aHUhl, <ITO ycJIO)f(Hi!JIO c1paremqeceyiO o6CTaHOBey. CTparernH pyccKoro KOMaHAOBaHHH B KyJIHKOBCKoli 6MTBe xapaxrepHa coqeTaHHeM peiiHrreJI I>HhlX .LJ,eJiCTBHJi C He06XO,[I,HMOJi OCTOpOlKHOCTh!O H BCeCTOpOHHeJi o6ecrre<JeHHOCThiO. PyccKaH pan .LJ,elicTBOBaJia Hacryrra'relli>Ho, H 3TO He II03BOJIHJIO IIpOTHBHHh'aM COe.LJ,HHHTh CBOH CHJihl, T.e. ocymeCTBHTI> CBOJi IIJiaH. PyccKoe KOMaH.LJ,OBaHHe He paCIIhlJiliJIO CBOHX CHJI H BCIO paTI> UeJIHKOMABHHYJIO IIpOTHB rJiaBHOro npOTHBHHKa- TaTapO-MOHro-

KynHKOBCKaSI 6HTBa 1380 r. MHHHaTIOpa «CKa3aHHR o MaMaeaoM no6o11~e»

JIOB, pa3rpoM KOTOphlX npe.LJ,peiiiHJI rro6e.LJ,y H3):(JIHTOBUalviM H pH3aHUalviM 6e3 6011.

Ih KoJIOMHhl pyccKaH

Xopoiiio 6MJia opraHH30BaHa

BaJIHCI> 6po.LJ,hl. Ha rrepenpasax opra-

areHrypHaH H BOJiCKOBaH pa3Be.LJ,Ka,

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paTI> 6McT-

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po BI>IIIIJia K ycTI>IO JionacHH H <Pop-

THe peiiieHHJi H yrepeHHI>Ie .LJ,eJiCTBHi!

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ry ,[(MHTpMi! yrpo)f(aJI H3MeHHHK0Jier,

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aTaKa KOToporo Moma 33):(ep)f(aTI>

Aa H 6011 H TlllaTeJII>HhlJi IIO.LJ,6op HaH-

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312

3nOXA MOHrOnOB. 1200-1400 rr.

KyllltKOBCK8SI 6111TB8 (neTOniiiCH8SI MIIIHIII8TIOpa)

pe3epBaMH. CTopo)!{eBoi1 rronK 3amr3biBan 6oi1, rnaBHhie eunbi H3MaTbiBanH 11 o6eeKpOBnHBanH IIpOTHBHHKa, 'laeTHhlli pe3epB o6eerre'IHBan yeTo:lt'lHBOeTh B 6010 6onhiiiOro rronKa; eKpbiTHO paerronO)!{eHHhiH 06IIl,HH pe3epB HMen 3a,[(a'!Y peiiiHTb HeXO,[( 6HTBbl BHe3aiiHbiM yAapOM B TOT MOMeHT, KOr,[(a Bee eMnhi IIpOTHBHHKa 6y.[(yT BOBne'leHbi B 6o:lt, 'IT06bi TaTapbl Ha MaHeBp pyeeKOH paTH He MOrnH OTBeTHTb KOHTpMaHeBpOM. Eo:lt npo,[(OTI)!{aneH 6onee IIHTH '!aeoB. Ilo,[(roTaBnHBasr BHe3aiiHb:Ill yAap 3aea,[(HhiM IIOnKOM, pyeeKOe KOMaii,!l,OBaHHe npmrnno Bee Mepbr .[(nH Toro, 'lT06bi o6eene'lHTb 6oerOTOBHOeTb eBOe:lt paTH H HeKniO'lHTb B03M0)!{HOeTb BHe3arrHoro Hana,[(eHHH rrpoTHBHHKa. Pa3Be,[(Ka Ha6nro,[(eHHeM H 6oeM Benaeb HerrpepbiBHO. Cny)i{6y oxpaHeHHSI Hee eTOpO)!{eBOH IIOTIK, Bbi,[(eTIHH Brrepe,[( 11 Ha <j>naHrH «eTO-

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BOCTOYHA~ ITo IIHIIIJ:IIaTHBe tiaCTHbiX Hatia.JThIDIKOB Cpa3yme HatiaJIOCbTaKTWieCKOe ITpecne~oBaHHe pa36llTb!X TaTap, KOTOpoe ITpo~onmanocb Ha paccTOHHHH oKoJio 50 KM. B pe3yJibTaTe 3TOID ITpecne~oBaHIIH pyccKHe YHHIITomHJIH Kp)'IIHble CHJibi ITpOTHBIDIKa. IIpH 3TOM cneeyeT oTMeTH'Th, tiTO HCTOIIHliKH He ~aiDT OCHOBaHIIH rOBOpliTh 0 ITOIIbiTKax TaTap 3a~epmaTh HaCTYIIJieHHe pycCKOH paTH Ha KpacHoM XoJIMe. B u:enoM KynHKOBCKaH 6HTBa ITOKa3biBaeT BbiCOKHH ypoBeHb pa3BllTHH BOeHHOrO liCKYCCTBa pyccKoro BOHCKa. KynHKOBCKaH 6HTBa ITonomHJia HatiaJIO ITOJIHOMY pa3rpoMy 30JIOTOH OpJU>I II ocBo6o)l{):(emrro OT TaTapoMOHrOJibCKoro Hra Hapo~oB BocTotiHOH EBpOITbi. Eru:e 6oJibiiie Bbipocno II oKpeiTJio 3HatieHHe MocKBbi KaK U:eHTpaHau;HOHaJibHOID06be~HeHHH

B 6opb6e 3a ocBo6om~eHHe oT BJiacTH 3oJIOTOH OpJU>I.

BoccTaHIIIe 1383 ro,qa B MocKBe. HawecTBIIIe ToXTaMbiWa BcKope ITocn e pa3rpoMaHa KyJIHKOBOM ITOJie MaMaH ITOTepiTeJI HOBOe ITopameHHe, Kompoe Ha 3TOT pa3 eMY HaHeCJIH BOHCKa xaHa ToxTaMbiiiia. MaMali 6emarr B Kacpy ( <Deo~ocHIO ), r~e II ITOrH6. 3onoToli Op~oli CTaJI ITpaBHTh xaH ToxTaMbiiii. )!{enaH yTBep~Th CBOIO BJiaCTb Ha~ PycbiO, OH B 138 2 roey ITpe~pHHHJI ITOXO~ Ha MocKBy. ToxTaMbiiiiYITOMorJIH HeKoTOpbie pyccKHe KHH3bH, ITpOTHBHHKll o6be~HHHTeJibHOH ITOJIHTliKH MocKBbl. Oner pH3aHCKHH YKa3arr ToxTaMbiIIIY 6poJU>I Ha 0Ke, Hll)Keropo~cKHe KHH3bH ITpHcoe~HHHJIHCb K BolicKy ToxTaMbiiiia II BMecTe c HHM ~BHHY JIHCb K MocKBe. MocKoBcKoe ITpaBHTeJibCTBo pacTepHJIOCb II He cyMeJIO 6biCTpo opraHH30BaTh o6opoHy. IIocJie KynHKOBCKOH 6HTBbi ocna6neHHble pyccKHe BOeHHble CliJibi He 6biJIH roTOBbi K TOMY, IIT06bl oTpa3liTh BHe3aiiHbiH ~ap . OpraHH30BaHHOMY oTITopy Bpary MeiiiaJIH II cpeo~arrbHble yco6IJUbi cpe~H KHH3eli II 6oHp. B TO BpeMH KaK ,[(MHTpiiH ,[(oHCKOH BbiexaJI B IIepeHcJiaBJib, a 3aTeM B KoCTPOMY ~JIH c6opa paTHbiX CHJI, MHTpoiToJIHT KIJrrpHaH II PM M OCKOBCKHX

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6oHp, HciTyraBIIIHCb ToxTaMbiiiia, 6emarrH H3 CTOJIHU:bi. Tor~a Ha 3aiUIJTY MocKBbi aKTHBHO ITO~HJIHCb Hapo~ Hble Macchi. MocKOBCKHe peMecneHHHKH II KpeCTbHHe OKpeCTHbiX CeJI II ~epeBeHb, CKOITliBIIIHeCH B CTOJIHU:e, BoopymaJIHCb II TPe6oBaJIH OT cpeo~arroB 3aiUHTbi ropo~a. Tex, KTO ITbiTaJicH BblexaTb H3 MocKBbi, B TOM 'IliCJie «BeJIHKHX 6oHp», H36HBaJIH II 3a6paCbiBaJill KaMHHMll. IIpe~aTeJibCTBO HHmeropo~cKHX

KHH3eH, KOTOpbie, ITO BbipameHHIO JieTOITHCU:a, «JI)KlJBbiMll petiaMll II JI)KlJBbiMll ITpeMomeHliHMH MHpa» yroBopHJIH MOCKBHtieH OTKpbiTb BOpOTa, ITOMorJio ToxTaMbiiiiY B3HTh MocKBy. TaTapcKHe BolicKa ITpOH3BeJIH CTPaiiiHbili ITorpoM B ropo~e. MocKoBcKoe ITpaBHTeJibCTBO 6biJIO BbiHym~eHO BHOBb yrrnatiHBaTh ~aHb B Opey. 0~ HaKO ITopameHHe, Kompoe ITOTepiTena Op~a Ha Kyn HKOBOM ITOJie, 6biJIO HaCTOJibKO BeJIHKO, 'ITO OHa yme He MOrJia BOCCTaHOBHTh CBOIO ITpe)KHIQIO BJiacTb HM PycbiO ~ame ITocne ~apa, HaHeceHHoro MocKBe BOHCKaMH ToxTaMbiiiia. He CJIYIIaHHO ,[(MHTpHli ,[(oHCKOH ITepe~aJI ITO 3aBeiiJ:aHHIO CBOeMy cbiHy BacHJIHIO I B KatiecTBe «OTtiHHbi» (HaCJie~C TBe HHOrO BJia~eHHH) Bna~HpcKoe BeJIHKoe KHH)KecTBo, KOTOpbiM ~0 3TOrO HMeJIH ITpaBO pacITOpH)KaTbCH Jiliiiib op~CKHe XaHbi . Aan~>Helliwee noniiiTIIILiecKoe o6'be.QIIIHeHIIIe pyccKIIIX 3eMenb

B 90-x m~ax XIV BeKa K MocKoBCKOMY KHH)KecTBy 6biJIO ITpHcoe~H HeHo KHHmecTBO HHmeropo~cKoe. HHmHHH HoBropo~ HBJIHJICH o~HM ll3 KpyiiHeHIIIliX TOproBo-peMeCJieHHbiX u:eHTpoB PycH. HHmeropo~cKHH KpaH 6biJI CBH3aH C IOrO-BOCTOKOM, OTKy~a ITpliX O~liJill 6yxapCKHe, XllBliHCKHe II 3aKaBKa3CKHe KYITU:bi, a TaKme c 3 aiTa~oM II ceBepo-3arrMOM PycH. PaciToJiomeHHbiH ITpH BITa~e Hllll 0KH B Bonry HIImHHH HoBropo~ CJiymHJI KJIIO'IOM K BamHeHIIIHM BO~ HbiM MarHCTpanHM BonmcKo-OKcKoli petiHoli cHcTeMbi. B TO me BpeMH MH OpJU>I Hll)KHHH HoBropo~ 6biJI o~M H3 oiTopHbix ITYHKTOB HacTyrrJieHHH Ha Pycb. llo3TOMY 6opb6a c Tanpo-MoHroJiaMH Bbi~HraJia ITepe~ M OCKOBCKH-

313 Mll KHH3bHMll 3Matiy JIHKB~au;HH caMOCTOHTeJibHOCTll Hll)Keropo~cKoro KHH)KecTBa. 3Ta 3a~atia cTaJia oco6eHHo HCHOH ITocn e Ha6era T oxTaMbiIIIa, B KOTOp OM ITpHHHJill YlJaCTHe HHmeropo~CKHe KHH3bH. OTKpbiTOMY BbiCTYIIJieHHIO BolicK MOCKOBCKoro KHH3H BacHJIHH I ,[(MHTpHeBHIIa (1389- 1 4 25rr. ) ITpOTHB HIImHero HoBropo~a B 1392-1393 ro~ax ITpe~IIIecTBoBaJio ero ITpe~Ba pHTeJibHOe cornaiiieHHe c HHmeropo~CKHMH 6oHpaMH. KpoMe Taro, BacHJIHH I ~o6HJICH oT ToxTaMbiiiia, ocna6neHHoro 6opb6on c THMypoM II IT03TOMY He meJiaBIIIero OCJIOmHe HHH c PycbiO, cornacHHHaiTpHcoe~H HeHHe HHmeropo~cKoro KHH)KeCTBa K MocKBe. IIocne 3TOro MOCKOBCKHe 6oHpe II TaTapCKHe ITOCJibi ITO~CTYIIHJIH K HHmHeMy HoBropo~y. MecTHble 6oHpe Bbi~aJill CBOero KHH3H MOCKOBCKOMY ITpaBHTeJibCTBY. B 1397 roey ITpaBHTeJibCTBO BaCHJIHH I p eiiiHJIO orropreyTh oT HoBmpo~cKoli pecrry6JIHKH 3aBHCHMble oT Hee BJIMeHHH Ha CeBepHoli ,[(BHHe, liCITOJib30BaB B 3THX U:eJIHX He~OBOJib CTBO 3eMJieBJia~ eJi btieCKOH 3HaTH ,[(BHHCKOH 3eMJill ITOJiliTHKOH HOBrOpO~CKOro 6oHpcTBa. BamJIHH I ITOcn an B ,[(BHHCKYIQ 3eMJIIO CBOHX ITOCJIOB c ITpeMomeHHeM ITepeliTH ITO~ ITpoTeKTopaT MocKoBcKoro KHH)Ke CTBa. IIocJie m ro KaK 3TO ITpeMom eHHe 6biJIO ITpHHHTO, B ,[(BHHCKYIQ 3eMJIIO 6biJI Ha3HatieH BeJIHKOKHH)KeCKHH HaMeCTHHK. ,[(BHHCKOe 6oHpCTBO II KyrretieCTBO ITOJiy'IliJIII OT BeJIHKOKHHmeCKOH BJiacTH PM ITPHBHJierHli. 0~ HaKo B 1398 ro~y HOBropo~CKHe BOHCKa OTBOeBaJIH ,[(BHHCKYIO 3e MJIIO. OceHbiO roro me ro~a HOBmpo~cK o e ITp aBHTeJibCTBO 3aKJIIOtiHJio B MocKBe MHp c BacHJIHeM I. PM HOBropo~cKHX BJIMeHHli ITep eiiieJI K MocKBe. B KOHIJ:e XIV BeKa B coCTaB PycCKoro m~apCTBa BOIIIJill 3eMJIH B 6acceliHe B biiier)U>I ( «MaJiaH IIepMb» ), HaCeJieHHble KOMH (3bipHHaMH).

5opb6a C BH9WHIIIMIII BparaMIII B KOHu,e XIV B. 06be~HHeHHe pyccKHX 3eM eJib ITp OliC X O~liJIO B OtieHb CJIOmHOH BHeiiiHeiTOJIHTHtieCKOH o6CTaHOBKe .

3nOXA MOHIOJlOB. 1200-1400 rr.

314

B 1395 roey THMyp, pa36HB BoilcKa ToxTaMbiiiia, ABHHYJICH B pyccKHe rrpe,o;eJibi. Hap; PyccKoil 3eMJieil HaBHCJia cTpaiiiHaH orracHOCTb. MocKBa HaiJ:aJia roTOBHTbCH K o6opoHe . BacHJIHll I c BoilcKoM HarrpaBHJICH K OKe. Ho THMYP rrocJie AByxHe,o;eJibHOll ocTaHOBKH y rpaHHU PH3aHCKOro KHIDKecTBa He rroiiieJI ,o;aJibiiie, a rrpe,o;IIpHHHJI HaCTYIIJieHHe Ha 3oJIOT)'IO Opey H pa3rpoMHJI ee. 3To 6biJIO cpa3y )Ke HCIIOJib30BaHO MOCKOBCKHM IIpaBHTeJibCTBOM, rrepeCTaBIIIHM yrrJiaiJ:HBaTb ):(aHb 3oJioToil Op,o;e. HoBaH yrpo3a Ha,o;BHHyJiacb Ha MocKBY co cTopoHbi JlHTOBCKoro KHIDKecTBa. B 1398 roey JIHTOBCKHH KHH3b BHTOBT 3aKJIIOIJ:HJI p;oroBop C JlHBOHCKHM op,o;eHOM, o6H3aBIIIHCb rroMOIJ:b eMy B 3axBaTe IlcKoBa. Op,o;eH o6ei[(aJI, CO CBOell CTOpOHbi, OKa3aTb co,o;eilcTBHe BHTOBTY B 3aBoeBaHHH HoBropo,o;a. BMeiiiaBIIIHCb B yco6HUbi B Op,o;e, BHTOBTIIpHHHJI K ce6e xaHa ToxTaMbiiiia, H3rHaHHoro THMypoM, H opraHH30BaJI B 1399 rop;y IIOXO):( Ha Opey c TeM, IJ:T06bl, BepHYB ToxTaMbiiiiY XaHCKHH rrpecroJI , c ero IIOMOI[(biO IIO):(IJ:HHHTb pycCKHe 3eMJIH. O,o;HaKO 9TOT IIOXO):( OKOHIJ:HJICH IIOJIHbiM pa3rpOMOM BOllCKaMH 9MHpa E):(HreH BOeHHbiX CHJI BHTOBTa, B COCTaB KOTOpbiX BXO):(HJIH IIOJibCKHe, HeMe[(KHe, a TaK)Ke TaTapCKHe OTpH):(bl, rrpHBe,o;eHHble ToxTaMbiiiieM.

BEHfPIUI BeHrpvm Mrpana ae.ayw.y10 ponb Ha BOeHHO-nOf1MTM4eCKOM C~eHe B ocT04HOM Eaponbt. HecMOTPR Ha Y4MHeHHbiM MOHTOJ1aMM KaTaCTpOqm4eCKMM pa3rpoM, no3,aHee KOponb 5ena IV aoccTaHOBM/1 M npMyMHO)I(M/1 MoryUJ,eCTBO CBOeM CTpaHbl. B Ha4ane XIV aeKa npoMcxo.aMna ,anMTenbHaR 6opb6a 3a npecTon; KOH4MJ1aCb OHa TeM, 4TO KOponeM Bbl6pa!1M Kapna I Po6epm AH)I(YMCKoro (MnM Kapo6epTa). OHM CbtH era fliO.aoaMK ( Mf1M flaM ow) BeHrepcKMM ew.e 6onee npMyMHO)I(Mf1M MOUJ,b M 6oraTCTBO BeHrpMM.

1206-1270 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHIIIE 5E11biiV. n oTepnea COKPYWM-

Te/1 bHOe nopa)l(eHMe OT MOHTOJ10B Ha peKe WaMo ( 1241 r. ), 5ena IV 6e)l(af1, npecne.ayeMbtM no nRTaM, noKa He Hawen y6e)I(MUJ,e Ha ocTpoaax y J].anMaTMHCKoro no6epe)l(bfl. nocne oTc-rynneHMR MOHronoa 5ena IV aoccTaHOBM/1 ~eHTpa!1bHYIO BJ1aCTb MOTpa3Mf1 BTOp)l(eHMe aBCTpMMCKOTO apwep~ora C!JpM,apMxa (1246 r.), a 3aTeM M BTOpOM MOHTOJ1bCKMM Ha6er ( 1261 r . ). B ,anMTenbHbtX, HM4bMM nepeaeCOM He OKOH4MB11JMXCR BOMHaX C 6oreMCKMM KOponeM 0p)l(eMb1Cf10M II OrroKapoM 5ena IV 6bm He CT0!1b y,aa4!1MB. nocne.aHMe ro,abt era ~apCTBOBaHMR 6blf1M OMpa4eHbl nOCTORHHbiMM pa3MOJ1BKaMM C CbiHOM CTerpaHoM.

1272-1290 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHIIIE B11AAIIIC11ABA IV. Bowen a co103 c Py.aonbcPOM I /a6c6yproM M noMor TOMY o.aep)l(aTb pewaiOW.YIO no6e.ay Ha.a np)l(eM biG/10M II OTTOKapaM a 6MTBe npM Mapwrpenb,ae ( Mf1M JJ.ypHKPYTe; 1278 r.).

1301-1308 rr. rPA>KAAHCKASI BO"'HA 3A nPECT011. IIocJie cMepTH B 1301 roey rrocJie,o;Hero H3 Aprra,o;oB AH,o;peH (AHApaiiia) III - HaiJ:aJiacb 6opb6a 3a BeHrepCKHll rrpecTOJI, B KOTOpyiO BMeiiiaJIHCb fepMaHHH, IloJibiiia, LieXHH, HearroJIHTaHcKoe KopoJieBCTBO. Ilarra EoHmpauHil: VIII BocrroJib30BaJicH ::JTOH 6opb6oil AJIH Toro, IJ:To6bl paciiiHpHTb B BeHrpHH BJIHHHHe rrarrcKoil KYPHH. Liepe3 BeHrepcKHX eiiHCKOIIOB OH ):(06HJIC5I TOro, 'ITO BeHr epCKOe focy,o;apcTBeHHOe co6paHHe ( ceil:M) H36paJio KopoJieM KapJia Po6epTa, rrpe,o;cTaBHTeJIH AH)Kyil:cKoil ):(HHaCTHH, rrpaBHBIIIeil HearroJieM H IIbiTaBIIIellCH OBJia,J:(eTb BCeMH rocyp;apCTBaMH , IIpHMbiKaBIIIHMH K A):(pHaTHIJ:eCKOMY MOpiO. IlpH KOpOJIHX AH)KyllCKOll ):(HHaCTHH KapJie Po6epTe (1308- 1342rr.) Hero CbiHe H rrp eeMHHKe JIIO,o;OBHKe (Jiailoiiie) I (1342-138 2 rr.) rrpeKpaTHJiacb cpeo,o;aJibHaH aHapXHH, xapaKTepHaH AJIH BpeMeHH rrocJie,o;HHx A prra,o;oB. KopoJieBcKaH BJiaCTb, OIIHpaBIIIaHCH Ha cpe):(Hee H MeJIKOe ):(BOpHHCTBO, a OTIJ:aCTH Ha ropo,o;a, OT KOTOpbiX OHa rroJiyiJ:aJia KpyrrHble ,o;oxo,o;bl, ycHJIHJiacb. O,o;HaKo rroJIHoil: rocy,o;apCTBeH-

Hoil ueHTpaJIH3a[(HH Bee )Ke ,o;ocrnrHYTO He 6biJIO.

1308-1342 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHIIIE KAP11A I P05EPTA AH>KY"'CKOrO (11111111 KAP05EPTA). nepayiO 4aCTb caoero npaaneHMR 6bm BbiH}/)K,aeH BOeBaTb, YCMMPRR HenoKOpHbiX Bef1bM0)1( ( 1308-1323 rr.). IlpH JIIO,o;oBHKe I AH)KyllCKOM Ha ceil:Me 1351 ro,o;a 6biJI o6Hapo,o;oBaH HOBblll CEO):( 3aKOHOB. ,[(JIH TOrO, IJ:T06bl YKPeiiHTb rroJio)KeHHe ABOpHHcTBa B KaiJ:eC"IEe rOCIIO):(CTByiOI[(ero COCJIOBHH B CTpaHe, 6biJIO ycTaHOBJieHO HaCJie):(CTBeHHOe rrpaBO ):(BOpHHCKOrO 3eMJieBJia,o;eHHH. 3 aKoH rrpoBo3rJiaIIIaJI, 'ITO TOJibKO ):(BOpHHe MoryT 6biTb co6cTBeHHHKaMH 3eMJIH. 3THM CBO):(OM 3aKOHOB yTBep)K):(aJIOCb IIOJIHOe H 6eCKOHTpOJibHOe r OCIIO):(CTBO cpeop;aJIOB Hap; KpeCTbHHaMH. K opoJIH AH)KyllcKoil ):(HHaCTHH BeJIH aKTHBHyiO BHeiiiHIOIO IIOJIHTHKy. OpHeHTHpyHcb, c o,o;Hoil cTopo Hbi, Ha COI03 H ):(HHaCTHIJ:eCKYIO YHHIO c IloJibiiieil H Ha c6JIH)KeHHe c LleXHell:, a C ,o;pyroil: CTOpOHbi, Ha COI03 C rrarroll: H ,o;HHaCTHIJ:eCKyiO YHHIO c HearroJIHTaHCKHM KopoJieBCTBOM, KapJI Po6e pT CTpeMHJICH p acrrpocrpaHHTb CBOe BJIHHHHe Ha orp oMHyiO TeppHTOpHIO - oT EaJirnilcKoro MopH ,o;o MeccHHCKoro rrpoJIHBa H EaJIKaHCKOro rroJiyocTpoBa. KapJI Po6e p T )Ke HHJICH Ha ):(OIJ:epH IIOJibCKOrO KOpOJIH BJia,o;HCJiaBa JloKeTeKa, a cBoero BTOp oro CbiHa AH,o;peH )KeHHJI Ha p;otiepH HeaiiOJIHTaHCKOrO KOpOJIH.

1342-1382 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHIIIE 1110AOBIIIKA (11111111 11A"'OWA) I BE11111KOrO (CbiHAKAP11A). OH ao3maaMn ycnewHbtM noxo.a a VfTaf1MIO , 4T06 y np04MTb KOHTp0!1b AH)I(YMCKOM ,aMHaCTMM Ha.a Heano neM (1347 r.). Bnocne.acTBMM oH BCTynM/1 B C0/03 C leHyeM npOTMB BeHe~MM M no MTOraM PR.aa KaMnaHMM BbiHYAM/1 BeHe~MaH~eB ycTynMTb BeHrpMM J].anMa~MIO, a TaK)I(e nnaTMTb e)l(ero,aHyiO ,aaHb ( 1381 r.) . fl10,aoBMK I apeMeHHO ocTaHOBM/1 Type~KOe npOHMKHOBeHMe Ha 5a!1KaHbt a ceaepHOM 5onrapMM ( 1356 r.). Kor .aa 6!1M)I(e K KOH~Y npaaneHMR

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j: ·.-: :-:<I

MoAAaBHll B cocTase 3oAoToli OpAb'

fliO.D.OBII1Ka

MOiy~eCTBBHHb/M

BOCT0'-1-

rruJia B yHnlO c JlHTBOii, 3anoenaHHbie

0H Ta/OKB CO'-IBT8fl HBCKOflbKO KOPOH:

1370-

B IfTaJIMH n ,[(aJIMau:nn o6JiaCTM Ha-

aeHrepcKy/0 (

'IaJIM OTnaL(aTb OT BeHrepcKoro rocy-

~eHHOM P111MCKOM 111Mnep111111 (

AapcTBa, a BeHeU:MH BHOBb Ha'IaJia

1437 11. ) 1437 rr. ) .

1382 rr. ) . 6opb6e c JO)!(HOCJiaBHHCKHMH

rocyD:apcTBaMH JliOJJ:OBHK

IV)

)8QKM.

1387-1437 rr. 1..\APCTBOBAHIAE CIAriA3MYHAA I CTAPOrO.

HOBBpOneMCKII1M MOH8pXOM (

MH. IIocJie ero cMepTH IloJibiiia BcTy-

Benii1Koro ab16pan111

e~e 111 KoponeM nonbWII1, OH cTan

C8Mb/M

Ftnttttl

~ fpaHMUbl BeurepcKoro rocyAapcTBa oKOAo 1260r. ( np11 BeAe

I cTpeMHJI-

THKH JlJOL(OBHKa

He 6hmM rrpo'IHhi-

6opb6y 3a rocrroD:CTBO Ha A;:J,pnaTHqecKOM MOpe.

111

1387-1437 rr. ), CaR1410'-IBWCKy/0 ( 1436-

0.D.H8KO a 10/l,bl ero npaa-

neHII1R nOflbCKOe KOponeBCTBO npii1-

CH HCITOJib30BaTb B CBOHX HHTepecax

HenpepbiBHbie BOHHbi, KOTOpbre

Wfl0 a yna.D.OK. K 3TOMY >Ke apeMeHII1

rrpOTHBOpe'IMR Me)!(L(y 60CHHHCKHM

BeJIHCb C ITOMOII:(b!O HaeMHblX BOHCK,

OTHOCII1TCR 111 K8T8CTpOc:jJII1'-IBCKII1M

6aHoM H cep6cKHM KopoJieM CTe<Pa-

ITOL(pbiDaJIH rocyL(apCTBeHHble <l>IIHaH-

H111KononbCKII1i1 KpecTOBblilt noxo.D.

HOM ,IJ:yrnaHoM. HeH3MeHHbiM coJ03-

Cbl. OpneHTaU:HH. Ha rrancKHii npecToJI

( 1396 r.).

HHKOM JllOL(OBHKa

B ITOXOL(aX rrpo-

If TIOXOL(bl B l1TaJIH10 MeiiiaJIH npoq-

Tl!B IO)!(HOCJiaBHHCKHX rOCY,L:(apCTB

HOH u:eHTpaJIH3aU:HH rocyAapcTBa.

6biJI rrana, KOTOpbiH HaL(eHJICH pac-

Oco6eHHO noBpeAHJIH BeHrpiiM rro-

repcKHil rrpeCTOJI L(OCTaJICH ero 3HT10 Curn3MYHAY J1JOKCeM6yprcKoMy.

rrpocTpaHHTb C ITOMOII:(blO BeHrepCKO-

XOL(bi rrpOTHB IO)!(HOCJiamiHCKHX rocy-

ro KOpOJIH BJIIIHHHe KaTOJIII'IeCKOR

L(apCTB . ,[(JIHTeJ1bHbie BOiiHhi JliDAOBH-

u:epKBH Ha CJiaBHHCKHe rocyJJ:apCTBa

c JO)!(HOCJiaBHHCKHMH rocyAapcT-

IIocJie cMepTH JlJOAOBIIKa

CnrH3MYHA -

neH-

6paT II HacJieAHIIK

'IeiiiCKOrO KOpOAA H B TO )!(e BpeMH

oaJIKaHcKoro rroJiyocTpona. BoeBOL(bi

BaMII rrpHBeJIH K HX OCJia6JieHH10 H

rrpeTeHL(eHT Ha HMrrepaTopcKyiD KO-

MOJIL(aBCKIIll H BaJiaiiiCKIIll TaK)!(e rrpH-

o6Jier'IIIJIH HarnecTBHe TypoK, orrac-

poHy fepMaHMII -

3HaJIH JlJOAOBMKa I cnoHM Cl03epeHoM.

HOCTb KOTOporo CKOpO TIO'IYBCTBOBa-

'IHTb BeHrpHID B o6beL(HHeHMe CTPaH,

TeM He MeHee ycrrexu BHernHeii rroJIH-

Jia H caMa BeHrpHH .

KOTOpbre, corJiacHo ero nJiaHaM, AOJI-

CTpeMHJICH BKJilO-

3nOXA MOHrOnOB. 1200-1400 rT.

316

)!{Hhl 6hiJIH o6pa30B3Th OCHOBY MOryIIIeCTBa JlroKceM6yprcKoro ):(OMa. B 3TO BpeMH Ha):( BeHrpHeil: HaBMCJia cMepTeJihHaH onacHOCTh: y ee rpaHMII IIOHBMJIMCh rypeUI<Me BOllCKa. llO):(JIMHHhie MHTepechl BeHrepcKoro Hapo}J;a Tpe6oBaJIM coBMeCTHoil: c APYrMMM Hapo,!l,aMM lOro-BocTO'-lHOil: EBpOIIbi 6opb6bi npon1B spa)l{eCKoro HawecTBM51. Ho CMrM3MYH):( c nepBhiX )l{e ):(Heil: cBoero npe6hiBaHM51 y BJiacrn BcrynMJI B Boil:Hy c HeanomnaHcKIIM KoponeM, Ben 6eciiJIO.Ll.HYIO 6oph6y 3a B03BpaiiieHMe CBOell ,!l,MHaCTMM IIOJihCKOll KOpOHhl, BoeBaJI c 6ocHMil:IIaMII M o6ner<rnn BCeM 3TMM B03MO)!{HOCTh rypeiiKOMY cymaey EaH3M,!J,Y I noKopMTh cep6oB, 6onrap M BaJiaXOB M BhlllTM Henocpe,!l,CTBeHHO K rpaHHIIaM BeHrpMM. I1pH6JIM3MBIIIaHC51 OIIaCHOCTh 3aCTaBMJia CMrM3MYH):(a }J;eil:cTBOBaTh.

aec& XIV aeK oHa npou,aeTana no.a anacT&/0 Tpex aenMKMX Koponei7t-aoeHa4an&HMKOB. noTOM, B KOHLJ,e aeKa, Cep6MR norepnena u,en&tilt pR,a Tfl)f(eneiltWitiX nopa)f(eHitlilt OT TypoK, a norpaHM4Hbte TeppMTOpMM 6&tnlt1 3axaa4eHbt coce,aHMMM rDcy,aapcTaaMM, T8K 4TO CTp8H8 OK838fl8Cb Hlt13ae,aeHa .ao nono)f(eHMR aaccana 0CM8HCKOi7t ltiMnepltlltl. 1254 r. nOPA>KEHHE OT BEHrPOB. 0Ho o6epHynoc& norepeilt bOCHitlltlltl /epu,erOBitiHbl. 1281 r. nOPA>KEHHE OT BH3AHTHIIILJ,EB. Koponb ,ll,par-yTMH, Cb/H Ypowa I, OCHOBaTeflR ,lllt1H8CTV11t1 HeMaHM4eilt, OTpeKCR OT npeCTOfla.

Ho KpecTOHOCHoe BOHCKO, co6paHHoe MM M3 pa3JIIftiHhiX CTpaH, B CeHTH6pe 1396 ro):(a 6hmo pa3rpoMJieHo EaH3M1J:OM I B EonrapHM B 6MTBe npH HMKonone. CaM CMrM3MYH.Ll. cyMeJI cnacTMCh, 6e)l{aB Ha BeHeQMaHCKOM KOpa6Jie. IIocne 6MTBhi npH HMKonone 6hmo BbJHY)K):(eHO IIpM3HaTb BaCCaJihHYIO 3a-

3YJihTaTOB. CMrM3MYH):( TIOTihiTaJICH IIOBhiCMTh 3Ha'IeHIIe ceil:Ma, ycMJIMB B HeM npe):(cTaBMTeJibcTBo ropo):(OB. IIoCKOJibKY MHTepeCbi 060p0Hbl crpaHhl Tpe6oBaJIM HeKoToporo YJIY'IIIIeHMH noJIO)I{eHM51 KpecThHH, CHrM3MYHIJ:OM 6bm M31J:aH 3aKOH, pa3peiiiaBIII!Iil: KpeCTbHHCKMe nepeXO,!l,bl OT O):(HOfO <tJeo):(aJia K ApyroMy. Ho BeHrepcKMe <PeoAaJihi, KOTOpbiM IIpHHa):(Jie)KaJIO TIOJIMTH'IeCKOe rOCIIO):(CTBO B CTpaHe, He XOTeJIH HHKaKMX pe<tJopM B 3TOH 06JiaCTH. li3}J;aHHble CHrM3MYH.Ll.OM 3aKOHbi OCTaJil!Cb TOJibKO Ha 6yMare.

CEPiiiDI 8 XIII aeKe Cep6MR c Tpy,aoM oT6Maanac& OT 8eHrpMM, 5onrapMM 1t1 8M3aHTMi7tcKoi7t MMnepMM. Ho no4TM

aHHeKcMpoaan

5ocHMIO

repcKMM KoponeM JlJO,aOBMKOM I 8enMKMM no3aonMna Cep61t11t1 aHHeKcltlpoaaT& 6on&wyJO 4aCTb 3ana,aHoro 6epera ,ll,yHaR, BKflJ04aR MecTo, r.ae cei714ac Haxo,aMTCR 5enrpa,a. nnaHMPYR 3axaaTMTb BM38HTMi71CKMi71 npecmn, ,ll,ywaH y)/(e B3Rn A,apMaHonon& lt1 H8CTynan H8 KOHCT8HTit1HOnOflb, KOr,aa HeO)f(ltl,llaHHO CKOH4aflCR ( 1355 r.). 1371 r. 6HTBA HA PEKE MAPHU.A. 8 Heilt cep6cKMi71 KHR3b Jla3ap& I ( Mflltl f7a3ap Xpe6enRHOBM4; ro,llbt npaaneHMR 1371-1389) noTepnen nopa)f(eHMe oT TypoK. 1376 r. 60CHHHCKASI ArPECCHSI. 5aH (c 1353 r.) 1t1 Kopon& (c 1377 r.) 50CHMM TapTKO I 1173 ,aMHacT/11117 KoTpoMaHM4eilt, npoao3macMa ce6R KoponeM Cep6117117 1t1 5ocHMM, aHHeKcMpoaan ac10 3ana,aHyJO Cep611710, BKfl/04aR 60flbWYIO 48CTb no6epe)f(bfl A,apMaT/IIK/11. 20 HIOHSI 1389 r. 6HTBA HA KOCOBOM nOllE. Cep6MR nOKOpeHa TYPKBMM. KHR3b Jla3ap& I nan a 6010.

Bl!CMMOCTh oT OcMaHcKotl: MMnepHH BanaiiicKoe KHH)I{eCTBO. IIocneeyiOIIIMe nonhiTKM CMrH3MYH.Ll.a npoBecTH B BeHrpHH pe<tJopMbr c ueJihiO noBhiIIIeHMH o6opOHOCTIOC06HOCTM CTp3Hbl IIpOTHB TypoK He ):(aJIM HMK3KMX pe-

Tlt14HO

( 1349-1352 rr.). no6e.aa Ha,a aeH-

BOIIIHbl. MIIIHIII3T10pa 1113 ncanTblplll

ToMwla. XIV seK

1281-1321 rr. U.APCTBOBAHHE MHJlYTHHA (HJlH CTECI>AHA YPOWA II, 6PATA ,lJ,PArYTHHA). 81t138HTMR npe6&taana a yna,aKe, 1t1 MMnyTMH oTaoeaan MaKe,aoHM/0. 1321-1331 rr. U.APCTBOBAHHE CTECilAHA,[I,E~AHCKOrO. Haronoay pa36Ma o6be,aMHeHHYJO Blt13aHTMi71cKo-6onrapcKyJO apMM/0 a 6MTae no.a KJOcTeH,aMnoM ( 8en6&t>K,aCKMi7t nepeaan; 1330 r.), CTecjJaH ycTaHoaMn CB0/0 Bfl8CTb n04Tit1 H8,ll BCeilt ,aOflltiHOilt peKM 8ap,aap. 1331-1355 rr. LJ.APCTBOBAHHE CTECI>AHA ,D,YWAHA (HJlH CTECilAHA YPOWA IV). C&tH CrecjJaHa /l,e48HCKOIO, KOTOporo OH CBepr 1t1 y6Mfl, /l,yWaH 6blfl Befllt148MWit1M lt13 cpe,aHeBeKOBb/X cep6CKit1X MOHapXOB. 8ocnon&3oaaawMcb npo.aon)f(a/0L.LJ,MMCR yna,aKOM 81t13aHTitllt1, OH no,a41t1Hitlfl ac10 MaKe,aoHM/0, a TaK)f(e An6aHMJO, ctJeccanMJO 1t1 3nMp 1t1 3aaoeaan 5onrapMJO. OH amprcR 1t1 4ac-

1389-1427 rr. U.APCTBOBAHHE CTECI>AHA 11A3APEBH~A (CbiHA 11A3APSII). 8epHono.a,aaHHit14eCK1t1 cpa)f(8flCR Ha CTOpOHe TypOK B HMKonon&cKoilt ( 1396 r.) 117 AHropcKOilt ( 1402 r.) 61t1TBaX.

liOJirAPHH 8 Ha4ane XIII BeKa 5onrap117R aKT/IIBHO OCyL.LJ,eCTBflRfla TeppltiTOpltlanbHY/0 ::JKcnaHCM/0, noKa He 6&ma OCT8HOBfleHa COKpyWMTeflbHbtM nopa)f(eHflleM, H8HeCeHHb/M MOHT0fl8M/II a 1241 ro,ay. Cne,ayJOL.LJ,Me nonTOpa BeKa (,llO OKOH48H/IIR paCCM8Tp117BaeMOIO nepMo,aa) 5onrap117R Mrpana H8 b8flK8H8X nO,ll4/IIHeHHYIO pOflb, no OTHOWeHM/0 TO K 811738HT1t11t1, TO K Cep61t11t1, TO K TypKaM. 1197-1207 rr. U.APCTBOBAHHE HBAHA KAJlOSIHA. OH 3Ha41t1Ten&Ho pacwMpMn TeppM TOPMJO 6onrapcKoro u,apcTBa 3a c4eT no6e.a Ha,a cep6aMII7, aeHrpaMM, Blt13aHT117i7tLJ,aMMit1 C/Jp8HKO-repM8HCKit1-

BOCTOYHA~ MM rocy,lJ.apCTB8MM KpeCTOHOCLJ,eB. B 6MTBe npM AJJ.pMaHonone ( coap. ropoJJ. 3JJ.MpHe a Typu,MM) saxaaTM/1

nneH MMnepaTopa 5o!1JJ.YMHa I

( 1205 r.).

1207-1217 rr. UAPCTBOBAHii'IE 50Piii11A. B 6MTBe npM C!JMnMnnonone ( coap. nnoa:ma; 1208 r.) oH noTepnen nopa)l(eHMe oT KpecToHocu,ea nOJ]. KOM8HJ].OB8HMeM MMnepaTopa flaTMHCKOM MMnepMM teHpMXa I. BnocneJJ.CTBMM oca)J(,lJ.eH a Tb!pHoae, saxaa4eH a nneH M caeprHyr 111aaHoM AceHeM ( 1217-1218 rr.).

1218-1241 rr. UAPCTBOBAHii'IE li'IBAHAACEHSIII. 8 6MTBenpM KnoKOTHMLJ,e Ha peKe MapMu,a pas6Mn C!JeoJ].opa 3nMpcKoro ( 1230 r.). no3,lJ.Hee, 38Kf1/04MB c HMKeiiiCKOM MMnepMeiii C0/03 npOTMB KpeCTOHOCu,ea, 111aaH AceHb II HeyJ].a4HO oca)I(JJ.a/1 KoHCTaHTMHononb.

1241 r. MOHrOJlbCKiil"' HASEr. 5onrapMH pasrpoMneHa M pasopeHa.

PH.r:l IICToqmiKOB yKa3biBaiOT Ha TO, qTQ B rrepiiO):( cyll(eCTBOBaHIIH BToporo EonrapcKoro QapcTBa (1187~1396 rr.), HaqaBIIIllllCHIIOCne CBepmeHIIH BII3aHTllllCKOrO lira, EonrapiiH BCTyrmna, ,[laneKo eme He rrp eo,[loneB ~eo,[lanbHoil pa3,1:lpo6neHHocm. 3To Harnno BbipameHIIe He TOflbKO B o6pa30BaHllll HapH,[ly C EonrapcKIIM QapcTBOM eme HeCKOnbKIIX 6onrapCKliX ~eO,[laflbHbiX KHHmeCTB, HO II B OCTpOll 6opb6e Kpyrmeilrniix ~eonanoB rrpoTIIB rroIIbiTOK rrepBbiX rocynapeil BToporo EonrapcKoro QapcTBa yciiniiTb rocy.[lapcTBeHHYIO QeHTpanii3aQIIIO . EonrapcKIIe Qapii ~ 6paTbH IIeTp, Ac eRb ( 1187 ~ 1196 rr.) II KanoHH (1197 ~ 1207 rr.) 6blnii y6IITbi ~e 足 onanaMII. IIpii Eopiine (1207~ 1218 rr.), rrpoBo3rnarneHHOM 6oHpaMII Hacne,[lHIIKO M KanoHHa, oT EonrapcKoro rocy.[lapcTBa oTKononocb eme HecKonbKo ~eonanbHbiX KHH)KeCTB. TeM He MeHee Haii6onee xapaKTepHoil q epToil pa3BIITIIH Eonrapiiii B XIII~XIV BeKax HBnHnocb IIOCTerreHHOe yciineHIIe 3KOHOMIIqecKIIX II IIOflliTIIqecKIIX rrpe):(IIOCbiflOK .[lnH o6be,[liiHeHIIH EonrapcKoro ~eo.[lanbHoro rocynapcTBa.

EBPOnA

Yme CaMbiH ~aKT ocBo6o)K.[leHliH OT liH03eMHOrO lira OTKpbin HOBble B03MO)KHOCTII MH 3KOHOMIIqecKoro pa3BliTIIH Eonrapllll. OnHIIM II3 BamHbiX IIOKa3aTeneil 3KOHOMIIqecKIIX ycrrexoB CTpaHbi B XIII~XIV BeKax HBflWOCb pa3BIITIIe 6onrapCKliX ropO,I:lOB. ApxeonoriiqecKIIe ,[laHHble CBII,[leTeflbCTBYIOT 0 TOM, qTQ IIMeHHO B 3TO BpeMH oco6eHHO IIHTeHCIIBHO IIpOIICXO,[lllfl poeT peMecneHHbiX IIOCa):(OB BOKpyr MHOriiX a,[!MliHIICTPaTliBHbiX QeHTpoB. BMecTe c TeM rrpo,[lonmanii pa3BIIBaThcH II ropo.[la, pacrronomeHHble Ha OCHOBHbiX TOprOBbiX IIYTf!X: Ha )J;yHae (EpaHmeB, Bli.[liiH, )J;opOCTOfl II ):(p. ), ITO qepHOMOpCKOMY rro6epe)KbiO (BapHa, MeceMBpliH, AHXIIM II np.) II ITO OCHOBHOMY cyXOIIYTHOMY IIYTII II3 KoHCTaHTIIHorronH B I(eHTpanhHYIO EBporry (<l>MIIIIrrorronb, CpeneQ II np. ). B KpaToBo II LIIIrrpoBQe Haqanii pa3pa6aTbiBaThcH PY.r:lHIIKII. IIIIIpoKoe pacrrpocTpaHeHIIe rronyqMII HpMapKII, poena KapaBaHHaH TOprOBM He TOflbKO liH03eMHbiX, HO II 6onrapcKIIX KYIIQOB. He TaK 3aMeTHO, HO CTOflb me HeyKflOHHO IIpOIICXO,[lllfl IIO,[lbeM II BCeflbCKOM xo35IllcTBe. B XIII, a eme 6onbrne B XIV BeKe 3HaqiiTenbHO Bblpoc BbiB03 xne6a B BII3aHTIIIO II lhaniiiO, qro CBII,[leTenbCTBOBano o pacrniipeHIIII B Eonrapiiii rroc eBHbiX rrnoma,[leil II ynyqrneHIIII arpoTeXHIIKII. Pa3BIIBaniicb rnen KOBO,[lCTBO, rrqenOBO):(CTBO II BliHOrpanapCTBO. B TO me BpeMHB cTpaHe o6ocTpHnacb KnaccoBaH 6opb6a. Yme rrepBoe ,[lecHTIIneme XIII BeKa 6Hno oTMeqeHo 06Il(IIM IIO):(beMOM 6orOMllflbCKOro ,[lBIImeHIIH. B 3TIIX ycnoBliHX BCe 6onee llillpOKIIe Kpyrii 6oMpCTBa Ha~HMII CTPeMliThCH KycMeHIIIO rocy,l:lapcTBeHHoro arrrrapaTa. li3BecTHYIO ponb B yKperrneHllll EonrapcKoro rocy.[lapcTBa cbirpanii II KpyrrHble BHernHerronii~ecKIIe ycrreXII B rrepBoil rronoBIIHe XIII BeKa. BcTyrraH B COI03 TO CTiaTIIHCKOlliiMIIepiiell IIpOTliB Bll3aHTIIHQeB, TO C BII3aHTIIHQaMll IIpOTliB TiaTIIHCKOll liMIIepiiii, 6onrapcKIIe ~eonanbl 3aHWII rroqm BCIO <DpaKIIIO. B 1230 rony rrpii MBaHe AceHe II (1218 ~ 1241 rr.), CbiHe AceHH, B 6IITBe rrpii KnoKOTHIIQe 6onrapbi pa36IInii 3IIIIpcKoro necrro-

317 Ta, oBnanenii rroqm Been MaKenoHIIeilii 3HaqiiTenbHoil qacThiO 3IIIIpa II <Deccaniiii. II acne 3Toro EonrapcKoe rocy,l:lapCTBO CTMO CaMbiM 6onbiiiliM II CaMbiM CMbHbiM rocynapCTBOM Ha EanKaHCKOM rronyocTpoBe . KpecTbHHCKaH soiiiHa B

1277-1280 rr.

B 1277 ro.[ly B Eonrapiiii BCIIbiXHyno KpyrrHoe KpeCTbHHCKOe BOCCTaHlle. )J;Bll)KeHIIe HaqanoCb BO BTOpOll rronoBIIHe 70-x ronoB, Korna HerrpepbiBHble orrycmrniiTenbHble Ha6erii TaTapO-MOHrGnhCKliX BOliCK oco6eHHO yxy,l:liiiiinii rronomeHIIe HapO):(HbiX Mace. CTliXllllHaH rrapm3aHCKaH BoilHa c IIH03eMHbiMII 3aXBa~KaMII coqeTanacb c 6opb6oil rrpoTIIB co6CTBeHHbiX yrneTaTeneil ~ 6onHp. B 1277 ro.r:ly oco6eHHO rrpocnaBIIncH OTPM rraczyxa liBailno. CMenHilii 3HeprmHbiHliBailno 6biCTpo CTM Haii6onee IIOrrynHpHbiM BOm):(eM BOCCTaBIIIliX KpecTbHH. IIorrbiTKII QapH KoHcTaHTIIHa TIIxa (1257~ 1277 rr.) opraHII30BaTb corrpomBneHIIe BocCTaBIIIIIM OKQHqllnliCb IIOflHOll Heynaqeil. I(apCKIIe BOllCKa Mll pa36eraniiCb, llflll rrepe XO):(llflll Ha CTOpoHy BOCCTaBlliliX. HaKoHeQ KoHCTaHTIIH TIIX 6bln y6IIT, rrocne qero KpecTbHHe rrpoBo3rnaciinii QapeM liBailno. BecHoil 1278 rona HaceneHIIe TbipHoBa, HoBan cToniiQbi Eonrapiiii, oTKpbino eMy BOpOTa. lJ:CIIOflb3YH QapiiCTCKIIe HaCTpoeHliH KpeCTbHH II CTpeMHCb COXpaHIITb XOTH 6bl qacTb CBOIIX IIpiiBMeriiil, K lJ:BallflO IIpiiCOe,[lliHIIniiCb HeKOTOpbie II3 6onHp, a meHa y6IIToro QapH KoHcTaHTIIHa Bbiiiina 3a Hero 3aMym. Ho 6onbiiiiiHCTBO 6oAAp o6pamnocb 3a rroMOII(biO K BII3aHTllll. HerrpepbiBHaH TpexneTHHH 6opb6a, KoTOpaH Benacb O,[lHOBpeMeHHO IIpOTliB 6onrapCKliX ~eonanoB, BII3aHTllll II TaTapo-MoHr onbcKIIX BOliCK, KpaHHe ll3Hypiina BoccTaBIIIIIX. Haqanii rrpoHBnHTbCH xapaKTepHaH MH KpeCTbHHCKliX ,[lBllmeHIIH pa306Il(eHHOCTb B,[lellCTBIIHX, a TaKme He,[lOCTaTOqHaH peiiiiiTeflbHOCTb caMoro liBailno. 3m nano B03MomHOCTb 6onrapCKliM 6onHpaM II BII3aHTIIII rrepeilm B Hacryrrn eHIIe II C liCKfliOqiiTeflbHOll meCTOKOCTbiO ITO-

318

3nOXA MOHIOJlOB. 1200-1400 rr.

):(aBHTb BOCCTaHHe. B KOHI."(e 1280 ro):(a HBailJio 6biJI BbiH)')l():(eH 6e:lKaTh H3 EoJirapHH H BCKOpe IIOCJie :noro rrorn6. Ha 6oJirapcKHil rrpecToJI BCT)'IIHJI 6oraTbill 6omipHH reoprnil TepTepHll (1280-1292 rr.) . Col(HaJibH0-3KOHOMH<IecKoe H rroJIHTWiecKoe pa3BHTHe EoJirapHH B rrepBbie 80-90 JieT cyrn:ecTBOBaHHH BToporo EoJirapcKoro QapcTBa rro3BOJIHJio ell ycrreiiiHO Bbi):(ep:lKaTb HeCKOJibKO CHJibHbiX y):(apOB CO CTOpOHbi ee BHeiiiHHX BparoB. Ho o):(HoBpeMeHHO c EoJirapHeil ycHJIHJiacb H Cep6HH, 'ITO rrpHBeJio K 6opb6e Me:lKey HHMH 3a rereMOHHIO Ha EanKaH-

CKOM rroJiyocTpoBe. BciibiXHYBIIIaH B 1330 ro):(y BOHHa 3aBepiiiHJiaCb IIOpa:lKeHHeM 6oJirapCKHX BOliCK B 6HTBe rro):( BeJib6y:lK):(OM (28 HIOHH 1330 r. ), H rrepBeHCTBO rrepeiiiJIO K Cep6HH. Pa3BHTHe EoJirapcKoro rocy):(apcTBa 6biJIO HapyiiieHo, a 3aTeM H o6opBaHo HacTyrrJieHHeM TYPeQKHX cpeo):(aJIOB C IOra H BeHrepCKHX- c ceBepo-3arra):(a. Bbi):(eJieHHe cTapiiieMy CbiHY QapH HBaHa AJieKcaH):(pa (1331-1371 rr. ), HBaHY CTpaQHMHPY, o6JiaCTH BH):(HHa (OKOJIO 1363 r .) - CJiytiall BeCbMa 06bitiHbill ):(JIH TOrO BpeMeHH - B o6CTaHOBKe HaCTYIIJieHHH BHeiiiHHX

BparOB IIpHBeJIO K cpaKTHtieCKOMY pacKoJiy EoJirapHH Ha ):(Ba caMocToHTeJibHbiX QapcTBa: TbipHoBcKoe H BH):(HHCKoe. 3To :lKe o6cTomeJibCTBO rroMeiiiaJio HBaHy AJieKcaH):(py CJIOMHTh CTpeMJieHHe K OT):(eJieHHIO ,[(o6poTHtia- rrpaBHTeJIH o6JiacTH, Jie:lKaBIIIeil K IOry oT eyHailcKoro rnpJia ( coBpeMeHHaH ,[(o6py):(:lKa ) , a 3aTeM H ero CbiHa HBaHKo, rrpeBpaTHBIIIerocH Ha ):(eJie B caMOCTOHTeJibHoro KHH3H. TaKHM o6pa30M, K MOMeHTY peiiiHTeJibHoro HacTyrrJieHHH Typl(HH (80-90-e ro):(bi XIV B.) EoJirapHH OKa3aJiaCb pa3):(p06JieHHOll Ha TPH tiacTH.

EBPA3V1~ V1 5JlV1>KHV1Vl BOCTOK

319

EBPA3IUI II liJIIDKHMM BOCTOK KPECTOBbiE IIOXO)l;bl II03)l;HHH A3A, 1200-1396 IT. "'eTsepT&Ii!t KpecTOB&Ii!t noxo,q,

1202-1204rr. npe,lJ.nOCblf1KM,

1201 r. nEPErOBOPbl C BEHE-

1195-1200 rr.

1195 r. AM6~L..U;H1 rorEHWTAYEHOB. leHpMx VI, MMnepaTop Caf/w,eHHoiii PMMCKoiii MMnepMM 111 Koponb CMu,MnMM, yHacneJ].oaa n CTpeMneHMe CMLJ,MnMMCKMX HOpMaHHOa caep rHYTb npaaf/W,YIO aM3a HTMMCKYIO JJ.MHaCTMIO 111 3af/aMn o npaae loreHWTayrpeHOa Ha KOHCTaHTMHOnonbCKMM npeCTOn. QcHoaaHMfl npMTf/3aTb Ha 9TO 6 blf1111 y Hero ,lJ.OaOn bHO w aTKM e, HO leHpMx VI )l(a)I(J].an noJ]. pa)l(aTb KpeCTOHOCHbiM noJ].aMr a M caoero oTu,a, C1JpMJJ.pMxa 5ap6a pocc bl.

1197-1198 rr. nPEABAP~ TEnbHbiE WAr~. l e Hp Mx VI a blcnan a Caf!TYIO 3eMniO nepeJJ.oaoiii OTPfiJJ. HeM e LJ,KMX Kp eCTOHOCLJ,ea; OHM 3axaaTMn M 5eiifpyr Ill JJ.p y r Me npMM OpCKMe rop oJJ.a ( 1198 r. ) . TeM ape M e He M leHpMx VI yM ep ( 11 97 r . ) , 111 KpecTo ab!M n oxoJ]. 6 bm oTno)l(eH. 1199 r. HOBbl~ nAnCK~~ nP~3biB. nan a p MMCKMMtlfHHOKe HTMiiilfl n p M3aan XpMCTMa HCKMM MMp K HOaOMY Kp ecToa o My nOXOJ].y: OTaOe a aTb y Myc yn bMa H tlfepycanMM 111 r po6 locno,lJ.e Hb. no,lJ.roTOaKa,

aoMH CMMOH IV J].e MoHrj)op. lnaaHOKOMaHJJ.YIOW.MM CLfMTanCfl, XOTfl Ill He 6bm M36paH rpopManbHO, Teo6anbJJ. Iff. C1JpaHLJ,Y3CKMM Ill aHmMMCKMM KoponM - C1JMnMnn II AarycT 111 tlfoaHH 15e33eMenbHbiM- nanCKMM npM3bla npoMrHopMpoaanM.

1200-1 203 rr.

U,~E~. Teo6an b,D, Ill, fliOJJ.OaMK 5nyaccKMii1 111 5onJJ.yMH IX comacMnMcb c nanoiif pMMCKMM tlfHHOKeHTMeM /II, LfTO a HOab!M nOXO,lJ. cne,lJ.yeT MJ].TM Lfepe3 ErMneT; OHM cToproaanMcb cnpecmpenbiMJJ.O)I(eM3HpMKo)J.aHJJ.Ono, LfTO aeHeLJ,MaHCKMM rpnoT nepenpaaMT a EmneT 25 Tb!Cf/Lf KpecmHocu,ea 111 TPM roJJ.a 6yJJ.eT noJJ.a03MTb npMnacbl 3a 85 Tb!Cf/Lf MapOK Ill nonoaMHY 6y,lJ.yw,eiif JJ.06b!Lflll. MA~ 1201 r. CMEPTb TE06AnbAA Ill. H oab!M ma aHo Ko MaHJJ.YIOW.MM 6 blf1 M36pa H MapKM3 5 o HMrj)a LJ,MM I MoHrpepp aTCKMiii - Ky 3eH C1JMnMnna Wa a 6cKoro 111 M o ryw, ecTa eHHbiM CTOpO HHMK l ore HW TayrpeHo a .

AEKA6Pb 1201 r. BCTPE~A B rArrEHAY. C1JMnMnn W aa6CKMM y6e JJ.Mn 5 oHM¢a u,Mfl l M o Hrj)eppaTcKoro MJJ.TM a Caf/T}'IO 3eMniO Lfepe3 KoH CTaHTMHononb - a COOTaeTCTaMM C nnaHa MM l e Hp Mxa VI. HacKonbKO 1113 a ecTHO, Ha a cTpeLfe npMCYTCTaoaa nM AneKc e iii A Hr en - Cb!H caeprHy Toro aM3a HTMMCKOr O MMnepaTo p a tlfcaaKa II AHrena 111 wypMH C1JMn Mnna, a TaK)I(e npeJJ.CTaaMTen b B e He LJ,MM. ( t/fJJ.efl n nb!Tb Lfepe3 Ko HCTaHTMHOn onb 6 bma a b!JJ.aMHYTa He ae He u,Ma Hu,a MM, HO nonyLfMna MX 9 HeprMLfHYIO n oJJ.aep)I(KY.)

1200r. nPEABOA~TEn~. Ha n a n cKMM npM3 bla oTo3aanMc b: Teo6anb,D, (Mn M T1116o) Ill, rpa¢ iliaMna Hill Ill 5pM; fliOJ].OaMK, r parp 5nyacCKMM 111 W apTpCKMiii; 5on JJ.yMH ( Mn M 5 0JJ.Y9 H) IX, rpa¢ C1JnaHJJ.PCKMii1 (a Ta K)I(e r parp 3 HO - HO }?Ke KaK 5o,lJ.y9H VI) c 6 pa m M leHpMxoM; noM6apJJ.CKM ii1 M apKM3 5 o HM¢a u,Mii1 I, rpa¢ M o Hrj)eppaTCKMiii; 111 npocnaaneHHbiM KaK

C1JpaHLJ,MM, TaK Ill

A Hr n MM

1202 r. C60P B

BEHEU,~~.

B ee neTo 111 paHHIOIO oceHb KpecTo HOCLJ.bl c b e3)1(anMc b K B e He LJ,MM. KorJJ.a ablf/CHMnOCb, LfTO 85 Tb!Cf/Lf MapOK He Ha6MpaeTCfl, aeHeu,Ma HLJ,bl com a cMn Mc b ace pa aHo o6ecneLfMTb KO pa6nM, ecnM KpecTOHOCU.bl n o Moryr 111M OTaoeaaTb nopTOab!M rap OJ]. 3a J].ap (a coap. XopaaTMM) , HeKorJ].a Ha XOJJ.MaWMMCfl a aeHe LJ,Ma HCKOM nOJ]. LfMHeHMM, HO 3aHf/ TbiM a e HrpaMM .

n ana PMM CKMM tlfHHOKeHTMM Ill 6blf1 KaTeropMLfeCKM n p OTMa Ta KOM CJ].en KM Ill npMrp03Mn OTnyLfMTb OT u,e pKaM TeX, KTO CTaHeT npon MaaTb XpMCTM a HCKYIO Kp Oab aMeCTO Ta r o , LfT06bl ompa anf/TbCfl a Caf!TYIO 3eMniO. 1202 r. B3~T~E 3AAAPA. H ec M oTpfl Ha yrp o3y nanbl tlfHHOKeHTMf/ 111 06be,lJ.MHe HHOe aOMCKO Kp e c TOHOCLJ,ea Ill aeHe LJ,MaHLJ,ea 3 axaaTM n o Ill CO)I(rflO 3 aJ].ap. tlfHHOKeHTMMifl OTnYLfMn MX OT u,e pKaM. noxoJ]. Ha KoHcTaHTMHOnonb,

1203- 1204 rr. 1202-1203 rr. OKOH~ATEnb HOE PEWEH~E. 8 3 aJJ.a p e npoJ].on)I(MnMcb nepe ro a opbl 5 oHM¢a u,Mf/ I MoHrpeppaTcKoro 111 JJ.O)I(a )J.aHJJ.ono o noxoJ].e Ha KoHcTaHTMHon onb. K HMM npMc o eJ].MHMncfl An eKceiii AHr en 111 noo6ew,an, LfTO ecnM eMy noMoryr caeprHyrbAneKcef/111AHren- KoMHM Ha, TO OHM C OTU,OM, ao-nepab!X, aocCTaHOaf/T C0/03 lpeLfeCKOM n paao cnaaHOM u,epKaM C PMM CKOM KaTOnM LfeCKOiii; ao-a TOpb!X, 3annarnT Kpec TOHOCLJ,aM Ill a eHeLJ,MaHLJ,aM 200 Tb!Cf/Lf MapOK Ill, a-TpeTbMX, OKa)l(yr aKTMaHeiifwee CO,lJ.eMCTaMe nOXOJJ.Y a Caf/T}'IO 3eMniO. HecMOTPfl Ha npor ecTbl nanbl pMMCKoro, aeHeu,MaHLJ,bl 111 noLfTM ace pyKoaoJJ.MTenM Kpecmaoro nox oJ].a c o rnacMnMcb MJJ.TM Ha Ko Hc TaHTMHonon b; OTKa3a n MCb OLfeHb HeMHOrMe, a TOM LfMcne CMMOH IV JJ.e MoHrpop - OHM OTnnblnM npf/MO ana n eCTMHY.

23 ~IOH~ 1203 r. nP~ EibiT~E K KOHCTAHT~Honon 10. )J.onnbla JJ.O 5ocrpopa, KpeCTOHOCLJ,bl ab!CaJ].Mn MCb Ha a3MaTCKOM 6 e pery, y Xan Ke JJ.OHa. 3aTeM OHM nepenpaaMn MCb a lanary, r,lJ.e, HeCMOTpf/ Ha aM3aHTMMCKOe npOTMaOJ].e MCTaMe , acTanM yKpen neHHbiM nar epeM. B cKope nocne amra aeHeu,MaHCKMiii ¢noT npo6Mncfl a 6yxry 3onomii1 Par. 17 ~10n~ 1203 r. nEPBbl~ nP~CTYn. n oKa apMMfl KpeCTOHOCu,ea WTypMoaana r opOJ].CKMe yKpen-

anoXA MOHronos. 1200-1400 rr.

320

ren 6bm 38KJIIO'leH B T!OpbMY, AneKcei/i IVKa3HeH. AneKcelli)J,yKa3axeaTVtn rpoH Vi 6bm npoeo3maweH AneKceeM V. Tenepb yKpecroHocuee B03HVIK noeo.a HanacTb Ha KoHcraHTVIHOnonb. Oca,aVtB ropo.a, OHVI CTBnVf BMeCTe C BeHeUVt8HU8MVf nnaHVtpOB8Tb wrypM ( MBPT-anpenb).

11-13 AflPEJJ~ 1204 r.

83~足

T~E KOHCTAHT~HOnOJJ~. )J,ea .[1Hfl no.ap>~.a BVI38HTVIWCK8>1 apMVffl yMeno 0Tp8)1(8fl8 O.f1HY O)l(eCTO'leHHY/0 8T8KY 38 .apyro!li -ViC CYWVI, ViC MOpfl; OC06eHHO OTnVf'lVffl8Cb B8pfl)l(CK8fl TB8P.f1Vf>l, COCTO>IBW8fl npeVtMyl.l..leCTBeHHO Vf3 BHmVIWCKVIX Vi .[18TCKVIX H8eMHVIKOB.

C KOpa6enbHb/X K8T8-

nynbT BeHeUVtBHUbJ3a6pacbJBanVt ropo.a 38)1(VfT8TeflbHb/MVf CH8P>l.l18MVI, B pe3ynbTaTe ecnbJXHyn o6wVtpHbJ!Ii no)l(ap, nocny)I(VfBWVflli ceoero po.aa oreneKBJOI.l..IVIM MaHeepoM, 6naro.aapfl KOTOPOMY KpeCTOHOCU8M Vi BeHeUVt8H~8M

y.aanocb 3aKpenVtTbC>l Ha Kpe-

nocTHbJX CTeHBX Vi CO CTOpOHbl MOp>!, Vi CO CTOpOHbl CYWVI. MHOTVIX38ll.IVITHVIKOB ropo.aa OXB8TVffl8 He06b>!CHVfM8fl naHVtKa. Hana.aaewVte y.aeoVtnVt ycVtnVtfl Vi eopeanVtcb B KoHcraHTVIHOnonb, nepe6VtB eapfi)I(CJ<YIO crpa)l()l; y6VtWCTB8 Vi rpa6e)I(Vf BblnVfflVICb B Tpex.aHeBHY/0 KPOBBBYIO OprVt!O. BaHTHe K:peCTOHOC1.13MI1 KoHCT3HTI1HonoiiH B

1204 r. 3-fOT, nepBhlit B HCTOpHH, ycnernHhlJ;i urrypM KoHCTa.HTHHonoJIH 03Ha-

neHVtfl c cywVt (c 3ana,aa), BeHe~Vt足

H8 COBMeCTHOe UBPCTBO no.a VtMe-

qaJI, no cyTH, KOHel.l BH3aHTHitcKoJ;i

aHCKVflli </>nOT 8T8KOB8fl npVt6pe)I(Hb/e

HeM AneKCe>!IV.

HMnepHH. OcTasrnHecH BH3aHTHitl.II>I,

6acTVtOHbl. WrypM BVf38HTVflliUbl no.a

1203-1204 rr. 3AAEP)f(KA.

pacceHHHhle no 6eperaM AHaTOJIHH H

KOM8H.[10B8HVteM c:t>eo.aopa f78CK8p>l

KpeCTOHOCUbl BepHyflVICb B CBOW na-

rpel.IHH, npO.Ll,OJI)KaJIH ynopCTBOBaTh,

(ViflVf f1acKepa, VfflVf f78CK8PVIC8) OT-

repbB/anaTe, 8BeHe~Vt8H~bl -H8KO-

6VtnVf, HO BeHeUVIBHUbl, KOTOPbiX C8-

pa6nVt B 3onorolli Por VI cranVt )l(ll.BTb

B3JIHCI> B KoHcTaHTHHonoJie. (CM.

MOflWIHO B03m8Bflflfl .aeB>!HOCTOnfi-

Bblnfl8Tbl o6e1.1..18HHb/X 200 Tb/C>l'l M8-

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pOK.

JiaTHHCKaH llMnepHH H ee 6op1>6a C BH3aHTHeJ;i.) XoTH KoHcTaHTHHO-

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ceRIVB03HVIK!IVI npo6neMbl. noKa co-

noJII>

ceoero KOMaH.aYtol.l..lero, cyMenVt, B

6VtpanacbHeo6xo.aVtMBfiCYMM~ OHVI

KOHe'lHOM VfTOre, 38KpenVtTbC>l H8

nonpocVtnVt KpecroHoc~eB noMO%VfM

BeKa, OT HeKOr.LJ,a Moryrn;eCTBeHHOit BH3aHTHJ;icKoJ;i HMnepHH ocTasaJiacl>

C .aeHbraMVt y

t1caaKa

II Vi AneK-

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npo.L~,ep)KHTC.ll

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ynpO'lVITb CB0/0 .[10BOflbHO W8TJ<YIO

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Thlit KpecTOBhlJ;i noxo.LJ, noJIO)KHJI KO-

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Ill

~HBAPb1204r.BOCCTAH~E 8~3AHT~~. Cpe.aVt BVf38HTVt!liCKO!Ii 3H8TVI pocno He.[10BOflbCTBO

AHren-KoMHVIH 6e)l(an Vf3 KoHcTaH-

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t1caaKoM

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II AH-

1218-1221 rr. B 1215 ro.ay nana pVtMCKVflli l1HHOllf CHOB8 npV13BBn K KpeCTO-

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BTOPO~ H TPETHR KPECTOBbiE OOXO)lb1 (12a.) 1:25 000000

2:iO

250

500 . ..

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Kpecrosblx noxoAoe: - - oroporo (1147- 1149 rr.) - >- > rper.ero (1189-1192 rr.) rpa~HUbl 8 KOHUC

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tt0PQ/1UCT8. UO.II.HillJMX 8 COCTaBCBAUJ.tHHOA PHMCKOA: HNnepHH

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c. KpeCTOBble noXOAbl XII-XIII BB.

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322

3nOXA MOHIOJlOB. 1200-1400 rr.

'-ITO MATM Ha.ao '-lepe3 ErMneT. L{To6bt 3apy'-IMTbCH nancKoiii no.a.aep%Koiii B 6opb6e c OrroHoM IV 3a repMaHCKMiii MMnepaTOpCKMM TPOH, B03maBMTb noxo.a noo6ew,an C1JpM,apMx 1/loreHwTayrpeH. KpecmHocHbte a pMMM M3 B eHrpMM, CKa HAMHa-

KpenOCTM Ha H1111e, 611M3 3f1b-MaHcypbl. Al1b-KaMMf1 CHOBa npe,an0%1111 MMp M noo6ew,a11 ycTynMTb KpeCTOHOCLJ,aM 1!1epycanMM, a TaJOKe,apyrMe TeppMTOPMM CBHTOM 3eMnM B o6MeH Ha )J.aMbeTTy fl1oaHH lf5pMeHCKMM C pa.aocTbto cornacMncR 6bt, HO nena-

BMM, ABCTPMM M tOJ1!1aH,aMM npM6btf1M B AKpy, r.ae coe.aMHMf1MCb c BoiiicKaMM KoponR 1!1epycanMMa 1!1oaHHa II 5pMeHcKoro, Op.aeHoB rocnM-

rMiii noTpe6oBan B.ao6aBoK c.aa'-IM KpenocTeiii KpaK-.ae-WeBanbe M MoHpeanb, a TaK%e BbtnnaTbt .aeHe%Hoii1 KOHTpM6yLJ,MM. neperoBOpbl

TanbepoB M TaMnnMepoB , a TaK%e rpeo.aanbHbtMM onon'-leHMHMM, Ha6paHHbtMM B 6!1M%HeBOCTO'-IHbiX rocy,aapCTBaX KpeCTOHOCLJ,eB ( 12171218 rr.). Bbtca.aKa npoM3owna y )J.aMbeTTbl, r,ae KpeCTOHOCLJ,aM OKa3af1 %ecTo'-laiiiwee conpoTMBneHMe MenMK anb-KaMMn, CbtH cynTaHa a!1b-AAMJ1a. noKa reHy93CKMM rpnoT rpOMM/1 B YCTbe peKM erMneTCKMM, KpeCTOHOCLJ,bl oca,aM/111 )J.aMbeTTy. Oca.aa npo.aon%anacb no'-ITM nonTopa ro.aa; nana )J.aMberra TOf1bKO B HOH6pe 1219 ro.aa. TeM BpeMeHeM K apMMM KpecToHocu,eB npMCOe,aMHMJ1CH nanCKMM neraT Kap,aMHan nenarMiii M HaCTOHf1, '-IT06bt KOMaH,aoBaHMe nepe.aanM eMy Koponb 111oaHH 115pMeHCKMii1 cornacMncR HBHO 6e3 oco6oii1 oxoTbt, HO OCTaBM/1 3a co6oiif TaKTM'-IeCKOe

6btf1M copBaHbt. KpecTOHOCLJ.bt npe.anpMHHf1M nonbiTKY nepenpaBMTbCH '-lepe3 KaHan AwMyH, HO 6blf1M oT6M-

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11M KpeCTOHOCL!bl npo,aBMHYf1MCb BCero Ha 80 KM. 0CTaHOBJ1eHbl OHM 6 blf1M y KaHana AwMyH -TaM )f(e, r.ae M 0H TbtM KpecTOBbtM noxo.a. KaHan oxpa HHna apMMfl, Ha CKOJ1bKO M3BeCTHO, CeMM,aeCHTMTbiCf/'-IHaH, no,a KOMaH -

1247 r. B3S:Hii1E MAMniOKAMii1 ACKAnOHA (COBP. rOPOA AWKEnOH B 1113PAII1nE).

,aOBaHMeM 9MMpa C1JaKp 9,a-,lJ,MHa; f/,apo BOMCKa COCT8Bf1f/f1M 10 Tb!Cf/'-1 MaM/1/0KOB. CaM CYI1TaH yMep, H09TO

/a30M 06be,aMHeHHbiMM CMJ1aMM erMnTHH M xopesMMML!eB. Ba)f(HY/0 ponb s no6e.ae Cbtrpan Mono.aoi4

EBPA3V1>l V1 6nV1>KHV1ll1 BOCTOK .n,ep)l(aflOCb B CTpO)I(a/4we/4 TaWHe, M or ero MMeHM npaeMna o.n,Ha M3 ero )l(eH, W8,ll)Kap a.a-)J,ypp. AEKA6Pb 1249 - SIHBAPb 1250 rr. 60EBbiE AEPICTBII1SI Y KAHAJlA AUJMYH. fliO.n,OBMK IX nonbJTancf/ HacbJnaTb nonepeK KaHana .aaM6y, HO erMnTfiHe no.aorHanM MerarenbHbJe MaWMHbl M o6pywMnM Ha <f>paHLW30B rpa.n, KaMHeW, O.ll,HOBpeMeHHO CpbJB npOTMBOnOflO)I(Hb/W 6eper MpacwMpMB KaHan. B Po)l(.ll,ecreo MycynbMaHe npe.anpMHflnM HeO)I(M.aaHHY/0 aTaK}', HO 6blflM OT6MTb/. 8 <PEBPAJlSI 1250 r. 6111TBA nPII1 3Jlb-MAHCYPE. (Ha caMoM .aene.aepeBH/0, eo3ne KoropownpoMcxo.n,Mno cp8)1(eHMe, Ha3eanM 3nbMaHcypa- r.e. ,,no6e.aa»- y)l(e noTOM.) 3a HO%fliO.n,oBMK IX rawHo ne-

penpBBMfl CB0/0 KOHHMI..W Ha .n,pyro/4 6eper 'lepe3 6po.a, o6Hap'Y)I(eHHbJW npMMepHO B 6 KM OT HaCbJnM. MyCYflbMaH y.n,anocb 38crarb epacnnox; 6blfl y6MT4J8Kp3.ll,-/1,MH. bpaT fliO.ll,OBMKa IX, rpa<f> Po6ep .a'Aprya, KOMaH.aoean aeaHrap.n,oM M .aon)l(eH 6bln, 3axearMB 6eperoeow nna~ .aapM HanpoTMB Hey.aaewewcfl.n,aM6bl, .ll,O)I(M.ll,8TbCfl npM6bJTMfl OCHOBHb/X K8BanepMWCKMX CMfl, a TaK)I(e npMKPbJBBTb nepenpaey nexoTbJ. Ho Po6ep .a'Aprya ocnywancfl npMKa3a M, )l(eflaf/ CaMOflM'lHO BbJMrpaTb 6MTBY, onpoMeT'lMBO 6pocMncfl npecne.ll,OBaTb erMnTfiH M 38THan MX B 3nbMaHcypy; a .n,nfl ynM'lHbJX 6oee Tfl)l(enafl KaeanepMfl 6bma coeepweHHO HenpMro.n,Ha. MycynbMaHe co6panMcb c cMnaMM, Haronoey pa36MnM

325

orpfl.n, Po6epa .a'Aprya M 'lYTb 6bmo He B3flflM eepx H8.ll,O BCeWOCTanbHOW <f>paH~Y3CKow KaeanepMew. Cnacno fliO.n,OBMKa IXnMWb ceoeepeMeHHoe npM6b!TMe nexoTbJ, nepenpaBMBwewcfl no Mocry, nocnewHo nepeKMHYTOMY CHe.ll,OCTpOeHHOW .ll,8M6bJ H8 .n,pyrow 6eper KaHana AwMyH. 11 <PEBPAJ1SI1250 r. Erll1nETCKASI KOHTPATAKA. YroMneHHbJe KpeCTOHOC~bl e.n,ea CyMenM y.n,ep)l(aTb nna~.n,apM; B 3TOM cpa)l(eHMM OHM 3</></>eKTMBHO npMMeHf/flM «Tpe'leCKMW OTOHb». MAPT-AnPEJlb 1250 r. OTCTYnJlEH 111E. nyrM coo61.1.1eHMfl 6b/flM nepepe38Hbl, B apMMM CBMpenCTBOBaflM 6one3HM, M fl10.aoeMK IX npMKa38fl OTCrynarb K /1,aMbeTTe, OT6MBaf/cb or Hace.n,a/0/.l.IMX MycynbMaH.

RIOAOBHK CaHro"' a 6wme npH Ta"'6ype. KapTHHa 3. AenaK:pya, 1837 r.

326

anoXA MOHronos. 1200-1400 rr.

JlJOAOBHK CBHT0£:1 B CeAbMOM KpecTOBOM nOXOAe. MHHHaTJOpa 6onbWHX <J>paH~Y3CKHX XpOHHK. CepeAHHa XV B.

6AnPEfl~1250r.6~TBAnP~ <PAP~CKYPE.

AraKoBaHHafl npecne.aoBarenfiMII1 cf>paHl..IY3CKafl nexora y.aap111nacb B naHII1f<Y. MycynbMaHe 3aMKHYflll1 OKpy:>KeHII1e 111 YHII1~T0)1(111flll1 no~TII1 BC/0 apMII1/0 fliO,aOBII1Ka IX, a caMoro Koponfl B3flnll1 B nneH.

1250-1254 rr.

nOPA)I(EH~E.

fliO,aOBII1K comaCII1flCf/3annaTII1Tb Bb/eyn B 800 Tb/Cfl~ flii1BPOB 30flOTOM 111 ytlir111 1113 ,Il,aMbeTTbl ( Matli). OmpaBII1B OCTaTKII1 apMII1111 BO cJ>paHl..lll110, CaM OH

ornnbm B AKpy. ,IJ,anbHetliw111e ero YCII1flll1fl, BKfl/O~afl neperOBOPbl C MOHJOflaMII1, Hll1 K ~eMy He np111Ben111

( 1250-1254 rr:). focy,qapcrsa KpecroHoc~es, 1254-1270 rr. locy.aapcTBa KpecroHOCl..leB cranll1 newKaMII1 B )l(eCTOKOW 6opb6e er111neTCKOW 111Mnepll1111 MaMfl/OKOB C 38BOeBaBWII1MII1 nepCII1/0 MOHIOfla-

Mll1. Kor.aa MOHronbl orcryn111n111 1113 C!IIPII1111, 6ei16apc - renepb cynraH Er111nra - Ha~an no o~epe.a111 3aBoeBb!BaTb O,aHO 6flii1)1(HeBOCTO~HOe rocy,aapCTBO KpeCTOHOCl..leB 3a ,apy1111M.

1258-1260 rr. 3ABOEBAH~E CEBEPHOVI C~

MOHfOflAM~

p~~.l1nbxaHXynary(no 111MeHII1 KOroporo 111 6bma Ha3BaHa xynaryll1.acKafl ,aii1HaCT!IIfl) IOTOBII1flCfl Bb/CTynii1Tb Ha lOT, Kor.aa CMepTb Beflii1KOIO

EBPA3V1>l V1 6nV1>KHV1ll1 BOCTOK 1268 r.) B pyKaX XPMCTM-

327

KaraHa MyHK9 3acraeMna ero, KaK

AHTMOXMM (

noeeneean 38KOH I..JMHrMcxaHa eep-

8H ocraeanMcb ronbKO AKpa, TpMno-

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HYTbC51 e KapaKopyM. B CMpMM oH

nM M HeCKOJibKO OTJJ.eflbHb/X 38MKOB.

TOrO repoH.

OCT8BMJI OKKynal..lMOHHY/0 apMM/0

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nOJJ. KOM8H.ll.OB8HMeM Kur6ora ( MJIM

HeH3MeHHO BepOJIOMeH H JKeCTOK K

CynTaH 6eH6apc

Ker-GyKM). CyJJ.51 no eceMy, Kur6ory

conepHHKaJvl HJIH BparaM, KaK npeJK-

6bmo JJ.BHO yKa38HMe noMorarb KpecroHOCl.laM npOTMB M8MJI/OKOB. fep-

CyJITaH Kory3 HeAOJiro HaCJIIDK-

Ae, KOI'Jl.a 6hiJI 3MHpOM, HO BO BCeX

AaJic.ll nJIOAaMH no6eAhi npH 3J;!H-

_ApyrHX OTHOIIIeHHSIX OH BhlflOJIH.liJI

IV 38-

,[(JKanyre. Ero y6HJI H3-3a YH3BJieH-

CBOIO npaBHTeJihCKYIO 3a_Aaqy He

K!l/04MJI c KMr6oroM C0/03. Ocranb-

Horo qecTOJII06H.ll 3MHp BeJ;!6apc,

TOJihKO c AOJIJKHOIO MYAPOCThiO, HO

/..lOT AHTMOXMWCKMW b09MYH.ll.

HbJe KpeCTOHOC/..lbl npeJJ.n04JIM B03-

pyKH Komporo 6h1JIH YiKe 3ana'IKaHhi

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JJ.ep)I(8TbC51, 6Y.ll.Y4M He B COCT051HMM

KpOBhiO cyJITaHa TypaHIIIH. IIocJie

KaK A06ph1J;! MaroMeTaHHH, oH nyH-

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KOpaHa, CaMJKHJI B03)l.epiKaHHO, npH-

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1260 r. 6l-1TBAnPl-1 A~H-A>KA JlYTE. KMr6or, Koroporo noJI.JI.ep)I(M-

Aaph, KOTOphlJ;! c rex nop npHo6pen

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eanM HeCKOJibKO OTP51.ll.OB KpeCTO-

TaKyiO JKe BJiaCTh, KaKOIO HeKOr_Aa

K 6ypHoJ;! OTBare. CnpaBeAJIHBhJJ;I K

3m 6MJI RJiacTOJII06HBhlJ;! rocy-

yMepeHHOCTH H npH flOMOII.IH peJIH-

HOCl.leB, 6bm Haronoey pa36Mr 6nM3

flOJih30BaJIC.ll CaJia,~J.HH, H KOTOphlJ;! H

CBOHM llOMaHHhlM, KaKOI'O 6hl flJie-

Ha3apera MHoroKparHo npeeocxo-

cnoco6eH, H cKJioHeH 6hiJI npoAOJI-

MeHH H KaKOJ;! 6hl Bephl OHH HH 6hlJIH,

.l1.51~ew no 4MCJieHHOCTM apMMe/4

JKaTh BO Bcex rJiaBHhlX nyHKTax no-

OH, HeCMOTp.ll Ha CaMYIO yJKaCHYIO

MaMn/OKOB noJJ. KOMBH.ll.OBaHMeM KoT}/38. 3TO 6blfl8 Bb/CW851 T04K8 MOH-

JIHTHKY 3TOrO BeJIHKOrO npe_AIIIe-

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CTBeHHHKa. Eme 6yAy'IH rypKMeH-

1JYBCTBO 6esonaCHOCTH H _AOBOJihCT-

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Ba; H XOTSI OH, KaK BTOpoJ;! CaJia,~J.HH,

48JIC51 OTK8T.

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Ma!vfJIIOKOB H B KOpOTKOe BpeM.ll _AO-

HH 6oph6y c xpHCTHaHCTBOM Ha Boc-

1260-1268 rr. 3ABOEBAHl-1SI MAMJliOKOB. B

npaeneHMe cynra-

CTHrcpe_AH HHX 60JihiiiOJ;! CJiaBhl CBO-

TOKe AO flOJIHOI'O ero HC1pe6JieHH.ll,

Ha Gel46apca 9KcnaHCM51 MBM/1/0KOB

HMH BOeHHhiMH CflOC06HOCTSIMH.

HO BCe-TaKH OH 6hiJI flOJIHTH'IeCKH

ocy~eCTBJI51JI8Cb npaKTM4eCKM 6ec-

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6ecnpHCTpacreH H _AOCTaTO'IHO npo-

npen51TCTBeHHO; 9TOMY cnoco6CTBO-

eMy no6e_AoJ;! Ha,z:I. JliOAOBHKOM

IX, H

HHUareJieH, 'IT06hl He npeHe6peraTh

B8JIM nOCT051HHbJe CTb/4KM Me)I(JJ.Y

xoTH oH c rex nop ABa pa3a Hanpa-

flOJie3HhlMH COI03lTh1H C HeKOTOphlMH

KpecroHOCHbJMM 6apoHaMM, eoi4HbJ

BHJI CMepTOHOCHOe opyJKHe npOTHB

eBponeJ;!cKHMH AepJKaBaMH. OH Bcry-

feHyM c BeHel..lMe/4 M BeHel.lMM c Jla-

npaBHTeJieJ;! ErHnTa, HO AIDKe 3TH

nHJI B APYiKeCTBeHHhle cHoiiieHH.ll c

TMHCKow MMnepMew. nocne naJJ.eHM51

3JIO_Ae.liHHSI TOJihKO yBeJIH'IHBaJIH 60-

MHXaHJIOM IIaneoJioroM, KOrAa TOT

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Cpa)l(aiOUU"ecst BOHHbl. MHH uaTIOpa a pa6cKO£:i py~ronucu. BTopast 'feTBepTb XIII s.

3nOXA MOHrOnOB. 1200-1400 rr.

328

Ha IITaJibHHCKHX npHMOpCKIIX ropo,IJ,OB, B KOTOpOH BeHel.\HaHI.\bl !1blTaJIHCb JanoenaTh THp. K TOMY )J{e, KpecToHOCHbie phinapH npe,!l,npHHHJIII ,!l,ep3KIIH pa36oilHH'IHi1 noxo,[( n o6nacTh MYCYJlbMaH II noompHJIH apMHH II MOHronon K Hana,IJ,eHHIO Ha cynTaHa. Ho Eeil6apc 6e3 oco6eHHoro TpyAa oTpa3llJ1 KOpOJIH feTYMa II MOHrOJIOD, II llOCJie TOro CTaJI rOTOBHTbCH K BOHHe C !jlpaHKaMII. Koma 6biJIII nocTpoenhi MHoro'-!IICJieHHbie oca,IJ,Hbie MaiiiiiHbi, OH llOHBIIJICH BHe33llHO, B !jlenpane

1265

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MIIIHIIIanopbl

XIII

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Janoenan KoHcTaHTHHOITOJih. Eeii-

naJJ:eHHIO ,[(a)J{e JIH'-!HO cynTaHa Eeii-

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lliHe OTHOIIIeHHH c KoponeM MaH-

ITJieHHhiX, KOTOpblX OH npe,[(JIO)J{IIJI.

pO,[(OM, '-!TO He OCTaJIOCb KaMHH Ha

!JlpeAOM CHI..\HJIHHCKHM, KOTOphle H3-

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3a npH6hiJihHOii ToproBJIH y)f(c B

Ha HC Morno Hai1THCb 6oncc 6naro-

npOAOJI)J{eHHe ABYX noKoneHHii cyiiie-

npHHTHoro '-!aCa, '-iT06bi OKOH'-!aTeJib-

focniiT3Jlbephr xpa6po 3alli.Hlll.aJIH

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HO AOBcpmrrTh ACJIO ncnnKoro Afii0-

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nocnon B KaHp, H LJ,a)J{e npar H npe-

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HOH pa60Te. qepe3 copoK ,[(Hei1 TH-

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1266

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1264

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1267

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ro,Ay Beit6apc rnaBHhiM

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o6pa30M 3aHHMaJICJI BOCCTaHOBJie-

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HH30Harepy B B03MO)f(f(OCTh IIpO,AOJI-

BCJie,ACTBHe 6ecrrOp.sJAOqHOCTH IIOXOA

BaJICJI yKpeiiHTb o6opOHH'reJibHhle

JKHTeJibHOro corrpoTHBJieHHJI. 3,Aecb

OKOHqHJICJI IIOpa:lKeHHeM.

II03Hl.IHH BHYTPH cTpaHhl.

lh Ca<j>e-

MOrJIO 6bl IIOMO'lb TOJibKO 6hiCTpoe

Harra,AeHHe, KOTopoe 33-AYMaJI

Aa cynTaH rrpe,ArrpHHJIJI HeCKOJibKO

IIO,AKpeiiJieHHe. 0,AHaKO roCIIHTaJibe-

KOpOJib T'eryM 6biJIO IIO,AaBJieHO eme

Ha6eroB Ha AKKOH H Ha Tup, orryc-

phl, ocTaBJieHHhle BO BpeMH Ap3y<j>-

B caMoM Haqane OTPJIAOM BoitcKa,

TOillHJI CTpaHy, 3aXBaTHJI MHOrO

cKoit 6HTBbi 6e3 IIOMOII.IH TatviiiJIHe-

BbiCJiaHHbiM IIpOTHB Hero, H TaK OC-

IIJieHHblX H BeJieJI OTpy6HTb HM ro-

poB, Teiiepb TOqHo TaK iKe He HMeJIH

HOBaTeJibHO, qm T'eryM,AOJiiKeH 6biJI

JIOBhl.

iKeJiaHHJI rroMo'lb rrocJieAHHM B Crupe-

COrJiaCHTbCJI Ha ycryrrKy 3eMeJib.

HeitiiiHM o6pa30M 03HaMeHOBaJIC.ll

,Ae, a TaK KaK ApyrHe xpHcTHaHCKHe

B KoHn:e KOHI.IOB rocrrHTaJibephl, B

eme HarrageHHeM Ha AKKOH.

rocrro,Aa HCKaJIHApy:;K6hl c cynTaHoM,

6e,ACTBHJIX 3TOro ro,Aa iKeJlaBillHe rre-

TO Kperr OCTb 6 hiJI a 6e3H3,!J,e)f(f( 0 IIO're-

pervmpHH, IIOJIYqHJIH ero, HO TOJibKO

Y XpHCTHaH 3TOT ro,A rreqaJib-

BecHoiO

1268 ro,Aa Beit6apc

cHo-

Ba rrpe,AIIpHHJIJI KpYIIHhle IIOXOAhi-

pHHa. 0caJf9J,eHHhle HaKOHen: HaqaJIH

II pH ycJIOBHH, qro OHH 60Jibille He 6y-

rreperoBophl c Beit6apcoM, H oH, KaK

AYT rronyqan ,AeHbrn, KOTOphle OHHAO

B3JIJI ropOA H pa3pymHJI ero l.IHTa,lJ,eJlb.

roBOpliT, rro6y,AHJI HX K C,Aaqe Kperro-

'reX rrop BhliKHMa.JIH y HeKOTOpbiX rrpa-

OTry,AaOH C 6hiCTPOTOit MOJIHHHABH-

CTH o6emaHHeM MHJIOCTHBOro 06-

BH'reJieit MYCYJibMaHCKOH CHpHH.

HYJICJI K Bo<j>opy, 6oJibmoit KperrocTH

MapTa oH rroJIBHJICJI rrepeA Horrrre,

nenroaoopylKeHHble MycynbM3HCKHe BOHHbl B pyKOnawHoj;i CXB3TKe C Pb11.43PHMH.

XIII B.

anoXA MOHronos. 1200-1400 rr.

330

TaMnJIHepoB, no3a,~J,H Clf)J,oHa. fapHH-

3TOMY noBOAY, oKasaJIHCb 6e3pe3yJih-

Ta.JlbHble BOCTO'IHI>Ie XpHCTHaHe OT-

30H ee 6h1JI HeMHOro'IHCJieH. IIpaBAa,

TaTHI>IMH.

19 Ma.si BeJ:t6apc peiiiHJIC.SI

HOCHJIHCb KO BCeM 3THM yAapaM cyAh-

TaMnJIHephl AKKOHa XO'reJIH npHJ:tTH

Ha IIITYPM H B TOT :lKe AeHb B3o6paJI-

6hl OT<JaCTH C Aep3KHM 33,1J,OpOM, OT-

Ha nOMOlllb, HO nHCbMO, B KOTOpOM

c.SI Ha C'reHhl, KOTOphle .LJ.Ba CTOJieTH.Sl

<JaCTH C :lKa.JIKHM pa6CKHM <JYBCTBOM,

OHH 06 3TOM C006lllHJIH, nona.JIO B

TOMY Ha33A OKa3a.JIH HenoKoJie6HMoe

CKJIOHHblM H KTpycoCTH, H K H3MeHe.

pyKH cyJITaHa, KoTOpblJ:t nocJia.JI B Bo-

conpOTHBJieHHe KpecTOHOCUaM. Meq

TaK 'ITO BeJ:t6apc HMeJI noJIHoe npa-

ipop nHCbMO C npOTHBOnOJIOJKHblM H3-

no6e.LJ.H'reJieJ:t 6e3:lKa.JIOCTHO CBHpenCTBOBa.JI Ha,IJ, 06HTaTeJIJIMH HecqacT-

JIHJ:iCKOMY, KOTOpblJ:t npOCHJI y Hero

BeCTHeM H 3THM no6y.LJ.HJI OCaif'-.LJ.eH-

BO OTBeTHTb KopoJIIO KapJiy CHUH-

HhlX K C.LJ.a<Je. fop.LJ.a.sl KpenOCTb 6bma

HOrO ropoAa Ha OpoHre. [(HTa,IJ,eJib

UOllla.LJ.hl.LJ.Jill CBOHX e.LJ.HHOBepUeB, 'ITO

TOT<Jac :lKe, KaK CruJ:>eA, o6pameHa B

eme Aep:lKa.Jiacb, HO TaK KaK qacTb ee

He B ero CHJiax noMeiiiaTb m6eJIH

yKpenJieHHJ:t 6h1Jla y:lKe norepl!Ha, TO

ippaHKOB noTOrvty, 'ITO OHH caMH ro-

3areM cyJITaH HarraJI Ha BrorvtyH-

He OCTaBa.JIOCb HH<Jero, KaK npOCHTb

TOB.SIT CBOIO rH6eJib, H 'ITO CaMI>IJ:t HH3-

VI,

KOToporo oco6eHHO HeHaBH-

MHJIOCTH y cyJITaHa. IIoMHMO :lKeH-

KHJ:t H3 HHX CTapaeTC.Sl paspyiiiHTb TO,

AeJI 3a ero npe'A<HHJ:t COI03 C MOHrO-

lllHH H .LJ.eTeJ:t, B nJieH 61>IJIO B3liTO

'ITO CAeJia.JI 6bl CaiVII>IJ:t BeJIHKHJ:t.

JiaMH. CHa<JaJia oH .SipocTHO onycTo-

8 ThlCll'l

IIIHJI o6JiaCTb TpHnoJIHca, a nOToM

6HTBbl npeKpaCHblJ:t ropOA H BhlCOKa.sl

BHe3anHO CTa.JI yrpO:lKaTb AHTHOXHH.

KpenOCTb Ha CKa.Jie 61>IJIH npe.LJ.aHhl

IVI)'CYJibMaHCKHJ:t BoeHHI>IJ:t nyHt..'T. Aa

rvty)K'IHH, a no OKOH'laHHH

Boc&Mon Kpecros&ln noxo.q, 1270 r.

PhluapcTBo 3Toro ropoAa nhlTa.JIOCb

orHIO. C rex nop ceBepHa.si CHpHll

o6opOH.SITbC.Sl B OTKphlTOM noJie, HO

6hlJia HaBcerAa nOTepJIHa AJIJI xpHc-

CoKpywMTenbHbJe nopa)l(eHMfl

THaH. <l>paHKH .LJ.06pOBOJibHO OCTaBH-

6nM)I(HeBOCTO'-IHb/X XPMCTM8HCKMX

Tpe60BaJI C.LJ.a'IH 60JibiiiOJ:t KpenOCTH.

JIH Te HeMHOrHe MeCTa, KOTOpble OHH

rocy.aapcTB no6y.aMnM flJO.tJ.OBMKa IX

IIeperoBopbl, KOTOphle Ha'la.JIHCb no

AO cHx nop TaM yAep:lKHBa.JIH. Oc-

TpeTMW pa3 omnbJTb B CBfiTYJO 3eM-

6bmO no6HTO, H

Ma.sl cyJITaH no-

- - -- -- - - -- - - - -~ --

Bo3apalL\eHHe niOAOBHKa Casnoro H3 BocbMOro KpeCToaoro OOXOAa B 1270 r. MHHH3T10pa XV a.

EBPA3V1>l V1 6nV1>KHV1ll1 BOCTOK

331

mo. npoee,aR cnO)I(HY/0 MHTpMry, cynraH 6eVI6apc cyMen y6e.aMrb <f>paHI.W3CKoro KoponR, 6y.aro ryHMCCKoro 6eR MO)I(HO o6p8TII1Tb B XPMCTII18HCTBO; B pe3ynbT8Te J110,aOBMK IX pew111n Ha 9TOT pa3 ompaenRTbCR B CBRTY/0 3eMn/O 'lepe3 TyHMC 111 Emner. K noxo.ay HeoxorHo COrfl8CMnCR npMCOe,aMHMTbCR 6paT J110.aoeMKa, Kapn I AH)I(YVtCKMVI, He.aaeHo yreep,aMBWMVtCR H8 Cllfl.lMnMVtCKOM npecrone. TyHMC/..lbl oKa3811111 conporMeneHMe, 111 J110.aoeMK IX oca.a111n cronM/..lY. BcKope cpe.a111 OC8)1(a8BWMX pa3p83Mn8Cb 9nM,aeMMR, KoropaR 111 ceena J110.aoeMKa IX B MorMny. KoMaH.aoeaHMe npMHRn Kapn I AH>KYVtCKMVI. BcrynMB c 6eeM B neperoeopbl, oH .ao6111ncR, 4T06b! TyHMC Bbmna'lMBan .aaHb 111 CMI..lMnMM, M4JpaHI..lMM. BcKope c10.aa npMnnbm aHmMVICKMVI npMHLl 3.ayap.a (6y.ayWMVt KOpOnb 3,ayap.a 1), HO KpecroBb!Vt noxo.a y)/(e 3aeepwMnCR, 111 6oeBbiX ,aeVtCTBMVt 6onbWe He eenocb. locy.qapCTBa KpeCTOHOC/.4eB,

1271-1291 rr. MycynbMaHe 3aeepwMnM oreoeBbiBBTb 3eMnM, paHee noKopeHHble KpecroHOC/..lBMM. XorR epeMeHBMM K8KMe-TO 6oeBble ,aeVtCTBMR KOe-r.ae 111 BCnbiXMBBnM, HO na.aeHMe AKpbl 03HaMeHoeano co6oVI KOHel.l.aeyxeeKoeoVI 9nox111 KpecroBbiX noxo.aoe.

1271 r. B3SIH1E 3AMKAKPAKAE -W EBAJlbE. nocne .aonroVI oca,abl MaMn/OKCKMVI cynraH 6eVI6apc 38xearMn Kpenocrb pb!/..lapeVI-rocnMranbepoe oKono Tp111non111 - eepoRTHO, C8MOe MOWHOe <f>opTM</>MK8/..lii10HHOe coop'Y)KeHMe B MMpe.

1271-1272 rr. nP&il6biH1E 3AYAPAA. Bo maee He6onbwoVI, BCero nMWb TbiCR'lHOVt, apMMM OH npe.anpMHRn HecKonbKO noxo.aoe nporMB MycynbMBH (111 o.aMH pa3 .aa)l(e .aowen .ao Ha3apera), nb!TanCR eecr111 neperoeopbl c MOHronaMM 111 'lYTb 6bmo He nan )l(epreoVI accaCMHa. ,£1o6MTbCR 3,ayap,ay, </>BKTM'leCKM nocne.aHeMy 1113 eenMKMX aerycreVIwMx KpecroHOCI..leB, He y.aanocb npaKTM'leCKM HM'lero.

MycynbMaHCKHe aoHHbl. MHHHanopa KOH'-'a XIV a .

1281 r. 6&11TBA nP&il XOMCE. MoHronbcKoe eoVIcKo 'lMcneHHocTb/0 30-50 Tb!CR'l 'lenoBeK CTpeMMrenbHO eopeanocb B CMpMIO, r.ae K HMM npMCOe,aMHMnBCb ,aOBOnbHO KpynHaR apMMR KpecroHOCI..leB. Hacne.aHMK 6eVI6apca, cynraH KanayH, noeen H8BCTpe'ly 111M CTOTbiC~NHY/0 apMM/0. B nocne.aoeaeweM cpa)l(eHMM.ao6MTbCR pewa10wero nepeeeca He y,aanOCb HMKOMY. BcKope MOHronbl orcryn111n111.

1289 r. nAAEH&iiE TP&ilnOJl&il. fopo.a 6b!fl 38XB84eH MBMn/OKCKMM cynraHoM KanayHoM. 1291 r. nAAEH&iiE AKPbl. Cb!H KanayHa, cynraH anb-Awpa<f> Canaxa.a-,£1MH XanMnb, .aonro oca)l(.aan AKpy 111 B KOHI..le KOH/..lOB B3Rn ropo,a, npeo.aonee .ao6necTHoe conporMBneHMe 3BWMTHMKOB. TaK nan nocne.aHMVI onnor KpecroHOCI..leB Ha 6nM)I(HeM BocroKe.

nocne.qCTBHR KpeCTOBbiX noxo.qos, 1291-1396 r.

nocne na.aeHMR AKpbl .ayx KpecTOBbiX noxo.aoe YMMpan .aonro 111 My'lMTenbHO - Ha npoTR)I(eHMMI..lenoro eeKa.

1299-1301 rr. MOHfOJlbCKOE BTOP)I(EH&IIE B C&IIP&IIIO. Cy,aR no BCeMy, MOHrOnbl paCC'lii1TbiB8flll1 H8 co,aeVtCTBMe KpeCTOHOCI..leB 111 nnaHMPOBBnM BepHyrb XPMCTII18H8M t.1epycanMM. He .ao)l(aaBWMCb noMoWM XPMCTII18H, MOHrOnbl OTCrynMnM 111 6onbwe B CMpM/0 He B03BpawanMcb.

131 0 r. 3AXBAT POAOCAfOCn&~~TAJlbEPAM&il.

Ha .aea c nMWHMM BeKa OCTPOB CTan maBHbiM onnOTOM XPMCTII18HCKOTO MMpa B 6opb6e npoTMBTYPOK.

HaqaJie

1198 ro)l.a O.Jl.HH

H3 He-

MeUKHX KHli3elHIHJIHrpHMOB, apXH-

332

3nOXA MOHIOJlOB. 1200-1400 rr.

eiDicKon KoHpa.r:J: Ma:HHIJ:CKHH, ompaBIIJICH B ApMe:mrro H KaK HMnepaTopcKHH ynoJIHoMo<J:eHHb!ll Bema.rr lliBa II Ha uapCTBO, TaK KaK neHHaH BnaCTh HeMeUKOH HMnepHH Ha.r:J: ApMeHHeil, OTCIDna B03HHKIIIaH, HHKorna He TIOJIY'!Hna 6onee cepbe3Horo 3Ha<J:eHHH. 3aTO Ha CHpHHCK)'IO TIO'IBY 6blnO 6poIIIeHO 6eCKOHe'IHO nnonoTBOpHOe 3epHo, Korna BmKHellliiHe JIH[(a BOHcKa niiJIHrpHMoB H HepycaJIHMCKoro rocynapcTBa co6paJIHcb 5 MapTa 1198 rona B AKKOHe Ha o6IUHH COBeT H TIOCTaHOBliJIH o6paTHTh B pbi[(apCKHH opneH HeMe[(Koe fociDITaJibHoe 6paTCTBo CBHTOH MapHH, OCHOBaHHOe BO BpeMH TpeThero KpeCToBoro noxona, H 3TOT opneH nonmeH 6bln 6biTh yCTpoeH c TeMH me npaBaMH, 'ITO H OpneHbi TaMTinHepOB H HOaHHHTOB. B nocne):(HHe ronbl cBoen mH3HH feHpHx VI 6oraro onapHn HeMeuKoe 6paTCTBO H, BepOHTHO, yme HaMepeBaJICH cnenaTh H3 Hero BOeHHbiH opneH, ):(JIH yciiJieHHH HeMe[(KOrO 3neMeHTa B CHpHH H nnH nonnepmKH CBOHX TinaHOB BCeMHpHoro Bna,r:(bi'leCTBa. Ho TO , <J:ero OH He MOr noBepIIIHTh, HCTIOnHHnH Tenepb ero TipHBepmeHIJ:bi, H 3THM Ha nepBbiH pa3 HecKonbKO B03HarpanHnH CHpHHCKHX <iJpaHKOB 3a Bpen, KOTOpbiH TipH'IHHHnH HM nocneiiiHbiM npeKparueHHeM HeMeuKoro KpecroBoro noxona. B Te me ronbl, Korna norH6an OpneH TaMnJIHepoB, OpneH rociDITaJlbepoB nocTHran HOBoro pacuBeTa. TaK KaK co BpeMeHH naneHHH AKKOHa CHpHH 6blna nnH rociDITaJibepoB 3aKpbiTa, OHH o6paTIIJIH CBOH HCKaHHH nanbiiie Ha 3anan , Ha 6epera 3reHCKOro MOpH, H3-3a KOTOpbiX 6oponHCb ¢paHKH , rpeKH H TYPKH. B 1306~ 1309 ronax OHH BbiCTYIDIJIH 3necb C 60JibiiiOH CHnOH, B 1310 rony oKoH'laTeJibHO YTBepniiJIHcb Ha Ponoce H BCKope non'IHHHnH ce6e uenhlil PM oCTpoBoB, npHHannemaIUHX K IDmHbiM Cnopa.r:J:aM. Eonee <J:eM ):(Ba cToneTHH nocne 3TOro ponoccKHe rocnHTaJibepbi nocroilHo ynep)KHBaJIH CBOe MeCTO PMOM C 4JpaHUY3CKHMH o6nanaTenHMH KpHTa H AxailH, A¢HH H HaKcoca. C noMOI[(b!D cBoHX 3aTia):(HbiX noxonoB H npH6biJieH OT CBOHX [(BeryiUHX H 6naronpHHTHO ):(JIH TOproBnH pacnonomeHHbiX OCT-

poBoB oHH conepmanH 3Ha<J:HTenbHoe BOHCKO. 0Kono 1380 rona OHH Ha npOTH)KeHHH HeCKOJibKHX neT Bna,r:(enH B BHAe 3a.rrora KHHmecTBoM Axa:Heil, c 1343 no 1402 rona BnanenH 6oraToil CMHpHoil, a B 1399 rony Ha pa3BaJIHHaX npeBHero fa.rrnHKapHaCca BbiCTPOHJIH CHJibH)'IO KpenocTh CB. IleTPa (HbiHe EynpYH)·

1311 r. PA3rPOM OPAEHA TAMnJU1EPOB (XPAMOBHII1KOB). 0p1J.eH 6btn pacnyw,eH, aenvrKvriii MarvrcTp vr '-lneHbt Kanvr-ryna ocy)((IJ.eHbt vr Ka3HeHbt, pbtu,apvr no/l,aeprnvrcb npecne/l,oBaHMHM no npvrKa3y KOpOflH C!JpaHu,vrvr C!Jvrnvrnna IV Kpacvraoro. 0Kono 1118 rona pbiuapH fyro IIaileHCKHH, foT¢pHn CeHT-0MepCKHH peiiiHJIH OCHOBaTh peJIHrH03HOe BOeHHOe TOBapHIUeCTBO nJIH 3aiUHTbi TIHnHrpHMOB OT rpa6HTeneil H pa36oHHHKOB. B coJD3e c ceMbiD npyrnMH 4JpaH[(y3CKHMH pbi[(apHMH OHH OCHOBanH HOBbiH OpneH, naB npH 3TOM naTpHapxy Hepyca.rrHMCKoMy, KpoMe o6eTa uenoMynpHH, 6enHocTH H nocnyiiiaHHH, TaKme H o6eT 6opb6bl 3a nHnHrpHMOB H 3a CBHTble MecTa. CBoHM nepBbiM Ha<J:aJibHHKOM OHH H36panH fyro IIaileHcKoro. BHa<J:ane KOpOJib TIOKpbiBa.rr 6onbiii)'IO '!aCTh HX H3ne pmeK H nan HM name mHnbe B CBOeM nBop[(e, B6nH3H TOro MeCTa, rne HeKorna CTOHJI xpaM ConoMoHa. ITo ero HMeHH HX TOT<J:ac Ha3BanH xpaMOBHHKaMH HnH TaMTinHepaMH, milites Templi, Templarii. IIana H naTpHapx HepycanHMCKHH YTBePIJ:liJIH ycTaB opneHa. 3aTeM fyro npoexan paH[(HID, AHrnHID H l1TanHID, r):(e niD):(H CaMbiX 6naroponHbiX noMOB CTieiiiHnH BcrynaTh B opneH HnH nepenaBanH eMy 6oraTble BnaneHHH. l1MnepaTop TioTap nonapHn eMy <J:acTh cBoero ponoBoro BnaneHHH B rpa¢cTBe CynHnHH6ypr; nono6HbiM o6pa3oM nocryiDinH Koponb feHpHx I AHrJIHHCKHH, rpa¢ ,Il,HTpHx <!>naHnpcKHH, rpa¢ Patl:MYHn - Eep eHrap EapuenoHCKHH H MHOrne npyrHe KHH3bH H BnaneTenH. EenHbiH opneH B KOpOTKOe BpeMH cnenanCH onHHM H3 6oraTeHIIIHX. C Tex nop opneH cocToHn npeHMyiiieCTBeHHo H3 HCTibiTaHHbiX pbi-

[(a pen, KaK Heo6xonHMO nonmHO 6blno 6biTh no ero npoHcxomneHHJD. TonbKO OHH O):(HH HOCHnH 6en)'IO opneHCK)'IO MaHTHJD C KpaCHbiM KpecTOM, KOTOpbiH, BTipO'IeM, na.rrH HM H3 PHMa HeMHoro no3nHee. CBHIUeHHHKH H KaneJIJiaHbi opneHa HMeJIH non'IHHeHHoe nonomeHHe, a npHMO cnymaruHM KnaCCOM 6blnH opymeHOC[(bi H npHcnyra. Ho r n aBa opneHa, ero MarHCTp (magiste r Templariorum), CKOpO 3aHHn BeCbMa BbiCOKOe nono meHHe cpenH BbiCIIIero Knacca Hepyca.rrHMCKoro rocynapcTBa. Ho yme BCKope TaMTinHepbi 6blnH COBparueHbi C HCTHHHOrO TIYTH TeMH HeCMeTHbiMH 6oraTCTBaMH, KOTOpbie CbiTianHCb Ha HHX CO BCeX CTOpOH. OpneHCKHe 3aMKH HBIIJIHCb HaKoHeu nnH COBpeMeHHHKOB MeCTaMH pocKOIIIHeHIIIero Hacna)KIJ:eHHH mH3HbiD; BbipameHHe bibere templariter TIHTh, KaK TaMTinHep,- BOIIInO TIO'lTH B TIOCn OBH[(y. Erue xyme 6blno ro, 'ITO rop):(bie pbiuapH, nYMaBIIIHe 6onbiiie Bcero o npHo6peTeHHH neHer H HMeHHH, He r HyiiianHCb HHKaKHM cpen cTBOM, ecnH oHo o6erua.rro ynoBneTBopeHHe HX KOpbiCTOnJD6HJD. Il03TOMY CBOID CHpHHCKYID TIOnHTHKy, T.e. CBOH OTHOIIIeHHH K TaMOIIIHHM MycynhMaHaM, OHH COOTHOCHnH TOJibKO C n H'lHbiMH BblronaMH, OCTaBnHH COBe pIIIeHHO B cropoHe o6ruee 6naro. OHH noKHeynH no'!By KaTOJIH<J:ec Koro n paBOBepHH H npHHHJIH np eBpaTHble ep ern<J:eCKHe y<J:eHHH. Yme 1IHHoKeHTHH III o6BHHHJI O pneH ( 1208 r. ) He TOJibKO B OCKOp6HTeJibHOH 6e3HpaBCTBeHHOCTH, HO H B HeBepHH, paBHOIJ:YIIIHH, 3aKOTOpbie OHnonmeH 6bln 6bl HaKa3aTh HX, ecnH He 6yneT HcnpaBneHHH; a B 1266 rony npoBaHCaJibCKHH TaMTIJIHep nen nep3KHe cTHXH cnen)'!Druero conepmaHHH: «He cyruecTByeTHHKaKOro KpeCTa, HHKaKOH Bepbi, K01Dpbie MOrnH 6bl TIOMOTh HaM TipOTHB 3THXMOIIIeHHHKOB-rypoK. O'IeBH):(HO, cKopee, 'ITO Eor noKpoBHTenbcTByeT HM Ha HaiiiY n orn6eJib. A TaK KaK HHcyc XpHcroc, Koropb!ll noJI)KeH 6bl npOTHBHThCH 31DMY, corn aiiiaeTCH C3THM, 1D H Mbl, KOHe'IHO, MOmeM 3THM ynoBonbcTBoBaThcH. Ilo3ToMy, KTO HIUeT erue BOHHbi c rypKaMH, KOTOpbiM Eor Bee no3BonHeT, TOT - HC'Th!H rny-

EBPA3V1>l V1 6nV1>KHV1ll1 BOCTOK

333

Typel.lKHH SITaraH neu. Bor, KOTOpblj;j npe;KAe 6o)l.peTBo-

eTaHOBHJia npOTHB ee6.SI HeKOTOphiX

Ba.JI, reneph emrr, MaroMer pasrepni-

BparoB pHMeKoj;j eypHH, roey)l.apej;j,

Baer BeiO eBOIO eH.n:y H n03BOmieT eBO-

roey)l.apeTBeHHblX MYJKej;j H Hapo)l.Hble

eMy eJiyre BeMapey noerynaTh no

Maeebl. Ho rerrep1> uapeTBOBa.JI BO

npOH3BO.II)'».

<DpaHUHH KopoJih <DHJIHIIII IV KpaeHBf>Jj;l, 3aKJiaThJj;j IIpOTHBHHK BeSIKOro Te-

Ha 3'foj;l noqse, KaK yTBep)K)l.aiOT

1365-1369 rr. KPECTOBbl~ nOXOA nETPA I JlY3'-1HbSIHA, KOPOJlSI K'-inPCKOfO. OH pa3rpa6111n AneKcaH,ap/1110 ( 1365 r.) 111 nocroRHHO coeepwan Ha6erlll Ha no6epe)l(bfl C!llp/11111 111 Emnra - noKa He nan OT PYKIII y6111W~bl ( 1369 r.).

06BHHHTeJIH TaMnJIHepoB, epeeh op-

OKpaTH'IeeKOro )l.BHJKeHH.SI, rrepBhJj;j

)l.eHa)l.OIIIJia)l.O eBoero nOJIHOrO pa3-

roey)l.aph, «B )l.eJiax KOToporo yJKe

1396 r. H'-iKOnOJlbCK'-1~ KPE-

BHTHSI, H, no HX eJIOBaM, 3TOJI.1Y 60Jih-

IIpOHOeJITCa pe3KOe Be.SIHHe HOBeliiiiej;j

CTOBbl~ nOXOA. nana PIIIMCKIIIW

IIIe Beero eo)l.ej;jeTBOBa.Jia QTqaSJ:HHM

HeTopHH». OH BeKope rro6e)l.HJI yrrpa-

BOj;jHa 3Jih6Hroj;jUeB e OIIOJI'IeHHSIMH

MYIO BOJIIO rrarrbl BoHH<l>auHa

6oH!IIcPB~IIIW IX npiii3Ban K KpecroeoMY noxo,ay, 4T06 OCTBHOB/1/Tb OCMBHCK}f/0 3KCnBHCIIIIO H8 baflK8H8X. fep~or E>ypryH,a/11111 VfoaHH 6eccrpawHbJW, Mapwan ctJpaH~/11111 )/(aH 6yCIIIKO 111 .apyme KpynHbJe ¢eo.aanbJ (B ocHOBHOM, cPPBH~Y3CK!IIe) noeen/11 apM/1110 e.aon!IIHY/],yHaf!!ll6bmlll Haronoey pa36111Tbl TYPKBM/11 no.a H!IIKononeM ( coep. 6onraplllfl).

VIII

B a.Jih-

OTIIpaBHJI uepKOBh B eeblJley B ABH-

6Hroj;jeKoj;j o6JiaeTH op)l.eH BJia)l.eJI 6o-

HhOH. 3aTeM OH o6paTHJie.SI IIpOTHB

raTblMH HMeHHSIMH, OTh.')')l.a K HeMy

TaMnJIHepoB, 6oraTeTBa KOTOphiX He-

IIpHXO)l.HJIO MHOro IIOeJiyiiiHHKOB.

y)l.epiKHMO APa3HHJIH ero KOphieTOJII0-

rrpasoBepHoro xpHeTHaHeTBa.

0)l.HaKO B pa)l.e HeTO'IHHKOB BhieKa3blBaeTea eOMHeHHe,

6He, H HX eHJihHbJj;j opraHH3M HYJKHO

31'0 IIO-

6blJlo pa3pyiiiHTh, qm6bJ IOHoe <l>paH-

eJiyJKHJIO IIpH'IHHOj;j rrpeeJie)l.OBaHHSI

Uy3eKoe roey)l.apeTBeHHoe 3.Jl.aHHe He

pbluapej;j.

IIO)l.BepraJIOeh IIOeTO.SIHHO eepbe3HOj;j

qTQ

MorymeeTBeHHaa o6mHHa rrorH6-

orraeHoeTH.

Jia BOBee He BeJie)l.eTBHe epeTH'IeeTBa, a TaJOKe H He H3-3a eBOHX MHOrHX MO-

1344 r. B3SIH1E CM'-iPHbl.

paJihHblX OIIIH60K. 3TH BelllH )l.aBa.JIH

06be,avJHeHHBfl apMIIIfl rocn/1/Tanbepoe, Klllnp!IIOTOB Ill BeHe~/1/BH~eB OTBOeBana CMIIIPHYY OCMBHCK/1/X TYPOK. fopo.a OCT8B8flCfl B PYKBX XPIIICH18H, noKa He 6bm 3BXBa4eH 111 pa3rpa6neH BOIIIHCTBOM TIIIMypa ( 1402 r.).

TOJihKO YA06HbJj;j rroBOA HH3reprHYTh 06lllHHy; rJiaBHM IIpH'IHHaee rH6eJIH rrpoHeTeKaJia H3 ee IIOJIHTH'IeeKOro IIOJIOJKeHHSI. 3Ta MHJIHUHSI rrarreTBa YJKe )l.O IIa)l.eHHSI AKKOHa eHJihHO BOe-

6oM no.Q HHKononeM a 1396 ro.Qy C T)'pKaMH-OeMaHaMH BeT)'IIHJIH B 6op1>6y <Peo)l.aJibl 3arra)l.Holi EBpoIIbl.

B 1396

ro)l.y KopoJih BeHrpHH

CHrH3MYHA e rroMOlllhiO pHMeKoro rrarrbl BoHH<l>aUH.SI

opraHH30BaJI

anoXA MOHronos. 1200-1400 rr.

334

Hl1KOITOJihCKOE CPA.iREHI1E 25 ceHTR6pA 1396 1·. 0

2 KM

AHH, a ropoA PaxoB 6hiJI B3liT nocJie nliTH AHeit OC3Ahl. ToJII>KO HHKonoJII> oKa3aJI ynopHoe conpoTHBJieHHe. IIIecTHaAuaTI> AHeit KpecTOHOCI.Ihi oc~aJIH

ropOA, Ha BhiPY<JKY KOTO-

poMy cnelllHJIH rJiaBHI>le CHJihi T)'pOK. TypeuKoe BoitcKo noA KOMaHAOBaHHeM cyJITaHa bali3HAa OCIDY-Aa.JI 0 B 3TO BpeMJIKoHCTaHTHHonoJII>. Y3HaB OABHiKeHHH KpecToHocueB, rypKH CHJIJIH OC3AY KoHCTaHTHHonoJIJI HABHHYJIHCI> HaBC1peqy phluapl!M qepe3 AApHaHOnoJII>, lliHnh.'Y, ThlpHoBo.

24 ce~rn~6pll

T)'pel.IK0e BOitCKO pa36HJIO CBOit Jiarepb HaXOJIMHCTOit MeCTHOCTH B 5-6 KM K 10ry OT Jiarepll KpeCTOHOCI.IeB. CHJihi rypoK AOCTHraJIH

11-12

ThiCli'I 'IeJIOBeK. TypKH 3aHliJIH D03H1.1HIO Ha BhiCOTe JO)f(Hee HHKonoJIJI . .HHhl'Iaphi pacnOJIOiKHJIHCI> Ha CaMOit BhiCOTe BO pBax 3a naJIHCaAOM. BnepeAH 6hiJIH paCChiDaHI>l KOHHhle JiyqHHKH, 3a BhiCOToit yKphiJIHCI> «cHnaXH» nOA KOMaHAOBaHHeM bali3HAa. EoeBoit nopl!AOK rypoK 6hiJI paccpeAOTO'IeH B rJiy6HHY, onopoit ero liBJIJIJiaCI> oKonaBlllaJICll nexoTa. Ho'II>IO CHrn3MYHA co6paJI BOeHHhlit COBeT, Ha KOTOpOMAOJiro cnopHJIH o TOM, KOMY Ha'IHHaTh 6oit. <l>paHl.IY3hi HaCTaHBaJIH Ha nepBeHCTBe, iKeJIM npHCBOHTI> ce6e CJiaBY no6eAhi. Pn11.1apH pa30lllJIHCI>, HH o <JeM He AOroBopHBlllHCI>. PaHo y1poM q>paHI.IY3hi BhiCT)'nHJIH H3 Jiarepll, He O)f(H):J,all CBOHX COI03HHKOB. <l>paHI.IY31>1 aTaKOBaJIH rypel.IKHX KOHHhiX JIY'IHHKOB H, npeCJieAYJI HX, nona.JIH nOA CTPeJihi liHhiqap. B 3TO BpeMll «cHnaxH» BhllllJIH

KpCCTOH OCUCB

H3-3a q>JiaHroB pacnoJIOJKeHHll cBoeit nexOTI>l, oKpyA<HJIHq>paHI.IY3CKHX phl-

TypCUK II X

uapeit H YHH'IT<»KHJIH HX. Ha npaaneHHSI yJla poa 11 OTXOll <IJpaHUYJCKHX pbrUapefl

KorAaq>paHUY3CKHe phluapH 6hiJIH pa36HThi, Ha noJie 6oJI noJIBHJIOCI> ocTa.JII>Hoe BOitCKO KpeC10HOCI.IeB BO rJia-

HanpaaneHHSI yaapoa rypeuKIH BOHC K

Be c CHrn31\1)'HAOM. TypKH noBTopHJIH TOT)f(e MaHeBp H pa36HJIH rJiaBHhle

o o 0 o o

CHJihi KpecToHocueB. TaK no qacTIIM

n an i1 C3ll

6i>lJIOYHH'ITOJKeHO BOitCKO KpeCTOHOCUeB. Cru.!CHrn3M:YHAeABacnaccJI 6erKpecTOBhlit noxoA npoTHB rypoK.

rJIH'IaHe, nOJiliKH, repMaHI.II>l, BaJiaxH,

CTBOM. TypKH He pa3BHJIH cBoero yc-

3Ha'IH'reJII>HYIO 'IaCTI> q>eOAaJII>HOro

HTaJII>liHI.Ihi. Bcero BhiCT)'nHJIO B no-

nexaH He HCnOJII>30BaJIH no6eA1>1. 0HH

10 ThiCli'I 'IeJIOBeK. Kpec-

BHOBI> o6pylllHJIHCI> Ha KoHCTaHTHHO-

BOitCKa COCTaBJiliJIH q>paHI.IY3hi (1 Tl>l-

XOA oKoJio

Cli'Ia phluapeit H n:lli<eit, a co cJiyra-

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noJII>. 0AHaKO C 3TOro BpeMeHH Ha,L{

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BeHrpHeit HaBHCJia rypeUKaJI yrp03a.

MH-

2,5 ThiCli'IH 'IeJIOBeK).

TioA KOMaHAOBaHHeM BeHrepcKo-

Jia no peKe npoAOBOJII>CTBHe. Ee3

B 6o10 noA HHKonoJieM CTOJIKHy-

ro KOpOJill OtTheAHHHJIHCI> BeHrphi, aH-

conpoTHBJieHHll CAaJICll ropoA BH-

JIHCI> ABe BOeHHhle CHCTeMhl: phll.lap-

EBPA3V1>l V1 6nV1>KHV1ll1 BOCTOK cKoe onoJiqeHHe H 3apow-AaBrneecH nocTOHHHoe BoJ:tcKo. TypeU:KaH nexoTIL- JIHbJ<Iaphl- HBJIJIJiach onopoJ:t 6oeBoro nopH.LJ.Ka. PhluapH He HMeJIH 6oecnoco6HoJ:t nexoThl.

Y rypoK

neXOTil H KOHHHUa XOpOliiO B3aHMO.LJ.eJ:tCTBOBaJIH. ,[{HCU:HIIJIHHHpOBaHHoe BOJ:iCKO, IIO.LJ.qHHHBllieecH O.LJ.HOJ\1)' KOMaH.LJ.OBaHHIO, II03BOJIHJIO ocymecTB-

eoccoe,auHeHue MMnepuu - nycTb ,48)1(e B ype38HHOM Ill HeCOnOCT8BMMO ocna6neHHOM eu.ae. Bu3aHTMf1 KflOHMfl8Cb K yna,aey; ,ao KOHU.8 pacCM8TPMB8eMOTO nepuo,aa ee COTpfiC8flM MejlJJeHHO 38TYX810ll..IMe npe,aCMepTHb/e KOHBYflbCMM, 8 TeppMTOpMM nocTeneHHO nomoll..lanMcb ocMaHCKMMM TYPKBMM.

335

1202-1204 rr. nA,t:tEHIIIE KOHCTAHTIIIHOnOJlSl B PE3YJlbTATE lfETBEPTOfO KPECTOBOfO noXO,D.A. 1204 r. OCHOBAHIIIE JlATIIIHCKO&it IIIMnEPIIIIII. rpa(j> 6on,ayuH 4JnaH,apCKMW CT8fl MMnepaTOpOM KoHcTaHTMHononbCKMM 6o.n,ayuHoM I ( npaeun B 1204-1205 rr.). ct>eo.aop II

JIJITh TaKTHqecKoe pyKoBO.LJ.CTBO H opraHH30BhlBaTh B3aHMO.LJ.eJ:tCTBHe po.LJ.OB BoJ:tcK.

<f>eo.LJ.aJihHOM BoJ:tc-

Ke He 6hiJIO e.LJ.HHOro KOMaH.LJ.OBaHHH, H Kaif'-AhiJ:t phluaph rrocrynaJI no cBoeMy ycMOTpeHHIO, BCJie.LJ.CTBHe qero KpeCTOHOCUhl IIOTepiieJIH IIOpiDKeHHe. Ha IIOJie 6oJI IIOHBHJIHCh IIOJieBhle yKperrJieHHH, KOTOphle 61>IJIH HeO)f(H.LJ.aHHhl .LJ.JIH phluapeJ:t 3arra.LJ.HOJ:t EBpOIIhl. TypKH pa3BHJIH CHC'rel\1)' HaeMHI>IX BOopy:>KeHHhiX CHJI, KOTOpyro npHMeHHJIH apa61>1. CHnaxH rroJiyqaJIH 3a CJiy)f(6y 3eMJIIO, HO OHH He 6hiJIH HaCJie.LJ.CTBeHHI>IMH <f>eO.LJ.aJiaMH H IIO.LJ.qHHJIJIHCh cyJITaHY, KOTOphlit MOr HX JIMmaTh rrpasa BJia.LJ.eHHH seMJieJ:t. Ho caMoit 6oecnoco6HoJ:t qacThiO rypen:KoJ:t apMHH JIBJIJIJIHCh BCe )f(e JIHbJ<Iaphl (HOBble BOJ:iCKa). Boecnoco6HOCTh rypeuKHx soJ:tcK o6ecneqHBaJiach TILK:>Ke xoporn o op raHH30BaHHI>IM CHa6)f(eHHeM HX IIpO.LJ.OBOJihCTBHeM, qero He 61>IJIO B <f>eo.LJ.aJihHOM BoJ:tcKe 3ana)J,HOJ:t EBporrhi. CToJ:tKHe B 6oro, HHbJ<Iaphl YMeJIO HCIIOJih30BaJIH MeCTHOCTh, ycHJIHBaHee eC'reCTBeHHhle CBOJ:iCTBa OKOIIatviH H HcKyccTBeHHI>IMH rrpenHTCTBHHMH . .HHbJ<Iaphl 61>IJIH CHJihHhl B o6opOHH'reJlhHOM 6oro. KoHTPaTaKH BeJia TH:>KeJiosoopy:>KeHHaH KOHHHUa. TaKHM o6pa3oM, 3a.LJ.aqH o6opoHhl H HacryrrJieHHJI pelliaJIHCh pa3JIHqHI>IMH pO.LJ.aMH BOJ:tcK; ycrrex B 6010 3aBHCeJI OT HceyccTBa HX B3aHMO.LJ.eitcTBHH.

BH3AHTHHCKAH HMllEPH.H I..JeTeepTbiW KpecTOBbiW noxo.a pa3,apo6un u KaTacTpo(j>u'lecKu o6eCCMflMfl 8M38HTMIO, HO BO BTOpo£:1 nonoeuHe XIII eeKa npou3owno

Boopy:>KeHHble BC3AHHKI1. 8H33HTHI:iCKOe H306p3)1(QHHe CBSITbiX BOHHOB. nocnQAHSISI TpeTb XIII a.

336

anoXA MOHronos. 1200-1400 rr. cenb.Jl)KyK!II cnepea 3BKfl/04Bn!ll co103 c <t>eo.aopoM, a noroM- c KoMH!IIHBM!II. 1214-1 230 rr. 1..\APCTBOBAHl4E <PEO,Q,OPA ,Q,YKL-1 AHfEJlA 3nl4PCK0f0. B pe3ynbrare PR/1,8 eolliH c flaT!IIHCKolli !I!Mnep!llelli, B!II3BHT!IIi1~aM!II !II COCe/l,H!IIM!II Cfl8Bf/HCK!IIM!II CTPBHBM!II OH n0/1,4!1/H!IIfl n04T!II ec10 MaKe/l,OH!II/0 111 <t>paK!II/0. 1222-1254 rr. I..\APCTBOBAHl4E l40AHHA Ill ,Q,YKL-1 BATAI..\bl, l4MnEPATOPA Hl4KE~cKoro. OH 6bm o.aapeHHb!M npaB!IITeneM 111 npeeocxoJJ,Hb!M BOeH848flbH!IIKOM B CTBpo/li B!II38HT!IIWCKOW TPB/1,!11~!11!11. l1oaHH Ill /],yKa ycnewHo eoeean npBKT!II4eCK!II CO BCeM!II COCe/l,H!IIM!II crpaHBM!II; H!IIKellicKaR !I!Mnep!IIR e ero ~apcreoeaH!IIe Kpenna 111 npo~Berana.

1224r. TPEXCTOPOHHs:ls:l BO~HA. Boeean111 <t>eo.aop /],yKa

flacKapb eo~ap!llncR B H!IIKellicKolli !IIMnep!ll!ll(npaB!IIn 1206-1222rr.) -caMOM KpynHOM 06flOMKe 8!1138HT!II!II. AneKcelli KoMH!IIH ocHoBan Tpane3YHJJ,CK}'/O !1/Mnep!l/10 CO CTOfl!ll~e/li B Tpane3yH.ae ( coep. ropo.a Tpa63oH e Ty~!ll!ll), a6parero,llaB!IIJJ,KoMH!IIHHe.aonroee4HYIO !I!Mnep!ll/0 Ha ceeepHbJX 6eperax B!lf(p!IIH!I/!11 !II natf>naroH!I/!11. 1205 r. 6l4TBA nPl-1 AJJ.Pl4AHOnOJlE (COBP. fOPOA 3,Q,l4P-

HE B TYPI..\l4l4). 6onrapbl no.a KOMBH/l,OBBH!IIeM ~apRl1BaHa KanoRHa pa36!11n!ll o6beJJ,!IIHeHHbJe C!llflbl 6on.ay111Ha I 111 eeHe~!llaHcKoro /1,0)/(8 3Hp!IIKO /],BH/l,OflO. bOfl/l,Y!IIH I 6b!fl 38XB84eH B nneH !II yMep, He /1,0)1(/l,BBW!I/Cb OCB060)1(/l,eH!IIfl. 1207-1211 rr. fPA)I(,Q,AHCKAs:l BO~HA B Bl43AHTl4l4. <t>eo.aop II flacKapb pa36!11n /],aB!II/1,8 111 AneKceR KoMH!IIHOB. KoH!IIWCK!IIe

AHren 3n!llpCK!IIi1, l1oaHH Ill /],yKa H!IIKellicK!IIIIi 111 KoHCTBHT!IIHononbcK!IIIIi !I!Mneparop Po6ep .ae KypreHe; 6oeBb/e JJ,eWCTB!IIfl Befl!I/Cb /l,OCT8T04HO 3anyraHHbJe. B 6111ree np111 nolliMBHeHOHe t10BHH /II /],yKB pa36!11n KpecroHoc~ee, nocne 4ero ornpae!lln apM!II/0 4epe3 npon!IIB, oreoeebJBBTb y <t>eo.aopa /],yK!II AHrena <t>paK!II/0. nocneJJ,H!IIIIi reM epeMeHeM P83TPOM!IIfl KpeCTOHOC~eB B 6111ree np111 Ceppax, nocne 4ero eo <t>pBK!I/!11 OT6!11n nonb!TK!II H!IIKe/li~eB 3BXBBT!I!Tb A/l,p!llaHononb ( coep. ropo.a 3.a!llpHe B Typ~!ll!ll). 1229-1237 rr. PErEHTCTBO l40AHHA 6Pl4EHCKOfO. 6b!BW!IIi1 Koponb l1epycan!IIMB cran pereHTOM np111 ManoneTHeM !I!Mneparope 6on.ay111He II. CaMbllli cnoco6Hbli1 !113 BCeX KpeCTOHOCHb/X BOeH848flbH!IIKOB ceoero epeMeH!II, l1oaHH eepHyn no/1, KOHTPOflb flBT!IIHf/H nO/l,XO/l,bl K KoHCTBHT!IIHonon/0 111 cran conpaB!IIreneM 6on.ay111Ha II ( 1231 r.). 1230 r. 6l4TBA nPl-1 KJlOKOTHl-11..\E. 6onrapcKMi1 ~apb l1eaHAceHb pa3rpoM!IIn M 3BXBBTMn B nneH <t>eo.aopa /],yey AHrena 3nMpcKoro. 1236 r. COI03 l4MnEPATOPA l40AHHA Hl4KE~CKOfO l4 60JlrAPCKOfO I..\APs:ll4BAHA KAJlOs:IHA. l1x nnaHbJ ocaJJ,MTb KoHcraHTMHononb He pe8flVI30B8flVICb, TBK

EBPA3V1>l V1 6nV1>KHV1ll1 BOCTOK KaK M3 BeHe~uu npunnbm cpnoT, a M3 Axawu npu6bma naTMHCKaR apMMR.

1244 r. OCJ1A6EBAHL<1E HAnOPA CEJlbA:>KYKOB. Bcne.acTeue MOHronbCKMX no6e.a Ha.a cenb_a)l(yKaMM nono)l(eHue HuKei1cKoi1 MMnepMM HeCKOflbKO o6ner'4Mfl0Cb.

1246 r. 3ABOEBAHL<1E HL<1KE~ CKO~ L<1MnEPL<1E~ MAKEAOHL<1L<1

L<1 PAKL<1L<1. noxo,abl B03maeun UoaHH HuKei1cKui1.

Kapn I AH)I(}IWCKMW npe.anpMHWI nonbJTKY TeppMTOpManbHOW 3KCnaHCMM Ha baflKaHaX, HaMepeeaRCb B KOHe'4HOM MTOre 3axeaTMTb KoHcTaHTMHOnonb. no.a 6epaToM (e coep. An6aHMM; 1281 r.) Muxaun VIII naneonor Haronoey pa36un cuuunuwuee. CTpeMRCb HaHeCTM Bu3aHTMM OKOH'4aTenbHbJW y.aap, Kapn I ecTynun e co103 c BeHeuuew, nanow puMcKMM, cep6aMM u 6onrapaMM, TOr.aa KaK Muxaun VIII noiiJl.ep)l(an ne.apo Apa-

337

TOHCKOTO ( ,,CMUMflMWCKaR Be'4epHR»), ocna6ue TaKMM o6pa3oM .aaeneHue AH)I(yi1cKoi1 .auHaCTMM Ha Bu3aHTMIO.

1282-1328 rr. UAPCTBOBAHL<1E AHAPOHL<1KA II. Bu3aHTMM c HOBOW CMflOW CTanM yrp0)1(8Tb CM~M flMWCKMe aH)I(}IWUbl M TYPKM, TaK '4TO AH.apoHMK 6bm BbJHY)I(.aeH HaHRTb ManeHbKY/0 apMM/0 KaTanaHCKMX ( MCnaHCKMX) HaeMHMKOB no.a KOMaH.aoeaHMeM Po)l(e.ae 4>nopa( 1302 r.).

1254-1258 rr. u,APCTBOBAHL<1E EOAOPA II JlACKAPL<1CA, L<1MnEPATOPA HL<1KE~CKOfO. 6onrapcKui1 uapb Muxaun AceHb, H8,ll,eRCb o6paTMTb K CBOeW Bb/TO,ae cMepTb UoaHHa lll,ayKM, OKK}Inupoean 6onbWYIO '4aCTb 4>paKMM u MaKe.aoHMM. 4>eo.aop II pa36un Muxauna AceHR no.a A.apuaHononeM ( coep. ropo.a 3.aupHe e Typuuu; 1255 r.) u, HeCMOTpR Ha cna6oe 3.f10POBbe, ,aeyMR 6neCTR~MMM KaMnaHMRMM eepHyn yTpa'4eHHbJe 3eMnM.

1259-1282 rr. UAPCTBOBAHL<1E ML<1XAL<1JlA VIII nAJlEOJlOfA, L<1MnEPATOPAHL<1KE~CKOfO. Cnoco6Hbli1 BOeHa'4aflbHMK, OH 3aXBaTMfl TPOH y ManoneTHero MMnepaTopa UoaHHa flacKapuca.

1259 r. 6L<1TBA HA nEJ1AfOHL<1L<1. 3.aecb HMKeWUbl pa36unu o6be4MHeHHOe BOWCKO BM3aHTMWUeB M3 3nupcKoro .aecnoTaTa, MaHcppe.aa CuuunuwcKoro u naTMHCKoro KHR3R AxewcKoro.

1261 r. 83s:ITL<1E BL<13AHTL<1~ u,AML<1 KOHCTAHTL<1HOnOJls:l. ManeHbKaR HMKeWCKaR apMMR no.a KOMaH,aOBaHMeM BOeHa'48flbHMK8 AneKceR CTparonynoca, HeO)I(M,aaHHbJM Hana,aeHMeM M npaKTM'4eCKM He BCTpeTMBCOnpOTMBfleHM~38XB8TMfla

B OTCYTCTBMe BeHeUMaHCKOTO cpnoTa KoHCTaHTMHOnonb. Muxaun VIII naneonor BOCCTaHOBMfl 8M3aHTMWCK}I/O MMnepu/0 co cmnu~ew e KoHcTaHTMHonone M 3aKJI/0'4Mfl C0/03 C reHyej;j npoTMB BeHeuuu.

1261-1265 rr. YCnEXL<1 BL<13AHTL<1~UEB. Y.aa'4HO npoee.aeHbl

KaMnaHMM npOTMB flaTMHRH B rpeUMM, 6onrap eo 4>paKMM u MaKe.aoHMM, a TaK)I(e npoTMB 3nupuee.

1267-1281 rr.

BL<13AHTL<1~

CKO-CL<1UL<1JlL<1~CKL<1E BO~Hbl.

80HHbl. MHHH3T10pa BH33HTHOCKO~ pyKOmtcH «POMaHa 06 AneKC3HApe».

XIV B.

anoXA MOHronos. 1200-1400 rr.

338

IIIMnepaTop 11 BOI1Hbl. MI1HI1aTIOpbl BI133HTI1~CKO~ pyKon11c11 «PoMaHa o6 AneKCaHApe».

TypeLtKMe aTaKM KaTanaHLtbl oT6MnM, HO npMHflflMCb TeppopM3MpOB8Tb KoHcTaHTMHononb M .apyrMe BM38HTMIIicKMe Bfl8.tJ,eHMS1. nocne y6MWCTB8 Po)l(e .ae $nopa ( 1305 r.) apMM~ ero cTana 6wwM $paKMM M MaKe.aoHMM; n03)1(e K8T8fl8HLibl 38XB8TMflM

n ()n BI133HTI1~CKI1e }l(eJ1e3H ble OOAKOBbl.

XIV-XVaa.

A</>MHbl M OCHOBaJIM C06CTBeHHOe rocy.aapCTBO ( 1311 r.).

1317-1326 rr. OCAJJ.A 6YPCbl.

1321-1328 rr. rPA)f(,Q,AHCKA51 BO~HA. Benacb Me)l(.tJ.Y AH.tJ.POHMKOM fl M ero BHYKOM, KOTOporo TO)I(e 3B811MAH.tJ,pOHMK. bOflbW8~~8CTbMM nepMM 6bma pa3opeHa. AH.tJ.POHMKMna.awMIIi yTBep.aMnc~ conpaBMTeneM ( 1325 r.) M, B KOHe~HOM MTOre, ece-TaKM ceepr .ae.aa ( 1328 r.).

1325-1341 rr. UAPCTBOBAHLt1E AHAPOHLt1KA Ill. He c~MTa~ nopa)l(eHM~, nony~eHHoro

Ha~ane

npaeneHM~ oT Cep6MM ( 1330 r.; eM. c. 874), KBK npaeMno, AH.apoHMK Ill BOeBan Y.ll.B~HO npOTMB eeponeWCKMX coce.aelli M Ha 9rellicKoM Mope; HO 60flbWYIO ~8CTb BM38HTMWCKMX Bfl8.tJ,eHMW B AHaTonMM 3axeaTMnM ocMBHCKMe TYPKM.

1341-1347rr. rP.A)I(AAHCKAs:l BO~HA. Benacb Me)l(.tJ.Y cTo-

XIV a.

pOHHMK8MM l108HH8 V, Cb/H8AH.tJ,pOHMK8 II/ (npM pereHTCTBe ero M8TepM, AHHbl CaeollicKolli), M l1oaHHa KaHTBKY3MHa, 38~BMBwero ceoM npaea Ha TPOH. $paKMfl M MaKe.aoHM~ 6blflM pa3opeHbl. 06e CTOpOHbl TOM .tJ,eno npM3b/B8/IM H8 nOMOWb TO cep6oe, TO TypoK. B pe3ynbTaTe 60flbW8~ ~8CTb M 6e3 TOTO T810Welli H8 Tn838X MMnepCKOW TeppMTOPMM 6bJn8 noTep~H8, 8 TO, ~TO OCT8B8fl0Cb no.a enacTb/0 BM38HTMM, ne)l(anoepyMHax.

1347-1354 rr. UAPCTBOBAHLt1E Lt10AHHA VI KAHTAKY3Lt1HA. npe.aBTenbCTBOM OH 38XB8TMn KoHCT8HTMHOnonb. OH npM3bJBan TypoK Ha noMOWb npoTMB cep6cKoro npaBMTen~ CTe</>aHa )J,ywaHa. Cep6oe OCM8HCKMe TYPKM OT6MnM, HOB TO )l(e BpeM~ yTBep.tJ,MflMCb H8 nnBLt.tJ.8pMe C eepone!liCKOW CTOPOHbl nponMBOB- Ha rannMnonbcKoM nonyocTpoee.

EBPA3V1>l V1 6nV1>KHV1ll1 BOCTOK 1355-1391 rr. BTOPOE UAPCTBOBAHLt1E Lt10AHHA V. OH CHOea oena.o.en KoHcTaHntHononeM M 3acTaBMn UoaHHa VI KaHTaKy3MHa OTpe%Cfl OT npeCTOna. npaBMTeneM OH 6bm cna6bJM; npM HeM TYPKM B3flnM A.o.pMaHononb ( coep. ropo.o. 3.o.MpHe B Typ~MM; 1365 r.), a caM OH nonan B nneH K 6onrapcKoMy ~ap10 WMWMaHy( 1366 r.).

1376-1392 rr. MHOfOCTOPOHHSISI 60Pb6A 3A TPOH. Y<~a CTBOBanM B Hetti UoaHH 1/, ero CbiHOBbfl AHJJ.POHMK IV (roJJ.bl npaeneHMfl 1376-1379) M MaHyMn II, a Ta/OKe BHYK UoaHH VII ( roJJ.bJ npaeneHMfl 1390-1391 M 1399-1402).1..(apMBWMM B MMnepMM XaOCOM He 3aMeJJ.nMnM eocnonb30BaTbCfl TYPKM M 3aeoeeanM nO'ITM BCe 3eMnM, OCTaBaBWMeCf/ K TOMY MOMeHTY no.o. BnaCTb/0 BM3aHTMM.

1391-1425 rr. UAPCTBOBAHLt1E MAHYLt1JlA II. 3TOT cnoco6Hbltli npaBMTenb yHacne.o.oean MMnepMIO, COCTOfi/J..IY/0 nMWb M3 KOHCTaHTMHOnonR, ct>eccanoHMK M no6epe:1Kbfl MopeM.

1391-1399 rr. OCAJJ.A TYPKAML-1 KOHCTAHTLt1HOnOJlSI. nepeJJ.biWKY y.o.anocb nony'IMTb, 6naro.o.apfl Mapwany ct>paH~MM )i(aHy 6yCMKO, B03maBMBWeMy ManeHbKMtli OTPR.ll. JJ.06pOBOnb~eB- MCOnJJ.aT, M MaTpOCOB; OH OT6Mn MHOIOKpaTHble aTaKM KaK MOPCKMe, TaK M cyxonyTHble, OCMaHCKOIO cynTaHa 6aR3MJJ.a I MonHMeHocHoro (no- Type~KM «JffbmJJ.blpbJM.-.; 1398-1399 rr:).

nonbCKMMM npaBMTenfiMM, nocTeneHHO OTBOeBbJBanM y cna6e1011..1etli BM3aHTMM TeppMTOPMIO 3a TeppMTOpMetli. npMMepHO B cepeJJ.MHe XIV BeKa OHM 38XBaTMnM nepBbiW nna~ .o.apM Ha eeponetlicKoM 6epery, nocne <~ero 6bJCTpo noKopMnM ct>paKM/0, MaKeJJ.OHM/0, 6onrapMIO M 6onbWYIO 'laCTb Cep6MM. O.o.HaKo B TblnY y HMX OCTaBanCR KOHCTaHTMHOnonb, r.o.e :IKanKo ena'IMna nocne.o.HMe IOJJ.bl CBOeiO Cyll..leCTBOBaHMR BM3aHTMWCKaR MMnepMfl. ropo.o. 6bm COBCeM Ha rpaHM KanMTynR~MM, KOI.o.a OCMaHCKMX TYPOK HaronoBy pa36Mn TMMYP(MnM TaMepnaH; 1402 r.), npM'IeM Ka38110Cb, 'ITO OT TaKOrO nop8)1(eHMR MM y:~Ke He onpaBMTbCfl HMKOJJJ.a.

1230 r. 6Lt1TBA nPL-1 3P3Lt1HA>KAHE (B COBP. TYPU.Lt1Lt1). CynTaH KOHMtliCKMX cenbJJ.)f<YKOB Ana-a.o.-/l,MH Ketli-Ky6a.a. no6e.o.Mn xope3Mwaxa /l,)l(enana.o.-/l,MHa, KOTOPbJtli nocne nopa:IKeHMfl, HaHeCeHHOIO eMy MOHronaMM Ha 0HJJ.e, COXpaHMn KOHTpOnb HaJJ. CaMbiMM 3anaJJ.HbiMM 3eMnfiMM waxcTBa. B Te'leHMe ceMM neT nocne 9Toro nopa:~Ke HMfl MOHIOnbl npOJJ.BMranMCb B 3ana.O.HYIO nepCM/0 M B AHaTOnM/0.

1243 r. 6Lt1TBA nPL-1 KOCEJJ,ArE (BCOBP. TYPL.J.Lt1Lt1). 3.o.ecb MOHIOnbl pa36MnM TYPOK-CenbJJ.)I(YKOB M YCTaHOBMnM HaJJ. AHaTOnMetli CBOtli C/03epeHMTeT.

1290-1326 rr. UAPCTBOBAHLt1E OCMAHA I. KynbMMHa~Metli ero BM3aHTMWCKMX KaMna-

OCMAHCKAH MMIIEPMH, 1290-1402 rr. 0Kono cepeJJ.MHbl XIII eeKa TYPKMcenbJJ.)KYKM 6bmM no6e:>K;aeHbl MOHronaMM, MB Type~KOtli AHaTOnMM BO~apMncR xaoc. BcKope nocne 9Toro Be.O.Y/J..IY/0 ponb BAHaronMM cTano MrpaTb Hoeoe Type~Koe nneMR, B03maenReMoe cynTaHOM OcMaHOM I. YTeepJJ.MB ceoe npeeocxo.o.cTBO H8JJ. COCeJJ.HMMM nneMeHaMM, OCMaHCKMe TYPKM, nonb3Yf1Cb HenpepbiBHbiMM pa3JJ.OpaMM Me:>K;ay KOHCTaHTMHO-

HMtli RBMnaCb oca.o.a 6ypCbl ( Ha ceeepo-3ana.o.e coep. Typ~MM; 1317 r:); ropo.o. nan BCKope nocne ero cMepTM ( 1326 r.).

1326-1359rr.UAPCTBOBAHLt1E OPXAHAI. BponMmaeHotli opraHM3YIOIJ..Iet/i CMnbl 6y.o.yIJ..Iet/i OCMaHCKOtli MMnepMM BbiCTynMn MMeHHO OpxaH. Ceoetli cTonM~etli 9TOT cynTaH c.o.enan 6ypcy. nepeot/i M3 MHO:IKeCTBa ero no6e.o. H8JJ. BM3aHTMetli RBMnacb no6e.o.a H8JJ. AHJJ.POHMKOM Ill B 6MTBe npM Manrene ( 1329 r.). noTOM BM3aHTMW~bl nMWMnMCb npaKTM'IeCKM BCeX CBOMX Mano-

339

a3MWCKMX Bna.o.eHMtli- 6bJnM 3aXBa'leHbl HMKeR ( 1331 r.) M HMKOMeJJ.MR ( 1337 r.). noMoraR UoaHHY VI KaHTaf<Y3MHY, OCMaHCKMe TYPKM B TO :IKe BpeMR tj>aKTM'IeCKM ornpaBMnMCb B ceotli nepBbJtli eeponetlicKMtli noxo.o. ( 1345 r.) M ocHoeanM Ha rannMnonbCKOM nonyocTpoee nepeoe Type~ Koe noceneHMe Ha eeponetlicKotli no<~ee ( 1354 r.). B nocne.o.y1011..1Me JOJJ.bl OHM cTpeMMTenbHO pacnpocTpaHMnMcb no ct>paKMM. ct>aKTM'IeCKM BM3aHTMWCKaR MMnepMR no OTHOWeHM/0 K 0cMaHCKOtli CTana tj>betj>OM (neHHbJM tj>eo.o.anbHbJM ena.o.eHMeM).

1359-1389 rr. L.J.APCTBOBAHLt1E MYPAJJ,A I. CynraH Mypa.o. I 3aXBaTMn AJJ.pMaHOnOnb ( COBp. 10po.o. 3.o.MpHe B Typ~MM; 1365 r.) M c.o.enan ero ceoetli cTonM~etli.

1366 r. BMEWATEJlbCTBO KPE CTOH OCL.J.E B. n oHa<~any KpecroBbJtli noxo.o., B03maeneHHbltliAMa.o.eeM VI, rpatj>oM CaeotliCKMM, M BeHrepCKMM KOponeM fl!OJJ.OBMKOM (flatlioweM) I BenMKMM, pa3BMBancR y.o.a<~Ho. AMa.o.etli Vl3axeaTMn rannMnonbCKMtli nonyocTpoe, HO enocne.o.cTBMM 6bm orry.o.a BbJ6MT. fl!OJJ.OBMK I pa36Mn TypoK no.o. BMJJ.MHOM (B COBp. 6onrapMM), HO nO TOM 6bJn BbiHY>KaeH oTcTynMTb.

1369-1372 rr. 3ABOEBAH Lt1E 6 OJlfAPLt1Lt1 TYPKAM L-10CMAHAML-1. OKOJlO 1370 r. YlfPE>KAEHLt1E KOPnYCA SIHbllfAPOB. Mypa.o. I opraHM3oean 9nMTapHoe BOMHCKoe no.o.pa3.o.eneHMe, nepBOHa'lanbHO COCTORBWee nO'ITM MCKn/O'IMTenbHO M3 nexoTMH~eB-ny'IHMKOB, npM'IeM XpMCTMaH no npOMCXO:>K;aeHM/0, 3aXBa'leHHbiX B JJ.eTCTBe M BOCnMTaHHbiX tj>aHaTM'IHbiMM MycynbMaHaMM. B .o.anbHetliweM 6onbwe nonyTbJCfl'leneTMR fiHbJ'IapbJ MrpanM B Type~KOtli MCTOPMM Be.ll.Y/J..IY/0 ponb. (6bJTyeT MHeHMe, 'ITO Kopnyc fiHbJ'Iapoe 6bm y<~ pe:>K;aeH cKopee OpxaHoM I, 'leM Mypa.o.oM 1.). HaKOHe<fHI1K TYPei.\KOro KOnbSI.

XIV a.

anoXA MOHronos. 1200-1400 rr.

340 0KOJIO

1330 I'O,LJ,a 'I)'pKH-OCMaHhl

opraHH30BaJIH nocTO.llHHoe nexonwe BOitCKO, BOHHOB KOTOporo Ha3h1Ba.JIH .llHhlqapaMH . .HHhJqaphi 6i>IJIH .ll,Ll,pOM BOopy:a<eHHhlX CHJI 'I)'pOK.

Y IIOKO-

peHHh~HapO,Ll,OB'I)'pKH3axBaTh1BaJIH

MaJihqHKOB, a 3a'reM BOCIIHThlBaJIH HX B OC06h1X ycJIOBH.llX H IIOA OC06h1M Ha6JIIO,LJ,eHHeM. 0,LJ,HOlt H3 OCHOBHhlX 06.ll3aHHOCTett Ka.Jf9J.Oro npasorepHoro MycyJih-

1389-1402 rr. UAPCTBOBAHii1E 6ASJ3ETA I MOJ1Hii1EHOCHOfO. 1391-1399 rr. nEPBASJ OCAAA KOHCTAHTII1HOnOJ1SJ TYPKAMii1-0CMAHAMII1. 1396 r. Hli1KOnOJ1bCKII1VI KPECTOBbiVI nOXOA. 1397 r. TYPEUKOE BTOP)I(EHii1E B fPEI..ll/110. 1402 r. 6111TBA nPII1 AHKAPE.

MaHHHa.llBJI.llJIOCh yqacTHe B CB.llllleHHOtt BOltHe IIpOTHB BCeX HeBepHhiX. Ha 3Tott penHrn03Hott ocHoBe y .llHhlqap H BOCIIHThlBaJIC.ll BOeHHhltt <J:>aHaTH3M . .HHI>Jqaphl 6b1JIH IIelllHMH Jiyq-

ErHIIET, CHPHH HMAMJIIOKH

HHKaMH, OTJIHqHhlMH CTpeJIKaMH. KpoMe JiyKa, OHH HMeJIH Ha Boopy-

1371 r. 6111TBA HA PEKE MAP111UE. no6e.aa HB/1, cep6aMVJ npVJ-

npaBVJBWBR nocne Canax-a.a,llVJH8 .ll,VJHBCTVJR AlltJ06VJ.aoe HeHa.aonro pacwVJpVJna reppVJropVJJO VJMnepVJVJ, HO 6bJCTpO npVJWfl8 B yna.ll,OK VJ6bJn8 CBeprHyra M8MJI/OK8Mirl, CBOVJMVJ)I(e pa6aMVJ-con.aaraMVJ. Bo eropollt nonoBVJHe XIII eeKa MaMnJOKVJ BenVJ O)l(eCT04eHHYIO BOWHYC MOHTOfl8Mirl. 5naro.aapR y.aa4e, yMenoMy KOM8H/l,OB8HVJIO, 8 T8K)I(e TOMY, 4TO H8 BOOpy)l(eHVJe 6bJnlrl B3RTb/ OT.ll,eflbHble acneKTb/ MOHTOflbCKOW TBKTVJKVJ, M8Mfl/OK/rl CyMenVJ OCTBHOBVJTb 38XBBNVJKOB y eopor Er1r1nra 1r1 COXPBHVJTb CB0/0 Bfl8CTb n04Tirl BO ecellt CVJpVJVJ. Kor.aa 6opb6a c MOHronaMVJ3BTVJxana, MaMnJOKVJVJ3roHRnVJVJ3 naneCTVJHb/ lrl CVJpVJVJ KpecTOHOC~eB. Ha npoTR)I(eHVJVJ no4TVJ ecero cne.ay1011.1ero eeKa MaMnJOKVJ npo~eeranVJ B Er1r1nre 1r1 CVJpVJVJ; enacrb VJX npocrVJpanacb 1r1 Ha 10reeepx no .aonVJHe H1r1na, .ao Hy61r11r1. HoB caMoM KOH~e eeKa TMMYP (MnVJ TaMepnaH) HaHec MaMnJOKBM coKpywVJrenbHoe nopa)l(eHVJe 1r1 BbJrecHVJn VJ3 CVJpVJVJ.

eena K noKopeHVJ/0 rypKaMVJ-ocMaHBMVJ ecellt MaKe.aoHVJVJ.

1200-1238 rr. 3KCnAHCII1SJ AV'II06111AOB. np1r1 cynraHax A6yn-

20 11110HSJ 1389 r. 6111TBA HA KOCOBOM nOllE. CynraH Mypa.a I

5aKp MenVJK anb-A/l,VJne 1r1 ero CbJHe MenVJK anb-KaMVJne AlltJ06VJ.aaM He VJ3MeHRn eoeHHbJIIt ycnex; crpaHa WVJpVJnacb 1r1 npo~eerana.

:>KeHHH ca6JIH H .llTaraHhl. HH3IIIee no,LJ,pa3,LI,eJieHHe BottcKa .llHf>Jqap COCTO.llJIO H3

10 qeJioBeK, KO-

TOphie HMeJIH 061IlyiO IIaJiaTh')', KO'reJI H BhJOqHyiO JIOIIIa)l.h. 8-12 ,LJ,eC.llTKOB CBOAHJIHCh B «oAy». B XIV BeKe HacqHThlBaJIOCh

66 «OA» .llHhlqap (5 Thl-

C.llq qeJioBeK), a 3a'reM qHCJIO «OA» B03pocJio AO

200.

BottcKo .llHhJqap

OTJIHqaJIOCh BhlCOKOtt ,LJ,HCI.IHIIJIHHOtt.

Xapa~~epHott qepTott ycTpottcTBa 3TOI'O BOitCKa6hiJiaopraHH3al.IH.ll npaBHJihHOI'O H 6ecnepe6ottHoro cHa6:areHH.ll ero IIpO,Ll,OBOJihCTBHeM. IloMHMO .llHhlqap TYPKH HMeJIH T.lliKeJIYIO («CHIIaxH») H JiefKYIO KOHHHI.IY. JlerKa.ll KOHHHI.Ia .llBJI.llJiaCh cpe,LJ,CTBOM MaHeBpa H BeJia fJiaBHOe Hana,z:t.eHHe. HHhlqaphl cocTaBJI.llJIH onopy 6oeBoro nop.llAKa H npe,LJ,noqHTaJIH BeCTH o6opOHHTeJihHhltt 6ott Ha yKperrJieHHOtt II03Hl.IHH, 3alllHllleHHOtt pBOM H JiefKHMH npeii.llTCTBH.llMH.

1r1 CbJH ero 5aR3VJ/1, o.aep)l(anVJ no6e.ay HB/1, 06be.ll,VJHeHHb/M BOWCKOM cep6o~ 6onrap, 6ocHVJIIi~e~ eanaxoe 1r1 an6aH~ee no.a npe.aeo.aVJrenbcreoM cep6cKoro KHR3R J1a3BPR I ( lrlfllrl J1838PR Xpe6enRHOBVJ<18), nom6wero B 6VJTBe. nocne 6VJTBb/ Mypa.a 16bJn y6VJT cep6CKVJM nneHHbiM.

1218-1221 rr. n SJTbiVI KPECTOBbiVI nOXOA.

1231-1232 rr. BTOP)I(EHII1E AV'II06111AOB B AHATOJ111110. 0Ho 6bmo orpa)l(eHo rypKaMVJ-cenb.ll)KyKBMVJ.

K1111HOK Ma MlliOKCtroro Me'4a. XIV a.

EBPA3V1>l V1 6nV1>KHV1ll1 BOCTOK 1238-1240 rr. A"'HACH14EC-

)1(8B no6e,ay B 6MTBe npu XoMee

K"'E BO"'Hbl.

( 1281 T.), OHOTp83MflMOHTOflbeKOe

1240-1249 rr. nPABJlEH"'E MEJl"'K-AJlb-CAJl"'XA. 3TOT eyn-

BTOp)l(eHMe B Cupu10. KpoMe TOTO, OH npo,aOfl)I(Mfl BbJTeeHf/Tb KpeeTOHOe~eB M3 naneeTMHbl M CMpMM.

TBH 6blfl 03860'-/eH npeMMy~eeTBeH HO OTBOeBb/B8HMeM CMpMM.

1249-1250 rr.

CEAbMO"'

KPECTOBbl"' nOXOA. 1250 r. BOCCTAH"'E MAMJliOKOB. Bo BpeMfl Ce,abMOTO KpeemBOTO noxo,aa ebJH MenMK-8flb-CanMX8 TypaHwax 6bm eBepTHYT B pe3YflbTaTe 38TOBOP8 BOeH8'-18flbHMKOB-M8Mfl/OKOB M eynTaHwM Wa.a)l(ap a,a-)J,ypp, B,aOBbJ MenMK-anbCarmxa. Wa,a)l(ap a,a-)J,ypp BbJWna 38MJ?K38 KOM8H.L1YIO~eTO M8Mfl/OK8MM 3i4,aMK8, KOTOpb!W eTan nepBb/M M8Mfl/OKeKMM eynTBHOM. no3)1(e OH8 y6Mna3i4,aMK8, HO 6blfl8, BeB0/00'-/epe,ab, y6MT8 ero eTOpOHHMK8MM

1290-1293 rr. nPABJlEH"'E CYJlTAHA AJlb-AWPA<P CAJlAXAA-A"'H XAJl "'Jl S4 ( Cbl HA KAllAYHA). OH 3aBepwun M3THBHMe KpeeTOHoe~eB M3 fleB8HT8.

1294-1341 rr. n PABJlEH "'E CYJlTAHA MEJl"'K -AJlb-HAC"'PA.

( 1257 r.).

)J,B8)1(,l1bl eBeprHyTbJW, B ,aeTeTBe M /OHOeTM, OH OKOH'-18TeflbHO yTBep,l1Mflef/ H8 TpOHe TOflbKO K 1310 TO,ay; npM HeM Bna,aeHMfl M8Mfl/OKOB WMpMnMeb. OH 38Kn/0'-1Mn MMP e xynaryu,aeKMMM MflbX8H8MM ( 1322 r.). '-/aeTb/MM noxo,aaMM Ha lOT no .aonuHe Huna oH yeunun BnMfiHMe MaMn/OKOB B Hy6uu. noene eTo eMepTM HaeTynun yna,aoK.

1257-1260 rr. nPABJlEH"'E CYJlTAHA KOTY3A. C noMO~b/0

1381-1399 rr. MAMJliOKCKOE B03PO)f(JJ.EH"'E. 0Ho Ha-

eBoeTo nonKoBo,a~a 6ew6apea eynTBH KOT}/3 pa36Mn MOHTOflbeKOTO BOeH8'-18flbHMK8 f<MT60T8 B 6MTBe npM AwH-)J,)I(anyTe. no3)1(e KoTy3 6blfl y6uT 6ew6apeoM.

'-lanoeb B npaBneHMe eynTaHa-BoeHa'-lanbHMKa 6apTyKa MenMK-anb3axupa.

1260-1277 rr. nPABJlEH"'E CYJlTAHA 6E"'6APCA. OH 6bm BenM'-IBWWMM M3 M8Mfl/OKeKMX eynTaHOB. 6y,ay'-IM T8TapeKOTO npoMeXO)I(ll.eHMfl, B MOflO,aOeH1 OH enj')I(Mfl B MOHTOflbeKOW apMMM M OT'-/eTnMBO Oe03H8B8fl, KBKY/0 eMepTeflbHY/0 YTP03Y npe,aeT8Bflfi/OT MOHTOnbJ ,anfl eynTaHaTa. OH BeTynun B e0/03 e 6epKe, X8HOM 3onOTOW Op,abJ, npMHfiBWMM uenaM. 6epKe npuenan MOHTOflbeKMX BOeHHb/X MHeTpyKTOpOB, '-ITO Bnoene,aeTBMM no3Bonuno 6ew6apey M ero Haene,aHMKBM H8 p8BHb/X ep8)1(8Tbef/ e MOHronaMM B Cupuu. 6ew6ape nbJTanefl BOeeTBHOBMTb B 6ar,aa,ae X8nwpaT A66aeu,aoB, HO 6bm oT6MT MOHronaMM. B MTOTe ~enoTo pfl,aa K8Mn8HMW OH MeTO,l1M'-IHO OTBOeBan y KpeeTOHOe~eB nO'-ITM Bee XpMeTM8HeKMe Bna,aeHMfl B naneeTMHe M Cupuu. Bee MyeynbMaHeKMe roey.aapeTBa CeBepHow A</>pMKM nnaTMnu eMy ,aaHb.

1277-1290 rr. nPABJlEH"'E CYJlTAHA KAJlAYHA (TECTS4 CbiHA 6E"'6APCA). C Tpy,aoM o,aep-

341

BMflM MOHTOflbl- MOry~eeTBeHH8fl ,l1MH8eTMfl xynaryu,aeKMX MflbX8HOB, oeHoBaHHBfl xaHoM Xynary, BHYKOM '-IMHrMeXaHa; OHM paewMpflflM eBOM Bna,aeHMfl Ha 3an£(L!, noKopunu MeeonoTaMM/0, 3aKaBK83be, 6onbwy/O '-laeTb AHaTonuu M Cupuu, HO Ka)l(,abJW pa3 Tepnenu nopa)l(eHMe OT eTMneTeKMX eynTBHOB. nepMO,l1M'-/eeKM y HMX BenbJXMB8flM O)l(eeTO'-IeHHbJe, HO HM'-IbMM nepeBeeOM He KOH'-18BWMeefl, BOWHbl e 6flM)I(8WWMMM po,aM'-18MM - npaBMTeflf/MM )J,)I(aT8T8WeKOTO ynyea M 3onOTOW

1400-1402 rr. 3ABOEBAH"'E T"'MYPOM("'Jl"'TAMEPJlAHOM) C"'P"'"'· 0Ho Ha'-lanoeb e rpaH,aMo3How no6e,abJ TuMypa B 6uTBe npu Anenno (30 OKTfl6pfl 1400 T.). OT Y'-IMHeHHOTO MMpa3opeHMfl CupMfl T8K M He eMoma onpaBMTbef/.

IIEPCH.H H TYPKECTAH, 1200-1405 rr. Xope3MHHCKHn H MOHron&cKHH nepHo.q&J, 1200-1381 rr. 38BOeB8TeflbHbJe K8Mn8HMM XOpe3MMWeKMX TIOPKOB, HB'-IBTbJe TaKaweM, npo,aon)l(an ero ebJH, Anaa,a-)J,MH MyxaMMe,a, KOTOPbJW paewupun W8XeTBO e nepBOH8'-18flbHb/X XopaeaHa M Xope3M8 .ao Beew nepeMM, MaBepaHHaxpa M A</>TaHMeTaHa. BenM'-IMe MyxaMMe,a-waxa 6blfl0 B,ape6e3rM pa36MTO 4MHrMeX8HOM. CbJH MyxaMMe,aa )J,)I(enana.a -)J,MH ,l1B8)1(,l1bl nbJT8flef/ B03PO,aMTb Xope3MMWeKoe waxeTBO, HO o6a pa3a Hey,aa'-IHO. BeK e '-leTBepTb/0 B nepeMM M TypKeeTaHe npa-

CTpeMSI. 1!1paH. XII-XIII BB. Op,abJ. noene,aHMe '-leTbJpe .aeef/TMneTWI eBoero nepuo.aa xynaryu.aeKMe MflbX8Hbl npe6bJB8flM B yna,aKe - ~eHTP8flbH8fl BnaeTb oena6ena, M ynye npeBpaTunefl B eKonneHMe npaKTM'-IeeKM He38BMeMMb/X Type~KMX M T8TapeKMX KHf/)l(eeTB.

1199-1220 rr. nPABJlEH"'E XOPE3MWAXA AJlA-AA-A"'HA MYXAMMEAA. 1205 r. 6"'TBA nP"' AHAXOE (K lOrY OT AMYAAPb"'). Xope3Mwax Ana -E(L! -)J,MH MyxaMMe,a pa36Mn MyxaMMe,aa rypM ( MflM MH8'-/e -MyM33-8,l1-,l1MH MyxaMME(L! u6H CaMa), H8'-18B T8KMM o6p830M 9KenaHeM/O Xope3Ma Ha TeppMTOPM/0 eoBpeMeHHoro A</>TaHMeTaHa, KOTopafl B KOHe'-/HOM MTOTe npMBena K nOKOpeHM/0 Beew nepeMM.

1220-1221 rr. 3ABOEBAH"'E MOHfOJlAM"' XOPE3MA.

342

3nOXA MOHIOJlOB. 1200-1400 rr.

1221 r. 6111TBAHAHHAE. 3.aecb lfv1Hrt1CXaH pa36MJ1 aofiiCKO xope3Mwaxa )J.;Kenan-a,a-)J.MHa. )J.;Kenan-a.a)J.MH 6e%af1 a l1H,aMIO, OTKy,aa aepHy/1Cf/ noToM a IO%HYIO nepc11110, r.ae noTepnen nopa%eHMe OT MOHTOJ1bCKMX aoiiicK no.a KOMaH,aoaaHMeM Yre.aeR. 3aTeM OH 6blf1 pa36MT Cef1b,ll,)KyKaMM ( 1230 r.) Ill acKope nan OT PYKM y6MiiiU,bt-Kyp,aa ( 1231 r. ). 1231-1236 rr. 3ABOEBAHHE MOHrOllAMH nEPCHH . OHM 3aana.aenM TeppMTOPMRMM CeaepHoiii MeconoTaMMM, A3ep6aiii,a%aHa, /py 3111111 111 ApMeHMM.

1243 r. 3ABOEBAHHE MOHrOllAMH AHATOJlHH. 1255-1260 rr. 3ABOEBAH H~ XAHA XYllArY. OH 6btf1 nepabtM npaaMTeJ1eM AMHaCTMM xynaryM,aCKMX Mf1bXaHOa; a npMHU,Mne, OH no,aLfMHf/f1Cf/ ae!1MKOMY KaraHycaoeMy6paTy MyHK3, - HO o6na.aan 6onbwoiii .aoneiii a aTOHOMMM. OH noKOPM/1 CeaepHyiO MeconoTaMMIO,

CKHM H XYllArYHACKHM YJlYCAMH. 3onomop,abtHCKMiii xaH 5epKe, KOTOpbtfii no.a.o.ep%Maa!1 MaMJ110KOa,

ace apeMR aoeaan cxaHoM 3onoToiii Op,abt Y36eKoM; a KaKoiii-To MOMeHT A 6 y-Ca111.a nepewen Lfepe3 KaaKa3 111 npo,aaMHyncR no TeppMTOPMM Pyc111

M yp a ( 1385 r.) . TMMYP oTpa3Mf1 Ha 6 e r c eaepHbiX MOHTOJ10a, HO n p ecne,aoa aTb MX He cTan. 1388-1 395 rr. BTOPA~ BO~足 HACTOXTAMbiWEM. Bocnonb3o aaawMcb Te M, LfTO TMMYP Haxo.aMncR a n epCMM, xaH ToXTaMbiW aToprcR a MaaepaHHaxp, pa3611111 o,aHoro 1113 ero a o eHaLfa f1bHMKOa Ill n oae/1 HaCTynneHMe Ha CTOJ1MU,Y- CaMapKaH,a. Y3Ha a o6 aToM , TMMYP c ep111eiii c TpeMMTen bHbtX Ma p w- 6pOCKOa (6011ee 80 KM Ka%,abtiii) a epHyncR a MaaepaHHaxp; ToXTa M btW 111 ero coi03HMKM n o cnew HO OTCT'fnM/1111 Ha ceaep .

.ao peKM TepeK, noKa He 6btf1 oT6MT Y36eKoM ( 1325 r. ) .

1389 r. 6HTBA HA CbiPAAPbE . 3MMoiii xaH ToxTaM btW a e pHyn-

abtcrynMn Ha 10r npoTMa xaHa Xynary. l1Mef1M MeCTO HeCKOJ1bKO CTbtLfeK Ha KaaKa3e, HMLfbMM nepeaecoM He 3aKOHLfMaWMXCR, a nOTOM no,a,aaBf1eHMeM aenMKoroxa Ha Xy6MnaR5epKe oTcrynMn.

OKOJlO 1294 r. 06PAW,EHHE XYllArYHACKHX HllbXAHOB B HCJlAM. 1316-1335rr. nPABJlEHHE HllbXAHA A6Y-CAHAA. OH noLfTM

1335-1381 rr. 3AKAT XYJlArYHACKHX HllbXAHOB. nepiiiO,Q TIIIMypa, 1381-1405 rr.

r.a e WTYPMOM a 3Rf1 5ar.a a.a 111 nono%11111 KOHeu, x a nwPa Ty A 66a c111.aoa ( 1258 r.). Xynary y%e Ha Lfa!13a a o eaa HMe CMpMM, Kor.aa 6 bm a bt3 a a H a Ka p a KopyM M3-3a cMe pTM MyHK3 ( 1260 r. ). 1260 r. 6HTBA nPH A~H足

TMMYP (TMMYP XpoMoiii, )/(e n e3Hbtiii XpoMeu,, 11111111 TaM e pna H) p o.aMnCR a ceneHMM Kew( coap. ropo.a W axpMca63 a Y36eKMCTaHe) no.a CaMap-

A>KA11YTE. TeppMTOPMM 3a n a.aHee Earj)pa ra Xyna r y ocraaMn Ha none Lfe HMe caoero a oeHa Lfaf1bHMKa KMT6ora ( KMT-5yKa) . Y3 Haa n p o oT6bt-

M3aeCTHO, OH 6 btf1 He MOHTOJ10M, a TarapMHOM. K 28 ro.aa M, p acLfMI.l..l,aR ce6 e n yrb, Kor.aa cMnoiii, a Kor.aa MHTpMra MM, TMMYP cran aM3Mp eM xaHa )J.;Ka -

TM e Xynary, Ma M!110KCKMiii c yn TaH KoTy3 nocnewHo c o6p an a Ka Mpe CTO,aaa,au,aTMTbiCf/LfHYIO apMM IO Ill

r a raiiicKoro yn yca, n ocne Lfer o caepr x aHa ( 1369 r.) . Cn e.ay101.1. 1,Me .ae cRTb J1e T OH aoeaa/1 C Xope3MOM Ill aOCTOLf-

aTOprcR a n aneCTMHY KMT6or c ,aayMf/-Tpe MR TYM3Ha MM ,aa MHYI1Cf/ Ha nep eceLfe HMe c erMnrnHa MM K l onMa r:Po abtM Kon o.au,a M . M o Hronbt 6 blf1M }I)Ke 6!1M3KM K no6e.ae 111 n pecn e.aoaanM cnacaiOI.l..I,MXCR 6 e r c TaoM e rMnTRH, KOr,aa nona/1M a Ma MJ110KCKYIO 3aca.ay, o p ra HM3oaa HHYIO 5 e iii6apc oM. KMT6or 6 blf1 y 6 MT, M OHTOJ1blpa3rpOMJ1eHbl. KoHeLfHO, MOHron bcKaR a pMMf/ 6 b/f1a MaJ1eHbKOM, HO

nep b xaH 3 onomiii O p,abt} a mprcR a A 3 ep 6 a iii,a%aH 111 pa 36Mn o .aHy 111 3 ,aMcnou,Mpoa aHHbtX Ta M a pMMiii TM-

Ka H,aoM ( 1336 r. ). YTa ep%,aeHMR, 6y.aTo p o,a er o aOCXO,aMT K lfMHTMCM,aaM, 3 a yLfaT COMHMTe f1bHO - HaCKOJ1bKO

HbiM TypKeCTa HOM. 3axaaTMa Kaw rap

( 1380 r. ), OH o6pe11 BJ1aCTb Ha,a aocTOLfHbiM TypKe cTaHoM; c aToro HaLfa nacb LfeTaepTbaeKoaaR n onoca 6ecn ol.l..l,a,aHbtX 3aaoeaaHMiii.

1381-1387 rr. 3ABOEBAHHE nEPCHH. HaLfa a c / epaTa ( 1381 r.), TMMYP n oKopMn 3aTe M XopacaH

( 1382-1 385 rr. ); n o3%e QJapc ( 11111111 MHaLfe - n apcy, 11111111 n epcM,ay) , Tep p MTOp MM coapeM e HHbiX l1pa Ha,

aTa n o6e.aa MMe n a .anR MycynbMaH r poM a,aHOe n CMXOJ10TMLfeCKOe 3Ha LfeHMe .

A 3ep6aiii,a%aHa 111 ApMeHMM ( 13861387 rr.) . B ee ero 3aaoeaaHMR conpo a O%,aaf1MCb 6e3%aJ10CTHbiMM

1260-1304 rr. M OH ron bCKHE nOXOAbl B CHPHIO. 1261-1262 rr. rPA>KAAHCKA~ BO~HA ME>KAY 30110TOOPAbiH-

6ofiiHRMM.

1385-1386 rr. nEPBA~ BO~足 HA C TOXTAMbiWEM. obtawMiii npoTe%e TMMypa, ToxTa MbtW (Te -

CR C 6011ee KpynHbiMM CMJ1a MM, HO TMMyp, npe.anpMHRa pR.a MaHeapoa, Haronoay pa3rpoMMf1 ero. C ocraTKaMM apMMM ToXTaMbtW oTcTynMn, a TaMe p!1aH CTa/1 TOTO aMTbCf/ K aTOp %eHMIO a 3onoTyiO Op.ay ( 13891390 rr. ).

1390-1391 rr. nOXOA TAMEPJlAHA (THMYPA) HA PYCb. C apMMefii, LfMCJ1eHHOCTb KOTOpofii, no HeKOTOpbtM MCTOLfHMKaM, npeabtwana 100 TbtCRLf LfenoaeK, TaMepnaH a btCTynM/1 Ha ceaep. HMKaKMX n0/1111 TM LfeCKMX 11111111 CTpaTerMLfeCKMX u,e nefii, xapaKTepM3oaaaw Mx ace KaM naHMM lfMHTMCXaHa , OH nepe,a co6ofii He craaMn. HaMepeHMR ero c a o.aM f1MC b TOJ1bKO K TOMY, LfT06 OTbiCKaTb Ill pa3rpOMMTbXaHa ToXTaMbtWa. no naraf1Cf/ OH Ha C06CTa eHHbte TaKTM LfeCKMe TaJ1aHTbl Ill Ha a bt,aaiOI.l..I,MeCR 6oea bte KaLfecTaa caoeiii HaeMHoiii ( HO 6e33a a eTHO npe,aaHHOM ao%,al0) apMMM. ToXTaMbtW c n eu,Maf1bHO 3a M aHMf1 TMMypa a CTenM, J1e%al.l..I,Me 3ana,aHee peKM Ypan, LfT06 M3MOTaTb aoiiicKo npoTMaHMKa 111 no.aopaaTb ero 6oeaoiii .ayx. Cae.aeHMiii o pa3Mepax apMMM ToXTaMbtwa a ary KaMnaHMIO He COXpaHMJ10Cb, HO, HeCOMHeHHO, OHa 6b/f1a cyl.l..l,eCTaeHHO MHOTOLfMC J1eHHefii, LfeM y TaMepnaHa.

1391 r. CTEnHOECPA>KEHHE. BcTpeLfa .aayx apMMiii npoM3owna r ,ae - TO aOCTOLfHee 80J1TM Ill IO%Hee KaMbl. oMTaa ,af1MJ1aCb TPM AHR, Ill TM MYP Heo,aHoKpaTHO oKa3btaancR Ha

EBPA3V1>l V1 6nV1>KHV1ll1 BOCTOK

343

rpaH/11 nop8)1(eHMR. Ha rper111V1 .aeHb ToxraMbiW pa36Mn neBb/Vt cpnaHr ero apM/11111 111 nwmo noBen 'laerb BoVIeKa 06XO.ll,Hb/M MBHeBpOM, '4T06 YP.BPII1Tb TaMepnaHyBTblfl. noxmKe, o.aep)I(8JI no6e.ay TMMYP MeK!IIO'lMTenbHO 6naro.aapR X/lfTpOeT/11- OH eyMen y6e.[J,II1Tb apM/1110 ToxraMb!Wa, 6y.aro xaH llfX y6111T, KOT.[J,8 H8 eaMOM .tJ,ene TOT 6blfl HB rpaH/11 no6e.tJ,bl. naB P.YXOM, eeBepHble MOHronb/111 rarapbl paeeeWlllfeb no eren111. 4Meno norepb He/113BeeTHo; B O.[J,HOVt XPOH/11Ke yrBep)I(.[J,aereR, 6y.aro ToxraMbiW norepRn 6onbwe 70 TbleR'l 'lenoBeK, a TMMYP- 6onbwe 30 TbleR'l. BepoRTHO, Oe03H8B8R, 'lTO e TBKOVt 06WII1PHOVt TeppMTOpllfeVt eTOflb eKpOMHb/M/11 e/11flBM/11 eMy He enpaBMTbeR, TaMepnaH He eran npeene.aoBaTb ToxraMb/Wa 111 BepHyneR B nepe11110, r.ae reM BpeMeHeM yenen BenbiXHYTb 6yHT.

1392 r. nEPCl-'I,O.CKOE BOCCTAHl-'IE. B epa)l(eH/11111 no.a WMpa30M TMMYP pa3rpoMMn 111 y6111n MRTe)I(Horo waxa MaHeypa.

1393-1394 rr. 3ABOEBAHl-'IE MECOnOTAMl-'ll-'ll-1 fPY3l-'ll-1. TMMYP oena.aen baT.[J,8.ll,OM( 1393 r.). noTOM, HBXO.ll,Reb B /py3111111, OH nO.tJ,BepreR H8na.aeH/1110 ToxraMb!Wa, HO orreeHMn roro Ha CeBep, 38 KaBKa3eKMVt xpe6er, 111 nyer111neR B npeene.aoBaHMe.

1395 r. 6l-'ITBA HA TEPEKE. CHoBa 6y.ay'lll1 Ha rpaH/11 nop8)1(eHMR, TMMYP eyMen eo6parbeR e eMnaMM, o6par111n apM/1110 ToxraMb/Wa B 6ererBo 111 npo.aon)l(an npeene.aoBaHMe, Ha eeBep - K Bonre, Ha 3ana.a - B 3eMnll1 eoBpeMeHHOVt YKpaMHbl, 111 nO'lT/11 no BeeVt ~eHTPBflbHOVt Pye111, IO)I(Hee MoeKBbl. no nyT/11 OH rpOMIIffl Bee Berpe'leHHb/e MOHTOflbeK/Ife OTpR.[J,bl, 6e3)1(8flOeTHO rpa6111n 111 y6111B8fl. 6bmll1 eo)IOI(eHbl AerpaxaHb 111 CapaV/-6epKe (HOBBR eTOfl/11~8 3oflOTOVt Op.tJ.bl). Ha Meero 6emoro xaHa ToxraMb/Wa TaMepnaH noeraBIIfn .apyroro xaHa 111 e.aenan eBOMM BaeeanoM; or TaKoro nopa)l(eHMR 3onoraR Op.aa y)l(e He onpaBMnaeb.

1398-1399 rr. BTOP)I(EH l-'IE B l-'IH,O.l-110. ABaHrap.a 111 npaBoe Kpbmo apM/11111 TaMepnaHa no.a KOMBH.tJ.OBBHMeM ero BHYKB, nMp-MyXBMMe.tJ,a, yeTpeM/Iffl/lfeb B neH.[J,)I(86 Ha 3BXBar MynraHa (BeeHa 1398 r.).

n~HI11G1. Te6pi13CK3S1 MI1HI13T10pa nepBOH TpeTI1 XIV B.

fleBOe KpblflO no.tJ, KOM8H.ll,OB8H/11eM .apyroro BHYKB, MyxaMMe.a-eynraHa, .tJ.BMranoeb 'lepe3 flaxop. TMMYP )l(e e MBfleHbKOVt OT60pHOVt 8PMII1eVt B eaMoM HenpMerynHoM Meere nepewen lllfH.tJ.YKYW 111 OTBepHyn K IOTY, H8 eoe.tJ,/IfHeH/Ife e maBHb/M/11 e/lfflBM/11 BOeTO'lHee VfH.tJ,8 ( eeHm6pb). lpa6R 111 y6MBBR, oH wen Ha ,il,en111. B 6/lfTBe np/11 naHMnaTe OH pa3rpoMIIffl apM/1110 MyxaMMa.aa TyrnaKa ( 17 .tJ,eKa6pR). nepe6!11B 100 Tb/eR'l nneHHb/X 111H.[J,/11VteK/11X eon.tJ,BT, OH wrypMoM B3Rn ,il,en111. KpoBaBaR oprMR, no)l(apbl 111 rpa6e)l(llf npo.aon)1(8!/llfeb HeeKonbKO .tJ.HeVI; 3BTeM TMMYP .tJ.BMHyneR Ha eeBep, B npe.aroPbR lii1M8J/8eB, r.ae B3Rfl e'l/11T8BWY/OeR HenpMerynHoVI Kpenoerb Meepyr, 111 orry.aa- o6paTHO Ha 3ana.a, B neH.[J,)I(86, YHII1'4T0)1(8R Bee H8 eBOeM nyr111, noene 'lero ywen 1113 VfH.tJ./11111 eTOflb )l(e HeO)I(IIf.[J,BHHO, KBK nORB/IffleR (Mapr 1399 r.). BepoRTHO, 9TO 6blfl8 eaMBR 6eeeMbleneHH8R, KpOBOnpOflllfTHBR 111 pa3pyW/11TeflbH8R KBMnBHIIfR 38 Be/0 /lfeTOp/1110.

1400 r. BTOP)I(EHl-'IE B Cl-1Pl-110. B 6111rBe np111 Anenno TMMYP HaronoBy pa3rpoMMn apM/1110 MBMn/OKOB, noene qero 3BXBBTII1n 111 Anenno, 111 ,il,aMaeK, nepe6!11B MHO)I(eeTBO )1(/lfTeneVI.

1401 r. B3S1Tl-'IE 6Af,O.A,D.A. Qqepe.tJ,HBR )I(}ITKBR 60VtHR B OTMeeTKY 38 BOeeTBHIIfe, nO.tJ,HRTOe )1(/lfTeflRM/11 noene npe.tJ,bl.tJ.Yll.lero 3BXBara ropo.aa TaMepnaHoM(eM. Bb!We).

1402 r. BTOP:>KEHl-'IE B AHATOJll-110. B 6111rBe np111 AHKape (20 11110nR) TMMYP pa36Mn eynraHa rypoKoeMaHOB baR3111.tJ.B I MonHMeHoeHoro, noene qero 3BXBBTII1n y pb!~a足 peVI-roenMranbepoB CMMPHY. noKOPII1B Be/0 AHBTOfl/1110 111.[J,06111BW/11eb OT erMneTeKOTO eynTBH8 111 BII138HT/11VteKOTO llfMnepaTopa Bblnfl8Tbl .ll,BH/11, TaMepnaH B03BparMneR B CaMapKBH.tJ. ( 1404 r.).

1405 r. CMEPTb TAMEPJlAHA. Tll.l8ebH8.ll,e)I(.[J,oVt38BOeBaTbii1MnePIIf/O o6wMpHeVI, He)l(enM6bma y 4MHrnexaHa, TaMepnaH ompaB/IUieR noxo.aoM B KMraVI, HO no nyr111 K Orpapy yMep.

3nOXA MOHIOJlOB. 1200-1400 rr.

344

APMKA CEBEPHAH APMKA MapoKKO

B Ha'-lane XIII aeKa MMnepvlfl AnbMoxa,[loa cTana pacna,llaTbCR. lnaaHOM npM'-IMHOM 3Toro nocnyJKMno B03BbtWeHMe 6ep6epcKoro nneMeHM 6eHM-MapMH, BOJK,llM KOTOporo ocHoaanM AMHaCTMto MapMHMAOB. CTOflML.~eJ;i KOponeBCTBa OHM C,llenaflM QJec (a coap. MapoKKO). 06beAMHMB no,ll caoei1 anacTbto MapoKKO, MapMHM,llbt Ha'-lanM 3KcnaHCMto Ha BOCTOK; B TO JKe apeMR OHM '-!aCTO BO,llMflM nOXO,llbl B VfcnaHMIO, '-!eM apeMeHHO npMOCTaHOBMflM peKOHKMCTY B pe3ynbTaTe npo,[!onJKMTenbHOM 6opb6bt OHM no6eAMflM 3ana,llHoanJKMpcKyto ,llMHaCTMIO 3MRHM,llOB, a TaKJKe HeHa,llonro noKopMnM ana,lleHMR 6ep6epCKOM ,llMHaCTMM Xar:/)CM,llOB a 3anaAHOM AnJKMpe M TyHMce. Bnpo'-leM, KOHTponMpoaa Tb TaKyto 6onbwyto TeppMmpMto MapMHM,llaM OKa3aflOCb He no,ll CMflY. Kor,lla BOCnpRflM 3 MRHMAbt M Xar:/)CMAbt, M apMHMAbt flMWMflMCb BCeX 3aBOeBaHHbiX 3eMeflb M C TPYAOM ynpaBflRflMCb Ha co6cTaeHHoi1 TeppMTDPMM - a MapOKKO, r,[le Henpepb!BHO 6ypnMna MeJK,lloyco6HaR 6opb6a.

1201 r. 3ABOEBAHII1SI A11bMOXAAAM111 6A11EAPCKII1X OCTPOBOB. 1215-1258rr. PACnAA li1MnEPii1111 AJlbMOXAAOB. 1217-1258 rr. 3ABOEBAHII1E MAPOKKO MAPII1Hii1AAM111. 1229-1233 rr. OTBOEBAHII1E APArOHOM 6A11EAPCKII1X OCTPOBOB. 1258-1286 rr. nPAB11EHii1E SIKY6A II. BenM'-Iai1wMi1 M3 MapMHMADB, OH aoeaan C anJKMpCKOM ,llMHaCTMeM 3MRHM,llOB ( 1270-1286 rr. ), a TaKJKe a t1cnaHMM ( 1261, 1275, 12771279, 1284 rr. ). B McnaHcKMx KaMnaHMRX OH BbiCT}'nan B COI03e CAnbr:/)OHCOM )(, KOponeM KaCTMflMM M fleoHa, npOTMB era MRTeJKHOrO Cb!Ha CaH'-10.

Kor,£!8 Anbr:/)oHc }'Mep, no,ll KOHTponeM 71Ky6a II HeHa,llonro oKa3anacb 6onbwaR '-laCTb VfcnaHMM; HO BCKOpe OH 6btn Bbt6MT orry,£!8 aoi1cKaMM CaH'-IO.

1286-1307 rr. nPAB11EHii1E IOCYA IV. OH nocTORHHO aoeaan C TfleMCeHCKMMM 3MRHM,llaMM. norM6 npM oca,[le TneMceHa (a coap. AnJKMpe; 1300-1307 rr.), nocne '-!era oca,lla 6btna CHRTa.

TneMceHa ( 1248 r.) conpoTMBneHMe AnbMoxa,lloa cowno Ha HeT.

1248-1282 rr. nPAB11EHii1E A6Y 171AXII1A 171APMOPACEHA. 1270-1359 rr. B0171Hbl C MAPii1Hii1AAM111. (CM. Bbtwe) . TyHIIIC Ill 80CTO'IHI>IH AnJKIIIP

1351 r. rPA>KAAHCKASI 80171HA 3A nPECTOJl. AnM V 6btn no-

BbtTeCHMB M3 TyHMca AnbMoxaADB, npMHLJ, A6y 3aKapMR OCHOBan Xar:/)CMACKYto AMHaCTMto. HecMOTPR Ha '-laCTbte BHYTPeHHMe yco6MU.bt M MHOrO'-IMCfleHHbte BTOpJKeHMR M3BHe, KaK c cywM, TaK M c MOPR, Xar:/)CM,llbt rnaaeHCTBOBaflM B perMOHe ( BKfliO'-IaR TpMnonMTaHMto) AD KOHU.a nepM O,lla.

6eJK,lleH M caeprHYT co6cTaeHHbtM CbtHOM QJapMcoM I.

XAAOB.

1335-1337 rr. OCAAA T11EMCEHA. CTOflMU.Y 3MRHM,llOB B3Rfl AnM V, CbtH M HacneAHMK IOcyrpa IV.

1347 r. BTOP>KEHII1E B TYHii1C. 0Ho 6btno oTpaJKeHo Xarj)cM,llaMM.

1236 r. li13rHAHii1E AJlbMO-

1351-1359 rr. 3ABOEBAHII1E A11>Kii1PA 111 TYHII1CA C nOC11EAYIOW,E171111X nOTEPE171. QJapMc l3a -

1270 r. PAHUY3CKOE BTOP>KEHII1E. He,llonmi1 KpecTOBbtM no -

aoeaan 3eMnM, ocTaaaawMecR noA BflaCTbiO 3MRHM,llOB( 1351-1357 rr.), a noToM noKopMn no'-ITM ace ana,lleHMR Xar:/)CMAOB, BKnto'-laR co6cTaeHHO TyHMc(1357 r.) . Pa3rpoMneHHbte MM ,llMHaCTMM 3aKnto'-IMflM COI03, M3rHaflM 3aXBaT'-IMKOB M OTBOeaanM TneMceH ( 1359 r.).

1280 r. AH>KY171CKOE BTOP>KEHII1E C Cli1Uii111111111. 1347-1359 rr. B0171Hbl C MAPii1Hii1AAM111. 1390 r. OCAAA MAXA111111. Co-

1359-1400 rr. 3AKAT MAP111Hii1AOB. Ha npoTRJKeHMM '-leTbtpex ,lleCRTMfleTMM MapOKKO COTpRcanM Me)/(,[],oyco6Hble KOHC/)flMKTbl.

1399 r. B3SITII1E TETYAHA (B COBP. MAPOKKO). lopo,ll 6btn3ax-

aa '-leH

M COJKJKeH KaCTMflbLJ,aMM B XO,lle KaMnaHMM npOTMB /paHa,llbl. 3ana.QHI>IH AnJKIIIP

nneMR 3eHaTa, B03rna BflRfl KOTOpoeA 6 yJ71axMa JllapMopaceH, M3rHano AnbMoxa,lloa. OH ocHoaan AMHaCTMto A6,£!-3flb-BaXM,llOB (MflM 3MRHM,llOB), KOTOpaR rnaaeHCTBOBana B perMOHe ,£!0 OKOH'-IaHMR nepMO,lla, He C'-IMTaR ,llBa,llLJ,aTMfleTHeM M apMHM,llCKOM OKKynaLJ,MM.

1236-1248 rr. B03BbiWEHii1E 3111SIH111AOB. C na,lleHMeM

XOA fltoAOBMKa IX.

aMecTHbti1 aHmo- rj)paHLJ,Y3CKMM MOp CKOM ,llecaHT ( a C mneTHei1 aoi1He a 3TO apeMR 6btn0 3aKflto'-leHO nepe MMpMe) no,[! KOMaH,llOBaHMeM npMH LJ,a fltoAOBMKa 5yp6oHa 61 ,lleHb 6e 3ycnewHo ocaJK,llan Max,aMto.

3AIIA)1;HAH APMKA HeKor,lla npou,aeTaawaR MMnePMR /aHa TaK M He CMOrna onpaBMTb CR nocne BTOpJKeHMR AflbMOpaBM,llOB M pa3opeHMR cTonMLJ,bt KyM6M ( 10 76 r.) . !aHa pacnanacb Ha HeCKOflbKO MeHbWMX rocy,llapCTB, TpM M3 KOTOpbtX- ManM, Coco M C oHra i1- K Ha'-lanyXIII aeKa crj)opMMpo aanM KoanMU.Mto. npM 3TOM ManM M CoHrai1 RBnRnMcb yJKe McnaMCKMMM rocy,llapcTaaMM. B Te'-leHMe XIII aeKa nocne PRAa Hey,lla'-1 ManM nocTe neHHO ycTaHOBMflO npaKTM'-IeCKM

Act>PV1 KA nOfTHb/M KOHTPOflb nOLfTM HaJJ. BCeil! 3ana,aHoill Ar:PpMKoill; KYfTbTypa ManMillcKoill CTOfTMJ4bl ToM6yKTY CTana M3BeCTHa ,aa)l(e Ha ofTM)I(HeM BocToKe M a Eapone.

OKOno 1200-1230 rr. AOMIIIHIIIPYETCOCO. lnaBHb!Mo6pa30M 6naro,aapH CyMyHrapy, Bb!JJ.aiOI.J..IeMycH npaBMTefTIO M BOeHaLfafTbHMKY, KOTOpb!M 3aXBaTMfT M C)l(erCTOfTM14Y ,apeaHeill laHbl, KyM6M ( 1203 r.) , M apeMeHHO noKopMn ManM ( 1224 r. ).

1235 r. 803PO>KAEHIIIE MA-

nIii. Koponb Keii!Ta CyH,aMaTa caepr anacTb 14apcTaa Coco MHaLfan MeToJJ.MLfHYIO TeppMTOpMafTbHYIO 3KCnaHCMIO 3a cLfeT Coco, CoHraH M,apyrMx 6fJM3fle)l(ai.J..IMX J4apCTB.

OKono 1270-1285rr. 8038biWEHIIIE 6EHIIIHA. locy,aapcTBO 3TO (Ha TeppMTOpMM COBp. IOr0-3ana,aHOM HMrepMM) MCnb/TafTO no,abeM B J4apCTBOBaHMe «06bl» (KOpOflfl) 3ae,ae.

1307-1332 rr. U,APCT808AHIIIE MAHCA («liiMnEPATOPA» MAnlii~CKOrO MYCbl, lilnlilliiHA'-IE- KAHKAH MYCbl). 0pM HeM,

HeCKOflbKO ropo,aoa-rocy,aapcTB, pacnOfTO)I(eHHb/e Ha TeppMTOpMM COapeMeHHOM ceaepHoill HMrepMM M

rM 3TM, BKyne CO MHOrOLfMCfleHHb/MM BOeHHb/MM n o xo,aaMM MaMfTIOKOB, CblrpanM pOKOBYIO pOflb B cy,ab6e

o6beJJ.MHMBWMecH a caoero po,aa KoH¢e,aepaJ4MIO. K ceMM BHYTPeHHMM, MfTM «MCTMHHb/M», rocy,aapCTBaM («xayca 6aKBaM») OTHOCMfTMCb:

XpMCTMaHCKOro J4apCTBa MaKypa. K cepe,aMHe XIII aeKa no a mill TeppMTopMM pacceflf/fTMCb M CMeWMBafTMCb C MeCTHb/M Hy6MMCKMM HaceneHMeM apa6CKMe MMMMrpaHTbl HapOJ].HOCTM Jl.)l(yxaii!Ha, KJTaJJ.fl KOHe/4 cmpoMyo6I.J..IeCTBeHHOMY nopf/JJ.KY

5Mpao, jl,aypa , KaHo, Ka!4MHa, lo6Mp, PaHo M 3apMH; caTennMTaMM, MfTM BHeWHMMM rocy,aapCTBaMM («6aH3a 6aKBaM») f/Bflf/fTMCb 3aM6apa, Ke66M, flypM, laapM, Hyne, Kopoporfia M Jllopy6a. DfTM)I(e K KOHJ4Y BeKa OHM npMHf/fTM MCflaM, HO HeMCnaMCKMe BfTMf/HMfl OCTaBafTMCb J].OCTaTOLfHO CMflbHbl LfYTb nM He ,ao XIX aeKa.

OKOnO 1350 r. KOPOnE8CT80 KOH ro. Ll,eHTp, BOKpyr KOTOporo M npoMcxo,aMn no,abeM, HaxoJJ.MfTCH a pailloHe coapeMeHHoro CoHronono; npaBMfT CTpaHOM «MaHMKOHrO» ( KOPOflb), Bbi6MpaBWMMCfl M3 B3pocn b!X MY)I(LfMH no,axOJ].fii.J..Iero (no MaTepMHCKOM fTMHMM) npOMCXO)I(J].eHMf/.

OKOnO 1380 r. KAHEM-60PHY. Ha6erM nneMeHM 6ynana BbiHY-

BHyKe BHyLfaToro nneMHHHMKa CyH-

JJ.MfTM JJ.MHaCTMIO Cer:P noKMHYTb Ka-

JJ.MaTbl, ManM ,aocTMmo HaMBblcwero pac14aeTa. Cnaaa MaHca ocHOBblaaeTCH, rnaBHbiM o6pa30M, Ha era

HeM M 060CHOBaTbCf/ B 5opHY, K 3a na,ay aT o3epa lfa,a. CmnMJ4eill cao eill OHM c,aenanM 5MpHM-Hra3apraMy

3HaMeHMTOM nafTOMHMLfeCTBe M3 CBOeil! CTOfTM/4bl HMaHM Ha HMrepe B MeKKY ( 1324-1325 rr.); no caM,aeTenbCTBY XpOHMK, era conpOBO)I(J].afTM 60 Tb/Cf/Lf cnyr, a 80 Bep6fTIOJ].OB Be3fTM 12 TOHH 30fTOTa. 8 KaMpe OH noTpaTMfT CTOflbKO ,aeHer, LfTO 14eHa 3onom TaM ynana M y)l(e He no,aHMManacb B Te LfeHMe ,aeCf/TMfleTMf/. nocne ao3apai.J..IeHMfl MaHc nocTpoMn a ToM6yKTy aenMKonenHyiO CaH-

BOCTQqHAJI APMKA B XIII-XIV aeKax apa6cKMe mproBJ4bl npOJ].OfT)I(afTM OCBaMBaTb BOC-

1325 r. MAnlii3A80E8bi8AET U,APCT80 COHrA~. Bo apeMH na-

TOLfHOar:fipMKaHCKOe no6epe)l(be, a MycynbMaHCKMill EmneT pacwMpHn CBOM cy,aaHCKMe BflaJ].eHMf/. 3rfJMOnMH OCTaBafJaCb He3aBMCMMOM, OT6MBaf/ o,aHo MycynbMaHcKoe Hana,aeHMe 3a JJ.PYrMM. 1270 r. KOHEU, 3<1>1110nCKO~ AliiHACTiillil 3ArY~E. AMxapcKMe

fTOMHMLf eCTBa Mycbl era aoeHa LfanbHMK CarMaHJJ.Mfl (CaraMaH-JJ.MP) noKOpMn 14ap cTao CoHraill, 3axaaTMn

npMH/4bl o6nacTeill leillccaH, AM6acenb M o3epa Xaii!K B36 yHTo aanMcb M caeprnM nocne,aHero npaBMTenH ,aM-

era CTOfTM/4Y lao M pacwMpMn no,aKOHTponbHble ManM TeppMTOPMM 3a M3fTYLfMHY HMrepa.

HaCTMM 3aryil!e. JliMKYHO-AMnaK, nepBb/M npaBMTefTbHOBOMJ].MHaCTMM (npaaMn a 1270-1285 rr.), nepeHec CTOfTMJ4Y Ha lOr, B J4eHTpafTbH03r:fiM-

KopcKyiO MeLfeTb M OCHOBafT CaHKOpCKMM YHMBepCMTeT.

OKono 1340-1360 rr. 8038biWEHIIIE CTPAH XAYCbl. B cepe,aMHe BeKa aKTMBHYIO pOflb B perMOHafTbHOM nOfTMTMKe CTafTM Mrpa Tb

345

OnCKYIO npoBMH/4MIO Woa.

OKono 1275-1350 rr. APAEiCKIIIE HA6Erlil Ill MAKYPA. Ha6e -

1314-1344 rr. U,APCT808AHIIIEAMA3 U,bi~OHAI. 3mTrpo3Hblill MOHapx aKTMBHeiiJwe OCYI.J..IeCTBflf/fl arfJMoncKyiO TeppMTOpMafTbHYIO 3KCna HCMIO. 0H no6eJ].MfT LfeTb!pe KOafTM/4MM MycynbMaHCKMX MHTe)I(HMKoa, nOKOpMfT M 3aCTaBMfT BblnflaLfMBaTbJ].aHb MycynbMaHCKMill cynTaHaT JliMr:fiaT ( Ha BOCTOKe npOBMH/4MM Woa, ,ao 3eillnbl Ha KpacHoM Mope; 1328 r.) M no npocb6e erMneTCKMX XpMCTMaH-KOnTOB npOTMBOCTOf/fT MaMfTIOKCKOMY cyn mHy MenMK-anbHacMpy.

CoBpeMeHHaH 3qmomm (3TO Ha3BaHHe B03BO):(HTC5I K rpe'IeCKOMY 5I3b!KY) H3BeCTHa B eBporreHCKHX H apa6CKHX HCTO'IHHKax TaK:lKe ITO):( Ha3BaHHeM, KOTOpoe rrpe):(IIOJIO:lKHTeJibHO BOCXO):(HT K IO:lKHOapa6CKOMY IIJieMe HH «xa6ern», ):(aBrneMy Xa6a rnaT A6HC CH HHH. IIocKOJibKY TaKOrO IIJieMeHH He 3aCBH):(eTeJibCTBOBaHO, TO 6oJiee BepOHTHO c 6JIH:lKe HHe 3Toro Ha3BaHHH c }:(peBHeernrreTCKHM yrroMHHaHHeM « xa6aca CTpaHbi 6ora» («CTpaHoli 6ora» Ha3b!BaJIH MopcKoe rro6epe:lKbe Hb!HeiiiHeli 3qmOIIHHH H CoMaJIH). B HaJJ:IIHCHX IIVI BeKoB H3 IOmHoli A paBHH H B apa6cKHX HCTO'IHHKax VII-VIII Be KOB «xa6arna» HJIH « xa6arnaT» Ha3blBaJIH aKCYMHTOB H omeJibHble rpyrrIIbl HaceJieHHH ApaBHH, CBH3aHHble 3THH'IecKH H rroJIHTH'IeCKH c AKcyMOM (rocmapcTBo, cyrnecTBOBaBIIIee Ha TeppHTO pHH 3qJHOIIHH IIpHMepHO B I-X BB.). EII(e B XIX BeKe 3qmoIIHeli HMeHOBaJIH CeBepo-BoCTO'!HYIO AcppHKY TeppHTopmo Cy}:(aHa, Hy6HH H co6cTBeHHO 3cpHOIIHIO. Ha py6eme XII-XIII BeKoB u:apeM 3cpHOIIHH 6b!JI JiaJIH63Jia (JiaJibl63Jia), IIpOCJiaBHBIIIHHCH B03Be):(eHHeM CKaJibHblX XpaMOB H IIpH'IHCJieHHblll K CB5ITb!M. C'IHTaeTcH, 'ITO oH

346

3nOXA MOHIOJlOB. 1200-1400 rr.

6biJI nocJie)UIHM MorymecTBeHHbiM u:apeM aKCYMCKOH )UIHaCTIIII 3ary:He, HO ero BJiaCTb, BepoHTHo, pacnpocTpaHIDiacb TOJibKO Ha ropiiCTbiH OKpyr JiacTa (coBp. npoBIIHU:IIH Yonno) . IloTOM HK06bi npaBIIJI ero TIJieMHHHIIK R:laKYTo-nea6. BHYTPIIilliHacTIItiecKIIe KOHcpJIIIKTbi pa3):(eJIIIJIII K cepep;IIHe XIII BeKa 3HaTb II npa.BIITeJie:H CTPaHbi Ha ):(Ba npoTIIB06opCTBYIDII(IIX narepH. Ha TPOH npeTeHJJ:OBaJI, B <J:aCTHocm, CbiH nanii63Jibi, HIIT6ap3K. HKo6bi c cornaciiH H3aKyro-Tiea6a nocne ero cMepm BJiaCTb nepenma K HIIKyHo-AMJiaKy ( oKoJio 1268 IIJIII 1270 r.), KOTOpbi:H, cornacHo npep;aHIIID, 6biJI npHMbiM ):(eB5ITbiM nOTOMKOM ,[(biJib-H3ap;a, riOcnep;Hero npaBIITeJIH AKcYMa. OH Ta:HHo BOCTIIITbiBaJICH B MOHaCTbipe CB. CTecpaHIIH Ha ocTpoBe o3epa Xa:HK, rp;e ero II npep;cTaBIIJIII 3Ham o6nacTe:H IIIoa (HaceneHHOH aMXapaMII) II HIIcpaT (HaceJieHHOH apro66a, Tenepb TaKme aMxa pa II raJIJia ). ITo p;pyroMy npep;aHIIID, Hapop; B TiaCTe BOCCTaJI npOTliB CBOero u:apH, Bo:HcKa eMy II3MeHIIJIII, a HIIKYHO-AMJiaK BbiCTyTIIIJI npoTIIB Hero CO CBOeH apMIIeH, y6IIJI CKpbiBIIIeroCH B co6ope CBHTOro KHpiiJIJia H3aKyro-Tiea6a II 3aHIDI npecron. Ilo3me (B Ha<J:aJie XIV B.) B03HIIKJia anoKpiicpii<J:ecKaH BepcliH, o6ocHOBbiBaromaH IICKJIID'IliTeJibHOe npaBO Ha npeCTOJI noTOMKOB HIIKyHo-AMJiaKa, KOTOpbiH, p;ecKaTb, BeJI cBoe npoiicxomp;eHIIe no npHMOH JIIIHllll oT M eHeJIIIKa I, nereHJJ:apHoro CbiHa u:apiiU:bi CaBcKo:H II3 rocyp;apcTBa Ca6a II u:apH CoJIOMOHa. HecoMHe HHO, 'ITO HOBbiH npaBIITeJib nony'IIIJI BJiacTb 6narop;apH CliJibHOH no):():(epmKe JJ:YXOBeHCTBa. Ha ocHoBaHIIII 6onee no3):(HIIX XpOHIIK MO)KHO npep;nOJIO)KliTb, 'ITO fiiiKYHO-AMJiaK 3aKJIID'IIIJI C p;yxoBeHCTBOM p;oroBop, nepep;aromii:H B ero PYKII TPeTbro <J:acTb 3eMeJib B rocyp;apcTBe. C 3TOro BpeMeHII u:epKOBb He MeHbllie, '!eM CBeTCKaH BJiaCTb, 6biJia 3aiiHTepecoBaHa B pacrniipeHIIII rpaHIIU II XpiiCTllaHII3au;llll nOKOpHeMbiX Hapop;oB. EcJIII B nepiiOJJ: TiaCTbi rocnO):(CTBOBaJIO KyrniiTCKOe nJieMH aray, To c npnxop;oM K BJiacTII HIIKyHo-AMJiaKa Bee 6oJibrnyro poJib B IICropiiii 3 cpiionllll Ha'!liHaeT nrpaTb Hapop; aMxapa II3 IIIoa (paHee o6IITaB-

IIIIIH ceBepHee, HO nocne pacnap;a B XIII BeKe IIIoaHcKoro cyJITaHaTa acCIIMIIJIIIpoBoBaBrnll:H miiTene:H IIIoa II pHJJ:a coce):(HIIX o6nacTe:H). 0 caMoM npaBJieHllll HIIKyHo-AMJiaKa II3BecTHo TOJibKO TO, 'ITO OH nepeHeC CTOJIIIU:Y B T3ryneT (B CeBepHOM IIIoa) II cTpeMIIJICH K YKpenneHIIID u:eHTpanbHOH BJiacTII. C XIII BeKa yciiJIIIBaeTCHnpoHIIKHOBeHIIe BCeBepo-BoCTO'IHYID AcppiiKy IICJiaMa, KOTOpbiH, pacnpoCTpaHAACb B IDrO-BOCTO'IHOM HanpaBJieHIIII, KOJibU:OM OXBaTbiBaJI 3cpiioncKoe Haropbe . Co BpeMeHeM Ha IDrO-BOCTO'IHbiX rpaHIIU:aX rocyp;apCTBa CJIO)KIIJIIICb Bpamp;e6Hble eMy II noCTOHHHO Bpa)K):(yroll(IIe Me)Kp;y co6o:H MycyJibMaHCKIIe cyJITaHaTbi II 3MIIpaTbi, HaCeJieHHbie CeMIIT05I3bi'IHbiMII HapOJJ:HOCTHMII (ap;apii, arpo66a, rypare II p;p.) II KyrniiTcKIIMII (xa):(bH II p;p . ). Cpep;II HIIX c 1285 rop;a JJ:OMIIHIIpoBan cyJITaHaT HIIcpaT, COXpaHHBIIIIIH CBOe rocnop;CTBO Hap; p;pyriiMII MycyJibMaHCKIIMII rocyp;apCTBaMII no<J:m TPII CTOJieTliH. K IICJiaMII3IIpoBaHHbiM o6nacTHM B TY 3noxy OTHOCIIJIIICb TaKme Ap;an, ,[(oyapo (,[(3yapo ), Eanii, Xa):(bH II <!>3Tirap . YKpenneHIIID CIIJI IICJiaMa cnoco6cTBoBana KOMnpOMIICCHaH nOJIIITIIKa npeeMHIIKOB HIIKYHO-AMJiaKa, He IIMeBIIIIIX npO'IHOH BJiaCTII B3cpiiOTiliii. Ero CbiH, .Hr6bia-ll;biHOH (JJ:pyroe IIMH C3JIOMoH; npaBIIJI c 1294 r. ), cTapancH coxpaHHTb p;o6pbie oTHorneHIIH c 6JIII3JiemamiiMII cyJITaHaTaMII II MycyJibMaHaMII ErnnTa. IlHTb ero CbiHOBeH- ll;biHcp3ApbiA, Xbi363-Acc3rrnp;, KhiJJ:M3-Acc3rrhiJJ:, }KaH-Acc3rrhiJJ: II EaxTbipAcc3ITbiJJ:- Haxop;IIJIIICb Ha npecToJie noo<J:epe):(HO, Ka)K):(biH no O):(HOMY roey. 3a ro):(bl IIX npaBJieHIIH oKpenno nonomeHIIe cynTaHaTa HIIcpaT II coce):(Hero c HIIM cynTaHaTa Ap;aJI. B 1299 rop;y Ha npecToJie Bou:apiiJIcH BTopo:H CbiH HIIKyHo-AMJiaKa, YbiMbiM-ApbiJJ: (npaBIIJI p;o 1314 r.). ToJibKO c Bou:apeHIIeM ero CbiHa Ybip;JJ:biM-ll;biHOHa (npaBIIJI nop; IIMeHeM AMJJ:3-ll;biHOH I c 1314 no 1344 r.), KOTOpbiH BBeJI ):(OJI)KHOCTb JieTOniiCu:a (U:3Xacpe Tbibi3a3a- «3aniiCbiBaromero npiiKa3bi» ), noHBJI5IIDTCH xpoHIIKII, p;aromiie 6onee onpep;eneHHbie CBep;eHliH 06 IICTOpll'IeCKIIX C06biTII-

HX. 3ToT nepiiOJJ: oTMe<J:eH eme 6oJibIIIIIM yciiJieHIIeM nOJIIITII'IeCKOrO II 3KOHOMII'IeCKOrO BJIIIHHIIH u:epKBII C O):(HOBpeMeHHbiM HapaCTaHIIeM B ero JIOHe KOHcpJIIIKTOB Memey omeJibHbiMII rpynnaMII p;yxoBeHCTBa pa3JIII'IHbiX peniirii03HbiX TOJIKOB. Ha<J:IIHaeTCH TaKme BoopymeHHoe n poTIIBoCTOHHIIe XpiiCTIIaHCKOH IIMnepiiii II IDrO-BOCTO'IHbiX cyJITaHaTOB. IJ;eHTpaJIII3aU:II5I BJiacTII Bbi3BaJia cenapaTliCTCKIIe TeH):(eHU:IIII, II OKOJIO 1320 rop;a AMJJ:3 ll;biHOHY I npiiiiiJIOCb noJJ:aBIITb Ha ceBepe (B oKpyrax AM6aC3H3HTII II EnxaT) BOCCTaHIIe cpanarne:H, B03rJiaBJieHHoe .H6IIKo:H-hir3IIbi. Eme perniiTeJibHe:H BbicrynaJIII cpanaIIIII BCbiMeH, Yor3pe II,[(3M6IIII, nop;p;epmiiBaH nOCTOHHHbiH O'Iar BOHHbi npOTliB BJiaCTII IIMnepaTopa. B 1328 rop;y cyJITaH HIIcpaTa, XaKK ap;-,[(IIH I (TaKme XaKiUIH ), 3aXBaTIIJI B03BpamaBrniiXcH II3 Kaiipa 3cpiionCKliX noCJIOB II IICT5I3aJI liX TibiTKaMII. 3TOT nepBbiH KOHcpJIIIKT 3aBepIIIIIJIC5I n o6ep;o:H IIMnepaTopa II nne HeHIIeM caM oro XaKK ap;-,[(IIHa. AMJJ:3 ll;biHOH I Ha3Ha<J:aeT IIMne paTopoM er o 6paTa, Ca6p-ap;-,[(IIHa (Ca6piUIHa), HO TOT Ha'!liHaeT napTII3aHCKYffi BOHHY, n poHIIKaH B n orpaHII'IHbie pa:HoHbi 3cpiionllll: ,[(aMoT, <l>3T3rap, T3ryJieT, p;ocTIIraH p;ame u:eHTpaJibHbiX - AMxapbi II fo):()KaMa. 3p;ecb BOHCKa Ca6p ap;-,[(IIHa ycTPOIIJIII pe3HID XpiiCTIIaH, a B 3aXBa<J:eHHbiX OKpyrax Ha3Ha'IIIJIII BepHbiX ce6e npaBIITene:H. Ha yrpomaromee nocnaHIIe IIMnepaTopa Ca6p ap;-,[(IIH oTBem n: «.H He npiiJJ:Y K Te6e II He CTaHy n ep ep; To6o:H, a ecJIII Tbi npiip;ernb KO MHe, H He IIcnyrarocb, II6o y MeHH BOHCKa 6oJibrne, <J:eM y Te6H. M oHo cpamaeTcH Me<J:aMII, HOmaMII, Ha KOHHX, JiyKaMII, KOnbHMII, Il(IITaMII, meJie3HbiMII n annu:aMII, CTPeJiaMII. EcJIII xo<J:ernb, npiiXO}lll KO MHe, nyTh ):(JIIIHeH, a ecJIII HeT, H npiiJJ:y II 6yp;y BOeBaTh c To6o:H!» . EbicTpbiM MaprneMAMJJ:3-ll;biHOH BbiCTyTiaeTnpomB AM3HO, npaBIITeJIH coiD3Horo c HIIncpaTOM oKpyra Xap;bH, 6e3 Tpyp;a e r o pa36IIBaeT II 3aCTaBJIHeT nocJiaTb Ca6p ap;-,[(IIHY nomHoe II3BecTIIe, 6yp;To 6bi AM3HO pa3rpoMIIJI IIMne paTopcKyro apMIIID

Act>PV1 KA

347

II rryTh B 3qmornno oTKpbiT. Ca6p M-

JieM MycyJibMaHCKIIX oKpyroB oH Ha-

O'!epe):lb, CTpeMIITCH pa36IITb My-

)J;IIH, pa3):leJIIIB CBOe BOllCKO Ha Tpll

3Ha'!IIJI )J;meMaJib M-)J;IIHa (feMaJib-

cyJibMaHCKIIe CliJibi, IT OK a OHII He

'!aCTII, ITOCbiJiaeT liX pa3HbiMli rrynr-

AIIHa), 6paTa rrpemHIIX cyJITaHOB MII-

o6be):liiHIIJIIICb.

Mll Ha 3aBoeBaHIIe 3qmorriiii. Bbi-

cpaTa.

LleTbipe MecHu;a MycyJibMaHe c o -

cJiaB Brrepe):l 6e3 o6o3a caMbie Bep-

Ha KopoTKoe BpeMH Ha IOro-Boc-

6IIpaiOT BoilcKa, II Korna CaJiex yBII-

Hble II 3aKaJieHHbie B 6oHX OTpH,[(bi,

TO'!HbiX rpaHIIu;ax HaCTYITaeT CITOKOll-

neJI MHOrO'lliCJieHHOCTh CBOIIX OTpH-

Ha3biBaBIIHieCH «fiieHbi IIMrrepaTO-

CTBIIe, HO 3aTeM BHOBb B03HliKaiOT

):lOB, '!T06bi He ):leJIIIThCH T pocpeHMII,

pa», AMn3-D;biiloH ):(BIIHYJICH 3a

CTOJIKHOBeHIIH c MycyJibMaHaMII. Ha-

OH pernaeTCH CaM ITOllTli CO CBOIIMII

HliMli II CaM CO BCell CBOell apMIIell.

'!IIHaeT B03BbiillaTbCH liCJiaMII3IIpO-

CIIJiaMII Ha IIMrreparopa, He ):(OlKII):la-

IIepe):lOBbie oTpH}:(bi cyMeJIII 3a):lep-

BaHHbill AnaJI, a TaKme Mopa, pac-

HCb rronxona BolicK II3 MIIcpaTa. fo -

maTh rrpoTIIBHIIKa ):lo rrpii6biTIIH oc-

rrpocTpaHIIBilliie CBOe BJiliHHIIe OT

TOBH K 6oiO OTpH}:(bi, AM):l3-IJ;biHOH

HOBHbiX CliJI.

<l>3Tirapa II )J;oyapo no I1HAIIHCKoro

rrpiiKa3aJI yKpacliTh rrerniie II KOHHbie ITOJIKII ce pe6poM II 30JIOTOM, ):la6bi

1331

rony ):(Be HerrpiiHTeJib-

OKeaHa. )J;meMaJib a):l-)J;IIH, B CBOIO

CKIIe a pMIIli BCTpeTIIJiliCb CHOBa.

O'!epe):lb, HapyrnaeT BepHOCTb liMITe-

OTpameHHbie COJIHe'!Hbie JIY'!II CEO-

Ca6p a):l-)J;IIH enBa crracaeTcH 6ercT-

paTopy, KOTOpbiH BbiHYlK):leH 6biJI

liM 6JieCKOM CJieiTIIJili rrpOTliBHIIKa.

BOM, a 3cj:JliOI1CKIIe BOllCKa 3axBaTII-

cpamaTbcH Ha nBYX cppoHTax- rrpo-

Korna rronornJia MycyJibMaHcKaH ap-

JIII 6oraTbie Tpocpeii- nparou;eHHbie

TIIB cpaJiarna Ha ceBepe II rrpoTIIB My-

MIIH, OH JielKaJI B rnaTpe, MY'!liMbill

KaMHII, u;eHHOe opymiie, o):lemny,

cyJibMaH Ha IOre. CpameHIIH BeJIIICb

rrpiicryrroM JIIIxopaAKII. 06e meHbi

KpaciiBbiX HeBOJibHIIU:. TeM BpeMe-

c rrepeMeHHbiM ycrrexoM. CaMoMy

yMoJIHJIII ero ocTaTbCH, Ha 'ITO

HeM Ha CeBepe OITHTh B36yHTOBaJiliCb

IIMrrepaTopy HepeAKO rrpiiXOAIIJIOCb

AMA3-D;biiloH oTBeTIIJI: «HeymeJIII H

cpaJianm, a Xall:n3pa, rrpaBIITeJib )J;o-

crracaTbCH II3 6oH 6erCTBoM non rro-

YMPY meHCKOll cMepThiO? He yMpy H CMepTbiO meHIIJ;liH, II60 3HaiO

yapo, oKa3biBaeT rronnepmKy rro6em-

KpoBoM HO'!II. IIocJie B3aiiMHbiX Kpo-

neHHOMY cyJITaHy MIIcpaTa. AMA3-

BorrpoJIIITIIH rropoll: 3aKJIIO'!aJIIICb

cMepTh Mymell:-6opu;oB»,- II pii-

IJ;bill:oH pa3):leJIIIJI CBOIO apMliiO Ha

KpaTKoBpeMeHHbie rrepeMIIpiiH II co-

HYJICH B cpameHIIe, KOTopoe AJIIIJIOCb

):(Be '!aCTII. Ilenme II KOHHbie ITOJIKII,

rJiarneHIIH.

O'!eHb ):lOJirO II 3aKOH'lliJIOCb ymaca-

KOTOpbie oco6eHHO rrpocJiaBIIJiliCb B

OnHaKo AMA3-D;biiloH Bee naJib-

ITOCJie):(Hell 6IITBe, OH ITOCbiJiaeT rrpo-

rne yrJiy6JIHeTcH B rroJiyrrycTbiHHbie

M IIII. K orna IIMrreparo p BepHyJicH B

TIIB cpaJiarna ITO):( KOMaH):lOBaHIIeM

paHOHbi , ITOCKOJibKY cy JITaHaTbi

illaTep, eCJili BepiiTb JieTO ITIICU:Y ,

IJ;3ra-KpbiCTOCa, a caM EO rJiaBe BTO-

CTpeMHTCH C03):laTh HOBYIO KOaJIII-

I1pllillJIOCb CliJIOll OTpbiBaTh OT ero

poll: '!aCTII apMHH BbiCTYITaeTrrpOTliB

U:IIIO, paCC'lliTbiBaH II Ha ITOMOIIJ;b

pyKII Me'!, TaK rrpiiKJieiiJia ero K Jia-

)J;oyapo, onepmaB II Ha 3TOT pa3 rro-

MeMeHa. Canex (IIJIII CaJIIIx), Ka.,IIIIH

noHII HerrpiiHTeJibCKaH KpOBb.

6eny II rrJieHIIB Ca6p M-)J;IIHa II Xall:-

cTpaHbi Anan, pernaeT rrpiiBJie'!b Ha

):l3pa. B p e3yJibTaTe 3Toil KaMITaHIIII

CBOIO CTOpOHY )J;meMaJib a.,II-)J;IIHa II

3IITeJibHO B

OH BKJIIO'lliJI B COCTaB 3cpiiOI1llli T e p-

06be):lliHliTh CliJibi, '!T06bi pa36IITh

3aKp erriiJia rr peBocxoncTBO AMA3 -

J2.liTOpliii MeH3a, 3erii II '!aCTII'!HO

ynaJIIIBillYIOCH OT CBOIIX rpaHIIU: ap-

IJ;biiloHa Ha.,II CYJITaHaTaMli, li OH O CO-

I1IIcpaTa (no peKII ABarn). IIpaBIITe-

MIIIO IIMrrepaTopa. A

XpaHHJIOCb ):(0 KOHU:a ero 1Kll3HH.

TOT, B CBOIO

IOIIJ;ell p e3H eil MycyJibMaHcKoil ap-

3Ta 6IITBa, COCTOHBillaHCH I1pii6JIII-

1335 rony, OKOH'!aTeJibHO

3nOXA MOHIOJlOB. 1200-1400 rr.

348

IO)KHAH A3IUI CEBEPHAH MH)l;IUI K Ha4any XIII aeKa MyxaMMeA /ypM nOKOpMn n04TM BeCb l1H,llOCTaH. npaB,lla, BCKOpe MMnepMf/ era MCnbtTana rpaH,llM03Hoe noTpRceHMe BCne,llCTBMe nopa)l(eHMfl, noHeCeHHOrO B ceaepHOM XopacaHe OT xope3Mwaxa Ana a,ll-)J.MHa MyxaMMe,lla. BoccraHaanMBafl nopRAOK a la3HM M l1H,llMM, npaBMTenb /opa nan OT PYKM y6MMJ4bt, M MMnepMR pacnanacb. MyxaMMe,ll-wax aHHeKcMpoaan ceaepo-3ana,l!Hbte 3eMnM M nocTaaMn caoero CbtHa )J.)I(enan a,ll)J.MHa HaMeCTHMKOM a la3HM. Ha l1H.£lOCTaHe nocne nepMo,lla CMYTbt anacTb MycynbMaH 6btna yaeKoae4eHa B ,[lenMMCKOM cynTaHaTe ,llMHaCTMeM /ynf/MOB (TaK Ha3btBaeMOM «pa6cKOM»). )J.oKOHJ4a aeKa a Ceaep HOM l1HAMM nepMOAbt cra6MnbHOCTM nepeMe)l(anMCb BCnbtWKaMM aHapXMM, CMeHaMMnpaBf/f.J..jMX,llMHaCTMM, MOHrOnbCKMMM Ha6eraMM M BOCCTaHMf/MM MHAYMCTOB- He roaopf/ }?K 0 HenpepbtBHOM rpa)l(,llaHCKOM aobiHe Me)I(AY TypeJ4KMMM aenbMO)I(aMM. Ha py6e)l(e aeKoa, a npaaneHMe cnoco6Horo cynTaHa Ana a,[!-)J.MHa, TYPKM noKopMnM nnaTo)J.eKaH M o6be,llMHMnM noA caoebi anacTb/0 no4TM aecb nonyocTpoa. B J4apcTaoaaHMe cne,lly/Of.J..jero npaaMTenR, MyxaMMa Aa TyrnaKa , a Ta MMnepMR Ha4ana pacna,llaTbCf/. 8 CaMOM KOHJ4e BeKa Ha MeCTHOM BOeHHO-MCTOpM4eCKOM CJ4eHe nOf/BMnacb HOBaf/ CMnbHaf/ nM4HOCTb, HO OTH/O,llb He C 14enb/O BOCCTaHOBneHMfl nopf/,l!Ka. 3a nonro,[la TMMYP ( MnM TaMepnaH) onycmwMn l1H,llMIO TaK, KaK HMKTO M HMKOr,lla, M a nyx M npax pa3rpoMMn )J.enMMCKMM cynTaHaT.

1200-1206 rr. A~H

MYXAMMAA

X~JlbA>K~-

~XHISI

YA-

EiAXT~SIP

9TOTaoeHHbtbiaaaHTIOpMcT Mcnonb3oaan caoe )l(anoaaHbe Mna,[lwero oc{JMJ4epa Ha cn}?K6e y ryPMACKoro BOeHa4anbHMKa Kyr6 a,ll -

)J.MHa AJ16eKa Ha TO, 4T06bt Ha6paTb He6onbWYIO apMM/0. l1cnonb3Yfl a Ka4eCTBe 6a3bl ,llnf/ CBOMX onepaJ4MM YA ( coap. ropo,ll Y,llabinyp a l1HAMM) M 5eHapec( coap. ropo,ll BapaHacM a l1HAMM), oH coaepwan arpeccMBHbte Ha6erM Ha BOCTOK, B J4apCTBO Mara,llxy nycTMB Harpa6neHHbte cpe,llCTBa Ha CHapf/)l(eHMe BOMCKa , OHnony4Mn yKyT6a,ll-)J.MHa AJ16eKa pa3peweHMe M ,llanbwe opraHM30BbtBaTbnoxo,llbt, HOHe3a C4eT Ka3Hbt, a 3a co6cTaeHHbtM. OH noKopMn Mara,llxy M 5eHranM/O ( 120 11203 rr.), HO TM6eTCKaf/ KaMnaHMf/ KOH4Mnacb Anfl Hero pa3rpoMoM ( 1204-1205 rr.) ; acKope nocne B03Bpaf.J..jeHMf/ OH yMep B 5eHranMM

( 1206 r.) . 1202 r.

nOKOPEH~E KAJl~H

r~.

Kyr6 a,[!-)J.MH AJ16eK pa36Mn apMM/O,llMHaCTMM lfaH,[lenna (MnM lfaH,llpaTpeeB) 14apcTBa 5yH,llenKXaH,ll.

1203 r.

MYXAMMEArYP~CTA

HOB~TCSI nPAB~TEJlEM

rOPCKOrO LI,APCTBA. TpoH oH yHacneAOBan aT caoero crapwero 6paTa IMRC YA-)J.MHa. l1MnepMR era npoCTMpanacb aT KacnMR M Apana AO ApaaMbicKoro MOPR M 5eHranbcKoro 3anMaa.

1205 r.

Ei~TBA nP~

AHAXOE.

/O)I(Hee AMy,llapbM MyxaMMeA lypM noTepnen nopa)l(eHMe oTxope3MWaxa. 5nM)I(e K KOHJ4Y ro,lla OH BbiCTynMn B l1H,llMIO, no nyrM no,[laBnf/f/ 6 yHTbl, M pa36Mn Mf/Te)I(Hb!Xpa,ll)l(nyroa (HOf/6pb). 1206 r. YEi~~CTBO MYXAMMAAA. n ocne,llOBana a HapXMf/.

1207-1210 rr. CYJlTAHATA B

OCHOBAH~E

AE11~.

OH 6btn ocHoaaH KyT6 a,[! -)J.MHOM, KOTOpbtM , B30M,llf/ Ha TpOH, B3f/n ce6e MMf/ AJ16eK M CTan nepBbiM npaBMTeneM TaK Ha3btaaeMobi Pa6cKobi AMHaCTMM (MaMn/OKOB)- lynRMOB. nocne era CMepTM ( OT HeC4aCTHOrO cny4af/ BO apeMR Mrpbt a nona) HacTynMna aHapXMf/.

1210-1236 rr. U,APCTBOBAH~E WAMCYA-A~HA ~JlTYTMbl-

WA. BoccTaHOBMB nopR,llOK M noKo PMB Mf/Te)I(Hbte npOBMHJ4MM, 3TOT TIOPKCKMM aoeHa4anbHMK(3f/Tb Kyr6 a,[!-)J.MHa AJ16eKa) o6be,llMHMn no,ll caoebi anacTb/0 ac10 CeaepHy/0 l1H AM/O AO peKM HapMa,lla.

1216 r. TAPA~HCKOE CPA>KEH~E.

B neH,ll)l(a6e WaMC YA-Jl.MH l1nT}'TMbiW pa3rpOMMn apMM/0 BTOp)l(eHMfl no,ll KOMaH,llOBaHMeM 6btBWero ra3HMMCKoro npa aMTenR Ta,£!)1( YA)J.MHa ilfMn,llbt3a, M3rHaHHOrO M3 CBOero 14apcTaa xope3MMMJ4aMM.

1221 r. EiErCTBO A>KE11A11 AA-A~HA.

BbtTecHeHHbtM M3 la3HM lfMHrMCXaHOM, xope3MMMCKMM Hacne,llHMK npecTona c ocTaTKaMM apMMM 6e)l(an B neH,ll)l(a6. WaMC YA )J.MH l1nTYTMbiW OTKa3an eMy B y6e )I(Mf.J..je M oTorHan )J.)I(enan a,ll -)J.MHa cnepaa Ha 10r no ,llOn MHe l1H,lla, a nOTOM Ha 3ana,ll - B nepCM/0. n oc ne HeCKOnbKMX Ha6eroa B n eH,ll)l(a6 lfMHrMCXaH OTCTynMn.

1236-1246 rr. YCOEi~ U,A B AEJl~~CKOM CYJlTAHATE. 3aAe Cf/Tb neT nocne CMepTM l1nTYTMbtWa npeCTOn ,llOCTaBanCf/ 4eTBepbtM era ,lleTRM (aKn/04afl ,l!O%, Pa3MMIO), M ace no o4epeAM caepranMcb. Peanb HonpaaMna rpynna pa6oa l1nT}'TMbtwa , npo3BaHHafl «CopoK»; OHM y,llep)I(MBanM rocy,llapCTBeHHY/0 BnaCTb, O,llHOBpeMeHHO no,llaBnf/f/ BOCCTaHMf/ pa,ll)l(nyroa M oTpa)l(afl MOHronbCKMe Ha6erM. 1238-1264 rr. U,APCTBOBAH~E HAPYCE~Hbll OP~CCKOrO. OH ocHoaan e,llMHCTBeHHY/0 MH,llyc CKY/0 ,llMHaCTM/0, KOTOpaf/ Bnocne,ll CTBMM ycneWHO OTpa)l(ana TIOpKCKMe BTOp)l(eHMf/ B 8 0CT04HYIO M /O)I(HY/0 l1H,llMIO. 1241 r. MOHrOJlbCK~~ HAEiEr B nEHA>KAEi. Bocnonb30BaB WMCb 6 e cnopR,llKaMM a CeaepHobi l1H,llMM, MOHrOnbt 3aXBaTMnM flaxop.

1246-1266 rr. U,APCTBOBAH ~E HAC~P YA-A~HA. OH BOCCTaHOBMn a CeaepHobi l1HAMM nopR,llOK, rnaBHbtM o6pa3oM, 6naro,llapf/ cao eMy nepBOMY MMHMCTpy, lMf/C YA-

K)>KHAs:l A3Vls:l

349

l1H,lJ,vUI B XIV B.

K R H

5uaHa 0

0 AA~Mup PaH.m a~• 6xop O

C; _ __

..........

Toa

0 90 fpaHH!!bl )[eAHiiCKOrO cyJ\TaHaTa B nepHOAbl Ha H60J\bWero pacwnpeHHR ero TeppHTOpHH

(1308-1316, 1325-1338rr.) 10

SHXIIP

Ha~BaHHR npoBHHyHil cyATBHBTa

(a 1325-1338rr.) l0li<H8R rpBHHj!8 CYJ\T8HBT3 K cepeAHHe 50-x rr. lOl!<HBR rpaHHj!8 cy .1\ T8HBTB K Konyy80-x rr.

1340

TeppKTOpHR, noABepraawaRcR . nepHOAH'IeCKHM BTOpll<eHHliM MOHrOJ\bCKHX BOUCK AO CepeAHHbl B.

70- - - - -·185

185 370KM · -- --=j

fOAbl OTfiaAeHHR TeppHTOpHJl OT ,4eAHHcKOrO cyAT8H8T8

XIV

350

3nOXA MOHIOJlOB. 1200-1400 rr.

J}.MHY 5an6aHy, KOTOpb!M 0Tpa3Mn HeCKOnbKO MOHrOnbCKMX Ha6eroa M noJ].aBMn MHO)f(eCTBO BOCCTaHMM.

1266-1287 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHii1E rli1SIC YA-Aii1HA EiA11EiAHA. OH BJJ.OXHyn a cynmHaTHOBYIO)f(M3Hb M ocna6Mn MeCTHbiX anacTMTeneill. 8 npaaneHMe era npoMCXOJJ.MnM onycTOWMTenbHble MOHrOnbCKMe BTOp)f(eHMR. nocne era cMepTM CeaepHaR 0HJJ.MR aepHynacb B COCTORHMe aHapXMM: TIOpKCKMe apMCTOKpaTbl 6oponMCb 3a anaCTb, a MHJJ.YCCKMe KHR3bR, B TOM 'IMCne Ha nnaTO Mansa M a /yfJ.)f(apaTe, c6pocMnM HeHaBMCTHoe MycynbMaHCKOe MrO.

1290-1296 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHii1E A>KEnA11 YA-Aii1HA <l>li1PY3A Xli1nbA>I(Ii1. 0H RBMnCR OCHOBaTeneM XMnbJJ.)f(Mi11cKoi11, MnM ArpraHcKoill JJ.MHaCTMM M 0Tpa3Mn 04epeJ].HOe MOHronbCKOe BTOp)f(eHMe ( 1292 r.). Era nneMRHHMK M 3RTb, Ana YJJ.-Jl.MH XMnbJJ.)f(M, ao3rnaaMa nepab!M MycynbMaHCKMill nOXOJJ. fO)f(Hee peKM HapMaJJ.a, 3axaaTMn M pa3rpa6Mn J}.aBHrepe, CTOnMJ4Y J].MHaCTMM f/J].aaa ( 1294 r.). j],)f(enan YJJ. -J].MH C!J1.1py3 B03JJ.an Ana YJJ.-Jl.MHY aenM4ai11wMe no4eCTM, a TOT B «6naroJ].apHOCTb» y6Mn cynTaHa M y3ypn1.1poaan TpoH.

1296-1316 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHii1E AJlA YA-Aii1HA. OH npoRBMn ce6R cnoco6Hb/M M 6e3)f(anOCTHb/M MOHapXOM.

CTaHOBIIBIIIIIecH Bee 6onee onacHbiMII Ha6erii MOHrOnOB CTanii yrpomaTb caMoMy CYIIIeCTBOBaHIIIO rocy):(apcTBa. Op)];bl MOHronoB no):(CTYTianii K CTOniiU:e, npOHIIKanii B r ny6b ):(OnliHbi faHra II MeCHU:aMII rpa6Hnll II mrnii Bee no):(pH):(, a cynTaHCKliM BOHCKaM nO):('laC npiiXO):(llnOCb OTClilKliBaTbCH B KpenOCTHX. )J;nH OTpameHliH MOHronoB II O):(HOBpeMeHHOrO npO):(OnlKeHIIH 3aBOeBaTenbHbiX noXO):(OB HYlKHbl 6blnll 'Ipe3Bbi'laHHble yciiniiH, HanpHmeHIIe Be ex pecypcoB rocy):(apcTBa. IIpiiiiie):(IIIIIH B 1296 ro):(y K Bnacrn cynTaH Ana y):(-)J;IIH XIInb):(lKII Ha'!an cepiiiO BalKHbiX pe¢opM, HanpaBneHHbiX Ha pe3Koe yBenii'leHIIe ):(OXO):(OB rocy):(apcTBa OT Hanoroo6nomeHIIH II o6ecne'!eHIIe orpoMHOH 6oecnoco6Ho:H apMIIII, a TaKme Ha yTBepm):(eHIIe a6coniOTHo-

ro rocno):(cTBa rocy):(apH Ha):( ¢eo):(anaMII. YcTaHoBneHHble Ana y):(-,IJ;IIHOM nopH):(KII Heii36elKHO Benii K no):(pbiBY 3KOHOMIIKII, HO HeKoropoe BpeMH OHH noMoraJIII ocyll(eCTBneHIIIO noCTaBneHHbiX u:ene:H. Mo6Hnii3aU:IIH pecypcoB rocy):(apcTBa no3BOniina yciiJIIITb apMIIIO Ha ceBepo-3ana):(HbiX rpaHHU:ax, HaHeCTII MOHronaM pH):( THmenbiX nopameHHH, Ha'laTh noxo)];bl Ha )J;eKaH. fepoeM 3TliX 3aBOeBaHIIH 6bln nonKoBo):(eu: ManiiK Ka¢yp, 3aBOeBaBIIIIIH BeCb )J;eKaHCKliH nonyocTpOB, KpoMe Mana6apa II HeKoTopbix Mano3Ha'lall(IIX o6naCTe:H. 3aBoeBaHHble rocy):(apcTBa 6blnii BhiHym):(eHbi OT):(aTh B Ka'!eCTBe KOHTpii6yU:IIH orpOMHble 6oraTCTBa, HaKOnneHHble B u:apCKliX COKpOBllll(HIIU:ax, COTHII 6oeBbiX cnOHOB, MHOriie TbiCH'lll KOHeH (BepOHTHO, nO'ITli BCeX KOHeH, liCnonb30BaBIIIliXCH B BOHCKaX) II CTaTh ):(aHHHKaMII cyJITaHaTa. Ha):(o nonaraTh, 3Ta BOeHHaH ):(06bl'!a Ha KaKOe-TO BpeMH KOMneHCIIpOBaJia Ha'laBIIIeeCH BCKOpe YMeHbiiieHIIe nocrynneHl!H oT HanoroB II3-3a nporpecciipyiOII(ero pa3opeHIIH X03HHCTBa. BamHo o6paTliTb BHIIMaHHe Ha TO o6CTOHTenbCTBO, 'ITO HanorOBble II pbiHO'!Hble HOBOBBe):(eHIIH KOCHyniiCb OTHIO):(b He BCeH TeppiiTOpliii cynTaHaTa, a nliiiib pa:HoHa ,IJ;enii, npiineraiOII(eH )J;maMHa-faHrCKOH paBHHHbi II BocTO'!Horo IIeH):(ma6a. 3Ta o6nacTb, no cymecTBy, II cocTaBnHna ocHoBy ,IJ;eniiHCKoro rocy):(apcTBa, npo'IHYIO onopy Bnacrn cynTaHoB, 3):(ecb 6biJIII pacnonomeHbi 3eMnii xaniice II 6onbiiiaH '!aCTh IIKTa, ):(aJiee me npocrnpaniicb 3eMnii, CBH3b KOTopblx c u:eHTpoM ocymecTBnwacb rnaBHbiM o6pa30M B <iJopMe ):(aHHli'!eCKliX OTHOIIIeHIIH, a cynTaHCKaH a):(MliHliCTpaU:liH orpaHII'IIIBanacb B OCHOBHOM BOeHHbiM KOHTponeM. Eme O):(HIIM HanpaBneHIIeM ):(eHTenbHocrn Ana y):(-,lJ;IIHa XIInb):()KII 6blno nepepacnpe):(eneHIIe B non b3Y rocy):(apcTBeHHoro ¢oH):(a 3eMeJib xaniice II IIKTa):(apcKIIX ):(epmaHl!H Teppiiropl!H, HaxO}J,liBIIIliXCHB HeCJiyme6HOM Bna):(eHHII ¢eo):(aJIOB. DbiJIII KOH¢HcKOBaHbi Bna):(eHIIH IIHaM, MynhK, BaK<lJ, Bna):(eHHH IIH):(YCCKIIX <iJeo):(anOB (3aMIIH):(apii), IIKTa):(apoB, npeHe6pe-

raBIIIliX BoeHHOH cnym6o:H. 3TO ):(aJIO CYIIIecTBeHHoe YBeJill'leHHe Te ppiiTOpiiH, o6naraeMbix rocy):(apCTBeHHbiM HaJioroM. nbiJI yCTaHoBneH CTp01Ka:HIIIIIH KOHTpOJib 3a BblnOJIHeHIIeM <iJeo):(aJiaMli Be ex ycnoBl!H ):(e pmaHIIH IIKTa. B 3aBIICIIMOCTII OT pa3MepoB IIKTa 6biJia onpe):(eneHa TO'IHaH BeJill'lliHa KOHHOro BOeHHOrO OTPH):(a, C KOTOpbiM IIKTa):(ap 6biJI o6H3aH HBJIHThCH Ha peryMpHble CMOTPbi II Ha BOHHy no Tpe60BaHliiO cyJITaHa. HKTa):(apbi Bcer):(a MorJIII HaHHTb ):(OCTaTO'IHOe 'IIICnO BOliHOB, KOTOpbie 06bl'!HO IIMenii C06CTBeHHOe opymiie: ca6niO, Konbe, nYK co cTpenaMII. 3all(IITHoe BoopymeHIIe y HliX 06bl'IHO 6blnO CaMOe n pocTOe II 'lall(e Bcero orpaHII'lliBaJIOCb nerKIIM Kpyr nbiM Il(liTOM, mene3Hble IIIneMbi rnna IIIliiiiaKOB II KOnb'!Ylli, CTOliBIIIIIe ):(oporo, IIMenii HeMHOriie. CaMOMY IIKTa):(apy Ha 3KIITIIIpOBKY BOllHOB npiiXO):(liJIOCb TpaTIITbCH Mano. fnaBHOH CTaTbeH ero paCXO):(OB Ha CHapH1KeHIIe OTpH):(a 6blna noKynKa noiiia):(eH. B ycnoBIIHX H H):(HH noiiia):(II He ):(aiOT nonHOU:eHHOrO nOTOMCTBa II Bbipom):(aiOTcH. IIo::JTOMY ):(nH BOeHHbiX u:eneH liH):(IIHCKliM rOCy):(apCTBaM npiiXO}J,llnOCb emerO):(HO BB0 3liTb II3 A¢raHII CTaHa , Cpe):(HeH A 3HH, HpaHa, ApaBIIII TbiCH'III II TblCH'III KOHeH. KoHHIIUa yme K KOHU:Y ):(peBHOCTli CTana rnaBHbiM p O):(OM BOHCK, o6ecne'IIIBaBIIIliM BOeHHbiH ycnex. Eoecnoco6HocTb II ciin a ap MIIII 3aBIICenii npe)K):(e BCero OT 'lliCneHHOCTli KaBanepiiii. Ho cTonb u:eHIIMble noiiia):(ll 6biJIII ):(OpOrliM liH03eMHbiM TOBapoM, II liKTa):(apbi, KOr):(a KOHTpOJib 3a HliMli 6bln He CJIIIIIIKOM CTpor, TibiTaJIIICb o6MaHYTh BOeHHOe Be):(OMCTBO II He n oKynaTb HymHoe 'IIICno KOHeH. )J;nH 6opb6bl c 3TIIM 3noynoTpe6neHIIeM A n a y ):(-,IJ;IIH BnepBbie B IICTopiiii HH):(IIII BBen Kn e:HMeHIIe KOHe:H. Ha cMoTpax Tenepb npoBepHnacb He npocTo 'IIIcneHHOCTb oTpH):(a liKTa):(apa, HO II npiiHa):(n elKHOCTb noIIIa):(eH: KalK):(aH noiiia):(b ):(OnlKHa 6blna 6biTh n oMe'!eHa Bbi1K1KeHHbiM Ha IIIKype nii'IHbiM 3HaKOM ):(aHHOrO liKTa):(apa. B u:en oM B npaBneHIIe Ana y):()J;IIHa BOeHHO-<lJeo):(anbHaH CliCTeMa IIKTa ):(OCTIIrJia cBoero pacUBeTa. IIpH 3TOM rpo 3HOM c ynTaHe ¢eo):(anbl

IO>KHA~ 6biJIH IIOCTaBneHbi B IIOJIH)'IO 3aBIICIIMOCTb OT U:eHTpaJibHOH BnaCTli, C IIX CBOeBOniieM 6biJIO IIOKOH'leHO .

A3 V1 ~

Ba, Heo6biLiaHHO yJJ:aLIHbiX BOHH, yJJ:oBneTBopHBIIIIIX IIHTepecbi <lJeO):(aJIOB, nii'IHbiX Ka"!ecTB Ana yJJ:-,lJ;IIHa, KOTOpbi:H 6bln TanaHTniiBbiM IIOnKOBO):(U:eM, YMHbiM II peiiiiiTenbHbiM rroniiTliKOM, ):(06IIBaBIIIIIMCH CBOIIX u:eneH ni06biMII, ):(a)Ke )KeCTOKIIMII cpe):(cTBa-

Boo6ru:e Ana yJJ:-,lJ;IIH C03JJ:aJI IICKniO"!IITenbHO )KeCTOKIIH perrpeCCIIBHbiH pe)KIIM. ,lJ;nH IIOBbiiiieHIIH 3¢<iJeKTliBHOCTli <iJIIcKanbHOH CIICTeMbi 'IIIHOBHIIKOB 3a MaJible Xllll(eHIIH II He):(OIIMKII IIpii c6ope IIO):(aTeH 6IInii rranKaMII II 6pocanii B KaH):(anax B TIOpbMbi. IIocne cMepTli cynTaHa II3

MII, - 6blna ):(OCTllrHYTh Lipe3Bbl'laHHO BbiCOKaH CTeiieHb KOHUeHTpau;IIII BnacTli B PYKax rrpaBIITeJIH. IIoJIHTII"!ecKoe Moryru:ecTBo Ana yJJ:-,lJ;IIHa

TIOpeM 6blnO Bbiiiyll(eHO OKOnO 17 TbiCH'l LienoBeK, 3aKJIIO'leHHbiX TYJJ:a 3a MenKIIe IIpOCTYIIKII; IIOnliTII'leCKIIX

C03JJ:ano IIJIJII03IIIO ero 6e3rpaHII"!HbiX B03MO)KHOCTeH. 0):(HaKO cynTaHY He yJJ:anocb ocyru:ecTBliTb caMyro rnaB-

)Ke rrpoTIIBHIIKOB rrpii Ana yJJ:-,lJ;IIHe Ka3HIIJIH Heru:aJJ:Ho . Ehln C03JJ:aH cno)KHbiH IIOniiUeHCKIIH arrrrapaT, BBe):(eH TpOHHOH KOHTponb He3 aBIICIIMbiX

H)'IO u:enb CBOIIX rrpeo6pa30BaHIIH ycTpaHliTb 4Jeo):(aJIII3IIpOBaHH)'IO o6Il(liHH)'IO BepXYIIIKY, OTHIIMaBIII)'IO y rocyJJ:apcTBa LiaCTh cenbCKOX03HHCT-

JJ:pyr OT JJ:pyra CJIY)K6 OCBe):(OMIITene:H II 'IIIHOBHIIKOB. C IIOMOII(biO 3TIIX cny)K6 cynTaH cne):(IIn 3a CTporiiM

BeHHoro rrpoJJ:yKTa. Pa3opeHIIe o6Il(IIHHoro rOCIIO):(CTBYIOII(ero CnOH Beno K rrepepacrrpe):(eneHIIIO B IIOJib3Y

co6niO):(eHIIeM «pbiHO'IHbiX ycTaHOBneHIIH». Oco6eHHO Ana yJJ:-,lJ;IIH orracancH 3arOBOpOB II MHTe)KeH. Ilo):(03piiTenbHOCTb ero JJ:OXO):(llna JJ:O Toro,

cyJITaHa HaJill'IHbiX pecypcoB o6ru:IIH, HO B CBOIO OLiepe):(b Hecno pa3opeHIIe IIO):('IIIHeHHbiM eMY o6CJiy)KliBaiOII(IIM enOHM II o6ru:yro ):(erpa):(au;IIIO o6Il(IIHHOH 3KOHOMIIKII. B IITore rrono)KIITenbHbiH MH rocyJJ:apcTBa pe3ynbTaT arpapHbix II ¢IIcKanbHbiX MeporrpiiHTliH Ana yJJ:-,lJ;IIHa 6bln KpaTKoBpeMeHHbiM, a IIOCne):(CTBIIH liX - O'leHb TH)KeJibiMII. IIocne CMepTli Ana m-,lJ;IIHa HII OT O):(HOrO II3 ero ycTaHOBneHIIH, IIIICaJI EapaHII, He ocTanocb II cne):(a.

'ITO 3HaTHbiM JIIO):(HM 6blnO 3arrperu:e HO rroceru:aTD JJ:pyr JJ:pyra II yCTpaiiBaTb IIIIpbi, 'IT06bl OHII He BOCIIOJib30BaJIHCb BCTpeLie:H AJIH croBopa rrpoTIIB cynTaHa. ITo coo6ru:eHIIIO IICTOLIHIIKa, JJ:aMe BO ):(Bopu:e ManiiKII HK06bl orracaniicb BCTYIIaTb B pa3roBopbi JJ:pyr c JJ:pyroM. Ana y JJ:-,lJ;IIH rrpiiKa3an rrepe6IITb rroronoBHO Bcex MY)KLIIIH II3 «HOBbiX MycynbMaH» o6paru:eHHbiX B IICnaM rrneHHbiX MOHrOnOB, KOr):(a ygHan, 'ITO HeCKOnbKO IIX 3MIIpOB 3aMbiiiinHJIII y6IITb ero BO BpeMH oxoTbl. Ebino Bbipe3aHo oT 20 JJ:O 30 TbiCH'l HII'lero He 3HaBIIIIIX 0 3arOBOpe JIIOJJ:e:H, IIX )KeHbi II JJ:eTli 6biJIII rrpoJJ:aHbi B pa6CTBO. CTpeMIITenbHoe rrpeBparu:eHIIe ,lJ;enii:HcKoro cynTaHaTa B o6ru:eiiHJJ:IIHCKoe rocyJJ:apCTBO, ero BHeiiiHIIH 6necK II MOryru:ecTBO ):(OCTllraJIIICb 3a C'leT KpaHHeH CTeiieHII 3KCIInyaTaU:IIII II yrHeTeHIIH TpyJJ:Hru:IIxcH, pa3opeHIIH ):(epeBeHb II ropo):(oB, )KeC TO"!aHIIIIIX perrpeCCIIH ITO OTHOIIIe HIIIO KO BCe M COU:IIanbHbiM CnOHM, BKniOLiaH II apiiCTOKpaTII'leCKYIO BepXYIIIKY, KpoBaBbiX II o rrycTOIIIIITenbHbiX 3aBOeBaHIIH. B ciiny p HJJ:a o6cTOHTenbCTB BHeiiiHeH OIIaCHOCTII, yrpo)KaBIIIeH CaMOMY cyru:eCTBOBaHIIIO rocy):(apcT-

1297-1306 rr. MOH rOllbCKHE BTOP>KEHHSL 3axaaT'-IMKM onyCTOWMnM neHJ],)Ka6, HO, He AOCTMrHyB )J.enM, 6 blflM ,aBa)J(_abl pa36MTbl Ana y,a-)J.MHOM XMn bA)J(M ( 1299 r., 1303 r.). 8TOp)J(eHMfl 1305 M 1306 ro.aoa TaK)J(e 6 bmM oTpa)J(eHbl; Ha 3TOM MOHrOnbCKOM arpeCCMM B VfHAMM npMwen KOHeL!.

1300-1305 rr. B03BPAT nllATO MAJlBA H rYA>KAPATA. Qco6oro ynoMMHaHMR 3acny)J(MBae T TR)J(enaR oca,aa MHAYCCKMX KpenocTeill Pa MTa H6op ( 130 1 r.) M I.{ MTOp ( 1303 r.) . B KOHL!e KOHL!OB Ana y.a)J.MH XMnbA)J(M B3Rn i.{MTOp - HO nMWb nocne Taro, KaK OT'-IaRBWMecR 3aLL4MTHMKM MCnOnHMnM o6pR,a «A)J(O xap» (no6pocanM s rMraHTCKMill nor pe6anbHblill KOCTep CBOMX )J(eH M ,aeTeill) M Bb!WnM M3 KpenOCTM B caMOy6MMCTBeHHYIO KOHTpaTaKy.

351 1307-1311 rr. 3ABOEBAHHE MYCYJlbMAHAMH nllATO AEKAH. BoeHa'-lanbHMK MenMK Karpyp B3Rn )J.aaaHrepe ( 1307 r. ), BapaHran ( 1309-1310rr.), Xoillcany ( 1310 r.) M naH,aMIO ( 1311 r.). He3aBMCMMOM OT MycynbMaHCKOrO cynTaHa )J.enM ocmaanacb TOnbKO npoBMHL!MR OpMcca.

1316-1320 rr. 5ECnOPSIAKH B CEBEPHO"' HHAHH. nocne cMepTM Ana y,a-)J.MHa XMnbA)J(M Ha'-lanacb 6opb6a 3a TpOH, no6e,aMn B KOTOpofll MenMK Karpyp ( 1316 r.); nocneHero npecTOn AOCTanCR TpeTbeMy CbiHY Ana y,a-)J.MHa - KyT6 YA-)J.MHY( 13161320 rr.). KYT6 y,a-)J.MHa y6Mn o,aMH M3 era aoeHa'-lanbHMKOB, a Taro caepr la3M MenMK (Ha3Ha'-/eHHblill s cs oe apeMR )J.)J(enan y.a -)J.MHOM XMn bJl.)KM OTBeTCTBeHHbiM 3a 3ana.aHble rpaHML!bl); Ha npecTOn OH BCTynMn KaK IMRC y,a-)J.MH TymaK.

1320-1325 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHHE rHSIC YA-AHHA TYrllAKA. npM3HaHHbiM Bpa:>~<,ay!Ol1.4MMM TIOpKCKMMM BenbMO)J(aMM, 3TOT CMnbHbiM BOeHa'-/anbHMK BOCCTaHOBMn nopR A OK, no,aaBMB 6yHTbl s BapaHrane M 5eHranMM. norM6 OH B pe3ynbTaTe «Hec'-/aCTHoro cny'-laR» - no cnyxaM, no,acTpoeHHor o era Cb!HOM MyxaMMa,aoM TymaKoM.

1325-1351 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHHE MYXAMMAAA TYrllAKA. O TOT 6e3)J(anOCTHbiM MHTenneK-ryan 6blfl BbiHY)J(AeH OTKynMTbCf/ OT MOHronbCKOM apMMM TapMawMpMHa, xaHa MaaepaHHaxpa, no.aowe,aweill K caMbiM aopoTaM )J.enM ( 1329 r.). 3aTeM MyxaMMa.a cTpoMn nnaHbl3axaaTa nepCMM, HO TaK M He CMOr o,aoneTb CnO)J(HOCTefll CHa6)J(eHMR npM nepexo.aax '-lepe3 nycTbiHM M ropbl. no3)J(e oH nocnan eL1.4e o,aHy 6onb wyl0 apMMIO Ha noKopeHMe ropHoro pailloHa Me)J(.ay VfH,aMeill M TM6eToM M BbiHYAMn )J(MBYL1.4Me B npe,aropbRX nneMeHa npM3HaTb era CI03epeHMTeT. O,aHaKo noTepM era cocTaBMnM npM 3TOM nO'-ITM CTO Tb!CR'-1 '-/enoBeK ( 1337 r.) . TeM apeMeHeM Ha'-lanM oT.aenRTbCR ana,aeHMR )J.enMillcKoro cynmHaTa Ha nnam )J.eKaH ( 13311347 rr.). MyxaMMa.a yMep aT nMxopa,aKM, no,aaBnRR MRTe)J( B npOBMHL!MM CMHA ( 1351 r.) .

352

3nOXA MOHIOJlOB. 1200-1400 rr.

HMnepiiiSI MyxaMMa,Qa TyrnaKa 3KOHOMH'leCKOe 6naroiTony'!He cy.JITaHaTa 6one e HJIH MeHe e BOCCTaHoBHJIOCb K Ha'lany u:apcTBOBaHHH MyXaMMa,na TyrnaKa (1325-1351 rr.). OH ITplilllen K BnaCTII ITocne ncKycHo ITOACTPOeHHoro y6nncTBa oma: ITocne yciTerrmoro IToxo.o:a fHHc y.o:-,[J;nHa TyrnaKa B EeHraJIHIO BO BpeMH ITapa.o:a BOHCK 6oeBble cnOHbl 3a):(eJIH 6eCe):(Ky-6an):(aXHH, B KOTOpOH Cll):(en ITo6e.o:nTenb. CTpoeHne pyxHyno H ITorpe6no ITOIJ: o6noMKaMH cynTaHa. MyxaMMa,nTyrnaK 6b!JI)')Ke Ol1b!THb!M ITOnKOBO):(U:eM ll Me'!Tan 0 BenHKOH Cy):(b6e ITOKOpHTeJIH MHpa - BTOporo llcKeH.o:epa ,[J;Bypororo, T.e. AneKcaH.o:pa MaKe.o:oHcKoro. ,IJ;eH:CTBHTeJibHO, C'laCTbe eMy corryTCTBOBaJIO. Ero ITOXO):(bl 6blnll HaiTpaBneHbl Ha B03Bparu:eHne TeppHTopilH, YTPa'!eHHb!X ITocne cMeprn Ana y.o:-,[J;nHa XilJib):()Kll: ITO'!Tll BCe ITOKOpeHHble rocy.o:apcTBa oTKa3anncb ITJiaTHTh IJ:aHb n H3rnann MycynbMaHCKHe BoilcKa. Iloxo):(bl ITpoTHB HHX MyxaMMa,n TyrnaK yciTeiiiHo Ha'lan ITpoBOIJ:llTh eru:e B ITpaBneHHe oma. TeiTepb oH B KOpoTKne rO):(bl BHOBb 3aBOeBaJI BeCb ,lJ;eKaHCKHH ITonyocTpoB .o:o Mblca KoMopnH, KpaHHeH ero IO}l(HOH TO'!Kll, n BCIOAY nHKBH.O:HpoBan ITpaBHII(He ):(HHaCTHH, KOTOpb!e OKa3aJillCb TaKllMll HeHa,ne}l(Hb!Mll BaCCaJiaMH, Ha llX TeppHTOpllll 6blnO ycTaHOBneHO ITpHMOe yiTpaBneHHe BOeHHOH a):(MHHHC TpaU:Hll. TaKHM o6pa3oM, c Y'leToM 6onee paHHHX 3aBoeBaHHH ITpaKrn'leCKH BCH llH):(HH OKa3aJiaCb BO Bnacrn .o:enHHCKOrO cynTaHa . 3TO 6bln MOMeHT Han6onbiiiero TeppHTOpHanbHOro paCIIIHpeHHH ,lJ;enHHCKOro rocy.o:apcTBa. B ro.o:bl 3THX ITo6e.o:oHOCHb!X ITOxo.o:oB, Tpe6oBaBIIIHX Bee 6onbiiie cpe):(CTB, BCe 60Jibiiie BOHCK He TOnbKO ):(JIH BOeHHb!X ):(eHCTBHH, HO ll ):(JIH OKKyiTau:nn 6eciTpe.o:enbHb!X ITpoCTpaHcTB llH):(llll, MyxaMMa.o:TyrnaK , ITO cyru:ecTBy, B03Bparu:aeTCH K HaJIOrOBOH ITOJIHTHKe Ana y.o:-,[J;nHa Xnnb):()KH. IIapaJIJienbHO c YBenn'leHneM Hanoroo6no}l(eHHH MyxaMMa,n TyrnaK ITpHHHMaJI Mepb! n AJIH YKPeiTneHHH llHCTHTYTa llKTa - OCHOBbl BOeHHOH

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1336

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3nOXA MOHIOJlOB. 1200-1400 rr.

356

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1271 r. OTKA3 6HPMbl nllATHTb AAH b XY6H11AIO. lfepes .aaa ro.aa 14apb HapaTMxanaT npMKasan Ka3HMTb MOHrOflbCKOrO nocna, RBMBwerOCR noBTOPMTb Tpe6oaaHMR Xy6 MnaR ( 1273 r.). Xy6Mnai1, saHRTbtM B 3TO BpeMR ,apyrMMM ,aenaMM CBOej;i 0611JMPHOM MMnepMM, HeMe,aneHHbiX KapaTeflbHbiX aKJ4MM He npe,anpMHRfl. 1277 r. 6HPMAHCKH~ HA6Er B KAHHrA~. 9m 6btno norpaHM'-1Hoe rocy.aapcTBO, aaccan KMTaR. ly6epHaTop IOHbHaHM Bbtcnan HaBCTpe'-ly BTOp)l(eHMIO ,aBeHa.aJ4aTMTbiCR'-IHOe MOHrOflbCKOe BOMCKO, KOTOpoe Haronoay pas6Mno copoKaTbtCR'-IHYto 6MpMaHCKYIO apMMIO no.a HbRyHr6MHOM. MoHronbCKMe nowaAM nyranMCb 6MpMaHCKMX CflOHOB; noaToMy ny'-IHMKM cnepaa cnewMnMcb, pasorHanM cnoHoB, saTeM c Hoaa sa6panMcb B ce.ana M HaHec nM pewatof..LIMM y.aap. CHapR,aMB B 5MpMy OTBeTHb/M Ha6er, MOHrOflbl .aownM .ao 5aMo.

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MaHJ4eB 6flM3 5aMO M ycTaHOBMflM aBaHnOCTbl B,IJ,Oflb l1paaa,aM, B BepxHeM Te'-/eHMM.

1287 r. MOHrDJlbCKOEBTOP>KEHHE. XaH J71ecy TMMyp, BHYK Xy6MnaR, CTpeMMTeflbHbiM MapweM npoHeccR no 5MpMe, B3Rn naraH M YCTaHOBMfl B CTpaHe MapMOHeT0'-1Hb/M pe)I(MM.

1299 r. WAHCKOE BOCCTAHHE. MoHronbCKMe MapMoHeTKM CBeprHyrbt.

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1010-BOCTOLJHA~ A3V1~ CKOe BTOp%eHMe. 8CKOpe MOHrOflbl, 38Kfl/O'IMB C0/03 C Hacne,aHMKOM npe%Hei1I npaBRLljeM AMH8CTMM, noKOpMflM BeCb OCTpOB - HO nOTOM 6b!BWMe C0/03HMKM OK838flM MM HaCTOflbKO MOLljHOe napTM38HCKOe COnpOTMBfleHMe, 'ITO B KOHI4e KOHI40B MOHTOflbl ynnblflM o6paTHO B KMTaM. B cepe,aMHe cne,ay/Olljero aeKa , npM nepBOM MMHMCTpe la,a%a Ma,ae, 148PCTBO CMHracapM-Ma,a%anaxMT CHOBa YCTaHOBMflO Bfl8CTb Ha,a 60flbwei1J 'laCTb/0 V1H,aoHe3MM. K KOH14Y BeKa 3TOM MMnepMM cepbe3HO yrpo)1(8fl poeT anMRHMR McnaMa Ha no6epe%be Manai113MM M a 3ana.aHoi1I V1H,aoHe3MM.

1222 r. B03BbiWEHIIIE CIIIHrACAPIII. OHMCBepmMHa 3ana.aHoi1I flae anacTbAMHaCTMM Ke.aMpM.

PaHHHH IIeTopiiH CIIHraeapii oTMe<J:eHa OeTpOH 6opb60H 3a TpOH Me}l{)];y IIOTOMKaMli Pan-maebl II pOIJ:OM rrpe)I{Hero TYMaiieJiheKoro rrpaBIITeJIH, ;c(Bopu:oBoil pe3Heil. Ho K eepe;c(IIHe XIII BeKa yme n:oeTaTO<J:Ho eo3peJIII 3KOHOMII'IeeKIIe II eOU:llaJihHO-IIOJIIITII'IeeKIIe yeJIOBliH IJ:JIH eKJia!J:biBaHIIH B 6aeeell:He EpaHTaea MOII(HOH ;c(eerroTIIII. Ee II!J:eOJIOrii<J:eeKIIM BbipameHIIeM eTaJia !J:OKTpiiHa Maxapa):(mii6omeeTBa (6xaTapbi), eTaBIIIero eiiMBOJIOM 06be):(IIHeHIIH eBeTeKOll II ):(yxOBHOll BJiaeTII. 3TOMY erroeo6eTBOBaJIO epall(eHIIe 6yn:nl!lleKOllli IIH;c(yiieTeKOll peJIIIrliH II IIO):('IIIHeHIIe ;c(eHTeJibHOeTII ;c(yXOBeHeTBa liHTepeeaM MOHapXllli. IIpii IIOeJien:HeM eiiHraeapeKOM Maxapa):()Ke, 6xaTape KepTaHarape (1268~ 1292 IT.), KOHeOJIIIIJ:au:IIH o6rn:eHBaHeKoro roeyn:apeTBa B BOeTO'IHOll II U:eHTpaJibHOll <J:aeTHX oeTPOBa eorrpoBom;c(aeTCH 6opb6oll:3a BHeiiiHIIe TeppiiTOpiiii. KepTaHarapa IIbiTaJieH KaK BOeHHOll eiiJIOll, TaK li II;c(eOJIOrii'!eeKIIMli epe;c(eTBaMII eo3):(aTb non 3riinoll: HBbi eBoero po;c(a KoH<iJenepau:IIIO roeyn:apeTB HyeaHTapbi. C 3T0ll U:eJibiO OTIIpaBJIHJIIIeb 3Kerre):(IIUIIII Ha 3arraAHyiO HBy, Maeypy, Eanii, CYMaTpy II KaniiMaHTaH. CTpeMHeb yruep;c(liTh eBoiO BJiaeTb, MOHapx IIp OB03rJiaeiiJI e e6H BOIIJIOIl(eHHbiM lliiiBa-Ey;c(noll:. Be e 3TII Mepbi 6biJIII OT<J:aeTII IIpOAIIKTOBaHbi OTHOIIIeHIIHMli e MOHrOJibeKIIMli rrpa-

BIITeJIHMII KIITaH, IIbiTaBIIIIIMIIeH yeTaHOBIITb roerron:eTBo HM IOro-BoeTO'IHOH A3IIeil. B oTBeT Ha Heo):(HoKpaTHble Tpe6oBaHIIH Xy6IIJiaH rrpii3HaTb ei03epeHIITeT MOHrOJibeKOll ;c(IIHaeTIIII HM CIIHraeapii HBaHIJ:bi meeToKo HMpyraniieb Han: rroeJiaMII Xy6IIJiaH, OTpe3aB liM HOebi. BamHeiliiieil <J:aeTbiO o6beAIIHIITeJihHOH rroJIIITIIKII KepTaHarapbi eTaJia HBaHeKaH 3KerraHeiiH Ha Boero<J:HYIO CYMaTpy II ManaKKeKIIH rroJiyoeTpoB. 3n:eeb B Te<J:eHIIe BTopoll: rroJIOBIIHbi XII~XIII BeKoB BJiaeTb IIIpiiBII):()Kall1I rroeTerreHHO oeJia6eBaJia. OT MopeKOHIIMrrepiiii OTIIMaJIII BaeeaJibHble TeppiiTopiiii. 0Ha Bee 'Iall(e IIpii6eraJia K 'IlleTO IIIIpaTeKIIM MeTO):(aM li3BJie<J:eHIIH ):(OXO):(OB II IIO):():(epmaHIIH BJiaem Ha MopHx1. K Ha'IaJIY XIII BeKa IIaneM6aHr Bee ern:e e'!liTaJieH KpyrrHbiM IIOpTOM MemeyHapOAHOll ToproBJIII. OnHaKo TPII <J:eTBepTII BeKa erryeTH 6biBIIIaH BJiaIJ:bl'IIIU:a IO)I{HbiX Mopell: yme He MorJia IIpOTliBOeTOHTb HOBbiM eiiJihHbiM MopeKIIM nepmaBaM. TeeHIIMaH e eeBepa arpeeeiiBHbiM TalleKIIM roeyn:apeTBOM (CYKOTaii), a e IOra HBaHU:aMli, nepmaBa IIIpiiBII):()Kall:H BeKope paerranaeb. Cyrn:eeTBOBaHIIIO rrpo<J:Horo MemoeTpOBHoro o6be;c(IIHeHIIH B HyeaHTape rrperrHTeTBoBaJIII KaK BHYTPeHHIIe IIpli'IliHbi, TaK II o6eTaHOBKa B pernoHe. B 1293 ron:y, Korn:a BOeHHble eiiJibi HBaHeKoro roey;c(apeTBa 6biJili OTBJie<J:eHbi Ha IIeiiOJIHeHIIe ):(aJieKO li):(yll(liX BHeiiiHeiiOJiliTII'!eeKIIX u:eJiell:, eTOJIIIUa CIIHraeapii 6biJia 3aXBa<J:eHa BoileKaMII HaMeCTHIIKa Ke;c(llpii ,[J;mall:HKaTBaHra. B TOM me roey MOHrOJiheKIIe OTpH):(bi Bblea;c(IIJIIIeb Ha eeBepHoM rro6epe)Kbe HBbi. 1

H3 rronyoc-rpoBHhlX Bna;J;eHHli IllpHBM)j(aitJ.I B 1230 rozy arnano o~o H3 KpyiiHefiIIDIX - KIDDKecTBo TaM6pamrn:ra. llpH pa;J;)I(e Y:mmpa6xaey TaM6pamrn:ra caMa IIO/I'illIDUia 1\PyniX BaccanoB IllpHBJ!)ltKaitH (llaxaHI", TpeHITaH)', KeJiaHTaH) H B 40-7 0- e ro)J;hl XIII BeKa Bena BOitHhl Jill OCTpDBe IJ:eitnOH C JO)I(H(}HIVl;lfficKI!MHrrpamiTeJil!MH ~cTIDI llaJWeB. Ba)I(HOH u;em,ro Y:mmpa6xaey CTan 3axBaT CBlimeHHhlx penHKBHH XIIHaHHCKoro 6yiJ.WI3Ma, Karophlfi 6un, Bll}J;HMO, ll}J;eono!'Wie cKJIM 3HaMeHeM B 6op:o6e C MaxaHIIHCTCKOH llipHBH}J;)I(aHeH.

361 BoileKaM Xy6IIJiaH He ynaJioeb IIOA'!IIHIITb CIIHraeapii: IIX BOBJieKJIII BO BHYTPIIHBaHeKIIe eo6biTIIH. 3HTh KepTaHarapbi, rrpiiHU: BII):()Kall:H, 3aKJIIO'IIIJI eorJiaiiieHIIe e MOHrOJiaMli. OH pa36IIJI e IIX rroMOil(biO ygyprrampa, a 3aTeM Hanan Ha IIX paeepen:oTO'IeHHble OTpHAbi II pa3rpOMliJI IIX, BbiHYIJ:liB OCTaJibHbiX 6emaTb Ha KOpa6Jib. B 1294 roey BII):()KaHH KopoHOBaJieH, a ero YKperrJieHHbiH Jiarepb B MeeTHoeTII Ma):()KarraXIIT eTaJI emJIIIUeil O):(HOIIMeHHOrO HOBOrO roey;c(apeTBa. Bo BTOpoll: rroJIOBIIHe XIII BeKa ~ Ha<J:ane XIV BeKa 3aBepiiiaeTCH ¢eonaJIII3aU:IIH o6Il(IIHHOll BepxyiiiKII , eKJIMbiBaeTCH epe):(Hee II MeJIKoe <iJeO;c(aJibHOe 3eMJieBJia):(eHIIe BHe 06Il(IIHbl; 3Tll r pyrrrrbl eTaHOBHTeH OeHOBHbiMli IIOJiy<J:aTeJIHMli 3eMeJib KaK OT MOHapxa, TaK II, e ero eaHKU:liii, OT 06Il(IIH. 0HII OeHOBHble rrpoeiiTeJili 3eMJIII, K HIIM me rrepeiiiJIO OT o6rn:IIH «IIpaBO Ha !J:OXOIJ:bl e peMeeJieHHliKOB II ToproBu:eB B o6rn:IIHe». HoBbiMII eTaJIII II <iJopMbi 3KCIIJiyaTau;IIII, paerrpoeTpaHHeTCH «IIpaBO Ha ):(OXOIJ:bl e 3eMJili II JIIOIJ:ell BMeCTe», eBH3aHHoe e 3KeiiJiyaTaU:IIell KOHKp eTHbiM <iJeo;c(aJIOM He 3eMeJib, a KOJIJieKTIIBOB KpeeTbHH. OK0110 1230-1270 rr. UAPCTBOBAHIIIE AXAPMAPAA>KIII '-IAHAPAEiAMbl JllllrOPCKOrO (B MA11A~3111111). Cy.aR no aceMY, OH ocao6o,aMncR M3 -no.a anacTM ,aMHaCTMM WpMBM,a%8MM M OCHOBan MOLlj HOe npMMopcKoe 14apcTao. OH nocblnan noxo,abl Ha Ltei1InoH ( 1247 M 1270 rr. ). Hacne,aHMKM era 6 blflM no6 e%,aeHbl T8MCKMM 38BOeBaTeneM PaMoiii KaMxeHroM M3 KHR%ecTaa CyKoTaiii (OKano 1290 r.).

1275-1292 rr. UAPCTBOBAHIIIE KEPTAHArAPbl (B CIIIHrACAPIII). Cy.aR no aceMy, 3TOT nocne.a HMiii CMHracapCKMM Maxapa,a%a Ha'18fl OTBoeBb/B8Tb y npe6b!B8/0lljei1J B yna,aKe AMH8CTMM WpMBM,a%8MR MX OCTpOBHb/e Bna,aeHMR.

1292 r.

M~TE>K

KEAIIIPIII. Bo3-

rnaaMn era )J.%aRKaTaaHr; KepTaHa rapa norM6.

1292-1293 rr. M OH ron bCKOE BTOP>KEHIIIE HA ~BY.

362

3nOXA MOHIOJlOB. 1200-1400 rr.

0pMHU. 8M.£l)Kai1H, 3HTb KepTaHarapbt, 3aKJ110LfV1!1 C0/03 C MOHTOJ1bCKV1M a,aMV1pa!10M MM-Ko-My-cy, KOTOpbtM caepr jJ,)I(aHKaTaaHra M noKopMn flay 3aTeM 8M.£l)KaMH Hanan Ha MOHTOJ10a, HaLfa/1 napTM3aHCKYIO aoi1Hy Mpa36Mn HeCKOJ1bKO MOHTOJ1bCKV1X OTpH,aOa. 8 KOHLJ,e KOHLJ,Oa BM,a)l(aMH npV13Haf1 MOHTOJ1bCKV1M CI03epeHMTeT, VI MOHTOJ1bl oTcTynMnM. CTonMu,e£1 caoe£1 8M.£l)Kai1H c,aenan Ma.£l)KanaxMT. 1295-1328 rr. Ps:IA Ms:ITE>KEiit. HanpaB!1eHbt OHM 6blf1M npoTMa 8M,ll)KaMM VI era Cb!Ha jJ,)I(aMHHarapbt; a KOHLJ,e KOHLJ,Oa 6btf1V1 no,aaaJ1eHbl Mono,abtM o¢mu,epoM la,a)l(a Ma,ao£1 ( 1319 r.). 1330-1364 rr. rnABEHCTBO rAA>KA MAAbl. Ha nocTy nepaoro MVIHVICTpa OH rj)aKTMLfeCKVI npaaM/1 u,apcTaoM. 3To 6btf1 nepMo,a 3aaoeaaHMi1 VI TeppMTOpMaf1bHOM9KCnaHCV1V1 Ha COCe,QHMe V1H,QOHe3MMCKMe ocTpoaa M nonyocTpoa Manai13MH. la.£l)Ka Ma,aa ycnen noKopMTb 3ana,aHYIO flay, Ma,aypy VI 5a!1M, a MHO)I(eCTaO npM6pe)I(HbtX ropo,aoa -rocy,aapcTa no ace£1 111H,aoHe3MM nnaTMf1M eMy ,aaHb.

XN BeK - BpeMH eTaHOBJieHHH H pael(BeTa l(eHTpaJIH30BaHHOH HBaHeKOH ):leeiTOTHH H eJIOMeHHH Ha ee OeHOBe OeTpOBHOH HMITepHH M a):l)KaITaXHT, Kpyrmeillnero B epe}lHeBeKoBOH liH):lOHe 3HH roey):lapeTBeHHoro o6beAUHeHHH. BeAymeu cpurypoil B arpapHbiX oTHoiiieHHHX B HBaHeKoil HMITepuu eTaHOBHTeH HapHAy e ):lepeBeHeKOH BepxyiiiKOH H o6Il(HHaMH epeAHHe eBeTeKue cpeo):laJibHble BJia):leJibl(bl. Ilpouexo):(HT 3TO Ha cpoHe o6oeTpeHHH KOHcpJIHKTOB H3-3a 3eMJIH, KOTOpble H):lyT M e)K):ly yeHJIHBaiOil(HMHeH epe):lHHMH BJia):leJ!bl(aMH H ITO):lllliHHeMblMH HMH o6muHaMH. OeHOBHblMH «BJia):leJ!bl(aMH» B HMIIepHH 6blJIH, eyAH ITO ):lOKYMeHTaM, epe}lHHe H MeJIKHe eBeTeKHe cpeo):laJibHble BJia):leJibl(bl. 0HH 'lame, '!eM o6muHbl, ITOJIY'laiOTTeiTepb HMMYHHTeT. opMbi BJia):lemrn ):lyXOBeHeTBa e6JIH)KaiOTCH e cpopMaMH BJia):leHHH eBeTeKHX cpeO):laJIOB. Ho yeuneHue epe):(HHX cpeo):laJibHblX eJIOeB He 6blJIO yeHJieHHeM 3KO-

HOMH'!eeKHX IT03Hl(HH roey):lapeTBa, ero ITpaB Ha 3eMJIIO. foeyAapeTBO Bee IIIHpe ITpu6eraeT He K pa3):la'!aM, a K IOpHAH'!eeKOMY ocpopMJieHHIO eaMOeTOHTeJ!bHO B03HHKaiOil(HX cpeo):laJ!bHblX BJia):leHHH. 0HO ):laeT He 3eMJIIO, a ):lOKYMeHT Ha BJia):leHHH eiO Ha J!brOTHblX OeHOBaHHHX, ITpH'IeM Bee 'lame e ITOJIHblM HeKJIIO'leHHeM H3 ecpepbl o6nomeHHH. MaeeoBoeTb TaKHX oiTepaQHH ITO):lpbiBaJia 3KOHOMH'leeKYIQ MOII(b roeyAapeTBa, eymana ecpepy 3KeiTJiyaTal(HH '!epe3 HaJIOrOBblll arrITapaT. IIoeTeiTeHHoe yeTpaHeHue roeyAapeTBa H3 ecpepbl OTHOIIIeHHH «KpeeTbHHHH- 3eMJieBJia):leJiel(» OTpamano yeuneHue IT03Hl(HH o6bl'!HOro ITpaBa, 'ITO BH):(Ho H3 xapaKTepa oiTepaQHH ITO ITepepaeiTpeAeJieHHIO 3eMJIH u i=lP- OmymaeTeH HeXBaTKa 3eMeJib, B03MO)Kll0, 6blBIIIaH O}lHOH H3 ITpH'IHH BOeHHOH 3KeiTaHeHH MaAmaITaXHTa, Bee IIIHpe paeiTpoCTpaHHeTeH ):lapeHHe ):lBH)KHMOeTH. Iloene Toro KaK KeAUpH ITpO'IHO BOIIIJIO B eoeTaB l(eHTpaJibHOH (BoeTO'IHOHBaHeKOH) TeppuTopuu Ma):lmarraXHTa, ITOJiomeHHe roey):lapeTBa eTaJIO 6oJiee eTa6HJibHblM. ,lJ,eBHTb KpyrrHblx cpeo):laJibHblX MHTemeil, ITpoueiiie):liiiHX Ha BoeTO'IHOH H IJ,eHTpaJibHOH HBe B Te'leHHe KOHI(a XII ITepBoil TpeTH XN BeKoB, 6blJIH ITO):laBJieHbl. B 1330-1364 ronax roeynapeTBeHHblH aiTITapaT ManmaiTaxuTa B03rJiaBJIHJI rJiaBHblH MHHHeTp fa):lma Ma):la . EyAyTIH cpaKTH'!eeKH ITepBblM JIHI(OM B roey):lapeTBe, fa):l)Ka MaAa BbleTyrrHJI KaK HHHQHaTop ITaHHHAOHe3uileKoil ITOJIHTHKH, yeTaHOBJieHHH HBaHeKOrO ei03epeHHTeTa Ha):l Been HyeaHTapoil. Ha eMeHy HeITpO'IHOMY 06be):lHHeHHIO ITpHIIIJia HMITepeKaH eTpaTerHH ITOeJie):lOBaTeJibHOH TeppHTOpHaJibHOH 3KeiTaHeHH. C 3aBoeBaHHeM Eanu paeiiiHpuneH Kpyr 3eM eJib, HeiToep eneTBeHHO yiTpaBJIHeMblX 'IHHOBHHKaMH Maxapa):(MH ( eHa'!aJia 3TO 6blJIH BOeTO'IHOHBaHeKHe ITpOBHHl(HH H OeTpOB MaAypa.) IloA KOHTponeM HBaHeKoil a)lMHHHeTpal(HH HaXO)lHJIHeb H eeBepoHBaHeKHe ITopTOBble ropona. 3aBoeBaTeJibHble KaMITaHHH eJie):lOBaJIH OAHa 3a i=lpyr oil H HaiTpaBJIHJIHeb Ha

3aiTa):l, BOCTOK, eeBep- Ha ITO):l'IHHeHHe HeiToKopHoil CYHi=lbl (3aiTaAHoil HBbi), ITpueoe):lHHeHue IIaneM6aHra, oeTp oBoB K BOeToKy oT Eanu ( CyM6aBbl), CeBepHoil CyMaTpbi, IO)KlloH Manailu, ITpu6pe)KHblx o6naeTeil KaJIHMaHTaHa, pHAa oeTpOBOB K BOeToKy oT CynaBeeu. B KHHmeeTBax, BXO):(HBIIIHX B ecpe py BJIHHHHH Ma):lmarraxuTa, ITpaBHJIH p o):leTBeHHHKH Maxa pa):(MH H eTaBJieHHHKH HBaHeKoro QapeKoro AOMa. B ):lpeBHeHBaHeKoil IT03Me-xpoHHKe «HarapaKepTaraMa» (1365 r. ) ITepeTiuen eHO OKOJIO eOTHH o6JiaeTeH, OT MaJiaKKeKoro ITonyoeTpoBa AO IIpuaH ,lJ,mailH, ITOA'IHHeHHblX Ma):lmarraxuTY H ITJiaTHBIIIHX eMy )laHb. B 5070-x ro):lax XIV BeKa 6oJibiiiHHeTBo H3 HHX, ITO-BH):(HMOMY, ):leHeTBHTeJibHO HaXO):lHJIOeb B eoeTaBe H£aHeKOH HMITe pHH, 6yeyTIH B pa3HOH eTeiTeHH 3aBHeHMOeTH oT ee QeHTpa. BeiO eol(HaJibHO-ITO JIHTHTieeKyiO eHeTeMy ManmarraxuTa ITpOHH3blBaJia ):leeiToTH'!eeKaH BJiaeTb MOHapxa, o6ome eTBJieHHoro MaxapaAmH. OH «roeiTOilHH BHJIBaTHKTbl (MaAmaiTaXHTa)», «Qapb HyeaHTapbi», «Qapb Qapeil HBaHeKoil 3eMJIH» . KynhT ):lHHaeTHTieeKux ITpe)lKOB eJiymHJI IT O):l):lepmaHHIO eBHII(eHHOr o eTarye a MOHap x a H ero eeMbH. B ee p aeiTopHmeHHH 6blJIH BbleiiiH e e aH OBHble ):lOJI)KHOeTH H KOpMJieHHH B r JiaBHblX ITpOBHHl(HHX. lieiTOJIHHTeJ!beKaH BJiaCTb H roeyAapeTBeHHblH KOHTpOJib Ha Bee x ypoBHHX, BITJIOTb )lO KpeeTbHHeKOH o6mHHbl, o6eeiTeTIHBaJIHeb pa3BeTBJieHHblM 6IOpoKpaTH'!eeKHM arrrrapaTOM . IIpoBHHl(HaJibHoe ynpaBJieHHe eTpOHJIOeb ITO o6pa3l(Y l(eHTpaJibHOro H HaxO):(HJIOeb ITO):( Ha):l30pOM 'IHHOBHHKOB ):(BOp a. 0praHH3al(HH H ):leHTeJibHOeTb 6y):lAHHeKoro H HHnyueTeKoro eyxoBeHeTBa 6blJIH ITO):l'!HHeHbl HHTepeeaM eBeTeKOH BJiaeTII. Bo BTOpoil ITOJIOBHHe XIV BeKa BHeiiiHHH ITOJIHTHKa ManmaiTaXHTa 6blJia HarrpaBJieHa Ha y i=lepmaHHe Tep puropuil Ha MaJiaKKeKoM ITonyoCTpoBe, r ):le BeJI HaeryiiJieHue ITpaBHTeJib CHaMa (AIOTHH), H Ha eoxpaHeHHe MHpHbiX OTHOIIIeHHH e MHHeKHM KHTaeM.

XII KOHE~

CPEAHHX BEKOB 1400-1500

22.

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KOHEU. CPE)J.HV1X BEKOB. 1400-1500 rr.

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377

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KOHELJ, CPE,LJ,HV1X BEKOB. 1400-1500 rr.

388

MO)I(a, CHapf/,al!IBLlll!IM Aflfl cynmHa

61!1fll!11!1 y61!1Bafll!1 6e3 BCf/KOro pa360-

PacKaapTl!lpOBb/Banl!ICb OTPHAbl

KpynHy/0 6oecnoco6Hy/O apMM/0,

pa. QJeo.aanbHOMY onon4eHM/O c

3Tl!1 B CaMb/X pa3fll!14Hb/X perl!IOHaX

1445-1446 rr.

Hl!1Ml!1 6btn0 He cnpaBl!ITbCfl, TaK 4TO

QJpaHLJ,l!ll!l ( B nyaT}' B

.aene)l(e noKopeHHbtX 3eMenb. TaKMM

npaBl!ITefll!l nb/Tafll!ICb KaK-TO Bb/Ma-

Al!ICflOU,l!lpoaanl!ICb Tpl!l OTpf/,aa -

)l(e o6pa30M MOflOAbte 4eCTOfli061!1-

Hl!ITb HaeMHl!IKOB 1113 CTpaHbll!lfll!l Ha-

30, 60

Mar Ha.aeRTbCH npMHHTb y4aCTMe

111

100

OT,aeneHl!IM), 111 B Hl!IX

Bb/e BOMHbt MMenM waHc pa36ora-

Hl!IMaTb ,aflR TaKl!IX 3apy6e)I(Hb/X no-

anMaanMcb HeMano con.aaT 1113 aonb-

TeTb 111 o63a aecTMCb 3eMnei11, ecn111,

XOAOB, r,ae l!IMeflCf/ WaHC o6ecne-

HbtX OTPRAOB KaK KOflfleKTl!IBHO, TaK

KOHe4HO, cyMe/OTOTfll!141!1TbCf/ B cpa-

41!1Tb AOCTaT04HO Tporpeea , 4T06bt

111 noo.aMH04Ke. 5onbwe nonoaMHbt

)l(eHl!lf/X. B pe3ynbTaTe cynTaH Mar

onnaTMTb 111x ycnyr111.

cpe,al!l KOMaH,al!lpOB perynf/pH b /X OT-

6e3 Manei1Iw111x 3aTpy,aHeHMi11 co-

HacKonbKO l!13BeCTHO, cnoco6

PHAOB RBflf/fll!ICb l!IHOCTpaHLJ,aMl!l.

6paTb aenMKonenHy/0, ropRll.I,Y/0 3H-

6opOTbCf/ C BOflbHb/Ml!l OTpf/,aaMl!l

OHM 6btcTpo ycTaHOBMnM 3aKoH-

TY3Ma3MOM apMM/0; CTl!IMYfl B era

npe.ano)l(l!lfll!l Kopon/0 QJpaHU.MM Kap-

HOCTb 111 nopf/,aOK, a OCTaBUJl!leCH Ha-

pacnOpf/)l(eHl!ll!l HaXOAl!lflCR 4pe3Bb/-

KOHHeTa6nb Kapn ApTIOP .ae

eMHl!IKl!l nOKl!IHYfllll QJpaHLJ,l!l/0, B OC-

4aMHO MOll.I,HbiM.

PMweMoH, repu,or 5peTOHCKMi11, a

HOBHOM, HanpaBl!IBLlll!ICb B VfTafll!l/0, HaHl!IMaTbCf/ K KOHAOTbepaM.

VII

Typeu,Kl!le apMMM 6btnl!1 npeMMy-

TaK)I(e PHA ,apymx COBeTHl!IKOB; ,aflfl

ll.l,ecTaeHHO KOHHb/Ml!l; rpeo.aanbHOe

a Taro cne.aoaano opraHl!130BaTb pe-

B VfTanMM y;Ke HeKoTopoe apeMH

onon4eHl!1e COCTOf/flO, B OCHOBHOM,

rynHPHY/0 apMM/0. CocTaanRnM ee

,anMncR, XOTR 1116onee nocTeneHHbtiii,

1113 nerK03all.l,l!1ll.l,eHHb/X ny4Hl!1KOB,

OTPf/Abl Tf/)l(eflb/X BCa,aHMKOB; noHa-

npou,ecc ycTaHoaneHMH KOHTponH

l!lfll!l nl!1Kl!1Hepoa, HanOMl!IHa/Oll.l,l!IX

4any 06ll.l,af/ 41!1CfleHHOCTb l!IX 6btna

Ha.a no.apa3.aeneHMHMl!1 HaeMHMKOB,

cTpa.aMoToa. Onon4eHU.bt 3Tl!1 HBnH-

1 TbtCH4a 500 - 1 TbtCH4a BOO 4eno-

111 KOHAOTbepbtl!13 caoero po.aa npe.a-

nMcb onbtTHbtMM con.aaTaMM, 111 XOTH

aeK; noToM, np111 fl10,aoaMKe

BbtCTOHTb npoTMB Tfl)l(enoiii eaponeiii-

nepeaan111na 3a

cKoiii Ka aanepl!IM He MomM, He.aocm-

OTpf/,ae, KOMaH,al!lpaMl!l KOTOpb!X Ha-

eHa4anbHMKOB, npl!1Bf/3aHHb/X KOH-

TOK y,aapHOM MOll.l,l!l 4aCTl!14HO B03Me-

3Ha4afll!1Cb oco6o onbtTHbte 111 Ha.ae)I(-

TpaKTOM K onpe.aeneHHOMY rocy.aap-

ll.l,aflCf/ npeMMyll.l,eCTBOM B no,aBl!1)1(-

Hbte aoeHHbte, 6btno aT

HOCTl!11!1 MaHeapeHHOCTl!l. fl,apo Ty-

oT.aeneHMiii; no.a KOHeu, CmneTHeiii

OpraHM3aU.MH TaKMX perynHpHbtX

peU,KOM apM1!11!1 COCTaBflf/fll!l OTPHAbl

BOMHbl TaKl!IX OTPHAOB HaC41!1Tb/Ba-

OTPH.aoa npo3a y4ana nor pe6anbHbtM

3 TbtCf/41!1.

25-30.

XI,

aHa

B Ka:>K,aoM

30 .ao 100

Ka)l(.aoe oT.aene-

npMHMMaTeneiii Ha BOeHHOM Hl!IBe Mano-noMany npeapall.l,anMcb

a ao-

CTBy.

cneu,ManbHO o6y4eHHoi11 111 ,aMCLJ.Mn-

nocb y)l(e

nMHMpoaaHHoiii RHb/4apCKOM neXOTbl

Hl!le COCTOf/flO 1113 pbtLJ,apR, l!lfll!l Tf/)l(e-

KOflOKOflOM no rpeo,aanl!13MY KaK BOeHHOM 111 COLJ,l!1aflbHOM Cl!ICTeMe; MO)I(-

( B 3TOM BeKe 41!1CfleHHOCTb l!IX He

noro aca.aHMKa (ao QJpaHU.MM OHM

HO CKa3aTb, l!IMeHHO C Hl!IX Ha 41!1HaeT

npeabtwana .aecRTM TbtCf/4), a TaK)I(e

Ha3b/Bafll!1Cb )l(aH,aapMaMl!l), opy)l(e-

oTc4eT nocTaHOBKa aoeHHor o .aena

KOHHaH raap.aMR cynTaHa. 9TM Kaaa-

HOCLJ,a, ,aayx ny4Hl!1KOB l!IABYX na)l(eM

Ha nporpeccMoHan bHbte penbcbt. Me-

nepMiiiCKl!le raap.aeiiiu,bt 6btnl!1 nMKM-

Mnl!l cnyr ( o.aMH .anH )l(aH.aapMa 111

Hee ycneWHOM 6btna e,al!IHOBpeMeH-

HepaMM; ,aocnexaMl!l OHM CHapf/)l(a-

opy)l(eHocu,a, o.aMH- .anH ny4Hl!1-

Haf/ (

fll!ICb HeCKOflbKO 6onee Tf/)l(eflb/Ml!l,

Koa). )/(aH.aapM 111 opy)l(eHoceu. cHa-

opraHl!130BaTb LJ,eHTpafll!130BaHHOe

He)l(enM rpeo.aanbHoe KOHHoe onon-

Pfl)l(anMcb no HOpMaM Tfl)l(enoiii Ka-

nonynocTORHHoe onon4eHMe 41!1C-

4eHMe. KpoMe Taro, B COCTaB Typeu,-

aanepl!11!1 Taro apeMeHM; ny4Hl!1Kl!1

neHHOCTb/O B

KOM apM1!11!1 BXOAl!lflO MHOro Hepery-

nepBOHa4aflbHO 6 btnl!1 aepXOBb/Ml!l

fl10.aoa1!1Ke

flf/PHb/X 4acTei11 nerKoiii Kaaanepl!11!11!1

nexoTMHLJ,aMM, HOc Te4eHMeM ape-

3aanl!1 TaKMX onon4eHu,ea cao6o,aHbt -

nexoTbt, none3HbtX .anH pa3ae.aKM 111

1448 r.)

nonbtTKa rppaHU.Y30B

Tb/Cf/4 4eflO BeK (npl!l

XI-

a.aaoe 6onbwee).

MeHM l!IX 6oeBb/e rpyHKLJ,l!ll!l CTafll!l

Ml!1 ny4Hl!1KaMl!1 -

re-

npl!16fll!1)1(aTbCf/ K pOflf/M )l(aH,aapMOB

Ha4aflbHO BOOpy;KeHl!le l!1XCOCT8Bflf/-

ao-

fll!1 nyKM, 111 OHM 6btnl!1 ocao6o)l(.aeHbt

B 3ana.aHoi11 Eapone -111 oco6eH-

opy)l(eHl!ll!l y Hl!IX BCTpe4afll!1Cb pe,a-

aT ynnaTbt Hanoroa. B 3TOM 3aKn/0 -

HO B OXBa4eHHOM BOMHOM QJpaH-

KO). CnyrMMnM na)l(l!l, KaK npaa111no,

4ancH ell.l,e OAl!IH war B CTOPOHY OT

LJ,l!ll!l -

6 btnl!1 04eHb MOflOAbl 111 Henocpe,a-

npecne.aoaaHMH, HO HMKaK He

HepanbHbtX cpa)l(eHMf/X.

Mnl!l opy;KeHocu,ea (xom nMKM Ha

po,aOBl!ITaf/ 3HaTb 111 KOpOfll!l,

rpeo.aanl!13 Ma

nOTOMY 4TO nepao-

(111

KOMaH,ay/Oll.l,l!le

Kor.aa Ha.ao 6 btno o6ecne41!1Tb npe-

CTBeHHOrO y4a CTl!1fl

a 6oeabtx.aei1IcT-

onon4eHMeM o¢Mu,epbt 6naropo,aHoro npOl!ICXO)I(,aeHl!IR He CKpbtBafll!l

eMCTBeHHOCTb 111 nporpeCCl!IOHa-

Bl!1fiX He npl!1Hl!1Manl!1; OHM MOrfll!11!1C-

fll!13M, He.aocTynHbte KpaTKocpo4HO-

nonb30BaTbCf/ TOflbKO KaK rpypa)l(l!l-

caoeroHe.aoaonbcTaa), HOI!13-3a He-

MY rpeo.aanbHOMY onon4eHMIO, nona-

pbl, pa3Be,a4111Kl!11!1 KapaynbHb/e. nna-

.aocmTKoa

ranl!ICb l!1CKfl/041!1TeflbHO Ha OTPf/Abl

Tl!lfll!ll!IM aceM aecbMa npMnl!14HO 111 Ha

111 npMHLJ.Mnax Ha6opa cao6o,aHbte

o6y4eHMM, ynpaaneHMM

a Ml!lpHoe ape-

CHa6)1(eHl!1e npOBl!laHTOM He CKynM-

ny4Hl!1Kl!1 OKa3afll!1Cb He3rprpeKTl!1BHbl

Mfl 3Tl!1 BOflbHb/e OTPHAbl, KaK l!IX Ha-

fll!ICb, a noToMy 111M He 6 btno HY)I(Abt

111 nocne no3opHoro pa3rpoMa np111

rpa61!1Tb. BepHbt OHM 6btfll!11!1CKn/041!1-

IMHr e iiiTe ( Mnl!l IMHeraTe;

HaeMHMKOB. O.aHaKo 3b/Bafll!1,

npe.acTaanRnM

co6oi11

cMepTenbHY/0 yrpo3y- )l(rn111, rpa -

TenbHO KOpOfl/0.

a ApTya) a 1479 ro.ay 6btnl!1 pacrpopMMpoaaHbt.

3AnA)J.HA$l EBPOnA

389

3AIIA)1JIAH EBPOIIA B

BeKe B 3anagHoj;t EBporre

rH, liBJiliBI.UHeCH IIpO.Ll.Yf..'TOM pa3JIO:>Ke-

peryJIHpHaH BhliiJiaTa :lKaJIOBaHbH.

rrpeo..u.oJieBaJiacb<J:>eo.Ll,aJihHrui pas..u.po6-

HHH <J:>eO.Ll,aJIH3Ma H pa3BHTHH CIIOC0-

B BOeHHO-TeXHH'IeCKOM oTHorneHHH

y~-.-perrJieHIUI

6a rrpoH3BO.Ll.CTBa. Bo3HHKJIO H pasBH-

IIOJIO:lKH'reJibHhlM MOMeHTOM 6h1JIO

<J:>eO.Ll,aJibHblX MOHapxHj;t H CKJ13AbiBa-

BaJIOCh HaeMHH'IeCTBO, KOTOpoe Bhl-

TO, 'ITO HaeMHHK Y:lKe 6h1JI rrpo<J:>ec-

JieHHOCTh, I.UeJI rrpou:ecc

TeCHliJIO <J:>eO.Ll,aJibHOe OIIOJI'IeHHe.

CHOHaJibHhlM coJI.Ll,aTOM. Bbipa6aThl-

Ha 3'J'oj;t ocHoBe B03HHKJia H Me..u.-

0.Ll,HaKO B 're'IeHHe .Ll,JIHTeJibHOT'O Bpe-

BaJIHCh H COBeprneHCTBOBaJIHCb rrpo-

JieHHO COBeprneHCTBOBaJiaCb U:eHT-

MeHH BOopy:>KeHHrui opraHH3aUHll 6a-

<J:>ecCHOHaJibHhle HaBhlKH, qero He

paJIH30BaHHaJI Boopy:lKeHHM opra-

3HpOBaJiaCb Ha pa3JIH'IHblX OCHOBax.

MOrJIO 6h1Tb B <J:>eO.Ll,aJibHOM Boj;tcKe.

HH3aU:HH, B03rJiaBJIHBlliaJICH KOpO-

Oco6eHHOCTH o6mecTBeHHoro H

BTOpaH oco6eHHOCTh pasBHTHll BO-

JieM. KopoJieBcKaH BJiaCTh BeJia

IIOJIHTH'IeCKOT'O pa3BHTHll B 3anaAHOj;t

opy:>KeHHoj;t opraHH3aUHH UeH1paJIH-

6opb6y c cerrapaTH3MOM <J:>eo..u.aJioB H

EBporre orrpe..u.eJIHJI TOT <J:>aKT, 'ITO

30BaHHblX rocy..u.apcTB 3aKJIIO'IaJiaCb B

.Ll,JIH .Ll,OCTH:lKeHHH 3'J'Oj;t U:eJIH He MOr-

C KJla,!J,blBaBI.UHeCH Tatvl HaUHOHaJibHble

3apO:lK.Ll,eHHH IIOCTOliHHOj;t apMHH.

JIHCb Hal.IHOHaJibHble rocy..u.apcTBa.

Jia HCIIOJib30BaTb OIIOJI'IeHHe H3 3THX

rocy..u.apcTBa He HMeJIH Hal.IHOHaJib-

:>Ke <J:>eo..u.anoB. PasBHTHe :lKe 6yp:lKY-

HOj;t apMHH. Boopy:>KeHHrui opraHH3a-

rrocTOHHHhiX apr.mj;t. Boopy:lKeHHM

BeKe HMeJIHCh TOJihKO 3a'IaTKH

a3HhlX rropli.Ll.KOB ..u.aBaJIO HOBYIO cou:H-

UHH C03.Ll,aBaJiaCb H3 pa3HOIIJieMeHHhlX

opraHH3al.IHH MHJIHUHOHHOT'O THIIa He

aJihHYIO H 3KOHOMH'IecryiO OCHOBhl

HaeMHHKOB. Bo BHernHHX Boj;tHax Ha-

MOrJia pernaTb HOBhle IIOJIHTH'IeCKHe

.Ll,JIH C03.Ll,aHHH BOOp)"A<eHHOj;t opraHH-

eMHHKH He BCei]J,a OKa3h1BaJIHCb Ha-

3a,IJ,a'IH- HerrpephlBHO o6ecrre'IH-

3al.IHH, crroco6Hoj;t pernaTb rrpe-.tK)l.e

.Ll,e:lKHhlMH H B KpHTH'IeCKHj;t MOMeHT

BaTb o6opOHOCIIOC06HOCTh 60JiblliOro rocy..u.apcTBa. TaKaa: rro1pe6Hocn

Bcero BHY1pHIIOJIHTH'IeCKHe 33Aa'IH.

rrepeXO.Ll,HJIH Ha CJiy:lK6y K IIpOTHBHH-

3THMH OCHOBaMH 6h1JIH KOHTHHreH-

KY路 BTaKoM Boj;tc~re O.Ll.HHM H3 cpe..u.cTB

B03HHKJia BO <DpaHUHH B xo..u.e CTO-

Thl JIH'IHO CB060.Ll,Hh1X JIIO.Ll,ej;t H .Ll,eHb-

yKperrJieHHll .Ll,HCUHIIJIHHbl liBJISIJiaCb

JieTHej;t BOj;tHhl.

390

KOHEU. CPEAHlllX BEKOB. 1400-1500 rr. C06HOR BeCTII OrHeBOR II pyKorramHbiH 6oR c rrpeo6na)J;aHIIeM rrepBoro. ,[(o KOHUa CpeAHIIX BeKoB py"l!Hoe OrHeCTpeJihHOe opy)I(IIe He IIMeJIO 3Ha~eHII51, ~TO

IIOH51THO, TaK KaK JIYK

aHrJIIIRCKoro cTpenKa rrpii Kpecii CTpeJI51JI TaK )l(e )J;aJieKO, KaK II py)l(be rrexoTIIHUa rrpii BaTepnoo II, MO)I(eT 6hiTh, em:e 6onee MeTKO, XOT51 II He C O)J;IIHaKOBOR CIIJIOR )J;eRCTBII51. IIoneBhie opyAII51 TaK)I(e HaXOAIIJIIICh em:e B CBOeM

MJia)J;eH~eCKOM

B03pa-

CTe; HaiipOTIIB, T51)1(eJihie rrymKII C)J;eJiaJIII y)l(e MHOrO rrpo60IIH B CTeHaX pbiUapCKIIX 3aMKOB II B03BeCTIIJIII 4leo)J;aJihHOMY )J;B0p51HCTBY, ~TO BMeCTe c rropoxoM rrpiimen KOHeu 3IIOxe pbiUapeR.

Py~Hoe orHecTpenhHOe opy)I(IIe ( apKe6y3) B

XV BeKe no CBOIIM Ka~e足

CTBaM ycTyrrano aHrJIIIHCKOMY nyKy. Ha none 6o51 oHo eme He IIMeno 3Ha-

~eHIIH II B coo6meHII51X o 6o51x BeKa

~aCTO

)J;a)l(e He yrrOMIIHaeTC51.

ApKe6y3 ycTyrran ap6aneTy B )J;aJihHOCTII, MeTKOCTII, rrpo6IIBHOR CIIJie II CKOpOCTpeJihHOCTII. B KOHUe

BeKa II3 apKe6y3a uenh rropa)l(a-

nach Ha

200-250 maroB, T.e.

cTaHUIIIO B)J;BOe MeHhmyro,

~eM

Ha AIIII3 ap-

6aneTa. IIpeiiMYmecTBa apKe6y3a 3a-

KJIIO~aJIIICh B MeHhmeM ero ra6apiiTe, He3aBIICIIMOCTII OT 4lii3II~eCKOR ycTaJIOCTII CTpeJIKa II 3BYKOBOM 34l4leKTe, rryraBmeM JIOilla)J;eR pbiUapCKOR KOHHIIUhi. HoBoe opy)I(IIe JliOTep o6n51BIIT TBOpeHIIeM )J;b51BOJia II a)J;a, 6oM6ap)J;bl II apKe6y3hl -

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XVI

pyKII II BhiKaJihiBaTh rna3a, a 6oM6ap-

fJiaBHbiM pO)J;OM BORCK CTaHOBII-

piiii B TO BpeM51 6hiJIO )J;OBOJibHO MHO-

AIIPOB y6IIBaTh. B rrpaKTIIKe II B TeoPa3BIITIIe HOBhiX o6mecTBeHHhiX OTHOmeHIIR II II306peTeHIIe HOBOrO

JiaCh rreXOTa, BOOpy)l(eHHa51 IIIIKOR

ro rrpOTIIBHIIKOB HOBOrO opy)I(IIH.

opy)I(II51 OIIpe)J;eJIIIJIII II3MeHeHIIe

IIJIII ane6ap)J;OR II pemaBma51 IICXO)J;

HaKO B

0):1;-

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CTPYKTYPhi Boopy)l(eHHOR opraHII3a-

6o51.

UIIII. Bo3pO)I()J;anach rrexoTa, T51)1(e-

6hiJIII BOOpy)l(eHhl TOJibKO XOJIO)J;HbiM

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IJpOII3BO)J;CTBO II IICIIOJib30BaHIIe

B yrra)J;OK, II051BIIJIC51 HOBbiH pO)J;

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BORCK- apTIIJinepii51, pa3BIIBanoch

JIO IICIIOJib30BaHIIe IIX )J;JI51 MaHeBpa B

rrepiiOA ero pa3BIITII51 B 3arra)J;HOR

IIH)I(eHepHoe IIcKyccTBO. B

CB513II c

6oro. Jliimh 3aTeM rrpoii3omno opra-

EBporre IIMeno uexoBOR xapaKTep,

3TIIM II3MeH51JIIICb 4lopMbl opraHII3a-

HII3aUIIOHHoe )J;eJieHIIe rreXOTbl Ha KO-

BCJie)J;CTBIIe

UIIII BORCK: COBepmeHCTBOBaJiaCh 4le-

rrefuuiiKOB II MYIIIKeTepoB. B pyccKOM

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rrexoTa, II T51)1(eJia51 KOHHIIUa

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~ero

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BORCKe 3TOT opraHII3aUIIOHHbiH BOll-

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poe 6hiJI pemeH rryTeM C03)J;aHII51

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(poTa).

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391

Ille'lHI>llt MaCTep, H3rOTOBJHIBillHlt

BCTpe'lHhlX 6oeBJ>lX ,AeltCTBHlt, KOTO-

6oM6ap,Ahl, CTaBHJI HX Ha II03HUHIO H

phle, O,AHaKO, He IIOJIY'lHJIH 3Ha<JH-

CTpeJIJIJI H3 H HX.

TeJII>HOro pa3BHTHJI.

0,AHaKO OrHeCTpeJII>HOe opy:11me

flpH ,AOCTH)KeHHH ycnexa B 6010

pacrrpOC1paHJIJIOCI> ,AOBOJII>HO 6hlC1pO,

BeJIOCI> TOJII>KO TaKTH'leCKOe rrpecJie-

<JeMy crroco6cTBOBaJIO ABa <}>aKTOpa:

AOBaHHe H TO HaKopoTKe- AO 3a-

so-rrepBhlX, ornec1peJI1>Hoe opy:11me

XBaTa narep.SI rrpOTHBHHKa. TaKTHqe-

CBOHMH BhlCTpeJiaMH rryraJIO JIOilla-

CKaJI rro6e,Aa pe,AKO rrepepacTana B

,Aelt, JIBJIJIBillHXCJI OCHOBOlt phlUapCKOlt

C1paTern<JeCKHlt ycnex.

BeKa npvt CMflbHb/X npaBMTeflf/X (eHpvtXe IV M feHpvtxe VB AHmvtM 6bma BOCCTaHOBfleHa ~eHTpanM30BaHHaf/ enacrb. Bo ct>paH~MM )l(e nepvto.tJ.vt'-lecKvte ecnbJWKM 6e3yMMfl y Kapna VI no.acrerHynvt 6opb6y 3a enacrb Me)I(.ay rep~orcrBaMM OpneaHCKMM M {;ypryH.tJ.CKMM, KOTOpafl BCKOpe nepepocna B nonHoMacwra6Hy/O rp8)1(.aaHCKYIO BOVtHY.

KOHHHUI>l, HaHOCHBillelt rJiaBHhllt y,Aap

IlpH 6op1>6e 3a o6na,AaHHe oT-

B 6010, H, BO-BTOphlX, 1pe60BaJIO He-

AeJII>HhlMH yKperrJieHHhlMH rryHt..'TaMH

BhlCOKOlt KBaJIH<}>HKauHH H MaJIOlt <}>H-

CHJihl o6hl<JHO pacnhlJIJIJIHCI>. Kpyrr-

1402 r. PAHUY3CKASI no.o..O.EP:>KKA WOTJ1AH.O.IIU1. ct>paH-

3H'leCKOlt CHJII>l (cpaBHHTeJII>HO C ,Ae-

Hhle CTpaTerH'leCKHe UeJIH He CTaBH-

~Y3CKvte BOVtCKa (B OCHOBHOM, rep-

JI'reJII>HOCThlO ap6aJie'I"'HKOB H JIY'lHH-

JIHCI>, a ,AOCTH)KeHHe IIOJIHTH'leCKHX

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KOB).

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1403 r. PAHUY3CKII1E PEPI.O.bl HA AHfJ1111PICKOE n06EPE:>KbE. noKa (eHpMX IV no.aaBnfln

no BJIHJIHHJI Ha pa3BHTHe 6oeBhlX IIOPJIAKOB. Ilo3TOMY rrexoTa MorJiacpa)KaTJ>CJI coMKHYThlMH KBa,u,paTHhlMH 60JII>IllHX IIOTepl> OT OrHJI apTHJIJie-

CTOJIETH.H.H BOHHA. BTOP.AH CTA)UI.H,

pHH. BaTaJIHJI rrpe,ACTaBJIJIJia co6olt

1396-1457 rr.

MaCCaMH- 6aTaJIHJIMH, He HeCJI

BCnbiXMBa/Oll.IMe TO Tyr, TO TaM Mf/Te)I(Vf, <PpaH~Y3bl pa30pvtnM nnvtMyr M e11.1e HecKonbKO noproB Ha no6epe)l(be fla-MaHwa.

xopornyro MHilleHJ>, HO 6oM6apAhl eme He MOrJIH ee rropa)KaTJ>. PMuapH OKa3aJIHCI> 6eCCHJII>HhlMH IIpeO,AOJieTh CHJIY COIIpOTHBJieHHJI 6aTaJIHH, CIIOC06Holt He TOJII>KO o6opOHJITI>CJI, HO H HacryrraTJ> HaKopoTKe. JlHHeltHOe IIOC1pOeHHe JIY'lHHKOB HJIH ap6aJie'I"'HKOB BIIepeMe)Kry CO CIIeilleHHhlMH phlUapJIMH 61:JJIO BTOpolt pa3HOBHAHOCThiO 6oesoro rropJIAKa, JIBJIJIBilleroCJI IIOJIHOlt IIpOTHBOIIOJIO)KHOCThlO 6aTaJIHH. 3TOT 6oeBOlt rropJIAOK aHrJIH'laHe ycrrernHo rrpHMeHJIJIH KaK AJIJI o6opOHhl, TaK H AJIJI

OpneaHcKoro) oKa3anvt noMOll.lb WOTnaH,ll,~aM npvt BTOp)l(eHMM BAHmM/0.

1405 r. PAHUY3CKASI no.o..O.EP:>KKA Y3JlbCY. ct>paH~Y3CKvte

WATKOE nEPEMHPHE, 1396-1413 rr. 3aKfl/O'-/af/ napvt)I(CKMVt MMP ( 1396 r.) cpoKoM Ha30ner, Plll'-lap.all M Kapn VI pacc'-/MTbJBanvt, '-ITO eoVIHe reM caMbJM 6y.aer nono)l(eH KOHe~. O.aHaKO M3-3a BHyTpeHHeVt HeCTa6vtflbHOCTM B o6evtx crpaHax MenKvte CTb/'-IKM He npeKpall.laflMCb; o6a MOHapxa OTKpbJTO He no.a.aep)I(MBanvt, HO BTMXY/0 nOOll.IPflflM BCeB03MO)I(Hb/e Ha6ervt M Mf!Te)l(vt. B Ha'-lane

BOVtCKa noMoranM BannMVtCKOMY Mf/Te)I(HMKY Oy3HY rneH.tJ.OBepy.

1406 r. PAHUY3CKII1E HAnAAEHII1SI HAAHfJ1111PICKII1E BJlA.O.EH 111SI so PAH U111111. b YPTYHJJ.~bl M opneaH~bl BpeMeHHO 3aK.n/O'-IMflM C0/03 JJ.Jifl COBMeCTHb/X onepa~MVt BO BbeHHe M nporvtB Kane.

24 HOQ6pg 1407 r. Y6111PICTBO 6YPfYH.O.UAMII1 fEPUOfA JliO.O.OBII1KAOPJlEAHCKOfO. 3ro co-

HacryrrneHHJI. flpH IIOCTpoeHHH BOltCK ,AJIJI 6oJI y<JHThlBaJIHCI> csoltcTBa MeCTHOCTH. ,[(o 3Toro e,AHHo6opcTBoBaBrnHe phluapH Bhl6HpaJIH pOBHoe IIOJie 6oJI. Terrep1> Ba)f(HhlM MOMeHTOM Tah.'THKH CTaJIO yMeHHe IIOJII>30BaThCJI rrepece<JeHHOlt MeCTHOCThlO C UeJII>IO IIO,AroTOBKH BHe3anHhlX yAapos, yKphlTHJI OT JI,Aep 6oM6apA, o6ecne<JeHHJI <}>naHros, C03AaHHJI 3aTpy,AHeHHlt AJIJI HacryiiaiOlllero, ysenH<JeHHJI CHJihl yAapa rrpH aTaKe. Pac'llleHeHHe soltcKa Ha HeCKOJIJ>KO Tah.'TH'leCKHX e,AHHHU -

06hl<JHO

Ha 1pH rpyiiiii>l (6aTaJIHH)- IIOCTaBHJIO BOIIpOC 06 opraHH3aUHH HX B3aHMO,AeltCTBHJI H 0 Tah.'TH'leCKOM MaHeBpHpOBaHHH KaK B rrpe,ABH,AeHHH 6oJI, TaK H B xo,Ae ero. HoBhlM MOMeHTOM B TaKTHKe 6J>IJIO B03HHKHOBeHHe

)Kene3Hbl~

wneM Ha'fana XV a.

392

KOHEU. CPE)J.HV1X BEKOB. 1400-1500 rr.

6b!rMe npMBeno K nonHOMacwra6HOtli BOtliHe Me)l(_ay 6ypryH,aMetli 111 OpneaHoM. B 6opb6e c 6ypryH.al.laMM Ba)I(HYFO ponb Mrpan rpacf> 6epHap ,a'ApMaHMIK; nosroMy pOflflMCTCKYIO napTMIO ( Mfl/11 opneaHCJ<YIO, MnM napr11110 Banya) 3BanM apMaHb>~KaMM.

1411 r. nPII13biBbl o noMo-

m..., KAHfJ1111111. Bee -MopneaH/..lbl,

Kapn VI 6e3yMHbJtli; KoponeM ct>paHl.lMM, a raK)I(e AHmMM 6bm npoBo3maweH npe6bJBaBwMtli B Mna,aeH'lecree leHpux VI. PereHroM npu HeM cran jJ,)I(OH nnaHrareHer, repl.lor 6e,acpop,a ( Mna,awutli 6par leHpuxa V), npMHf/BWMtliC>J,aef/renbHO ynp04MB8Tb aHm!lltliCJ<YIO Bnacrb B 3aBOeBaHHb/X cppaHl.lY3CK!IIX 3eM!I>JX. J].ocp!IIH, B

111 6ypryH,l1/..lbl - MCKBn!ll co,aet/icrBMfl leHpMxa IV.

MaH 1413 r. COI03rEHPII1XA V C rEPU,OrOM 6YPrYHACKII1M. B o6MeH Ha yeenM4eHue reppuropuu rep/..lOrCrBa VfoaHH 6eccrpaWHbJtli noo6e1.1.1an, 4ro 6y,aer co6n10,aarb HetlirpanMrerunpM3HaercF03epeHMTeT /eHpMXa V. /eHp!IIX V Ha'lan no,arorOBJ<Y K BrOp)l(eH/1110 BO 4JpaH/..l!IIIO.

nEPJ.10)J. IEHPJ.1XA V, 1413-1428 rr. Mono,aotli Koponb leHpux VO,l1MH 1113 CaMb/X C!llflbHb/X 111 9HeprM4Hb/X npaBMrenet/i 3a BCIO aHm!lllliCJ<YIO MCTOPMIO - BOCnOflb30BaflCfll.laPMBWetli BO 4JpaH/..l!IIM aHapxuet/i, 4T06bJ nonblrarbCfl OKOH4!11rb BOtliHy no CXeMe, KoropyFO npe,aeu,aen e1.1.1e ero npanpa.ae.a 3,ayap,a Ill. C noMO/.l.lb/0 X!llrpoyMHOtli ,aMnnoMarMM, npe,aBapMrenbHO 3apy4!11BW!I1Cb HetlirpanMreroM 6ypryH,acKoro repl.lora l1oaHHa 6eccrpawHoro, leHpux V eroprCfl eo ct>paH/..l!IIFO 111 npM A3eHKype Haronoey pa36Mn ropa3,ao 6onee MHOro'lucneHHYFO cppaHl.lY3CJ<YIO apMMIO (KnaCC!I14eCKMM cnoco60M, KaK np!ll KpeC/11111 nyarbe). Pa3rpOM9roryHec )1(!113HM 60flbWMHCTBa opneaHCKMX nu,aepoe, B pe3ynbrare 4ero K enac™ B rep3aeMotli yco6Ml.laMM ct>paH/..l!ll!ll y,aanocb npMtlirM 6ypryH.al.laM. 3a 4erbJpe c nonoeuHotli ro.aa nocne A3eHKypa leHpux V noKopMn HopMaH,aMFO Ill ,l1BMHYflCfl Ha nap!ll)l(. 4JpaHl.lY3CKOe npaB!IIrenbCrBO, B KOropOM 38npaen>~n ror.aa l1oaHH 6eccrpawHbJtli, KanMrynMpoeano nepe,a leHpMXOM V, 111 B ropo,ae Tpya 6bm no.anucaH .aoroeop, comacHo KoropoMy Kapn VI ycrpaH>~n or Hacne.aoBaHMfl ceoero CbJHa, ,aocpuHa Kapna, 06bf/Bflflfl Hacne,aHMKOM /eHpMXa VIll BbJ,aaBan 3a Hero 3aMj?K CBOIO ,l104b EKarepMHY. Cne,ayFOI.l.IMe .aea ro.aa leHpMX V 6b!n 3aHflr reM, 4rO ynpo4!11Ban CBOIO BnaCTb B CeBepHOtli 4JpaH/..l!IIM, HO, rorOBf/Cb K noxo,ay Ha FOr i.JeHrpanbHOtli 4JpaH/..l!IIM, r,ae ,aocpMH npo,aon)l(an nonb30BaTbCfl HeKoropotli no.a,aep)I(KOtli, leHpux VHeO)I(!II,aaHHO yMep. BcKope yMep 111

renbHO no,aaBMB BC>IKOe conpOTMBneHMe ena,abNecrey aHmM'laH B CeeepHotli 111 3ana,aHotli ct>paH/..l!ll!ll. 3areM OH B0306HOBMfl no,arOTOBJ<Y K BTOp)l(eHMFO B npoBMH/..l!IIFO Wep, ne)l(aJ.l.IYFO K lOry OT flyapbl, HaMepeBa>ICb pa3rpoMMrb nocne,aHutli onnor Banya.

Anpenb 1415 r. 06bS1BJlEHII1E rEHPII1XOM V BOli'IHbl KAPJlY VI. C,aeeHa.al.larurbJC>I4HOtli apMuetli OH ornnbm B HopMaH,aMFO

( 10 aeryera). 13 aarycTa-22 ceHTfl6pfl 1415 r. OCAAA 6APJlEPA (B HOPMAHA111111, 3AnAAHEE WEP6 YPA). B KOHI..le KOH/..lOB leHpux V3axearun-TaKM ropo,a nocne roro, KaK norepM 111 snu,aeMMM coKparunu ero apMMIO no'lr!ll B,l1BOe.

A3eHJcypcKaR KaMnaHIIIR, 10-24 OKTR6pR 1415 r.

Pbl... apcm~ AOCnex XV B. CO WJJeMOM T"'na «6ap610T»

ropo,ae 6yp)l(e npoeo3rnacuewutli ce6>1 KoponeM, c noMO/.l.lb/0 6peroHl.leB 3aMe,anMn aHmMtlicKoe noKopeH!IIe ct>paHl.l!IIM. B 6111ree npM ABpaHwe ( B HopMaH,aMM, 6n1113 ycTb>l peKM Ce) repl.lor 6e,acpop,a pa36un o6be,auHeHHbJe cMnbJ ,aocpMHa 111 repl.lora 6perOHCKOrO, reM CaMb/M OKOH'la-

no COBepweHHO HenOHf/rHb/M np!114MHaM leHp!IIX V peWMfl ,l1BMrarbC>I 1113 6apcpnepa B Kane no cywe ( 10 OKT>~6p>~). BbJCKa3bJBanocb npe,anono)l(eHMe, 6y,aro OH pacc4MrbJBan BOBfle% cppaH/..lY30B B 6!11rBy; O,l1HaKO C y'leTOM roro, 4TO y Hero OCTaBaflOCb BCero 6 rb/C>I4 4enoBeK, 111 4rO HM aprunnepuu, Hill rf!)l(enoro o6o3a OH He B3>1fl, a ra/OKe npMHMMa>J BO BHMMaHMe, KaK!IIM !IIMeHHO MapwpyTOM 111 C KaKOtli CKOpocrb/0 OH ,l1B!IIranCfl, sro npe,acraen>Jerc>J Manoeepo>~rHbJM. C ,apyrot/i cropOHbl, cronb cKoponanMrenbHbJtli war nnoxo co4eraerc>J c o6bJ4HO eecbMa paccy,aurenbHotli Harypot/i /eHp!IIXa V. npoXO,l1>1 B ,aeHb 60flbWe 23 KM, OH HanpaBfl>lflC>I np>~Mo K 6po,ay 6naHweTaK, r.ae nepe,a 6111reotli npu KpecM nepenpaen>~nc>~ 3,ayap,a Ill. Ho 6po,a 6bm3a6noKMpoeaH MecrHbJM cpeo,aanbHbJM onon'leHMeM, 111 B noMcKax He3all.IMI.l.laeMotli nepenpaBbJ /eHp!IIX V HanpaBMflCfl BBepx

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X MecTo cpaii\CHHR llpH AaeHKype (1415r. ) """""".......,..,...., COpaHyyacKHe TeppHTOpHH, HaXOAHBWHeCJI K 1429 r. OOA BilaCTb!O aHrAH'IaH panoH " naile, v ,.. · "' ~~ ocTaBWH HCil y aHr ilu'l a -~ 11 1453 r . H rep!!Ora uypryHACKoro .·.'i:'i:";::::·. OcHOBHbie pal!OHbi nap TH3aHCKoil ·:;:;·.~::.· 60pb6bl npOTHB aHrAH'laH 8 1428-1429rr. 75 0 75 150 ~ "

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393

394

KOHEU. CPE)J.HV1X BEKOB. 1400-1500 rr.

no Te4eHMIO COMMbl - Ha BOCTOK. Bee MOCTbl 6bmM unu pa3pyweHbl, MnM oxpaHRnMCb, a 6pO.tJ.bl MnM TO)I(e OX{)BHWIMCb, vl!IM6bJnM HenpOXOP.MMbl M3-3a Bb/COKOW BOP.bl. B KOH~e KOH~OB, B03ne .tJ.epeeyWKM ATM, B 16 KM K IOTO-BOCTOK}f OT nepOHHa, leHpMX V Hawen He3awuwaeMyto nepenpaey ( 19oKTR6pR). TeM epeMeHeM cf>paH~Y3CKaR apMMfi4MCneHHOCTbfO CBb/we TPMP.UaTM Tb/Cf/4 4enoeeK nOP. KOMaH.tJ.OBaHMeM KOHHeTa6nR ctJpaH~MMKapna.tJ.'Anb6pe, P.BMraRCb.tJ.BYMfl .tJ.MBM3MfiMM, nyCTMnaCb B npecne.tJ.OBaHMe M3 PyaHa. AHmM4aHe YCKOnb3HynM y HMX 6yKeanbHO M3nOP. Hoca; cppaH~Y3bl nepenpaeunucb 4epe3 CoMMYY A6eunR uAMbeHa, coe.tJ.MHMnMcb y Kop6u u P.BMHYnucb Ha ceeepo-eocToK, 4epe3 nepoHH u GanoM. Kapn P.'Anb6pe RBHO 6blfl XOPOWO MHcpOpMMPOBaH 0 HaCT}'nneHMM /eHpMXa V M B03fle 3aMKa A3eHKYP nepeKpbm TOMY maeHyto ceeepHyto .tJ.Opory Ha Kane. TaM aHmu4aHe MX M 06Hapy)I(MnM YTPOM 24 OKTR6pR. Cy.tJ.R no eceMy, leHpux V 6bm roTOe noi1TM Ha neperoeopbl - )l(.tJ.aTb nOMOWM eMy 6blfl0 HeOTKYP.a, a nyTb K OTCTynneHM/0 OKa3anCR nepeKpb!T. npunaCbl yaHrnM4aH .tJ.aBHO KOH4MnMCb, npOBMaHT .tJ.06bJBanCR MCK!If04MTenbHO rpa6e)l(aMM. B ceoto o4epe.tJ.b, MeCTHbJe )I(MTenM HenpepbJBHO 3aTeeanu c aHmu4aHaMM CTb/4KM, ycTpaMBBnM 3aC8.tJ.bl Ha OTCTatoWMX M MapO.tJ.epoe. neperOBOpbl HM4ero He P.anu: yeepeHHb/e B no6e.tJ.e cppaH~}'3bl Ha KOMnpOMMCC He WnM, a /eHpMX V He )Kenan OTKa3b/BaTbCfl OT npMTf/3aHMW Ha cppaH~}'3CKMW TPOH. Bbl.tJ.BMranucb npe.tJ.nono)l(eHMR, 4TO Kapny P.'Anb6pe Ha.tJ.o 6bmo aTaKoeaTb cpa3y, KaK TOnbKO aHmM4aHe noReunucb. KoHe4HO, M3-3a 9Toi1 3a.tJ.ep)I(KM aHmM4aHe nonY4MnM HeCKOnbKO 4aCOB OT.tJ.b/Xa; O.tJ.HaKO COMHMTenbHO, 4T06bl OHa KaK-TO noBnMRna Ha cpaKTopbJ, onpe.tJ.enuewue ucxo.tJ. cne.tJ.ytowero P.HR. Kapn P.'Anb6pe, y4eHMK KOHHeTa6nR GepTpaHa P.to leKneHa, nnaHupoean 3aHRTb o6opoHMTenbHYto no3M~Mto. Ho ee4epoM 3ananb4MBbJe cf>paH~Y3CKMe 6apOHbl, yeepeHHble, 4TO 6onee 4eM TpOeKpaTHO npeBOCXO.tJ.fiT

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Hbl, Ha paCCTOf/HMM 4YTb 6onbWe nonyTOpa KMnOMeTpOB P.PYT OT .tJ.pyra. KoHHeTa6nb P.'Anb6pe, BMP.MMO, ynoeafi(M coeepweHHO 6ecno4BeHHo) Ha IOHOWeCK}f/0 3ananb4MBOCTb leHpuxa If, ece ewe HBP.eRncR, 4TO aHmM4aHe Hana.tJ.YT nepBb/MM. nocne P.onroro CTORHMR leHpux V pewun cnpOBOUMPOBaTb cppaH~}'3CK}IIO aTaK}f M OTP.an npMKa3 npe.tJ.enbHO OCTOpO)I(HO Bbl.ll.BMHYTbCfl Bnepe.tJ. npMMepHO Ha TPM 4eTBepTM KMnOMeTpa. OcywecTBMB 9TOT MaHeep, aHmu4aHe BOCCTaHOBMnM npe)I(HMW CTpOW C my60KO 9WenOHMPOBaHHb/MM enepe.tJ. V-o6pa3HbiMM Pfl.tJ.aMM ny4HMKOB Me)l(.tJ.Y «BOWCKaMM» cneWeHHb/X Tfl)l(enb/X BCa.tJ.HMKOB M KOnei1WMKOB. Cy.tJ.fl no eceMy, cpnaHroBbJe ny4HMKM 6blflM Bbl.ll.BMHYTbl enepe.tJ. MeTpOB Ha CTO M HaXO.tJ.MnMCb y CaMOW KPOMKM neca; Te )l(e, KTO HaXOP.MnCR e ~eHTpanbHbiX V-o6pa3HbiX Pfl.tJ.aX, 6bJCTpO BKOJIOTMJIM B 3eMnto KOJibfl, COOPYP.MB npe.tJ.Ha3Ha4eHHb/W .ll.flfl 3aWMTb/ OT KaeanePMWCKOW aTaKM 4aCTOKOJI. AHmui1cKoe Bbl.tJ.BM)I(eHue B03biMeno )l(enaeMbli19cpcpeKT. He e coCTORHMM Y.tJ.ep)l(aTb PBYWMXCfl B 6oi1 HenOKOpHb/X 6apOHOB, KOTOpbJe «HM4ero He 3a6blflM M HM4eMy He HaY4MJIMCb», KOHHeTa6Jib ctJpaH~MM HeOXOTHO OTP.afl KOMaHP.Y HaCTynaTb. nepeoe eoi1cKo cnewuewux-

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no3M~Mf/M. OnbJT KpecM M nyaTbe nOBTOpMflC>I B T0'4HOCTM. bOflbWB>I '48CTb BC8,l1HMKOB MflM nowa,aew nonema no,a BHTnMWCKMMM CTpenBMM.

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PM OT OTH>I ny'4HMKOB, HO 60flbWMHCTBO .aownM M, 6naro.aap>~ no.aaen>~ IOmeMy '4McneHHOMY npeeocxo.acTey, onecHMnM aHmM'4BH. Ho aHrnMWCKMe flY'4HMKM B3flflMCb 3a Me'4M M TOnOpbJ M, OCTaBMB

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KOTO 06XO,l1HOTO MBHeBpa <f>paH~y-

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3AnA)J.HA$l EBPOnA WO cnnaHMPOBaHHb/e KaMnaHMM reHPMX V MeTO,awmo noKopMn HopMaH,aMJO; noxo,abl ero pa3MrenbHO ornM'lanMcb OT HMKaK He KOOp,aMHMPOBaHHbiX Me>Kay co6oi1 pei1.aoe 3.ayap.aa Ill rpex'lereeprbBeKoeoi1 .aaeHocrM. HaM6onee npMMe'larenbHbiM co6b!TMeM 38 BCe TPM KaMnaHMM f/BMnacb narMMeca'lHaa oca.aa PyaHa ( ceHTa6pb 1418 r: - aHeapb 1419 r.). 3a cne,ayJOu.me nonro.aa reHpMx V OKOH'laTeflbHO ynpO'lMfl CB0/0 BflaCTb e HopMaH,aMM; He y,aanocb B3f!Tb ronbKO 6eperoey10 Kpenocrb MoHCeH-MMwenb(Ha 6epery o,aHOMMeHHoi1 6yxrbl e 38nMee CeH-Mano). Tenepb OH 6bin IOTOB ,aBMiaTbCfl B my6b crpaHbl. 29MaQ 1418 r. 3AXBATnAP&.1:>KA 6YPrYHAUAM&.1. 0Bn811.eB cronm.lei1, t1oaHH 6eccrpawHbli1 nepe6Mn nO'lTM BCeX OCTaBWMXCfl B)I(MBb/X nocne A3eHeypa nM.aepoe opneaHcKoi1 napTMM; npMMe'laTeflbHb/M MCKfl/0'-leHMeM aeMnca .ao<f>MH Kapn, KOTOpb!W 6e)l(an Ha 101. 10 ceHTQ6pg 1419 r. Y6&.1UICTBO IIIOAHHA 6ECCTPAUJ HOfO. 0Ho npoM3owno eo epeMa nepeMMPMfl, Kor.aa OH een neperoeopbl c .ao<f>MHOM Ha Mocry e MoHrpe (e coep. Weei1l.laPMM). B pe3ynbrare ynpO'lMflCfl C0/03 6ypryH.al.leB- KOTOpb!X B03maBMfl <1>MnMnn II/)J,o6pb!W Mno.aaep)I(MBana Koponeea t13a6enna, )l(eHa Kapna VI 6e3yMHoro - c aHiflM'laHaMM npOTMB ,ao<f>MHa M napTMM apMaHbf/KOB. MaH 1420 r. MAPW fEHPIIIXA V HA nAPIII)f(. OH eocnonb3oeanca HOBb/M BMTKOM O)l(eCTO'leHMfl BO <f>paHI..lY3CKOW rpa)l(l1aHCKOW BOWHe. 21 MaQ 1420 r. noAniiiCAHIIIE AOfOBOPA B TPYA. reHpMx V cran Hacne,aHMKOM Kapna VIM <f>aKTM'lecKM npaBMTeneM <1>paH/..lMM. 1420-1422 rr. YnPOYEHIIIE fEHPIIIXOM V CBOEUI BflACTIII B CEBEPHOUI q>PAHU&.1&.1. npe)l(.ae 'leM Bb/CTynMTb npOTMB ,ao<f>MHa, OH HaMepeeanca Mero,aM'lHO no.aaeMTb BCe O'laiM conpOTMBneHMfl CTOPOHHMKOB Banya ceeepHee Jlyapbl. KynbMMHal.lMei1 3TMX KaMnaHMi1 f!BMnacb ycnewHaa oca.aa MeLla ( oKra6pb 1421 r: - Mai1 1422 r.), eo BpeMf/ KOTOpoi1 reHpMX V 3a6onen.

397

rep!40r <J>wnmn Ao6pbl~ (cneaa) B OIQ)yJKeHHH npHABOPHbiX. <J>parMeHT 6ypryHACKO~ MHHH3T10pbl cepeAHHbl XV B.

21 MapTa 1421 r. 1 CPA)f(EHIIIE nPIII 60)f(E (B COBP. AEnAPTAMEHTE MEH &.1 JJYAPA) . B xo.ae pei1.aa e JO)I(HYJO HopMaH,aMJO ycMneHHbli1 WOTnaH,aCKMMM HaeMHMKaMM <f>paHI..lY3CKMW OTpfl,a CTOflKHYflCfl C aHmMWCKMM no,a KOMaH,aOBaHMeM ToMaca nnaHTareHeTa, rep/..lOia K.napeHca ( 6para reHpMxa V). ATaK}'f/ wornaH,aCKMe nepe.aoeb!e nocTbl, repl.lor KnapeHc co CBMTOi1 oropeanca OT CBOMX BOWCK, 6bm OTpe3aH OT maBHb/X CMfl, OKpy;KeH M y6MT, a ero Yl.leneewMe cnyTHMKM nonanM e nneH. Tena repl.lora K.napeHca MocranbHbiX norM6WMX BCKOpe OT6MnM aHmMWCKMe flY'4HMKM, O,aHaKO nopa)l(eHMe aHmM'laH 6bin0 nonHbiM. 31 aarycTa 1422 r. CMEPTb fEHPIIIXA V. KoponeM AHmMM MHacne,aHMKOM <f>paHI..lY3CKOIO npeCTOna CTan ero ,aeBf/TMMeCf/'lHb/W Cb/H reHpMxVI. 21 OKTQ6pg 1422 r. CMEPTb KAPJJA VI. Bcne.a 3a 3TMM co6b!TMeM reHpMX Vl6bm npoB03maweH Kopo-

neM <1>paH/..lMM; j],)I(OH nnaHTareHeT, repl.lor Ge.a<f>op.a, cran pereHTOM <t>paHI..lMM npM ManonerHeM Kopone. 31 OKTQ6pg 1422 r. AOq>&.1H nPOB03fJJAWAET CE6S1 KOPOJJEM q>PAHU&.1&.1 KAPJJOM VII. 3ro npoM3owno B ropo.ae Gyp)l(e. O.aHaKO HMKBKMX He3aMe,aflMTeflbHb/X nonb/TOK BepHyrb TO, 'lTO npMHa,afle)l(ano eMy no npaey po>KaeHMfl, oH He npe.anpMHan. 1422-1428 rr. 6EAq>OPA YnPOYIIIBAET AHfJJIIIUICKYIO BJJACTb B CEBEPHOUI q>PAHU&.1&.1. noKaj],)l(oH nnaHrareHeT, rep/..lOI Ge.a<f>op.a, npo.aon)l(an npereoparb B )I(M3Hb crparerM'leCKMe 3aMb!Cflbl ceoero noKoi1Horo crapwero 6para, no.a.aep)I(Ka 6ypryH.al.leB Mano-noMany wna Ha y6bmb. 21 Hto11Q 1423 r. 1 CPA)f(EHIIIE nPIII KPABAHE. 3.aecb He6onbwaa aHmo-6ypryH,aCKaf/ apMMfl no,a KOMaH,aOBaHMeM ToMaca MoHrerJO, rpa<f>a Conc6epM, aHmMi1cKoro KOponeecKoro HaMeCTHMKa B HopMaH-

1,[(pyrlle liCTOqHl!Kll AaT!!pyiOT cpaJKeH!Ie np!!EolKe 22 MapTa 1421 roAa.

1,[(pyrne l!croqHl!Kll AaTHpyiOT cpalKeH!Ie npll KpaBaHe 31 l!IOJHI 1423 roAa.

398

KOHELJ, CPE,LJ,HV1X BEKOB. 1400-1500 rr.

AMM, o.aep%ana no6e,ayHa.a HecKonbKO npeBOCXO,aH111,MMM rppaHU,Y3CKMMM CMnaMM no,a KOMaH,aOBaHMeM KOHHeTa6nfl (J)paHU.MM rparpa 5/0waHa, s COCTa B KOTOpbtX BXO,aMnO no,apa 3,aeneHMe WOTnaH,aCKMX HaeMHMKOB. /parp o10waH nonan s nneH.

17 aBrycTa 1424 r. EiHTBA nPH BEPHE17111E (COBP. rOPOA BEPHE171 HA PEKE ABP B AEnAPTAMEHTE 3P). B cpa%eHMM, npoae,aeHHOM no KpecM-A3eHKypcKoii1 cxeMe, repu,or5e,arpop,apa36Mn aoceMHa,au,aTMTbtCf/4H bte rppa HLJ.Y3CKMe CMnbt (XOTfl Ha 9TOT pa3 rppaHU.Y3bl nonbtTanMcb npe.anpMHf/Tb o6xo,aHoii1 MaHeBp, HO 6btnM OT6MTbl ny4HMKaMM M3 OXpaHbl aHrnMMCKOTO o6o3a). (J)paHu,y3aMM KOMaH.aoaanM repu,or AnaHcoH M womaH.aU.bt ,/].)KoH CTIOapT M rparp Ap4M6anbJ]. )J.ymac. AnaHCOH 6btn 3aXBa4eH B nneH, rparp )J.ymac norM6.

6 MapTa 1426 r. CPA>KEH HE nPH CEH->KAME (B COBP. AEnAPTAMEHTE MAHW, Ei11H3 ABPAHWA). /epu,or 5 e.arpop.a pa 36Mn aoiiicKo KOHHeTa6nH (J)paHU,MM ApTIOpa .ae PMweMoHa M BbtHy,aMn era 6pam , r epu,ora 5 p e ToHcKoro, no.a4MHMTbCfl aHrnM4aHaM.

1426-1428 rr. rEPUOr EiEAOPA3ABEPWAET nOKOPEH HE CEBEPH0171 PAHUHH. CeHTH6pb 1428 r. AHr11H171CKOE HACTYn11EHHE HA tor. /pa rp Conc6epM c nHTMTbtCfi 4Hoii1 a p MMeiii BbiCTy nMn M3 napM%a, 4T06bt 3aXBa TMTb nepenpa ay 4epe3 flyapy 6nM3 Opn eaHa; 9To .aon%HO 6btno npe.aaa PMTb BTOp%eHMe s n poBMHU.M/0 W ep, rnaB Hbtiil ann aT ,aorpMHa.

1428-1429 rr. OCAAAOP11EAHA. flMKBM,aMp oaaa rppa HU.Y3CKMii1 yKpenneHHbtiil nna u..aa pM /O%Heeflyapbt, r p arp Conc6epM ao3o6HOBMn 6oeabte .aeiiicTBMfl ( 12 oKrn6pH) . A HrnM iiicKoe HacTy nneHMe .aocTMrno Kyn bMMHaU,MM, Kor.aa rparp Conc6ePM 6 btn CMepTen bHO paHeH nyw e4 HbiM BbiCTpenOM M3- 3a p eKM M KO MaH,aOBaHM e n p MHfln r parp Cyrp rponK. B nocne,ay10 111,Me MeCHLJ. bt CyrprponK ao3aen aoKpyr ropo.aa Ha ceaepHoM 6eper y peKMn MHM/0 pe.ayTOB. AHrnM4aH 6btn0 TaK Mana, 4TO nonHOCTb/0 3aMKHYTb KOnbU,O oca,abt

He y,aaaanocb; TaK 4TO npOBM3Mfl M no,aKpenneHMfl s oca%,aeHHbtii1 ropo.a KOe-KaK, HO nocTynanM- B OCHOBHOM, no peKe. i..{McneHHO 3a111,MTHMKM ropo,aa ( MX B03maBnf/n )/(aH OpneaHCKMM, rparp .ae )1.10Hya no npo3BaHM/O OpneaHCKMM 6acTap.a, He3aKOHHopo%,aeHHbtii1 CbiH fliO,aOBMKa I, repu,ora OpneaHcKoro) cyw.eCTBeHHo npeaocx o,aMnM oca%,aaaWMX. O,aHaKo 6oeaoiii.ayx rppaHLJ.Y30B 6btn HacTonbKO no.aopaaH, a y%ac, BHyweHHbiM aHrnMMCKMMM no6e,aaMM, CTOn b BenMK, 4TO HMKaKMX cepbe3HbiX nonbtTOK KOHTpaTaKOBaTb rppaHU,Y3bl M He npe,anpMHMManM.

OpneaH 6hiJI eWIHcTBeHHhiM nyHKTOM K CeBepy OT peKll Jlyapa, KOTOpblli y):lep)KllBaJICH BOHCKaMll cppa.HIJ:y3CKOro KopoJIH. 3TOT ropo):l rrperpa)l{):(aJI Bpary rJiaBIIblll rryTh B IO)KHYIO tiaCTb <l>paHU:llll, HBJIHBIIIYIOCH 6 a30ll B 6 opb6e c aHrJin iiaHaMll. ITo:noMy O pneaH HMeJI B<DKHOe cTp arer niiecKoe 3HatieHne. OH 6hiJI xopoiiio YKp errneH, HMeJI 3HatiHTeJibHhiH rapHn3oH, HO ):lOJifO ):lepmaThCH He MOf. Tpe6oBanacb ):le6noKa):la r op o):la. )Knrenn ropoAa c omrnn rrocaA, IIpllHHJill r apHll30H ll3 HaeMHllKOB, OTJillBaJill IIyiiiKll llll3fOTOBJIHJill ITOp OX. A HrJimaHe OBJiaAeJin IIITYPMOM 6aiiiHHMll, C IOra IIpllKpbiBaBIIIllMll MOCT IIepe3 Jlyapy, a 3aTeM rrepeiiiJill K oca):le ropo):la. O ca):la Hatianacb 8 oKrn6pH ll IIpO):lOJimaJiaCb OKOJIO CeMll MeCHUeB. B o3Be):leHHaH aHrJIHIIaHaMll 6noKa):!HaH JillHllH HBJIHJiaCb O):lHOBpeMeHHO ll U:llPKYMBaJiaU:llOHHOH JillHlleH. K oHTpBanau:noHHaH JillHHH He coopymanacb, TaK KaK rrpoTHBHllK He co6np ancH IIITYPMOBaTh CllJibHhie YKperrJieHHH 0 pJieaHa, COCTOHBIIIlle ll3 KaMeHHOH KperrOCTHOll orpaAhi C 31 6aiiiHellll IIHThiO BOpOTaMll. En oKa):!HaH JillHllH aHrJIHIIaH, o6IUHM IIpOTH)I{eHlleM OKOJIO 7 KM, COCTOHJia ll3 11 YKperrJieHHH (rrHTh 6acTHJIHH n III ecTh 6ynbBapoE). EaCTHJillH - yKperrn eHne ll3 AepeBa llJill KaMHH, a 6yJibBap - rroneBoe YKPerrJieHne, paCC'IllTaHHOe, KaK ll 6aCTHJillH, Ha KpyroByiO o6opoHy. AHrJIHHcKne YKperrneHHH HaxOAHJillCb B rroJIYKllJIOMeTpe OT ropo):!CKOH CTeHhi.

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XV B.

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XIX B.

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6 MaH Haqa.JIHCb ):(eHCTBIDI C l(eJlbiO

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5 MaSI 1429 r. nEPBASI BbiJ1A3KA. )f(aHHB ,a 'ApK 803/flBB/1/flB

Eenoro. Ho aHrJIH'laHe YHH'ITO)KIIJlll

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aHrJIHqaHaM BTOpOe Tpe60BaHHe CHHTb ocaAy OpneaHa 11 yi1Tn H3

6epera Jiyaphi. DhiJIO perneHo rnTypMOBaTh 6aCTIIJIIIIO CBHTOfO lloaHHa H IIOKHHYJIU He TOJlbKO 3TY 6aCTHCBOH CIIJlbi JieBoro 6epera OHII cocpeL\OTOqJIJlll B 6acTIIJIHH ABryCTIIHa II B 6arneHHOM 6yJihBape.

no APYfiiM 11CTOqHIIKaM, 3Ta Bhi-

OTpHA tlJpaHu,y3oB MeAJieHHO Bhr-

<l>paHUHII. Ha 3TO aHrJIHHCKIIH KO-

Jia3Ka rrpoii30IIIJia

4 MaH, KOrAa )i{aH-

ca)KIIBaJICH Ha JieBOM 6epery peKII.

MaHAYIOIIliiH OTBeTIIJI CKBepHbiMII

Ha OTAhixana, 6e3 ee BeAOMa 6hma

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402

KOHEU. CPE)J.HV1X BEKOB. 1400-1500 rr. H/1/fl .D,Ofl/1/Hbl flyapbl OT 8Hmiii'48H. Tanb6or 6bm 3axBa'4eH B nneH. "'IOHb-HIOilb 1429 r. nOAbEM PAHUY3CKOfOAYXA. no.a Bniii-

RHIIIeM )f(aHHbl .a'ApK 6oeBOW .D.YX <f>paH~}'30B HeB/1/.D,BHHO OKpen; BHTfl/IIWCK/1/W )l(e pe3KO ocna6. HecMorPR Ha 6e3BOnllle 1116e3.aewcrB111e Kapna VII, <f>paH~Y3CK/IIe KpecTbRHe no.aHRn/1/cb Ha napTIII3BHCKYJO BOWHY npoT/1/B aHmiii'48H. 3ro 6ecnpe~e .aeHTHoe HBPO.D.HOe .D,B/If)l(eH/1/e COnpOT/1/BfleH/1/fl 3HaMeHoBano co6ow 38pO)I(.D,eH/IIe <f>paH~Y3CKOTO H8~/IIO H8fl/113M8. )f(aHHa .a'ApK B3Rna Tpya, WanoH 111 PewMc (111/0nb). ITocJie 6HTBhl 3a OpJieaH )KaHHa

BaSirne a nneH )f(aHHbl A'ApK. 6apen~>ecl> a co6ope

mase He6oJihiiioro oTp.sJAa oHa 6poCHJiach K 6acTHJIHH ABrycTHHa H yKpenHJia cBoe 3Hru.-m Ha KOHTP-9CKapne (nepe,.qHSISI OTJIOroCTh Hapy:lKHOrO pBa 6acTHJIHH). Ho B 3TO BpeMSI aHrJIH<JaHe npOH3BeJIH BhlJia3KY H 3aCTaBHJIH <}>paHUY30B oTcrynHTh. qT061>1 npeKpaTHTh IlaHHKY, )KaHHa C KOnbeM B pyKe 6pOCHJiaCb Ha aHrJIH<JaH. BcJie,.q 3a HeiO KOHTpaTaKOBaJI npoTHBHHKa JlaHp CO CBOHM OTpSI,.[{OM. AHrJIH<JaHe B 6ecnop.sJAKe CTaJIH oTcrynaTh, H <}>paHUY3hl BOpBaJIHCh B 6acTHJIHIO. )KaHHanpHKa3aJia paspyIIIHTh yKpeiiJieHHe H, OCTaBHB Ha6JIIO,.qeHHe 3a 6aiiieHHhlM 6yJibBapoM, B03BpaTHJiaCb B ropo,.q. rocyp 06i>SIBHJI, "'TO ,.[{0 IIpH6hlTHSI HOBhlX no,.qKpenJieHHJ:i OH npeKpaiiiaeT 6oeBhle ,.qeJ:iCTBHSI. )KaHHa 3MBHJia: «3aBTpa Mhl cpa:lKaeMC.ll». ITo npHKa3aHHIO roh)'pa 6i>mH 3aKphlTbi BCe ropO,.[{CKHe BOpOTa. 3aBOCTO<JHhlMH BOpOTa}.-fH OH Ha6JIIO,.[{aJI CaM.

7 MaS11429 r. CHs:IH1E OCAAbl C OPJlEAHA. )f(aHHa .a'ApK B03maBIIIna Hana.aeH/1/e Ha yKpenneHHbJW BHmiiiWCK/1/W nna~.aapM H8 JO)I(HOM 6epery flyapbl. HecMorpR Ha cepbe3Hoe paHeH/1/e crpenow, oHa npo.aon)l(ana B03m8Bflf/Tb flpOCTHbJe 8T8KIII, Ill K HBCTynneH/11/0 TeMHOTb/ <f>paH~}'3bJ o.aep)l(an/11 Bepx. AHmlllwcKaR 6noKa.aa 6bma npopBaHa. Ha cne.ayJOll..lee yrpo rpa<f> Cy<f><t>onK or-

cryn111n. 0H COBepW/1/fl OWIII6J<Y, pa3.aen/IIB CBOJO apMIIIJO Ha or.aenbHbJe rapHIII30Hbl .D,flfl 38ll..I/11Tbl HBXO.D,/IIBW/1/XCfl no.a BHm/1/WCKOW BflBCTb/0 roPO.D.OB B .aon/1/He flyapbJ. B cne.ayJOll..l/1/e He.D,en/1160flbWIIIHCTBO 9TIIIX TOpO.D,OB )f(aHH8 .a'ApK OTBOeBana. YTPOM 7 MaSI )KaHHa cena Ha KOHSI H CKa3aJia, "'TO Be<JepoM OHa BepHeTC.ll B ropo,.q qepe3 6aiiieHHhlJ:i <}>opT no MOCTY. ITonhlTKa rocypa 3a,.qep:lKaTh coJI,.qaT H ropo:lKaH ycnexa He HMeJia. BopoTa 6hlJIH oTKphlThi, H Ha<JaJiach nepenpasa Ha JieBhlJ:i 6eper Jlyaphl. Bo mare c )KaHHOJ:i coJI,.qaThi ycTpeMHJIHCh Ha IIITYPM nocJie,.qHero onJIOTa aHrJIH<JaH HaJieBOM 6epery peKH. TpH qaca AJIHJIC.ll 6oJ:i, B KOTopoM ,.qeBYIIIKa 6hlJia paHeHa CTPeJIOJ:i. )KaHHa CaMa BhlpBaJia CTPeJIY H3 paHbi H npHKa3aJia B03o6HOBHTh IIITYPM 6yJihBapa, KoTOphlJ:i BCKope 6hlJI B3HT. B 3TO BpeMSI<}>paHUY3hl H3 ropo,.qa ycTPeMHJIHCb no Mocry, H 6aiiiHH 6hlJIH B3.llThl ABOJ:iHhlM y,.qapoM. 3TOTycnex peiiiHJI Hcxo,.q 6opi>6hl, 3a,.qaqa no ,.qe6JioKa,.qe OpJieaHa 6hlJia BhlnOJIHeHa.

19 HIOHSI 1429 r. Ei"'TBA nP"' nATE. HeO)I(U.[J.8HHOW 8T8KOW )f(aHH8 .a'ApK pa3rpOM/IIfl8 BHm/1/WCJ<YIO apM/1110 no.a KOM8H.D,OB8H/IIeM nop.aa )J;twHa Tanb6ora (111n111 Ton6ora), a ra/OKe c3pa )J)KoHa 4Jacronb</>a; 9TO flB/1/flOCb J<YflbM/IIHB~/1/eW OCB060)I(l1e-

OTnpaBHJiaCb K HepeiiiHTeJibHOMY H TpycJIHBOMY ,.qo<}>HHY KapJiy H noTpe6oBaJia BOeHHoro noxo,.qa B PeJ:iMc ,.[{JI.ll TOrO, <JT06hl KOpOHOBaTh TaM KapJia. 3TOT npoeKT 6hlJI npo,.qHKTOBaH ropSI<JHM CTpeMJieHHeM Hapo,.qHhlX Mace, Be,.[{IIIHX IIIHpocyiO napTH3aHCKYIO BOJ:iHy, H3rHaTh aHrJIH<JaH H3 paHUHH. BJIHSIHHe )KaHHhl H ee cTopoHHHKOB nocJie opJieaHCKOJ:i no6e,.[{hl 6hlJIO TaK BeJIHKO, "'TO AO<}>HH, HaKOHeU, COrJiaCHJICSI OTIIpaBHThC.ll B PeJ:iMc. ITo nyTH <}>paHUY3hl OBJia,.qeJIH pHAOM ropo,.qoB, Haxo,.qHBIIIHXCSI no,.q BJiaCThiO aHrJIH<JaH, B TOM <JHCJie ropo,.qoM Tpya. «KaK Te6e He CTpaiiiHO BOeBaTh?»,- cnpocHJIH)l{aHHy. Ha3To OHaOTBeTHJia: <di 60IOChTOJihKO npe,.qaTeJibCTBa». ,[{eJ:iCTBHTeJihHO, BO BCeM OCTaJihHOM OHa 6hlJia HeycTpaIIIHMa.

16 HI011SI 1429 r. KOPOHAU"'s:l KAPJlA VII B PE~MCE. 0Ha npo1113owna Bcne.a 38 xpa6pbJM BTOp)l(eH/1/eM )f(aHHbi.D,'ApK H8 Tepp/1/TOPIIIIO, npe)l(l1e KOHTpOnlllpOBBBWYJOCfl 8HTfl/11'48H8MIII. nocne 9TOTO Kapn VII/II ero nplll6nllf)l(eHHbJe BCeMepHo npenRTCTBOBan/11 )f(aHHe .D,'ApK Ill nb/TBfl/1/Cb orpaH/11'411/Tb ee BniiiRH/1/e. )KaHHa IIpe,.[{JIO:lKHJia KOpOJIIO HeMe.D.JieHHO H,!I.TH HaiTapH:lK, npO,.[{OJI)f(aSJ OCB060Jf9J,eHHe <l>paHUHH OT aHrJIH<JaH . Ho KapJI, KaK BCei)I.a, KOJie6anc.ll. )KaHHa yroBopHJia repuora AJiaHcoHcKoro H HeKoTOphlX ,.qpyrnx BoeHa<JaJihHHKOB HATH K ITapmey 6e3 pa3-

3AnA,LJ,HA~ peiiieHHH KOpOJIH.

aBrycTa 3Ta

tiaCTb BOHCKa BbiCTYIIHJia B nOXO;c(.

AsrycT 1429 r. nPIIIEibiHIE K nAPIII>KY AHr11111171CKIIIX nOAKPEn11EHIII171. 8 ceHTH6pH 1429 r. A TAKA HA nAPIII>K. HecMOTPH Ha OTCyTCTBMe KOponeBCKOM no.a,aep)I(KIIF, )f(aHHa ,a'ApK C He6onb11111FM OTPHAOM npe,anpMHHna 6esycnewHy/OaTaKyHa napllr)l(, B xo.ae KOTopoi116bma paHeHa.

6biJIO y;c(HBHTeJibHO BH;c(eTb B He:H HCKyccTBo H npe;c(yCMOTpHTeJibHOCTb BOeHatiaJibHHKa,BOCIIHTaHHOrO;c(Ba;c(U:aTH-TpH;c(UaTHJieTHeiO npaKTHKOIO. Ho oco6eHHO y;c(HBJIHJIHCb Heo6biKHoBeHHoMy ee HCKYCCTBy ynoTpe6JI5ITb apTHJIJiepHIO». TaK OT3biBaJICH o BOeHHbiX cnoco6HocTHX )KaHHbi ee copaTHHK. K comaJieHHIO, He coxpaHHJIHCb TaKTHL£eCKHe no;c(po6HOCTH ;c(eHCTBHH apTHJIJiepHH HOBoro po;c(a BOHCK no):( KOMaH;c(OBaHHeM He06biL£HO-

}[3 3aBHCTH K CJiaBe ;c(eByiiiKH He-

ro BoeHaL£aJibHHKa.

KOTOpbie BOeHatiaJibHHKH npHHHJIH BCe

YcnexH )KaHHbi o6bHCHHIOTCH

Mepbi K TOMy, «LIT06bl npHKJIIOLIHJIOCb

npe)K;c(e Bcero TeM, LITO oHa 6biJia 6e3-

HectiacThe )KaHRe», noMernas e:H ;c(O-

3aBeTHo npe;c(aHa cBoe:H po;c(HHe H 6o-

BeCTH rnrypM ;c(o KOHLJ;a. ITapiDK B35ITh

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oTcry-

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He y;c(aJIOCb, H KapJI npHKa3aJI

nHThK Jiyape. Ho 3TaHey;c(aL£aHe Mor-

eBbiX ycnexoB ¢paHU;y3cKoro Bo:HcKa

Jia H3MeHHTb XO;c(a BOHHbi, TaK KaK

no):( KOMaH;c(OBaHHeM )KaHHbi 6biJia ee

;c(eJIO OCB06mK;c(eHHH <DpaHU;HH OT aH-

6opb6a 3a YKPeTIJieHHe BOHHCKOH ;c(Hc-

rJIHLiaH Hapo;c( CTaJI 6paTh B CBOH PYKH.

U:HTIJIHHbi, a TaKme ee YMeHHe BceJIHTh ysepeHHOCTh B no6eey H CBOHM JIHL£-

23 MaH 1430 r. n11 EH EH IIIE >KAHHbl. 0Ha npvraena He6onbwoi11 OTPHA Ha nOMOI.J..Ib KoMnbeHY, OCa)l(,aaeMOMY aHmo-6ypryH,aCKOM apMIIFeiil B paMKax nnaHa repu,ora 5e.acfJop.aa no BOCCTaHOBneHM/0 aHrnMMCKOM anacTvr B u,eHTpanbHoiil.aonvrHe CeHbl. Bosrnaavra B TOT )l(e ,aeHb BbmasKy, aHa 6bma saxaa4eHa 6ypryH,au,aMvr.

HbiM npHMepoM MOpaJibHO B03;c(eHCTBOBaTh Ha COJI;c(aT.

1431-1444 rr. B03AE171CTBIIIE>KAHHbiA'APKnPOA011>KAET CKA3biBATbC~. HecMoTpH Ha HBHoe 6espasnvr4vre Kapna VII, rppaHLJ,Y3bl- 11F KpeCTbHHe, 11F BenbMO)I(IIF - aenvr c aHrnvr4aHaMvr napTvr-

30 MaH 1431 r. KA3Hb >KAHHbiA'APK.

saHCKY/0 BOMHY. lepu,or 5e,arpop,a My;>KeCTBeHHO IIF yMeno opraHM30Bb/Ban oTnop .ao caMoiil caoeiil cMepTvr

)KaHHa ;c(OCTHraJia ycnexa L£aCTO He

(1435r.). 21 ceHTH6pH 1435 r. APPACCKIII171 MIIIP. OH nono)l(vrn KOHeu,

no COBeTaM CBOHX BOeHatiaJibHHKOB, a npeo;c(oJieBaH conpoTHBJieHHe MHOrHX H3 HHX.

B Katiecrne ;c(o6pomeJiaTeJibHO-

ro COBeTiniKa MO)KHO OTMeTHTh JIHIIIb )J;roeya. 0CTaJibHble BOeHatiaJibHHKH H3 ¢eo;c(aJIOB c orpaHHLieHHbiMH BOeHHbiMH cnoco6HOCT5IMH, HO HeHaBH;c(eBIIIHe KpeCThHH H oco6eHHO HX TaJiaHTJIHBYIO npe;c(CTaBHTeJibHHU:y, 3aHHMaJIHCb TOJibKO ca6oTameM MeponpHHTHH )KaHHbi.

li n03TOMY OHa HMeJia Hey;c(a-

LIH He no He 3HaHHIO BOeHHoro ;c(eJia, a B

403

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rpa)l(,aaHcKoiil aoiiiHe 6ypryH,au,ea c opneaHu,aMvr ( apMaHbHKaMvr) vr paspywvrn aHmo-6ypryH,acKvri11 co/03.

Anpem, 1436 r. B3~TIIIE nAPIII>KA. AHmvriilcKvriil rap HvrsoH yKpblflCH B 5acTvrnvrvr, HO c.aancH, Kor.aa KOH4vrnvrcb npvrnacbt.

16 anpenH 1444 r. nEPEMIIIPIIIE B TPYA. 3.aecb 6 bm saKJTI04eH Mllrp CpOKOM Ha nHTb neT.

pe3yJibTaTe C03HaTeJibHoro BpemrreJib-

4enoaeK e.aaa nvr Mama Ha.aeHTbCH o.aoneTb o6be,avrHeHHYIO C1JpaHLJ,M/O c ee nHTHa,au,aTMMMnnMOHHbiM HaceneHIIreM. HeKoTopoe mKTvr4ecKoe npevrMy/.1..1eCTBO npo,aon)l(ano OCTaBaTbCH Ha CTOpOHeaHrnvr4aH C vrxny4HMKaMM, O,aHaKO OHO CBO,aMnOCb Ha HeT6onee BbiCOKIIFM 6oeBbiM,ayxoM rppaHLJ,Y30B, TaK)I(e vrx no.aaanH/0/.J..IMM 4vrcneHHbtM nepeaecoM. Y.aep)l(aTb xorn 6bt 4aCTb HeKor.aa o6wvrpHbtX sna,aeHvriil

B CeaepHoiilvr 3ana.aHoi11 C1JpaHu,vrvr aHrnvr4aHe Mornvr Ha,aeHTbCH nvrwb 6naro.aapH u,apvraweiil B cTpaHe aHapxvrvr, nocKonbKY TbtCH4M con.aaT, ,aeM06Mnllr30BaHHb/X C KOHLJ,OM rpa)l(,aaHCKOM aoiiiHbt, 6es y,aep)l(y 4MHvrnvr pasop vr rpa6e)l(. Bnpo4eM, Ha,ae)J(_aa 9Ta, KaK6b!CTpOBbiHCHMnOCb, OKa3anacb coaepweHHO 6ecno4BeHHoi11, nocKonbKY Kapn VII, npvr aceiil caoeiil 6es.aapHocTvr, nocne.aoaan My,apoMy COBeTy IIF 3anO)I(IIrn OCHOBbl perynHpHOM apMIIFIIF, a TaK)I(e nepBOM B IIFCTOpvrvrarprpeKTIIFBHOMIIF Hay4HO opraHM30BaHHOM apTvrnnepvrvr. Kor.aa vrcTeKnvr nHTb neT nocne no.anvrcaHvrH B Tpya nepeMvrpvrH, HOBaH rppaHu,ys cKaH apMIIFH He TOnbKO BOCCTaHOBIIFna B CTpaHe nopH,aOK IIF CTa6MnbHOCTb, HO IIF ,aocTvrrna Cyi.J..IeCTBeHHOro TeXHM4eCKOTO IIF TaKTM4eCKOTO npeaocxo.acTBa Ha.a aHmvriilcKoiil. Bcero sa 4eTbtpe ro.aa rppaHu,ysbt cyMenvr OKOH4aTenbHO Bbt611FTb IIF3 CTpa Hbl aHrnvr4aH, no,a BnaCTb/0 KOTOpbiX OCTancH TOnbKO Kpowe4Hb/M KJ1040K seMnvr - nopT Kane.

1444-1449 rr. PEOPrAH 1113ALI,III~ PAH U,Y3CK0171 APMIIIIII.

1449-1450 rr. OTBOEBAHIIIE PAHLI,Y3AMIII HOPMAHAIIIIII. lepu,or CoMepceT, 6es.aapHbtiil KO MaHAY/0/.J..IMiil HOpMaH,aCKOM apMvreiil aHmvr4aH, c.aan PyaH ( 1449 r.) vr BCKope nocne aToro 6bm oca)l(,aeH B KaHe(MapT 1450r.).

15 anpenH 1450 r. EiiiiTBA nPIII OPMIIIHblll (B0311E SAlliE). KoH -

crna H npe;c(aTeJibC'IEa co cmpoHbi npH-

TpnyM</> npo<J>eccnoHanH3Ma,

Hem6nb Kapn .ae PvrweMoH nony4vrn

CTaBJieHHbiX K HeH COBeTilliKOB. fepu:or

1444-1453 rr.

IIF3BeCTMe, 4TO Ha nOMOI.J..Ib OCa)J(_aeHHOMY KaHy.aavr)l(eTCH aHmvriilcKaH apMMH 4MCneHHOCTb/O ,ao 4eTbtpex C nonOBIIFHOM Tb/Cf/4 4enoBeK no,a KOMaH,aoBaHMeM capa ToMaca KvrpvrenH vr capa MaTb/0 lorpa, vr Bbtcnan rparpa KnepMOHa C nHTIIFTbiCH4HOM apMvreiil

AJiaHCOHCKHH rrncaJI, LITO )KaHHa «no BOeHHOH tiaCTH... 6biJia OL£eHb HCKYCHa BO BCeM: BepXOM JIH H B o6parneHHH C nHKOIO: B TOM JIH, LIT06bl co6paTh apMHIO, pacnop5I;c(HThcH 6oeM HJIH pacnoJiomHTh apTHJIJiepmo.

BceM ):lame

KoHeu, rpa)l(,aaHcKoiil aoiiiHbt Me)l(.ay6ypryH,au,aMvr IIF apMaHbHKaMM 03Ha4an, 4TOno6e.aa rppaHu,ysoa Hevrs6e)I(Ha, nocKonbKY AHrnvrH c HaceneHvreM B ,aBa C nonOBIIFHOM MMnnvroHa

404

KOHELJ, CPE,LJ,HV1X BEKOB. 1400-1500 rr.

nperpaJJ.MTb vrM nyrb. AHmw-laHe 3aHHnvr CB0/0 KJ7aCCW-IeCKYIO o6opOHMTeJ7bHYIO n03Ml4MIO; O,ll,HaKO Ha 3TOT pa3 rppaH14Y3bl He CTanvr nOBTOPHTb owvr6oK Kpecvr vr A3eHKypa, a BbiCTaavrnvr JJ.Be KyneapvrHbl- HanpoTvrB o6ovrx aHrnvriiicKvrx rpnaHroa, 3a npe,ll,enaMvr,ll,OCHraeMOCTM f7Y'-IHMKOB - M CTaf7M MeTO,ll,M'-IHO 06CTpenvrBaTb aHrnvriiicKvre no3Ml4MM, HaHeCH 3Ha'-lvrTef7bHbli11 yw.ep6. 5pOCMBWMCb B CTMXMMHY/0 aTaKY, aHmvriiicKvre rpnaHroBble f7Y'-IHMKM HeHa,ll,Of7rO 3aXBaTMJ7M o6e KyneapvrHbl. Ho s aToT MOMeHT rppaH14Y3CKvre cneweHHble TH)I(ef7ble BCa,ll,HMKM M neXOTa KOHTpaTaKOBaJ7M c 14ef1b/O aepHyrb nywKvr, '-ITO npvraeno K nOJ7HOMaCWTa6HOMY CTOJ7KHOBeHMIO. Kor,ll,a MCXO,ll, cpa)l(eHMH ew.e He onpe,ll,envrncH, rppaH14Y3CKvre noJJ.KpenneHvrH yJJ.apvrnvr aHrnvr'-laHaM so rpnaHr. B B0!4apvraweiiicH cyMHTMI4e cap MaTb/0 ro¢ vr HeCKOJ7bKO '-leJ70BeK npo6MJ7MCb CKB03b PHJJ.bl aTaKy/OUI,MX M cyMeJ7M CKpbiTbCH; 60J7bWMHCTBO )l(e aHrf7M'-IaH, nO'-ITM '-leTb!pe Tb/CH'-IM, norvr6nvr. 6 HIOnH 1450 r .. CAA'--IA KAHA . )J.e PvrweMoH HeMe,ll,J7eHHO BblcTynvrn vr oca,ll,vrn Wep6yp. 12 asrycTa 1450 r.. CAA'--IA WEP5YPA . AHmvriiicKoMy npaaneHM/0 B HopMaH,ll,MM HaCTaJ7 KOHel4. 1451 r. PAHLI,Y3CKOE BTOP>KEH~E B riiiEHb . rparp JJ.e )1.10Hya, 0pneaHcKvri116acTapJJ., so rnaae weCTMTbiCH'-IHOiii apMMM arprpeKTMBHO BOCnOJ7b30BaJ7CH BeJ7MKOJ7enHOM OCa,ll,HOM apTMJ7J7epvrei11 M BCKOpe B3HJ7 5op,ll,O (30 MIOHH) M 5aiiiOHHy( 20 aarycm). npaa,ll,a, conpoTvrBf7eHvrevr OTKpb!Toe, vr no,ll,nonbHoe, npvr'-leM BeCbMa MOUI,HOe- npO,ll,OJ7)1(aJ7a OKa3b/BaTb '-laCTb aKBMTaHCKOM 3HaTvr; OHM COXpaHHJ7M J70HJ7bHOCTb no OTHOWeHM/0 K aHrf7MMCKOM KOpOHe M C rppaH14Y3aMvr ce6H npaKTM'-IeCKM He M,ll,eHTMcPMI4MPOBaJ7M. 0KTH6pb 1452 r .. AH ri1 ~ ~CKOE KOHTPHACTYnllEH~E . B oTaeT Ha npvr3biB AKavrmHvrvr o noMow.vr )J.)I(OH Tanb6oT, craawvriii K aToMy apeMeHvr rparpoM Wpyc6epvr, BbiCa,ll,vrncH c TpeXTbiCH'-IHOM apMvreiii B03J7e ycTbH rapOHHbl. 50J7bWaH '-laCTbrep!40rCTBa BCTaJ7a Ha era CTOpOHY. 5op,ll,O OTKpblf7 aHrnvr'-laHaM sapoTa.

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Wpyc6epvr no sen apMvr/0 Ha noMOUI,b KacTvriiioH-aH-KycepaHy, oca)l(,ll,aeMOMY )f(aHoM 510po, aenvrKvrM rppaH14Y3CKMM nywe'-IHb/X ,ll,ef7 MaCTepOM. C!JpaH14Y3bl yaenvr M3 yKpenneHHoro narepH 6onbWYIO '-laCTb nowaJJ.eiii, vr rparp Wpyc6epvr 6bm aae,ll,eH s 3a6f7y?KJJ.eHvre, noc'-lvrTaB, 6yJJ.TO vr ocHOBHoe rppaH14Y3CKoe BOMCKO OTCTynMf70, OH nocneWHO aTaKOBaJ7, He ,ll,O)I(M,ll,aHCb, noKa no,ll,THHeTCH era nexoTa. AHrnvriiicKaH aTaKa 3aXJ7e6Hynacb s orHe rppaH14Y3CKvrx nyweK vr PY'-IHOra CTpef7KOBOrO opy)I(MH; BO rppaH14Y3CKOM KOHTpaTaKe rparp Wpyc6epvr vr 6onbwaH '-laCTb aHrnvriiicKoro aoiiicKa norvr6nvr, ocmnbHble o6paTvrnvrcb s 6ecnopHJJ.O'-IHoe 6ercTao. TaKvrM o6pa30M, noaTopvrnvrcb Kpecvr, nyaTbe M A3eHKyp, TOJ7bKO C TO'-IHOCTb/0 JJ.O Hao6opoT. 1 g oKTS16pSI 1 453 r.. nAAEH ~ E 50PAO . C!JaKTvr'-lecKvraTvrM CToneTHHH aoiiiHa vr 3aaepwvrnacb, xom s npvr6pe)I(Hb!X paiiioHax Koe-KaKvre 6oeBb/e ,ll,eMCTBMH ( OC06eHHO rppaH14Y3CKMe peiii,ll,bl 3a fla-MaHW) WJ7M ew.e '-leTb!pe ro,ll,a. noJJ. anacTb/0 aHrnvr'-laH s CeaepHoiii C!JpaH14MM ocTanCH TOf7bKO nopT Kane.

HO-pbiU:apcKllM OITOJI'!eHlleM.

17 HIOnH 1453 r.

IIexoTa cTaJia nrpaTb B 6oro BamHYIO poJib. B AHrJIHll H au;n oH aJibHbiM opymneM K p eCTbHHCTBa C;c(eJiaJICH

;c(JIHHHblll JIYK. 3TOT ;c(JIHHHblll JIYK 6biJI o'!eHb rpo3HbiM o pymneM n o6eciTe'lllJI ITpeB OCXO;c(CTBO aHrJIH'!aH Ha;c( cppaHU:y3aMH ITpn Kpecn, IIyaThe n A3eHKype. KoHHoro TH)KeJioro, HeiTo BOpOTJillBoro pbiu;apH ITo6e;c(llJI ITeiiiilll JIY'IHHK. AHrJinilcKne Jiy'IHHKn, BOopymeHHbie ;c(JIHHHhiMll JIYKaMH, B TO BpeMH KaK B IO)KHOH EBpoiTe yrrOTpe6JIHJill ap6aJieTbi, oco6eHHO OTJIH'!aJIHcb 3TllM ciToco6oM 6opb6bi B ITeiiieM CTPOIO, n o'!eHb B03MomHo, 'ITO HMeHHO 3TO o6CTOHTeJibCTBO BCKOpe ll ITpllBeJIO K IIIllpOKOM Y ITpllMeHeHlliO c pe;c(ll JIY'IHllKOB 6oH B CITeiiieHHOM CTPOIO. BcJie;c( 3a JIY'IHHKaMll ciTeiiillBaJIHcb pbiil;ap n, 'ITO KOMaH;c(OBaHlle cpeo;c(aJibHbiM BOllCKOM '!aCTO CTaJIO ITpHMeHHTb ITOCJie 6oH ITpn Kpecn. OrnecTpeJibHoe opymne B x o;c(e CToJiernell: BOHHbi eme H e BbiHBHJIO CBOllX Ka'!e CTB. <!>paHIJ;y3 CKlle pbiu;apn ITpeHe6perann 6oM6ap!laMll B ITOJieBOM 6oro. O iJ:HaKO 6oM6ap;c(bl yme oKa3biBaJill BJIHHHHe H a ciToco6bi Be)leHHH 6oH. ITo):( orneM 6oM6ap)l pbiu:apn BbiHym;c(eHbi 6biJIH ciTellillBaThcH,

B xo;c(e CroJiernell: Bofulli: aHrJIH-

TaK KaK llX JIOIIIa;c(ll ITyraJIHCb BbiCTpe -

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JIOB n c6pacbiBaJill pbiu;apell: Ha 3eM-

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MY BoilcKy. l-IM y;c(aJiocb OKKyrrnpo-

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3pa flaHKacTepos,

1400-1455 rr. reHpvrx IV, caeprwvriii waTKO JJ.ep)l(aawerocH Ha npecTone Pvr'-lapJJ.a II, TBep,ll,O M 3HeprM'-IHO no,ll,aBMJ7 6ywe BaBWMe B CTpaHe 6ecnopH,ll,KM. Era 6J7eCTHUI,MM CbiH, reHpMX V, Bb/Bef7 AHrf7M/O Ha CaMbiM nvrK CJ7a Bbl M MO-

3AnA,LJ,HA~ ry1.1..1,ecTaa 3a aecb cpe,aHeaeKOBbt£1 nepv10,a. B pe3ynbmTe aenMKo£1 no6e,abt npM A3eHKype M nocne.aoaaawe£1 3aTeM OCTOpQ)KHOM MeTOAM'-1HOM 3aBOeBaTenbHOM KaMnaHMM OH cTan rj)aKTw-tecKM npaaMTeneM CeaepHo£1 M 3ana,aHOM C!JpaHLJ,MM M 6btn npM3HaH Hacne,aHMKOM rppaHLJ,y3CKOM KopoHbt. O.aHaKo ero paHHflfl cMepTb 03HaMeHoaana He6naronpMf/THbtM noaopoT a cy,ab6e KaK CTpaHbl B u,enoM, TaK M npaBf/l.l..l,ero ceMei1cTaa. /113/eHpMxa VI, acTynMawero Ha npecTon ao Mna,aeH'.fecTae, npaBMTenb Bbtpoc MCTOBO penMrM03HbiM, cna6b!M M nCMXM'.feCKM HeypaaHOBeweHHbiM. 0pM HeM AHrnMIO pa3,aMpana aHapxM'.fecKafl Me)J(.aoyco6Mu,a, a CToneTHflfl aoi1Ha 6btna npoMrpaHa. Kor.aa c leHpMXOM VI cnyl.fanMcb npMna,aKM 6e3yMMfl, 6pa3,abt npaaneHMfl nepexaaTbtaana aoneaafl Koponeaa Mapra peT ( MnM Ma prapMTa AH)J(YMCKafl), HO OHa M ee OKpy)J(eHMe He nonb3oaanMcb nonynf/pHocTbiO y 6onbWMHCTBa aHrnMMCKOM apMCTOKpaTMM, M npaaneHMe 6btno nepenopyl.feHo PM'.fap,ay, rep u,or y J/TopKy, Ky3eHy KOpOnf/.

EBPOnA

1402 r. Eili'ITBA nPiil n 1111111 ETE. O.aHo M3 HeMHOrMx reHepanbHbtX cpa)J(eHMM, ,aaHHbtX OyaHoM lneH,aoaepoM. B ropHoM y1.1..1,enbe oH 3aCTMr apacnnox M pa3rpoMMn aHmMMCKYIO apMMIO no,a KOMaH,aOBaHMeM C9pa 9.ayap.aa MopTMMepa.

1403-1408 rr. BOCCTAHIIIE CEMEIIICTBA nEPCiil. CeaepHbte Mf/Te)J(HMKM, npe,aao,aMTenbCTByeMbte C9pOM teHpM 0epCM, nop,aoM HopTyM6epneH,aoM (no npo3aaHMIO lappM-CopaMronoaa), c l.feTbtpexTbtCf/l.fHo£1 apMMe£1 BTOprnMCb rny6oKo a Ll,eHTpanbHYIO AHmMIO, paCC'.fMTb!Baf/ 06be,aMHMTb CMnbl C OyaHoM lneH,aoaepoM. leHpMx IV c nf/TMTbiCf/l.fHOM apMMe£1 nepeKpbiB MM ,aopory M B 6MTBe npM Wpyc6epM (21 MIOnfl 1403 r.), ycnen pa36MTb 0epCM ,ao no,axo,aa lneH,aoaepa. lappM-CopaMronoaa norM6. 0Teu, ero no,al.fMHMncfl leHpMxy IV, nOTOM CHOBa B36yHTOBanCfl, noTepnen nopa)J(eHMe M 6btn y6MT a cpa)J(eHMM npM 5paMeM-Mype (1408r.).

1405 r. BbiCAAKA PAHL..I,Y308 B Y311bCE. 9m£1 aKcne.aMLJ.MM

neHMM Ha npeCTOn OH no,aaBMn MfiTe)J( CTOpOHHMKOB PM '.fa p,aa If( 1400 r. ).

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14 ceHTS16pSI 1402 r. Eili'ITBA nPiil XOM11111AOH-XIii1111E. Ceae-

1405 r. MSHE>K IIIOPKCKOrO APXIIIEnli'ICKOnA CKPOYnA. OH

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6btn He3aMe,anMTenbHO no.aaaneH leHpMXOM IV.

1399-1413 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHii'IE rEHPIIIXAIV. BcKopenoacTyn-

1402-1409 rr. BOCCTAHIIIE OY3HA r 11 EHAOBEPA B Y311 bCE. lneH,aoaep, CnbiBWMM MaCTepOM 3a ca,aHOM TaKTMKM M n106MTeneM CIOpnpM30B, cnonHa Mcnonb3oaan caoe 3HaHMe aannMMCKMX npe,aropM£1 M l.fpe3Bbtl.fai1Ho ycnewHo aen napTM3aHcKyiO aoi1Hy.

405 Hem, repu,ora 5e.a¢op.aa, ao C!JpaHU.MM ( M TOT, M ,apyro£1 npMXO,aMnMCb a arycTei1weMy Mna,aeHu,y Af/Abf/MM ). 3ananbl.fMBOCTb M 6e3,aapHOCTb lnoCTepa a HeMano£1 cTeneHM cnoco6cTaoaanM 6ecnopf/,aKaM, coTpf/caaWMM cTpaHy a Tel.feHMe acero npaaneHMflleHpMxa VI.

1437-1450 rr. YCYrY611 EHii'IE 6ECnOPS1AKOB. 1450 r. BOCCTAHIIIE A>KEKA K3AA B KEHTE Ill CYCCEKCE. ~eK ( MnM ~oH) Ka.a, 6btBWMM con,aaT, ycTpoMn 3aca.ay Ha apMMIO pof/nMCTOB M pa36Mn ee B 6MTBe 0pM CeMM ,ay6ax, nocne l.fero HeHa.aonro 3aHf/n M pa3rpa6Mn floH,aoH. /113 CTOnMLJ,bl Mf/Te)J(HMKM 6btnM Bbt6MTbl BOMCKaMM, paCKBapTMpOBaHHbiMM B Tayape, npM noMOI.l..I,M cpol.fHO co3BaHHoro ropo,acKoro ononl.feHMf/. 3aTeM Koponb o6bfiBMn aceo61.1..1,ee npol.l..l,eHMe, M 6yHTOBI.l..I,MKM pa30 WnMCb no ,aoMaM; anocne,acTBMM ,a)J(eK Ka.a 6btn cxaal.feH M Ka3HeH 3a M3MeHy KoponeacKM£1 HaMeCTHMK a VfpnaH,aMM PM'.fap.a, repu,or J/TopKCKM£1, aepHyncfl a AHmMIO- 3al.l..I,MTMTbCfl OT06BMHeHMM, 6y,aTO BOCCTa HMe MHCnMpMpOBaHO MM.

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1409 r. nOPA>KEHIIIE OY3HA r11EHAOBEPA. AHmM'.faHe 3axaa -

Hb!X }:(BH)KeHHH H 6opb6bl CO CBOeBO-

TMnM ero KpenocTb a Xapnexe. lneH ,aoaep CKpbtnCf/ M 6onbWe Ha MCTOpM'.feCKOM apeHe He B03HMKan, a aoi1cKa leHpMxa IV nocTeneHHO 3a MMpMnM Yanbc.

BOBec }:(HHaCTHH JlaHKaCTepOB OHH

1413-1422 rr. LI,APCTBOBA-

JIHeM KPYIIHb!X cpeo}:(aJIOB . B rrp oTHCTaJIH IIOM epmHBaTb IJ:pyryiO rpyrrrry repu:oroB HopKCKHX, poiJ:CTBeHHHKOB Ko p oneBcKoro IJ:OMa, KpyrrHb!X cpeo}:(aJibHb!X 3 eMJieBJia}:(eJibU:eB AHrJIHH, 3a5IBHBIIIHX CBOH rrpaBa Ha rrpe -

Hii'IE rEHPIIIXA V. 0H6btnxpa6pbtM,

CTOJI.

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27 MapTa 1454 r. nAP11AMEHT lii36111PAET Plii'-IAPAA nPOTEKTOPOM. /1136paHMe npoM3owno, Kor.aa y leHpMxa VI cnyl.fMncfl nepabt£1

1413-1457 rr. OKOH'-IAH Ill E CT011ETHE171 B0171Hbl. 1422-1461 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHii'IE rEHPIIIXA VI. OHo Hal.fanocb pereHTCTBOM repu,ora XaM!j)pM lnocTepa B AHrnMM M~OHa nnaHTare-

npMCTyn 6e3yMMf/.

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406

KOHELJ, CPE,LJ,HV1X BEKOB. 1400-1500 rr.

Boi.fHa Anoi.f"' 5enoi.f po3hl, 1455-1485 rr. nocne mro, KaK PM'Iap.aa J/iopKa VICKfl/O'IMnM V13 COCTaBa KoponeBCKOro coaeTa, a Koponeaa MaprapeT VI repu,or CoMepceT npMcaoMnM ce6e AVIKTaTOpCKMe nonHOMO'IVIfl, PM'Iap,a VI era CTOpOHHVIKVI ( B 'IVIGna KOTOpbiX BXO,aMn 6oraTbiM VI BnMHTenbHbiM PM'Iap,a HeaMnn, rparp YopaMK) no,aHRnM Mf/Te)l(. nRTb neT O)l(eCTO'IeHHbte 60V1 nepeMe)l(anMCb nonMTM'IeCKVIM MaHeapMpoaaHMeM; y,aa'la ynbt6anacb TO OAHOM, TO ,apyroi1J CTOpOHe; npe,aaTenbCTBO VI y6MMCTBO 6btnV1 anonHe a nopR,aKe aell.jei1I. PM'Iap.a J/iopK nom6 a 6010 no.a YaiiiKrjJMn,aoM B J/iopKWMpe, HO era CbiH 9,ayap,a npoao3macMn ce6R KoponeM 9.ayap,aoM IV VI Haronoay pa36Mn apMM/0 flaHKaCTepOB B KpoaonponMTHOM 6MTBe npM ToyroHe; 3aTeM, nocne ,aeCRTVI neTOTHOCMTenbHOrO CnOKOMCTBVIR, 9.ayap.a IV noccopMncR c rparpoM YopBVIKOM, nOCKOnbKY TOT HOpOBMn B3RTb Ha ce6R AVIKTaTOpCKMe rpyHKU,VIVI, VI nepeMrpan era KaK B BOeHHOM crpepe, TaK VI B nonMTM'IeCKOM. Tor.aa YopaMK o6be,aMHMn cMnbt c KOponeaoi1I MaprapeT VI noaen M3 C!JpaHU,VIVI apMVI/0 BTOp)l(eHMR, apeMeHHO 3aMeHMB Ha TpoHe leHpMxa VI. lparp YopaMK(«)J.enaTenb Koponei1I») norM6 a pewa/Oll.jei1I 6MTBe npM 5apHeTe, nocne 'lero 9.ayap.a IV a MMpe VI npou,aeTaHMM u,apcTaoaan ell.le .aaeHa.au,aTb neT; Hacne.aoaan eMy TpMHa,au,aTMneTHVIM CbiH, 9,ayap,a V 3aTeM TPOH 6btn y3ypnMpoaaH PM'Iap,aoM , repu,oroM l nocTep oM, Mna,aWMM 6paTOM 9.ayap.aa IV. npVI 9.ayap.ae IVAHmMR Ha,ae)I(HO npe6btaana no.a anacTb/0 J/iopKoa; npM PM'Iap.ae )l(e aoccTaHMe cne.aoaano 3a BOCCTaHMeM, a KynbMMHaU,Mei1J RBVInOCb BTOp)l(eHMe leHpMxa T10,aopa, rparpa PM'IMOH,aa, maabt aocnpRBwMxflaHKacTepoa. BoeHa'lanbHMKOM PM'Iap.a Ill 6 btn He6ecTanaHHbtM, HO M3- 3a npe,aaTenbcTaa 6onbwei1I 'lacTV! caoei1I apMMM noTepnen nopa)l(eHMe aT T10,aopa VI norM6. leHpMx TIO.aop B3owen Ha npecTon no.a MMeHeM leHpMxa VII. O,aHMM M3 rpaKTopoa, no'leMy aoiiiHa Anoi1I VI 5enoi1I po3bt (a rep6e

flaHKacTepoa 6btna anaH po3a, a rep6e J/iopKoa- 6enaR) Bbt,aanacb CTOnb,aonroi1J VI O)l(eCTO'IeHHOM, RBVInOCb nary6Hoe BnMRHMe CVICTeMbl «nMapeM VI co.aep)l(aHMH», MHor.aa Ha3btBaeMOM TaK)I(e «y6niO,aO'IHbiM rpeo.aanM3MOM». CMcTeMa aTa pa3BMnacb KaK cne,aCTBMe ycMneHMH,aeHe)I(HOM 3KOHOMV1KV1: KpynHbte apMCTOKpaTbl nnaTMnM CBOVIM npMBep)l(eHU,aM (KOTOpbte HOCMnM VIX 3M6neMbl MnM nMBpeM) He 3eMenbHbiMV1 yro,abRMM, a ,aeHe)I(HbtM co,aep)l(aHMeM. B pe3ynbTaTe TaKMe aaccanbt He 6btnV1 npMBR3aHbl K 3eMne, VIX Mana MHTepecoaano ycmHoaneHMe status quo, K TOMY )l(e OHM He MMenM CTVIMyna OCTaBaTbCR B ycny;>KeHMVI yo,aHOrO ceHbopa, ecnM npe.acmanRnacb B03MO)I(HOCTb nony'lwe. CMcTeMa 3Ta, 3apo,aMB11JaRCR B cepe,aMHeXIV aeKa, BKyne c npe.acmaneHMeM, 'ITO nonMTM'IeCKVIM BeG 3aBMCV1T OT'IMcna aaccanoa, TOnbKO cMnbHee pa3,ayna nonMTM'IeCKVIM KOHrjlnMKT Me)I(Ay J/iopKaMM VI flaHKaCTepaMM. fly'IWVIMVI BOeHa'lanbHMKaMM 3 TOM, KaK npaBMnO, 6eCTOnKOBOM VI KpoaonponMTHoiii aoiiiHbt 6 btnM 9.ayap.a IV VI era 6paT PM'Iap.a Ill. 06e CTOpOHbl npM,aep)I(V!BanMCb nonMTVIKVI «6ei1I rocno.a, ll.ja,aM cMep,aoa», M3-3a 'lero noTepM cpe.aM pyKoao,aRll.lero 3BeHa OKa3anMCb 'lpe3Bbt'lai1IHO BbiCOKVI. /pa6e)l(eM VI no60V1ll.j ( cpe,aM MMpHoro HaceneHMR) o6e CTOpOHbl, KaK npaBMnO, V136eranM.

22 MaSI 1455 r. nEPBASI 6HTBAnPH CEHT-On6EHCE. PM'Iap,a, repu,or J/iopKCKMiii, VI rparp YopaMK, ABMraRCb C TpeXTbiCR'IHOM apMMeiii Ha floH,aOH, pa3rpOMV1nV1 VI y6MnV1 rparpa CoMepceTa, no.a Ha'lanoM KOToporo 6btno.aae TbtCR'IM 'lenoaeK. PM'Iap.a 3axaaTMn a nneH leHpMxa VI, npoao3rnacMn ce6R KOHHeTa6neM AHrnMM VI npMcaoMn no'ITMAMKTaTopCKMe nonHOMO'IVIf/.

1456-1459 rr. nonHTW·IECKOE MAHEBPHPOBAHHE. 5opb6a 3a anaCTb wna B OCHOBHOM Me)l(,ay Koponeaoi1I MaprapeT VI PM'Iap,aoM J/iopKOM -,aa)l(e B MOMeHTbl npoCBemeHMR leHpMx VI RBnHncH nMWb n ewKoiii. MaprapeT VI ee npM6nM)I(eHHbtM y,aanOCb BOC CTa HOBVITb caoe anMRHMe Ha KoponR; rep u,or

J/iopKCKVIM VI era CTOp OHHVIKVI OnRTb 6btnV1 BbtBe,aeHbl V13 COCTaBa npaBMTenbCTBa.

3 ceHTS16pSI 1459 r. 1 6HTBA HA EinOPCK0171 BEPECKOB0171 nYCTOWH. J/iopKMCTbt no.a KOMaH,aoaaHMeM rparpa Conc6epM (TeCTR PM'Iap.aa J/iopKa VI oTu,a rparpa YopaMKa) pa36MnV1 VI npaKTM'IeCKVI YHM'ITO)I(VInM BOMCKO flaHKaCTepOB no,a KOMaH,aOBaHMeM C!JnaMMOKa VI nop,aa O.anM B03ne MapKeT-)J.peiiiTOHa. noTepM naHKacTepu,ea .aocTMrnM,aayx TbtCR'I 'lenoaeK y6MTbtMM, a ace MX BO)I(AVI OKa3anMCb 3aXBa'leHbl B nneH V13aTeM Ka3HeHbl.

0KTS16pb 1459 r. 6ErCTBO PH'-IAPAA ll!OPKA H rPAA YOPBHKA . ApMMH no.a KOMaH.aoaaHMeM leHpMxa VI VI Koponeabt MaprapeT HanpaaMnacb K 3aMKY PM'Iap.aa J/iopKa B fla,anoy; 'laCTb npM6nM)I(eHHbiX npe,aaTenbCKM noKMHyna PM'Iap.aa, VI OH 6 btn BbtHy)l(,aeH 6e)l(aTb B VfpnaHAM/0 ( 12 OKTR6pR); rparp YopaMK 6e)l(an a Kane.

HtoHb 1460 r. B03BPAW,EHHE YOPBHKA. YopBMKM9,ayap,a, rparp Map'l (ampoi1I CbtH PM'Iap.aa J/iopKa M6y.ayll.lMi1I Koponb 9.ayap.a IV), c He 6onbwoi1I apMMeiii Bbtca,aMnMcb a CaH,apM_a)l(e VI oTnpaaMnMcb a floH.aoH, r,ae 6btnV1 BCTpe'leHbl C TpMyMrpoM; noH,aOHU,bl no.a,aep)I(V!BanM,aOM J/iopKOB.

18 HtonSI 1460 r. 6HTBA nPH HOPHEMnTOHE. /parp YopBMK VI 9.ayap.a, rparp Map'l, KOTOpbtM noM ornM npe,aaTenb cTao VI .ao)l(,ab, no,aMO'IVIBWVIM flaHKaCTepaM nopox, pa3rpoMMnM we.awy10 Ha floH,aoH KOponeBCKY/0 apMVI/0 VI OnRTb 3ano ny'IMnV1 a caoe pacnopR)I(eHMe leHpMxa VI. PM'Iap.a J/iopK ao3apaTMncH V13 VfpnaH,aVIVI VI HeCKOnbKO HepeWM TenbHO 3aRBV1n npeTeH3V1V1 Ha KOpOHY B Ka'le cTae KOMnpoMMcca nap naMeHT npoao3rnacMn PM'Iap.aa Hacne,aHMKOM npecTona, nocne leHpMxa VI. TaKMM o6pa3oM, TpoHa nMwanCR 9,ayap,a, npMHU, YanbCKVIM, ManoneTHVIM CbiH KOponeBbl MaprapeT VI leHpMxa VI. Koponeaa MaprapeT, 1 ):\pyrHe HCTO'lHHKH f];aTllpyiOT 6HTBy Ha BnopcKofi rrycTO!Illi (IDIH nna'!e - rrpH BnopXHTe) 23 ceHTH6pH 1459 rof];a.

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407

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)l(e nop.n,a (eHpVI nepCVI, TpeTbero rep1..1ora HopryM6epneH.n,a, 6a3VIpoeaewei1tc>~ B 6nVI3fle)l(aJ.l.leM 3aMKe noHrecppaKT. PVI4ap.a /11opK norvt6 C06CTBeHHO B cpa)l(eHVIVI, a 3.n,MyH.n, VI MHOrvte .n,pyrvte - BO BpeM>! npeCJie/l,OBaHVIfl; OCTaTKVI apMVIVI fl1opKOB 6bJnVI paccef/Hbl. no.n,po6HOCTVI /1,0 Hac He .aownVI, HO, cy.n,fl no 6onbWVIHCTBY VICT04HVIKOB, flaHKacrepbJ npV16emVI K l..leJIOMY p>i.n,y BOeHHb/X XV1Tpocrei1t; B roM 4VIcne npoeenVI B C9H/1,9fl OKOJIO 400 4eJIOBeK CBOVIX COJI/l,aT, nepeo.n,eTb/X B JIVIBpeVI npVIBep)l(eHI..IeB fl1opKOB. 2 <t>eapanS11461 r. 61!1TBA nPI!1

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408

KOHELJ, CPE,LJ,HV1X BEKOB. 1400-1500 rr.

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29 MapTa 1461 r. EiHTBA nPH TOYTOHE. Bep6Hoe socKpeceHbe Sbt,aanocb xono,aHoe M seTpeHoe; KOr,aa ,ase apMMM COWnMCb LfYTb 10)1(Hee ToYTOHa, Ha 3eMne ne)l(an cHer. no,apo6HOCTeM .£10 HaC He ,aowno, nOCKOnbKY He COXpaHMnOCb CSM,aeTenbCTS OLfeSM,l!U,eS, HO cpa)l(eHMe 6ywesano noLfTM secb,aeHb, npMLfeM JllopKaM y,aanocb,ao6MTbCH nepeseca TOnbKO nocne Taro, KaK 6nM)I(e K seLfepy npM6btnM soi1cKa repu,ora HoprponKa M y,aapMnM flaHKacTepaM snesbtM rpnaHr. ApMMH flaHKacTepos cMewana PH.£lbt, M 6MTsa npespaTMnacb s 6oi1HIO. CospeMeHHbteMCTOLfHMKM OLJ,eHMSa/OT LfMCneHHOCTb o6eMX apMMM npMMepHO S TpM,aLJ,aTb TbiCHLf LfenoseK(He MCKn/OLfeHO, LfTO LJ,Mrppbl 3asbtWeHbt pa3a s ,asa c nMwHMM), a noTepM JllopKOS M flaHKaCTe pos, COOTSeTCTSeHHO, S SOCeMb M ,asa,au,aTb TbtCHLf LfenoseK. BepoHTHO, aTo 6btno caMoe KposonponMTHoe cpa)l(eHMe Ha aHrnMMCKo£1 3eMne 3a SC/0 MCTOPMIO CTpaHbl.

1461-1471 rr. cnOPAAH"'ECKHE BOCCTAHHSI nAHKAC1 fio MHeiDOO 1\PYDIX HCTO'!HHKOB, I1pH <I:>eppH6pH.DtKe mumacTepcKaJI KOHIDII.la noll; KOMall)J;OBaiDieM nop)J;a KJIH<jl<jlop)J;a pa36HJia HOpKHCTOB IIO)J; KOMa!l)'l;OBaiD!eM JIOpil;a <l:>mzyOJITepa, IIhlTaBIIDIXCll npHKphln rrepenpaBy l!epe3 peKy 3p. Jiopll; <I:>mzyomep rrorn6 B 6mo.

TEPOB. OHM 6btnM no,aa sneHbt9,ayap,aoM IV M rparpoM YopsMKOM.

MapT 1470 r. BOCCTAHHE nAHKACTEPOB HA CEBEPE. 0Ho

25 anpem1 1464 r. EiHTBA nPH

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MapT 1471 r. B03BPAW,EHHE 3AYAPAA IV. OmnbtSM3 C1JnMCCMHreHa npMMepHO C nonYTOpa TbiCHLfaMMLfenoseK(SOCHOSHOM,HeMeLJ,KMMM M rpnaMaH,llCKMMM HaeMHMKaMM), OH M36e)l(an CTOnKHOSeHMH C rpnoTOM flaHKaCTepos M SbtCa,aMnCH y Pei1seHcnypa, s ycTbe XaM6epa , nocne Lfero, yKnoHMSWMCb aT cTonKHoseHMH c apMMe£1 rparpa HopTyM6epneH,aa ( O,llHOro M3 MHOTOLfMCneHHbiX 6paTbes rparpa YopsMKa), 6btc Tpo ,asMHyncH Ha 10r, K HorrMHreMy (23 Mapm), r,ae nonyLfMn M3secTMe, LfTO YopsMK co6MpaeT apMM/0 s KoseHTpM. B ocTOLfHee HorrMHr eMa, s Hb!OapKe, Haxo,aMnacb ew.e o,aHa 1 CornacHo 1\PYTHM HCTO'!HHKaM, cpaJKeHHe I1pOH30IIDIO 6JIH3 3MIIHJITeMa.

3AnA,LJ,HA~ apMMfl flaHKaCTepoB, no,a KOMaH,aOBaHvreM rparpa 0Kc¢op.aa. BbiCTynvrB f/K06b! Ha Hb!OapK, a 3aTeM oTBepHyB K KoBeHTpvr ( 29 MapTa), 9.ayap.a IV npocKonb3Hyn MvrMo apMvriii flaHKacTepoB Ha 10r, no nyrvr co6vrpaf/ CTOpOHHMKOB , CaMOM 3Ha'IMTenbHOfii rJ>vrrypofii cpe,avr KOTOpb!X 6bln era 6par, repu.or KnapeHc, KOTopbliii Onf/Tb nepeMeTHyncf/ Ha ,apyryiO cTopoHy vr npvrcoe,avrHvrncf! K 9,ayap,ay IV (3 anpenf/). 0po,aomKafl ,aBvrraTbCfl Ha 10r, 9.ayap.a IV Bowen B floH,aoH ( 11 anpenf/). Era npecne.aoBan rparp YopBMK, BOMCKO KOTOporo 06be,avrHMnOCb C apMMf/MM rparJ>oB HopTyM6epneH,aa vr 0Kc ¢op,aa, vr 9.ayap.a IV Bblcrynvrn eMy HaBcTpe'IY ( 12 anpenf/).

14 anpenSI1471 r. 6HTBA nPH 6APHETE. ApMvrfl 9.ayap.aa Hac'lvrTb/Bana npvrMepHo 9-10 Tb/Cf/'1 'lenoBeK, YopBvrKa - npvr6nvr3vrTenbHO 12-15 Tb/Cf/'1. Cpa)l(eHvre Ha'lanocb paHo yrpo M, B nn oTHOM TyMa He. C!JnaHrvr apMvriii np vrwnvr B conpvrKocHOBeHvre; npa Bbliii r:t>naHr fla HKa cTe poB no.a KOMaH,aoBaHvreM rparpa 0Kc¢op.aa CMfln neBbliii r:t>nar J/TopKoB n o.a KOMaH,aoBa HvreM nop.aa lacTvrHrca, B TO BpeMfl Ka K np aBbliii r:t>n aHr J/TopKo B no.a KOMaH,aoBaHvre M Pvr'lap.aa, r e pu.ora l nocTe pa (Mna.awe ra 6 paTa 9.ayap.aa IV), cpaBHvrTenbHo y cnewHo o6x o.avrn neBbliii r:t>n aHr flaHKacTepoB. Con,aaTbl rparpa 0Kc rpop.aa TeM BpeMeHeM npecn e.aoBa nvr pa36MTbliii r:t>naHr l acTvrHrca. C HeManbiM Tpy,aoM 0Kc ¢ op.a co6pan nvrwb 'laCTb c Boero BoiiicKa vr n onbiTancfl CHOBa BCrynMTb B 6MTBY. 00CKOnbKY neBb/e rJ>naHr M npOTMB06op CTBYIOU!,MX apMvrfii npe,anpMHMManvr rny6oKvre o6xo,aHble MaHeB Pbl, rppoHT cpa)l(eHvrfl p a3BepHyncfl no'ITM n o.a npf/Mb/M yrnoM K n epBo Ha 'lanbHOMY. B TyMa He con,aaTbl rpa rpa 0 Kc ¢ op.aa Bpe3anvrcb B Tblfl LJ,e HTpa C06CTBeHHOM apMMM, KO Ma H,a OBan KOTOp b!M rparp CoMep ceT, M 6onbWMHCTBO flaHKaC Te p OB n o,ayManvr, 'ITO B vrx pf/,aax M3MeHa. B Bo u.apvrBwe iiicfl c yMfi TMLJ, e rparp YopB vrK norvr6. B TO T )/(e ,aeHb Ha 10ro-3a n a.ae A Hrnvrvr Bb/ca.a vrn vrcb KoponeBa M apr apeT vr 9 .a yap.a, npvrHU. YanbcKvriii.

EBPOnA

Anpenb-Malli 1471 r. TbiOKC6EPH171CKAs:l KAMnAHHs:l. nony'IMB M3BeCTMe 0 KaTaCTporJ>vr'leCKOM pa3rpoMe npvr 5apHeTe vr o6be,avrHvrBwvrcb c ocTaTKaMvr apMvrvr rparpa YopBvrKa, KOTopoiii KOMaH,aoBan Tenepb rparp CoMepcer, KoponeBa MaprapeT vr npvrHU. 9.ayap.a nonb!Tanvrcb .ao6paTbCf/,ao yanbccKvrx K{JenocTeiii flaHKacTepoB. 9.ayap.a IV nocnewHo Bb!CTynvrn M3 floH,aoHa vrM Ha nepexBaT. HarHan vrx oH y Tbi0Kc6epvr (3 MaR); o6e apMvrvr 6bmvr M3MOTaHbl cepvreiii ,aflMHHb/X Mapw-6pOCKOB.

4 MaSI 1471 r. 6HTBA nPH TbiOKCEiEPH. flaHKacTepLJ,bl Haxo.avrnvrcb B MeHbWMHCTBe ( no HeKOTOpb!M MCTO'IHMKaM- 3 Tb/Cf/'IM 'lenoBeK) M, 3aHf/B CMnbHYIO o6opOHMTenbHYIO n03MLJ,MIO, - Me)l(,ay ABYMfl pe'IKa MM, Ha CKflOHe, o6vrnbHO nopOCWeM ryCTb/M no,aneCKOM, M3pe3aHHOM B,aonb vr nonepeKTponvrHKaMvr M )I(MBOM M3ropo,abl0, - M3rOTOBMnMCb OTpa)l(aTb Hana,aeHvre. 9,ayap,a IV ( apMvrfl era Ha C'IMTb!Bana, Be p of/THO, 4 Tb/Cf/'IM- 4 Tb/Cf/'IM 500 'lenoBeK) Ha 'lan cp a)l(eHvre c apTno.aroTOBKvr. l pa rp CoMepceT aHeprvr'I HO oTpearvrp o aan, - np oiii.afl He3a MeTHoiii Tp OnMHKOM, aTaKOBan n eBb/M Kpaiii u.eHTpa apMvrvr J/TopKoB. KaKoeTO BpeMfl w n o O)l(eCTO'IeHHoe cpa )l(eHvre, HO no ToM Ha n o.aMor y 6paTy n pvr6 blfl Pvr'lap,a, repu.or l nocTep, vr C 200 Tf/)l(en b/MM BCa,aHMKaMM, KOTO pb!X 9 .ayap.a IV ocTaBvrn B n ecy Ha neBoM r:t>na Hre, y,aapvrn no BoiiicKy rparpa CoMepce ra. LteHTP flaHKac TepoB, KOTOpb!M KOMaH,aOBanvr nop,a jJ,)I(OH BaHn OK, aHrnvrfiiCKMfii HaMeCTHMK B Kane, vr 9.ayap,a, npvrHU. YanbcKvriii, HacTynaTb He c Tan , vr Boiiic KO r parpa CoMepceTa 6blflO CMfiTO. n oKa Pvr 'lap.a l nocTep npecne,aoBan o6 paTvrBwvriiicfl B 6ercTBO oTpf/,a CoMepcera, 9.ayap.a IV amKoaan u.eHTP flaHKaCTe p oB; n ocne KOpOTKOfii pyKOnaWH OM CXBaTKM 3TOT OTpf/,a TO)I(e 6blfl CMf/T M o6pal1J,eH B 6erCTBO. 0 o rvr6 np vrHU. 9 .ayap.a , a TaK)I(e jJ,)I(OH KypTeHe, rparp J].eBoH, B03ma Bnf/B wvriii neBbliii r:t>naHr flaHKacTepoB; B 06U!,efii Cn O)I(HOCTM, n o Tepvr flaHKa CTepOB np vr6nM)I(anMCb K 2 Tb/Cf/'laM 'lenoBeK. l parp CoMepceT 6 blfl 3a x Ba'leH B nneH vr Bnocne,ac TBvrvr Ka3 -

409 HeH; BCKop e c.aanacb vr Ko poneBa Mapra peT. C!Ja KTvr'l ecKvr p a3rpoM np vr Tb i0Kc6epvr 03Ha'lan KOHeu. conpoTvrBneHvriO flaHKacTep oB.

Malli 1471 r. BOCCTAHHE <1>0KOHEiEPrA B KEHTE. 8 Ha 'lane Mafl B KeHTe Bb/ca.avrncf! ToMa c C!JoKoH6 e pr, He3aKOHHOpO)I(,aeHHb/M Cb/H Yvrn bf/Ma HeBvrnna, rpa rpa YopBvrKa; no.a era Ha'lan oM Haxo.avrncf! r ap Hvr30H Kane vr oTpf/,a MaTpoc oB c Kop a6 neiii ¢noTa, COCTOf/ BWero M3 4 0 C nvrwHvrM Bb!Mn enoB. OH Ha6pan B KeHTe CTOp OHHMKOB M, BbiCJYnMB Ha floH,aoH, npvr6blfl K CayrBop.ay BO rna Be BOCbMMTb/Cf/'IHOfii apMMM( 12 Maf/). Ho floH,aoH vr iiiopKcKvriii r ap Hvr3oH no.a KOMaH,aoaaHvreM 9HTOHvr B y,aBvrnna, rpa rpa PvrBep c a, oKa 3anvr MOUI,Hbliii o Tnop, vr nonbiTKa w TypMa , xorn p ew vrTenbHafl vr xopow o cnnaHvrpoBaHHafl, TeM He Me Hee npo Banvrnacb ( 14 Maf/). ToMaC C!JOKOH6epr OTCrynvrn B 5 naKXvrT ( 16 Mafl ), vr, Kor.aa B floH,aoH npvr6bm9.ayap.a IV( 2 1 Mafl), apMMfl Mf/Te)I(HMKOB y)l(e pa36e)l(a nacb. L{epe3 wecTb,aHeiii C!JoKoH6epr c.aan Kopon iO 9 .ayap,ay r:t>n oT. BcKope nocne aToro no npvrKa3y 9 .ayap.aa IV B Tayape 6blfl y6vrT npecrapenbliii Kopon b leHpvrx VI.

1475 r. 3AYAPAIV06bs:!Bns:IET B0171HY PAHLI,HH. 3 aKniO'IMB co103 c repu.oraM 5 ypryH,avrvr, Kap n oM CMenbiM, 9 .ayap.a IV omnblfl c apMvreiii 3a Jla - MaHw, HO nocn e n e per o BopoB C XMTPOYMHb/M ,avrnnoMa TOM fTIO,aOBMKOM IX OTKa3anCf/ OT BOeHHor o noxo.aa B o 6MeH Ha Kpyn HYIO ,aeHe)I(HYIO BbmnaTy.

9 anpenSI 1483 r. CMEPTb 3AYAPAA IV. Hacn e,aoBan eMy Tpvr Ha,au.aTvrneTHvriii Cb!H 9.ayap.a V, p e reHTOM npvr KOTOpOM CTan Pvr'lap,a, repu.or l nocTep.

26 IIIIOHSI 1483 r. Y3YPnALJ,Hs:l TPOHA PH'·IAPAOM Ill. Cy.afl no BCeMy, era no.a.aep)l(vrBana 6onbwafl 'laCTb aHrnvriiicKoiii 3HaTvr, KOTop y10 He ycTpavrBano, 'IT06b! cTpaHoiii npa Bvrn Man oneTHMfii KOpOnb.

0KTS16pb 1483 r. Ms:ITE>K rEPLJ,OrA EiEKHHrEMA. OH 6bln op ra Hvr3oBaH f/BHO B CrOBOp e C t eHpMXOM T10,aopoM, rpar:t>oM Pvr'IMOH,aoM (ma Boiii,aoMa flaHKacTepoB), vr He3aMe.an vrTenbHo n o.aaaneH Pvr 'lap,aoM Ill.

KOHELJ, CPE,LJ,HV1X BEKOB. 1400-1500 rr.

410

1483-1485 rr. POCT HEA08011 bCTBA. nony;mpHOCTb Pw-!ap,lla Ill na,llana -

Ha11ano 3nox111 T10p,opos,

,llepJK117Bana Koponeaa MaprapeT.

1485-1500 rr.

3a-

PY4117 BWII7Cb 3Ha'III7TenbHb/M 117HOCTpaHHb/M np1173HaHII7BM 117 no.a.aepJKKOM,

era no,llo3peaanll7 B

TOM, 'ITO OH np117Ka3an y6117Tb B Taya-

/eHp117X TIO,l!Op, BBH'IaB111117MCH Ha

V 117 era Mna,llwero 6pa-

u,apcTBO no,ll 117MeHeM leHp117xa VII,

nepK117H Yop6eK npe,llnp117HHn HeCKOnbKO Hey,lla'IHb/X nonb/TOK Bb/Ca -

BOCCTaHOBII7n B CTpaHe M117p 117 3anoJKII7n OCHOBbl 'IBTb!peXBBKOBOrO aHr-

,liii7TbCH B AHmll7117 117 ttlpnaH.£1117117. 3aTeM OH np117HHn y'laCTII7e B Hey,lla 'IHOM BOC-

nii7MCKOrO aenii7'1117H. B Te'leHII7e ,llecH-

CTaHII7117 B KopHyonne (1497 r.), 6bln 3aXBa'leH B nneH 117 Bnocne,liCTBII7117 -

pe 9Ayap,lla

Ta- Pll74ap,lla, repu,ora JllopKa.

AsrycT 1485 r.. BTOP>KEH~E rEHP~XA TIOAOPA. OH ab/ca,llll7ncH B M117n¢op,li-XeiiiaeHe c apM117eii1 np117MepHO 1173 3 Tb/CH'I ¢paHLJ,Y3CKII7X HaeMHII7KOB. Ha6paa MHOJKeCTBO

TII7 C nii7111HII7M neT nep1170,liii7'1BCKII7 BCnbiXII7Banll7 BOCCTaHII7H JllopKOB, HO

CTOpOHHII7KOB B Yanbce 117 3ana,liHOM AHrnll7117, leHp117x BblcTynll7n B L(eHTpanbHYIOAHrnll710, 11736eJKaB CTOnKHO-

3BaHLJ,aMII7, KOTOpb!M He y,llaBanOCb np117Bne'lb Ha CB0/0 CTOpOHY 3Ha'III7-

BBHII7H C poHnii7CTCKOM apM117BM ( iifopKII7CTa M117) no,ll KOMaH,liOBaHII7BM 6pa-

B03rnaBnHnii7Cb, KaKnpaBII7nO,CaM0-

nocne ,l!Byx Hey,lla 'IHbiX non b!TOK 6erCTBa - Ka3HeH no np117roaopy KoponeacKoro cy,lla (

TenbHYIO nO,ll,llepJKKY

VII,

1499 r. ).

WOTflAH~Hfl

ocHoBaTeJib HOBOH

KaK 117 paHbwe, B XV aeKe norpa-

TbeB nop,lla ToMaca 117 capa Yll7nbHMa

):(IIHaCTIIII TIOnopoB, BeJI HerrpepbiB-

HII7'1Hbl e CTbi'IKII7 C aHrnll7'1aHaMII7

CTaHnll7. Kor,lla leHp117x TIO.l!OP no-

H)'IO 6opb6y C CaMOCTDHTeJibHOCThiO

npaKTII7'1BCKII7 He

HBII7nCH B OKpeCTHOCTHX 5ocyopTa, BOMCKO era yaenll7'1117nOCb,liO 5 Tb/CH'I 'lenoaeK. Pll74ap,lllll c ,liBCHTII7TbiCH'I-

6apOHOB II yKpeiiJIHJI KOpOJieBCK)'IO

pa3Be 'ITO HaKan 117X HBCKOnbKO CHII7-

BJiaCTb. IIpoBeneHIIe 3TOH rroJiliTIIKII

wm Hero TeM, 'lTD BOH-

3117nCH. nep1170,ll OTMB'IBH 'laCTb/MII7 BCnbi111KaMII7 6opb6bl MBJK,lly KOpOnH-

Hoii1 apM117eii1 nocnewHo BbiCT}'nll7n 1173 floH,liOHa Ha ceaepo-3ana,ll, Ha nepe-

Ha AJioH II EeJioH po3bl rrpiiBeJia K rn-

MII7 117 HenOKOpHOM3HaTbiO, KaK npa -

cpe-

BII7nO, no,ll Ha'lanoM ,llaMa /].yrnacoa.

xaaT. OH He 3Han, 'ITO 6paTbH CT9Hnll7 BCT}'nll7nll7 B CrOBOp C JeHp117XOM

0):\aJibHOH 3HaTII .. IIpoii3BO):(IIBIIIIIecH EO BpeMH 31DH BOHHbl II IIOCJie Hee

TIO,liOpOM 117 TOnbKO Bb/JKII7,llanll7 no,li-

KOH<jJIICKar(llll BJia):(eHIIH <lJeO):(aJibHblX

XO,l!HI.J..IBM B03MOJKHOCTII7, 'IT06bl npe-

MarnaToB rronpbiBaJIII ocHoBy Mory-

A>KE171MCA. Hacne,liHII7K womaH,ll-

ru:ecTBa 3TOH rpyrriThi <lJeonaJioB . OnHoBpeMeHHo pocJio 3eMJieBJia):(eHHe II

cKoro npecTona 6 bm 3axaa'leH aHrnll7'1aHaMII7, KOr,lla nnblfl BO C!JpaHLJ,II710

50CYOPTE. ApM117H capa Yll7nbHMa

COU:IIaJibHOe 3Ha"!eHHe HOBOro nBOpHH-

Y4117TbCH , nepe,ll caMoiii cMepTb/0

CTaHnll7 cTpa HHbiM o6pa3oM npe6b!aana B OT,llaneHII7117, Ha ceaepo-3a-

CTBa, 3aiiHTepecoBaHHoro B yciiJieHllll

OTLJ,a.

,llaTb KOpOnH.

22 asrycTa 1485 r.. 5~TBA nP~

na,liHOM B03Bb/11JBHHOCTII7, a nop,lla CT9Hnll7 - Ha 10ro-aocToKe; aoiiicKa

feHpiix

o6Jier'laJIOCb

6eJIII 3Ha'IIITeJibHOH "!aCTII CTapOH

KOpoJieBCKOH BJiaCTII..

npeKpa~.J..~anii7Cb ,

1390-1406 rr.. LI,APCTBOBAH~E

P05EPTA Ill..

1406 r.

n11EHEH~E nP~HLI,A

1406-1424 rr.. (~AKOB

A>KE171 MC BO B11A-

HAXOA~TCS1

Pll74ap,lla Ill 117 leHp117xa TIO,llopa cTo-

1487 r. BOCCTAH~E11AM5EP TA C~MHEJlA . OH Bbl,llaaan ce6H 3a

Hnll7 Ha pa BHII7He MBJK,lly CaTTOH-lfeHII7

9Ayap,lla, rparpa YopB117Ka ( Cb!Ha rep -

r eHT -

117 CTeHTOHOM. Kor,lla Pll74ap,lll/l np117Ka3an HacTynaTb, aecb era neBbiM

u,ora KnapeHca); erono.a.aepJK117Bana Maprap117Ta 5ypryH,liCKaH, cecTpa

u.a /].JKeii!Mca. Bocnonb30BaBWII7Cb TeM, 'ITO AHrnii7H 3aHHTa, rnaBHbiM

r:PnaHr, KOTOpb!M KOMaH,liOBan rparp

9Ayap,lla IV 117 Pll74ap,lla Ill. CII7MHen

o6pa3oM, B0306 HOBII7BweiiicH CTo -

HopTyM6epneH,ll, OTKa3ancH ,liBII7HYTbCH c Mecm. 0AHOBpeMeHHoapMII7117 6paTbeB CTaHnll7 np117cTpo117nll7c b

Bb/Ca,llll7nCH B t1pnaH,llll7117 C HaeMHb/M BOMCKOM 1173 2 Tb/CH'I HBMBLJ,KII7XnaH,li-

neTHeiii aoii!Hoiii, repu,or On6eHII7 oTaoeaan paHee 3axaa'leHHble aHrnll7 -

CKHBXTOB, KOTOpbiMII7 KOMaH,liOBan MapT117H CyapT. 3aTeM CII7MHen nepe-

3eMnll7 /OJKHoiii WoTnaH.£1117117. KpoMe

pOHHII7KOB ; C HII7MII7 OH 9 Hepr117'1HO

npaBII7nCH BAHrnll710, r,lleKHeMynp117coe,liii7HII7nll7cb MHTBJKHb/e OTpH,llbl no,ll KOMaH,liOBaHII7BM /l,JKOHa ,liB na nona

Taro, oH nocbman ,liOBOnbHO Kpyn Hble no,llpa3,lleneHII7H WOTnaH,liCKOM apM117117 Ha noMOI.J..Ib rppaHu,y3aM npo -

aTaKoaan u,eHTP aoiiicKa flaHKacTe-

117 rparpa f1117HKOnbHa. Q,liHaKO KOpOnb,

TII7B aHrnll7'1aH.

poa -

HBHO paCC'III7Tb/BaH 117nll7 npo-

pacnonaraawll7ii1 3Ha'III7TenbHO npe-

6117TbCH K JeHp117XY 117 Bbl117rpaTb cpaJKeHII7e B B,liii7H060pCTBe, 117nll7 yMepeTb,

aocxo,liHI.J..III7MII7 cll7naMII7, Haronoay pa3rpOMII7n MHTBJKHII7KOB B OJKBCTO-

TPOBHOM npaBII7Tenb, 3aKn/0'1117n co103

KaK no,llo6aeT KOpOn/0. HeCMOTPH Ha CTOnb ,li06neCTHbiM nopb!B , OTPH.ll Pll74ap,lla l/l6bm pa3,llaaneH npeaoc-

'IBHHOM6117TBB np117 CmyKe ( 16 117/0HH). Bee BOJK,llll7 BOCCTaHII7H, BKn/O'IaH CII7MHena, 6bmll7 B3HTbl B nneH.

C CeBepoaHmii7MCKII7MII7 BenbMOJKaMII7 117 BTOprCH B rpa¢CTBO A6ep,li117H, HO 6 bm pa36117T rpar:PoM MapoM.

K aoiiicKy flaHKac Tepoa. B pacnopHJKeHII7117 Pll74ap,lla Ill ocTaaanacb 6yKaanbHO ropCTKa CaMb/X BepHb/X CTO-

X0.£1HI.J..III7MII7 Cll7naMII7 npOTII7BHII7Ka, 117

MS1TE>K~ nEPYOP5EKA. OH Bbl,llaaan ce6H

1488-1499 rr . K~HA

CT~ AHr11~~AH. no'ITII7 ace 9TO apeMH WoTnaH,llll7eii1 npa all7n pe-

r epu,or On6eHII7, AHAH np117H-

'laHaMII7 CTpaTerii7'1BCKII7 BaJKHb/e

1411 r.

5~TBA nP~

XAP110Y

(511~3 ~HBEPYP~)- /].oHanb,ll,

oc-

1424-1437 rr. PEA11bHOE 1.. noc -

LI,APCTBOBAH~E ~AKOBA

Pll74ap,ll Ill norll76. C era c M epTb/0 KOH'III7nacb 117 BOMHa Anoiii 117 5enoii1

3a Pll74ap,lla , Mna,llwero 1173 y6117Tb!X

ne Taro, KaK era Bb1Kynll7nll7 1173 nneHa

p03bl.

Cb!Hoaeii19Ayap,lla IV Era TaKJKe no,ll-

( 1423 r.), HecKon bKO neT t1aKoB I

3AnA)J.HA$l EBPOnA no.a.aep)I(!IIBan e AHmuew M!llp. B KOH~e KOH~OB B pereHTeTBO XaMcppu (noeTepa OH B0306HOB!IIfl 6oeBb/e .aeweTB!II~, oea.aun PoKe6ypr, HO 6bm OT6!11T ( 1436 r.).

1488 r. CMEPTb

~AKOBA

411 Ill.

OH nom6 B 6!11TBe npu Co'lu6epHe, 6n1113 CmpnuHra, nbJTa~eb no,aaB!IITb BOeeTBH!IIe 3H8T!II.

1437-1460 rr. L\APCTBOBAH~E ~AKOBAII. Bee 9TIII ro,abl npo-

uexo.aunu noeTo~HHbJe eTbJ'lK!II Ha aHmuweKow rpaHu~e. l1aKoB II B03maBun noxo.a B HopTyM6epneH.a ( 1456 r.) 111 Bnoene,aeTB!II!II yenewHo oea)l(ll,an PoKe6ypr; ropo.a e.aane~ BeKope noene TOTO KBK KOPOflb noT!II6 np!ll pa3pbJBe oea,aHOW 6oM6ap,abl ( 1460 r.).

1460-1488 rr. L\APCTBOBAH~E ~AKOBA Ill. B ero npaBneHue

womaH,a~bJ Boenonb30Ban!lleb Bow-

How Anow 111 Genow po3bl 111 OTBOeBanu Bee fO)I(HOWOTflBH,aeK!IIe 3eMfl!ll, OeTBBBBW!IIee~ no,a BnaeTb/0 8Hm!ll'l8H.

1464-1482 rr.

nEPEM~P~E

CAHrJl~Eill. 1482~

B0306HOBflEH~E

BOii!Hbl C AHffl~Eill. 3,ayap.a IV no.a.aep)I(!IIBan npeTeH3!11!11 Ha npeeTon Mna.awero 6paTa Kopon~ AneKeaH,apa, rep1..1ora On6eH!II. Pu'lap.a, rep1..1or rnoeTep (Bnoene.aeTB!II!II-Koponb Pu<lap.a Ill), BMeeTe e On6eH!II noBen apM!II/0 BTOp)l(eH!II~ B /O)I(HY/0 WomaH,a!ll/0; OH!II OTBOeBBfl!ll y woTnaH.al..leB bepyuK. l1aKOB Ill nbJTane~ 38~!11T!IITb eTpaHy, HO !113-38 M~Te)l(8 6apOHOB H!ll'leTO He BbJ111!1o; rep/..lOr!ll On6eH!II 111 rnoeTep B3~fl!ll 3,a!IIH6ypr Ill 38XB8T!IIfl!ll BnaeTb. Bnoene,aeTB!II!II rep1..1or On6eH!II 6bm BbJHY')I(,aeH 6e)I(BTb. 1484 r. AHrJl~ii!CKOE BTOP:>KEH~E. rep1..1or On6eH!II u,aeB~TbJW rpacf> )J.ymae e He6onbW!IIM aHmuweK!IIM BoweKOM BTopmueb B WomaH,au/0, HO 6blfl!ll OT6!11Tbl.

<PPAHQH.H KpH3HC <J>paH~y3cKoii MOHapXHH, 1400-1444 rr. B npaBneHue Kapna VI, e ero nepuo,au'leeK!IIM!II npuna,aKaM!II 6e3yM!II~, 4JpaH~!II~ OK83Bn8eb HB rpaH!II paena,aa. noKa roey,aapeTBO pa3,a!llpana O)l(eeTO'leHHB~ rpa)l(,a8HeK8~ BOWHB Me)l(ll,y ABYM~ ap!lleTOKPBT!II'leeK!IIM!II rpynn!llpOBKBM!II, BHm!IIWeK!IIW KOPOflb (eHp!IIX V yrBep,aune~ 38KOHHb/M Haene,aH!IIKOM cpp8HI..l}'3eKOW KOpOHbl Ill BOT-BOT ,aOfl)l(eH 6blfl no,a'l!IIH!IITb eBoew BnaeT!II Be/0 eTpaHY. Be~ 38na,aHoeBponeweKa~ ueTopu~ nowna 6bJ no eoBeeM ,apyroMy nyru, eenu 6bJ He ,aBa eo6bJT!IIK paHH~~' HeO)I(M,a8HH8~ eMepTb (eHp!IIXB Ill epa3y 38 9T!IIM - no~BneHue )f(aHHbJ ,a'ApK, pa3,ayBwew nnaM~ cf>PBH/..lY3eKOTO H8/..l!IIOH8fl!II3M8. )J,ocp!IIH, eTBBW!IIW KapnoM VII, npaB!IITeneM oKa3ane~ ena6b!M 111 Henpe,anp!II!IIM'l!IIBbJM u6bm eoBepweHHO He enoeo6eH no,aH~Tb cppaH~y3eK!IIW Hapo,a HB OTnop MeTO,a!ll'lHOMY yBepeHHOMY BHTfl!IIWeKOMY 3BBOeBaH!IIIO. Ho, HeB3!11pa~ Hill HB 'lTO, 8Hm!ll'l8He 6b!fl!ll no6e)l(ll,eHbl, 8 MOHBPX!II~ ynpo'leHa 6naro.aap~ )f(aHHe .a'ApK 111 npo6Y')I(.aeHHOMY HB/..l!IIOHBnbHOMY eaMOe03H8H!IIIO.

1380-1422 rr. L\APCTBOBAKAPflA VI. nepuo.a nonum'lee-

H~E

Koro xaoea Ill 9KOHOM!II'leeKOTO pa3B8fl8.

1411-1435rr. fPA)I(AAHCKASI BOii!HA ME)I(AY 6YPfYHAL\AM~ ~ APMAHbSIKAM~.

1413-1414 rr. BOCCTAH~E KA60WbEHOB B nAP~)I(E (HA3BAHO no ~MEH~ C~MOHA KA60WA, rJlABbl nAP~)I(CKOill f~flbA~~ MSICH~KOB). 0Ho 6bmo eB~3aHo e rpa)l(ll,aHeKow BowHow Me)l(,ay ap!lleTOKPBT!II'leeK!IIM!II rpynn!llpOBKBM!II; 6yHTOB~!IIK!II Teppop!113!11pOB8fl!ll Be/0 eTOfl!II~Y Ill KOpOneBeK!IIW ,aBop.

1413-1453 rr. 3ABEPW EH~E CTOflETHEill BOii!Hbl. 1420 r. AOfOBOP B TPYA. B pe3ynbTaTe (eHpux V eTan cpaKm'leeK!II npaB!IITeneM ct>paH/..l!ll!ll.

1422 r. CMEPTb fEHP~XA V ~ KAPflA VI. 1422-1429 rr. PA3BAfl <WAHl.\&'1~. AHm!ll'laHe 111 ux 6ypryH,aeKue eo/03H!IIK!II npo.aon)l(an!ll HeroponnuBoe, MeTo,a!ll'lHOe noKopeH!IIe eTpaHbl; HeKOpOHOBBHHb/W ,aocp!IIH H!IIKBKOTO eonpoT!IIBneH!II~ He OKB3bJBan.

1429 r. AYXOBHOE ~ HAL\~ OHAflbHOE B03PO)I(AEH~E ¢1PAHL\~~. Ha'lano eMy nono)l(una )/(aHHB ,a'ApK. 1440 r. nPArEP~SI. BoeeTBH!IIe 3HBT!II, npouexo,auBwee npuMepHo no TBKOW )l(e exeMe, KBK 'lyrb paHbwe B npare ( bOTeM!II~, eoBp. 4eX!II~). bYHTOB~!IIK!II, B 'l!lleno KOTOpbJX BXO,a!lln u,aocp!IIH, 6y,ay~!IIW KOPOflb fliO,aOB!IIK XI, 6bm!ll noene .aonroro MaHeBpupoBaH!II~ no6e)l(,aeHbl B nyary o,aapeHHb/M BOeH8'l8flbH!IIKOM, KOHHeTa6neM ct>paH~!II!II ApTIOPOM .ae PuweMOHOM, HO 3aTeM npo~eHbl KoponeM.

1443 r. BOCCTAH~E fPA¢1A APMAHbSIKA. 0Ho 6bmo no,aaBneHO ,aocp!IIHOM fliO,aOB!IIKOM.

Cl>paH'-'Y3CK.Oe 6oeaoe cHapstJKeHHe XV B. PeKOHCTPY~HR XIX B.

412

KOHELJ, CPE.ll,HV1X BEKOB. 1400-1500 rT.

1444 r. nOXOA B WBEIAU,APIIIIO. PoeT soeHHoro npocpeccvroHanvt3Ma, 1445-1500 rr. AHapxi1R, pacu,8eTwaR 6yi1HbiM

BY B C8MOM CKOpOM BpeMeHI1 cjJpaH-

eTCfl HOBO€ H€38811CI1MOe KOpO-

U.Y3CK8R apTI1nnepi1R K8K B TeXHI1-

neBCTBO, CnOC06HOe COCH/38TbCfl B

4eCKOM, T8K 11 8 Op18HI138L/,110HHOM

Moryw,ecTae

OTHOWeHI1RX H8 IOflOBY npe80CXO-

t:PpaHu,l1ei1, 11 co CaRut,eHHoi!t P11M-

11 6oraTcTBe

,ll,l1fl8 n106y10 ,D,pyry/0 apT11nnep1110

CKoi!t I1Mnep11ei!t. 0CT8HOBI1fll1 Kap-

Ml1pa. Snaro,D,apR C03,ll,8HI110 pery-

na CMenoro ,D,I1nnoMaTI14eCKI1e

n>~pHoilt apM1111 11 npeBOCXO,ll,HOM -

yx11w,peH11R fltO,D,OBI1Ka

,D,nR C8oero 8peMeHI1 -

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apT11nnep1111

XI, a

TaK>Ke

U,8eTOM 8Cfle,D,CT811e pocnyCKB HB-

a paMKax ::~milt apMI111, KOr,D,a CmneT-

np11 Kapne

eMHb/X 8011HCKI1X cjJOpMI1p088HI1M,

HRR BOMH8 80306HOBI1fl8Cb, cjJpaH-

u,y3cKoi!t MOH8PXI111 npO,D,Ofl>K8fl0

VIII Moryw,ecTBO

cjJpaH-

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U.Y38M C nerKOCTb/0 y,D,aflOCb 8bt611Tb

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113 CTp8Hbl 8Hifli148H. 0ocne CMep-

CR BOeHHbtf!t nOXO,ll, B /11Tafli1/0- TOI-

3TO 38CTa811no Kapna

VII

11 era co-

TI1 Kapna

VII em

CbtH fltO,D,0811K

XI,

,[1,8-TO Espana 11 noHRna, 4TO TaKoe

8eTHI1K08 npe,D,npi1H'i1Tb PRA 4pe3-

O,ll,I1H 113 C8Mb/X CnOC06Hb/X MOHap-

HOB8R cjJpaHU,y3CK8R apMI1R. 00RB-

8bt4ai1Ho 88>KHbtX waro8, Hanpa8-

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neHHbiX H8 B08HHYIO pecjJopMy. ,ll,nfl

npO,ll,Ofl>KI1fl H848Tbte OTU,OM BOeH-

npocjJeccl1oHanbHOi!t apMI111 -

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Hbte 11 noni1TI14eCK11e pecjJopMbt,

CYTI1, COBpeMeHHOIO Tl1na -

CTpaHe nopR,D,Ka 6btnl1 opraHI1308a-

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3ap10 Hoaoi!t 11CTOp1111.

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B rrepnoil: rronoBIIHe

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Bfl8CTI1

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XV neKa re-

npOTI1BI1fl8Cb

HepanbHbre IIITaTbi <l>paHUIIII, HBJlHBIIIIleCH opraHOM COCJIOBHOrO

cjJopMI1pOB8HI1M, 11 BCKOpe nop>l,ll,OK

npaKTI14€CKI1 BCR api1CTOKp8TI14e-

6btn 80CCTaH08neH. 0,D,H08peMeHHO

CK8'il 8epxywKa, oco6eHHO repu,o-

rrpe):(CTaBHTe.llbCTBa, IIpiiH5IJIII pe-

,[1,88 H81160nee O,D,apeHHb/X 80€HHb/X

111 5ypryH,D,CKI1e, 4bl1 8na,D,eHI1R

rneHIIe, ITO KOTOpOMY rpeo)la.JiaM 3a-

COBeTHI1K8 KOpOflfl, 6p8Tbfl )/(aH 11

npocT11pani1Cb OT Waeiltu,apcKI1X

npeiiJaJ10Cb coJJ:ep)f{aTb co6cTBeH-

/acnap S10po, np11cTyn11n11 K co3,D,a-

Anbn ,D,O t:PnaH,D,PI111 Ha CesepHoM

Hoe BoiicKo. B 3aMKax pa3pernanocb

HI110 peryn>~pHoilt apT11nnep1111, 11

Mope. np11 Kapne CMenoM ( 11n11

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6naro,D,apR 11x ::mepr1111, H8Y4HbtM

5e3p8CCY,D,HOM) K838fl0Cb, 4TO B

TOJibKO KOpOJib MOr IIMeTb BOHCKO

11HTepecaM 11 8011HCKOMY 11CKYCCT-

3ana,D,Hoi1 E8pone 80T- 80To6pa3y-

II ~epe3 CBOHX ~HHOBHHKOB C06HpaTb )leHe)f(Hbie HanorH )l.JIH ero co-

;::~ep*aHIIH. BcKope rrocne 3 Toro, B

1445 roily, KopoHb KapH

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Op)lOHaHCbi (yKa3bi) 0 BBe)leHIIII HOBOll HaJIOrOBOll CIICTCMbi II 06 opraHil3aUIIH BOHCKa H3 ypO)KCHUCB <l>paHUHH. 3TO BOHCKO He pacnycKa.JIOCb D MHpHOe npeMH. Ha ocHonaHHII yKa3a Kapna 6bill0 crpopMIIpOBaHO

VII

Op)lOHaHCO-

BbiX KOHHbiX poT 06IIJeH ~CJTeHHOCThiO B

9 TbiCH~ ~enoBeK.

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uepaM 6hmo noJTO)KeHo onpen:eneHHoe )KaJIOBaHbe. Bo3HHKaJIH HOBbie rpopMhi opraHH3aUHH apMIIH. PbruapcKoe «KOrrhe» rrpenpamarrocb n orrpen:en eHHoe rron:pa3)leJ1eHIIe. }13 «KOIIIIH» COCTaBJ15IJ1aCb pOTa (compagnie). 3TOT TepMIIH IIpOIICXO):(HT OT CJlOBa «COTparre3HHK», TOBapHIIJeCTBO H 03Ha'faeT COJTn:aTCKYIO KopnopauniO. PoTa cTaJTa opraHH3aUIIOHHOH, a 3aTCM II Ta~CC Apwepot (HONHote •T•HuRu)

KOH e;::~IIHIIrreli. Kon w i ecTno «KOIIIIH» n poTe 6hrno pa3Jill'IHbiM- OT

10 ):(0 100;

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(1445

r.)

cocTaB «KOIIbH» . ComacHo op;::~oHaH-

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JIOBeK, 6hiJII1 CBeJJ,eHhl B pOTbl, no

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oT KopoJIH. PhiUapb nonyqaJI

KOnbeM C KpiOKOM, rraJK, JJ,Ba KOHHblX

B .D:Ba pa3a 6oJibrne JIY'IHHKa, KYTH-

KaiiilTaH-reHepaJI. OnHaKo opraHH3a-

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Ilia.[(eH. TaKMM o6pa30M, B COCTaB

Ka, a rraJK -

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1448 roJJ,y npaBHTeJI&CTBO KapVII rrpMcTyrrHJ10 K opraHH3aQMM

JKeHHblli (naJK), BCaLlHMKl1, nexoTMHeu

rrexoTHoro BoiicKa. Ka)J{)J,OMY npMxo-

onpaB.[(aJia ce6H, H BCKope oT Hee npH-

«KOITbH» BXO.[(MJIM THJKeJIOBOOpyJKeH-

6biJIH pmo6meHbi .D:pyr oT npyra, He

50 X03HMCTB Bbi-

IliJIOCb OTKa3aTbCH. KoHHbie JKe op.D:o-

)J,JIH 6oH op.D:oHaHcoBaH poTa CTPO-

)J,eJIHTb rr BoopylKI1Tb OJJ,Horo CTPeJIKa.

HaHCOBbie pOTbl, B OTJIII'Il1e OT BOJib-

MJ1ac& B 'leTbipe rnepeHm: B nep-

3ToT CTPeJioK o6H3aH 6biJI o6Y"'aTbCH

HblX CTPeJIKOB, npHHIUITI opram13aU1111

BOH -

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cTpeJ1b6e 113 JiyKa HJIH ap6aJieTa.

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B MMpHOe BpeMH OH OCB060JK)J,aJ1CH OT

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HaJIOroB, a B BOeHHOe IIOJIY'IaJI MeCH'I-

)J,OJiroe BpeMH.

maBHbiM 60MQOM 11 He rrpeBpaTMJICH

HOe JKaJIOBaHbe. Bee «BOJibHbie CTPeJI-

TIOCTOHHHOe BOMCKO 113 OpJJ,OHaH-

B KOMaHJJ,Mpa «KOIThH» . «KyTMJihe» 11

KII», a l1X HaC'IHTbiBaJIOCb

16 TbiCH'I 'le-

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11 KOHHble CTpeJ1Kl1.

pbiQapM, BO BTOpOH -

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KOHHble CTpeJ1Kl1 B 6010 HBJ1HJII1Cb nOMeplKKOH pbiQapH . BHOBh co3.[(aHHoe HaeMHoe BoiicKo 6hiJIO KOHHbiM 11 HaC'Il1TbiBaJ10

1 Tb!CH'IY 500 KOHHbiX JiaTHMKOB 1 TbiCH'IY 500 KYTMJibe-

(pbiQapeli ),

poB (J1erKOBOopyJKeHHblll KOHHMK, rrpliCJIYJKHBaJOIII,HH pbiQapiO ), CH'IY

500

6hiJili nOJJ,pOCTKI1, li HJIM

1 Tbl-

naJKeH, cpeJJ,H KOTOpblX

TbiCH'IM

500

TbiCH'Ili ( eCJIM He C'IMTaTb

cJiyr) KOHHhiX JIY'IHHKOB. B cpaJKeHHH JIY'IHI1KI1 JJ,eHCTBOBaJIH OT.[(eJ1bHO OT THJKeJ1oi1 KaBaJ1epHM . Op.D:oHaHcoBbie poTbi rroJ1y'laJ1H ycTaHoBJieHHoe HaTypaJibHOe .[(OBOJibCTBile

HeMe1.4KIIIM «'lepHbiM» canaA 1490-x rr.

414

KOHEU. CPE)J.HV1X BEKOB. 1400-1500 rr.

TypHHP «MWlne». MHHHanopa HnniOMHHHpoBaHHoro M3HYCKPHnTa «KHHrH TYPHHPOB» PeHe AHJKY.,CKoro. Cepe.QHHa XV a.

HHKaM. llo csoej;i <}lopMe opraHH331.1IDI

1449-1453 rr. L<13fHAHL<1E L<13 PAH UL<1L<1 AH rJU.1lfAH. 1461-1483 rr. UAPCTBOBAHL<1E JliOJJ,OBL<1KA XI. npeKpall.le-

1467-1477 rr. nPABJlE HL<1E KAPJlA CMEJlOfO, fEPUOfA6YPfYHAL<1L<1. OH )l(eHMfiCfl Ha MaprapMre JltopKCKOW( 1468 r.), .tJ,86b!38KJII0-

IIOCTO.llHHOfO BOttCKa H3 Op,AOHaHCO-

HMe cf>eo.tJ,BflbHOW 8H8PXMM.

4MTb c KoponeM 3.ayap.aoM IVHOBbJW 8Hrfi0-6ypryH.tJ,CKMW C0/03; nOTOM npe.aarenbCKM nneHMfll110.tJ.OBMKa XI H8 neperoeopax B nepOHHe. 4T06bl eepHyTb ce6e ceo6o.ay, J110.aoeMK BbiHY)I(.tJ,eH 6blfl BpeMeHHO nO.tJ,4MHMTbCfl rpe6oeaHMflM Kapna.

secTH soj;IHhJ, II03TOM)' Kopomi rrpoAOJDKaJIH rrpH6eraTh K rrpH3blBY JieHHHKOB, a TaJOKe K HH03eMHb1M HaeM-

BblX poT, ,AeJIHBIIIHXC.ll Ha KOIIb.ll, BO

13 vuonst 1465 r. 6L<1TBA nPL<1

MHOfOM HaiiOMHHaJia pbll.lapceyiO op-

MOHJlEPL<1. Cp8)1(eHMe Me)l(.tJ.y KoponeecKoi1 apMMei1J110.tJ.OBMKa XI Meoi1CKBMM KOBJIMUMM KpynHOW apMCTOKPBTMM, H83B8HHOW f1Mroi1 0611.1ero 6nara M eo3maenfleMoi1 6ypryH.aCKMM npaeMreneM rpacf>oM .ae Wapone ( enocne.acrBMM repuoroM KapnoM CMeflbiM), a ra/OKe repuoraMM AnaHCOHOM, WepoM, 6yp6oHoM M J1oraPMHTCKMM, OKOH4MJIOCbBHW.Ib/O. bMTB8 6b/fl8 npeMMYll.leCTBeHHO K8BanepMWCKOi1; KKOH~Y o6e apMMM npe6bJB8JIM B nOJIHOM CMflTeHMM. J110.tJ,OBMK8 XI BbJHY.tJ.MfiM no.anMcarb HeBbJro.aHbli1 eMy KoHcf>naHCKMi1.aoroeop, or C06JIIO.tJ,eHMfl YCJIOBMW KOTOporo OH cyMen yKnOHMTbCfl, pacKonoe f1Mry MCK}'CHOW.tJ,MnfiOM8TMei1.

faHH331.1HIO, OAHaKO 3TH pOThl 6bliiH c<}>opMHpOBaHhl IIO IIpHHI.IHIIY HaeMHH"leCTBa. BoT rro"leM)' op,qoHaHcoBbie pOThl OTHOC.llTC.ll He K CTapott, <}>eO,AaJibHOtt BOeHHOtt opraHH331.1HH, OCHOBaHHOtt Ha JieHHOtt CJiy:lK6e (KaK 3TO yTrep)f(,!J,aeT HeMel.IKHtt soeHHhltt HCTOpHK ,[{eJib6piOK), a K HOBOtt, OCHOBaHHOj;i Ha HaeMHH"leCTBe, TeM 6oJiee, "'TT HX BHYTpeHH.ll.ll opraHH331.1H.si c Te"leHHeM speMeHH rro,qsepraJiacb H3MeHeHHIO.

1445-1449 rr. BOEHHbiE PE<t>OPMbl. OpraHM38UMfl nepeoi1 B Eepone co epeMeH PMMflflH perynflpHoi1 BPMMM.

1471-1472 rr. BTOP)I(EHL<1E KAPJlA CMEJlOfO B HOPMAHJJ,L<110 L<1 L<1Jlb-AE -PAHC. OHO 6b/JIO OTp8)1(eHO B 6MTBe npM bOBe.

1472-1475 rr. nEPL<10AL<1lfECKASI BOliiHA C APAfOHOM. 6oeBble .tJ,eWCTBMfl B nMpeHeflX KOH4MJIMCb TeM, 4TO cf>paH~Y3bl 38XB8TMJIM PycMi1oH, HO 6bmM BbJ6MTbJ M3 KaranoHMM.

1474-1477 rr. BOliiHAKAPJlA CMEJlOfO CO WBEliiUAPUAML<1. Weei1uapubJ nonb30BanMcb .aMnno-

3AnA)J.HA~ MaTIII'-IeCKOtlt nO,ll,ll,ep){(KOtlt fliO,D,OBI!IKa XI. 3m np111aeno K pa3rpoMy, yHI!I){(eHM/0 111 r1116enM Kapna CMenoro. 1475 r. BTOP>KEHI!1EBOc:l>PAHU,I!110 3AYAPAA IV. 5oeabJe ,D,etltCTBIIIR He Beni!ICb; 3aKOH'-IfllnOCb no,D,ni!ICaHI!IeM B ni!IKap,D,I!ItltCKOM ropo,D,e ni!IKI!IHbfll,ll,OIOBOpa(29aaryCT8), COmaCHO KOTopoMy fliO,D,OBI!IK XI nnaTflln aHml!ltltCKOMY KOpOn/0 KpynHy/0 CYMMY OTCTynH0/0. 7 asrycTa 1479 r. 51!1TBA nPI!1 ri!1HErATE. PaCC'-IIIITbiBaR aocnonb30BaTbCR cMepTb/0 Kapna CMenoro, fliO,D,OBI!IK XI nocnan apMI!I/0 BTOp){(eHI!IR a HM,D,epnaH,D,bl, o,D,HaKo rjJpaHLw3bJ noTepnenM nopa){(eHMe OT aacTpMtltcKoro 3pu,repu,ora MaKCIIIMI!InfllaHa I la6c6ypra, 3RTR Kapna . lepMaHcKy/0 Kaaanepi!IIO rjJpaHU,y3CKaR pa3orHana, HO none 6oR ocTanocb 3a rjJnaMaH,D,CKOtlt neXOTOtlt, B COCT8Be Kompotlt cpa){(ancR nfii'-IHO MaKCI!IMI!InMaH I. ¢paHLI,Y3CKI!Ie «C8o6o,D,Hble ny'-IHI!IKI!I» ( H08oe onon'-leHI!Ie) 6e){(anfll. 1483-1498 rr. U,APCTBOBAHI!1E KAPnA VIII. 1488-1491 rr. «SEWEHASI BOHHA». BoccTaHI!Ie repu,oro8 OpneaHCK0/0 Ill 5peTOHCKOIO, nO,ll,lJ,ep){(aHHOe KoponeM AHmfllfll leHpl!lxoM VII 111 a8cTpl!lt7tCKI!IM 3pu,repu,oIOM MaKCIIIMI!InfllaHoM I. KoponeacKaR apMI!IR pa36111na 6yHT08W,I!IK08 np111 CeHT-06eH-,D,IO-KopMbe (a co8p. ,D,enapmMeHTe t1nb 111 B111neH; 1488 1.), '-ITO pew111n0 I!ICXO,ll, 80t7tHbl, HO MenKI!Ie CTbi'-/Kfll npO,D,On){(ani!ICb ew,e 6onbwe ,D,8YX neT. 1493 r. 5APCEnOHCKI!1171 AOrOBOP. nnaHIIIPYR 8TOp){(eHI!Ie 8 t1Tani!IIO, Kapn VIII ,D,061!1nCR OT I!ICnaHu,e8 rapaHTI!Itlt HetltTpanMTeTa. 1494-1496 rr. nOXOA B 1!1TAnl!110. Kapn Vll/3aMb/WnRn KpecTOBbltlt nOXO,D, C u,enb/0 OTBOeBaTb y MycynbMaH KOHCT8HTI!IHOnOnb Ill t1epycani!IM - 111 8 Ka'-/eCTBe nep8oro wara B3Rn Heanonb. ApMIIIR ero HaC'-1111TbJ8ana 6onee 25 Tb/CR'-1 '-leno8eK, 8 TbiCR'-1 1113 KOTOpbiX 6blflfll W8et7tu,apCKI!IMfll HaeMHIIIKaMIII. no'-ITI!I BCR OCTanbHaR E8pona, HanyraHHaR rppaHu,y3CKIIIM ycneXOM, 06be,D,IIIHI!InaCb 8 «C8RW,eHHYIO nfllry», 8 KOTOPYIO 8XO,D,fllnfll MMnepaTop MaKCIIIMI!InfllaH I,

EBPOnA

nana pi!IMCKI!Itlt AneKcaH,D,p VI, t1cnaHI!IR, AHmi!IR, BeHeU,I!IR Ill MlllnaH. noCKOnbKY eMy yrpO){(anfll nepeKpb!Tb nYTM coo6w,eHMR c ¢paHu,Met7t, Kapn OCTa81!1n non08111HY apMI!Ifll y,D,ep){(fll8aTb Heanonb, a c ocmnbHotlt nono81!1Hot7t 8bJCTyn111n 8 Ce8epHyiO t1mni!IIO, K nbeMOHTy, Ha coe,D,MHeHI!Ie c He60nbWOt7t apMI!Ietlt fliO,D,081!1Ka, repu,ora OpneaHcKoro. Ha nepex8aT oTcTyna10w,ero K AneHHI!IHaM rjJpaHu,y3cKoro 80t7tCKa 8b/CTynflln MaHTyaHCKI!Itlt KOH,D,OTbep Jl,){(08aHHI!I ¢paH'-IeCKO IOH3ara, KOMaH,D,YIOW,I!Itlt 06be,D,IIIHeHHb/Mfll HaeMHb/Mfll CfllnaMI!I M111naHa 111 BeHeU,fllfll (111/0nb 1495 r.).

415 nom. KpoMe Toro , Kap.Tl

VIII

Haue-

HJ1CH Ha TO, 'ITO npOTI1B TypoK BOCCTaHyT 6aJ1KaHCKIIe HapOL(hl - - aJ16aHQhi, CJlaBHHe, rpeKII. 3TH L(aJleKO HllYIUHe IIJlaHbl cppaHU:Y3CKOH 3HaTII He HMeJ1H IIOL( C060H pea.TlbHOH IIO'lBbi. TmaTeJlbHoe Il3y'leHIIe TeaTpa npeL(CTOHIIJIIX BOeHHbiX L(eHCTBHH HBJ1HJ10Cb OL(HIIM II3 MOMeHTOB IIOL(fOT OBKII IIOXOL(a, B KOTOpOM L(OJ1)1(Ha 6bJJ1 a yqacTBOBaTb ycoBepweHcTBOBaHHaH H 6oJ1biiiaH no TOMY BpeMeHII cppaHU:Y3CKaH apTI1J1.T1epi1H. Ilo UpyriiM IICTO'lHHKaM llAA BTOp)l(eHHH B lfTaJlHIO Me)I(Jl:Y JliiOHOM II fpeHo6J1eM 6bmo cocpeuoTo'!eHo 37-TbiCH'lHOe BOHCKO (c 60J1biiiHM o6-

riOXOll cppaHU:Y3CKOrO BOHCKa B

CJ1Y)I(IIBaiOIIJHM COCTaBOM), B KOTO-

IO:)JmyiO 11TaJ11110 6hiJ1 nu:aTeJlhHO

poe BXOllHJ1II IIIBeHu:apcKaH rrexoTa II

IIOL(fOTOBJleH BO BCeX OTHOIITeHHIDC

JlaHL(CKHeXTbl

Kap.Tl

VIII

(6-- 8 TbiCH'l) . 20 npo-

npe)l(ue Bcero 3aKJ110-

u:eHTOB IIJBenu:apu:eB IIMeJ111 1-Ja BOOpy-

'liiJ1 Mrrp c AHrJ1Hen, lfcnaHrreH: rr

)l(eHIIII apKe6y3bi, 25 npou:eHTOB - -

fepMaHIIei1. EhiJ1 o6ecne'leH HenTpa-

aJ1e6apL(bl, ocTaJlbHbie 6biJ1II Boopy-

JliiTeT BeHeU:IIII, <l>.TlopeHU:IIII 11

)l(eHbi L(J1IIHHbiMI1 IIHKaMII. 3Ha'li1-

PrrMa. IlpiiHIIMaJliiCh Mepbi K TOMY,

TeJ1bHYIO 'laCTb BOHCKa COCTaBJ1HJ111

'lT06hi L(06IITbCH COL(eHCTBIIH cppaH-

6peTOHU:bi

U:y3aM co cTopoHhi CaBonn, feHyii,

TbiCH'l) II raCKOHQbi

MIIJlaHa II eppaphr. 113Y'laJ1ach no-

BOOpy)l(eHHaH JlyKaMII, ap6a.TleTaMH II

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apKe6y3aMH .

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Ha EaJ1KaHax, rue 6bmo MHoro Heuo-

TH)I(eJlaH KOHHIIU:a COCTOHJ1a II3

BOJlhHhiX cymeCTBOBaBIITIIMII IIOpHU-

cppaHU:Y3CKIIX L(BOpHI-1 - - 2,5 TbiCH'lH

KaMII. Kap.Tl

VIII

H ero coBeTHIIKH

JlaTHHKOB, Ka)I(L(biH Il3 KOTOpbiX J.IMeJ1

paCC'lHTbiBaJlH Ha TO, 'ITO cppaHU:y-

opy)l(eHocu:a H UByx c.Tlyr. 200 phru:a-

30B B 11TaJ1IIII II Ha EaJ1KaHax )I(Jl:YT

pen cocTaBJ1HJ1H CBHTY KopoAA. B co-

KaK 1136aBIITeJ1en. HcxouH 113 ::JToro,

cTaBe BOHCKa IIMeJlOCb 3,5 TbiCH'lH

HaMe'laJlcH noxou Ha KoHcTaHTIIHO-

JlerKOH KOHHJ.IU:bl , BOopy)l(eHHOH Jly-

noXOA cppaHI..IY3CKOro BOHCKa B HTamtiO B

1494-1496 rr.

416

KOHEU. CPE)J.HV1X BEKOB. 1400-1500 rr. peKH ITo, smpon IIJihlJI MopeM c 3a.LJ,a<JeH BhlCa):{HTbC.ll B reHy33CKOH PHBbepe. BmpoH 01pSI,!J, HearroJIHTaHUeB MOr OKa3aTbCSI Ha KOMMYHHKaUHH <}>paHUY3CKOro BOHCKa. .1J:JIS! B3aHMO.LJ,eHCTBHSI C <}>JIOTOM KapJI

VIII

BbiAeJIHJI 1 0-TbiCSI<JHhiH

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~JIOpeHUHH KpeiiOCTH Ha MOpCKOM II06epe)Kbe, a Ta.ICKe liHJY H JlHBOpHO. CTparerH<JeCKHM pe3yJihTaTOM 3TOro ycrrexa SIBHJIOCb ycTaHOBJieHHe CBSI3H cyxorryTHoro BOHCKa C <}JJIOTOM . .Il:JISI Ha6JIIO.LJ,eHHSI 3a MHJiaHCKHM repuoroM H AJISI o6ecrre<JeHHSI rryTH OTC'I)'IIJieHHSI<}>paHUY30B B AcTH 6hlJI OCTaBJieH OTpS!A IIOA KOMaH.LJ,OBaHHeM repuora OpJieaHcKoro. 3aaepwai0!14Vl~

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B KOHUe asrycTa 1494 ro.LJ,a<}>paH-

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so stoPoA noAOBHHE 1461 r.

EBPOnA

417

npoqHe KpynHbJe <Jle0.113AbHbJe BAa,4eHHH

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'Ill. C>

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Ill

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Ill til

MOPE 60

)20 KN

KOHELJ, CPE,LJ,HV1X BEKOB. 1400-1500 rr.

418

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OCHOBHOM, ap6aneT'IMKOB) M HeKO-

cpJiaHroB oiTepau:IIoHHoro HaiTpaBJie -

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Hbili Mapiii, B KOTOpOM ):(eMOHCTpiipO-

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cnoMneHo. 06l1.4ee 'IMcno rppaHLJ.Y3-

cppaHU:Y3CKIIe rapHII30Hbi 6biJIII Bbi-

BTOplKeHIIe BO <l>paHU:liiO. B 3TOli ITOIDITmeCKOli II cTpaTe-

CKMxnoTepb cocraaMno200 'lenoaeK

TeCHeHbi II 3 MTaJIIIII. B KOHe'IHOM

y6MTb/MM M npMMepHO CTOflbKO %e

IITOre ITOXO):( cppaHIJ:Y30B B MTaiDIIO He

VIII no-

paHeHbiMM. l1Tan bHHLJ.bl noTepHnM

nocmr HaMe<J:eHHOli u:eJIII, TaK KaK He

rryCTliJI KPYIIHYIO OIIIII6Ky, pa36pocaB CBOII CIIJibi ITO KpeiTOCTHM HeaiTOJIII-

y6MTb/MM 3 Tb/CH'IM 350 'leflOBeK;

y):(aJIOCb ITOJIIITII'IeCKII 3aKpeiTIITb

60flbWMHCTBO paHeHb/X 6blflM ,11,06M-

IT epBoHa<J:aJibHbie cTpaTerii<J:eCKIIe

Tbl npM rppaHLJ,Y3CKMX KOHTpaTaKaX.

ycrreXII.

rn<J:ecKoli o6cTaHOBKe KapJI

TaHCKOro KopoJieBcTBa. ToJibKO c 10-TbiCH'IHbiM OTpH):(OM 20 MaH

1495

Kapn

VIII

BbiJJ.BMHyncH

CeaepHy/0

ro):(a oH BbiCTYIIIIJI II3 H eaiTOJIH II ):(BII-

l1TanMIO, a OTTyJJ.a aepHyncH

eyJicH <J:e p e3 PIIM B TocKaey. BwpaH

QJpaHLJ,M/0.

oiiiii6Ka KapJia 3aKJIIO'IaJiacb B Me):(-

CJienyeT3aMeTliTb,'ITO,roTOBHCb K IITaJibHHCKOMY IToxoey, KapJI

VIII

B3ID!CH 3a KopeHeyiO peopraHII3aU:IIIO a pTIIJIJie p iiii. Ka pJI

VIII

OTJIIIBaJI

JIIITeJibHOCTII ):(eliCTBIIli, 'ITO ):(aJIO

ITepBbili ITOXO):( cppaHU:Y3 CKoro

CBOII ITYIIIKII U:eJIIIKOM II3 6pOH3bi,

B03M01KHOCTb e ro ITpOTliBHliKaM C0-

BOliCKa B MTaJIIIIO 6biJI ):(OBOJibHO xo-

BBeJI u:aiTcpbi II JiacpeTbi Ha KOJiecax,

6paTb 30-TbiCH'IHOe BOliCKO II ITperpa-

poiiio ITO)];rOTOBJieH B ITOJIIITII'IeCKOM

):(IITb cppaHU:Y3 aM rryTb OTC'I)'IIJieHliH.

OTHOIIIeHIIII, HO 3aXBaTHII'IeCKIIe

CTPeJI5I.JI TOJibKO <J:YryHHbiMII H):(paMII. EbiJIII ITepecMoTpeHbi II yiTopH):(o<J:e-

U:eJIII cppaHU:Y3CKOli 3HaTli IICKJIIO'Ia-

Hbi KaJIII6pbi apTIIJIJiepiiii.

6 llltonH 1495 r. EiHTBA nPH <t>OPHOBO (HnH <t>OPHOBO-AHTAPO). loH3ara, no,ll,Ha'lanoMKOTo-

JIII B03M01KHOCTb 3aKpeiTJieHII5I CTpa-

Oco6oe BHIIMaHIIe KapJI

VIII o6-

Terii'IeCKIIX yciTexoB. HacryiTJieHIIe

paTIIJI Ha opraHII3aU:IIIO ITepe):(BlllKe-

cppaHU:Y3CKoro BOliCKa ciToco6cTBo-

HIIH apmJIJiepiiii. MeJIKaH II c p e)];HHH

Tb/CH'IM TH-

BaJIO Hapall(IIBaHIIIO e ro CIIJI 3a C'IeT

a pmJIJiepiiH ITepe):(BIIraJiacb Ha KOH-

500

COI03HIIKOB. 3aCJIY1KIIBaiOT BHIIMa-

HOli THre II 6biJia ITpii):(aHa BOliCKOBbiM

nerKMX, a TaK%e 15 Tb/Cf/'1 neXOTbi(B

HIIH MepoiTpii5ITliH ITo o6eciTe<J:eHIIIO

'IaCTHM.

poro 6btnM npMMepHO

%eflb/X BCa,ll,HMKOB M 2 Tb/CH'IM

419

3AnAAHAs:l EBPOnA 1494 ro)J,a apMIIH

Kor,r1,a B anrycTe

VIII

KopoJIH KapJia

coneprmiJla ne-

pexo,Il, <Jepe3 AJihllhT, MeJIKaH IT cpe,Il,HHH apTITJIJiepiTH He OTCTaJia OT BORCK, llOKa3aB CBOTO BbTCOKYTO llOiJ,BIT)KHOCTb. MeponpiTHTITH KapJia

VITI,

Ha-

npanJieHHhie Ha YJIY'IilleHITe apTITJIJiePITIT, He nponaJIIT ,Il,apoM. <l>paHUY3cKaH apTITJIJICpiTH OKa3hTI3aJia CBOITM BOHCKaM 60JiblliYTO llOMOlll,b B 60HX c HTaJibHHUaMu.

6o10 apTHJIJiepuH

He CTOHJia Ha OiJ,HOM MeCTe, KaK 3TO 6hiJIO ,Il,O Tex nop, a nee npeMH MaHenpiTponaJia. viTaJibHHCKaH )Ke apTITJIJiepiTH 3TOro nepiTO)J,a CTOHJia Ha O'leHb HIT3KOM ypOBHe pa3BITTITH. Ee COCTOHHITe HIT<JeM He OTJITT'IaJIOCb OT cppaHUY3CKOH apTITJIJiepiTIT

XIV

IT Ha<JaJia

ne-

KOB. l1TaJibHHCKHe nyrnKIT COCTOHJIIT IT3 HeCKOJlbKITX <JaCTeH, nepeB03ITJIHCb Ha BOJiax.

6mo nyrnKH He ne-

pe,Il,BITraJITTch,aycTaHaBJIITBaJITTChiJ,JIH cTpeJih6hT Ha cpy6ax ,Il,epenhen ITJIIT

Tsi>Kellble OPYA11SI «rnaeHoro napKa» cTpellSIIOT SIApaMI1 «C ronoey 'lenoeeKa»

,Il,pyriTx cneuuaJibHbiX npucnoco6JieHTTHX. lfyryHHbiX H,Il,ep B TTTaJibHHCKOH

pTTH. IlocJie HeCKOJihKTTx yAaqHhrx Bhi-

apTITJIJiepiTIT He 6hiJIO.

cTpeJion cTpa,Il,ITOTbi B naHITKe pa36e-

CKopocTbCTpeJlb6hlHTaJibHHCKOH

)KaJIIICh, IT anaHrap,Il, noJiyquJI B03-

apTIIJIJiepiTIT 6hTJia HII'ITO)f(Ha. l1TaJib-

MO)KHOCTb npO,Il,OJI)KaTb TTYTb 6ecnpe-

HHCKaH nyrnKa )J,eJiaJia 3a necb )J,eHb

llHTCTBeHHO.

MeHhille BbTCTpeJIOB, <JeM cppaHUY3-

)J;pyron cJiy<Jan 6hm nocJie cpa-

CKaH 3a OiJ,ITH 'lac. IIpenocxo,Il,cTno

)KeHITH npiT <l>opHOBO

cppaHUY3CKOH apTITJIJiepiTIT IT o6ecne-

ro,Il,a, B KOTopoM KapJI

'IITJIO KapJiy

VIII

1498 -1515 rr. LI,APCTBOBA· HHE JliOAOBHKA XII. 1499 r. BTOP>KEHHE 1110AOBHKA XII B HEAnOJlb.

ITTOJIH

VIII

149 5

CKAII)J;MHABMH

pa36ITJI

cpanHITTeJihHO Jier-

CBOIIX npOTITBHIIKOB. Ha OTXO,Il,ITBIITITH

KYTO no6eAy Ha,Il, ITTaJibHHUaMII. IIo-

cppaHUY3CKITH apbeprap,Il, CHOBa Hana-

HBJieHue cppaHUY3CKOM apMHH C ee

Jlll CTpa,Il,HOTbl. 0HH MOrJIH 6bl HaHe-

KanbMapcKaR YHIIIR npocyw,ecTaoaa-

MHOrO<JITCJieHHOH apTITJIJiepiTeH TTO,Il,

CTIT 6oJibrnoe nopa)KeHITe cppaHuy-

na ,l!O KOHU,8 BBK8. TeM HB MBHBB B

1494

3aM. Ho cppaHUY30B Bbrpy'IITJia ITX ap-

OniiiCb/B8BMbli1 nepiiiO,l! OTMB'!BH PR.L!

ro,Il,a 3acTaBHJIO pHMcKoro nany CiJ,aTb-

TTTJIJiepiiH, HeOTCTYTTHO CJie,Il,OBaBrnaH

BOOpy)f(BHHb/X KOHcf>fliiiKTOB, K8K BHy-

CTeHaMII PIIMa B KOHUe ,Il,eKa6pH

CH 6e3 6oH. ApTITJIJiepiTH noMorJia KapJiy

VIII

B3HTb Ha rope CnHToro

l1oaHHa KpenOCTb, KOTOpaH CqiTTaI IpiT no3npalll,CHITIT KapJia

VIII no

<l>paHUITTO 6hiJIO HeCKOJlbKO 6oeBbiX 3lliT30iJ,OB, B KOTOpbiX cppaHUY3CKaH

HBCKOflbKIIIM/11 nepepb!B8Mfll

c noncKaMIT. 0TXO,Il,H, apTITJIJiepiTH

TpBHHIIIX, T8K Ill BHBWHIIIX, a K KOHU,y

BCJia OrOHb TTO CTpa,Il,ITOTaM IT, TaKITM

BBKa B YH/11111 H8MBTfllflCH onpe,L!BflBH-

o6pa30M, OT6ITJia BCe HX aTaKTT.

Hbl£1 pa3na,l!.

JiaCb HenpiTCTYTTHOll.

o6oiTx cJiy<JaHx cppaHUY30B n

TTOJIHOM CMbTCJIC CllaCJia ITX XOpOIIIaH

ncpnbTC ro,Il,hT YHITIT ,Il,aTCKITC KO-

poJIIT BbiCTYllaJIIT KaK HOCIITeJIIT npo-

apTITJIJiepiTH. IlpeeMHITK KapJia

VIII

cppaHUY3-

rpeCCITBHbiX IICTOpiT'IeCKITX TeH)J,eH-

apTIIJIJiepiTH ChirpaJia pernaTOnJ,YTO

CKITH KopoJih <l>paHUITCK

TaK)Ke

UITH B npoTIIBonec MeCTHbTM cpeo,Il,a-

poJib. AnaHrap,Il, cppaHUY3CKITX noncK

MHoro c)J,eJiaJI iJ,JIH YJIY'IIITeHIIH cno-

JiaM, oco6eHHO IITBe,Il,CKITM. Ho He

TTO)J, KOMaH,Il,OH MaprnaJia fiTO CJIITlli-

en apTITJIJiepiTIT. OH BhT,Il,eJIITJI apTITJI-

rrpOIIIJIO IT <JeTBepTIT BeKa, KaK CTaJIIT

KOM OTOpBaJICH )J,aJieKO Bnepe,Il, OT

JiepiTIO B OC06biH pO,Il, BORCK IT TTO,Il,-

CKa3biBaTbCH OTpTTUaTeJlbHbie llOCJie)J,-

rJiaBHbiX CITJI IT y)Ke neperneJI <Jepe3

'IITHITJI ee rJiaBHOMY Ha<JaJibHITKY ap-

CTBITH YHITIT. 0Ha OKa3aJiaCb BblrD,Il,-

THJIJiepTTH.

HOM r JiaBHbiM o6pa30M iJ,JIH )J;aHHH.

AneHHHHbl.

3TO npeMH HancTpeqy

eMY BbTIITJIIT CTpa,Il,IIOTbl -

BeHeUITaH-

CKaH ITpperyJIHpHaH KaBaJiepiiH. IloJIO)KeHue anaHrap,Il,a 6biJIO KpuTTTqecKoe. Ho ero cnacJia apTHJIJie-

HopneriiH 11 oco6eHHO illneniTH, BTH-

1495-1498

<bPAHKO-HCnAHCKHiil KOH<b11HKT H3-3A KOHTPOJlSI HAA HEAnOJlEM. rr.

HYTbie n TH)KeJiyTO nonHy KopoJIH 3puKa C faH30M, CTpa,Il,aJIH KaK OT He6biBaJIOrO llO,Il,aTHOrO rHeTa, TaK IT

420

KOHELJ, CPE,LJ,HV1X BEKOB. 1400-1500 rr.

OT 6JioKa)];bl IIX rro6epe)KliH. KopoJieB-

CKIIX Mace. Oco6eHHO 3TO 6biJIO 3a-

CKIIe Ha.MeCTIIHKII, HBJIHBIIIIIeCH, KaK

MeTIIo B ):(aHIIII, rn:e cocen:cTBo He-

IIpaBIIJIO, }J;aT'IaHaMII IIJIH HeMl(aMII,

Mel(KIIX ropOIJ:CKIIX pbiHKOB Bbi3BaJIO

BeJIII ce6H B illBeQIIII II HopBeriiii IIO}J;06HO 3aBOeBaTeJIHM II )KeCTOKO

CTpeMJieHIIe cpeon:aJIOB K yBeJIIItie-

IIpiiTeCHHJIII KpeCTbHHCTBO .

IIOII(eHIIIO tiacTII KpecTbHH. B

HIIIO 6apll(IIHbi II IIpiiBeJIO K 3aKpe-

1434 rony B illBeQllli BCIIhiXHy-

BeKe cBo6on:a KpecTbHHCKoro rrepe-

JIO BOCCTaHIIe KpeCThHH II p)'):(OKOIIOB, B03rJiaBJieHHoe 6oraTbiM ropHbiM Ma-

C n:pyro:H CTOpOHbi, pacryll(IIH IIO-

CTepoM II3 MeJIKIIX IJ:BOpHH 3HreJib6-

}J;aTHOH rHeT 3KOHOMIItieCKII Bee 6o-

peKTOM 3HreJib6peKTCOHOM. Ycrrexy

Jiee c6JIII)KaJI CB060}J;HbiX CKaH}J;II-

xon:a 6biJia CTeCHeHa II B illBel(IIII.

BOCCTaHIIH IIOMOrJIO, B tiaCTIIOCTII,

HaBCKIIX KpeCTbHH-C06CTBeHHHKOB C

IIpiiMeHeHIIe BOCCTaBIIIIIMII 6oeBbiX

cpeon:aJibH0-3aBIICIIMbiMII n:ep)KaTe-

rrpiieMOB tieiiiCKliX Ta6opiiTOB ( C03}J;a-

JIHMII. B ):(aHIIII rrpon:oJI)KaJicH rrpo-

HIIe yKpeiiJieHIIH II3 Cl(eiiJieHHbiX IIO-

Qecc 3aKpeiiOII(eHIIH KpeCTbHH, B illBel(IIII }J;eJiaJIIICb IIOIIbiTKII 3aKpe-

B030K ) . 3HreJib6peKT CTaJI cpaKTIItieCKII rJiaBOH illBen:cKoro roc)'):(apcTBa. B

IIOII(eHIIH II pa3BII BaJiaCb JieHHaH

6ypHX HapOIJ:HO-OCB060}J;IITeJibHOH

ciicTeMa, coKparn:aJIIICb pHIJ:bi cBo-

BOHHbl OKpeiiJIO COCJIOBHO-npe}J;CTaBIITeJibHOe co6paHIIe pHKcn:ar illBe-

60IJ:HbiX KpeCTbHH-C06CTBeHHIIKOB II

llllli -

C ytiaCTIIeM He TOJibKO ropo}J;-

B HopBeriiii. B ro )Ke BpeMH

BeK 6biJI Be-

CKIIX, HO II KpeCTbHHCKliX Bbi60pHbiX .

KOM }J;aJibHeHIIIero IIO}J;beMa CKaH}J;II-

1436 rony pa3pa3IIJIOCb BOCCTaHIIe 1441 rony- aHTII-

3}J;ecb IIIJia ):(aHIIH. HatiaBIIIeecH B

B HopBeriiii, a B

HaBCKIIX ropon:oB, rrpiiiieM Brrepe!J:ll

cpeo}J;aJibHoe BOCCTaHIIe }J;aTCKIIX Kpe-

KOHI(e

CTbHH. 3 piiK IIoMepaHcKII:H 6biJI HII3JIO)KeH BO Bcex C KaHIJ:liHaBCKIIX rocy-

co3n:aJio 6JiarorrpiiHTIIbl e ycJIOBIIH

n:a pcTBax, He IICKJIIOIIaH ca.Mo:H

AaHlili,

BeKa ocJia6JieHIIe faH3bi

}J;JIH pa3BIITIIH IIpiiMOpCKIIX ropOIJ:OB ):(aHIIII -

KorreHrareHa, PocKIIJib}J;e

rn:e era rroJIIITliKa Bhi3biBaJia pacry-

II llyHn:a. B ):(aHIIII IIMeJicH II caMbiH

rn:YIO OIIII03lll(liiO 3HaTll.

CIIJibHbiH ropOIJ:CKOH rraTpiiQIIaT -

illBe}J;CKaH 3HaTb, rrpiiMKHYBIIIaH

MecTIIoe KyrretiecTBo . Boo6rn:e )Ke

BHatiaJie K BOCCTaHIIIO 1434 ro}J;a, BCKO-

ropon:cKIIe BOJibHOCTII B CKaHIJ:IIHaB-

pe opraHII30BaJiarrpen:aTeJibCKoe y6II:HCTBO Hapo~J:Horo repoH 3HreJib6pe KTa.

CKIIX CTpaHax 6biJIII Kpafi:He He3Ha'IIITeJibHbiMII. HcKJIIOIIeHIIe cocTaB-

KpecTbHHcKoe }];BII)KeHIIe, o6paTIIBIIIe-

JIHJI JIIIIIIb HopBe)KCKIIH EepreH, rn:e

ecH Terrepb II rrpoTIIB IIIBe!J:CKIIX cpeo-

BCeMII ropO!J:CKIIMII }J;eJiaMII yrrpaBJIH-

IJ:aJIOB, -

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«IIIBe}J;CKaH )KaKepiiH» -

6biJIO )KecroKo rron:aBJieHo, a YHII5I Boc-

MII 6biJIII ropon:a y IIIBe}J;OB (CTOK-

cTaHoBJieHa, HO y)Ke rrpii ycJIOBIIII

roJibM, YrrcaJia). BMecTe c TeM

IIOJIHOBJiaCTIIH IIIBe}J;CKOH apiiCTOKpa-

IIMeHHO B illBeQIIII B

Tliii BO BHYTpeHHIIX n:eJiax CTPaHbi. B

poccH II rrpiio6peJI Me)Kn:yHapoAHoe

BeKe pa3-

Te tie HII e rrocJI e!J:YIOII(IIX n:e c HTIIJI eTII:H

3 Hatie HIIe ropHopyiJ:HhiH rrpoMbiCeJI

KaJibMapcKaH YHIIH, rrocKoJibKY aHa

( Me}J;Hble II )KeJie3Hble PYIJ:HIIKII). B

KaCaJiaCb illBel(llli, CTaHOBIIJiaCb BCe

M eTaJIJiypriiii TaK)Ke rroJiytiiiJIO pac-

6oJiee rrpii3patiHo:H. HarrpoTIIB, n:aT-

rrpocTPaHeHIIe IIpOII3BOIJ:CTBO IIyrYH-

cKo-HopBe)KcKaH yHIIH B

1450

ron:y

Horo JIIITbH, rrpen:IIIeCTBOBaBIIIee rro-

6biJia CKpeiiJieHa «HaBetiHO», 3aBIICII-

31J:HeHIIIIIM l(eHTpaJIII30BaHHbiM Ma-

MOCTh HopBerllli oT ):(aHHli HeYKJIOH-

HycpaKrypaM.

HO pocJia

•

B col(IIaJibHO-GKOHOMIItiecKoM oTHOIIIeHIIII

BeK B IICTOpllli CKaH-

IJ:IIHaBCKIIX CTpaH 03HaMeHOBaJICH }J;aJibHeHIIIIIM IIOCTeiieHHbiM yxyiJ:IlleHIIeM o6rn:ero IIOJIO)KeHIIH KpeCTbHH1 ):\aTCK<rHOpBe)!(Cruu! )IHllii rrpocyrn;eCTBOBaJia ,n:o 18 14 ro,n:a.

1397-1412 rr. U,APCTBOBAHII'IE MAPrAPII'ITbl AATCKO~ (OHA >KE MAPrPETE 1) . nocne KopoHa14MM 3pMKa VII n oMepaHCKoro ( M/OH b 1397 r.) ero/],BOIOpO/],HaR6a6Ka, KOponeaa MaprapMm, coxpaHMna 3a C060M OcPMI4MaflbHOe pereHTCTBO M rpaKTw-tecKM npaaMna aceMM TpeMR

KOponeBCTBaMM /1,0 CaMOM CBOeM cMepTM ao ctJneHc6y pre ( a coap. ctJP/; 28 OKTR6Pfl 1412 r.).

1412-1439 rr. U,APCTBOBAH HE 3PII'IKA VII nOMEPAHCKOrO. Xorn KOpOHOBa H OH 6btn B 139 7 ro/],y, OIJ.HaKo ac10 nonHo-rypeanbHOM anaCTM o6pen TOflbKO nocne CMepTM KOponeBbl MaprapMTbl )J.aTCKOM ( 1412 r. ). 3pMK VII aoeaan c rpa rpaMM tOflllJTMHCKMMM 3a KOHTpOflb Ha/], Wne3aMroM (1416-1422rr.), npM'-IeM BTopaRionwTMHCKafl aol4Ha nepepocna a aol4Hy c laH3eMcKMM co/030M ( 1426-1435 rr. ). OH pa36Mn raH3eMCKMM rpnoT, a 3aTeM ( B 1428 r.) anepBb/e ycTaHOBMfl TaKHa3b/Ba eMy/O 3yH/1,CKYIO nOlllflMHYHanor co acex cy/1,oa, npoxoAMBWMX '-lepe3 /],aTCKO-llJBe/],CKMe nponMBbl. laH3eMcKoe aol4cKo oca/],Mno Wne3BMr, KOTOpb!M B 1432 ro/1,ynan, M laH3a ycTaHOBMfla BOKpyr CTpaH YHMM MopcKy/0 6noKa/1,y, '-ITO npMaeno K BOCCTaHM/0 llJBe/],CKMX llJaXTepoa no11. pyKoBO/l.CTBOM 3Hrenb6peKTa 3Hrenb6peKTcoHa ( 1434 r.). B KOHJ4e KOHJ40B 3pMK VII oKa3ancR Bb!Hy)J(IJ.eH npocMTb MMpa. Ero npo/],aTcKafl n03MI4Mfl Bb/3Bana He/],OBOflbCTBO B WaeJ4MM, MoT 3pMKa VII cTanM Tpe 6oaaTb KOHCTMTYJ4MOHHOM perpop Mbl; KOr/],a )J(e KOpOflb OH OTKa3aflCfl ee BBeCTM, TO 6btn OTpeweH OT npeCTOfla - cnepaa a)J.aHMM M Wae14MM ( 1439 r.), a noTOM M a HopaerMM ( 1442 r.). YHMfl, TaKMM o6pa3oM, 6btna apeMeHHopa3opaaHa. B 1449 ro11.y 3pMK VII nonb!TancR aepHYTb CBOM npeCTOflbl, HO M3 nonb!TKM HM '-Iero He Bblwno, M oH aepHyncR a 0oMepaHMIO, r/],e M yMep B M/OHe (?) 1459 r.

1439-1448 rr. KPII'ICTOEP Ill EiABAPCKII'I ~. OH yHacne/1,oaan npecTonbl nocne caoero IJ.f/IJ.M no MaTePMHCKOM nMHMM 3pMKa VII M 6btn KO poHoaaH cnepaa a )J.aHMM ( 1439 r .), nomM a Wae14MM ( 1441 r.) M, HaKoHeJ4, a HopaemM ( 1442 r .); Kanb MapcKafl YHMfl , TaKMM o6pa30M, 6btna BOCCTaHOBneHa. KpMCTOrpep II/ no/],aBMfl KpeCTbf/HCKOe BOCCTaHMe B CeaepHoM IOmaHIJ.MM ( 1441 r.), OIJ.HaKo 6btn BbiHY)J(IJ.eH npe/],OCTaBMTb e~e 6onee WMPOKMe nbrOTbl laH3eMcKoMy COI03Y M yMep (1448 r.),

3AnA)J.HA$l EBPOnA He ocraBMB Hacne.aHMKOB. B pe3yflbrare KanbMapcKaR YHIIIR oKa3anacb pa30pBaHHOW BO BTOPOW pa3 Ha npoTf/)l(eH/11111 O.ll,HOIO .tJ,eCRT!IIJieT!IIR. 1448-1481 rr. LV\PCTBOBAHVIE KPVICTVIAHA I OJ1bAEH6YPfCKOfO. CbJH Onb.ll,eH6ypTcKoTo Tpa<t>a )],IIITPIIIXa C<·laCTJIIIIBOTO, /(p!IICT/11aH I nocne cMepru Kpucro<f>epa Ill 6bJJI !1136paH Ha ~apCTBO B )],aH/11111 ( 1448 r.) 111 B HopBemu ( 1450 r.). OH BoeBan co WBe~uew ( 14511457 TT.) Ill B KOHI.le KOH~OB OTpeW/11!1 or npecrona Kapna VIII (eM. H!ll)l(e). bOJibWe .tJ,eCRT!IIJieT!IIR OH 6opOJICR 38 ycraHoBneHue Bnacru Ha.a WBeJ.mew, HO Bee eTo Ha.tJ,e)l(.ll,bl nownu npaxoM nocne nopa)l(eHMR, noHeceHHOTO or pereHra WBeuuu CBeHa Crype CrapweTo B 6uTBe npu 6pyHKe6epTe(BcoBp. HopBemu; 10oKTR6PR 1471 T.). nocne TOTO KaK .[1,0% KpucruaHa I MapTapura BbJW!Ia 3aMy)l( 3a WOTJiaH.ll,CKOTO KOPOJIR VfaKOBa (j],)l(eWMCa) Iff ( 1469 T.), CKaH.ll,!IIHaBbl yrpaT/11!1111 KOHTPO!Ib H8.ll, OpKHewcKMMIIIIII WemaH.tJ,CKIIIM/11 ocrpoBaM/11. KpucruaH I ocHoBan KoneHTareHCKIIIWYHMBepcurer( 1479 r.) 111 B Mae 1481 To.aa yMep. 1448-1457 rr. nEPBOE UAPCTBOBAHVIE KAPJlA VIII (HA WBEACKOM nPECTOJlE). nocne orpeweHMR or npecrona Kpucro<f>epa Iff baBapCKOTO WBe.ll,bl BbJ6pafl!ll Ha uapcrBo pereHra WBeuuu B 1438-1441 To.aax Kapna KHyrcoHa (unu GyH.ae). BcKope OH3ares:m BowHY c KpucruaHoM I Onb.tJ,eH6yprcKMM ( 1451 r. ), aero BHyrpeHHRR nOJIIIIT/11Ka Bb/3Ba!la He.ll,OBOJibCTBO 3HaT!II. )],oMa OKceHwepHa 111 Ba3a orpewunu eTo or npecrona 111 M36panu Ha uapcTBo KpucruaHa I Onb.tJ,eH6ypTcKoTo ( 1457 r.). 1464-1465 rr. BTOPOE UAPCTBOBAHVIE KAPJlA VIII. AHru.aarcKaR ap!IICTOKpaT!II'leCKaR Tpynn/11pOBKa, B03maBneHHaR AKcenbccoHOM 1113.ll,OMa TorroB, a ra/OKe .aoMoM Crype, HeHa.aonTo BepHyna Kapna Vf111113 ccb/JIKIIIIII Ha npecron. 1467-1470 rr. TPETbE UAPCTBOBAHVIE KAPJlA VIII. napTIIIR TonoB-Crype onRTb BepHyna Kapna VIII 1113 ccb/JIKIII, HO Ha 9TOT pa3 ~apCTBOBaJI OH 'l!IICTO HOM!IIHaflbHO.

TypHHpHble AOCnexH

XV-XV1 BB.

421 1470-1497 rr. PHEHTCTBO CTEHA CTYPE CTAPWHO. nocne cMepru Kapna VIII npaBureneM WBe~uu cran CBeH Crype. YBnacru OH OCTaBaJICR .[1,0 TeX nop, noKa KOpOflb HopBeT/11111111 )],aH/11111 XaHc I He 6bJJI B03Be.tJ,eH Ta/OKe Ill Ha WBe.ll,CKIIIW npeCTOJI- B paMK8X MIIIPHOTO ypeTYliiiiPOBaH!IIR Me)l(.ay WBe~uew 111 )],aHuew (1497 T.). TaK 6bma BHOBb BOCCTaHOBJieHa KaflbMapcKaR YHIIIR. 1481-1513 rr. LV\PCTBOBAHVIE XAHCA(VIOAHHA) I. Or cBoeTO or~a KpucruaHa I Onb.tJ,eH6ypTcKoTo OH yHaCJie.ll,OBaJI npeCTOJibl )],aHMIIIIII HopBemu ( 1483 r.). B TOT )l(e TO.ll, OH 6bJJI npiii3HaH Ill WBe.ll,CKIIIM KOpOJieM, XOTR TOp)l(eCTBeHHaR KOpOHal.l!IIR npOIII30UJna TOJibKO no OKOH'laH/11111 BOWHbJ co WBe~uew ( 14931497rr.).

rEPMAHHH B 9TOM BeKe Bnacrb 111 Bfi!IIRH!IIe PuMcKow MMnepuu 3aMeTHo COKpaT!IIJIIIICb. nplll'l!IIH TOMY 6bJJIO HeCKOJibKO; He Ha nOCJie.tJ,HeM Mecre cpe.au HIIIX- 6e3.aapHoe npaBJieH!IIe 60JibWIIIHCTBa IIIMnepaTOpOB, 6naro.tJ,apR 'leMy Ill 6e3 TOTO HenOKOPHbJe TepMaHCK!IIe 6apOHbl CTaJI/11 npORBJIRTb e~e 60JibWe He3aB!IICIIIMOCTIII, He)l(efl/11 06bJ'lHO. Bo3pacranu 6oTarcrBo 111 nonuru'leCKIIIW BeG ropO.ll,OB- 3a C'leT KaK IIIMnepaTOpOB, TaK Ill ap!IICTOKpaT/11111. BliiiiRTeflbHOW CIIIJIOW OCTaBaJICR /aH3eWCKIIIW C0/03, XOTR OH Ill HeCKOJibKO OCJia6eJI BBIII.ll,Y poeTa MOry~eCTBa B baJITIIIWCKOM perMOHe CKaH.ll,!IIHaBCKIIIX CTpaH. no'lT/11 BeCb BeK /epMaH!IIR npe6b!Bana Ta/OKe B reHM coce.aHux Tocy.aapcrB, no.a BJiaCTbiO 9HepT!II'lHbJX MOHapXOB IIICnbJTbJBaBwux pe3KIIIW no.abeM. YrBep.auna CBOIO He3aB!IICIIIMOCTb bOTeM!IIR ( 4eX!IIR), a WBew~ap/.lbl, CTaHOBIIIBW!IIeCR 'leM .tJ,aJibWe, TeM BOIIIHCTBeHHeW, - 0Tpa3/IIJIIII BCe nonbJTK/11 ycTaHOBIIITb Ha.ll, IIIX KaHTOHaMIIIIIIMnepCKYIO BJiaCTb. CBR~eHHow

YMep oH B CroKTOflbMe (Maw 1470 r.). 1468-1474rr. nEPBASl «TPECKOBASI BO&t!HA,,. Cnop 1113-38 roproBnu aHm!ll'laH C VfcnaH.tJ,!IIeW Ill JIOBa pbJ6bl B IIICJiaH,ll.CK/IlX BO.l1,8X np!IIBeJI K cep/11111 BOeHHO-MOpCKIIIX CTOJIKHOBeHIIIW Me)l(.ll,y AHmuew 111 .aar'laHaMu, a Ta/OKe TaH3eWCKIIIMIII COI03HIIIK8MIII )],aH/11111. Bnocne.acrBMIII no.ao6HbJe cronKHOBeHMR- K8K npaB/11!10, 1113-38 npaB Ha JIOB pbJ6bJ - npOIIICXO.ll,IIIJI/11 Me)l(.ll,y AHmuew ul1cnaH.auew 'lacro 111 nony'llllfllll Ha3BaHue « TpecKOBbJX BOWH».

TO BpeMJI, KaK Ha 3ana):J.e H Ha

IOre repMaHHH KpynHhle KHli3hli,

60-

422

KOHEU. CPE)J.HV1X BEKOB. 1400-1500 rr.

pOBIIIHeCH Me)K)l.y co6o~ 3a paCIIIH-

pa30M, CBOH JIHBOHCKHe H rrpyccKHe

peHHe CBOHX reppHTOpHi:t H pa,IJ,H

BJia,IJ,eHHH. JIHTBa BCJieA 3a IIoJib-

Be IIpH rpiOHBaJib,Ae

ycHJieHHH cBoero MoryrnecTBa,

rnei:t OKa3aJiaCb OTpe3aHHOi:t OT

B rrpo,.u_oJI:>KaBrne~cH B

,.u_eHa perna10mee rropa:>KeHHe B 6HT-

(1410 r.). XV BeKe

CTpeMHJIHCb IIO,A"'HHHTb ce6e BOeH-

MopH. BMecre c 6paH,AeH6yprcKH-

6op1>6e pa3rpoM op,.u_eHa 6biJI 3aBep-

Hble CHJlbl H cpe,ACTBa MeJIKHX BJia-

MH MapKrpa<t>aMH op,.u_eH CTpeMHJI-

rneH. ITo MHPY

,.u_ereJie~ H BeJIH aBaHTIOpHCTH"'eC-

CH IIO,A"'HHHTb HeMeUKOMY BJIHHHHIO

TeBTOHCKoro op,.u_eHa 6biJI BhlHY:>K-

KYIO IIOJIHTHKY, IlbiTaHCb IIOKOpHTb

Bee rrpHMbiKaBrnHe K BaJITHi:tcKoMy

,.u_eH rrpH3HaTb ce6H BaccaJioM IIoJib-

COCe,AHHe HapO,Abi, BOCTO"'HOHeMeU-

MOpiO 3eMJIH. 3axBaT op,.u_eHOM (B

IIIH H BepHyTb IIorvtopbe H ,.u_pyme

XV BeKe

«3aJIOr») HCKOHHbiX IIOJlbCKHX 3e-

ee HCKOHHble 3eMJIH.

arpeCCHBHble,Ae~CTBHH IIpOTHB CJia-

MeJib Ha rrpaBoM 6epery BHCJihl

BceMorymecTBO H rrpoH3BOJI KHH-

BHH H IIpH6aJITHi:tCKHX HapO,AHO-

(Bhlrne TopyHH) 61>m, o,.u_HaKo, rro-

3ei:t C03)l.aJIH BO BCeX "JaCTHX CTpaHbl

KHe KHH3bH rrpo,.u_omKaJIH B

CTe~.

B Ha"'aJie

BeKa TeBTOHCKH~

1466

ro,.u_a MarHcTp

cJie,.u_He~ y,.u_aqe~ op,.u_eHaB ocyrnecTB-

COCTOHHHe IIOJIHTHt:IeCKOro xaoca H

JieHHH 3TOro IIJiaHa. 06'be,AHHeHHbie

HMeJIH CBOHM CJie,ACTBHeM rocno,.u_-

op,.u_eH 3axBaTHJI reppHTOpHIO IIJie-

CHJlbl JIHTOBUeB, pyccKHX H IIOJIHKOB

CTBO KyJia"'HOrO rrpaBa.

MeHH :>KMYAb, o6'be,AHHHB, TaKHM 06-

HaHeCJIH phluapHM TeBTOHCKoro op-

pacXOAOB Ha npH,ABOpHyiO :>KH3Hb,

r===J Uep~~:ouble a... - · - · - · fp.JHM"-"" .,CDill.ijCIIttOA PMM.t)(O. -

teMneplllt•

aAtKMII

"fMIICpCki!IC I'OpoA b.

f;:

UOA,JftiCM ttOM MM orcppMTOp .. cl

fpCKM!4111 lH:MC-""• OpHCOCAitM(!JUtbiJC 1C 6tMrpteiii'IJ)11

.AIJt:ll

ropOA.ll• IIJCOAMB.WI!ft a rust'lCaMrt COlO)

Man•we Kup... tte (1458-)190 rr.)

J;~

KoMTop• " CftllkTOptu•

CJ Bo~~.aA.c.tt•ut

r....... .. rpaHHUCI

fa6c6ypt'OII

r--1 Bllll..f.Utla repyoroli 6yprytuuuc.x npH KapAc L__.l CJteAON (ottOAo 1471 t'.)

t..teHTpanbHast Eapona a KOH"e XV a.

pOCTOM

3AnA)J.HA$l EBPOnA

423

nO.siBJieHHeM nOCTOSIHHOrO BOJ:tCKa H HeyKJI OHHO y BeJIH"'HBaiOll.IHMHC.sl pacxo,.qaMH no ynpaBJieHHIO noTpe6HOCTh KHJI3eJ:t B ,.qeHbrax Bee 6oJiee ycHJIHBaJiacb. Heo6xo,.qHMbie cpe,.qCTBa ,.qo6biBaJIHCb H KpynHhlMH, H MeJIKHMH KHli3bliMH npH nOMOll.IH HaJIOroB, T.si)KeCTb KOTOpbiX JIO)KHJiaCb rJiaBHbiM o6pa30M Ha KpeCTbSIHCTBO. KpoMe mro, Ha Bcex ,.qoporax B HMnepHH y 3aMKOB H rpaHHI.I BJia,.qeHHJ:t, y

MOCTOB H nepenpaB

<}>eo,.qaJihl CTaBHJIH MHOrO<IHCJieHHbie 3acTaBbi AJI.si B3HMaHHli npoe3AHhiX noiiiJIHH. BniMoraTeJibCTBa H rpa6e)KH KHJI3eJ:t H pbii.IapeJ:t AeJiaJIH HeB03MO)l(HbiM HOpMaJibHOe pa3BHTHe TOproBJIH H Bbl3biBaJIH 3THM He,.qOBOJibCTBO H onn03Hl.IHOHHble HaCTpOeHH.sl B cpe,.qHHX CJIOSIX ropo,.qCKOrO 6IOprepCTBa. Oco6eHHO CHJibHbiM 6biJio He,.qoBOJibCTBO B ,.qepeBHe, I]l.e KpeCTb.siHe CTaJIH nepeXOAHTb K peBOJIIOI.IHOHHbiM ,.qeJ:tcTBHliM. BoJibiiioe BJIH.siHHe Ha no,.q'beM KpeCThliHCKOro ABH)KeHH.sl B repMaHHH OKa3aJIO rycHTCKOe ABHiKeHHe -

KpynHeJ:tiiiee aHTH<}>eo,.qaJih-

Hoe BOCCTaHHe B qeXHH. B

1431

ro,.qy 3aKOH<IHJIC.si KpaxoM

nliThiJ:t KpeCTOBbiJ:t nOXOA npOTHB ryCHTOB, opraHH30BaHHbiJ:t repMaHCKHM HMnepaTopoM H pHMCKHM nanoJ:t. PeBOJIIOUHOHHa.si <IeiiiCKa.si apMHli, OCHOBHYIO CHJIY KOTOpoJ:t COCTaRJI.siJIH KpeCTh.siHCKHe MaCChi, BbiiiiJia 3a npeAeJihl qexHH H npoHHKJia B BasapHIO, AscrpHIO, CuJie3HIO H BeHrpHIO. O,.qHOBpeMeHHO Ha<IaJIHCb peBOJIIOI.IHOHHble BbiCrynJieHHli KpeCTb.siH B pa3HbiX <IaCTIIX repMaHHH, OC06eHHO B OKpeCTHOCTliX peJ:tHCKHX ropo,.qos. KpynHoe BOCCTaHHe KpeCTb.siH B paJ:toHe ropo,.qa BopMca npoTHB <}>eo,.qaJioB H

repMaHcKOe aoopy)f{eHHe a roTH<eCKOM crune

pOCTOBll.IHKOB Bbl3BaJIO 60JibiiiYIO rpesory y <}>eo,.qaJioB H npe,.qcTaBHTe-

uepKOBHOM co6ope oco6oe BHHMa-

repMaHHH nepeJ:t,.qyT Ha CTOpOHY qe-

JieJ:t ropo,.qCKOJ:t apHCTOKpaTHH, KOTO-

HHe o6pamaJIOCb Ha qpe3Bbl"'aJ:tHyiO

XOB. Co6biTHli nocJie,.qyiOll.IHX JieT

pbie 3aliBJiliJIH B CBOHX nHCbMax, "'TO

onaCHOCTb, KOTOpa.si rp03HJia B rep-

nOKa3aJIH, "'TO KpeCTb.siHCKoe ABH)Ke-

no,.q BJIHliHHeM <IeiiiCKHX C06biTHJ:t 3TO

MaHHH BJiaCTH KHJI3eJ:t H CaMOM)' cy-

HHe npHo6peTaJIO B ycJIOBHliX pa3-

MeCTHOe BOCCTaHHe MO)KeT npeBpa-

mecTBOBaHHIO HMnepHH. O,.qHH H3

,.qpo6JieHHOJ:t repMaHHH 60JibiiiOe no-

THTbC.sl B o6mee Hana,u_eHHe Ha scex

yqacTHHKOB uepKOBHOrO co6opa,

JIHTH<IeCKOe 3Ha<IeHHe.

rocno,.q B repMaHHH.

npoe3)KaBIIIHJ:t B

1432

ro,.qy qepe3

ITo Mepe pocTa ToproBJIH H npo-

repMaHHIO, nHCaJI, "'TO Ha PeJ:tHe

MhliiiJieHHOCTH BCe rpOM<Ie pa3,.qaBa-

Bper.m BHyiiiaJio 6oJibiiiYIO rpesory

npOHCXOAliT MaCCOBble BhlCTYnJieHHli

JIHCb rOJIOCa TeX HeMHOrO<IHCJieH-

H <}>eo,.qaJiaM ,.qpyrux cTpaH, oco6eH-

KpeCTbliH He TOJibKO npOTHB KJIHpH-

HbiX nepe,.qOBbiX npe,.qCTaBHTeJieJ:t He-

HO KaTOJIH<IecKoMy ,.qyxoBeHcTBy. Ha

KOB, HO H npOTHB 3HaTH H "'TO CKO-

Mel.IKOrO 6IOprepCTBa, KOTOpbie

npoucxo,.qHBIIIeM Tor,.qa B Ba3eJie

po, no ero MHeHHIO, Bee KpecTb.siHe

6biJIH CB.si3aHbl C B03HHKaBIIIHMH B

IIoJIO)KeHHe B repMaHHH B TO

424

KOHEU. CPE)J.HV1X BEKOB. 1400-1500 rr. CTpaHe 3JieMeHTaMH KaiiHTaJIHCTHqecKHX OTHOIIIeHH~. 0HH Tpe60BaJIH ycTaHOBJieHHH rocygapCTBeHHOrO egHHCTBa H IIpH3HaHHH 3a repMaHH-

e~ rrogo6a10mero e~ MecTa cpegH gpyrHx HapogoB.

1400-1410 rr.lfETbiPEXCTOPOHHSISI fPA>KAAHCKASI BO"'HA. KopoHy Ce~w~eHHow PMMCKow MMnePMM ocnapMBanM 'leTbJpe MOHapxa: BeHuecnaB IV 6oreMCKMW, PynpeXT Ill n¢anbUCKMW, BeHrepCKMW KOPOflb CMrM3MYH.a I J1JOKCeM6ypr MrepMaHCKMW KOPOflb t10CT. B KOHUe KOHUOB eepx o.aep)l(an CMrM3MYH.a J1JOKCeM6ypr.

l1tonSI

141 0 r. 6L<1TBA n PL-1

fP~HBAflbAE(COBP.

fOPOA CTEM6APK B nOflbWE; B HEMEUKO"' L<1CTOPL<10fPA$L<1L<16L<1TBAnPL<1 TAHHEH6EPfE). TeeTOHCKMW op.aeH norepnen pewMrenbHoe nopa)l(eHMe or o6be,aMHeHHOW nOflbCKO-flMTOBCKOW apMMM; 3TO nOCflY)I(MflO H848flOM yna,aKa op.aeHa.

1410-1437 rr. UAPCTBOBAHL<1E CL<1fL<13MYHAA I fl~KCEM6YPfA. OH 6bm raK)I(e KoponeM BeHTPMM M- HOMMH8flbHO - bOTeMMM.

1420-1431 rr. fYCL<1TCKL<1E BO"'Hbl B 60fEML<1L<1. 1438-1439 rr. UAPCTBOBAHL<1E Aflb6PEXTA II (3SITSI CL<1fL<13MYHAA). C Hero Ha'lanacb ra6c6yprCK8f!MMnepaTOPCK8fl ,aMH8CTMfl. OH 6bm cnoco6Hb/M eoeHa'lanbHMKOM lt1 nO'lTM BCe CBOe npaeneHMe 3amMman BeHrpMJO or TYPOK.

1440-1493 rr. UAPCTBOBAHL<1E $PL<1APL<1XA Ill. 1451 r. MSITE>KL-1 B ABCTPL<1L<1 L<1 BEHfPL<1L<1. 0HM6bmM no.aaeneHbl BOeH848flbHMK8MM c1>pM,apMX8 11/. 1463-1485 rr. noXOAbl 60rEMUEBL-1 BEHfPOB BABCTPL-1~.

Pb11-'3PCKI1H rOTI1'teCKI1H AOCnex, npi1HaAne>KaBWI1H Cl1rn3MYHAY THponbCKOMY. Ayrcoypr, otrono 1480 r.

bOTeMCKMW MBeHrepCKMWKOponM, reoprMW no.ae6pa.a /,1 Mareew KopBMH (MnM Marbf!W )(yHb5mM), pa3opMnM M onyCTOWMflM npaKTM'leCKM BCIO CTpaHy; J<YflbMMH8UMeW f!BMflOCb M3TH8HMe BeHrpaMM M3 BeHbl ct>pM,apMxa Ill. ABcrpMWCKMW 3purepuor MaKCMMMnMaH I, Cb/H ct>pM,apMxa Ill, M36paHHbiW

3AnA,LJ,HA~ KOponeM PYMbiH 1 ( 1486 r.), a3f/fl Ha ce6fl noLfn1 ace nonHOMOLfMfl6e3,aapHoro MMnepaTopa.

1479 r. 6HTBA nPH rHHErATE. 0Ha 03HaMeHoaana co6oi1 HaLfano npo.aomKMTenbHOM 6opb6bt,aMHaCTMM /a6c6yproa M Banya.

1486-1489 rr. B0306HOB11EHHE BO~Hbl C PAHU,HE~. MaKCMMMnMaH I no.a.aep)l(an aoccTaHMe C!JpaHJ4MCKa II, rep14ora 5peToHcKoro. MaKCMMMnMaH I, co6Mpaf/Cb abtCTynMTb ao C!Jp8HJ4MIO M3 HM,aepnaH,aoa, noLfTM ace apeMfl noTp8TMfl H8 YCMMpeHMe MeCTHbiX npOTMaHMKOa 9TOM Henonynf/pHOM a cTpaHax 5eHMntoKca aoi1Hbt. MaKCMMMnMaH I ocHoaan YnpaaneHMe lOflfl8HACKOro a,aMMpanTeMCTaa, nOflO)I(Ma T8KMM o6pa30M a,aMMHMCTpaTMaHoe H8Lf8fl0 /onnaH,aCKOMY aoeHHO-MOpCKOMY rj)noTy

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MaKCHMHJIHaH

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426

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B ronoBe rroxo}..(HOH KOJIOHHhi exaJIH

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427

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5 SIHBapSI 1477 r. 51r1TBA nPH HAHCH (B COBP. ,llEnAPTAMEHTE MEPT lr1 M03EJ1b BO Cl)PAHU,HH). Waeilt~ap~bl l1 l1X C0/03Hl1Kl1 BTOprfll1Cb Ha 6ypryH,D.CKYIO TeppvtTOpl110, r,D.e MX BCTpeTvtfl Kapn CMeflblilt C HOBOilt, peopr8Hl13088HHOi7f apMvtei7f. OnRTb crpeMvtrenbHaR nexorHaR araKa c o6xo,D.OM 6ypryH,D.~ea no neaoMY rjJnaHry npvtHecna waeilt~ap~aM a6con/OTHYIO no6e,D.y. Kapn CMenblilt nom6, KOr,D.a xpa6po cpa)f(ancR, npvtKpb!BaR OTXO,D. CBOeilt apMl1l1.

~A Y Kpen n eHHll H narepb 6 y p ryH ACKHX BORCK npH OC3Jie r . HaHCH

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3AnA)J.HA$l EBPOnA

433

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rnBeituapcKoM

BOitCKe phlUapH HrpaJIH BTOpOC'reiieHHYIO poJib.

1499 r. BOiiiHA C V!MnEPATOPOM MAKCVIMVIJIVIAHOM I. 0Ha 38~3anacb

ecneJI.CTBMe cnopa o no-

rpaHM4HbJX TeppMTOPMRX VfMnepaTOpa CBRll..leHHoft PMMCKoft MMnepMM no.Qll,ep)I(MBanM ropoJI.a /O)I(Hoft repMaHMM; WBeft~ap~b/ 3aKJII04MflM C0/03 c <f>paH~Y3aMM. HecKonbKO MecR~eB BofiHa 6yweBana B.ll.Oflb Beeft ceeepoBOCT04HOW rpaHM~bl; maBHb/e Cp8)1(eHMR MMenM Mecro npM XapJI.e, 6py-

JI.epxonb~~LUBqaepno~<PpacTaH~e M KanbBeHe. Pewatoll..laR 6MTBa npoM3owna npM)J,opHaxe ( 22 MtonR), KorJI.a wBeft~ap~bl pa36MnM apMMto caMoro MMnepaTopa MaKCMMMnMaHa I, M TOT 6bJn Bb/Hy)l(.lJ.eH nOJI.nMCaTb 6a3eflbCKMW /I.OTOBOP ( 22 CeHm6pR), no ycnOBMRM KOTOporo LUBeft~apMR CTa-

KOHAOTbep <t>Hmmno Ctronapl1, np03B3HHbiH nHnno CnaHO. Q>pecKa AHApea Aenb KaCT3HbO, 1455 r.

HOBMflaCb </>aKTM4eCKM He38BMCMMOW oT CBRll..leHHoft PMMCKofl MMnepMM.

HTAJHUI C

KacaeTcR ynpaBneHMR M cTpaTerMM,

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TO OTMe4eH ~eflb/W PR.ll. HOBOBBeJI.e-

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HMM Ha6ntoJI.anCR ~eflb/W PR.ll. OTnM-

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4MW.

naJI.HOeBponeftCKMW TeaTp BOeHHb/X

maBHYIO YJI.apHy/0 CMny COCTaBnRnM

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ronnMTbJ (TR)I(enaR nexoTa M3 cBo-

npaBJI.a, B BOeHHOM OTHowe-

B JI.peBHerpe4eCKMX apMMRX

T04KM 3peHMR TaKTMKM, HMKa-

MTaflbRHCKMX TOCyJI.apCTB Henpe-

6oJI.HbJX rpa)I(JI.aH), a JI.nR noJI.JI.ep)I(-

KOTO OC06eHHO npMMe4aTeflbHOTO

pb!BHO BOeBanM .ll.PYT C .ll.PYTOM M C

KM Cfl}I)KMflM He60flbWMe OTPR.ll.bl Ka-

pa3BMTMR co6bJTMW B t1TanMM XV

COCeJI.HMMM CTpaHaMM, a nOTOMY

BanepMM M MHOT04MCfleHHb/e HaeM-

BeKa He Ha6ntoJI.aflOCb; a BOT 4TO

VfTaflMIO 9TOTO nepMOJI.a 4aCTO cpaB-

Hb/e MflM COI03Hb/e BOWCKa nerKOW

KOHEU. CPE)J.Hli1X BEKOB. 1400-1500 rr.

434

,D,MflM H8 cny>K6e y K8KOIO- TO O,D,HOIO

Bnpo'leM, Ha TO 6&tno HeMano npM-

npa8MTen'il (a TaK>Ke, 8 pe,D,KMX cny-

'IMH . KoMaH,D,Mp&t HaeMHMK08 o6&t'I-

'la'ilx, y era coto3HMK08) . Te )f(e He-

HO CTapanMCb M36eraTb Tfl)f(eflb/X

MHOrMe, KTO npe,D,nO'IMT8fl neCT0-

nOTepb , nOCKOflbKY C0fl,D,8Tbl 'i18fl'il-

88Tb AYX c8o6o,D,Horo npe,D,npMHM-

flMCb MX KanMT8flOM M e,D,MHCT8eHHb/M

MaTen&cT8a, -

cKa>KeM, r:t>pe,D,epMro

cpe,D,CT80M nony'leHM'il ,D,OXO,D,a. 5o-

,D,a MoHTe¢en&Tpo M3 Yp6MHO , -

nee Toro , 8 /.1TanMM snoxM Bo3po>K-

MMenM He388MCMMYIO OnopHy/0 6a3y

,D,eHM'il 6oe8&te ,D,eilrCTBM'il 6&tnM 11.0

( KaK npa8Mno, ManeH&Koe rocy,D,ap-

KpailrHOCTM nOflMTM3Mp088Hbl, M KO-

CT8o) ; M ,l1,8)f(e OHM 06bt'IHO npe,D,O-

M8H,D,MP8M '18CTO npe,D,nMCb/88fl0Cb

CT88fl'ilflM C80M ycnyrM flMWb orpaHM-

He 80e8aT& cnMWKOM y>K sHeprM'IHo;

'IeHHOMY Kpyry H8HMM8Tenei7r .

MHOr,D,a MX ,D,a>Ke no,D,KynanM, 'IT06

Tpa,D,M~MOHH&tilr M 8 o6w,eM-TO

OHM cne~M8flbHO Me,D,nMflM . EcTeCT-

npa8Mfl&H&ti7r 83/fl'illl. Ha 6oe8&te Ka-

8eHHO, nocne,D,Hee HMKOMM o6pa30M

'leCT8a KOH,D,OT&ep08 ( CMM80flM3M-

He ycTpaM8ano HaHMMaTeneilr; Ha-

pytoT KOTOpbtM 'ii,D,08MTbte 8b/CK83bi-

npMMep, r:t>paH'IeCKO,D,a 5yccoHe no

88HM'il HMKKono MaKMa8ennM} , 3a-

np0388HMto KapMaH&ona 6&tn apec-

Knto'laeTC'il 8 TOM, 'ITO 80e88flM OHM

T08aH M K83HeH C80MMM

6e3pe3yfl&T8THO, nO'ITM 6ecKp08HO

CKMMM H8HMM8Tefl'i/MM 38 He,D,OCTa-

M, KaK npa8Mno, 6eccM&tcneHHO .

TO'IHOe p8eHMe ( 1431 r.) . Bnpo'leM,

<l>eAepl!lrO Ae MOHTe<j>enbTpO, rep1..1or Yp61!1 Ho, c CbiHOM rBIIIA06anbAO nex oT&t.

/.1TanMM XV 8eKa ropa3,D,O

6on&wMi7r ynop,D,enanc'il Ha Tfl)f(en&tx 8C8,D,HMK08, npw-leM npaKTM'IeCKM TOflbKO HaeMHb/X. Ha3&t8anMc& TaKMe HaeMHMKM KOH,D,OT&epaMM -

OT MT8flb'i/HCKOIO

cno8a condotta , 03Ha'latow,ero KOHTpaKT. nep8&te KOH,D,OTbepbt 2030-X ro,D,o8 XIV 8eKa 6&tnM npeMMyw,ecTBeHHO

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o6-

pa30M MTaflb'i/H~8MM . nep8bte He CKOflbKO nOKOfleHMM KOH,D,OT&ep08 pa60TaflM MCKfl/O'IMTeflbHO nO H8MMY -

MeH'ilnM HaHMMaTeneilr no co6-

CT8eHHOMY yCMOTpeHM/0, MCXO,D,'i/M3 T0/0 , KTO 60fl&We ,D,8CT; HeKOTOpbte, KaK, HanpMMep, ,ll,>KOH XOK8YtJ. , YAM8MTen&HbtM o6pa30M coxpaH'ilflM 8epHOCTb K8KOMY-TO O,D,HOMY ropoAY ( 8 cny'lae XoK8y,D,a

am 6&tna r:t>no-

peH~M'il) . Ho K 20-30-M ro,D,aM XV 8eKa CMCTeMa OTHOWeHMM Me>K,D,Y KOH,D,OT&epoM M H8HMM8TeneM KOpeHHb/M o6pa30M M3MeHMfl8Cb KpaTKocpo'IH&te KOHTpaKT&t ycTynMnM MeG TO ,D,Ofl/08peMeHHb/M C8'i/3'i/M. K cepe,D,MHe 8eKa KOH,D,OT&ep&t, K8K npa8Mno, 8Cto C80to Kap&epy np080-

KOHAOTbepbl

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3AnA)J.HA$l EBPOnA

435

KapMaHbona 6bm 6oneH; K TOMY )l(e,

IIHTaTeJIJIMH CBOHX COJI.LJ,aT, a JIBJIJI-

OH 6ecnOKOII1flCfl 3a CBOII1X MllfflaH-

JIHCI> JIHIIII> JIY<JIIIHMH BOHHaMH. Co-

CKIIfX PO/l,CTBeHHIIfKOB (a maBHbiM

eTas KaiiHTaHOB OTJIH'l3JICJI.LJ,eMOKpa-

npoTMBHMKOM BeHe~/11111 6bm B To

TH'IHOCTI>IO: 3TO 61>1JIH BI>IXO,!J,Qhl H3

BpeMfl MMeHHO MMnaH). Cp8)1(eHMfl

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Me)/(,[J.y KOH/l,OTbepaM/11 npOXO/l,llffl/11

ropmKaHe.

He CTOflb peWMTeflbHO 111 KpOBOnpo-

IIoJIKOBHHKy<Jpe)f(,!J,aJI CBOH perH-

flllfTHO, KaK6111TBbl BOCTaflbHOiiiEBpO-

MeHT, T.e. rropJIAOK cJiyiK61>I. 3TOT

ne, e1.1..1e 111 nOTOMY, 'lTO 111T8flbf/HCKII1e

rropJIAOK H3JiaraJicJI B apTHKyJie, B

apM/11111 0Tflll1'4aflii1Cb flY'4WII1M CHapff-

KOTOpi>IH 3aHOCHJIHCI> IIpaBa H o6JI3aH-

)l(eHMeM 111 .aocnexaMM; K TOMy)l(e 1113-

HOCTH coJI.LJ,aTa. ApTHKYJII>I JIBHJIHCI>

3a 06111flll1fl 3aMKOB 111 yKpenneHHbiX

rrpoo6pa30M 6y.LJ,ylllHX ycTaBOB.

ropO/l,OB 6blfl0 'lpe3BbNaiiiHO CflO)I(-

OpyiKHe, cHapJiiKeHHe, o6MYHAH-

HO o.aep)l(aTb pewMTenbHY/0 no6e.ay,

poBaHHe H IIpO.Ll,OBOJII>CTBHe 3aroTOB-

nocKonbKY pa36!11Tafl apMMfl Morna

JIJIJIHCI> rrorre<JeHHeM caMoro coJI.LJ,a-

npocTo YKPbiTbCfl B KpenocT/11.

Ta. BoopyiKaJIHCI> HaeMHHKH IIHI\'a.MH,

6naro.aapfl BCeM 9TII1M <f>aKTopaM B t1T8flll1111 CflO)I(IIfflCfl BOeHHO-nOfl/11TIIf'leCKIIfiii KJIMMaT, 6naronpll1fiTCTBYIOI.J..III1W- B npOTIIfBOBeC KpynHOMaC-

aJie6apAaMH H Me<JaMH.

BOHHbl. <J>parMeHT$pecKH AMGpOAJKO nopeHI,\eTTH a CHeHcKOj;j paT)'we

Ih 331llHTHO-

ro BOopyiKeHHJI y HHX 61>IJIH JiaThi H IIIJieM, KOTOpi>Ie 331llHillaJIH IIeXOTHHQa OT KOIII>JI H Me<Ja KaBaJiepHCTa.

WTa6HbiM 6oeBbiM onepa~MfiM 111CKYCHOMY MaHeBpllfpOBaH/1110, XllfTpOCTf/M 111 ynoBKaM; oco6bliii ynop .aenancfl TaJOKe Ha .aocTM)I(eHMe

~e足

neiii reorpa<f>M'lecKoro xapaKTepa. B onMCb!BaeMbliii nep111o.a nofiBMncfl 111 ~eflb!W pfl/1, HOBOBBe/l,eHMiii- noneBble yKpenneHMf/111 nerKafl KOHHM~a; KpOMe TOTO, 60flbWII1e neXOTHble (a MHor.aa 111 KaBanepMiiiCKMe) no.apa3.aeneHMfl cTan/11 Boopy)l(aTb orHecTpenbHbiM opY/I(MeM. (naBHaf/ cna60CTb CllfCTeMbl KOH/l,OTbepcTBa f/BflWiaCb CKOpee nOfl/11TIIf'leCKOW, He)l(efl/11 BOeHHOiii. CrpaHa 6bma nocTOfiHHO pa3o61.1..1eHa, n106oe 111Taflbf/HCKOe rocy.aapCTBO TOTOBO 6b!fl0 npii13BaTb llfHOCTpaHHY/0 noMOI.l..lb- B pe3yflbTaTe 'lero BOWHbl npaKTM'leCK/11 He npeKpai.J..IanMcb. 9Ta cepllff/ KOH<f>flllfKTOB- B OCHOBHOM, 6ecKpOBHbiX- npO/l,Ofl)l(aflaCb 111 BX.Vf BeKe, noKa KaTo-KaM6pe3MiiiCKMiii MllfPHbliii /l,OTOBOP (

1559 r.)

He nono-

)l(llffl KOHe~ BOiiiHaM /l,OMa (a6c6yproB c /l,MHacTMeiii Banya. KoH/l,OTbepcKMiii KapTO'lHbiW/l,OMIIfK pa3B8flll1flCfl Ha py6e)l(e BeKOB, KOT/l,a <f>paH~Y3CKII1iii KOponb Kapn

VIII npMBen B t1Tanii1/0 npo-

<f>eccMoHanbHY/0, 3aKaneHHYIO B OOfiX apMM/0. Bep6oBKa KOHAOThepoB rropyqaJiacl> CIIeQH3JUIC1)'- IIOJIKOBHHI\)', KOTOpi>IH Ha6HpaJI KaiiHTaHOB-KOH.LJ,OThepoB, <}>opMHpoBaBIIIHX poThi. KaIIHTaHI>I He 61>IJIH y<JH'reJIJIMH H Boc-

KoH.Qon.ep KoneoHH. KoHHaH CTaTYH paGoTbl BepoKKbO, 1479-1488 rr.

436

KOHEU. CPE)J.HV1X BEKOB. 1400-1500 rr. caHo-.o.enb-rpanny, Bll14eHI..lY 111 BepoHY 111 CT8fl8 KOHTPOfiii1POB8Tb nO'lT/11 BC/0 Ceeepo-BocTO'lHY/0 l1T811MIO. 1405-1406 rr. 3ABOEBAH~E

<PJlOPEHU~Elil n~3bl.

1414-1435 rr. n PABJlEH ~E B HEAnOJlE. npaKTII14eCKII1 BCe BpeMR WfiM KOHcpflllfKTbl Me)l(.tJ.y VfOBHHOW 1/111 ee cp8BOPII1T8~OAHHblll

MIIf, C O.tJ.HOW CTOPOHbl, 111 6apOH8MM - C .tJ.pyro/4; B 6opb6y 9TY 48CTO BMeWMBanucb AparoHcKoe KoponeecrBo 111 nana pi11MCKMI4. 1416-1453 rr. nEP~OAW-IEC足 K~E BOEHHO-MOPCK~E CTOJlKHOBEH~SI BEHEU~~ C TYPKAM~. fl6noKoM pa3.o.opa RBfiRfiOCb maBeHcrBo B 3rel4cKoM Mope. 1420 r. BEHEU~SI OTBOEBbiBAET 06J1ACTb <PP~YJl~ (Y ~M足 nEPATOPA C~f~3MYHAA I JliOK-

CEM6YPfA).

1423-1454 rr. BOPIHbl M~JlA足 HA C <PJlOPEHU~Elil ~ BEHEL..Ir1Elil. BoeHHbJe.o.ewcTBIIfR To ecnbJXIIfBanllf, TO 38TII1X8flllf,' B KOHe'lHOM MTOre, B BbJMTpbJWe OK838fiMCb B 60flbWeW creneH/11 BeHel..lllfR M4JnopeHI..lMR. 1435-1442 rr. 3ABOEBAH~E

HEAnOJlSI AJlb<POHCOM V APAfOHCK~M.

1447-1450 rr. fPA:>KAAHCKASI BOPIHA B M~JlAHE. no6e.o.un B HeW/11 CT8fl rep/..lOTOM 6bJBWII1W KOH.tJ.OTbep 4JpaH4ecKo Ccf>op/..la, %R BOeHHBR K8pbepa H848fi8Cb B Heanone (po.o. ero npollfCXO.tJ.IIffl/113 PoMBHbllf, r.o.e nepBOH848flbHO 6b/fiii13BeCTeH KBK AneH.o.ona).

1463-1479 rr. TYPEUKO-BEHEU~AHCKASI BOPIHA. B Hew no6e.o.y o.o.ep)I(Bfl/11 rypKIIf, 4TO 3HaMeHOB8fiO co6ol4 HB48JIO 3aKaTa BeHe/..lllfllf. HHKKOJ10 A3 ToneHTHHO, KOM3HAYIOU(H" cl>nopeHTH"CKHMH BO"CKaMH B OHTBe npH CaH-PoMaHo. <J>pecKa AHApea Aenb KaCTaHbO, 1456 r.

opraHH30BaHa. .lJ:JIJI X03.li~CTBeHHO足

1402-1454 rr. CEP~SI BOPIH ME>K.Q,Y M~JlAHOM, BEHEU~Elil

ro o6CJIYiKHBaHH.ll COJI.LJ.aThl 06hl'IHO

~ <PJlOPEHU~Elil.

CaHHTapHasi cJiyJK6a eme He 6hiJia

HaHHMaJIH JKeHlllHH. Ha 6-10 HaeMHHKOB llOJiaraJiaCh O.Jl.Ha llOB03Ka,

1402-1405 rr.

AP06J1EH~E

M~JlAHCK~X BJlAAEH~lil. OHO

qTQ C03.Jl.aBaJIO 60JihiiiHe 0603hl. 3TO

npomowna nocne cMepm BeHel..lllfBH-

6h1JI oqeHh rpOM03.Jl.KH~, COBepiiieH-

cKoro .0.0)1(8,/])KBH8 r 8fle8/..l/..l0 BMCKOHr111. BeHel..lllfR 3BXBaruna paHee npuHa.ane)l(aBwllfe Mll1fi8HY na.o.y/0, baG-

HO HeycTpOeHHhl~ ThlJI HaeMHOrO BO~CKa.

1482-1484r~ BOPIHA 3A

<PEPPAPY. M111naH,

4JnopeHI..lii1R ( r.o.e npaBIIffl flopeHI..lO Me.tJ./114111) 111 Heanonb o6be.tJ.II1HIIffiii1Cb c l..leflb/0 eocnpenRTCTBOBBTb BeHel..lMM 3BXBBTMTb ct>eppapy; co/03HMKOM BeHel..lMM BbJcrynan nana pMMCK/1114 CMKCT IV.

1485-1486 rr. BOCCTAH~E B HEAnOJlE. HeanonllfTBHCKMe 6apoHbl, KOTOpbJX no.o..o.ep)l(llfB8fl nana PII1MCKII114l1HHOKeHTII114 VIII, no.o.HRfl/11 6yHT npOTIIfB HeanOflllfTBHCKOTO KOpOfiR 4Jep.tJ.MHBH.tJ.B I. 4Jep.tJ.i11HBH.tJ.B I

3AnA)J.HA$l EBPOnA

437 no.QtJ,ep)l(ana C/JnopeH~Mfl, M Mf!Te)l( 6b/Jl ycneWHO nOJJ.BBJleH. 1494-1495 rr. <t>PAHUY3CKOE BTOP)I(EHII1E B HEAflO.flb. 0Ho 6bmo 38Tef!HO KapnoM VIII nocne CMepTM HeanOJIMTBHCKOTO KOpOJlfl C/JepJJ.MHBHJJ.B I. 1492-1503 rr. nOHTii1<t>li1KAT nAnbl A.flEKCAHAPA VI. Ero Cb!H 4e38pe 6opJJ.)I(MB ycMMPMfl PoMBHbiO, nOJJ.OPBBB BJIMf/HMe BeJIMKMX PMMCKMX apMcroKparM4eCKMX poJJ.OB( 1492 r.). 1495-1498 rr. li1CnAHCKOE BMEWATE.flbCTBO B AE.flA HEAnO.flli1TAHCKOfO KOPO.flEBCTBA. VfcnaHCKMe eowcKa B03rflBBflflfl loHcano .11.e KopJJ.oBa, Koropb!W norepnen nopa)l(eHMe or apMMM HeanonMTBHCKoro BM~e-KOPOflfl, rep~ora )/(Mnb6epa .11.e MoHnaHcbe, B 6MrBe npM CeMMHape (1495r.) 1 • BnocneJJ.CTBMM ocropo)I(HBfl o6opoHMTeflbHO-HacrynarenbHBfl T8KTMK8 KopJJ.OBbl no3BOJIMJIB eMy no6eJJ.MTb rep~ora .11.e MoHnaHcbe e 6Mree npM Arenne ( M/Oflb 1496 r.). 1499~ B0306HOB.flEHii1E <t>PAHUY3CKOfO BTOP)I(EHII1SI B HEAnO.nb.

IIHPEHEHCKHH IIOJIYOCTPOB nepBb/e TPM 4ereepTM XV BeKa B KacrMJIMM 6yweeana aHapxMfl; AparoH )l(e, HeCMOTPfl HB nepMO.ll.M4eCKMe ecnbJWKM 6ecnopf!JJ.KOB, coxpaHMJI rocnoJJ.creo B 3anaJJ.HOM CpeJJ.M3eMHOMOpbe. no4TM eecb BeK Apa-

1 CorJiacHo }:{pyri!M l!CTO',!Hl!KaM, B 611TBe IIO,[{ CeMl!HapoJ;t yqacTBOBaJill coi03Hble l!CIIaHCK!Ie ( OKOJIO

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6HTBa npH CaH-PoMaHo a 1432 r. <l>pecKa naono Y'fenno, 1450-1456 rr. Caepxy BHH3: KOHTp3T3Ka MHKeneTTO A3 KOTHHbOna; HHKKOno A3 ToneHTHHO ao rnaae ct>nopeHTHi'i14ea; nopaJKeHHe 6epH3PAHHO .Qenna Kbstp.Qa

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400

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438

KOHEU. CPE)J.HV1X BEKOB. 1400-1500 rr. He 6y_.qyqH B COCTOHHHH JIHKBHAHpOBaTh ,qyxoBHO-phluapcKHe op,qeHhl, B03HHKIIIHe B rrepHOA peKOHKHCThl H o6oraTHBIIIHeCJI orpOMHhlMH 3eMeJibHh1MH IIpHo6pe'reHHJIMH, KOpOJih CTaJI HX MarHCTpOM H TaKHM rryreM IIOJiyqHJI B CBOe pacrropJI:lKeHHe BCe HX HMyiUeCTBO. B 6op1>6e c KpynHhlMH <Peo,qaJiaMH KOpOJieBCKaJI BJiaCTb ilcnaHHH HCIIOJ1h30BaJia BoeHHYIO CHJIY ropoAOB, 061>eAHHeHHh1X B COI03 «CBHTYIO 3pMaHA3)l.y». ropOACKHe OTPHAhl CTOJIJIH 3aCTaBaMH no 60JihlliHMAOporaM H BeJIH o:w-ecToqeHHYIO 6op1>6y C 6ecqHHCTBOBaBIIIHMH <Peo,qaJiaMH. Ho, IIOKOpHB B OCHOBHOM 3HaTh C IIOMOIUhiO ropo:lKaH, KOpOJieBC KaJI BJiacn cTaJia 3areM nocrerreHHO orpaHHqHBan H rrpaBa ropo,qoB Ha caMoynpaBJieHHe, rro_.qqHHJIJI HX KopoJieBCKHM qHHOBHHKaM. Yh'PenHB CBOIO BJiaCTb B CTPaHe, <Dep,qHHaHA H ll3a6enna HaqaJIH BOitHy C rpaH3)l.Oit IIOCJieAHHM OIIJIOTOM apa60B B ilcrraHHH. BoitHa3Ta rrpo,qoJI:lKaJiacb 10 neT H 3aKOHqHJiaCb B

1492 ro_.qy

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BHTTope Kapna't'«o. MonoAolii pb11.\3Pb Ha c~>oHe neliiaa)f(a

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TIIIfl 03H8MeHOB8fl8 C060tli H8'-/8fl0 HOBotli 9nox111, KOTP.8 o6bemmeHH8fl

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Ill BOCnpfiBW8fiP,yxOM Vfcn8HIIIfl H8'-/8-

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1480

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C IIOMOIUhiO ABOpJIHCTBa H ropo-

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eBpeeB H epeTHKOB.

P.OB8n nep111o.a 9HepT!II'-/Hetliwetli 38-

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3AnA,lJ.HAs:l EBPOnA

439

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HHM BeJTH ocy)I{AeHHbTX Ha Ka3Hb. Ha

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KBll3llTOpOB-,ll,OHOCqllKOB IDJTa TpeTb

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l1 nEPl'lOAl'l'"IECKl'lE MSITE>Kl-1 B KATAnOHHl-1. 0Hvr npovrcxo,D.vrnvr a npaaneHvre apamHcKom KoponH XyaHa II.

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KOHEU. CPE)J.HV1X BEKOB. 1400-1500 rr.

440

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MycynbMSHCKSR soi~Ha s !AcnaHHH, 1481-1492 rr.

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1484 rogy

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Ka KOpOJieBbi II apXIIeniiCKOna TOJie):(-

1501 r. ) .

peKy II YTOHyJI.

CKOro XIIMeHeca ):(e CIIcHep oca npii-

B KOHU:e KOHIJ;OB B fpaHa):(e Ha'!aJI-

BeJio K TOMy, 'ITO ):(JIH o6pall(eHIIH

CH roJIOJJ:, II oca)K,J:(eHHbie, pHJJ:bi KO-

MaBpOB B XpiiCTIIaHCTBO CTaJIII npii-

TOpbix nopeJJ:eJIII B 6IITBax, onaHB-

6eraTh K CIIJie; npii 3TOM He TOJibKO

IIIIICb nOJIY'lliTh n OM OII(b ll3 A<j_JpiiKII,

HaCTOH'illBO ):(06IIBaJIIICb OTpe'!eHIIH,

epl\I!HaHJI H l13a6emra rroorrw= CncHepoca H Bcex npo'll!X H3yBepoB, npecneiiOBaBIIDIX MaBpOB. llpH 3TOM KOpom, H KOponeBa, TallHO IIO/ICTpeKaH CBOHX npH6JIIDI(eHHh!X K aKTHBHhlM 1\eHCTBHliM, !jlapnceitCKH CKph!BanH /10 IIOp11 /10 BpeMeHH CBOH HCTHHHh!e HaMepeHIDI.

444

KOHEU. CPE)J.HV1X BEKOB. 1400-1500 rr. M!.1R CT8fl8 OtJ.HOW 1.13 ny'lW!.1X B EBpOne. O.aHoBpeMeHHO npoucxo.auno ycuneHue ucnaHcKoro cf>noTa, maBHow 38tJ.8'leW KOTOpOIO RBflRflOCb BOCnpenRTCTBOB8H!.1e BTOp)l(eH/.1/0 !.13MapOKKO.

He rraHUhl

MHoroe rrepeHliJIH y

<l>paHUY30B H C03)l.a.JIH xopornyiO IIO Ka<JeCTBY apTHJIJiepHIO H CaMOCTOll'reJibHO BBeJIH K opy)l.HliM rrepe)l.KH.

B ry rropy llcrraHHll sena PliA soJ;!H 3a yKpeiiJieHHe csoero BJia,u.hl"'ecTBa KaK Ha IIHpeHeJ;!cKoM rroJiyoc1poBe, TaK H s3arra,L\HOJ;! EBporre.llcrraHcKoJ;! apMHH MHOro pa3 IIpHXO)l.HJIOCb rrpoH3BO)l.HTh OCa.z:\Y KperrocreJ;!, IJJ,e rJiaBHYIO poJih Hrpan:a aprHJIJiepHll.

1485-1487 rr. KAMnAHl-'ll-1 nPOTl-18 MAJlArl-1. nocne TOIO, KBK ucnaH~bl 3BXBBT!.1n!.1 floxy ( 1486 r.) 1.1 noKopunu npunera/OJ..UY/0 MecTHOCTb, OH/.1 OC£(ll!.1fl!.1 1.1 B3Rfl!.1 Manary(MBW-BBIYCT

1487 r:).

1488-1490 rr. nOAfOTOBKA K B3SITl-110 rPAHAAbl. E>bmu o.auH 38 .apymM noKopeHbl ropHble pawoHbl, OKPY)I(8/0J..U!.1e MBBPMTBHCKY/0 CTOflM~y,

8 TBJOI(e 38XBB'leHbl Kpeno-

CT/.1 6aca 1.1 AnbMepuR (

1489 r: ), noc-

ne 'lero lpaHaaa oKa3anacb nonHoCTb/0 !.130fl!.1POB8H8.

Anpenb 1491 r. - 2 SIHBapSI 1492 r. OCAAA rPAHAAbl. 06na.aaR no.aaBnR/0/..UMM 'lMcneHHbiM npeMMYJ..UeCTBOM, xpucTMaHe oTpa3unu BCe OT'lBRHHb/e Bblfl83K!.1 MYCYflbMBH.

KOH~e KOH~OB b086tJ.!.1flb

c.aan ropo.a; 9T!.1M 3BBepwunacb BOCbM!.1BeKOB8R 6opb68 Xp!.1CT!.18H 1.1 MycynbMBH 38 VfcnaHM/0.

TypHHp Ha KOnbSIX («AlKOCTpa»). MHHHaTIOpa XV B.

CymecTBeHHYIO poJih ChlrpaJia HCIIaHCKall apTHJIJiepHll IIpH oca,u.e

1 Hto11SI 1482 r. CPA:>KEHl-'IE nOAJlOX0171. c:t>eptJ.MHBH.ll.ll AparoH-

1483-1487 rr. PEOPfAHl-13Al...ll-1Sil-'!CnAHCK0171 APMl-'ll-1. OcHo-

rpaHa,u.hl.

CKMW nonan B 3acaay 1.1 6bm pa36ur.

BOW BPM/.11.1 HOBOIO o6pa3~8 nocny-

HYIO ropoACKYIO creHy rrpoT.IDKeHHeM

1483 r. nJlEHEHl-'IE 60A6Al-1JlSt

)l(f.1fl!.1 perynRPHble nonu~ewcKue

KpeiiOCTb rpaHa,L\a HMeJia CHJib-

15 KM. B 3TOJ;! creHe 6hlJio coopyJKe1030 6arneH. l.Jm6h1 pa3pyrnHTh

OH nonan B nneH K xpucTMBHBM

C!.1flbl. npoo6p830M tl.flR K8Banep!.1W-

6n1.13 flyceHbl 1.1 6bm BblnYJ..UeH B o6-

CK!.1X coe.auHeHMW nocny)/(f.1fl!.1 cf>paH-

Tah.')'IO CTeHY, IIOTpe60BaJiaCb Haiipll-

MeH HB 6e30IOBOpo•moe np!.13H8H!.1e

~Y3CK!.1e

JKeHHall )l.el!TeJibHOCTb HCIIaHCKOJ;!

aparOHCKO-K8CT!.1flbCKOIO C/03epe-

flb/0 tJ.flR neXOTHbiX CTBn OTPR.D. WBeW-

apTHJIJiepHH. KpoMe C1peJib6hlrro ro-

H!.1TeT8 Ha.a /paHa.aow. Bnpo'leM, HM

~8pCK!.1X HaeMHMKOB. Henpepb!BHble

po)l.CKHM CTeHaM, HCIIaHCKOJ;! apTHJI-

A6ynbxacaH-An!.1, HM A6y-A6.aannax

KBMnBH/.11.1 npOT!.1B MBBPOB 1.1 Tpe6o-

JiepHH IIpHXO)l.HJIOCb OTpaiKaTh MHO-

MyxaMMe.a u6H-3aa.aa np!.13HBBBTb

B8H!.1R CTp0)1(8WWeW tJ.!.1C~!.1nfl!.1Hbl

ro<JHCJieHHhle BhlJia3KH 3aiUHTHHKOB

C/03epeHMTeTa He no)l(enanu.

np1.1Ben1.1 K TOMY, 'lTO !.1CnBHCK8R ap-

KpeiiOCTH.

KOHHb/e OTtJ.eneHMR; MO.D.e-

445

3AnA)J.HA$l EBPOnA 1492-1502 rr. 4ETbiPE 3KCnEJ).&ill..ijl'l&il KOJlYM6A. nepBy/0 38-

HaBI>IKH B HaBMI'aUHH, HOM 06IIIHpHhle

MM COOTeqecTBeHHMKOM, KOTOphllt

fl03HaHHSI B KOCMOrpa<}>MM. llpe6h1Ba-

SIK06hl flOJIHOCThiO o,qo6pMJI flJiaH reHY33CKOro MopSIKa.

oKeaHCKYIO KOflOH/1110 OH OCHOBan H8

HMe Ha OC1pOBe llop'I)' CaRry M 6e-

OCTPOBe 9cnaHbOfl8 ( COBp. OCTPOB

ce,qhl C MOpenJiaBaTeJISIMH fl03BOJIM-

TipoeKT, npe,qcTaBJieHHhlJ;i Ko-

ra111T111;

JIM eMY co6paTb CBe,qeHMSI 0 3eMJISIX,

JiyM6oM nopryraJibCKOMY KOpOJIIO,

1493 r.). nocneBCnbiXHYBWeTaM B 1498 ro.ay M>ITe)l(a B l1H.D.II1-

JieJKall.IMX B 3afl3AHO!t qacTM ATJiaH-

6biJI OTBeprHyT, BepOSITHO, llOTOMY,

>IX 6blfl8 YCT8HOBfleHa Bfl8CTb IIICnaH-

TMqecKoro oKeaHa, Ha cymecTBOBa-

qm nJiaBaHMe BOKpyr A<}>pHKM M 3a-

CKOW KOPOHbl 111 H83Ha~eH nepBbiW

HMe KOTOphlX KOCBeHHO yKa3h1BaJIH

BoeBaHHe ee flOrJIOII.IaJIM BCe BHHMa-

ry6epH8TOp, 4JpaHCII1CKO .n,e 6o6a-

M HHhle CBH,qeTeJibCTBa TOrO BpeMe-

HMe llOp'I)'raJIJ>UeB M He fl03BOJISIJIM

HH, B TOM qHcJie M KapTbl HaqaJia H

MM paCflhlJISITb CBOM CMJihl Ha,qpyrHe

.0.111flb>l (

1499 r.).

cepe,qMHhl

XpHCTo<J>op KonyM6

BeKa. Ha KapTax Ha-

npe,qnpMSITHSI. To rna KoJiyM6 ompa-

HOCHJIMCb npe,qnoJiaraeMhle OCTpOBa

BMJICSI B HcnaHMIO, qro6hl npe,qJio-

(OAMH H3 HHX HOCMJI Ha3BaHHe AH-

JKHTJ> cBolt npoeKT rocy,qapSIM KacTM-

KoJiyM6 6J>IJI po,qoM M3 reHyH 1

TMJibM), M MHOrHe MOpenJiaBaTeJIH

JIMM.

MJIM H3 6JIM3JieJKam:ero MecreqKa, M

yTBepJK,AaJIH, qro OHM no6J>IBaJIH Ha

eCJIH M He flOCBaTMJI ce6SI npo<}>eCCMH

MX 6eperax. Haxo,qHJIHCJ> M TaKHe

Bape

MOpSIKa C IOHhlX JieT (TaK KaK flOJiara-

MOpenJiaBaTeJIM, KOTOphle CTaBMJIH

B <}>paHUHCKaHCKOM MOHaCThlpe Pa6H-

IOT, qro OH BnepBhle OTnpaBHJICSI B

CBOeJ;i UeJII>IO OTKphlTHe 3THX 3eMeJII>

,qa 6JIM3 llaJioca. 3,qecb oH BC1peTHJI-

MJIM OKOJIO 3TO~

(HanpMMep, HeKHlt <J>epHaHAO ,[(yJib-

cSI C «eyCTO,qMeM» (xpaHMTeJieM) ce-

,qaThl), TO BO BCSIKOM CJiyqae npOMC-

MO). llo-Bll)l.MMOMY OHM AaJKe noJiyqa-

BMJibCKOlt npOBMHUHM <}>paHUMCKaH-

XOAMJI M3 CeMJ>H MOpS!KOB, KOTOphle B

JIH JIHUeH3HH Ha npaBO flOMCKOB no,qo6-

CKOroOp,qeHaAHTOHMO MopaqeHoJ;i,

A'V

flJiaBaHMe B

1473 r.

KoJiyM6 npM6hlJI B HcnaHMIO B SIH-

1486 ro,qa M HaiiieJI npMCTaHHII.Ie

BeKe HaxO,qMJIHCI> Ha CJiyJK6e y <}>paHUY3CKOro KOpOJISI2 .

HOIU po,qaOTnOp'I)'raJibCKHX KOpOJieJ;i.

BMAHhlM KaCTHJII>CKMM aC1pOJIOrOM.

KoJiyM6 6h1JI y6e)f(,!J,eH, KpoMe mro,

MopaqeHa M HacTOSITeJib MOHaCTI>IpSI

Cnycn~ HeKompoe BpeMSI KoJiyM6

B IIIapoo6pa3HOCTM 3eMJIH, npMqeM

X yaH llepec, TeCHO CBSI3aHHJ>IJ;i c

o6ocHOBaJICSI B TIMcca6oHe, ropo,qe,

OH flOJiaraJI (OCHOBhlBaSICI> HaB033pe-

poJieBoJ;J, oKa3aJIM KoJiyM6y no,q-

OTey,qa OTnpaBJISIJIMCI> KpynHbie MOp-

HMSIX rpeqecKHX, pMMCKMX M apa6-

,qepJKey. MopaqeHa nocoBeToBaJI

CKHe 3KCfleAMUHM, B BaJKHelhiieM

CKHX reorpa<}>OB M Ha KOCMOrpa<}>M-

KoJiyM6y o6paTMTbCSI K repuory

UeHTpe HayqHblX HCCJie,qoBaHHJ;i B

qecKOM 1paKTaTe «3epuaJio MMpa>>

Me,qHHa CMAOHMH, KoTOpbilt 3aMHTe-

o6JiaCTH reorpa<}>MH M Kapmrpa<}>MH,

Kap,qHHaJia llbepa ,q' AJII>M, ony6JIM-

pecoBaJICSI npoeKTOM, HO BhlHy)f(,!J,eH

AMCUMflJIHH, npe,qCTaBJieHHhlX B llop-

KOBaHHOM B

qTo npOTSI-

6h1JI npepBaTJ> neperoBophl c reHy33-

'I)'raJIHH ,qeSI'reJISIMH CarpeiiiCKO~ IIIKO-

JKeHHOCTb OKeaHa Mew_,qy 3afla,z:J,HI>I-

ueM, TaK KaK no,qBeprcSI onaJie. Ko-

Jih13. llop'I)'raJibUhl ynopHO HCCJie,qo-

MH 6eperaMH EBponhl H BOCToqHhl-

JiyM6 3aBSI3aJI neperoBophl c repuo-

B3JIM 3anagHhle 6epera A<}>pMKM M

MM 6eperaMM A3MM ,qoJIJKHa 6h1Tb

roMMe,qHHaceJIM, KOTOphlJ;i flO)(re]laJI

npe,qnpMHHMaJIM BCe B03MOJKHOe, qm-

OTHOCM'IeJibHO HeBeJIMKa. 3TO y6eJK-

CHapSIAMTh 3KCne,qMUMIO 3a CBOJ;i cqeT.

6J>I o60rHYTb 3TOT MaTepHK M AOCTM%

,qeHMe M fl03BOJIMJIOeMY pa3pa60TaTI>

H3a6eJIJia, npSIMO He oTKa3h1BaSI rep-

IfHAHH, C1paHI>I, KOTOpaSI B TO BpeM11

npoeKT nJiaBaHMSI B HHAMIO (T.e. B

uory B pa3peiiieHMM, pacnopSIAMJiacJ>

6J>ma OAHMM M3 BaJKHe~IIIMX phlHKOB

A3MIO ), no Mapiiipyry, npOTMBono-

nepe,qaTJ> npoeKT KoJiyM6a Ha pac-

AJISI eBpone~cKolt mproBJIM.

JIOJKHOMY Tpacce flOp'I)'raJibCKHX 3KC-

1410 r.),

KoJiyM6 coBepiiiMJI HeMaJIO nJia-

ne,qHUMlt, MJIH, MHhlMM CJIOBaMH, npo-

BaHHlt HanOp'I)'raJII>CKHX KOpa6JISIX M

eKT ,qocTHJKeHMSI HHAMM 3anagHJ>IM

npMo6peJI He TOJibKO npaKTHqecKMe

nyTeM, a He MapiiipyTOM, KOTOphlJ;i npe,qnoJiaraJI nJiaBaHJ>e K rory oT Mhlca ,[(o6poJ;J HageJK,qhl, a 3aTeM

1 IIy6nHKal.{HeJ;i B 1931 ro~y reHy33CKHX HorapHaJibHbiX aKTOB H ~pyrHX ~oeyMeHTOB

XV BeKa~oKa3aHo, 'fl'oKoJiyt.ro 6btJI ypolKeHueM feHyH. 2 3-:ra BepCHl! ~aBHO OI'BeprHyra. Ily6JIHKal.{Hl! reHy33CKHX ~OeyMeHTOB no~TBeplK~a eT, <,iTO oTeu KoJiyM6a 6btJI qecaJibl.llHKOM wepcTH H caM KoJiyM6 eme B 1471 ro~y, 6y~yqH ~B~L{aTHJieTHHM IOHOWeJ;i, 3aHHMaJICl! TeM lKe peMeCJIOM. 3 3aMoK Carpew 6btJI pe3H~eHL{HeJ;i npHHua3HpHKe (feHpHxa) MopenJiaBaTeJil! (13941460 rr.), opraHH3aTopa nopryraJibCKHX JaMopcKHX 3KCn~HL{HJ;i, y~enl!BWero 60JibWOe BHHMaHHe HaBHral.{HOHHblM HayKaM H KapTOrpacpHH.

nepexo,q oT 3TOro nyHKTa B ceBepoBOCToqHoM HanpaBJieHMH. Ta JKe M,qeSI B03HMKJia y MTaJIJ>SIHcKoro Bpaqa M KOCMorpa<}>a TocKaHeJIJIH, KOTOphlJ;i no,qeJIMJICSI CBOHMM npe,qnOJIO)(reHMSIMM C llOp'I)'raJibCKMM KaHOHMKOM <J>epHaHOM MaprMHecoM B flHCbMe, flOAJIMHHOCTb KOTOporo npe,qcTaBJISieTCSI coMHMTeJibHOlt. CoMHMTeJIJ>Ha M BepCMSI ( 06hlqHo npH3HaBaeMaSI HCTOpMKaMM) 0 TOM, qro KoJiyM6y 6h1JIO H3BeCTHO 3TO nHcJ>MO C npMJIOJKeHHOlt K Hel\>ty KapTOJ;i M qro OH COCTOSIJI B nepenMCKe CO CBO-

Xp~t~CTo<t>op

KonyM6

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KOHEU. CPE)J.HV1X BEKOB. 1400-1500 rr.

446

CM01peHHe OC06olt KOMHCCHH, KOTO-

CKOrO npe,AnpHJITHJI ,AOCTaJIHCh Ha

prui B TOM JKe 1486 ro,Ay co6paJiach

AOJIIO MeAHHaceJIH.

no,A npe,ACe,AaTeJihCTBOM 3pHaHAO ,Ae TaJiaBephl. B Mae 1486ro,AaKoJiyM6 6hlJI npHHliT lha6ermoJ:i B Kop,AoBe H c6JIH3HJICJI C rJiaBOlt KaCTHJlhCKOlt C'IeTHOlt naJiaThl AJioHco KHHTaHHJinelt. KoMHCCIDI BhlHecJiacBoe perneHHe

CaMa JKe oHa He Morna npHHJITh

no.Met»KKY y XyaHaiiepeca. IIepec, 'reCHO CBJI3aHHhllt C 6oraThlMH CaHOBHHKru.-IH KOpOJielt H aHAaJIYCCKHMH

Ha ce6JI H3J(epiKKH no opraHH3auHH

eynuru.-m H cy,AoBJia,AeJihUru.-tH, Bo3o6-

3KCne,AHUHH, noKa liiJia BOltHa C rpa-

HOBJIJieT xJionOThl. B HOJI6pe HJIH ,Ae-

Ha,AO!t. KoJiyM6 B 1487-1491 ro,Aax

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iKHJI, BepoJITHo, B Kop,AoBe. lhBecTHo, 'ITO B 1488 ro,Ay oH noceTHJI IIop-

HOB)'IO ay,AHeHUHIO y KOpOJieBhl, H CHOBa OC06rui KOMHCCHJI, Ha3Ha'IeHHrul

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lha6enJioJ:i, arrepraer ero npoeKT.

JIHliih B 1490 ro,Ay. BepcHJI o TOpiKe-

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ipopMe,- BhlMhiCeJI. lha6enJia Ha-

HM lha6eJIJIOlt, OTBepraeT npoeKT

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MepeHHO TOpM03HJia perneHHe BOIIpO-

KoJiyM6a. KoJiyM6 cHoBa HanpaBJIJI-

AH IIOA 3aJior oTeynHhiX c6opoB oT

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447

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HO HeH3BeCTHhl; BO BC11KOM CJiyqae, ITOCJie ITO,LI.nHCaHH113TOro COrJiaiiieHH11 c IIHHCOHOM 3KCITe,LI.Hl.IH11 6hiJla cHap11)f(eHa 6e3 Tpy,LI.a: OXOTHHKH HalllJIHCb, H y,LI.aJIOCb 06MeH11Tb ,LI.Be KapaBeJIJihl, ITpe,LI.OCTaBJieHHhle no ITpHKa3y KOpOJI11 H KOpOJieBhl, Ha ,LI.Ba KOpa6JI11 TOro )f(e THITa, HO 60JiblllHX ITO pa3Mepy- <illHH'I)'» H «HHHbiO». KpoMe Toro, 6bmo 3a<}>paxToBaHo TpeTbe cy,LI.HO- «CaHTa MapH11», KOTOpa11 CTaJia <}>JiarMaHOM <}>JIOTHJIHH. Ha «CaHTa MapHH» HaxO,LI.HJIHCb KoJiyM6 H BJia,LI.eJieu Kopa6JI11

XyaH ,LI.e Jia Koca, KOTOphlit 6hiJI Ha3HaqeH Ha IT OCT Ma3CTPe (KaiiHTaHa). KanHTaHOM «liHHThl» 6bm MapTHH AJioHco IIHHCOH, a KaiiHTaHOM «HHHbH»- ero 6paT BHceHTe .HHt>ec. 3cKa,LI.pa ITO,LI.HJIJia ITapyca YTPOM 3 aBrycTa 1492 ro,LI.a H BhllllJia B ITyTh. liJiaBaHbe ITPH BeCbMa 6JiaroiTpHSITHbiX o6CT011'reJibCTBax npO,LI.OJI)f(aJIOCb 69 ,LI.Heit, H KaK pa3 B 1)' ITopy, KOI)l.a

Kopa6n11 nepaoj;i 3KCneAH~I111 KonyM6a

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o6eceypiDKeHHa11 JIH6o ,LI.OJirHM ne-

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HaxoHeu, 15 MapTa o6e KapaBeJIJihl

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qHH, <}>JIOTHJIHll ,LI.OCTHrJia (12 OKT116-

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BOB, a 3aTeM ITPHlllJla B J1Hcca6oH, r,LI.e

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6H,LI.e. KopoJIH ITPHH11JIH KoJiyM6a c

448

KOHELJ, CPE,LJ,HV1X BEKOB. 1400-1500 rr.

Heo6bl<J:a.iiHhThm ITO<J:ecTIIMH, pa3perrmJIH eMy CH):leTb B HX ITpHCYTCTBHH, ):la6bl CHIJ,H OH MOr paCCKa3aTb HM 0

JIYM60M HOBOOTKpblTbiX 3eMeJTh. HoBblH ITpaBHTeJTh- Eo6a):lHJThH, ITpH6biBIIIHH H3 KacTHJIHH c oco6biMH ITOJI-

pO):lHHe KaK O):!HO H3 CaMbiX CJiaBHbiX AeJI, KOr):la-JIH6o ITpeAIIpHHHTbiX ITop TyraJThUaMH) H ITpe):lbHBHJIH CBOH ITpa-

cBoeM rryTernecTBHH. YTBep)l():leHHblli B ):!OJDKHOCTH a):!MHpaJia H BH[(e-KopoJIH liH):lHH, KoJiyM6 ITOWOTOBHJI BTOpyro 3KCITe):lH[(HIO, KOTOpaH OTIIJibiJia 22 HJIH 23 ceHTIJ6pH 1493 ro):la. B xo):le 3TOrO ITYTeiiieCTBHH OH OTKpblJI HOBble OCTpOBa, B TOM 'IHCJie ):(oMHHHKY, fBa):laJiyrre, Ily3pTO-PHKo H RMaH:Ky. Ha

HOMO'IHHMH OT KOpOJIH H KOpOJieBbl, 3aHHJI ITOCT ITpaBHTeJIH; KoJiyM6 BepHYJICH B licrraHHIO KaK Y3HHK. 0):!HaKO OH coBeprnHJI eme <J:eTBepToe rryTeiiie-

Ba Ha 3eMJIH, OTKpbiTble ITO BOJie CJIY'IaH, Ha 3aiTa):le, ITopryraJib[(eM IIeApo A JIBaperneM Ka6paJioM B 1500 rony (6pa3HJThCKHH 6eper). C 3TOH

CTBHe (B 1502-1504 IT.) H OTKpblJI foHnypac. Ha o6parnoM ITyrn oH ITOTepiTeJI (1503 r.) KpyrneHHe y HMaliKH H, OCTaBJieHHbiM Ha ITpOH3BOJI Cy):lb-

ueJThiO H3 JIHcca6oHa B Mae 1501 rony BbliiiJia 3KCITe):lH[(HH, B KOTOpOH Y<J:aCTBOBaJIAMepHrO BeCITY<J:'IH: o6 3TOH 3KCITeAH[(HH coo6maeTCH B em « IlHcb-

3ciTaHbOJie KpeiTOCTb, ITOCTPOeHHyiO BO BpeMH ITepBoro rryTeiiieCTBHH, HaIIIJIH pa3pyrneHHOH, a rapHH30H ee

6bl ITpaBHTeJieM HOBOOTKpblTbiX 3eMeJTh HHKoJicoM ):le 0BaH):lo, AO 1504 ro):la He Mor ITOITaCTb B liciTaHHIO. Ko-

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OTIIpaBHJICH K Ky6e, H ITocne TOro, KaK ITpoexan 1200 KM B):lOJTh ceBepHoro ee 6epera 2, yTBep):lHJICH BO MHeHHH, 'ITO

6blJI y6e)l():leH, 'ITO oH AOCTHr A3HH H OTKpbiJI OCTpOBa B MOpHX, OMbiBaiOl[(HX c BoCTOKa 3TOT MaTepHK. Eme B

<l>oJIKJieHACKHX OCTPOBOB H ITPHIIIJIH K y6e)l(,[leHHIO, 'ITO 3eMJIH, KOTOpble OHH BCTPeTHJIH Ha CBOeM rryTH, HBJIH-

Ky6a HBmieTCH MaTepHKOM, KOTOpblH AOJI}KeH 6blTb oTo}KnecTBJieH c KaTaeM H CnnaHro, 3eMJieil, paciToJio)KeHHOH JIHIIIb Ha pacCTOHHHH 30 rpa):ly-

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IOTCH HOBblM MaTepHKOM H 'ITO, o6ornys 3TOT MaTepHK C IOra, MO}KHO ITOITaCTb B liH):lHIO. B «IlHcbMax» H):leT peTh TaK}Ke H 0 Apyrnx ITYTeiiieCTBH-

coB oT ManaKKH. Ilo):l cTpaxoM cypoB otl: Kapbl OH 3aCTaBHJI 3KHITa}KH KOpa6JieH y):!OCTOBepHTb B ITpHCyTCTBHH HOTapeyca, 'ITO Ky6a HBJIHeTcH

B 1499 roAy AnoHco Ae Oxe):la, X yaH Ae na Koca 1 H HTaJibHHeu AMepHro BeciTy'I<J:H HCCJie):loBaJIH, HAH ITo cne):laM aAMHpana, 6epera BeHe-

HX, ITpeAIIpHHHThiX BeCIIY<J:'IH. Ha OCHOBe 3THX coo6meHHil, KOTOpble 6biJIH ITep eBe):leHbi H Harre<J:aTaHbi BO <l>paH[(HH H B fepMaHHH, O):!HH He-

MaTepHKoM. B TpeTbeM rryTernecTBHH B 1498 rony OH ):lOCTHr IO}KHOaMepHKaHCKOro MaTepHKa (B yc10e OpHHO-

cy3Jibl. l i 6naroAapH ApyrHM HCITaHCKHM MopeiiJiaBaTeJIHM: IIepo A noHco HHHbO (1499 r. ), ):(Hero ):le JieiTe

Me[(KHHKOCMOrpacp, MapTHH BaJThA3e eMIOJIJiep, B cBoeM «Cosmographiae Introductio» («BBe):leHHe B KOCMorpa-

KO ), ITOCJie TOrO KaK OTKpblJI OCTPOB TpHIIHAa):l. KoJIYM6 ITOJiaraJI, 'ITO OpHHoKo O):!Ha H3 peK 3eMHOrO paH. BcKope ITO B03BparneHHH B CaHTO)J;oMHHro3 KonyM6 6biJI cMemeH. Ero OTCTpaHeHHIO CITOC06CTBOBaJIH )KaJI06bl KOpoJIIO H KOpOJieBe, B KOTOpbiX ITO-

(1499 r.), BHc eHTe HHbecy IIHHcoHY (1500 H 1508 rr.), PoApHro EacTH):lacy (1500 r. ), KpHCTOBaJIIO H JiyHcy feppa (1 504 r. ), IloHce ):le Jieo-

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HY ( 1513 r.), HHKY3 ce H Oxe):le (1508-1509 rr.), HYHbecy ):le Eanb6oa (1513 r.), Xyaey )J;Hacy ):le Co-

HHTO OKOH'IaTeJThHO, ITpmeM ITOITpaHbi 6biJIH ITpasa, KOTOpble, 6ecciTopHo, B 6oJThiiieH CTeiTeHH, '!eM KOMy 6bl TO HH

pHUaJIHCb ciToco6bl yrrpasneHHH Ko-

JIHcy (1508 H 1515 IT.) 6blJIH OTKpblTbi HOBble 3eMJIH K IOry oT M eKCHKaHcKom 3aJIHBa (K IOry OT IOKaTaHa) H nopll):la: 6blJI ITepece<J:eH IlaHaMCKHH

6biJio, ITPHHaAJie)KaJIH KoJIYM6y. Ilo):lJIHHHOCTb «IlHceM» Becrry'I'IH MHornMH OCITapHBaeTCH; HeKOTOpble HCCJie):lOBaTeJIH c<J:HTaiOT, 'ITO He Becrry'I'IH

ITeperneeK H OTKpblT THXHH oK eaH (HYHbec ):le Eanb6oa, 1513 r.); . BIO}KHOM HaiipaBJieHHH K 1516 rony 6biJIO y}Ke AOCTHrHYTO yc10e Jia IIJiaThi.

6biJI HX aBTOpOM, H ITpHIIHCbiBaiOT HX aBTOpcTBo BaJTh):l3eeMIOJIJiepy H ):lpyrHM cpaJThcHcpHKaTopaM -<J:Y)Ke 3eM[(aM. B liciTaHHH OHH HHKoma He 6biJIH HaITe<J:aTaHbi. 0):!HaKO H3 O):lHOrO HCITaHCKoro AOKYMeHTa 1503 ro):la (3aMeTKa B KHHre Ka3Ha<J:eilCTBa T oproBoil IIana-

1 39 HCIIaJII.leB, OCTaBJieHHhlX B KpeiiOCTH HaBH;rJ;a;J;, )l;OBeiDI )l;O OT'Iamnrn: HH;rJ;e~eB, npolKHBaJOIIl,HX B 3TOM paitoHe, CBOHMH HaCMJ!HliMH H rrpHTeCHeHIDIMH. KonyM6 o6Hap)I)KIDI B HaBH)J;a;J;e JIHIIIh TPYJihl rrepe ceJieHileB, rrpn'!eM OH CKJIOHliJICli K MHeiDIIO, 'ITO 3TH J!IO)J;II CBOHM IIOBe)l;eHHeM rrory6HIDI ce 6H. EOJThiiilUI '!aCTh HCrraHlleB cnoliG!J!a ronoBy B pacrrpl!X M3-3a Harpa6JieHHOM )l;06JHH, H JIHIIIh HH'!TO)!(Hal! HX '!aCTh rrana B 6op16e c HH;rJ;e~aMH, rrpe)J;BO)J;HTemcTBYeMhlMH KaCHKOM KaoHa6o. 2 KoJiyM6 coBeprrnur B 1494 ro)J;y IIJiaBame He B)l;OJTh ceBepHoro, a B)l;OJTh JO)!(Horo 6epera Ky611. ' fopo)l; CaHTo-,O:oMHHro ocHOBaH 611JI KoJiyM6oM Ha JO)!(HOM 6epery 3 crramoJihl H CTan u;eHTPOM 3aMopcKoii KOJIOHHH KacTHIDIH.

IIopTyraJibUbl peBHHBO omocHJIHCb K yciTeXaM, KOTOpble ):lOCTHrJIH HCITaHCKHe MopeiTJiaBaTeJIH. IIopryraJibCKHe MOpHKH OCBOHJIH ITYTb B liHAHIO BOKpyr Mbica):(o6poH: Ha):le}KAbl (H 3TOT yciTeX pac[(eHHBaJICH Ha HX

Thi) (Casa de Contractacion) BbiTeKaeT, 'ITO ecJIH He c Becrry'I'IH, TO c ApyrHMH MopeiiJiaBaTeJIHMH ITOpTyraJib[(bl coBepiiiHJIH ):lEa rryTeiiieCTBHH B HoBblli

1 Bhl)J;aJOI.II,HHcH MopeiiJiaBaTem, o)J;!IrnpaMHJieu; YIIOMHHYTOfO Bhliiie BJia;J;emu;a KOpa6Jlli «Cama MapHH».

CBeT H ITpHBe3JIH orry):la ry3eM[(eB H KpacHI[(ee AepeBo. 3aTeM B 1503 rony Xyaey ):le Jia Koca 6blJIO ITOpY<J:eHo B

449

3AnAAHAs:l EBPOnA ceKpeTHOM rropH,llKe rrpoBe):(aTh o6 3TIIX rryrernecTBIDIX. CBoii oTtieT OT rrpeJ~ CTamm KoponeBe B ceHTR6pe Toro )l{e ro):(a. Ho correpHif'JecTBo Ilopryrannn H I1crraHHH B 06JiaCTH OTKpb!THH IIOBJieKJIO 3a C060H II ):(IIIIJIOMaTII'IeCKHe ocJIO)I{HeHHR. EJ~Ba KoJIYM6 BepHynCR II3 cBoero nepBoro rryTernecTBHR, KaK KaTOJIII'IeCKIIe KOpOJIII ):(06IIJIIICb OT naiibl 6yJIJI, KOTOpbie IIO):(TBep)l{):(aJIH IIX rrpaBa Ha HOBbie 3eMJIH. TaKHX 6yJIJI 6hiJIO Tpii 1• IJepBaR H3 HIIX, OT 3 MaR

1493

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450

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451

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IIOB03KII IIO)lBCIIIHBaJIIICb Ha UCIIHX

MOKpaTH'lCCKHC Ha'laJia. HaYaJibCT-

JIHCb noneBoft apTHJIJiepHeli. Ha poE-

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HOBKII liX Ha IIOB03KaX II Me)l()ly HHMH.

HapyiiieHHe rrpiiKa3a BHHOBHblll IIO)J,-

Ta HJJ,pa IIpiiXO)J,IIJiaCb Ha Bb!COTe rpy-

IlOB03KII CKpeiiJIHJIIICb )J,JIIIHHbiMH

BepraJICH CMepTHOH Ka3HII, «KTO 6bi

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)l(eJTe3HbiMH UCIIHMII.

BOCT04HA~ KoMaiUia Ka)I{,[(Oll IIOB03K11 COCTO-

EBPOnA

459

BeK) C TpeMH COTHHM11 IIOB030K MOr

YrHeTaiOmee nrre'laTneHHe Ha rrpo-

3aHHTb ):(JTH o6opOHbi IIJTOII1a):(b OKO-

TIIBHIIKa IIp0113BO):(l1JT BH):( Ta6opHTC-

24 TbiCH'l KB. MeTpOB (300 M X 80 M). BrrepeJJ:11 IIOB030K BbiKarrbman-

KOrO noilcKa. IToJJ: TaxonoM pbri..I,ap11

p0B 11 cTpeJTKOB (I1JT11 ITY'lH11KOB, l1JT11 ap6aJTeT'l11KOB, 11JT11 apKe6y3epon ).

CH pOB, a KOJieCa IIpiiCbiiiaJIIICb 3eM-

KO yn11JJ:en11 HacTyrraBIII11X Ta6op11-

3TO 6biJTa H113II1aH opraH113ai..I,110HHaH

neil. ,I(nH rrpo113BOJJ:CTBa carrepHbiX

TOB, B rraH11Ke 6pOC11Jll1Cb 6e)l{aTb.

e).l11H11I..I,a. J111'lHblll COCTaB HeCKOJTb-

pa6oT Ha IIOB03Kax 11MeJICH 3arrac

IToJJ: ,I(oMa)l{JI11UaM11 pbri..I,ap11 K11Hy-

K11X IIOB030K COCTaBJTHJT poTy, BX0-

JlOIIaT, MOTbir, TOIIOpOB II JTOMOB.

HJTa 06bT'lHO 113

10 B011HOB:

C3):(0BOrO,

'leTbipex MOJTOT11Jlbli111KOB, II11K11He-

):(11BII1YIO B COCTaB OTpHJJ:a, ):(ellCTBO-

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B nareH6ypre, KaK rrpaBIIJTo, oc-

BbiCTp011Jll1Cb ):(JlH 60H, HO KaK TOJlb-

JIHCb BpaCCbiiiHyiO, JTHIIIb TOJTbKO ycJlbiiiiaJIH 6oeny10 rrecHIO, KOTopyiO

BaBmero CaMOCTOHTeJTbHO. q11CJTeH-

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HOCTb TaKOrO OTpHJJ:a 06bi'lHO He

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5-6

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(3Heil CHJibBHil

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Ha IIOXO):(e, B HaCTyrraTeJibHOM II 060-

crremeHHbiM pbruapHM nenach 3aJTrro-

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raJTHCb narepeM B none; MHO)l{eCTBO

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pa3rpoMa pbii..I,apeil Ha paBH11He.

II1bl0 rrpameil. Ha ronoBbi Tex pbri..I,a-

)l{11J111 11M ):(JlH ycTpOHCTBa yKperrne-

YcTan )!Urn{K11 Ha rroxo):(e rrpe)l{):(e

peil, KOTOpbiM ynaBaJIOCb ):(06paTbCH

HHH HaiiOJJ:06He BaJTa. OTrrpaBJIHHCb B

ncero TPe6oBaJT CTPOroil JJ:IICI..\IIIIJIIIHbi.

):(0 IIOB030K, o6pyiiiiiBaJTIICb Qeiibl

cpa)l{eHHe, OHH o6pa30BhiBaJTH 113

,I(JIH Be):(eH11H o6opOHIITeJibHOrD

MOJIOT11JI. KoHTpaTaK11 pe3epnon

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60H 06bi'lHO Bbi6IIpanaCb B03BblllieH-

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(5-6

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HO ):(ep)l{anncb HenaneKo. ITp11 Ha'la-

6oeBO~

nopSIAOK Ta60piiiTOB

460

KOHEL.J, CPE.ll,HIIlX BEKOB. 1400-1500 rT.

3aKpbiTbli1 Ta6op

.[(0

HHK noru6aJI OT CTOHBIIIUX Ha IIOB03-

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,[(HJIO Ha 'leTnepopyKoe 'IYAODHII.J,e,

Hbie ,UJIHHHbiMH KpiOKaMH, H HeCKOJib-

KOTOpOe HeO'lKH)laHHO H 6biCTpO CXDa-

KO JIY'IHHKOD, ap6aJieT'IMKOD H CTpeJI-

TbiBeT CBOIO ):(06bi'IY, AYIIIIIT ee H DO

KOB H3 py)l{hH. Ilo.u Ka)l{.[(hiM B030M

KYCKaM npornaThmaeT. Ecnu KOM)' H

D,[(OJib Hero DHCeJia ,[(OCKa, KOTOpaH

y):(aDaJIOCb Dbi6paTbCH H3 Jia6HpHHTa

Morna Dbi)::(ep)l{aTh y.uapbr He6oJihiiiiiX

rroso3oK, TO OH rrona)laJI n pyKH nca)l-

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Hl1KOB, paCIIOJIO)J(eHHblX BHe BareH-

B030K B rrpoxo)lax Me)K,Uy Ta6opaMH

6ypra 11 3)leCb rrom6aJI».

HaXO)lllJIHCb BOOpy)l{eHHbie 6aTaJibO-

BareH6ypr 6hiJl no)lBH)J(HOH Kpe-

Hbl )lJlH CMeHbl 60HU.OB Ha IIOB03KaX.

noCTbiO, OT,[(eJibHbiMH COCTaBHbiMH

HaKoHei.J,, B TbiJIY CTOHJI pe3eps, roro-

'laCTHMH KOTOpOH CJIY)!(HJIH IIOB03KH,

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TUBHHKa 6pOCHTbCH Ha Hero '1epe3

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JIHX, a ApyraH nnepe,UH -

D IIOCTpOM-

pex pH,[(OD nOD030K, no )::(Da pH):(a Ha

flpOTIIBHIIK, CTHCHYTblll Me)l{)ly no-

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B03KaMH H OTpe3aHHbJH OT CBOHX,

CHrHaJibHbTMH <l>naraMH, IIO)lHHMae-

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6oti: ,UBH)J(YII.J,HHCH yKpenJieHHbTH Ta-

TaTeJibHbJX CHapH.LJ:OB, c6paCbJBae-

Ka)J()lOro pH.ua. CHoposKa Ta6opnToB

6op. YnpanneHne D:BH)J(eHHeM peryJIHposanocb curHaJibHbiMH cpnaraMH.

MbiX c noso30K MY)I{'IMHaMH n )l{eH-

B HCKYCHOM CBepYbiBaHHH H pa3BepTbi-

II.J,HHaMH. KoHHHI.J,a 6Hnacb BHe sa-

BaHJIH CBOHX TIO,UBmKHbiX yKpenJie-

reH6ypra, HO KOf)la IIpOTIIBHHK

Hllll 6biJia '1pe3Bbi'IaHHO BeJIUKa.

TeCHHJI BareH6ypr, OHa OTCTynaJia B

06bi'IHO IIOB03Kll o6pa30BbiBaJIH

6oeso:H nopH,UOK. ,[(nH 3Toro 6onee

nareH6ypr H cpa)l{anacb, cnenmn-

YilJIHHeHHbre BHeiiiHHe pH,Ubi u 6onee

IIIHCh, KaK 6bi CO CTeH yKpenJieHHO-

4 KOJIOHHbi (pH,Ua), 2 KpaHHHX («krajni») H 2 BHyTpeHHUX («placni» ).

rO ropoLJ:a. 3Tl1M crroco6oM OHH Bbi-

IIepe!lHHe u 3a.UH11e OKOHe'iHOCTH

B030K coe)lHHHJlHCh, o6pa3yH yKperr-

HrphmaJIH MHOrO Cpa)l{eHHll H )l06H-

KpaHHHX KOJIOHH 6blJIU )lJIUHHee

neHHbiH 'leThlpexyrOJibHHK. Jloiiia,UH

BaJIIICb no6e)lbl. ,[(eJIO B TOM, 'ITO

BHyTpeHHHX, ll 3TH BbiCTynaBIIIHe

pacnpHraJIHCb, f!OB03KH rrpH)lBHra-

coce):(HHe Hapo):(hi He 3Hanu TaKoro

OKOHe'IHOCTH PMOB Ha3hiBaJIHCb «OK-

JIHCb O):(Ha K ):(pyroti: H CBH3biBaJIHCb

cnoco6a ne,[(eHHH BOHHhi, a EoreMHH

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I.J,eiiHMH; B npOMe)l{yTKH Me)l{.[(y nO-

C ee IIIHpOKHMH, pOBHbiMH IIOJIHMH

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B03KaMH ycTaHaBJIHBaJIHCb ,[(epeBHH-

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Hbie II.l,HTbi. 11.HOr,Ua nepe.[( BHeiiiHHM

}b nOXO.[(HOrO Ta6opa 6biCTpO o6pa30BbiBaJicH 3aKpbiThri1 Ta6op -

YKOpO'IeHHbie BIJYTpeHHHe pH,[(bi nO-

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co6o:i1.[(JIH 6brCTporo npespameHIIH no-

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HX Ha IIIIIpOKOM npOCTpaHCTBe H CHO-

XO)::(Horo rropH,UKa B cpopM)' 3aKpbrroro

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na coe,[(HHHTh HX».

narepH (Ta6opa) . Boo6II.J,e )J(e H no npe-

H3 JiarepH )::(eJiaJIHCb npOXO,Ubl, KOTO-

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MH )lBU)J{eHJIH onn o6pa30BhiBaJIU ca-

pbre TaK)I{e yKpeiTJIHJlllCh.

'Ianocb rnaBHblM o6pa30M nMeHHO B

Mbre pa3Hoo6pa3Hbre ¢opMbr: HanpH-

3TOM. 3TO OC06eHHO HCHO BbiTeKaeT

Mep, B Bll,[(e 6YKB

V, C, E

HJIH W.

Ha noso3Kax u 3a JIHHHe:H yKpenneHHH H3 nOB030K pa3Meii.J,aJIHCb no-

H3 Apyroro MeCTa CBHLJ;eTeJibCTBa

EcJIH no,UBH)I{HaH KpenocTh )::(OJI)((-

IlHKKOJIOMHHH. OH coo6II.J,aeT: «KaK

Ha 6biJia npenpaTHTbCH B 3aKpbiTblll

CKHX nOB03KaX -

TOJlbKO LJ;aBaJICH CHrHaJI K 6010, 803-

Ta6op, TO JIOIIIa,UU pacnpHranHCh, or-

,UHHe narepH pacnonaranacb B 6oesoM

B030'lHbie so:HcKa, a npH apTHJIJiepHilnyiiiKapH. B cepe-

Hlll.l,bl .[(Buranucb Ha spara no onpe-

no6JIH Ha)lBHraJIUCb Ha rrepe)::(nne rro-

nopH.LJ:Ke no oTpMaM nexoTa, B TOM

,[(eJieHIIhrM, 3apaHee HM yKa3aHHbTM,

B03KH H CBH3biBaJII1Cb I.J,eiiHMH. Jloma-

'lHCJie CHJibHhTH pe3eps. KoHHHI.J,a

qmrypaM HJIH 6yKsaM, o6pa30BbiBa-

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pa3Meii.J,anacb HJIH B narepe y ThiJib-

nu 3aKoynKH, KOTOpbre, 6yLJ:y'lu xopo-

JII060:i1 MOMeHT HX MO)I{HO 6biJIO CHOBa

Horo Bhrxo.ua HJIH .ua)l{e BHe narepH.

IIIO H3BCCTHbi OIIbiTHbiM Ta6opHTaM,

3aiipH'ib, TaK KaK ryCHThi '!aCTO BHC3aii-

Cnc.uosaTCJibHO, 6ocso:H nopMOK

LJ;JIH npOTHBHHKa OKa3biBaJIHCb rH-

HO rrepexo.[(HJII1 OT o6opoHbi K Harra.ue-

ryCHTOB, OKpy)l{eHHblll D:BYMH JIHHH-

6eJibHbiM Jia6HpHHTOM, H3 KOTOpOrO

HJIIO. Onn Haxo.[(HJII1Cb no.[( HM30poM

HMH IIOB030K, npe,UCTaBJIHJI C060:i1 yK-

OH He MOf HaHTH BbiXO,[( H B KOTOpOM

opy)l{eHocuen (Paveseni), 'leTbipexy-

penJieHHbiH, CTOHBlliHll Ha KOJiecax

OH 3anyThmancH, KaK n ceTHX. Kor,[(a

rOJibHbiMH II.J,HTaMH KOTOpbiX npHKpbi-

Ta6op. Eoeso:H nopMOK rycHTOB HH

nparu6hmanH TaKHM o6pa30M pa36H-

BaJIUCb npOMe~TKH Me)l{.[(y nOB03Ka-

pa3y He 6hiJI COKpyiiieH pbii.J,apCKHM

Thr, oTpe3aHhi H pa3p03HeHhr, nexoTa

Mll. Ha Ka)I{,[(Oll nOB03Ke CTOHJIH lle-

so:HcKOM. OH npe.uHa3Ha'laJICH He

Me'IOM ll MOJIOTHJiaMH 6e3 Tpy):(a 3a-

Tbrpe MOJIOTHJlbii.J,HKa, KOTOpbie 6biJIH

TOJlbKO LJ;JIH 060pOHHTeJlbHbTX, HO H

BepmaJia pa3rpoM, HJIH )J(e nponm-

o6y'leHbJ ,UeJiaTb OKOBaHHbJMH )!(eJie-

LJ;JIH HacTynaTeJibHbTX BOeHIIbTX LJ;eH-

BOCTOYHA~

EBPOnA

461 1420

cTBilll:. IIo;:um)KHOCTb Ta6opa IT03BO-

TaMII,MOJIOTIIJiaMII,IIIIKaMII. Pb!Uapii

Topble B KOHUe aiTpenH

mrna coBeprnaTb 6oJThiiiiie HacryiTa-

HeCJIII 60Jibiiiiie ITOTepii, HO He MOrJIII

BTOprJIIICb B LleXIIIO. <l>eo,J:(aJibHOe

ro):(a

TeJibHbie ITOXO)J.b!II 6blCTpO ITOHBJI5ITb-

ITpopBaTb 6oeBoe KOJib[(O Ta6opa.

BOHCKO ):(BIIraJIOCb K Kyruoli rope ):(JlH

CH TaM, r):(e 9TO 6b!JIO He06XO):(liMO.

Bmpoli ::JTarr xapaKTepii30BancH Ha-

COe):(IIHeHIIH C CIIJiaMII <J:eiiiCKOH cpeo-

CTPaTeriiH rycmoB 6blna HarrpaB-

CTYIIaTeJibHblMII ):(elicTBIIHMII ITeiiiiiX II

):(aJibHOH peaK[(llll.

JieHa Ha pa3rpOM ITpOTHBHIIKa B ITO-

KOHHblX OTpH):(OB I)'CIITOB II BBe):(eHII-

Ha ceBepo - 3aiTa):(HOH r paHII[(e

JieBOM cpameHllll. llcKycHoe MaHeB-

eM B ):(eno o6mero pe3epBa. Eb!JIII cny-

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piipoBaHIIe Ta6opa IIMeno uenbiO

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KypcpiOpCTOB . Ha IOmHoli rpaHII[(e

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ITo6e)J.bl Ha):( BparoM. )J;IICUIIITJIIIHa B

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ITOXO):(e II narepe pernaMeHTHpoBa-

MII UIIcppbi, coo6maeMble IICTO'IHIIKa-

CTHMII 6oeBOro ITOpH):(Ka. BBe):(eHIIeM

nacb «BOIIHCKIIMII COBeTaMII» "IKIIm-

MII, -

ITO):(BIImHoro YKPeiiJieHHoro Ta6opa

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HblH BOIIHCKHH ycTaB.

He Morna 6b!Tb 3Ha'IIITeJibHOH . eo-

):(eHCTBHH BOHCK c ITOJieBOH o6opoHOH

IIocne

(14 24 r.) y

B xo):(e ITOJieBoro cpameHIIH.

cMe pTII HHa )[{IImKII I)'CIITOB Bbl):(BIIraiOTCH ):(Ba

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1420 ro,LI.aBeHrepCKO-CHJie3CKoe BOit-

Boit rope npe,LI.noJiaran:ocb npoH3Bec-

Ta6opHTbl KOHrpaTaKOBaJIH Bpara

CKO no,LI. KOMaH,LI.OBaHHeM CHrH3MYH-

TH 06JllHit lii'I)'pMilparH O,LI.HOBpeMeH-

c <J>poHTa, JKHTeJIH IIparH HaHOCHJIH

,LI.a no-repneJio KpynHoe nopaJKeHHe

464

KOHELJ, CPE,LJ,HV1X BEKOB. 1400-1500 rr.

ITOJJ: Bb!IIIerpap;oM. B mmape 1421 rop;a Ta6opliTbl ITO):( KOMaH):(OEaHHeM lKIDKKn JJ:EHHYJIHCb E MopaEHIO n 3a-

opY:lKeHHb!H 6oM6app;aMn. IIpomEHHK oKpy)KHJI Ta6opnmE, IIb!TaHCb nx YHH'ITO)KHTb.

6oeEoro ITOPHJJ:Ka 3a ITOE03KaMn pac ITOJIO:lKHJiacb ITexoTa, Ha ITOE 03Kax HaXO):(HJIHCb 3apH:lKeHHble opyp;HH.

CTaEHJIH CnrH3MYHJJ:a OTCTYITHTb E BeHrpniO. B xop;e 6mr 6oJibiiioe 3Ha<J:eHne HMeJia E3aHMHaH Eb!py<J:Ka Ta6opHTOE

Tpn JJ:HH ciTeiiieHHble pbll(apn ITpep;ITpHHHMaJIH aTaKH, IIb!TaHCb EOpEaThCH E EareH6ypr H pa36HTh OTpHJJ: Ta6opHTOE. ATaKH oTpa:lKaJIHCb orneM

0TpHJJ:b! <J:eiiiCKOH KOHHHUb! ITOCTpO HJIHCb Ha cpnaHrax EareH6ypra. eop;aJibl aTaKOEaJIH <J:exoE pa3po3HeHHb!MH oTpHJJ:aMH. ATaKH oTpa-

n ITOMOII(b, KompyiO oKa3aJin ropo:lKaHe IIpam KpecTbHHCKOMY EOHcKy. 3TOH B3aHMOITOMOil(H ropo:lKaH H KpeCTbHH He 6b!JIO E 13 82 rop;y ITO):( IIa-

6oM6app; n E PYKOITaiiiHb!X cXBaTKax MOJIOTHJibll(HKaMH.

:lKaJIHCb orneM 6oM6app;. IIpomEHHKY yp;anocb 3aXBaTHTb KyruyiO ro py, rp;e 6b!JIO MHOro CTO poHHHKOE C nrn3MY HJJ:a. )[{n:lKKa pe -

pn:lKeM n E 1525 rop;y EO Epewr KpeCTbHHCKOH EOHHbl E fepMaHHH. Ta6opliTbl n ropo:lKaHe crpeMilllliCb

TOM MeCTe, ITpHIIIJIOCb ITepeHOCHTb

KOHTpaTaKOEaTh HaCT)'IlaBIIIHX pbll(apeH ITpeHM)'Il(eCTBeHHO EO cpJiaHr, 'ITO p;aEaJIO HaH60JiblliHH 3cpcpeKT.

TaK:lKe He):(OCTaTOK ITpOJJ:OEOJibCTEHH n EOJJ:b!. B 3TOH o6cTaHOEKe )[{n:lKKa

Ta6opnTaM, Haxo):(HEIIIHMCH E EareH6ypre, KOTOpb!H CTOHJI Ha OTKpb!HeMaJible TPYJJ:HOCTH, HeiTorop;y, ITpoHH3b!EaiOil(He oceHHHe EeTpb!, a

IIIHJI OTCTYITHTb K KonnHy. IIoiTb!TKH EOHCKa cpeO):(aJIOE OKpy:lKHTb 'le XOE yciTexa He HMeJin. IIop;EH:lKHb!H

peiiiHJI ITpopEaTb KOJibUO OKpy:lKeHHH. B ITOXO):(HOM ITOpH):(Ke Ta6opH-

EareH6ypr ITpOpb!EaJI KOJibUO OKpy:lKeHHH. 6 HHEapH 1422 rop;a <J:exn ITepe IIIJIH E HaCTYIIJieHHe H 3aCTaBHJIH ITpo-

Tbl C ITOE03KaMH ycTpeMHJIHCb C ropb!. PacTepHEIIInecH pb!uapn He peiiiHJIHCb HX aTaKOEaTh, H )[{n)l(Ka

THEHHKaOTCTYIIHTh.lKIDKKaopraHH30EaJI ITpecJie):(OEaHHe H 8 HHEapH Hacmr OTcryiTaEIIIHX y f a6pa. 1.IaCTb

K oceHH 1421 rop;a o6ocTpnnncb ITpOTHEOpe'IIDI Me)K):(y Ta6opHTaMH H <J:aiiiHHKaMH. 3THM peiiiHJIH EOCITOJib-

Eb!EeJI CEOH OTpHJJ: H3 OKpy:lKeHHH. fopo:lKaHe )[{JIYTQa pap;OCTHO ECTpeTHJIH Ta6opHTOE. Eo:H oTpHp;a Ta6opnToE Ha rope

pb!UapeH ITOCTpOHJiaCb ):(JIH 6oH, HO <J:exn nx oiTp oKnHynn . IIpecnep;oEaHHe pa36HToro ITpOTHBHHKa ITpOJJ:OJI:lKaJIOCb p;o HeMeuKoro Epop;a, rp;e

30EaTbCH HeMeUKHe cpeop;anbl. Ha<J:aJICH ETOpOH KpeCTOEb!H ITOXO):( cpeop;aJIOE EEpoiTbl E LiexniO. B ceHTH6pe 1421 rop;a EOHCKO

Bnap;apb ITOKa3aJI MopaJibHYIO cTo:HKOCTh <J:eXOE, KOTOpb!e He HCrryraJIHCb oKpY:lKeHHH. BareH6ypr 6b!JI Hap;e:lKHb!M ITOJieEb!M yKpeiiJieHHeM ):(JIH Ee-

OTcryiTaEIIIHM ITp ep;CTOHJIO ITepeiTpaEHTbCH qepe3 peKy Ca3aEa. OrpaHH<J:eHHaH ITpoiTycKHaH ciToco 6HoCTb e):(HHCTBeHHOrO M OCTa Eb!Hy):(HJia KOH-

KpeCTOHOCUeE ITepeiTpaEHJIOCb 'Iepe3 peKy 3rep n oca):(HJIO ropop; )[{aTeu

p;eHHH 6oHE 3TOH o6cTaHOEKe. OroHb

Hnuyn o6o31l.BHHYThCH ITO Jlb):(y. Jiep; ITpOJIOMHJICH, MHOrO JIIO):(eH H JIOIIIa-

PA3/POM lfEXAMII1 BTOP0/0 KPECTOB0/0 nOXO,lJ,A CJJEO,lJ,AflOB 1421-1422 rr.

(3aau). Cnrn3MYHA co6npancH ETOprHYThCH E LleXHIO TOJibKO E OKTH6pe . Bo:HcKa cpeop;anoE p;e:HcTBOEaJIH pa3-

6oM 6app; ITOMoran oTpa:lKaTh aTaKn pb!uape:H. IIop;EH:lKHOH EareH6ypr

):(eH YTOHyno; 6poiiieHHb!H pb!uapHMH Ha ITpaEoM 6epery p eKn o6o3 6b!JI 3aXBa<J:eH qexaMn.

po3HeHHo, '!eM H EOCITOJib30EaJICH lKIDKKa.

OKa3aJICH H cpep;CTBOM ITpOpb!Ea KOJibua OKpy:lKeHHH ITpOTHEHHKa. BcKope CHJibl <J:exoE cTaJIH E03pacTaTb 3a C'leT ITpH6b!EaEIIIHX ITO):(-

0TpM Ta6opHTOE Eb!CTYITHJI H3 CnaHe n cpopcnpoEaHHb!M MapiiieM ll,BHHYJICH Ha )[{aTeU, paCC'IHTb!EaH

KpeiTJieHHH, 'ITO 3aCTaBHJIO KpecTOHOCUeE OTCTYIIHTh H3 Liexnn, He EcryITaa E 6o:H.

10 mrnapH Ta6opHTbl OEJiaJJ:eJIH HM. B TOM :lKe 1422 rop;y H3 JinmE-

HaHeCTH ITOpa:lKeHHe KpeCTOHOCUaM p;o ITop;xop;a EOHCKa CnrH3MYHJJ:a. BHe3arrHoH aTaKOH 3aMOK 6b!JI p;e6JIOKHpoEaH, H )[{n)l(Ka ITOITOJIHHJI 3a-

B OJJ:HOM H3 6oeE )[{n:lKKa ITOTepHJI CEOH ETOpOH rJia3. 0):(HH rJia3 OH ITO-

ITaCbl rapHH30Ha. H o ITpomEHHK co6pan CHJibl H Eb!HYJJ:HJI Ta6opHTOE OTCTYIIHTh K II pare .

5oJ;i OTPHIJ.a Ta6opi!FTOB B oKpyJKeHvrvr Ha rope Bna/],apb OCBHb/0 1421 r.

TepHJI paHbiiie. Ho n cneiToH )[{n)l(Ka ITpOJJ:OJI)KaJI KOMaH):(OEaTh EOHCKOM. B KOHUe

1421 rop;a 6oJibiiioe EOH-

cKo ITOJJ: KOMaHJJ:OEaHHeM CnrH3MYHp;a CHOEa ETOprJIOCb E LleXHIO. LleiiiCKOe EOHCKO, KOTOpb!M KOMaH):(OEaJI )[{n)l(Ka, ):(EHHYJIOCb HaBCTpe'Iy ITpOTHEHHKY n p;ocTHrJio Kyruo:H fopb!, Kyp;a ECKOpe ITO):(OIIIJIO H EOHCKO cpeO):(aJIOE.

Hep;aneKo oT ropop;a )[{]Iymu Ta-

21 p;eKa6pH <J:eXH, ITOCTpOHEIIIHCb

6opnTbl 3aHHJIH JJ:JIH o 6opoHbl ropy

E ITOJIYKHJIOMeTpe OT ropop;a E 6oe-

Bnap;apb c KPYTb!MH, M eCTaMH o6pb!-

EOH ITOpHJJ:OK, roTOEHJIHCb ECTYIIHTb

EHCTb!MH CKaTaMH H C IIIHpOKOH IIJIOCKOH EepiiiHHOH. Ha 3TOH rope H3 ITOE030K OHH ycTpOHJIH EareH6ypr , EO-

E 6o:H. IIocTpoeHne ITponcxop;HJio EO EpeMH ITpH6JIH)KeHIDI ITpOTHBHHKa H 3aHHJio HeMHoro EpeM eHn. B ueHTpe

9 mrnapH )[{n)l(Ka ITpHKa3aJI IIIrypMOEaTb ropop; HeMeUKHH Epop;, a

cKoro KHH)KeCTBa Ha ITOMOII(b '!eXaM ):(EHHYJIOCb EOHCKO, COCTOHBIIIee H3 pyccKnx, YKPaHHCKHX n 6enopyccKnx EOHHOE, KOTOpb!e OKOJIO EOCbMH JieT y<J:aCTBOEaJIH E 6opb6e C HeMeQKHMH cpeop;aJiaMH. EoeEble p;e:HcTBIDI Ta6opnmE xapaKTepHb! ITepeXO):(OM OT o6opOHbl K HacTyrrJieHHIO n opraHH3aune:H He ITpepb!EHoro ITpecJie):(OEaHHH ):(0 ITOJIHOro p a3rpoMa ITpoTHBHHKa. Ta6opliTbl YMeJio opraHH30Eb!EaJIH He TOJibKO o6opoHy, HaCTyrrJieHHe H ITpe cJie):(OEaHHe ITp OTHBHHKa, HO H HCKYCHO ocyrn:ecTBJIHJIH OTCTyrrJieHne E o6CTaHOEKe OKpY:lKeHIDI Ha paBHHHe, <J:epe3 peKn, neca n ropb!. B 3TOM oTHOIIIeHHH ITOyqHTeJibHbl 6oeEble p;eHCTBlill Ta6opHTOE E

1423

rop;y.

BOCTOLJHA~ TaKTMKa ra6opMTOB B noxo.ae B BeHrpM/0 B 1423 r. C UeJlhiO npegynpe)(()J.eHHJI HOBhiX BTOp)KeHHJ;i <J:>eogaJIOB Ta6opHThi B eepegHHe eeHTII6pJI 1423 roga npegnpHHJIJIH 6oJihiiioJ;t noxogB MopaBHIO H BeHrpHIO. BoJ;tHa nepeHoeHJiaeh Ha reppHTOpHIO npOTHBHHKa. 3TO eBHgeTeJiheTBOBaJIO o npoqHoeTH goeTHrHyrux qexa.MH yenexoB. BoJ;teKo Ta6opHTOB 6hiJio xopoiiio eHapJIJKeHO. 0HO HMeJIO 60JihiiiOe KOJIHqeeTBO 6oeBhiX nOB030K H MHOro 6oM6apg. IloXO,LJ,HaJI KOJIOHHa,LJ,BHraJiaeb B qeThlpe pJiga noB030K. Ta6opHThi MHHOBaJIH ropogHmaBa, nepeiiiJIH rpaHHUY MopaBHH (no HeKOTOphiM npegnOJIOJKeHHJIM, y faJIHqa), <J:>opeHpoBaJIH MaJihle Kapnaru H B eepe,D,HHe OKTI!6pJI BhiiiiJIH K .lJ:yHaiO (npHMepHo Me:/f'-AY KoMapHo H Oe-rpHroMoM). CqHTaJI oT rpaHHUhi MopaBHH, BOJ;ieKO Ta6opHTOB yrJiy6HJIOeh B BeHrpHIO Ha 130-140 KM. BeHrepeKHe <J:>eogaJihi eo6paJIH 3HaqHTeJihHhie eHJihi KOHHHUhi, paenoJiaraBIIIeJ;t 60JihlllHM KOJIHqeeTBOM 6oM6apg. B 3ToJ;t o6eTaHOBKe KOMaHAOBaHHe OTPJIAa Ta6opHTOB npHHJIJio peiiieHHe o6 oTCrynJieHHH, KOTopoe npogoJI)KaJIOeh eeMh gHeJ;t. Ha paBHHHe Ta6opHThi noeTpoHJIH nO,LJ,BH)KHOJ;i BareH6ypr, HanpaBHB 6oM6apghi BO Bee eTopoHhi. KaK TOJihKO BareH6ypr OeTaHaBJIHBaJieJI, npOTHBHHK OTKphiBaJI OroHh H3 6oM6apg, KOTOphiJ;t npHqHHJIJI Ta6opHTaM 3HaqHTeJihHhiJ;i ypoH. Il03TOMY Ta6opHThi ABHraJIHeh Beeb geHh 6e3 OeTaHOBKH, a HOqhiO He pa3BO,LJ,HJIH KOeTpoB. BeHrphi Ha HOqJier paenoJiaraJIHeh no gepeBHJIM H He TpeBO)KHJIH qexoB. PaHo yTpoM BoJ;teKo Ta6opHTOB 6hleTpo ABHHYJIOeh Bnepeg H BhiiiiJIO K 03epy, HaxO,LJ,HBIIIeMyeJI nog ropoJ;t. 3geeh 6w10 peiiieHo yeTpoHTh gHeB:t-.-y, HenOJih3YJI ygo6HyiO AJIJI o6opoHhl MeeTHOeTh. 03ep0 3all.IHII.IaJIO Ta60pHTOB OT aTaK KOHHHUhi, a ropa OT JI,D,ep 6oM6apg. Jiarepb OKa3aJieJI B MepTBOM npoe-rpaHeTBe. H3 6oJihiiiHX noBo3oK, BKOnaHHhiX B 3eMJIIO, 6hiJIO yeTpoeHO ,LJ,Ba 6aeTHOHa, BOopyJKeHHhiX 6oM-

EBPOnA

465

Macwra6 0 100

'/ 8 XU

HJ1TPA

r---, 1/azepb I

L-~~~~..J <PopcupoaaHHe Ta6opuTaMH peK11 HHTPa a 1423 r.

6apgaMH. OgHH 6aeTHOH npHKphiBaJI nepegHHe BopOTa JiarepJI, gpyroJ;t3a,ll.HHe. BeHrphi He nhiTaJIHeh aTaKOBaTh Ta6opHTOB Ha eHJihHOJ;i n03HUHH. PaHo y-rpoM Ta6opHThiABHHYJIHeh AaJihllle. 3TO 6hiJI TpeTHJ;t geHh OTerynJieHHJI. IlpegeTOJIJIO <J:>opeHpOBaTh pe:t-.-y HHTpa, K KOTopoJ;t BhiiiiJIO BoJ;teKo Ta6opHTOB. PeKa HMeJia 6pog. Ho npoTHBHHK Mor aTaKOBaTh oTCrynasIIIHX B TOT MOMeHT, KOI]J,a nOJIOBHHa oTpJiga nepenpaBHTeJI qepe3 peey, a BTOpaJI ero nOJIOBHHa OeTaHeTeJI Ha npOTHBOnOJIO)KHOM 6epery. IlooTOMY 6hiJio peiiieHo xopoiiio nogroToBHTh H o6eeneqHTh <J:>opeHpOBaHHe peKH, paenoJIO)KHBIIIHeh Ha 6epery B BareH6ypre. Beeh geHh npoTHBHHK He 6eenOKOHJI Ta6opHTOB, O)KH,Ll,aJI HaqaJia HX nepenpashl. Hoqh 6hiJia HenoJih30BaHa AJIJI nogroTOBKH nepenpaBhi. Ta6opHThi yeTaHOBHJIH qepe3 Bee pyeJIO peKH ABa pJiga noBo3oK, oropogHB HMH 6pog. Ha3THX noB03Kax HaxogHJIHeh 6oM6ap,D,hi, KOTOphle MOrJIH o6eTpeJIHBaTh nogeTynhi K peKe. Bepera peKH npOTHB 6poga Ta6opHru ephiJIH, ~06hi egeJiaTh OTJIOrHMH enyeK H nog-neM. YTpoM HaqaJiaeh nepenpa-

Ba. IloB03KH qepe3 6pog ABHraJIHeh B qeThlpe pJiga. KaK TOJihKO qaeTh oTpJiga Ta6opHTOB nepenpaBHJiaeh HagpyroJ;t 6eper, npOTHBHHK neXOTOtt H KOHHHUeJ;t npegnpHHJIJI aTaey e ThiJia. C nOB030K, yeTaHOBJieHHhiX B peKe, Ta6opHThi OTKphiJIH OroHh H 3aeTaBHJIH npoTHBHHKa OTerynHTh. <DopeHpoBaHHe peKH npoiiiJio yeneiiiHO. 3-ro 6hiJI qeTBepThitt geHh oTCrynJieHHJI. Ha HOqJier Ta6opHThi paenoJIO)KHJIHeh Ha 6epery peKH Bar epeAH Jieea H 60JIOT, T.e. Ha MeeTHOeTH, HegoerynHOJ;i ,LJ,JIJI KOHHHUhi H apTHJIJiepHH npoTHBHHKa. Ha nJIThltt geHh npOTHBHHK He nOKa3hiBaJieJI, H Ta6opHThi BOenOJih30BaJIHeh 3THM,LJ,JIJI peMOHTa H neperpynnHpOBKH eBOHX 6oeBhiX nOB030K. Ha IIIeeToJ;t geHh 01pJIA Ta6opHTOB ABHHyJieJI AaJihiiie, HO eHoBa 6hiJI aTaKOBaH. IloxogHaJI KOJIOHHa yKJioHHJiaeh BJieBO H ABHraJiaeb TaK, qTQ6hi eJieBa ee npHKphiBaJia rpJiga B03BhiiiieHHoereJ;t. 3-ro n03BOJIHJIOTa6opHTaM o6opoHJITheJI TOJihKO enpasa. 3areM ygaJioeh 3aHJITh ygo6HyiO AJIJI o6opOHhi B03BhiiiieHHOeTh, Ha KOTOpott Ta6opHru yeneiiiHO 01pa)KaJIH aTaKH npOTHBHHKa, npegnpHHHMaeMhle

466

KOHEU. CPE)J.HV1X BEKOB. 1400-1500 rr.

B KOHHOM CTpOIO M cnerneHHI>IMM OT-

nopaMM M nMJiaMM. 0Tp51A ,LJ,OJiiKeH

cKaT, no cTapott ,L~,opore npoAOJiiKa-

p.li,L!,aMM.

6blJI pa3Be,LJ,aTJ> Jiec, pa3o6paTJ> 3a-

JIM ,Ll,BMraTJ>C.fl TOJII>KO 6oM6ap,LJ,bl. BnpaBo M BJieBo Ha HOBble ,L~,opom

Ha ce,LJ,J>Moit ,LJ,eHJ> npeACTO.fiJIO

ceKM, eCJIM OHM 0Kai£<YTC.fl, M MCnpa-

<}>opcMpoBaTh noKpblThle JiecoM Ma-

BMTI> ,L~,opory. Ha o6paTHOM cKaTe

CBOpaqMBaJIO no

JIJ>Ie KapnaTbl . .lJ:opora 6J>IJia Y3Koit,

rop, r,LJ,e MeCTHOCTJ> 6blJia 6oJiee

MMM neXOTHblMM npMKpi>ITM.fiMM,

M nOB03KM MOrJIH ,Ll,BMraTJ>C.fl TOJII>KO

poBHoit, Ta6opHTbl npoJIOiKMJIM ABe

H3)l.eiKHO o6ecneqHB3JIO ,Ll,BMiKeHMe

B O,Ll,MH p.li,L!,. IlpOTHBHMK peillHJI BOC-

HOBble napaJIJieJIJ>Hble

nOJII>30BaTJ>C.fl 3THM, cocpe,LJ,OTOqHJI

o6eMM CTOpOHaM CTapott ,L!,OporM.

Kor,LJ,a nocJieAHHe 6oeBJ>Ie noBo3-

3HaqHTeJIJ>Hble CMJibl H rOTOBMJIC.fl aTa-

Ilepe,L~, BXO,LJ,OM B JieC OHM nocTaBM-

KH Ta6opHTOB CKphiJIMCI> B Jiecy, npo-

KOBaTJ> Ta60pMTOB BO BpeM.ll ,Ll,BMiKe-

JIM noB03KM B qeTblpe p.liAa oT OA-

TMBHMK npe,L~,npMH.liJI aTary ,LJ,JI.fl 3axBa-

HM.fl MX qepe3 Jiec.

Horo Kprui Jieca AO Apyroro, CB.fl3aB

Ta 6oM6apA, oxpaH.liBillMX no,LJ,crynhl

MX uen.fiMM.

K Jiecy. ATaKy npOTMBHMKa OTpaiKaJI

0TcrynaBrnMit oTp.liA pacnoJio-

,L~,oporH

nOB030K CO CBO~0

ap1'HJIJiepMM.

iKHJIC.fl Ha o6paTHOM OT npOTHBHHKa

qepe3 JieC nOB03KH ,Ll,BMraJIMCI>

nexOTHhllit ap~>eprapA, noA npMKphiTH-

CKaTe O,Ll,HOit M3 BblCOT Ha onyrnKe

ABYM.fl p.liAaMM. Iloxo,LJ,HJ>Itt nop.liAOK

eM KOToporo 6J>IJIH yBe3eHJ>I 6oM6ap-

Jieca. 31-a BblCOTa 3aiDMII.IaJia Ta6opH-

6blJI cJie,LJ,yiOII.IMit: roJIOBHott oTp.liA

Ahl. BcJieA 3a 3TMM oTCrynMJI ap~>ep

TOB OT .fi,L!,ep BeHrepCKHX 6oM6ap,LJ,.

COCTO.fiJI M3 neXOTbl M HeCKOJII>KMX

rap,LJ,.

l!aCTI> qeillCKHX 6oM6ap,L~, 6h1Jla no-

6oM6ap,L~,, 3a HMM ,Ll,BMraJIOCI>

no-

IIpoTHBHHK 6pocHJic.fl pa36MpaTh

CTaBJieHa Ha BepillMHe XOJIMa,LJ,JI.fl OT-

B030K C neXOTHblM npMKpblTMeM B

3arpiD£<AeHHe H3 noBo3oK. B 3TO Bpe-

paiKeHM.fl aTaK npOTHBHMKa.

roJIOBe M XBOCTe, 3aTeM eme

50 50

no-

M.fl ap~>eprap,L~, Ta6opMTOB ycTpaHBaJI

Ta6opHTbl Bblnp.llmM M3 noB030K

B030K C TaKHM iKe npMKpblTHeM M TaK

3aBaJIJ>I Ha ,L~,opore, ~061>1 3aTpyA-

JIOill~eit M BepXOM Ha HMX OTnpa-

,LJ,aJiee. KaKTOJIJ>Ko roJioBa noxo,LJ,HOI!t

HMTJ> ,Ll,BMiKeHMe KOHHMUbl npOTMB-

BHJIH B Jiec oTp.liA c JionaTaMM, TO-

KOJIOHHbl nepeBaJIHBaJia Ha o6paTHJ>Iit

HMKa. BhiXOA Ta6opMTOB M3 Jieca TaKiKe npoxo,LJ,MJI B cTporoM nop.li,L!,Ke. CHaqaJia no cpe,L~,Hel!t ,L~,opore BblABHHyJIMCJ> 6oM6ap,LJ,bl C neXOTHhiM IIpMKphlTMeM M OTKphiJIM OroHJ> no npOTHBHMKY, nblTaBrneMyc.fl

nperp~MTJ>

Ta6opMTaM nyTJ>. 3aTeM cnpaBa M CJieBa BbleXaJIO no

nOB030K C ne-

XOTHI>IMM npMKpi>ITM.fiMM. IloB03KH ABMraJIMCJ> Tenepl> B OAHH p.liA BAOJIJ> KOCOropoB, a p.li,L!,OM C HMMM M no,LJ, MX npMKphiTMeM uma nexoTa. Ta6opMThl, BeA.fl HenpepJ>IBHhiit OroHJ> M3 6oM6ap,L~,, OTreCH.fiJIH npoTMBHMKa Bee AaJIJ>Ille H AaJIJ>rne. BJ>IIitA.fl Ha paBHMHY, OTP.fiA nepecTPOMJIC.fl B o6~Hblit nOXO,L!,Hhii!t nop.li,L!,OK, ~0 BhiHYAMJIO BeHrpoB OTKa3aTJ>C.fl OT npecJie,LJ,oBaHH.fl. «3TO qepT ,LJ,aeT Ta6opMTaM TaKHe COBeThl»,- roBOpMJIM BeHrphi. IloXOA Ta6opMTOB

1423

ro,LJ,a .fiB-

JI.fleTC.fl O,Ll,HMM M3 nepBI>IX M3BeCTHhiX 6oeBhiX 3IIH30,Ll,OB, KOr,LJ,a HOBOe opyiKHe -

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467

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5op&68 T860pii1TOB /II '18WH/IIKOB

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PA3/POM LfEXAMt1 TPETbE/0 KPECTOB0/0 nOXOJJ,A ct>EOJJ,AflOB ( 1425-1426 II.).

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468

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3- 4

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PA3/POM lfEXAMt1lfETBEPTOIO KPECTOB0/0 nOXO,!J.A 4>EO,!J.Afl0B ( 1427-1430 rr.) .

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a 1426 r.

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Hoe 3Ha<J:eHHe B HCTOpHH <J:eiiiCKOrO

):(eHHH Ha 1.J.eXHIO.

Hapo):(a. XoTH BOCCTaBIIIHH HapO):( IIO-

Cne):(yeT OTMeTHTh TaKme TOT

TepiieJI rropameHHe, ero repoH<J:ecKaH

cpaKT, 'ITO MHOrO'IHCJieHHbie rro6e):(bi

6opb6a CO):(eHCTBOBaJia rrporpeCCHB-

qeXOB IIpHHeCJIH HM 60JiblliYI0 BOeH-

HOMY pa3BHTHIO cTpaHbi. llcTopHqe -

HYIO cnaBy.

cKoe 3Ha<J:eHHe rycHTCKHX BOHH 3a-

1378-1419 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHIIIE BEHLI,ECJlABA IV. npaKTw-lecKM nOCTOf/HHO npOMCXOAMf1M KOH rpnMKTbl c 6apoHaMM. 5on bwyto LfaCTb e ro J4apCTBOBaHMf/ CTpaHOM peanbHO npaBM/1 CMrM3MYHA / - CBOAHbiM 6paT BeH14ecnaaa IV M anocne.aCTBMM MMnepaTop CBflt1.4BHHoi1I PMMcKoiii MMnepMM.

1419-1437 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHIIIE Clllriii3MYHAA I 1110KCEM5YPrCKOrO. 5 oreMJ4bl n pM3Haf1M ero npa BMTeneM TOf1bKO Lfepe3 17 neT ( 1436 r.). 1419-1436 rr. rYCIIITCKIIIE BO~Hbl. OHM acnbtXHynM M3-3a roHeHMiii Ha nocne.aoaaTeneiii penMrM03Horo yLfeHMfl flHa !yea, Ka3HeHHOro no npMKa3y CMrM3MyH.aa ( 1415 r. ). 5on bWafl LfaCTb KaTOf1MLfecKoro Hace-

xo):(e Hau;HoHaJibHO-KpecTbHH-

KJIIO<J:aeTcH rrpe)K}:(e Bcero B TOM, qro

CKOH BOHHbi <J:eXH C03):(aJIH 6oecrro-

H apO):(Hbie MaCChi 1.J.eXHH OTKpbiTO

co6HyiO BOeHHYIO opraHH3 aiJ;HIO, 5I}:(-

BOCCTaJIH IIpOTHB cpeo):(aJibHOH 3KC-

poM KOTOpOH HBHJIOCb IIOCTOHHHOe

IIJiyaTau;HH, KaTOJIH'!ecKoro MpaKo6 e-

BOHCKO Ta6opHTOB. B 3TOM ornoiiie-

CHH H HaiJ;HOHaJibHOrO yrHeTeHHH.

roe BpBMfl Cf1Y)I(MBWero HaeMHMKOM

HHH KpeCTbHHCKaH BOHHa B 1.J.e XHH Bbi-

fpOMa):(HOe 3HaqeHHe HMeJIH rycHT-

a aoiiiHax nonbWM c TeaTOHCKMM op-

):(eJIHeTCH H3 BCeX KpeCTbHHCKHX BOHR

CKHe BOHRbi H ):(JIH pa3BHTHH <J:eiiiCKOH

B EBporre .

HaiJ;HOHaJThHOH KYJibrypbi. LieiiiCKHH

.aeHoM, OHM 060CHOBaf1MCb Heno,aa f1BKY OT YcTM, a ropHoiii KpenocTM Ta6op ( B COBp. lfeXMM), KOTOpyto MCnOf1b30Baf1M B KaLfeCTBe onopHOM 6a3bt. RH )/(M)I(Ka pa3pa6oTan 3¢-

KpecThHHCKO-IIJie6e:HcKoe BOHCKO

H3biK rronyqHJI rrpeo6JIMaHHe BO Be e x

Bbi):(BHHYJIO IIOJIKOBO):(IJ;eB HOBOrO

o6nacTHX mH 3HH LiexHH. Ey):(y<J:H

THrra. IIonKoBo):(e u;-pbiU:apb 6 biJI

KYJThMHHaiJ;HOHHbiM IIYHKTOM ocBo6o-

neHMfl 5oreMMM CLfMTaf1M ryCMTOB epeTMKaMM. no.a PYKOBOACTBOM flHa )/(M)KKM - OnbtTHOrO BOBHHOrO, A0/1-

470

KOHELJ, CPE,LJ,HV1X BEKOB. 1400-1500 rr.

rpeKTM8HeMWYIO o6opOHMTef1bHO-HaCT}'naTef1bHYIO TaKTMKY, rna8Hb/M 3!1eMeHTOM KOTOpOM RBI1Rf1CR 8areH6ypr, Mf1M c8oero po.aa none8aR KpenocTb M3 nOCTaBJ1eHHb/X KOJ1bLJ,OM M CK08aHHb/X Me:>K,D.y co6oiif rpyproH08 , OCHaUI,eHHb/X apTMnnepMeiii. B nepMo,abl, KOr,aa He 8ef1MCb 6oe8b/e ,aeiifCT8MR, fiH )f(M)I(Ka nOCTORHHO TpeHMp08af1 C80e 80MCKO.

CeKTa yTpaK8MCT08 ( Mf1M 'laWHMK08)- 6 10prepCKO-pb!LJ,apcKMM narepb 8HYTPM A8M)I(eHMR rycMT08. no6e,aM8 npM XopM.ae (27 anpenR) M CTpaxo8e (4 a8rycTa), fiH )f(M)I(Ka 80CCTa H08Mf1 rna 8eHCT80 Ta6opMT08.

1439-1457 rr. U,APCT808AHIIIE8nAAHCnA8AnOCMEPTHOro (CbiHAAnb5PEXTAV, POA1118WErOCSI Y>KE nocnE CMEPTIII OTU,A). n oKa oneKyHoM 6e3,aa p Ho 8b/CTynan C!JpM,apMX 1/1, 8 CTpaHe 6y-

CeHTH6pb-OKTH6pb 1423 r. 8TOP>KEHIIIE SIHA>KIII>KKIII 8 8EHrPIIIIO. 0oHa'lany OHO W/10 y cnew-

We8a/1a r pa)l(,aaHc KaR 80MHa.

HO, HO nOTOM 6 b!f10 OTpa)l(eHO.

1419 r. 5111T8A nPIII CYAOHE-

1424 r. 80305H08nEHIIIE rY-

PE. fiH )f(M)I(Ka, no.a 'lbMM pyKo8o,aCT80M ocyUI,eCT811Rf1CR MCXO,a rycMT08 M3 0parM 8 Ta6op, OT6MJ1 8b/CJ1aHHOe 8,aOrOHKY KaTOJ1M'IeCKOe 8oiiicKo. BcKope nocne aToro nana pMMCKMM MapTMH Vo6bR8Mf1 5oreMCKMMKpecT08biM noxo.a npoTM8 rycMT08 ( 17 Mapra 1420 r.).

CIIITCK0171 rPA>KAAHCK0171 80171Hbl. fiH )f(M)I(Ka 80CCTaH08Mf1 MMp,

x 8a TMn 8!1a CTb, n po8 o3rnacMn ce6R per eHTOM M 6 b!f1 n pM3HaH 8 Ka 'leCT8e TaK080 r O C!Jp M,apMXOM 1/1. 0o,ae 6pa,a 3ax 8aTMf1 Ta6 o p, 'IT06 yr8ep,aMTb 8 Ka 'le CT8 e orpMLJ,Maf1bHOM penMr MM 5 oreMMM y Tp a K8MCTCKMM 8apMa HT rycM3Ma ( 1452 r.).

30 IIIIOHSI -

20 llltonH 1419 r.

OCAAA nPArlll. YT8ep)l(.aaR C80M npeTeH3MM Ha 6oreMCKMii1 TPOH, CMrM3MYHA I fliOKCeM6y prcKMii1 oca.aMn 0pa ry. tOpO)I(aHe o 6 paTMJ1MCb 3a nOMOUI,biO K ryc MTaM.

30 IIIIOHSI 1419 r. nPA>KCKASI 5111T8A. fiH )f(M)I(Ka no.aowen c a pMMeiii K npar e, nocTa8Mf1 8areH6 yp r y BMTK08a M oT6Mn Han a,aeHMe CMrM3MYH.aa I, KOTOp b!M 6blf1 8biH}?K,aeH oTcTynMTb M3 5 oreMMM. Henpepb/8HaR penMr M03HaR 6opb6a Me)l(.ay Ka TOJ1MKaMM M r y CMTaMM Tenepb C/10)1(Hb/M o6p a3oM nepennena cb c n onMTM'IecKoii1 6opb6oii1 Me)l(.ay 6oreMu,a MM M Henpow eHHb/M npa8MTef1eM CMrM3MYHAOM I.

1421 r. 8038PAW,EHIIIE Clllriii3MYHAA. 0 nRTb no6e:>K,D.eH)f(M)I(KOM 8 6MT8ax npM flyrMu,e M KyrreH6epr e. B a Ty KaMnaHMIO )f(M)I(Ka n o TepRn npM oca.ae Pa6M ocTa8a8WMMCR y Hero rna3. ( n ep8 b!M rna3 oH noTe pRn ew.e 8 r pa:>K,D.aHCKYIO 80MHY c Kopon eM BeHu,ecn a8oM.) HecMOTPR Ha nonHyiO cnenoT}', )f(M)I(Ka npo.aon)l(a/1 803rf1a8!1RTb rycMT08.

SIHBapb 1422 r. H080E 8038PAW,EH Ill E Clllriii3MYHAA In IOKCEM5YPrCKOrO. OnRTb oH 6 bm Ha r on o8y pa3r poMneH fiHo M )f(M)I( KOM - 8 6 MTBax n p MHe608M,ae(6 RH8apR) M H eMeu,KoM 5 po.ae ( 10 RH8a PR).

1423 r. rPA>KAAHCKASI 80171HA ME>KAY rYCIIITAMIII. 0poTM8 Ta6opMT0 8 8 b/CTynMf1M npa)l(aHe M

o,aep)l(a 8 pewMTen bHble no6e,abl Ha,a yrpaK8MCTaMM M npa)l(aHaMM 8 6MT8aX npM CKanMu,e (6 RH8apR) M Maneco8e (7 MIOHR) . 3aTeM fiH )f(M)I(Ka nna HMpo8an 8TOp)l(eHMe 8 Mopa8MIO, HO y Mep, KOr,aa no,arOT08Ka ew.e He 3a8epwMnacb. BoeHHoe KOMaH,ao8aHMe Ha,a rycMTaMM npMHR/1 0pOKOn oOJ1bWOM- C8RUI,eHHMK M 6b/8WMM yrpaK8MCT.

1426-1427 rr. 80305H08nEHIIIE rEPMAHCKIIIX 8TOP>KEHIII171. npoKon 5 0J1bWOM o.a ep)l(a/1 p ewMTenbHble no6e,abl n p MAyccMre ( 1426 r. ) M Tax o 8e ( 1427 r. ).

1427-1432 rr. rYCIIITCKIIIE HA5Erlll. n poKon 5 0J1bWOM MHOr o KpaTHO 80AM11 noxo,abl 8 lep MaHMIO, B eHrpMIO M CMne3MIO - 8nnoTb .ao 5a!1TMKM.

1433-1434 rr. 80305H08nEHIIIE rPA>KAAHCK0171 80171Hbl. Ta6opMTa M npoTM80CTORf1M o6be,aMHeHHble CMJ1bl yrpaK8MCT08 M 3HaTM. PyK080AMTef1M Ta6opMT08, n poKon D OJ1bWOM M n poKon M a!1b/M ( C08na .aeHMe MMeH Cf1y'laMHOe), 6 blf1M Ha rOf10 8Y pa3rp OMJ1eHbl M n orM6!1M 8 6 MT8 e npM flMna HaX ( 16 MIOHR).

1436 r. YCTAH08nEHIIIE MIIIPA 8 sorEMIIIIII. Bee CTOPOHbl cornaC MJ1MCb npM3HaTb KoponeM CMrM3MYH.aa I fliOKCeM6 yprcKoro.

1437-1439 rr. U,APCT808AHIIIEAnb5PEXTAVA8CTPIII171CKOrO. Iepu,orA8cTpMMCKMM(c 14 04 r. ), KOp0!1b 8eHrepCKMM M 'leWCKMM ( C 1437 r .) M MMne p aTOp C8RUI, eHHOM PMMCKOM MMnepMM ( C 1438 r. ), OH yMep 80 8peMR 80MHbl c nonbCKMM KoponeM Bna.aMcn a8oM Ill flr ennoHOM ( n pOMCXOAMJ1a Cf10)1(HaR 6opb6a 3a npeCT0/1 5 oreMMM, 0 0J1bWM M B eHrpMM).

1448 r. 8038biWEH IIIE IIIP>KIII crEoPrHSI) noAESPAAA. OH 3a -

1459-1471 rr. U,APCT808AHIIIE IIIP>KIII nOAEEiPAAA. TpoH n epew en K HeMy nocne cMe pTM Bna AMCJ1a8a 0 0 CMe p THOrO.

1462-1471 rr. 80305H08nEHIIIE rPA>KAAHCK0171 80171Hbl 8 sorEMIIIIII. nana PMMCKMM na 8ef1 If OTI1Y'IMJ1 OT u,e pK8M KaK e p e TM K08 fl1p)I(M no.ae 6pa.aa M 8cex rycM T0 8 ( 1465 r.). BeHr epcKMiii Koponb MaTbRW XyHbRAM ( Mf1M MaT8eii1 Kop 8MH) no,a,aep)l(a/1 6yHT08UI,MK08 -Ka TOJ1MK08 M np0803rf1aCMJ1 ce6R KOpOJ1eM 5oreMMM ( 1469 r.).

1471-1516 rr. U,APCT808AHIIIE 8nAAIIICnA8A II (CbiHA nonbCKOrO KOPOnSI KA3111MIIIPA). OH npo.aon)l(a/1 80MHY c 8eHrepCKMM KoponeM MaTbRWeM XyHbRAM (MnM MaT8eeM Kop8MHOM); 80MHa KOH'IMnacb no.anMcaHMeM 8 OnoMoyu.e .aoro8opa, no ycno8MRM KOToporo MaTbRW XyHbRAM npM3Ha8an Bn a,aMcna 8a II KoponeM 5oreMMM, a 8 Ka'le CT8e KOMneHcau,MM nony'lan Mopa 8MIO M CMJ1e3MIO ( 1478 r.). npa8MTeneM Bna,aMcna8 II 6bm Kpaii!He cna 6b!M, M, COOT8eTCT8eHHO, 3a 8peMR erou,apCT808aHMR 3Ha'IMTef1bHO 803 pOC/10 MOryUI,eCT80 M Bf1MRHMe Kpyn HOM apMcToKpaTMM.

IIOJiblliA J]/IR 00J1bWM 3TOT nepMO,a R8Mf1CR nepexo,aHbiM: npMMMTM8HOe, no f1y8ap8apCKOe ew.e o6w.ecT80 Ha6M panocb 3penocTM M o Tpa)l(ano yrpo 3bl c 10ra M ce8epo -8ocToKa . K KOH -

BOCTOYHA~ 14YBeKa nonbwa crana ae,ay111,ei1

ea-

ponei1cKoi1 ,aep)l(aao£1.

1386-1434 rr. U,APCTBOBAHii1E KOPOJlSI SlrA171110 (B11.AA1!1C11ABA II SlrE11110HA 1!1111!1, no HEKOTOPbiM 1!1CTO'-IHI!1KAM, B11AAii1C11ABA V). 5btBWMi1 npaaMTenb BenMKoro KHfl)l(eCTBa flMTOBCKoro,

EBPOnA

cpeo,o:aJIOB H CTpeMHBIIIerOCH K 3aXBa-

471 CKO cpop MHpOBaJIOCb ITO TeppHTOpH-

TY BCe HOBb!X H HOBb!X 3eMeJib.

aJibHOMY IIpHHU:HIIy, IIOJIKH HOCHJIH

B 6opb6e rrpOTHB 3TOH rpo3HOH orrac-

Ha3BaHHH TeX o6JiaCTeH (KHH}KeCTB),

HOCTH 06be):(HHHJIHCb CHJibl IIOJibCKO-

H3 HaCeJieHHH KOTOpb!X OHH C03,0:aBa-

ro, pyccKoro H JIHTOBCKoro Hapo,o:oB.

JIHCb. B cocTaBe rroJibCKHX H JIHTOB-

1409 ro,o:y Me}K.o:y TeBTOHCKHM op-

cKHx BOUCK Haxo,o:HJIHCb pyccKHe,

,o:eHoM, c O):(HOH CTOpOHb!, H IloJibiiieH

YKPaHHCKHe,6enopyccKHe,'leiiiCKHe

H JlHTBOH, C ,o:pyron, BHOBb BCIIb!XHY-

IIOJIKH .

pe3yflbTaTe ,llMH8CTM'IeCKOro 6paKa

Jia BOHHa, IIOJIY'IHBIIIaH Ha3BaHHe

oH cTan KoponeM nonbWM. Bee caoe

BeJIHKoil BOHHbl. OrpH):(bl TeBTOHCKHX

JIHTOBCKOro B OUCK CTpOHJICH B

,aonroe npaaneHMe flrai1no BbtHy;>K-

pb!u;apen BroprnHcb B rrpe,o:eJibl IloJib-

HHH: rrepBaH (aBaHr ap,o:) rrpHHHMaJia

,aeH 6btn npOTMBOCTOf/Tb TpeM rpo3-

IIIH H JlHTBbl H 3aXBaTHJIH HeCKOJibKO

Ha ce6H Bpa}KeCKHH HaT HCK H pac-

HbiM CMflaM: 6yHT8pCTBY HenOKOp-

rrorpaHH'IHb!X YKperrJieHHil, HO 3TO He

CTpaHBaJia 6oeBOH rropHJJ:OK rrpoTHB-

HbiX nonbCKMX aenbMO)I(; cenapa-

peiiiHJIO HCXO):(a BOHHbl. ilOJibCKHH

HHKa, BTOpaH ( OCHOBHble CHJibl) rrpe,o:-

E oeBon rropHJJ: OK rroJibCKoro H

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Koponb BnaJJ:HcJiaB

II Hrenno (Hran-

Ha3Ha<J:aJiaCb ):(JIH y,o:apa H3 rny6HHbl

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no) 06bHBHJI «IIOCIIOJIHTOe pyiiie-

C u;eJibiO OIIpOKHHYTb u;eHTp Bpara,

CT8fl era Ky3eH BMTOBT; M 6e3)1(8flO-

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Ha. Co'leTafl aoeHHbte no6e,abt c

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pO):(OB B 6opb6e rrpomB arpeccHH .

1434-1444 rr. U,APCTBOBAH IIIE BnAJJ,HCnABA Ill ~rEnnOHA (CbiHA KOPOn~ ~rA171nO). nep Bbte ro,abt npaaMn pereHT- Kap,aMHan OnecHMJ4KMi1r, aenMKMilr ,aMnno MaT M a,aMMHMCTpaTOp.

1435 r. nIIITOBCKOE BOCCTAHIIIE. HecMOTPR Ha no.a.aep)f(KY pbtJ4apei1r TeaToHcKoro op,aeHa, aocCTaHMe aTo 6btno no.aaaneHo nOf1bCKOM apMMeilr no,a KOMaH,aoaaHMeM 3 6MrHeaa OnecHMJ4KOro.

1444 r. CMEPTb BnAJJ,HCnABA Ill

~rEnnOHA. OH 6btl1 pa3rpoMneH M norM6 a 6MTBe c TypKaMM no.a B apHoilr.

BOHCKa fuaHJIO H BHTOBTa, rrpe cJie -

TaKTHt.IecKaH rny6HHa p acrrono-

144 7-1 492 rr. U,APCTBO BAHIIIE KA3111MIIIPA IV (MnAJJ,WErO 5PATA BnAJJ,HCnABA Ill ~rEnno HA). 1454-1466 rr. B0171HACTEBTOHCKIIIM OPAEHOM. nonRKM

):(yH rrpomBIDIKa, IIO):(OlliJIH K MapH-

meiDIH BOHCK orrpe):(eJIHJia TOT cpaKT,

no.a.aep)f(8f1M BOCCT8HMe B npycCMM.

BaJib):(a COI03Haf! apMHH He BCTpetraJia

peHTH B KOHTpaTaKy. ilCXO):( 6oH pe-

corrpOTHBJieHHH, ropo):(a H 3aMKH rrpo-

lliHJia IIOCJie):(HHH aTaKa JIHTOBCKO-

THBHHKa C):(aBaJIHCb 6e3 6oH.

25 HIOJIH

p ycCKHX BOHCK.

BOCTOYHA~ nocne pH.aa 6e3pe3ynbTaTHbtX KaMnaHvriii Ka3vrMvrp IV o.aep)l(an pewatoll.jyto no6e,ay B 6MTBe npvr nyxoae (17 ceHTH6pH 1462r.). BoiiiHa 3aaepwvrnacb no.anvrcaHvreM BToporo TypHcKoro Mvrpa, no ycnoBMHM KOToporo Ka3vrMvrp IV nonylfan Bbtxo.a K 5anTMMCKOMY MOpto, K nonbWe OTXOAI!rfll!r npOBI!rHLJ,I!rH noMepaHI!rH fir ycTbe Bvrcnbt, a TeBTOHCKvriii op,aeH, coxpaHHH no.a caoeiii snacTbto npyccvrto, npvr3Haaan nonbcKvriii cto3epeHvrTeT. 1471-1478 rr. BO~HACBEH rPHE~. 0Ha 3aBH3anacb B pe3ynbTaTe vr36pa HMH Bna.avrcna sa IV, CbtHa Ka3vrMvrpa IV, KoponeM 5oreMvrvr - B npOTI!rBOBeC npvrrn3aHMHM BeHrepCKOrO KoponH MaTbHWa XyHbHAM (vrnvr, vrHalfe, MaTBeH KopavrHa).

1478-1493 rr.

HE05b~B11EH

HA~ BO~HA C BEHrPHE~. Koponb MaTbHW XyHbHAM o6ell.jan no.aaep)I(KY pbtu,apHM TeBTOHCKoro op,aeHa, ecnvr Te BOCCTaHYT; KpOMe Taro, OH no.acTpeKan norpaHvrlfHbte c nonbweiii Hapo,abt K 6ecnopH.aKaM, a Tamp - K Ha6eraM.

1475-1476 rr. TYPEU,KOE BTOP>KEHHE B M011AABHIO. 0Ho 6 btno oTpa)l(eHo Mon.aa BCKMM rocno.aapeM(c 1457r.) CTerjlaHOM Ill BenvrKvrM, aaccanoM nonbcKoiii KopoHbt.

1484-1485 rr. nOXOA B MOJlAABHIO. CHoaa npovr3owno -rypeu,Koe BTOp)l(eHvre, fir KOpOflb Ka31!rMI!rp IV noaen apMvrto Ha noMOLl.jb rocno.aapto CTerpaHy Ill BenvrKoMy. OH y)l(e co6vrpancH nepenpaavrTbCH C ,aaa,au,aTI!rTbiCHLfHbiM BOMCKOM Lfepe3 npYT, 3a KOTOpbtM Haxo.avrnvrcb no,aKOHTpOflbHbte TypKaM 3eMfll!r, Kor.aa ocMaHcKvriii cynTa H 5aH3MA II, BOeBa BWI!rfii B TOT MOMeHT B ErvrnTe, npe.ano)l(vrn Mvrp. 1487-1491 rr. BO~HA C 30JlOTO~ OPAO~. no Hayll.jeHI!riO ocMaHCKoro cynTaHa 3onoTaH Op.aa ( OT KOTOpofii K TOMY BpeMeHM OCTaBaflCH COBCeM KpOWelfHbiM rpparMeHT) Hanana Ha nonbWY, noxo,a Tpe6oaan cno)I(HOiii opraHvr3au,vrvr, nocKonbKY MapwpYT npoxo.avrn no TeppvrTopvrvr M ocKoBcKoiii Pycvr, npvrlfeM c nepecel.feHvreM nvrHvriii KOMMYHMKaLJ,I!rl!r B KaMnaHI!rHX, KOTOpbte MocKBa Tor.aa aena npoTvrB BHT-

EBPOnA

Kvr vr Ka3aHvr. BnpolfeM, noHalfany l1BaH Ill BacvrnbeBvrlf He cmn LfMHMTb npenHTCTBI!rM op,abtHCKOMY Hac-rynneHMIO, nOCKOflbKY3TO HeMMHyeMOAOfl)I(HO 6btno ocna6vrTb o,aHoro M3 maaHbtx conepHvrKoB MocKoBcKoro KHH)I(eCTBa. KpbtMcKvre TaTapbt vr TYPKM O,aHOBpeMeHHO aTaKOBanvr nOflbCKI!re norpaHvrlfHbte aaaHnocTbt Ha Teppvrmpvrvr coapeMeHHoiii /O)I(Hoiii YKpavrHbt, a l1aaH Ill BacvrnbeBvrlf TeM apeMeHeM nocbtnan apMvrto B noxo,abt K BOCTOLfHOM rpaHMLJ,eflMTBbl. no 6onbwefii LfacTvr, 6oeabte .aeiiicTBMH npoxo.avrnvr B Mon.aaavrvr vr lanvru.vrvr; npaa.aa, B KaKOM-TO MOMeHT TaTapbtAOWnvr,aoflto6nvrHa. KoHeu, aoiiiHenono)/(flrfla pewatoll.jaH no6e.aa nonHKOB npvr Mon.aaacKoM ropo.ae 3acnaane (1491 r.). 3onoTaH Op.aa 6btna Ha rpaHvr nonHoro Kpaxa.

1492-1501 rr. U,APCTBOBAHHE ~HA I 011b5PEXTA (CbiHA KA3HMHPA IV). OH ycvrnvrn MOHapxvrto 3a cl.feT ocna6neHvrH KpynHoiii apvrcmKpaTvrvr vr ropo.aoa.

1497-1498 rr. B0305HOB-

475 eaan c mmpaMvr vr nvrToau,aMvr. B

1389

ro,o:y ,lJ;MIITpiiH ,[J;oHeKoil

yMep . IIepe):( eMepTbiO OH 3aBeru:an eBOIIM ebiHOBbHM OIIIIpaTbeH Ha 6oHp II 6e3 IIX «):(YMbi», T.e. 6e3 eoBeTa e HIIMII, HlJl'Iero He rrpe):(IIpiiHIIMaTb. ,lJ;MIITpiiH BBeJI HOBbiH IIO pMOK H a eJie,O:OBaHIIH, 'IT O orr pe):(eJIHJIOeb BHyTpeHHeH II BHeiiiHeH IIOJIIITII<J:ee KOH o6eTaHOBKOH, Tpe6 oBamrreH: yrrpo<J:eHIIH e):(IIHeTBa Pyeii. IIo-rrpe)KHeMy Bee IIIeeTb ebiHOBeH BeJIIIKOro MOeKOBeKoro KHH3H IIOJIY'IIIJIII y):(eJibi, HO eTaprniiH ebiH BaeiiJIIIH IIOJIY<J:IIJI MoeKBy, rroJIOBIIHY MoeKOBeKoro KHH)Ke eTBa II Bna):(IIMIIpeKoe BeJIIIKoe KHH)KeHIIe. Bee 6paTbH ):(OJI)KHbi 6biJIII IIO):('IIIHHTbeH eMy KaK eTapiiieMy. 0rriipaHeb Ha MOeKOBeKIIX 6oHp, uepKOBb, MeJIKIIH eJiy)KlJJibiH JIIO):( II mproBo-peMeeneHHoe HaeeneHIIe ropo,o:oB, BaeiiJIIIH ,lJ;MIITpiieBII'I B Te<J:eHIIe MHoroJieTHero KHH)KeHIIH rrpo):(OJI)KaJI rroJIIITIIKY eo6IIpaHIIH PyCII. 3Ta rroJiliTIIKa IIMeJia yerrex, TaK KaK o rrpe,o:eJIHJiaeb BHYTpeHHIIMII II BH ern-

11EHHE 50Pb5bl C TYPKAMH B M011AABHH. nonvrTvrlfeCKI!rM Ma-

HIIMII rro TPe 6HoemMII eTpaHbi .

HeBpvrpoBaHvreM rocno.aapb CTe rpaH Ill BenvrKvriii .ao6vrncH mro, LfT06bt TYPKM vr3r Hanvr vr3 Mon.aaavrvr noflHKoa ; npvr aTOM Typeu,Kvre Ha6ervr, cnylfanocb, npoHvrKanvr .aaneKo B my6b nonbwvr. 11 nonHKvr, vr TYPKM npvr3Hanvr He3aavrcvrMOCTb Mon.aaavrvr(1499r.).

HOH pa3,o:po6JieHHOeTII II eKJia):(biBa-

OeHOBOH rrpeo):(oJieHIIH cpeo):(aJibHIIH PyeeKoro ueHTpaJIII30BaHHoro roey):(apeTBa 6biJia 3KOHOMII<J:eeKaH He06XO):(IIMOeTb, HBJIHBIIIaHeH eJie):(CTBIIeM pa3BIITIIH rrp OII3BO):(IITeJibHbiX eiiJI. B pe3yJibTaTe pocra o6ru:eeTBeHHoro pa3):(eJieHIIH Tpy):(a pa3BIIBaJIIIeb TOEa p H O-,O:e H e)KHble OT HO III eHIIH, B03paeTaJia poJib ropo):(OB KaK p e Mee JieHHbiX II T oprOBbiX UeHTpOB,

PYCb

yeiiJIIIBaJIIIeb 3KOHOMII<J:eeKIIe eBH3II M e)KJJ:Y ropo):(aMII II KHH)KeeTBaMII . ToproBo-peMeeneHHoe HaeeneHIIe

B aToM aeKe aenvrKvre KHH3bH MocKoBcKvre 6oponvrcb 3a ocao6o)l(.aeHvre OT 30flOTOOp,abiHCKOrO vrra. O.aHoapeMeHHO OHM aenvr u.eflbtiii PHA norpaHvrlfHbtX aoiiiH c Ka3a HCKMM XaHCTBOM, a TaK)I(e C n onbweiii fir flvrTBOiii. He3a,aonro .ao KOHLJ,a aeKa l1aaH Ill BacvrnbeBvrlf .ao6vrncH nonHoiii He3aavrcvrMocTvr Pycvr OT MOHrOflOB.

r opO):(OB 6biJIO KpOBHO 3aHHTepeeoBaHO B yHII<J:TO)KeHIIII KHH)KeeKIIX yeo6IIU, TaMO)KeHHblx rreperopo,o:oK Me)K-

JJ:Y

KHH)KeeTBaMII II B OeBo60)K):(eHIIII

OT ):(aHII 3oJIOTOH Op):(e . EoHpe II uepKOBb KaK KPYIIHbie 3eMeJibHble eo6eTBeHHIIKII II oeo6eHHO eJiy)KIIJibiH JIIO):( 6biJIII 3aHHTepeeoBaHbi B yrrpo<J:eHIIII eBoero IIOJIO)KeHIIH, a 3TO MOrJia o6eerre<J:liTb TOJibKO eiiJibHaH ueH-

1389-1425 rr. U,APCTBOBA-

T p aJibHaH BJiaCTb. TaKOBbi OeHOBHble

HHEBACHJlH~IAMHTPHEBH~A

eOUIIaJibHble eiiJibi, KOTOpbie IIOJJ:):(ep-

(CbiHA

AMHTPH~

AOHCKOrO).

OH aHHeKcvrpoaan Hvr)I(Hflriii Hoaro po.a fir npaKTI!rlfeCKI!r Henpepb!BHO BO-

)KlJBaJIII IIOJIIITIIKY o6be):(HHeHIIH p yeeKIIX 3eMeJib B e,o:HHoe u eHTpaJIII30BaHHoe rOey):(apCTBO.

476

KOHEU CPE)J,HVIX BEKOB. 1400-1500 rr. c y,o:eJThHhiMH KHH3hHMH. Ho Bee 6onh-

JTHCh ITepeHeCTH BOHHY Ha TeppHTO-

IIIIIH Bee ITpHo6peTaJTII HOBbie 6oHpe,

piiiO OKpaiiHHhiX rpeo,o:aJTbHhiX BJTa,o:e-

Tpe60BaBIIIIIe yiTpO'IeHJIH BJTaCTII MOC-

HIIH (XnhiHOBa, Bonor,o:hi, YcTIOra).

KOBCKOro KHH3H II peiiiiiTeJThHOH60pb6hi c 3onoToti Op,o:oti II JlHTBOH.

B ,O:aJThHei1IIIeM B rpeo,o:aJThHYIO BOH-

Ha Pycii aKTHBHO BMeiiianoch Jlii-

TOBCKoe rocy,o:apCTBO. IJOJThCKIIH KO-

1425-1462 rr. L..I,APCTBOBAHL.1E BACL.1J1L.1SIII TEMHOrO (CbiHA BACL.1J1L.1SI 1). 0Ho 6bJno OTMe-

pOJTh II JTIITOBCKHH BeJTJIKHi1 KHH3h Ka3IIMI1p

IV 3aKJTIO'IIIJT c HOBropo,o:cKIIMI1

6oHpaMII ,o:oroBop, cornacHo KOTopo-

LJeHo aHapxMeilt M rpa)/(/1,8HCKOilT aoilt-

MY OH ITOJTY'IIIJT ITpaBo co6HpaTh «'Iep-

HOilT 38 BBfli/1KOKH'i/)J(BCKI/1M npeCTOfl,

Hhlli 6op» (KOmpii6yl(HIO) C HeKOTO-

H8 KOTOpbiM npeTBH/l,OB8fli/13BBHI/110-

pbiX HOBropO,O:CKHX BOJTOCTell II Ha3Ha-

pO.£l.CKI/1M 1/1 18fli/1LJCKI/1M KHR3b /OpMilt

'IaTb CBOIIX TIIYHOB B ITO,O:'IIIHeHHbie

,lJ,MMTpMBB//1'1 1/1 BIO Cb/H ,lJ,MMTpMilt

HoBropo,o:y ropo,o:a ( «ITpiiropo,o:w> ).

WeMRKa.

<l>eo,o:aJThHaH BoliHa Ha Pycii ocJTO)KHHnach BMeiiiaTeJThCTBOM B Hee II TaTap-

PyCCKIIIe BOIIIHbl

XV-XVI

BB.

BHeiiiHHH ITOJTHTwrecKaH o6cTaHOBKa -

6opb6a C TaTapaMJI II JTIITOB-

CKIIMII rpeo,o:anaMJI -

IJpe,O:CTaBHTeJTJI y,o:eJThHOrO CTpOH

CKIIX KHH3eH, CTPeMIIBIIIIIXCH K 3aXBa-

YITOpHO OTCTaHBaJTJI CTaphie ITOpH,O:KII.

TY pyccKIIX 3eMeJTh II yiTpo'IeHHIO cBo-

Eoph6a o6ocTpHnach ITocne cMepTH

ero BJTa,O:hl'IeCTBa Ha,O: HIIMII. C KOHI(a

BacJIJTHH .il:MHTpHeBJI'Ia, Kor,o:a B

30-x rO,O:OB TaTapO-MOHrOJThCKIIe Ha-

MocKOBCKOM KHH)KeCTBe Ha'IaJTHCh

ITa,O:eHIIH Ha Pych J'IaCTHJTIICh. lbrHaH-

Me)K,O:Oyco6Hl(hi, ITpO,O:OJT)KaBIIIHeCH

HhiH H3 Op,o:hr E,o:IIreeM o,o:IIH II3 ITO-

28 neT II 3aKOH'IHBIIIJiecH IT06e,o:oi1 Be-

TOMKOB .IJ:)Ky'III -

JTHKOro MOCKOBCKOrO KHH3H BaCHJTHH

o6ocHOBaJTCH Ha BepxHeii 0Ke, B Ee-

Yny MyxaMMe,o:-

BacHJTheBII'Ia TeMHoro Ha,o: y,o:eJThHhi-

JTeBe -

MH KHH3hHMII.

,o:eHIIHMH II MocKBhr, II JliiTBhi. 3aTeM

B ropo,o:e, ITorpaHII'IHOM c BJTa-

Tpe6oBana co-

Boi1Hy Ha'IaJT KHH3h y,o:eJThHOro

Yny MyxaMMe,o: ITepeiiieJT co CBoeli

3,0:aHHH CIIJThHOH BOeHHOH opraHH3a-

faJTJII(KOrO KHH)KeCTBa JOpHH .lJ:MIIT-

op,o:oti B HII)KHIIH HoBropo,o:. Orry,o:a

l(IIII, 'ITO MOrJTO OCyfl(eCTBIITh, KaK

pHeBJI'I c ChiHOBhHMH. B

30-x ro,o:ax

OH coBepiiian rpa6JITeJThCKHe Ha6erH

ITOKa3aJT OIThiT 6opb6bi C TaTapaMJI,

XV BeKa 3TOMY 6naroiTpHHTCTBOBana

Ha pyccKHe 3eMJTII II ,o:a)Ke Ha MocKBy.

OIIHTh )Ke JTIIIIIh l(eHTpaJTJI30BaHHOe

BHeiiiHeiTOJTJITJI'IecKmi o6cTaHOBKa. B

rocy,o:apcTBO.

3TO BpeMH BHTOBT ( C ITOMOII(hiO TBep-

BecHoli 1445 ro,o:a ChiHOBhH Yny MyxaMMe,o:a HaiTaJTJI Ha Pych, pa36II-

IlpoQecc ITpeo,o:oneHJIH rpeo,o:anh-

CKOrO KHH3H EopHca AneKcaH,o:pOBH-

JTJI ITO,[( Cy3,o:aJTeM MOCKOBCKOe BOHCKO

HOH pa3,o:po6neHHOCTH 6biJT ,o:JTJITeJTh-

qa) Ha'Ia.JT HaCTyiiJTeHHe Ha IJCKOB I1

II B3HJTJI B IIJTeH BacJIJTHH

HhiM II JIMeJT MHOroo6pa3Hbie rpopMbl.

HoBropo,o:. Ha cTopoey BHTOBTa ITe-

o6 3TOM ,o:oiiJJTo ,o:o MocKBhi II ITepe-

II.

l13BeCTHe

1391 ro,o:y MOCKOBCKHH KHH3h

peiiiJTJI KHH3bH pH3aHCKHll I1 ITpOHCKHll.

ITyrano 6oHp. BcKope CTpaiiiHhlli ITO-

KYIIHJT B 3onOToi1 Op,o:e HpJThiK Ha KHH-

IJOJTIITHKY BHTOBTa B OTHOIIIeHHI1

)Kap YHH'ITO)KJIJT ITO'ITH BCIO MocKBy.

)KeHHe B HH)KHeM HoBropo,o:e, Mypo-

PycH ITPOIJ:OJI)Ka.JT ero ITpeeMHHK CBHA-

KHH)KeCKaH ceMhH II 6oHpe 6e)KaJTJI B

Me, Memepe II Tapyce. BcKope ITOA

pHralino.

PocTOB. Ho IToca,o:cKoe HaceneHHe, KaK

BJTaCThiO MocKBhi oKa3aJTOCh II Cy3-

Ha ITPOTH)KeHJIH 1433-1434 ro-

AaJThCKoe KHH)KeCTBo. BenHKoe Moc-

,o:oB BOHCKa raJTHI(KOrO KHH3H JOpHH

peiiiiiJTO 3afl(Hfl(aTh CTOJTIII\Y II pac-

KOBCKoe KHH)KeCTBO 3aHJIMaJTO ITpO-

.lJ:MIITpiieBII'Ia ,O:Ba)K,O:hl 3aHIIMaJTII

ITpaBJTHJTOCh C TeMII, KTO IThiTaJTCH 6e)KaTh. TaTapcKHe BOHCKa, y3HaB o ITpH-

II BO BpeMH HaiiieCTBHH ToxTaMhiiiia,

CTpaHCTBO Me)K):(y 0KOH II BepXHIIM

MocKBY, II3rOHHH orry,o:a BeJTJIKoro

Te'IeHHeM BonrH. fnaBHhre 6JTJI)KaH-

KHH3H BaciiJTIIH

IIIHe ITPOTHBHHKH MocKBhi- TBep-

KHH3H JOpiiH 6oph6a peaKI(IIOHHOH

CKoe II PH3aHcKoe KHH)KeCTBa -

pa-

y,o:eJTbHO-KHH)KeCKOH II 6oHpCKOH KO-

qepe3 TPII MeCillla Yny MyxaM-

3o6manHch MOCKOBCKOH TeppHTOpH-

aJTIII(IIII ITpOTIIB BeJTIIKOKHH)KeCKOH

Me,o: OTITYCTIIJT B MocKBY BeJTIIKoro

II.

Tiocne cMepTII

roTOBJTeHIIHX K o6opoHe MocKBhi, oToIIIJTJI K HII)KHeMY HoBropoey.

II,

etf, II 3TO 06JTer'IaJTO 6oph6y C HIIMII.

BJTaCTII ITpO,O:OJT)KaJTaCh ITO,[( ITpe,O:BO-

KHH3H BaciiJTIIH

0KpaHHHhie KHH)KeCTBa ITpHKpbiBaJTII

,O:IITeJThCTBOM ero ChiHOBeli- Bacii-

Il(aHIIe BHecTII 3a ce6H «OKYIT». Ba-

MocKBy OT TaTapcKHx Ha6eroB, 'ITO

JTIIH Kocoro II .il:MIITPIIH illeMHKH.

CHJTHH

CITOC06CTBOBaJTO pOCTY 'IIICJTeHHOCTII

ApeHa rpeo,o:anhHOH BOHHhi paciiiHpii-

MeHeHHhiH TH)KeJTbiM ,O:OJTrOM. l13-3a

B3HB c Hero o6e-

BepHyncH B MocKBY, o6pe-

ee HaCeJTeHJIH. 06CTaHOBKa OCJTO)KHH-

nach, Bblll,O:H 3a ITpe,o:eJTbl MOCKOBCKO-

HaCJIJTIIH MOHrOJThCKIIX rpeo,o:aJTOB,

JTaCb 6opb60H B 6oHpCKOH «,O:yMe», C

ro l(eHTpa. Y,o:eJThHhie KHH3hH II 6oH-

ITPIIBe,o:eHHhiX Ha Pych BacJIJTHeM

KOTOpOH ITpHXO,O:IIJTOCh COBeTOBaTbCH

pe IThiTaJTJICh B 6opb6e C BeJTJIKIIM

MOCKOBCKOe ropO,O:CKOe HaCeJTeHJie II

II,

MOCKOBCKOMY KHH310. «CTapiiiHe 6o-

KHH3eM MOCKOBCKIIM HaUTH OITOpy B

cny)KJIJThie JTIO,O:H ITepecTaJTII ero ITO,o:-

Hpe» 6biJTII CTOpOHHJIKaMII rpeO,O:aJTh-

HoBropo,o:cKoli 6oHpcKoi1 peciTy6JTJI-

,o:ep)KIIBaTh. 3TIIM BOCITOJTh30BaJTCH

HhiX ITOpH,o:KOB II BhiCTYITaJTJI B COI03e

Ke II B TBepcKoM KHH)KeCTBe, cTpeMII-

.lJ:MIITpHli IlleMHKa. B 3aroBope, op-

477

BOCTOLJHAs:l EBPOnA raHll30BaHHOM HM c u,eJiblO caep)!{eHIHI MOCKOBCKOfO KHH3.H, rrpiiH.HJIII yqacTIIe TBepCKOH II MO)!{aHCKIIH KHH3b.H,

MOCKOBCKIIX 6oHp, MO-

HaXfi Tpoiiu,e-CeprHeBa MOHaCTbip.H II KpyrrHhre Kyrru,hr ( «rocni» ). BaciiJIIIH

6biJI ocJieTIJieH ( OTCIOJJ:a ero

rrp03BIIIIJ,e «TeMHhlil») II COCJiaH B Yr-

1447 1!'1 1451 rr. TATAPCKHE BTOP>KEHHSI. 06a 6blfm Hey,aal.fHbiMII1, XOTR 80 BTOPOM cnyl.fae TaTapbl ,aOWfl/11 ,ao CTeH MOCKBbl. 1456 r. BOIIIHA C HOBrOPOAOM. no6e.aa 8aC/11fl/11R II TeMH0/0 a 6111rae y Pyccbl ycKop111na 3aKar Hoaropo,aa 111 B03Bb/W8H/11e MOCKBbl.

CH M OCKOBCKOMY npaBIITeJibCTBy . B

1456

ro,o:y MOCKOBCKIIe BOHCKa ITO.[(

npeJJ:BOJJ:IITeJihCTBOM Bac iiJTII.H

II Bhi-

cryniiJIII rrpoTIIB HoaropoJJ:a. HoaropoJJ:cKoe OIIOJI'leHHe TTOTeprreJIO TTOpa)!{eHIIe . flo L(OfOBopy, 3aKJTIO'IeHHOMY B JI)KeJI6IIu,ax, Ha HoaropoJJ: Ha.rraraJiaCb 60JibiiiaH KOHTpii6y u,II.H.

II OJIIITH qecKaH c a M ocTOHTeJibHOCTh

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20 Opy>KHe pyccKoro BOHHa a XV a.: 1 - poraTHHaj 2 - KOnbej 3 - Me'ij 4 - ca6mlj 5 - nOSICHOH HO>Kj 6 - nOACaAO'iHbiH HO>Kj 7- aacanO>KHbiH HO>Kj 8- A>KHA 11111111 A>KepHAj 9- TOnOpHKj 10- ane6apAa 111 npoTaaaH; 11 - nanaw; 12- KOH'iap; 13- TecaK; 14- 'ieKaH; 15 -ll.IHTj 16- 6ynasa; 17- pyKaBHL.Iaj 18- 6YTYPilb1Kj 19- CaMOCTpen; 20- KIIICTeHb

478

KOHELJ, CPE.ll,HV1X BEKOB. 1400-1500 rr.

KOHO,IlaTeJibHbiX npaB II npaB CaMOCTOHTeJibHOfO Be,[(eHIIH BHeiiiHefi noJIIITIIKII. B 60-x ro,[(ax XV BeKa 6hiJI CIIJihHO orpaHII'IeH cyBepeHIITeT II fiCKOBCKOH 6mrpCKOH pecny6JIIIKII.

1462-1505 rr. U.APCTBOBAHir1E lr1BAHA Ill BACir1JlbEBW·IA. OH 6btn nepabtM rocy/l,apeM «BeeR Pycw>. OH no6e/l,VIfl, a 3aTeM VI noKOpVIn Hoaropo/1, ( 14 71-14 78 rr.) VI HeCKOflbKO no3>Ke aHHeKcVIpoaan Taepb ( 1485 r.). B era npaaneHVIe npaKTW/eCKVI nOCTOf/HHO BCnbtXVIB8flVI 6oeabte /l,ei1cTBVIR c f7VITBoi1, BRTK0£1 VI Ka3aHCKVIM xaHCTBOM. >KeHVIBWVICb Ha 3oe (CorjJbe) naneonor, e/l,VIHCTBeHHOM nneMRHHV1L~e nOCfle/1,Hero BVI38HTVIMCKOrO VIMnepaTOpa, OH o6ecne'IVIn ce6e VI 6YAYll.lVIM pocCVIMCKVIM MOHapxaM npaao 'IVICflVITbCfl Hacne/l,HVIKBMVI VIMneparopoa BVI38HTVIVI.

l-13yMJieHHaH EBpona, KOTOpaH B Ha'!ane uapcTBoBaHIIH HBaHa III e.uBa rro.uo3peBana o cymecTBOBaHHH MocKOBCKoro rocy.uapCTBa, 3aTIICHYTOrO Me)l()l)' JIIITOBUaMII II TaTapaMII, B.llpyr 6hTJTa oroporneHa BHe3aiTHhtM noHBJTeH11eM KOJTOCCaJibHOH 11MITep1111 Ha ee BOCTO'lliblX rpaH11UaX. fnaBHOH UeJib!O BHelllHeH IIOJI11T11KII HBaHa III HBJIHJIOCh Boccoe.uiiHeHMe pyccKIIX 3eMenh.

ltfBaH Ill

C Ha'!ana 70-x ro.uoa XV BeKa rnaaHoii 3a,lla'leii, KOTOPYIO nocTaaiiJio nepeA C060fi MOCKOBCKOe npaBIITeJihCTBO, 6hiJia OKOH'laTeJihHaH JIIIKBM,Ilal.(HSI caMOCTOHTeJThHOCTII HoaropoACKOH cpeo).l,aJihHOH pecrry6JIIIK11. Bpa)l{):(e6Hbie MocKBe HOBropoACKHe 6oHpe ao maae c B.llOBOH rroca.uHMKa Mapcpo:H EopeUKoii B HOH6pe 1470 ro.ua npHrnaCHJTH B HoaropoA Ha KHH)f{enne JTIITOBcKoro KHH3H Mnxanna OneJTbKOBH'la, aeyKa 0Jfbrep.ua. BecHoii 1471 ro.ua HOBropO,IlCKOe 6oHpCKOe rrpaBIITeJibCTBO pell.lliJIO 3aKJIIO'IHTb ,llOrOBOp 0 00MOII.(H C JIIITOBCKHM BeJIIIKHM KHH3eM Ka3HMIIpOM IV. «'-lepHbre JIIO.UII»ropoLJ;CKHe peMecneHHIIKH - 6hlJIII HeAOBOJibHhr IIOJIIITHKOH 60HpCKOro rrpaBHTeJibCTBa. lfaCTh 60HpCTBa II KpyrrHOrO Kyne'leCTBa BbTCTynana TaK)f{e npoTIIB cornarneHMH c .JlMTBOH. Ha coBemaHMH npe.ucTaBIITene:H cJiy)f{IIJioro ABOpHHCTBa B MocKBe aecHoii 1471 roJJ:a 6biJI pa3pa60TaH nnaH noxo11.a Ha Hoaropo11.. B noxoAe npHHHJIH y'laCTHe aoiicKa uenoro pHJJ:a KHIDKeCTB. Ka3HMHp IV He oKa3aJI HOBropO.IlCKOMY 6oHpCTBY llOMOIl.(H. CornacHo .llaHHhiM noJibcKoro neTOniicua )J,nyrorna, Ka3IIMIIp IV 5oHITCH CBOHX C06CTBeHHhTX ITO.Il.llaHHbiX 113 'l11CJia pyCCKOro HaCeJieH11H B Jl11TBe, KOTOpbie paCC'l11TbiBaJI11 Ha IIOMOII.(b MocKBhi B 6opb6e c JIHTOBCKHM naHCTBOM. MIIxaMJI OnenhKOBII'l TaK)f{e yexan II3 Hoaropo.ua. EoHpe HaCKopo C06paJIH OllOJI'leHHe, B KOTOpOM OKa3aJIOCb 60JibiiiOe KOJIH'leCTBO peMeCJTeHHHKOB, He BJia).l,eBIIIHX opy)f{HeM II He )f{eJTaBIIIHX cpa)f{aThCH C MOCKOBCK11M BOHCKOM, 3aiUH1IIaH 6oHpCKHe HHTepecbr. B 611TBe Ha peKe IlleJIOHH HOBrOpOil.CKOe BOHCKO IIOTeprreJIO IIOJIHOe I10pa)f{eHMe. flo ).l,OrOBOpy, 3aKJIIO'leHHOMy B MecTe'lKe KopocTbiHH, HOBropOil.CKHe 6oHpe 06H3aJIHCb 6hiTh «HeOTCTYITHbTMH» OT MOCKOBCKOrO KHH)f{eCTBa H He nepeXO)lHTb ITO)l BJTaCTb JlHTBbl . B llOCJie.UyiOIUHe rO)lbl MOCKOBCKHe npaBIITeJIII cTpeMIIJIHCh eme 6onee llO).l,OpBaTb 3Ha'leHHe HOBrOpO).l,CKHX 6oHp liTeM CaMhTM ITO).l,rOTOBHTb BKJTIO'lenne Hoaropo.ua B cocTaB ueHTpann30BaHHoro rocy11.apcTBa. ,Il,JIH 3Toro HBaH III noiTbrTaJicH HcnoJib30BaTh B )f{eJiaTeJibHOM ,llJIH Hero HanpaBJieHMH

Bpa)l{):(y HOBrOpO.IlCKIIX «'lepHbiX JIIO)lefi» K MeCTHOMY 6oHpcTBy. B 147 5 roLJ;y HBaH III coBeprnHJI noe3AKY B HoBropo11.. Bo BpeMH npe6hmaHIIH TaM OH npHHHMaJI )f{aJT06hT KpeCTbHH 11 peMeCJieHH11KOB Ha 6oHp. flocJie pa36opa 3Tl1X )l{aJI06 OH ocy11.11JI BII)lHhlX npe,llCTaBIITeJieH HOBrOpO,IlCKOrO 6mrpCTBa, CBH3aHHOrO C JlHTBOH, H OTnpaBHJT HX B CChJJTKY B MocKBY H B .upyme ropo11.a. 3THM MOCKOBCKHH KHH3b ITO).l,pe3aJT KOpHH HOBrOpO,IlCKOH 6oHpCKOH Ollll03Hl.(IIH II npiio6pen Ha apeMH no.u.uep)J<Ky «'IepHbiX JIIO.Ueii», HaHBHO nonaraarnnx, 'ITO B JIHUe BeJIHKOKHH)l{eCKOfi BJiaCTH OHH llOJiy'laT 3aiiiHTY OT IIpHTeCHeHHH 60Hp. B 1477 ro11.y 6hm opraHn30BaH HOBbTH ITOXO)l MOCKOBCKHX BORCK Ha Hoaropo11.. HoaropOil.CKoe npaanTeJibCTBO 6hlJIO BbiHY)J{.UeHO npOCIITb HBaHa III o Mnpe. flocne.uHIIil cornacHJTcH Ha MHp JlHIIIb llO)l ycJIOBHeM BBe.ueHHH B HoBropo.ucKoii 3eMne UOpHil.KOB, cymeCTBOBaBIIIHX BO BCeX 06JiaCTHX, y)J{e BOIIIe,lliiiHX B COCTaB ueHTpanH30BaHHoro rocy.uapcTBa. BHa'lane 1478 ro.ua 3TO ycnoane 6biJIO OcpiiUHaJibHO npHHHTO HOBrOpO,IlCKITMH anacTHMH. Be<teaoii KonoKOJI - Cl1MBOJI He3aBl1C11MOCTl1 HoaropoAa - 6biJI CHHT 11 OTnpaBJieH B MocKay. 3Ha'l11TeJibHaH 'laCTh 3eMeJib Hoaropo.ua (B TOM 'IHCJie II HOBropO.IlCKHe 3eMnn Ha CeBepHoii ,IJ,anHe) nepeiiiJia no.u BJiaCTh MocKBhr. BMecTe c HoBropo.uoM B cocTaB e).l,HHoro PyccKoro rocyAapcTBa aornna Kapemm. B 1472 ro11.y 6hma npncoe).l,11HeHa K MocKae «Benl1KaH flepMb» ( o6JiaCTh, HaceneHHaH KOM11, B BepxOBhHX Bhi'ler).l,hi IT KaMbi), .11 TeM CaMblM 6biJI OTKpblT llYTb B 3aypaJibe, B IOropcKyiO 3eMJIIO, r11.e )J{l1JIH BOryJihl (MaHC11) 11 OCTHKH (xaHTbl). B 1483 ro.uy 6hma ompaaneHa 3KCITe)liTI.(ITH BO rJTaBe C <Dell.OpOM Kyp6cKHM, no6hmaarnaH Ha To6one, HpThrrne, 06n H rrpiiae.urnaH K ycTaHOBJieHHIO 3aBHCHMOCTH OT MocKBhr pH.ua IOropcKHX KHH3hKOB. B 1489 ro11.y MOCKOBCKITe BOHCKa B3HJTH rJTaBHbiH ropo11. BHTCKOH 3eMJTIT XJihiHOB (BHTKY). B TO )J{e apeMH 3a Ypan IIIJIO KOJIOHH3al.(HOHHOe )lBH)J{eHHe pycCKHX «<tepHblX JIIO)lefi» II 6erJibiX qa-

BOCTO'-IHAs:l EBPOnA CTHOBna~enb~eCKHX

479

KpeCTbHH, TaM

pacnpocTPaHHITHCh3eMne~enne,npo

MbiCnhi, TOprOBAA H MeCTHbie Hapo~bl npno6manncb K 6onee BbiCOKoii:

:=>KOHOMHKe n KYnhType Pycn. Bene~ 3a n~eHneM He3anncnMOCTH Honropo~a noTepHnO CBOIO CaMOCTOHTenbHOCTb TnepcKoe KHIDKeCTBO. Cny:amnhie 6oHpe H ~eTH 6oHpCKHe TBepcKOrO KHH3H, ~YBCTBYH 6ecnone3HOCTb COnpOTHBneHHH 110CKBe, CTanH nepeXO~HTb Ha cny)l(6y K MOCKOBCKOMY KHH3IO. TnepcKoe Kyrre~eCTBO, 3annTepeconaHHoe B 3KOHO~eCKHX CBH3HX C110CKBOH, TaK)I(e He nOMep)I(HBanO cnoero KHH3l1. TnepcKoii: KHl13b 11HXann Eop11con~, He HMeH B cnoeM KHH)I(eCTBe COUHanbHOH onopbl ~AA 6opb6bi c 11ocKBoii:, nomen no nyTH HOBrOpO~CKOrO 60l1pCTBa J13aKniO'IHn COI03 C nHTOBCKHM BeJIJ1KHM KHH3eM Ka3HMHpoM IV. 3To rrocJiy)I(Hno ITOBO~OM ~nH ~BYX ITOXO~OB MOCKOBCKHX BOHCK Ha Tnepb (B 1483 11 1485 rr. ). IIocJie~HHii: !13 HHX 3aKoH~HnCH nHKBH~aUHeH CaMOCTOHTenbHOCTH TnepcKoro KHH)I(eCTBa. TnepCKOH KHH3b 6e)l(an B JlHTBy.

1478-1489 rr. BOHHACJ11!1TBOII1. 06e cmpoH&t npe.D.nO'-IMTanM

PyCCKI1e nyWK3pl1 OTCTpeni1B310TCSI OT T3Tap

XO/l.t1Tb B H86er11- KpynHb/X CTOflK-

HOB8Ht1~ 6btfl0 HeMHOro, /1.8 l1 Te Ht1

npe~npHHHTb

K '-/be My nepeaecy He np11aen11. 11aa-

~ocT!1)1(eHHH cnoHX ueJieii. B 1479--

Ill

nOM8P>Kl1B8flt1 KpbtMCKMe T8-

Tapbt.

1480 r. HE3ABI!1CI.1MOCTb OT TATAP. 11aaH Ill OTKa3ancR a&mna'-IMB8Tb .D.8H&; 3aTeM OH oTpa3Mn nnoxo KOOP.D.MHMPOB8HH&te non&tTKM T8Tap BOCCT8HOBI1Tb Ct03epeHI1T8T H8/l. PyCb/0. 11B8HY II/ nOMOr KOHcjJnMKT Me>K.D.Y BenMKO~ (3onom~)

Op.D.O~ l1 KpbtMCKt1Mt1 T8T8P8Mt1 .

K 70--80-M ro~aM OTHOCHTCH rronbiTKa xaHa EonbiiiOH Op~bi AxMe~-xaHa ynpo~HTb 3aBHCHMOCTb Pycn oT TaTapo-MoHronon, cTaHOBHBIIIYIOCH nee 6onee npn3pa'IHOH. Hey~a'IHbiH noxo~ AxMe~-xaHa Ha Pych B 1472 ro~y o6Hapy)l(nn nonHyiO HeB03MO)I(HOCTb ~Jill DOJibliiOH Op~bl ~o6nThCH OT Pycn noKopHOCTH. 0~ HaKo OCnO)I(HHBIIIaHCH BCKOpe ~JIH Pycn Me)l(~yHapo~HaH H nnyTpeHHHH o6cTaHOBKa rro6y~nnH AxMe~-xaHa

HOBYIO nonbiTKY

~JIH

1480 ro~ax Ha IlCKOBCKYIO o6naCTb Hanano nnBOHCKOe BOHCKO no~ HaqaJibCTBOM MamcTpa EepHrap~a <PoH ~ep Eopxa. foTOBHJICH noxo~ Ha 110CKBY nOnbCKOrO KOpOJIH ll JIHTOBCKOrO nennKoro KHH3H Ka3nMnpa IV. OnacHOCTb BTOp)l(emm co CTOpOHbi BHeiiiHHX BparOB OCnO)I(HHJiaCb MHTe)I(OM, no~HHTbiM npoTHB HnaHa III ero 6paTbHMH, y~eJibHbiMH KHH3bHMH AH~peeM n EopncoM BacnnheBn~a MH. Y~enhHbie KHH3bH c ceMhHMH, 6oHpaMn H CJiyraMH, CCb!JiaHCb Ha <Peo~anbHOe rrpano «oTbe3~a», yexanHH3 CBOHX Bna~eHHH B BenHKHe JlyKH, K 3ana~HOH rpaHHUe, paCC'IHTbiBaH Ha coe~HHeHne c nnTOBCKHMH noiicKaMH. B TO )l(e npeMH 6hw pacKpbrT 3aronop Honropo~cKoro 6oHpCTBa, HaMepenanrnerocH nepe~aTh Honropo~ nonhCKOMY KoponiO. B TaKOH o6cTaHOBKe AxMe~-xaH oceHbiO 1480 ro~a Ha'lan cnoii rroxo~ Ha Pych, ~BHraHCb

no HanpaBJieHfiiO K nHTOBCKOH rpaHHue, K BepXOBbSIM 0KH H 3aTeM K ee npnTOKY Yrpe . Kor~a HnaH III npnexan H3 KoJIOMHbi B 110CKBY C TeM, 'IT06bi ~06HTbCH npHMHpeHHH C 6paTbHMH, nOCa~CKHe niO~H, 3ano~o3pHn ero B TpycocTH, noTpe6osann, 'IT06bi OH sepHyJicH K noiicKy. HacTpoeHHH n Tpe60BaHHH IIIHpOKHX HapO~HbiX MaCC 6biJIH Ba)I(HbiM CTHMynOM opraHH3aUHH aKTHBHOro COllpOTHBJieHJffi AxMe~-xaHy . Ho HnaH III cTpeMnnCH ~OCTHrHYTb no6e~bl 6e3 60nbiiiHX noTepb l1 Il03TOMY CTapaJICH BbiHrpaTb npeMSI, He rrpH6eraH K pernnTeJibHbiM ~eii:CTBHSIM. K KOHUY 1480 ro~a npon3ornnH cepbe3Hble H3MeHeHHH B Me)l(~yHa pO~HOH n BHYTPeHHeil nonHT~ecKoil o6cTaHOBKe . EJiaro~apH npHMHpeHHIO c y~enhHbiMH KHH3bHMH HnaH III ~06HnCH OT HHX BOeHHOH nOMOITIH. Ka3HMnp IV He eMor oKa3aTb noMep)I(KH AxMe~-xaHy, 1160 B ero BJia~e-

480

KOHELJ, CPE.ll,HV1X BEKOB. 1400-1500 rr.

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484

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1471

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AJIH

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rraTeJibHbie .o;eRCTBHH BORCK. Kor.o:a y BOeBO):( He XBaTaJIO co6cTBeHHOR peIIIHTeJibHOCTH, JiiBaH III Tpe6oBaJI oT

«BOJIKOMeRKaMH» H «COKOJIKaMH». BoHHbi, BoopymeHHbie rrHru;aJibiO, Ha3biBaJIHCb IIHIIJ;aJibHHKaMH. ITo CBOHM TaKTHKO-TeXHHTieCKHM .O:aHHbiM IIHIIJ;aJib ycryrrana xoporneMY JIYKY H TeM 6onee caMocTpeny (ap6aneTy). 3To 6biJIO THmenoe H

rropm:lOK pyccKoR pam. B 6mo Ha peKe Be.o;porna HHMI(Hanma MaHeBpa 6biJia u;eJIHKOM B pyKaX pyccKHX BOeBO):(. TaM aTaKa 3aca.o;Horo rroJIKa Haxo):(Hnacb H 3aBHCeJia OT .o;eRCTBHR TaTap, 3):(ecb aHa 6biJia rro.o;roTOBJieHa .o;eRCTBHHMH CBOHX BORCK . EcJIH Ha KyJIHKOBOM IIOJie 3aCa):(HbiR IIOJIK HaHeC y.o:a p BO <jJnaHr rrpoTHBHHKY, TO Ha Be.o;porne CTOpomeBOR IIOJIK aTaKOBaJI JIHTOBIJ;eB C TbiJia H pa3pyiiiHJI MOCT

HHX rrepexo.o:a B HacryrrneHHe . B-TpeThHX, BTOpJKeHHe Ha TeppHTOpHIO IIpOTHBHHKa IIpOH3BO):(HJIOCb C pa3HbiX HaiipaBJieHHH HeCKOJibKHMH OTpm:laMH, 'ITO pacrrbiJIH.JIO corrpoTIIBJieHHe Bp ara . HarrpaBJieHHe .O:JIH .o;eRCTBHR BORCK Bbi6HpaJIOCb C TaKHM pac'!eTOM, 'IT06bi HaCTYIIJieHHe B CTpaTern'!eCKOM OTHOIIIeHHH HMeJIO oxBaTbiBmoru;yiO <jJopMy. B-TieTBepTbiX, KOMaH):(OBaHHe pyccKoro BORCKa CTpeMHJIOCb 3aXBaTHTb H y.o;epJKaTb CTpaTerH'leCKYJO HHMI(HaTHBY B CBOHX PYKax. BoRHbi rroKa3aJIH HcKyccTBo pycCKOR paTH B OBJia):(eHHH H o6opoHe KperrocTeR. PyccKoe BORCKO Heo.o;HoKpaTHo 6paJIO CHJibHbie JIHTOBCKHe H JIHBOHCKHe KpeiiOCTH. JlHBOHU:bi me He MOrJIH B3HTb Jii36opcKa, f.o;oBa H IIcKoBa . IIpHMep aKTIIBHOR o6opoHbi KpeiiOCTH IIOKa3aJIH IICKOBH'IH, KOTOpbie HeO):(HOKpaTHO 3aCTaBJIHJIH JIHBOHU:eB CHHMaTb ocaey H C 60JibiiiHMH IIOTepHMH OTCTYIIaTb.

oTieHb Hey.o;o6Hoe opymHe.

BEHfPIHI n ocne BM 3a HTMM 6aCTMOHOM XpMCTMaHCKOrO MMpa npOTMB no,aHMMa1011.1,eikH aonHbl rype u,Koro McnaMa Bbmano crarb BeHrpMM. XorH BBHrepCKMe KOpOflM nOCTOHHHO OTBflBKaflMCb Ha pasnwmble rpeo,aanbHbiB M.£lMHaCTM4BCKMe pa36MpaTBflbCTBa no acei1 B ocro4HOM M LteHTpanbHOM Eapone, MM y,aanocb ocraHOBMTb TypoK M ,ao6MTbCH CBOero po,aa napMTBTa - B OCHOBHOM, 6na ro,aapH ,aayM aenMKMM aoeHa4anbHMKaM: fiHowyXyHbH,llM, HaLJ,MOHaflbHOMY repo10 BeHrpMM, M era CbiHY M aTbHWY XyHbH.£lM (MnM Marae10

pOHHHKH XYHbm:lH B 1440 roey rrpH3BaJIH Ha BeHrepCKHll rrpeCTOJI IIOJibCKOrG KopoJIH Bna):(HcJiaBa III (rro.o; HMeHeM Jlacno V). XYHbHAH, Ha3HaTieHHbiR TpaHCHJibBaHCKHM BOeBO):(OR, B3H.JI Ha ce6a PYKOBOIJ:CTBO BeHrepCKHMH BORCKaMH H B03rJiaBHJI BMeCTe C IIOJibCKHM KOpOJieM H cep6CKHM KHH3eM EpaHKOBH'leM BOeHHbiR oTrrop BORcKaM Myp a.o;a I I. O.o;epmaB Pm:l 6JieCTHIIJ;HX rro6e.o; Ha):( TypeU:KHMH BORCKaMH, B3HB CocpHIO H 3aHHB 6aJIKaHCKHe rrepeBaJibi, RHorn XYHbHAH 3aCTaBHJI Mypa.o;a II rrpocHTh MHpa, KOTOpbiR 6biJI 3aKJIIO'leH Ha 10 JieT Ha BeCbMa Bblro):(Hblx .O:JIH BeHrpHH H ee CJiaBHHCKHX COI03HHKOB yCJIOBHHX. IIpH'IHHa 3THX rro6 e.o; 3aKJIIOTianacb B TOM, 'ITO B 3HeprHTIHOM OTIIOpe rypeu;KHM 3aXBaT'IHKaM yTiaCTBOBaJIH o6be):(HHHBIIIHeCH CHJibi BeHrepCKOro, rroJibcKoro, cep6cKoro, BaJiarncKoro H aJI6aHCKOro HapO.O:OB, BOO.o;yrneBJieHHbiX rop.H'IHM meJiaHHeM OTCTOHTh poIJ:HHy. O .o;HaKo BCKope BOeHHbie .o;eRCTBHH B030 6HOBHJIHC b, II pH'! eM 6opb6a Benacb c rrep eM eHHbiM ycrre xoM . B 6HTBe rrpHBapHeB 1444 roey,

BOCTOLJHA~ B Kompo~ norH6 Kopom> BeHrpHH H IIoJibiiiH BJia):{HCJiaB, rypeUKHe BO~ cKa o,LJ,ep)KlU(H no6e,LJ,y. Ho H nocJie 3TO~ 6HTBhl .HHoiii XyHMIAH npo,LJ,oJI)£(3JI recTH 6opb6y. HaKoHeu B cpiDKeHHH flOA beJirpa):{OM B 1456 ro,LJ,y OH ,LJ,06HJic1! peiiiaiOIUero ycnexa. TeM He MeHee pyKoBOACTBO reHrepcKo~ noJIHTHKO~ OKa3aJIOCb B pyKax y repMaHCKOf'O HMnepampa <l>pHApHxa III, BocnoJib30BaBIIIeroc1! ocJia6JieHHeM BeHrpHH. <l>pHApHx III oKpy;KHJI HOBoro KopoJI.li BeHrpHH BJia,u.HcJiaBa (JiacJio) VI aBcTpH~CKHMH coreTHHKaMH. 0,LJ,HaKO flOCJie CMepTH 3TOI'O KOpOJI.li (B 1458 r.) <l>pHApHxy III Bee iKe He YAaJIOCbOOb.liBHTbce61!HacJieAHHKOM reHrepcKoro npecToJia. B 1458 ro,LJ,y KopoJieM BeHrpHH 6hiJI H36paH MJiaAIIIH~ CblH HHoiiiaXyHb.lVJ,H- MaTBe~ (MaTh.liiii)KopBHH (1458-1490 rr.). IIpoHeCIIIMC.li no qexHH 6yp11 KpeCTh.liHCKO~ BO~Hbl H HapO,LI,Hhle ,LJ,BHiKeHH.li B caMo~ BeHrpHH ycHJIHJIH K 3TOMY BpeMeHH B reHrepcKoM ABOpHHcTBe CTPervmeHHe HCKaTh onopy cBoe~ BJiaCTH B KaTOJIHqecKO~ uepKBH H B nancTBe. B nepBble ro,LJ,bl cBoero uapCTBOBaHH.li MaTb.liiii KopBHH BoeBaJI npOTHB qeXHH, B KOTOpO~ y BJiaCTH CTO.liJIH qaiiiHHKH, a flOCJie CMepTH qeiiiCKOf'O KOpOJI.li Ilo,LJ,e6pa):{a OTH.liJI y qexHH MopaBHIO H qacTh CHJie3HH. 0TcTaHBa1! CaMOCTO.li'reJibHOCTb BeHrepCKOf'O rocy,LJ,apcTBa, MaTh.liiii KopBHH ycneiiiHO 6opOJIC11 npOTHB HMnepampa ¢pH,ApHxa III ra6c6yprcKoro, AOMOraBIIIeroc.li BeHrepcKoro npecmJia. ::h'H ycnexH, a TaiOKe noJIHTHKa MaTh.liiiia, HanpaBJieHHM Ha C03AaHHe B BeHrpHH oco6o~ uepKOBHO~ opraHH3auHH, HMeJIH HeCOMHeHHoe 3HaqeHHe ,LJ,JI.ll UeHTpaJIH3auHH CTpaHbl.

1387-1437 rr. UAPCTBOBAHIIIE Clllfiii3MYHAA I JliOKCEM6YPfCKOfO. OH Ta/OKe 6bm MMnepaTOpoM CBf!ll.leHHoVI PMMCKoVI MMnepMM MKoponeM 6oreMMM. HecMoTPfl Ha 06MnMe .aen B fepMaHMM M 'laCTb/e nonb/TKM no.aaBMTb JJ.BM)I(eHMe 6oreMCKMX rycMTOB, CMrM3MYHJJ.I CO BCeVt 9HeprMeVt nOCBf/TMn ce6f!3all.IMTe BeHrpMM M ecero xpMCTMaHcKoro MMpa OT Type~KOVt yrp03bl ( HanM'lMe KOTOpOVt OH OC03HaBan ropa3JJ.O npo3opnMBee 6onb-

EBPOnA

WMHCTBa COBpeMeHHMKOB). npaB.aa, eMy He y.aanOCb npeJJ.OTBpaTMTb 3aBOeBaHMfl TypKaMM nO'lTM BCeVt Cep6MM. He cyMen oH M no.aaBMTb BOCCTaHMVt B 6b!BWMX BeHrepCKMX npoBMH~MfiX- 6ocHMM, BanaxMM M Mon.aaBMM. 3TM co6b!TMfl, a TaK)I(e 3aeoeeaHMe )J,anMa~MM BeHe~MeVI, f!BMnMcb pe3ynbTaToM Toro, 'lTO CMrM3MYHJJ.I4acTo Mno.aonryOTCYTCTBOBBn B BeHrpMM.

1437-1439 rr. UAPCTBOBAHIIIE AJ1b6PEXTA II fA6C6YPrA. KopoTKoe npaeneHMe 9Toro cnoco6Horo BOeHa'laflbHMKa CKnaJJ.b/BBnOCb M3 cnnOWHb/X pa3JJ.OPOB C BeHrepCKOVt 3HaTb/O MJJ.MHaCTM'leCKMX JJ.MCnyTOB M3-3a npeCTOflOB nonbWM, 6oreMMM M BeHrpMM.

489 11111111 SlfEJlJlOH). 0TMe'leHO no6eJJ.OHOCHbiMM TYPe~KMMM KaMnaHMfiMM >lHowaXyHbfiJ!.M ( 1441-1443 rr. ); OH Bbmrpan 6MTBbl npM CeMeHJJ.PMM (1441 r.), fepMaHWTaJJ.Te (COBp. TOPOll. CM6My B PyMb/HMM; 1442 r.) M B Yll.lenbe )f(ene3Hble BopoTa (Ha rpaHM~e coep. PyMbiHMM M Cep6MM; 1442 r.). Ha eeponeVIcKMX 3eMnflx, nOKOpeHHb/X TypKaMM, OH 3aXBaTMfl HMw MCo</>MIO, a TaiOKe, BMecTe c KOponeM Bna.aMcnaeoM I o.aep)l(an KpynHy/0 no6e.ay HaJJ. cynTaHoM Mypa.aoM II B 6MTBe npM CHaVIMe ( coep. KycTeHM~a B Cep6MM; 1444 r.). Type~KoVI BnaCTM Ha bBnKaHaXBpeMeHHO 6bm nono)l(eH KOHe~; Mypa.a comacMncfl Ha .aecf!TMneTHee nepeMMpMe ( 1443 r.).

1444 r. KPECTOBbl~ nOXOA BJlAAIIICJlABA (11111111 YJlACJlO) I. 3aKn/04MB co103 c BeHe~MeVI, BnaJJ.Mcnae I HapywMn nepeMMpMe M BToprcfl B 6onrapMIO (M/Onb). BeHe~MaHCKOMY <J>noTy He y.aanocb cnpaBMTbCfl C nOCTaBneHHOVt 3aJJ.a'leVt M eocnpenf!TCTBOBaTb cynTaHy MypaJJ.Y II eepHYTbCfl B Eepony c apMMeVI M3A3MM. 1 Host6pst 1444 r. 6111TBA noA BAPHO~. BeHrPbl 6bmM Haronoey pa36MTbl, Bna.aMcnae I norM6; >lHow XyHbfiJJ.M c TPYJJ.OM yeen ocTaTKM apMMM. TaK KOH'lMncfl nocne.aHMVI M3 HaCTOflll.IMX KpecTOBbiX noxo.aoe.

s:IHOW XyHbJIAH. rpaaJOpa H3 «XpOHHta1 aeHrpoa» Typo14H. 1488 r.

1437 r. B03BbiWEHIIIE SIHOWA XYHbSIAIII. TpaHcMnbBaHCKMVI apMCTOKpaT, OH BOeBan no.a Ha'lBnOM CMrM3MYHJJ.a I B 4eHTpanbHoVI Eepone npOTMB TYPOK. nepBOVt M3 MHO)I(eCTBa ero no6e.a f/BMflOCb M3rHaHMe TypoK M3 CeMeHJJ.PMM ( coep. CMe.aepeea B Cep6MM).

1439-1440 rr. fPA)I(AAHCKASI BO~HA B BEHfPIIIIII. no6eJJ.Mn Bna.aMcnae I ( oH )l(e - nonbCKMVI Koponb Bna.aMcnae Ill >lrennoH) maBHbiM o6pa3oM, 6naro.aapfl no.a.aep)I(Ke >lHowa XyHbfiJJ.M.

1440-1444 rr. UAPCTBOBAHIIIE BJlAAIIICJlABA (11111111 YJlACJlO) I (OH >KE nOJlbCKIII~ KOPOJlb BJlAAIIICJlAB Ill SlfA~JlO,

1444-1457 rr. UAPCTBOBAHIIIE BJlA.lJ.IIICJlABA V ( CbiHAAJlb6PEXTAII fA6C6YPfA). Ha4anocb oHo pereHTCTBOM >lHowa XyHbfiJJ.M (.ao 1452 r.). >lHow XyHbfiJJ.M BToprcfl B ABCTPMIO, .aa6b! BbiHYJJ.MTb repMaHCKOTO MMnepaTOpa 4JpMJ!.PMXa llf, oneKyHa Bna.aMcnaBa V KaK KOPOflfl 6oreMMM, n03BOflMTb MOROJJ.OMY Kopon/0 eepHyTbCfl B BeHrpM/0 ( 1446 r.). He6naro.aapHbiVt M 3aBMJJ.YIOll.IMVt ycnexaM >lHowa XyHbfiJJ.M MOHapx6onbWYIO 'laCTb cneJJ.YIOll.lero JJ.eCf/TMfleTMf/38HMMBnCfl TeM, 'lTO BCf/'leCKM npenf/TCTBOBBn TOMY Hafl8JJ.MTb 3all.IMTY BeHrpMM oT TYPOK. 1 7 OKTst6pst 1448 r. BTOPASI 6111TBAHAKOCOBOM nOJlE. Cpa)l(eHMe npOJ!.Ofl)l(aflOCb JJ.Ba JJ.Hfl; >lHow XyHbfiJJ.M c .aea.a~aTMnfiTMTbl cf!'lHOVI apMMeVI noTepnen nopa)l(eHMe OT CTOTb/Cf/'lHOVt apMMM cynTaHa

490

KOHELJ, CPE,LJ,HV1X BEKOB. 1400-1500 rr.

MypaJJ.a II - 1113-3a npeJJ.aTenbcTaa ,ll,aHa, npaaii1Tenfl Banax111111, a TaJ()I(e JJ.8BHero apara flHowa XyHbf/JJ.II1 cep6CKoro npii1HLJ,a reoprll1f/ 5paHKOBW-Ia. flHowXyHbf/,l1,111 'lpe3Bb/'lai1IH03rjXpeKTII1BHO npii1MeHII1fl npOTII1B ny'IHII1KOBf/Hbl'lap noJ].pa3J].eneHII1fl 6oreMCKII1X 111 HeMeLJ,KII1X HaeMHII1KOB, BOOpY?f<eHHb/X py'IHbiM cTpenKOBbiM opY?f<ll1eM. 0eXOTa o6e111x apMII1M 111CnOflb30Bana 'laCTOKOflbl J].flfl 3al1.1,111Tbl OT OrHf/ npoTII1BHII1Ka B ,lJ,flii1TeflbHbiX nepecTpenKax; np111 3TOM BeHrepCKII1e 111 Typeu,KII1e n03111LJ,II1111 pa3J].eflf/fl0 OKOflO 100M. 06e apMII1111 noHecnll1 Tfl)f(enei1Iwll1e noTep111; aeHrpbl noTepf/nll1 npii1MepHO nonOBII1HY BOMCKa, TypKII1- TpeTb .

1449 r. BTOP>KEHII1E B CEP611110. flHowXyHbfiJJ.II1 ycnewHonpoaen KapaTen bHYIO aKcneJ].II1LJ.II110 npoTII1B reoprMf/ 5paHKOBII1'1a. 1445-1456r~ TYPEUKOE BTOP>KEHII1E .. flHOW XyHbf/JJ.II1 OT-

npa a111n aoiiicKo Ha o6opoHy 5enrpaJJ.a, a caM TeM apeMeHeM 3aHflflCfl a BeHrp111111 c6opoM apMII1111 a noMOUI,b OCa)f(J].eHHbiM 111 CTp0111TeflbCTBOM pe'IHOM rjlnOTII1flll1111.

14111tonSI1456 r. PE~HOE CPA>KEHII1E Y EiEnrPAAA. .. Ha ,ll,yHae flHow XyHbf/JJ.II1 pa3 6 111n Typeu,KII1i11 rpnoT.

21-22 llltonSI 1456 r. EiEn6111TBA .. flHowXyHbf/JJ.II1

rPA,lJ,CKA~

pa36111n OCa)f(J].aBWYIO ropOJJ. Typeu, KYIO apMII110, BbiHYJJ.II1B cynTaHa MyxaMMeJJ.a OTCT}'nii1Tb K KOHCTaHTII1HOnoniO. XyHbf/JJ.II1 nnaHII1po aan nepe HeCTII1 BOMHY Ha Typ eu,Ky/0 Teppii1TOpll110, HO yMep ( 11 aarycTa). B cne JJ.YIOUI,eM rDJJ.Y yMep BnaJ].111cnaa V.

1458-1490 r~ UAPCTBOBAHii1E MATb~WA XYHb~Aii1 (li1nli1 MATBE~ KOPBII1HA, MATb~WA KOPBII1HA, CbiHA~HOWAXYHb~足 Aii1) . OH 6onbwe aoeaan a Ll,eHTpanb Hoiii Eapone, 'leM pa3a111aan oTu,oacKII1e ycnex111 a TYPeLJ.KII1X KaMnaHII1f/X. npaBJ].8, J].Ba BT0p)f(eHII1f/ B TYPeLJ,KII1e 3eMnll1 Kopaii1H ace-TaKII1 npeJJ.npii1Hfln, HO o6a 6blflll1 He oco6eHHO Macwm6HbiM111( 1463111 1475 rr. ).

B 1467 r oey MHor o'llicJieHHaa apMllil BeHrepcKoro Kopomr M aThmna XyHbH.[lH BToprnacb B MonnaBHIO .

BeHrpb! rrpormm c IOra Ha ceBep <J:epe3 BCIO MonnaBHIO u 3aH5IJIH ropona Tpo-ryrn, Eb!pnan, PoMaH u Eaillo.. Korna rro6ena BeHrepcKHM cpeonanaM, Ka3anocb, 6b!Jia rroJIHOCThiO o6ecrre<J:eHa, MOJinaBCKOMYBOHCKY CrecpaHalii ynaJIOCb HO'IbiO BpaCIIJIOX HaiiaC'Th Ha BeHrepCKYIQ apMHIO. B 6HTBe y EaHH BeHrepcKaa apMllii 6b!Jla pa3rpoMJieHa, a paHeHb!H MaThHIII XYHbHnfi crraccH 6ercwoM . IIo6ena Han BeHrepcKHM KoponeM ern:e 6oJibiiie YKPeiiHJia KHIDKecKYIO BJiaCTh . IIocne 6egycrrelliHblx rroIlliiTOK BeHrepCKOro KOpOM ITO~ ce6e MonnaBHIO oH BblH)')K)J:eH 6b!JI 3aKJIIO'IIITh co CrecpaHOM III MHp, lfiD Bbl3b!BaJIOCb H He06XOnUMOCThiO o6be):lHHeHllii ycHJIHil B 6opb6e c Typ[(Heil .

1468-1478 rr. BO~HA B 60rEMii1111 .. 1477-1485rr. BO~HbiCii1M足 nEPATOPOM Pii1AP111XOM Ill. nocne HeyJ].a'IHOM ocaJ].bl BeHbl ( 1475 r.) co amporo pa3a MaTbf/W XyHbfiJJ.II1 B3flfl-TaKII1 aacTpll1i1ICKYIO CTOfl111U.Y ( 1485 r.) , O,lJ,HOBpeMeHHO aHHeKcll1poaaa AacTpll110, a TaK)f(e WT111p11110 111 Kapii1HTII110 ( o6e Teppii1TOPII1111 BXOJJ.fiT a coap. AacTp11110). BeHrpll1fl CTana CaMOM Moryll.l,eCTBeHHOM J].ep)f(aaoiii Ll,eHTpanbHoiii 111 IOro BocTO'IHOiii Ea ponbl.

1490-1516rr. UAPCTBOBAHii1E BnA,lJ,Ii1CnABA VI (BnA,lJ,Ii1cnABA II EiOrEMCKOrO) .. 0 paaii1TeneM oH 6bm cna6b!M; BeHrpll1fl np111 HeM 6biCTpO np111wna B yna,lJ,OK.

CEPEIHI XOTfl B Ha'lane BeKa cep6CKII1e npaa111Ten111 f/Bnflflii1Cb aaccanaMII1 Typeu,KII1X cynTa HOB, B c ep eJ].II1He CTOn eTII1f/ c aeHrepcKoiii noMOUI,b/0 Cep6111fl HeHa,lJ,onro aepHyna He3aBII1CII1MOCTb. 3aTeM BTOpii1'IHO nocneJ].OBa no Typeu,Koe 3aaoeaaH111e; Cep6111fl cHoaa 6bma noKopeHa.

1389-1427 rr. UAPCTBOBAHii1ECTEAHAnA3APEBii1~A ..

5yJJ.Y'III1 Typeu,KII1M aaccanoM, oH cpa )f(aflCfl npOTII1B TII1Mypa (111flll1, 111Ha'le, TaMepnaHa) a AHropcKoiii 6111TBe ( 1402 r.).

1427-1456 rr. UAPCTBOBAHii1E rEOPrli1~ 6PAHKOBII1~A (CEPEiCKoro AEcnoTA) .. OH aoccmHoall1n He3aBII1CII1MOCTb CTpaHbl, HO 6blfl Bbi6111TT}'pKaMII1 1113 caoeiii CTOflii1LJ,bl - KpenocTII1 a CeMeHJJ.PII1111 ( coap. CMeJ].epeaa a Cep6111111; 1439 r.). HeCMOTPfl Ha flii1'1HYIO apa)I(Jl.y C flHOWeM XyHbfiJJ.II1, 6naroJJ.apf/ no6eJJ.aM XyHb fiJJ.II1 111 BnaJ].111cnaaa V HaJJ. TypKaMII1 ( 1443 r.), 5paHKOBII1'1 aepHyn ce6e cep6CKMM TPOH.

1459 r .. TYPEUKOE 3ABOEBAHii1E .. KoHeu, HeJ].onroiii cep6cKoi11 He3aBII1CII1MOCTII1.

B 1454-1 459 ronax rro6enH'reJib BH3aHTIIH MeXMen II JIH'IHO coBepiiiHJI HeCKOJibKO rroxonoB B Cep6HIO, o6e3JIIOJJ:HJI c-rpaHy MaccoBb!M YBO.r:lOM )Kll -reneil B pa6CTBO H TDJibKO IIOCJie 3TDr o cMor o6bHBHTh o rrpu coenuHeHHH Cep6HH K OcMaHCKOMY rocynapcwy. IIpu 3TOM 3eTa (6yeyrn:aa LiepHoropllii) TaK H OCTaJiaCb HeiiOKOpeHHOH .

1463 r. TYPKII1 3ABOEBbiBAIOT 60CHII110 .. 1483 ~ TYPKII1 3ABOEBbiBAIOT rEPUErOBii1HY. 1499 ~ TYPKII1 3ABOEBbiBAIOT ~EPHOrOPii110 .

AJIEAHIHI B 3TDT rrepuon BMec-re co CJiaBHHaMH aKTIIBHYIO 6opb6y rrpcmrn arpeccHH OcMaHCKoro rocynapCTBa BeJI an6aHCKHH Hapo.[l. Eopb6a an6aH[(eB rrpcmrn rype[(KHX 3aBOeBaTeJieH 6b!Jia OCJIO)KHeHa TeM, lfiD B pe3yJibTaTe pa3BH'rllil cpeo.[laJibHb!X OTHOIIIeHHil (rrocne pacrrana r ocy.r:lapcTBa C-recpaHa )J;YIIIaHa, B COCTaB KOTDporo BXOL(HJIH BCe aJI6aHCKHe 3eMJIH) Ha -reppH1DpHH A n6aHHH o6pa30BaJICH [(eJib!ll PM MeJIKHX, He3aBHCHMb!X .[!pyr OT .[!pyra H IIOCTDHHHO Bpa)K.[lOBaBIIIHX Me)K)zy co60H cpeo.[laJibHb!X KH5I)KeCTB. TeM He MeHee Ha 3aBoeBaHue An6aHHH rypKaM rrpuIIIJIOCb 3aTpaTH'Th <J:YTh JIH He [(en oe CTDJieTHe . 3To o6b5ICH5IeTCH, BIIepBYIQ o<J:epe.r:lb, TeM, 'lTD K KOH[(y XIV BeKa B A n6aHHH, oco6eHHo B ee BOCTO'!Hb!X ropHb!X pailoHax, coxpaHHJIHcb ern:e B

BOCTOLJHA~ ,LJ,OBOJlbHO 3HaqH'JeJlbHblX MaCIIITa6ax CB060,LJ,Hoe KpeCThiiHCTBO H KpeCThiiHCKHe o6mHHhl. BJiaro,LJ,api! KpeCThiiHCKHM onoJiqeHHiiM a.JI6aHCKHe KHli3bil cyMeJIH A06HTbCil ycnexa B 6opb6e npOTHB O'JAeJihHhiX OTPliAOB rypeuKolt apMHH. Ko~a :>Ke B Haqa.Jie 'A'V BeKa TYPKH nepelllJIH K 6oJiee nJiaHOMepHoM:Y H IIIHpOKOM:Y HacryiiJieHHIO Ha a.JI6aHCKHe 3eMJIH, a.JI6aHCKHe 4Jeo,Ll,a.Jihl no60i!JIHCb nO,LJ,HiiTh Ha 6opb6y IIIHpOKHe Hapo,LJ,Hhle Macchi, H TYPKH 3aHliJIH (B cepe,L~,HHe 20-x ro,LJ,OB XV reKa) pliA BIDKHhiX a,LJ,MHHHC1paTHBHhiX UeHTpOB C1paHb1. Ho a.JI6aHCKHlt HapoA He npHMHpHJICil C nopiDKeHHeM. IlpO,Ll,OJI:>Ka.JIH 6opb6y npOTHBrypeUKHX 33XBa'I'll!KOB H HeKOTOphle aJI6aHCKHe <t>eo,LJ,aJibl. IlepBhle ycnexu 6hiJIHAOCTHrHYThJY:>f<e B 1432 ro,LJ,y no,LJ, pyKoBOACTBOM AHApea TonHli. TypeuKue rapHH30Hb1 B pHAe Kpenocrelt 6hiJIH YHH~O:>KeHbl. Oco6eHH o :>Ke ycneiiiH o 6opb6a npOTHB rypoK pa3repHyJiacb To~a, Kor,LJ,a BO rJiaBe a.JI6aHUeB CTa.JI KpynHeltiiiHlt noJIHTHqecKHlt H BOeHHbllt ,LJ,e.srreJib Cpe,Ll,HeBeKOBOlt AJI6auuu feoprult Kac1pHOT (1405-1468 rr.). 0T,LJ,aHHhllt B IOHhle I'O,LJ,bl B 3a.JIO:>KHHKH rypeUKOMY cyJITaey, oH Ha cJIY:>K6e B apMHH npoliBHJI Bf:illJ.aiOlllHeCli BCJeHHble cnoco6HOCTH, 3a ~0 noJiyqHJI THTYJI 6e11 H B qecTbAJieKC~pa~aKe,LJ,OHCKOI'OH~ffi ilcK~ep. CoxpaHHB repHOCTh cBoelt

poAHHe, feoprnlt KacTpHoT B 1443 ro.LIY 6e:>KaJI H3 rypeuKoro nJieHa c oTpli)J,oM npe,L~,aHHhiXeM.y a.JI6aHUeB H B03rJiaBHJI BOCCTaHHe B AJI6aHHH, ~e OH nonyqHJI npo3BaHHe CKaH,LJ,ep6er (ucKa:>KeHHoe ilcKaHAep-6elt). CKaHAep6er o,LJ,ep)Ka.JI pliA cepbe3Hh1X no6e,LJ, H3A rypeUKHMH BoltcKaMH. Y:>Ke B HIOHe 1444 ro,LJ,a no,LJ, pyKoBOACTBOM CKaH,LJ,ep6era 61>mo HaHeceHo KpynHeltiiiee nopa:>KeHHe,LJ,B3AUaTHIIliTHThiCilqHolt apMHH rypoK B cpiDKeHHH HaHuJKHelt .1J:u6pe. TypKH norepliJIH B 3TOJ:i 6HTBe 7 ThiCJiq y6HThiMH H 500 IIJieHHhiMH. CKaHAep6er npHHHMa.JI BMecre c reM 3HeprnqHble MephiAJlli npeKpameHHli <t>eo,LJ,a.JibHhiX Meif9J.OYC06HU, CHJibHO ocJia6JIJIBIIIHX c1paHY. B 1444 ro,LJ,y no ero HHHUHaTHBe 6hiJia co3,LJ,aHa «JlHra a.JI6aHCKHX KHli3eJ:i», 06be,LJ,HHHBIIIall noqTH Bcex KpyrrHhiX <t>eo,LJ,aJIOB. HacmJtquBo C1peMHJICli CKaH-

491

EBPOnA

Type&.urn~ ~V~T-KanKaH

,LJ,ep6er H K 3aKJIIOqeHHIO co103a c BeHeuuelt, BeHrpuelt H APYrHMH rocy,LJ,apcTBaMH, HHrepecaM KOTOpblX yrpo:>Ka.Jia arpeccHJI OcMaHcKoro rocy,LJ,apcTBa. .Il:ByJiuque BeHeuuaHCKHX eynuoB H 6JIH3opyKoCTb HeanoJIHTaHCKHX H BeHrepCKHX 4Je0Aa.JIOB noMeIIIa.JIH ycnexy 3TH X nonhiTOKCKaHAep6era. TeM He MeHee ,LJ,IDKe JIHIIIeHHhllt CKOJibKO-HH6y,LJ,b cymecTBeHHOlt nOMOlllH H3BHe, CKaHAep6er B reqeHHe ueJioro pi!AaJieTycneiiiHO 6opoJicil crypeUKHMH 3aBoeBaTemiMH. Ero CHJia 3aKJIIOqa.Jiacb B TOM, qTQ OH OnHpa.JICil Ha na1pHOTH3M H MY:>KeCTBO IIIHpoKHX CJIOeB a.JI6aHCKOI'O Hapo,LJ,a- KpeCThiiHCTBa H ropo:>KaH. Bo BpeMJI CaMhiX KpynHhlX rypeUKHX BTOp-A<eHHlt (HanpHMep, B 1449-1450, 1457 H B 1464--1467 rr.) Ha IIOMOlllb cpaBHH'reJlbHO He6oJibiiiOlt apMHH CKaHAep6era (pe,LJ,KO npeBhiiiiaBIIIeJ:i 12-15 TbJCi(q qeJioBeK) C'reKa.JIHCb MHoroqucJieHHble KpecTbiiHCKHe OTPliAhl, a ropo:>KaHe qyTh JIM He noroJIOBHO BhiXO-

,LJ,HJIH Ha C'reHhl CBOHX ropO,Ll,OB-KpenocreJ;t H xpa6po cpiDKa.JIHCb c BparoM. Oco6eHHO npocJiaBHJIHCb CBOHM repoH3MOM )KH'reJIH Kpyu- CTOJIHUhl AJI6auuu- He pa3 BbJAep:>KHBaBIIIHe MHOroMeCil~ble OCa,LJ,bl rypeUKHX apMHlt. .Il:JIJI OcMaHCKolt ,LJ,ep:>KaBhl 3aBoeBaHHe AJI6aHHH 6hiJlo oco6eHHO BIDKHhiM nOTOMY, qm oHo o6ecnequBa.JIO 6e3onaCHOCTh JieBOM:Y <!>JiaHry rypeuKHX apMHlt, HacrynaBIIIHX HaBeHrpHIO, H OTKphiBa.JIO HM Hau6oJiee YA06Hb1J:i nYTh B ilTa.JIHIO. Ilo3TOMY cyJITaHhl, HeCMOTpi! Ha nOCTOliHHble Hey,LJ,aqu, CHapli:>KaJIH BCe HOBble H HOBble apMHH npoTHB a.JI6aHueB. Ho a.JI6aHCKHlt HapoA repouqecKH OTCTaHBaJI 6yKBaJibHO K~YIO nli,LJ,b CBoeJ:i 3eMJIH, KIDKAYIO KpenocTh H ~YIO ,LJ,epeeyiiiK)'. AJI6aHCKHlt HapOA npO,Ll,OJI)KaJI 6opb6y H nocJie cMepTH CKaH,LJ,ep6era. CoBepiiieHHO pa3opeHHaJI H ucTomeHHall AJI6aHHli 6hiJla 3axBaqeHa rypeuKHMH BOJ:iCKaMH JIHIIIb B 1479 ro,LJ,y, nocJie nOqTU BeKOBOlt 6opb6hl.

492

KOHEU. CPE)J.HV1X BEKOB. 1400-1500 rr.

EBPA3HJI, JiJIH)I(IJJifi BOCTOK II APIIKA Bl13AHTI1HCKAH l1MIIEPI1H. 1400-1461 rr. Xom113-3a BHyrpeHHMX pacnpei!t Me,aneHHOTO, HO BepHOTO HBCTynneHMfl OCMBHCKMX TYPOK Bl138HTMiftCK8fl MMnepM>~ pacrep>~na npaKTMlleCKM BCe reppMTOPMM l1 BflMf/HMe, .a8)1(e B caMbJe nocne.aHMe ro,abJ cnyllBnMcb npo6necKM 6bmoro 3a.aopa. Ho.apeBHMe, 6yKBanbHO paccbma/0l1

J.UMec>~ yKpenneHM>~ KoHcraHTMHono-

CTOflbKO BeKOB npOTMBOCTOf!BWMe npMcrynaM, He CMOmM BbJ,aep)1(8Tb MBCCMPOBBHHOTO apro6crpena cynraHa MyxaMMe.aa II. nocne.aHMi!t BM3BHTMi!tCKMi!t MMneparop KoHcraHTMH XI nom6 repoi!tcKoi!t cMeprb/0, ,ao6neCTHO, HO TJ.UeTHO 060p0Hflfl 6pewb, npo.aenaHHY/0 B ropo.acKoi!t creHe rype~Koi!t aprMnnepMei!t. n>~,

BOCTO"'HO<}>paKHJ:iCKHMH ropo.JJ,aMH, <DeccanoHHKaM H ITenonoHHecy, <}>aKTH"!eCKH oTpe3aHHOMY TYPeUKHMH BJia,LJ.eHHSIMH oT CTOJIHUbi. BcKope 6b1JI OKOH"!aTeJibHO llOTepS!H ropOA <DeccanoHHKH, 3axBa"!eHHhlJ:i TYPeuKHMH BoltcKaMH B

1430 ro.JJ,y. B

3Tolt

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VIII

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K Ha"!aJIY XV reKa BJia,LJ.eHHSI BH-

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THHOllOJlbCKOrO naTpHapxa H enHCKO-

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1439 ro.JJ,y Ha <Deppapo-<f>Jio-

lr1MnepaTop lr1oaHH VIII naneonor. Cl>parMeHT<j>pecm6eHoTTo ro'-''-'onu, BTopast <feTBepTb XV s.

EBPA3V1$l, 6nV1)KHV1Vl BOCTOK V1 Act>PVlKA IIpOH3BO.LJ,H1eT!bHhlX CHJI, 3aAYIIIHJIO 're pOCTKH HOBhlX IIpOH3BO.LJ,CTBeHHhlX OTHOIIIeHHtt, KOTOpble y:w..e Ha'IHHaJIH TaM rrpo6HBaThCll.

1391 -1425 rr. LJ.APCTBOBAHL-1E MAHYL-1J1A II. npaeurenb OH 6bm cnoco6HbJW, HO ena.aeHMfl ero orpaHM<{MBBnMCb ,aByMfl ropo,aaMM, KoHcraHTMHononeM u ct>eccanoHM-

KBMM, a raJOKe <{8CTbJO no6epe)I(MI Mopeu (.apeBHMW nenonOHHec) B JO)I(HOW /peLtMM. 1422 r. TYPEU.KOE HAnA,O.EHL-1E HA KOHCTAHTL-1HOnOJ1b. 0Ho 6bmo ycnewHo orpa)l(eHo MaHyunoM II. 1425-1448 rr. U.APCTBOBAHL-1E L-10AHHA VIII (CbiHA MAHYL-1J1A II). Ero Mna.awuw 6par KoH-

lr1MnepaTop lr1oaHH VII naneonor. MeAanb pa60Tbl n~-taaHenno

peHTHttCKOM uepKOBHOM co6ope 6bma 3aKJIIO'leHa YHHll Me)K,ll.Y KaTOJIH'lecKott H IIpaBOCJiaBHOtt uepKBat.IH Ha ycJIOBHH IIpH3HaHHll rJiaBeHCTBa rrarrcKoro rrpecroJia. KyrrJieHHrui TaKott ueHott YHHll HHKaKott peaJibHott rroMOI.UH BH3aHTHH He rrpHHecJia. Bell 3Ta «061>e.LJ,HHH'reJibHall KOMe.LJ,Hll» Hy:>KHa 6bJJla rrarrcTBy JIHIIIb AJill yKperrJieHHll ero rroJioJKeHHll. HecMoTPll HacroBop BepxoB, YHHll c KaTOJIHqecKott uepKOBbiO 6bJJla oTBeprHyTa BH3aHTHttCKHM HapO.LI,OM H IIO'repiieJia IIOJIHhltt IIpOBaJI. rH6eJib BH3aHTHttCKOro rocy.LJ,apCTBa 6w1a o6ycJIOBJieHa He O.LJ,HHM TOJibKO BHeiiiHHM 3aBoeBaHHeM. BaJKHYIO poJib B ocJia6JieHHH, a 3aTeM H rn6en:H BH3aHTHttcKott HMnepHH CbirpanH BHyTpeHHHe IIpH'IHHbi. rJiaBHettiiiHMH H3 3THX IIpH'IHH liBJiliJIHCb 3KOHOMH'leCKHtt yrraADK BH3aHTHH H o6HHI.UaHHe HapoAHhlX Mace, o6ocTpeHHe KJiaCCOBhlX IIpOTHBOpe'IHtt B BH3aHTHttCKOM o6meCTBe H rrpe.LJ,aTeJibCKrui IIOJIHTHKa 3Ha'IHTeJibHOtt qacTH <J:>eo.LJ,aJibHott 3HaTH, a TaKJKe IIpOHHKHOBeHHe B HMIIepHIO qyJKe3eMHhlX KyrruoB H

493

rrpe.L~,rrpHHHMa-re

Jiett, IIOADPBaBIIIHX ee 3KOHOMH'lecKoe pa3BHTHe. TypeuKoe 3aBOeBaHHe BH3aHTHH H ApyrHx cTpaH BanKaHCKoro noJiyocTpoBa HMeJIO my6oKO OTpHUa'reJibHble IIOCJie)l.CTBHli..!Jllll cy.LJ,b6hl HaCeJiliBIIIHX HX HapO.LI,OB. 0HO HaAOJifO 3aAepJKaJIO AaJibHettiiiee 3KOHOMH'lecKoe pa3BHTHe cTpaH IOro-BocTO'IHott EBporrhl,

8H33HTHHCKoe BOHHCKOe CHapSilKeHHe.

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Ca. AHMHTPHH ConyHCKHH, HKOHa XIV-XV aa.

494

KOHEU. CPE)J.HV1X BEKOB. 1400-1500 rr.

craHTIIiH { 6y,ayumtli MMneparop KoHcraHTMH XI) M c:t>oMa naneonor3aeoeeanM '-IBCTb no6epe)l(b~ MopeM, npMH8,afle)I(8BWYIO JlaTMHCKOW MMnepMM { 1428 r.).

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noJISI H 3aHSIJia nocJie.LJ,HHe, ern:e Ha-

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nOJIHTHKY BeJIH npaBH'reJIH reHy33-

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B Haqane anpenSI 1453 ro.LJ,a MexMeA II c 6oJibiiiHMH cy-

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1448-1453 rr. L.I,APCTBOBAH~E KOHCTAHT~HA XI nAJlEOJlOfA. Anpenb-MaH 1453 r. OCAJJ.A

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29 Ma.si 1453 ro,l1.a H, OBJia,D,eB HM IIOCJie YJIH'lHoro 6o.s~, IIO.LI.BepmH ero Tpex.LI.HeBHOMY rrorpoMy. KapTHHa pa3opeHHoro ropo.LI.a 6hiJla y:>KacHa.

y,aVIBVITeflbHO 6b1crpo. 3acnyra 9Ta, maBHb!M o6pa3oM, CbJHa baR3VI.aa I cynraHa MyxaMMe.aa I. CbJH 9roro VICJ<YCHOTO VI 9HeprV14HOTO npaBVITefiR, Mypa.a II, B0306HOBVIfl rype~Koe 3aeoeeaHVIe /O)I(HOiii Eeponbl, npepeaHHoe T8T8pCKVIM BTOp)l(eHVIeM. Ho npo.aBVI)I(eHVIe rypoK 6bmo HeO)I(VI.aaHHO OCT8HOBfleHO ynopHb/M conporVIBfleHVIeM eeHrpoe. He BCVInax nOK8 ,a06VITbCR 8KTVIBHOTO pa3BVITVIR C06b!TVIW H8 ceeepHOM cppOHTe, TYPKVI peWVIfiVI no,a4VIHVITb /0)1(HYJO Eepony VI fleeaHr, paHee o6oiii.aeHHbJe BHVIM8HVIeM. nepeeiiiweiii VIX 3a6oroiii craHOBVIfiCR KoHcraHTVIHononb. TypKVI nocreneHHO noKopVIfiVI OCT8B8BWVIeCR OT HeKor.aa BefiVIKOW BVI38HTVIiiicKoiii VIMnepVIVI cf>parMeHTbl, a pacry~VIiii rype~KVIiii cpnor reM epeMeHeM BbJ6VIean Vl3 3reiiicKoro MOPR BeHe~VI8HCKVIW VI reHy93CKVIW cpfiOTbl, 38XB8Tb/B8R no o.aHOW VIX OCTpOBHb/e VI npV16pe)I(Hb/e KOfiOHVIVI. K KOH~Y BeKa B pe3yflbT8Te nnaHoMepHoiii rype~Koiii 9KcnaHCVIVI no.a Bfi8CTbfO 0CM8HCKOWVIMnePVIVI OK838fiVICb BCe b8fiK8HCKVIe CTP8Hbl.

495

OcMaHCKa.si HMnepHH HBJI.siJiacb

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XV BeKa rroJIBHJIHCh TaJOKe .LI.pyrne

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Typ~Hst,

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496

KOHEU. CPE)J.HV1X BEKOB. 1400-1500 rr. AKhlHA*hl cocTaBJIHJIH Hppery-

KOe IIO)\aTHOe o6JIO)KeHHe HeMyr.s~ypoB-

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XIV BeKe,

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TYPKirl TYT )l(e CHOBa nOKOPirlfllrl An6aHirl/O.

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17 OKTS16pSI 1448 r. BTOPASI 61!1TBA HA KOCOBOM nOJlE.

CTBOBaBlliHe OT ero HMeHH B ManoJ;I

1441-1442rr. TYPEI...lKI!'IE BTOP)I(EHI!'ISI B CEP61!110 111 BEHrPI!'IIO. OHM 6bmlrl OTpa)l(eHb/ s:IHO-

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497

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1451-1481 rr. lV\PCTBOBAHI!'IE MEXME,Q.A 113ABOEBATEJ1SI.

(B paJ;IoHe lhMHpa, rro-rpeqecKH-

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CMHpHhl) H TopJiaK KeMaJih (B paJ;Io-

cyJITaH HaKOHeU IIO.Jl.aBHJI .Jl.BHJKeHHe

KPECTOBblli'l nOXO,O.. OH B03maBnRncR KOponeM nonbW/rllrl BeHrplrllrl BnaJJ.ucnaeoM ( unu Ynacno) I ( oH )l(e- nonbcKui1 Koponb Bna.aucnae Ill s:lrennoH), a TaJOKe ero 6necTR/.J..IIrlM BOeHa4aflbH/rlKOM s:fHOWeMXyHbf/Jl.lrl. bOJibW/rlHCTBO KpeCTOHOCl.leB 6bmlrl BeHrpaMu, nonRKaMu, 60CHV1Wl.laMV1, BanaxaM/rl lr1 cep6aMirl. nocne TOTO, KaK s:IHOW XyHbfiJJ.Irl 3axeaTun Huw 1r1 Co¢u10, MypaJJ. II 3aKfl/04/rlfl MlrlP, no YCJIOB/rlf/M KOTOporo OTKa3bJBaflCfl OT C/03epeH/r1TeTa HaJJ. Cep6uei1 1r1 Banaxuei1 ( 1443 r.). nocne 9Toro MypaJJ.II oTpeKcR oT npecTOna. Kor.11.a BeHrpbJ, HapyWirlB nepeMirlplrle, BTOpmlrlCb B eeponei1CK/rle BflaJJ.eH/rlfl TYPOK lr1 cTanu HacTynaTb Ha BapHy, MypaJJ. II eepHyncR Ha TPOH. BeHeuuaHCKMi1 cPfiOT JJ.Ofl)l(eH 6blfl BCTpeT/rlTb apM/rl/0 KpecToHocuee y BapHbJ 1r1 nepeee3Tirl B KoHcTaHTMHononb, a TaK)I(e nepeKpbJTb nponMBbJ, npenRTCTBYR maBHb/M OCMaHCK/rlM C/rlflaM nepenpaBMTbCfl M3 AHaTonuu B Eepony. BeHeuuaHl.lbl c nocTaeneHHoi1 nepeJJ. HMMM 3aJJ.a4ei1 He cnpaeunucb, 1r1 MypaJJ.II c orpoMHoi1 apMMei1 no.11.owen K BapHe, rJJ.e Haronoey pa36Vlfl KpeCTOHOCl.leB( 10 HOR6pfl).

H Y'!HHHJI KposasyiO pacrrpasy H3.Jl.

1443-1468 rr. AJ16AHCKI!'IE

.LI.ecnoTOM. TypeUKaSI HCTopHorpa-

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1418

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ceepXTfl)l(eflbJX 6oM6ap.a, 11 Ha'4anCfl o6cTpen Ha116onee Yfi3BI1Moiii

7.+

(3ana.aHoiii) '4aCTI1 .apeBHI1X cTeH KoHcTaHTI1Hononfl (2 anpenfl). C no-

MO~b/0

apTI1Jiflepl111, a Ta/OKe no,a-

Konoe 11 MI1H e cTeHax y,aanocb npo.aenaTb pfl,a 6peweiii; TYPKI1 HeCKOJibKO pa3 XO.f111JII1 Ha npi1CTyn, HO 3a~I1THI1KI1

ropo.aa, no.a 9Hepri1'4-

HbJM 11 ,ao6neCTHb/M KOMaH,aOBaHI1eM KoHcTaHTI1Ha

XI,

nepeKpbJeanl1

6pew11 '4acToKonaMI1 11 oTpa)l(afll1 K8)1(,l(blfii rype~KI1fii np11cryn fiPOCTHb/MI1 KOHTpaTaKaMI1. bOJibWY/0 '4aCTb

no.aKonoe y,aaeanocb o6HapJ?KI1Tb 11 HeiiiTpafii130BaTb, noKa TYPKI1 e~e He .aoeen1111x .ao cTeH.

B pe3yflbTa-

Te nocne.aHeiii, '4pe3BbJ'4aiiiHo 11HTeHCI1BHoiii 6oM6ap.a11poeK11 TYPKI1 npaKTI1'4eCKI1 CPOBHf/!111 C 3eMnefii ~eflblfii y'4aCTOK CTeHb/- CJII1WKOM

WI1POKI1fii, '4T06 ero MO)I(HO 6b/JIO nOJIHOCTb/0 nepeKpb/Tb

(29

TeM He MeHee KoHcTaHTI1H

Mafl).

He-

CKOflbKO '4aCOB ,ao6neCTHO o6opo-

nnaH KOHCT3HTI1HOI10nsl. P11CYHOK 113 11T3nbSIHCKOH pytroni1CI1

1420 r.

Hflfl OT maBHb/XType~KI1X CI1JI o6pa30BaBWI1WCfl npoeM, noKa C Tb/Jia 11

BaB K uepKBH csSITo~ Co<}>HH, coiiieJI

rnx MeeT, a TaiOKe apMHH H espees.

C cpnaHra Bl13aHTI1fii~eB He aTaKOBaJI

C KOHSI H COBepiiiHJI B 3TOM xpaMe

reHy33CKM KOJIOHHSI raJiaTa, OCHO-

,apyroiii Type~KI1iii oTpfl,a, npopeae-

nepsy10 MYCYJihMaHCKYIO MOJIHTBY. B pe3yJihTaTe pe3HH H yso.LJ,a HaceJieHHli B pa6CTBO ropOA llO'lTH llOJIHOCTblO o6e3JIIO.LJ,eJI. qT06hl BHOBh 3aCeJIHTh

1261 ro.LJ,a B npe.L~,MecTbe KoHCTaHTHHonoJia, TO)(re 6hiJia BhlHy)f()J,eHa C.LJ,aTbC.ll. IlpH 3TOM reHy33Uhi COXpaHHJIH JIH'IHYIO cso6oAy H HMYIUeCTBO, HO JIHIIIHJIHCh CBOe~ aBTOHOMHH, H raJiaTa c rex nop ynpaBJIHJiach rypeuKO~ a,qMHHHcTpauHe~. CTOJIHUa OcMaHcKo~ .L~,ep)((aBhl 6hlJia nepese.LJ,eHa H3 AApHaHonoJI.si B KoHcTaHTHHO-

WI1iiicfl Ha cna6ooxpaHf!eMoM y'4aCTKe CTeHb/. 0TKa3aBWI1Cb cnacaTbCfl 6ercTBOM, KoHcTaHTI1H

cpa-

)l(aflcfl .ao nocne.aHero. no6e,a11e,

ero, MexMeA

TYPKI1 rpa611n11 ropo,a TPI1 .I1Hfl.

)((HTeJie~ MaJIOa3HaTcKoro ropo.L~,a

IlocJie B3SITHSI H TpeX.LJ,HeBHOf'O rpa6e)((a KoHcTaHTHHonoJia MexMeA

II B'bexaJI

B ropoA H, npocJie.LJ,o-

nepeseJI TYAa scex

AKcapaa, HO TaK KaK rypeuKoro HaceJieHHH 6hlJIO BCe-TaKH He.LJ,OCTaTO'lHO, oH nepeceJIHJI B KoHcTaHTHHOnoJih MHoro rpeKoB H3 MopeH H APY-

BaHHM BCKope nocJie

500

KOHEU. CPE)J.HV1X BEKOB. 1400-1500 rr.

nom> (CTaM6yJI, ToqHee HcTaH6yJI)t. 1456 r. OCA,O.A 6EJlfPA,O.A MEXMEAOM II.

lopo.a 6bm oceo-

6o)l(ll.eH >IHoweM XyHMI.f!/11.

1459-1483 rr. nOKOPEH&.1E

1480-1481 rr. nEPBA51 OCAAA POAOCA. MexMe.a II OC8.f!lllfl Po-

1481-1512 rr. nPABJ1EH&.1E CYJlTAHA 6ASI3&.1AA II. OHO H8'l8-

.aoc, HO 6bm c Tfl)l(eflbJM/11 norepfiM/11

JIOCb rp8)1(11.8HCKow eowHow 38 npe-

or6111r, 6n8ro,a8pfl .ao6necrHoMy co-

cron c Mfi8,[I,WIIIM 6p8TOM bafl3111.f!8 II,

npor!IIBJieH/1110 111 9cpcpeKT!IIBHow o6o-

/l)KeMoM, KoropbJW norepnen nop8-

poHe pbJLI8pew Op.aeH8 Gemoro l1o-

)l(eH!IIe 111 YKPblfiCfl H8 Po.aoce. b8R-

8HH8 ( 111!1111 rocn!IIT8Jibepoe).

3111.f! 6blfl He O'leHb B0/1/HCTBeHHb/M

TYPKAM&.1 CEP6&.1&.1, 60CH&.1&.1 111 fEPUErOB&.1Hbl. 1461 r. nOKOPEH&.1E fPEU111111 111 3fEliiCKOfO MOPSI. Type~KIIIW cpnor BbJ6!11JIIII3 3rewcKoro MOPfl reHY93CKIIIW, B TO BpeMR K8K KOM6/IIH/IIpoB8HHb/MIII

onep8~/llf/MIII rype~K/1/X

cyxonyTHb/X Ill BOeHHO-MOpCK/1/X C/1/JI nfi8HOMepHO 38XB8Tb/B8JIOCb no6epe)l(be Mope111.

1463-1479 rr. BOliiHA C BEHEU111Elil.

TypK/11 BO.f!lllfl/11 H86em B

,l18JIM8Lliii/O 111 XopB8TIIIIO ( 1468

r.);

nO'lT/11 O.[!HOBpeMeHHO B pe3yflbT8Te MopcKow .aec8HTHow onep8Llllllll 6bm 38XB8'leH OCTpOB 3B6eR ( 1470 r.). ,l1!11nnoM8T!II'lecK!IIe yxlll~peH/1/fl Be-

He~/11111 np/1/Befl/11 K TOMY, 'lTO B BOWHY BCryn/11!18 nepCIIIfl, O.[!H8KO nepC/II.[!CK8fl 8PM!IIfl BTOp)l(eH!IIfl6biJI8 p836!11T8 TYPK8MIII B 3p3!11H.[!)I(8HCKOM Cp8)l(eH/IIIII. CHOB8 nOKOPIIIB, nocne CMepT!IIIeopr8 K.acrp!IIOT/11 ( 111!1111 CK8H,aep6er8), An68HIIIIO, TYPKIII38TeM 38XB8TIIIfllll 60JibWIIIHCTBO BeHe~/118HCKIIIX 8B8HnOCTOB H8 8JI68HCKOM no6epe)l(be; TeM BpeMeHeM

rype~K8fl

K8B8-

nep!llfl nepewn8 'lepe3 Anbnbl 1113 XopB8TIIIIII eo Bfl8,aeH!IIfl BeHe~/11111111 np!11Hflfi8Cb reppop!113111POB8Tb CeBepO-BOCTO'lHY/0 l1T8fiiii/O. P83rpoMneHHbJe H8 BCeX cppOHT8X BeHe~/118H Llbl 38npoc!IIJIIII MIIIP8, no ycnoB/1/fiM KOTOpOIO BCe

BeHe~/118HCK/IIe 3eMJIIII,

38BOeB8HHb/e TYPK8MIII B 9TY K8Mn8HIIIIO, OTX0.[!/1/JI/11 K 0CM8HCKOW 11/MnePIIIIII( 1479 r.). /(pOMe TOIO, K rypK8M orowen CKYT8PIII, r.ae BeHeL11118HCKIIIW 18PHIII30H ycneWHO 0Tp83/IIJI MHOIO'l/1/CJieHHb/e rypeLjK/1/e 8T8KIII ( 14781479rr.).

1480 r. TYPEUK111lil nOXOA B &.1TAJ1&.110. TypKIII nepennbmiiiA.apiii8TIIIKY, 'lT06bJ 38XB8TIIITb Orp8HTO.

1 Ha3BaHHe «llcTaH6ym> npoHCXO,!{HT oT HOBorpeqectcoro BblpaJKeHHl! - «He THH noJIHH» ( «K ropo,!{y») H 6b!JIO B XO,!{y teaK y rpeKOB, TateM y apa6oB, nepcoB M rypotc )')Ke B XII-XIII Betcax.

Typei.\KaSI K.Onb~ra XV-XVI BB.

EBPA3V1$l, 6nV1)KHV1Vl BOCTOK V1 Act>PVlKA

501

MOH8pXOM; OH np111K838fl CHf/Tb TypeUK111W aeaHnocr B OrpaHro ( 1481 r.) 111 eoo6we yMeHbW111n .aaeneH111e Ha .aep)I(8Bbl, coce.acreytoW111e C eeponei1CK111M111 Bfl8J],eH111f/M111 0CM8HCKOW 111Mnep111111. ChlH MexMe,qa II, Baa3HA

II ,ll;ep-

BHIII, OTKa3a.JIC.fl OT llJiaHa 3aBOeBaHH.fl IiTaJIHH, XOT.fl H BeJI B o6meM 6e3ycneiiiHYIO Boj;IHY c BeHeuHeit Boj;IHhJ BeJIHCb TaiOKe c BeHrpHej;i, ascTpHj;lcKHMH ra6c6ypraMH H ErHnTOM. MoJI,qaBHll npH3HaJia cro3epeHHTeT TypUHH, o6ecneqHB ce6e nY'reM,qHnJIOMaTH'IeCKHX neperOBOpOB aBTOHOMHIO

(1501

r.). B

1495

ro,qy B KoH-

CTaHTHHonoJib npH6hlJlo nepBoe pyccKoe nocoJibCTBO. CyJITaH pa3peiiiHJI pyccKHM eynuaM roproBaTb B TypUHH. B Aa.JibHej;IIIIeM, <J:>opMa.JibHO ocTaBa.siCb c PoccHej;i B MHpe, ocMaHCKrui TypUH.fl CHC'reMaTH'IecKH HaTpaBJIHBa.Jia Ha Hee llQJiqHI.Ua KpbiMCKOro xaHa, He ,qaBaa PyccKoMy rocy,qapcTBy B03MO:KHOCTH ycHJIHTb CBOIO BOeHHYIO MOI.Ub H CTPeJI;l.f!Cb noJiyqaTb OTTYAa, TaK :Ke KaK H c YKpaHHhl, nJieHHHKOB AJIH HeBOJibHHqbHX pbiHKOB H _AJI.fl ra.Jiep.

1492-1494r~

TYPEUKOE

BTOP:>KEH~E B KPA171HY ~ WT~足 P~IO. 0Ho 6bmo orpa)l(eHo 111MneparopoM MaKC111M111n111aHoM.

1495-1500 rr. B0171HA c noB MOJ1AAB~~.,.Qo6111Tb足

J1S1KAM~

cfl pewatowero nepeeeca He y.aanocb H111 O.ll,HOW 1113 CTOPOH.

28 HIOniJ 1499 r. nEPBAS16~T足 BA nP~ JlEnAHTO. 3.aecb rypeuK111i1 cpnor o.aep)l(an caMyto KpynHyto no6e.11,y H8P. BeHeU1118HCK111M. 3areM 6bJn111 38XB84eHb/ HeCKOflbKO BeHeU1118HCK111X OCTPOBHb/X111 np1116pe)I(Hb/X Bfl8J],eH111W B 3rei1CKOM 111 l10H1114eCKOM MOpfiX ( 1499- 1502 rr.).

3KoHoM~ecKoe ocJia6JieHHe EnmTa H COKpameHHe _AOXO_AOB rocy,qapCTBa, a TaK:Ke ueHTpo6e:KHbie cTpeMJieHH.fl KpynHhlX JieHHHKOB Bhl3Ba.JIH noJIHTHqecKHj;i ynlJAOK ErnneTcKoro cyJITaHaTa. Bo BTOpoj;l noJIOBHHe XV BeKaernneTCKHM cyJITaHaM npHXO_AH-

ErHTIET H CHPH.H

JIOCb llO_AaBJI.fiTb qacThle M.fl're:KH 3MH-

MaMntoK111 cyMen111 coxpaH111Tb no.a ceoei1 enacrbto Er111ner 111 C111P111to, o.aHaKo nonbJTK111 9KcnaHC111111 B Manyto A3111to 111n111 B npe.aropbfl Kyp.11,111CTaHa, K8K np8B111fl0, K ycnexy He np111BO.I1,111fl111.

3Y AJI.fl MOpCKOro MorymecTBa H cpe-

poB, oco6eHHO B CHpHH. YcHJieHHe ocMaHCKoj;i TypUHH C03.!J..aBa.JIO yrpoAH3eMHOMOpCKOtt roproBJIH ErnnTa.

IlroTOMY, HaqHHrui c nocJie,qHett qeTBepTH XV BeKa, MaMJIIOKCKHe cyJITaHhl BeJIH BottHhl c ocMaHcKott TypuHett B coro3e c BeHeuHett, Koropaa no-

TypeQm~ ce.QenbHbl~ 5apa5aH (BHH3Y} H CllOCOO ero HOWeHHS1 (no MHHH3T10pe XVI B.; BBepxy)

502

KOHEU. CPE)J.HV1X BEKOB. 1400-1500 rr. M8Mfl/OKVI no6e)I(.D,8flVI, HO nOTOM 6blflVI Bb/6V!Tb/ rypKBMVI V/3 A/l.BHbl VI Tapca.

rBap,qHJI M3.MJIIOKOB rrpeBpaTHJiaeb B

BV!fl, XOTR Vl/l,OBOflbHO WBTKO, C/03epeHV/TeT M8Mfl/OKOB HB/1, TIOPKCKVIMVI KHR)I(eCTBBMVI H8 BOCTOKe Manow A3MM VI B ApMeHMM.

IIpHBHJiernpoBaHHYIO rrpaBJIII.IYIO BO-

1422-1438 rr. UAPCTBOBA-

eHHYIO KOprropauHIO, B OeHOBHOM Ha-

craR CMeHB CYflTBHOB, OCnapV!BBBWVIX .apyr y .apyra npecron.

eTaRJHma B ErHrrer rryiiiKH H rrpoqee ornee1peJibHoe opyJKHe. IlpH MaMJIIOKeKHX eyJITaHaX

M3MJIIOKOB _AeJI3JIO HX eoBepiiieHHO

H&.1E CYJlTAHA EiE~EiAPCA II. OH npO.D,Ofl)I(Vffl nonb/TKVI n0/1,4VIHV/Tb TIOPKCKV/e CTp8Hbl. 3TO npMBeno K KOHcpflMKTY ( HV!'lbeW no6e.D,OW He pa3peWV/BWeMyCR) C npBBV/TeneM XopacaHa WaxpyxoM, Cb/HOM TuMypa ( unu TaMepnaHa).

'IYJKAblMH HaeeJieH HIO EmrrTa H oeo-

1424-1426 rr. BTOP>KEH&.1SI

6eHHO rrpe,qaHHblMH HH'repeeaM M3M-

MAMJliOKOB HA Kll1nP. Cnepea

JIIOKeKHX BOeHa'IaJibHHKOB. qT06bl

OHM yeeH48JIMCb ycnexoM VI reppuropuanbHbiMM npuo6pereHMRMM,

eJie,qeTBeHHYIO IIO eoeTaBY H JIHlllb qaeTH'IHO IIOIIOJIHJIBIIIYIOeJI IIYTeM IIOKYIIKH IOHhlX HH03eMHhlX pa60BKHII'IaKOB,'IepKeeOB,rpy3HH,rpeKOB H T.,q. lfH03eMHOe rrpoHeXOJK,qeHHe

He _AeJIHTbeJI HH e KeM 3eMJIJIMH H IIpHBHJierHJIMH, MaMJIIOKeKaJI BepXYIIIKa eTaJia orpaHH'IHBaTb 'IHeJio 'IJieHOB Ma?vUIIOKeKHX KOprropauHti. B Ha'IaJie XV BeKa <JHeJieHHOeTb MaMJIIOKOB-6yp,qiKH He rrpeBbllll3Jia

4 TbleJI'I.

ll3 BhleJiyJKHBIIIetieJI MaM-

JIIOKeKOti repxyiiiKH 3MHpOB, HHaqe 6eeB, BOtieKO BbJABHraJIO eyJITaHOB, Hepe,qKO 33XBaTblBaBIIIHX TpOH rryTeM MJITeJKeti HJIH ABOpU:OBhlX rrepeBOpOTOB. Bee JKe u:eHTpaJibHaJI BJiaeTb B JIHU:e eyJITaHa OeTaBaJiaeb ,qoeTaTO'IHO eHJibHOti ,qo eepe,qHHhl

BeKa.

3Ta BJiaeTb OIIHpaJiaeb Ha 60JibiiiOti 6IOpOKpaTH<JeeKHti arrrrapaT, KOTOphlti IIpH MaMJIIOKeKHX eyJITaHax eme eHJibHee pa3poeeJI. XapaKrepHotl qepmn MaMJIIOKeKOro peiKHMa 6hlJla MHJIHTapH3aU:HJI roey,qapeTBeHHoro arrrrapaTa- Bee pyKoBOAJIII.IHe ,qoJIJKHOeTH 6b1JIH 3aHJITbl BOeHHblMH. Bo maBe

TypeUKYI£:1 wneM XV B.

6IOpOKpaTH<JeeKOro arrrrapaTa eTOJIJI «3aMeeTHTeJib» eyJITaHa, HaH6, HHaq e - eyJITaH MYXTaeap (rro-apa6eKH «M3Jlhlti eyJITaH»), H3 'IHeJia 3MHpOB. OH re,qaJI TaiOKe H BHeiiiHHMH eHoiiie-

HO, B KOHe'lHOM VITOre, M8Mfl/OKVI 6blflVI Bb!6V!Tbl C OCTpOB8.

1442-1444 rr. HAnAAEH&.1SI HA POAOC. Pb!Uapu-rocnuranbe-

eTBOM HrpaJIH AHBaHhl BoeHHble (}l,H-

Pbl OT6VIflVI HeO.D,HOKPBTHb/e BTOp)l(eHVIR erunercKoro cynraHa MenuKa anb-3axupa.

BaH 3MHpOB H AHBaH AJKYHAa), AHBaH

1468-1496 rr. UAPCTBOBA-

xapa,q:>Ka H AHBaH eyJITaHeKHX AOMe-

H&.1E CYJlTAHA KA~ETEiASI. nocne .anurenbHoro nepuo.aa BHyrpeHHew HeCT86VIflbHOCTVI OH BOCCTBHOBV/fl BO Bfl8/l,eHV/RX MBMJIIOKOB nopR.D,OK. nonb/TKVI TeppV!TOPV!BflbHOW 9KCn8HCVIVI e Manow A3MM npueenu K cronKHoeeHMRM C OCMBHCKVIM CYflTBHOM b8R3VI/l,OM II. 1487-1491 rr. BO~HA C OCMAHCKO~ 111MnEP&.1E~. CHa4ana

HHJIMH.ll3 MHOrHXAHBaHOB HaH60Jiee BHAHYIO poJib B yrrpaBJieHHH roey,qap-

HOB (j(HBaH aJI-Xaee ).

1400-1403 rr. BTOP>KEH&.1E T&.1MYPA (&.111111 TAMEPJlAHA) B C&.1P&.110. 1412-1421 rr. UAPCTBOBAH&.1E CYJlTAHA WE~XA MAXMYA111. 3ro 6bm nepuo.a BHyrpeHHew aHapxuu; Wei4x MaxMy.au ycraHo-

1496-1 501 rr. AHAPX&.1SI. 4a-

IIEPCIUIH TYPKECTAH nocne CMepTV/ TMMypa (V!flVI TaMepnaHa; 1405 r.) 6onbwaR 4BCTb MMnepuu 6bma pa3.aeneHa Me)l(ay ero Cb/HOBbRMVI VI BHYKBMVI, 8 HeKOTOpb!e npOBVIHUVIVI BOCnOflb30B8flV/Cb cny'laeM VI or.aenunucb. TuMyPM/l.bl (Hacne.aHMKM TaMepnaHa) npaBV/flVI B repare, 4>apce, Te6pM3e VI MaeepaHHaxpe; OHV/48CTO BCTynaflVI B KOHcpflVIKTbl .D,pyr C .D.PYTOM VI C TIOPKCKVIMVI nneMeHBMVI ApMeHV/VI VI A3ep6aw.a)l(aHa. Waxpyx, CbiH TaMepnaHa VI reparcKMW npaBurenb, 6nM)I(e K cepe.auHe eeKa o6be.D.MHMn no.a ceoew enacrb/0 no 'lTV! ece 6bJBwue oruoBCKMe ena.aeHMR. npaB.aa, BCKOpe nocne 9TOTO H848fl8Cb MVITPBUVIR TIOPKCKVIX nneMeH; OHV/38CeflV/flVI no4TM BC/0 ceeepHy/0 nepcu10 VI npoHMK!IM B MaBepaHHaxp. OpraHM3BUMOHHO 9TVI TIOPKCKV/e (V!flVI rypKMeHCKMe) nneMeHa no.apa3.aenRnMcb Ha .aBe conepHM'lB/Oll..IVfe KOHcpe.aepBUVIVI: ,,4epHo6apaHHb/X» (Kapa-KOIOHny) VI «6eno6apaHHb/X» (AK-KOIOHny); Me)l(ay HVIMVI VI TVIMYPVI/l.BMVI w.na rpexcropoHHRR 6opb6a. Bepx o.aep)l(anu «6eno6apaHHbJe» TYPKMeHbl, HO 6bJCTpO npMw.nVI B yna.aoK nocne pR.aa Hey.aa4Hb/X BOWH C OCMBHCKVIMVI TYPKBMVI.

1390-1420 rr. B03BbiWEH&.1E <PEAEPAU111&.1 «4EPH06APAHHbiX» TYPKMEHOB. npoV!30WflO B npaBneHV/e Kapa-IOcycpa; enacrb ero npocrupanacb HB 6onbWYIO 4BCTb A3ep6ai1/l.)/(aHa VI ApMeHMM.

1404-1447 rr. UAPCTBOBAH&.1E WAXPYXA fEPATCKOfO. B PR.ae BOWH 9TOT Cb!H TMMypa no6e.aun 6parbeB VI nneMRHHVIKOB VI 06be/l,VIHV/fl no.a CBOeW BflBCTb/0 60flbWYIO 48CTb IO)I(Hb/X npOBVIHUVIW V!MnepV!VI TaMepnaHa. no6e.aun OH VI KapaIOcycpa, BOCCTBHOBVIB Bfl8CTb TV/MyPVI/l.OB B A3ep6ai1/l,)l(aHe VI ApMeHMM.

EBPA3V1~, 5JlV1>KHV1V1 BOCTOK V1 Act>PV1KA

HOB. Kapa-111cKaHJ].ep, Cb!H Kapa-

u,eHTPOM s ApJJ.e6Mne ( ceaepo-aoCTO'IHblill A3ep6ai11Jl.)KaH). /nasa cecpeBMJJ.OB XaiiiJ].ap nepMOJJ.M'IeCKM

IOcycpa, Bbl6vm M3 ApMeHMM TMMYPMJJ.OB M pacnpOCTpaHM/1 CB0/0 BJ1aCTb Ha A3ep6ai11Jl.)KaH M ceaepHy/0 nepCM/0 ( 1420-1435 rr.). Ero HacneJ].HMK, )J.)I(exaHwax (rOJJ.bl npaaneHM>I 1435-1467), noKopMn ceaepHy/0 nepCM/0 JJ.O /epaTa ( 1448 r. ).

Bpa)I(J].OBa/1 C o6eMMM TYPKMBHCKMMM KOHcpeJ].epaLJ,M>IMM- M «'IBpH06apaHHbiMM», M «6eno6apaHHbiMM». XaiiiJ].ap noTepnen nopa)l(eHMe M 6blf1 y6MT B cpa)I(BHMM C 06bBJ].MHBHHbiMM CMJ1aMM «6eno6apaHHbiX» TYPKMBHOB M WMpBaHCKMX rpy3MH

1420-1467r~ 3KCnAHCH~ «~EPH06APAHH~X»TYPKME

1452-1469 r~ U,APCTBOBAHHE A6Y-CAHAA (n11EM~H HH KA WAXPYXA). noJ]. ero BJ1aCTb/O Haxo-

( 1488 r.).

1467-1469 rr. 60Pb6A 3A nEPCHIO. )J.)I(eXaHwax noTepnen

JJ.Mf1MCb BOCTO'IHa)l nepCM>I M Ma Be-

nopa)l(eHMe oT Y3yH-XacaHa M norM6

paHHaXp.

( 1467 r.), nocne 'lero s A3ep6ai11JJ.-

1453-1478 rr. B03BbiWEHHE KOH<t>E,lJ,EPAU,HH «6E1106APAHHbiX» TYPKMEHOB. Bo3maa11>111 ee Y3yH-XacaH. npM nonbiTKe TeppMTOpMaJ1bHOM3KCnaHCMM Ha 3anaJ]., s AHaTOf1MIO, oH 6bm pa36MT ocMaHCKMMM TypKa MM ( 1461 r.).

1460-1488 rr. B03BbiWE-

MexMeJJ.OM II 3MHJJ.)KaHe.

503 s

cpa)l(eHMM npM 9p-

1478-1500 rr. YnAAOK KOHEAEPAU,HH «6E1106APAHH biX» TYPKMEHOB. 0Ha cmna pa3Baf1MaaTbC>I Ha MHO)I(BCTBO MBJ1KMX rocyJ].apCTB.

1499-1500 rr. B03PO>KAEHHE CE<t>EBHAOB. Cb!H XaiiiJJ.apa, 111cMaMnl, noKopMn WMpBaH ( Ha TepPMTOPMM coap. A3ep6ai11J].)I(aHa), 3axaaTMf1 5aKy M ao3o6HOBMJ1 aoi11Hy c KoH¢eJJ.epau,Mei11 «6eno6apaHHbiX» TYPKMBHOB ( 1500 r.).

0Kono 1500 r. KA3AXCKA~ TYPKECTAHA. Ka3a-

OKKYnAU,H~

)l(aH BTOprcRA6y-CaMJJ., HO TO)I(e 6blf1 no6e)I(JJ.BH M y6MT ( 1469 r.). TaKMM o6pa3oM, noJJ. B!1aCTb/O Y3yH-Xaca-

XM- )13bi'IBCKOe nf1BM>I TaTapCKOTIOpKCKOrO npOMCXO)I(J].BHM>I, BXO-

Ha M KOHc/JeJJ.epau,MM «6eno6apaHHbiX» TYPKMBHOB OKa3aJ1MCb nepCM>I, ApMeHM>I M A3ep6ai11J].)I(aH; noJJ. KOH-

JJ.MBWee s 3onoTy/O OpJJ.y, - 3aH>If10 TeppMTOpMIO K 10ry M K BOCTOKY OT Ypana. KorJ].a s cepeJJ.MHe XV aeKa

TponeM TMMYPMJJ.OB OCTaBaJ1MCb TOf1bKO MaaepaHHaxp M lepaT.

3onom>l OpJJ.a M TMMYPMJJ.bl npMWf1M

HHE TYPKMEHCKO"' AHHACTHH CE<t>EBHAOB. CecpeBMJJ.bl HacenR-

Y3yH-XacaH 3aKJ1/0'IMf1 co103 c BeHe-

B ynaJ].OK, Ka3aXM, B OTCYTCTBMe LJ,eHTpa!1bHOM BJ1aCTM, CTaJ1M npaKTM'IeCKM He3aBMCMMbiMM npaBMTBJ1>1MM

f1M ropHblill pailloH, ne)l(ai.J..IMill /Oro3anaJJ.Hee KacnMillcKoro MOP>I, c

U.Meill npOTMB OCMaHCKMX TypoK M BTOprC>I B AHaTOJ1MIO, HO 6blf1 OT6MT

3anaJJ.Horo TypKecmHa M KMPrM3CKMX CTeneill.

1473 ~ BO"'HA C TYPU,HE"'.

504

KOHELJ, CPE,LJ,HI!lX BEKOB. 1400-1500 rr.

IO)I{HAH A3IDI CEBEPHAH MH)J,IUI B pe3ynbTaTe aTOp)f(eH/1/R

TIIIMY-

H/11111), Me)f(.D,y Jl,e11111 Ill 5eHI811bCKJIIM

Tp811bHOIO /11H.D,OCT8H8 Ill Ha IOI0-

cynmHaTOM, HaXO.D,IIIf1DCb Mycynb-

38na.D,e Cyll.jeCTBOB811/II HeCKOJ1bKO

MaHCKoe KHf'/)f(eCTBO Jl,)f(ayHnyp,

ManeHbKIIIX MycynbMaHCKIIIX IOCy-

npaKT/1/'IeCK/11 HenpepbJBHO aoeaaa-

.D,apcTB, /113 KOTOpbiX BbJ.D,e/1>111/1/Cb

pa (11111111 TaMepnaHa) 111 nocne.D,oaaa-

wee c o6oiiiMIII coce.D,HIIIM/11 locy-

u,apcTaa Ha nnaTo Manaa 111 a ly.D,)f(a-

we,-o 3a HIIIM na.D,eHIIIR Jl,en111CiCKOIO

.D,apcTBaM/11. /11H.D,yCCKOe u,apCTBO

paTe. /11H.D,yCCKIIIe npiiiHLI,bl, BbJTeCHeHHbJe MyxaMMe.D,OM /yp111 a nyc-

cynmHaTa CeaepHaR /11H.D,IIIf1 nonae-

Op111cca, ycnewHo OTpa)f(aawee Ha-

Ka C 11/1/WH/1/M OCT888/18Cb pa3.D,p06-

na.D,eH/1/R Jl,en/1/MCKOIO cynTaHaTa,

TbJHJO Pa.D,)f(nyTaHbJ Ha 3ana.D, L/,eHT-

J1eHHOM. HOBbiM cynTBH8T Jl,e11111, HO-

K0/.£1,8 TOT 6bJJ1 B 3eHJI/Te MO/yll.je-

panbHOIO /11H.D,OCT8H8, BOCnOJ1b30-

MIIIH811bHO B8CC811 nepCIII.D,CK/1/X T/11-

CTB8, Tenepb CTa/10 0/l,H/1/M 1113 Be,J:(y-

B811111Cb cna6ocTbJO Jl,en111, 'IT06bJ

Myplll.£1,08, e.D,aa cnpaanRnCR c Heno-

Ll.j/1/X JI/H/1,/1/MCKJIIX /OCy.D,apcTB ; BJ18CTb

aepHyTb '18 CTb 6bJJ10/0 MOiyll.jeCTB8

KOPHbJM/11 aenbMQ)K8MIII Myc ynbMaH-

npaa /1/Tene£1 OpiiiCCbJ npocTIIIpanacb

111 an/1/RHIIIR. CaMbJM Clllf1bHbJM 1113

cKo£1 ceaepo-3ana.D,Hoi1 /11H.D,IIIIII.

B,ll,Of1b BOCTO'IH0/0 no6epe)f(bf1 nna-

3TJIIX IOCy.D,apCTB pa.D,)f(nyTOB f1Bf1f1-

B .D,0/1/1/He

TO Jl,eKaH .D,aneKo Ha 101. Ha 101e u,eH-

f10Cb u,apcTao Meaap.

laHm (a cpe.D,HeM Te'le-

HHAiii~CKOe

opy>Kiile:

1-8, 11-13- 6oeBble TOnOpbl; 9- 3Be3A"13T3SI nanl/11..13; 10- YA3PH3SI nanKa; 14,16- 6oeBble CeKiilpbl; 17- nyK 3A3M3HI..IeB; 18,19 - MeTaTenbHble KYCKIII Aepeaa; 20 - CT3nbHOe MeTaTenbHOe opy>Kiile (KO~T); 21 - CTpenbl rOpHbiX nneMeH; 22- CTpenbl 1113 KaHAewa; 23- 6oeable 1..1en111

IO>KHA~ 1414r. OCHOBAHHEAHHACTHH CA!f;HAOB. OcHoaaHa aHa 6bma Xvr3ap-xaHoM, HaMeCTHI!FKOM TvrMypa ( vrnvr TaMepnaHa) a neH,ll,)Ka6e; OH 3aXBaTvrn )J.envr, OJ].HaKO HOMI!FHanbHO c'lvrTancH aaccanoM xopacaHcKoro npaavrTenH, TvrMypvr,aa Waxpyxa.

1414-1450 rr.

nEPHOAH~EC

KHE BO!f;Hbl ME>KAY AE11H H A>KAYHnYPOM. 5opb6a wna 3a anacTb a u,eHTpanbHoill ,aon vrHe laHra. 1451-1489r~

OCHOBAHHE

AHHACTHH 110AH. Bo)I(,IJ.b o,aHoro vr3 arpraHcKvrx KnaHoB Jlo,avr 5axnyn 3axaaTvrn snacTb a)J.envr, caepr ,avrHacTvr/0 Caillvr,aoa vr npoao3rnacvrn ce6H cynTaHoM. no'ITI!F ace era npaaneHvre npowno a 3aTH)I(HOill BOil! He C )J.)I(ayHnypoM, KOTOpb!M floJl.I!F 5axnyn B KOHe'IHOM I!FTOre nOKOpvrn ( 1487 r. ).

1458-1511 rr. UAPCTBOBAHHE rYA>KAPATCKOrO MAXMYAWAXA 5ErAPXH. OH 6bm cnoco6 Hb/M aoeHa'lanbHI!FKOM vr aenvrKonenHbiM CTp OI!FTen eM; npvr HeM u,a pCTBO ly,ll,)KapaTJJ.OCTI!FrflO 3eHI!FTa 6oraTCTBa vr MorylljecTaa.

1489-1517 rr. UAPCTBOBAHHE CHKAHAAPA (CbiHA 110AH 5AX11Y11A). B era npaaneHvre MoryLljeCTBO I!F npeCTI!F)I( B03 p0)1(J].eHHOrO )J.envrillcKoro cynTa HaTa 3a M eTHO ao3pocnvr.

IO)I{HAH 11H)1;11H 11 QEHJIOH (IIIPM-JIAHKA) VfcTopvrH nnaTo )J.eKaH a XV aeKe onpe,aenHn a cb n po,aon )l(aaw e illcH 6 opb6oill Me)I(JJ.Y M yc yn bMa HcKvrM 5 axMaHI!FJ].CKI!FM cynTaHaTOM I!F I!FHJJ.YCCKI!FMI!F u,apHMvr Bvr,ll,)KaHHarapa. Ta K)I(e nO'ITI!F BeCb BeK cyn TaHb/ oaX-

A3 V1 ~

MaHI!FJ].bl '!aCTO BOeBanvr C COCeJ].HI!FMI!F rocy,aapcTBaMvr- MycynbMaHcKvrMvr Manaoill vr ly,ll,)KapaToM Ha ceaepe vr ceaepo-3ana,ae, a TaK)I(e vrH,ayvrcTcKvrM u,apcTBOM Op vrcca Ha ceaepo-aocToKe. Ha no6epe)l(be coapeMeHHoro wTaTa KapHaTaKa 'lacTO npOI!FCXOJ].I!Fni!F CTOnKHOBeHI!FH Me)I(JJ.Y Bvr,ll,)KaHHarapoM vr Opvrccoill; no6e)l(,aano, KaK npaavrno, nepaoe u,apCTBO.

139 7-1 422 rr. UAPCTBOBAHHE <t>HP03-WAXA H3 AOMA 5AXMAHHAOB. B pe3ynbTaTe no6e,a, o,aep)l(aHHb/X C1Jvrpo3-WaXOM B nepBble ro,abl npaan eHvrH ( 13981406 rr. ), no6e)l(,aeHHbiM Bvr,ll,)KaHHarap BbiHY)I(JJ.eH 6blfl nnaTI!FTb eMy ,aaHb. Bnpo'leM, Kor,aa u,apcTao BvrJJ.)I(aHHarap cHoaa ycvrnvrnocb, C1Jvrpo3-wax noTepnen nopa)l(eHvre a 61!FTBe npvr 0aHryne ( 1420 r.) I!F 6blfl BbiHY)I(JJ.eH OTpe'lbCH OT npeCTOna (1422r. ). 1411-1440 r~ KHTA!f;CKOE 3ABOEBAHHE UE!f;JlOHA. B p e 3 ynbmTe KOM61!FHI!FpOBaHHOM cyxon YTHO-MOpCKOM KaMnaHI!FI!F KI!FTa MLJ,bl noKopvrnvr ocTpoa, vr c vrHrane3LJ,bl 6onbwe 30 n eT nnaTvrn vr vrM ,aaHb.

1422-1435 rr. UAPCTBOBAHHE AXMAA-WAXA H3 AOMA 5AXMAH HAOB. OH noKOpvrn Bvr,a)l(aHHar ap ( 1423 r.) vr 3acTaavrn er a e)l(erOJ].HO Bbmna'II!FBaTb ,aa Hb; npvr HeM c ynTa HaT 5 axMaHvr onHTb cTan CaMb/M MOrylljeCTBeHHb/M Ha nna TO )J.eKa H. 3a TeM oH n o6e,avrn vr aH H eKc vr poaan KHH)I(eCTBO BapaHran ( 1425 r.) . OcTaTOK caoer o n pasne HI!FH OH nO CTOHHHO BOeBan C u,ap CTBOM M anaa ( y cnewHo ) vr c l y,a)l(a paToM, 'lbH a pMvrH oTpa3vrna Hana ,aeHvre er a aoillcK.

1435-1457 rr. UAPCTBOBAH HE All A AA-AH HA H3 AOMA 5AXMAH HAOB. OH cHoaa no6e,avrn Bvr,ll,)KaHHar ap ( 1443 r. ).

505 1436-1469 rr. nPABJlEHHE MAXMYAA I (WAXA MAll BE). OH HeOJ].HOKpaTHO I!F ycneWHO BOeBan C 5axMaHI!FJ].CKI!FM cynTaHaTOM I!F a HHeKcvrpoaan er a c eaep Hble npoavrHu.vrvr ( 14 5 7- 146 9 r r. ). Ec nvr 6 bl He BMewaTenbcTao r y,a)l(apa TcKo ro M a x M y,a-waxa 5erapxvr, KOTOPblill )Ken an coxpaHvrTb pa aHoaecvre ana c Tvr, M axMy,a I Ma r 6 b! vr co aceM caeprHYTb ,aoM 5axMaHvr,aoa, n oKa u,a pCTBO Ban cna 6b!M npa BI!F Te n b An a -a,a-)J.vrH.

1463-1482 r~ UAPCTBOBAHHE MYXAMMEAA Ill H3 AOMA 5AXMAHHAOB. M oryllje CTBO 5ax Ma Hvr,acKoro c ynTaHaTa ,aocTvrr no 3eHvrTa e,aaa nvr He u,envrKoM vr nonHOCTb/0 6naro,aapH BOeHHO- aJ].MI!FHI!FCTp aTI!FBHOMY r eHI!F/0 n e paoro MI!FHI!FCTpa ( TaK Ha3b!BaeMoro «HaMe c THvrKa rocy,aapcTBa») MaxMy,aa la aaHa. M axMy,a l a aaH noKopvrn vr npvrcoe,avrHvrn K cynTaHaTy vrH,aycc Kvre KHH)I(e CTBa Ha no6epe)l(be KaM6eiiiCKoro 3anvraa Apa avrillcKoro MOPH Me)I(JJ.Y ly,ll,)KapaTOM vr loa ( 1469 r.). 3 aTeM OH BTOprCH B 8 vr,ll,)KaHHarap vr o,aep)l(an no6e,ay, a pe3yn bTaTe aHHeKCI!FpOBaB loa (1475r.). no TOM MaxMy,a laaaH ,aavrHyncH Ha ceaepo - aocToK, pa3rpoMvrn Opvrc cy vr aHHeKcvrpoaan 6onbWYIO 'laCTb no6epe)l(bf/ K ceaepO -BOCTOKY OT peKvr lo,aa sa pvr ( 14 78 r.) . OH ycnen npoaecTvr ellj e OJJ.HY ycnewHy/0 KaMnaHvr/0 npoTvrB Bvr,ll,)KaHHarapa, n ocne 'l ero 6bln Ka3HeH He6na ro,aapH biM cynTaHoM MyxaMMe JJ.OM Ill, KOTOpb!M 3aBI!FJ].OBan e r a ycnex aM.

1481-1500 rr. YnAAOK H KPYWEHHE 5AXMAHHACKOrO CYJlTAHATA. 9m npovr3owno acne,acTavre Hana,aeHvrill ycvrnvrawvrxcH u,apcTB B vr,a)l(af!Harap vr Opvrcca, rpaHI!FLJ. bl KOTOpb!X, TaKI!FM o6pa30M, COWni!FCb K KOHU.Y BeKa Ha peKe KpvrwHa.

506

KOHEU CPE)J.HVlX BEKOB. 1400-1500 rr.

BOCTOqJIAH A3IDI KIITAM 8

nepaoM nonoa111He aeKa ,D,IIIHa-

jl,111), 'lbfl BHeWHRR nOnfiiTIIIK8- 81-

CKYIO anaCTb a BepxHeM 6111pMe 111

peCCII/BHBR Ill , K8K npaBII/nO, ycnew-

AHHaMe . BenfiiKIIIM a,D,MIIIpan 1..()1(3H

H8R - Onfllp8n8Cb H8 npeBOCXO,ll,Hb/e

Xs HeCKOnbKO pa3 BO,D,flln ¢noT a

aoopy)/(eHHbte Cfllnbt , KBK cyxonyT-

,D,8nbHflle nOXO,ll,bl Ill yCTBHOBflln 6e-

cTIIIR MIIIH ,D,OCTfllma 3eHIIIT8 Mory-

Hbte, TBK Ill MOPCKII/e. MOHIOnbt6btnfll

3ycnOBHOe rocno,D,CTBO KIIITBR a ao-

w,ecTaa . npOIII30WnO 3TO, lfl8BHb/M

OCT8HOBneHbl cepllleM K8p8TenbHb/X

,D,ax t1H,D,OHe3111MCKOIO apx111nenara 111

o6pa30M, 6naro,D,apR 11/Mnepampy

3KCne,D,fi/U,IIIM; B TO )l(e apeMR KIIIT8M-

B t1H,ll,IIIMCKOM OKeaHe. CBOIIIM BOeH-

IOHny ( flln/11 l(sHu,3y; OH )/(e -

CKflle apMIII/11 BOCCTBHOB/IIn/11 11/Mnep-

HO-MOpCK/IIM npeaocxo,D,CTBOM Kill-

1..()/(y

TaM OTLf8CTIII 06R38H H8YLfHO-IIICCne,ll,OB8TenbCKIIIM Cy,D,OCTpOIIITenbHb/M pa3p860TK8M , BeHU,OM KOTOpbiX f/Bfllnfi/Cb ycoaepweHCTBOB8HHb/e MOpCKflle Ill OKe8HCKflle ,ll,)I(OHK/11 C BO,ll,OHenpOHII/U,BeMb/M/11 nepe6opKaM/II . Bnpo"'eM, K cepe,D,/IIHe aeKa HaLfancR yna,D,OK. 5btnfll noTepRHbt ,D,anbHII/e npoBIIIHU,fl/111 a IOro-BocTOLfHOM A3111111 . K KOHU.Y BeKa H8 ceaepe onRTb cTanfll no,D,HIIIM8Tb ronaBY MOHIOnbt. MopcKoe rocno,D,CTBO 6btno yTpal.feHo, 111 Ha aceM no6epe)l(be KIIITBR 6ecnpenRTCTBeHHO 6ecLffiiHCTBOBanfll 6e3)1(8nOCTHble RnOHCKII/e nfllp8Tbl.

1398-1403 rr. 50Pb5A 3A nPECTOJl. 8

KOHe"'HOM 11/TOie no6e-

AY O,D,ep)l(an l()l(y ,ll,fll, KOTOpbiM KOpoHOBBnCR nO,D, TpOHHb/M IllMe HeM 1..(3HU,3y, HO ny"'We 1113BeCTeH no H83B8Hfi/IO snox111 caoero npaaneHIIIR IOHny. nocne rpa)I(,D,BHCKOM BOMHbt 6onbWBR LfBCTb 3eMenb Me)l(,ll,y peKaM/11 XyaHxs 111 f1HU,3bl 6btna pa3opeHa Ill OnyCTOWeH8.

1403-1424 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHHE IOHJlY.

1405-1407 rr. nEPBbiEMOPCKHE nOXOAbl lf>K3H X3. 3TOT eaHyx-Mopexo,D, ( 111 MycynbMBHIIIH no aepolllcnoae,D,BHIII/0) amprcR Ha

Cy-

MaTpy, nOKOpllln naneM68HI Ill BbiHY,[1,11/n 6onbWIIIHCTBO mcy,D,apcTB ManaMIII /II t1H,ll,OHe3111111 nnaT/IITb ,l1,8Hb IIIMnepampy l()l(y ,ll,111.

1408-1411 rr. BTOP>KEHHE HA U,E171110H.

nocne OCKOp6neHIIIR,

H8HeCeHHOIO KIIIT8MCKOMY nocny, 1..()1(3H X3 , COLfeTBR BOeHHO-MOpCKII/e onepau,111111 c cyxonYTHbtMIII, 3aaoeaan OCTPOB. npaBII/Tenb L{eMnOH8 Ill KOponeBCKBR CeMbfl 6btnfll OTBe3eHbl B SlnOHCKOe H KHTaHCKOe opy>KHe

neKIIIH.

507

BOCTOLJHA~ A3V1~ 1410-1424rro KAPATEJlbHbiE 3KCnEA111U,II1111 BO BHEWHIOIO MOHr011111100 8 pesynbTaTe amx noxoJJ.OB yJJ.anocb npeJJ.oTapaTMTb 06be,lJ.MHeHMe M ycMneHMe MOHrOflbCKMX nneMeH.

1412-1415 rr. nOXOAbl B 111HA111171CKII1171 OKEAH CaMOMJJ.anb-

0Kono 1470-1543 rro MOHr011bCKOEB03PO>KAEHII1EnOA BJlACTbiO AAS1H-XAHA (11111111 111HA~E- 5ATY MYHK3)o

KOPER

Hei:t TO'-IKOM BOeHHbiX nOXOJ].OB lf)I(9H Xa HBMflCH OpMyscKMM nponMa.

1416-1424 rro AAJ1bHE171WII1E noXOAbl ~>K3H xao OH sacmaMn Bbmna'-IMBaTb KMTaiOJ].aHb npaKTM'-IeCKM ace KpynHbte cTpaHbt, pacnono)l(eHHbte no 6eperaM l1HJJ.MMCKoro oKeaHa.

1427 ro BOCCTAHII1E B AHHAMEO B MTore npoaMH14MH OTJ].enMnacb ( 1431 r.). 1431-1433 rro nOC11EAH111171 noXOA ~>K3H X3 j],OCTMrHya ce0

aepHoro 6epera KpacHoro MOPH, oH nony'-IMnJJ.aHb c MeKKM.

1436-1449 rr. U,APCTBOBAHII1E 111H U,3YHAO C Hero Ha'-!ancH saKaT JJ.MHaCTMM MMH. l1Mnepamp 6btn pas6MT M nneHeH B cpa)l(eHMM Ha ceaepHOM rpaHM!4e C MOHronaMMOMpaTaMM (1449 r.).

1449-1457 rro U,APCTBOBAHII1E U,3111H A111 (5PATA 111H U,3YHA) noKa 6paT 6 btn a nneHy, oH sa0

XBaTMfl TpOH. Kor,lJ.a MOHrOflbl OCB060J].MflM l1H L(syHa ( 1450 r.), SaBHSanacb JJ.flMTenbHaH 6opb6a sa npecTon.

1457-1464 rro BTOPOE U,APCTBOBAHII1E 111H U,3YHAo

na 6opb6a 3a Hacne,lJ.oaaHMe a eeryHaTe AcMKa ra.

1465 r. B0171HA MOHAXOBO KoHrpflMKT pasropencH Me)I(JJ.Y MOHaCTbiPHMM 9HpHKYM M 0HraHsM; nocneJ].HMM noTepnen nopa)l(eHMe M 6btn pa3pyweH.

1467-1477 rro B0171HAnEPII10AA OHII1H-5YMM3171o 0Ha 6ywe-

,lJ,aHHbtM nepMOJJ. HBMflCH JJ.flH KopeM SOflOTbiM BeKOM - M, aepOHTHO,

aana, rnaaHbtM o6pasoM, a pai:toHe, HenocpeJ].CTBeHHO npMMbtKal011.1,eM K

CaMOM MMPHOM 9nOXOM B MCTOPMM 9Toro TpaJJ.Ml4MOHHO pasJ].MpaeMoro Me)I(J].oyco6Ml4aMM nonyocTpoaa.

CTOflM!4e, KMOTO. TeopeTM'-IeCKM OHa C'-IMTanacb aoi4Hoi4 sa HacneJ].oaaHMe a ceMei:tcTae AcMKara, Ha J].ene

CMnbHaH M npocaew.eHHaH !4eHTpanbHaH MOHapXMH, - HOMMHaflbHO C'-IMTaBWaHCH aaccanbHOM no OTHOWeHMIO KJJ.MHaCTMM MMH, - no,D.IJ,ep)I(MBana B CTpaHe MMp M Sa11.1,M11.1,ana no6epe)l(be OT 6eC'-IMHCTB HnOHCKMX nMpaTOB (KOTOpbte B npeJ].biJJ.YW.Me

)l(e HBflHnacb 6opb60M Me)I(JJ.Y JJ.BYMH KpynHeMWMMM rpeo,lJ.aflbHbiMM npaBMTeflHMM sanaJ].HOM flnOHMMfiMaHoi:t MoTMToe 11 era SHTeM Xo-

aeKa He JJ.aaanM Kopee noKOH M a cne,lJ.yl011.1,eM BeKe OnHTb BOSbMYTCH 3a caoe). Ba)I(HbtM rpaKTopoM a ycMMpeHMM nMpaTOB HBMflCH saxaaT Kopeei:t OCTpOBOB L(yCMMa ( 1460 r.).

6opb6y.

HIIOHHH nepaaH nonoaMHa aeKa BbtJJ.anacb B flnOHMM OTHOCMTeflbHO MMpHOM, XOTH YCMflMBal011.1,eecH nonMTM'-!eCKOe 6po)l(eHMe npeJ].aew.ano HOBbtM BMTOK HaCMflMH. Ton'-IKOM K rpa)I(Jl.aHCKMM aoi:tHaM o6w.ei4 J].flM TenbHOCTbiO 6onbwe aeKa nocn}')KM-

coKaaoi:t Ka14yMoTO. 06a BO)I(JJ.H nom6nM ( 1473 r.), O,lJ.HaKOMXCTOpOHHMKM npOJ].Ofl)l(aflM 6eCCMbiCfleHHYIO

1477-1490 rro nPOA011>KEHII1E 5ECnOPS1AKOBO Xorn nocne aosapaw.eHMH K anacTM 6bt awero ceryHa EcMMaCbl (rOJ].bl npaaneHMH 1449-1467 M 1474-1490) B KMOTO M OKpeCTHOCTHX 6 btn BOCCTaHOBfleH OTHOCMTeflbHbiM MMp, BOflHa yco61114 J].OKaTMflaCb J].O npOBMHI4MM.

1493 r. B0305HOB11EHII1E rPA>KAAHCK0171 B0171Hbl. XocoKaaa MacaMoTo aosrnaaMn 6yHTC !4eflbl0 M3rHaTb 113 KMOTO ceryHa EcMTa Me, nocne '-!era nocaJ].Mn Ha e ra MeCTO MapMOHe TO'-IHOr O ceryHa. 5ecnopHJ].KM npOJ].Ofl)l(aflM nepMOJ].M'-!eCKM BCnbiXMBaTb,lJ.O KOH!4a BeKa.

508

KOHELJ, CPE,LJ,HV1X BEKOB. 1400-1500 rr.

IOrO-BOCTOqHAH A3IUI

B 3TOM a eKe y Tai1IcKMX HapoJJ,oa, HaCef1f/BWMX TeppMTOpMIO COBpeMeHHOrO TaMnaHJJ,a , 6btf1M JJ.Ba maaHbtx LJ,eHTpa BJ1aCTM. 50J1bWee u,apCTBO AIOTTXaf/ '!aCTO BOeBa/10, HO TaK M He Mama JJ.06MTbCfl nepeaeca HaJJ. MeHbWMM, 3HeprM'IHbiM u,apCTBOM lfMeHrMaiii, pacnono)l(eHHbtM cpeJJ.M

so acei1I IOro-BocTO'IHoiii A3MM.

TYI1Mpoaa!1M M Bb! Bef1M BOMCKa, ne

Boi11Ha c u,apcTBOM lfMeHrMaiii npaKTM'IecKM He npeKpaw.anacb. 0JJ.Ha)I(JJ.bt apMMf/ AIOTTXaf/ JJ,a)l(e B3f/J1a CTO-

floi1I npoao3rnacMn ce6fl KoponeM, a noToM 3aK!1/0'IMf1 MMP c JJ.MHaCTMeiii MMH, COrf1aCMBWMCb HOMMHaf1bHO npM3HaTb C/03epeHMTeT MMnepaTOpa ( 1431 r.).

f1MLJ,y, lfMeHrMai1J ( 1452 r.), HO 3aTeM 6bl!1a BbiHY)I(JJ.eHa OTCTynMTb M3-3a BMewaTef1bCTBa flyaHrnpa6aHra. HecKOf1bKMMM roJJ,aMM no3)1(e, nocne pf/JJ,a BTOp)l(eHMM M3 lfMeHrMafl, BOMCKO AIOTTXaM CHOBa CTa/10 HaCTynaTb Ha CT0!1MLJ.Y. 3aaepWMJ1aCb

necMCTbtX ropHbtX u.enei1I ceaepo3anaJJ,Horo TaMnaHJJ,a. Ew.e O)l(ecTo'leHHeiii pa3BMBaf1MCb KOHrjJJ1MKTbl A10rrxaM c KXMepcKMM AHrKopcKMM u,apcTBOM. B 3TOM )l(e aeKe Tai1Iu,bt o6beJJ.MHMf1M noJJ. caoei1I anacTb/0 no'ITM ace no6epe)l(be Manai113MM 3a npMMe'laTef1bHbiM MCK/1/0'IeHMeM

3Ta KaMnaHMfl 11YHHOM HO'Ib/0 6MTBOM npM ,[!oi1J-6a , B03!1e lfMeHrMafl; apMMf/ AIOTTXaM 6bl!1a OT6MTa ( 1463 r.).

MeCTHOCTM, npMMbtKa/011.1,ei1J K nonyOCTpoay M anaKKa, rJJ,e HeJJ,aBHO o6pa3oaaaweecf/ 3HeprM'IHoe u,apCTBO cyMe/10 OCTaHOBMTb npOJJ,BM)I(eHMe Tai1Iu, ea .

KHOBEH~~ ME>KAY AIOTTXAE~

1408-1424 rr. U,APCTBOBA-

1455 r.

HEYAA~HOE C~AM

CKOE HAnAAEH~E HA MAJlAKKY. 1494-1520 rr. B0306HOB11EH~E nEP~OA~~ECK~XCTOJl ~ ~~EHrMAEM.

poHbt npMMeHf/f1M apTMJ1!1e pMIO.

1424-1448 rr. U,APCTBOBAH~E 60POMOPAA>K~ II. OH npoJJ.Of1)1(af1 aoeaaTb c KXMepaMM. nocne JJ,Of1rOi1J OCaJJ,bl OH B3f/f1 AHrKop, HO 3aTeM 6blf1 Bbt6MT M3 ropoJJ,a ( 14301432 rr.). 0HJJ.Ba)I(JJ,bt nbtTaf1Cfl noKo-

PMTb lfMeHrMaiii, HO o6a pa3a HeyJJ,a'IHO ( 1442 M 1448 rr.).

1448-1488 rr. U,APCTBOBAH~E 60POMOTPA~110KAHATA. OH ycM!1Mf1 a u,apcTae AIOTTXafl u,eHTpa!1M3oaaHHYIO BJ1aCTb M opraHM 30Baf1 BOeHHY/0 CMCTeMy, Ha r0/10 BY npeaocxOJJ.fiW.Y/0 11106y10 JJ.pyry/0

AHHAM~T

1446-1471 rr. CKOE

BTOP>KEH~E

Tb~MnY.

nocne nepaoHa'laf1bHoro ycnexa M B3f/TMfl CT0!1MLJ.bt, BMJJ.)I(ai1IM, aHHaMMTOB apeMeHHO Bbt6Mf1M M3 Tbf/Mnbt, HO BCKOpe OHM B03BpaTMJ1MCb M MeTOJJ,M'IHO 3aBOeBaf1M BC/0 CTpaHY, annoTbJJ.OMbtca Bapenna. TaKOKOH'IM!1aCb MHor oaeKoBafl aoi11Ha. Ma neHbKMiii OCKOJ10K Tbf/Mnbl n pOJJ,0/1)I(a/1 cyw.ecTaoaaTb Ha KpaiiiHeM 10r e Ka K 6yrpep Me)I(JJ,y AHHaMOM M KXMe paMM.

PEfJIOH BbETHAMA

H~E ~HTAPAA>K~- OH ycnewHo

BMeWaf1Cfl B cnop 0 npeCTOJ10HaCJ1eJJ,MM a KHfl)l(eCTBe CyKoTaiii ( 1410 r.) M CHOBa YCTaHOBM/1 HaJJ, HMM C/03ep eHMTeT AIOTTXaM. lfaCTM'IHO yJJ,af10Cb eMy M BTOp)l(eHMe B u,apCTBO lfMeHrMaiii - o H 3axaaTMf1 ropoJJ. lfMeHrpaiii, HO 6 bm oT6poweH aT ropoJJ,a nai1IJJ.)I(M M CTOJ1MLJ,bl - ropoJJ,a lfMeHrMai1J(1411 r.). t13HeKOTOpbiXMCTO'IHMKOB MO)I(HO nOHf/Tb ( aepOf/THO, HeaepHo), 6yJJ,m ynai1IJJ.)I(M o6e cm-

1441-1446 rr. rPA>KAAHCKA~ BO~HA B Tb~MnE. MHoro'IMCI1eHHbte Ha6erM B COCeJJ,HMM AHHaM 6blf1M OT6MTbl.

,[!aBHflfl O)l(eCTO'IeHHaf/ 6opb6a Tbf/Mnbt M AHHaMa 6bma a Ha'lane aeKa apeMeHHO(Ha 20neT)npepaaHa, nOCKOJ1bKY AHHaM 3aaoeaa!1M KMTaiiiu,bt. Bnpo'leM, ycnewHafl ocao6oJJ,MTef1bHafl aoi11Ha, ao3rnaaneHHafl y a HHaMMTOB fle floeM, nocny)I(Mf1a CMrHaJ10M K B0306HOBJ1eHM/O KOHrjlf1MKTa; 6opb6a He npeKpaw.anacb JJ.O KOHLJ,a BeKa, KOrJJ,a AHHaM noKopMn Tbf/Mny.

1400-1407 rr. rPA>KAAHCKA~ BO~HABAHHAME. HecMoTPfl Ha BHYTPeHHMe Heypf/JJ.MLJ.bt, aoiiiCKa aHHaMMTOB 3aaoeaanM ceaepHY/0 npoaMHU.M/0 Tbf/Mnbt. 1407 r. K~TA~CKOE nOKOPEH~E Tb~Mnbl. npeJJ,noroM nocny)I(M/10 BOCCTaHOBJ1eHMe nopf/JJ,Ka nocne rpa)I(JJ,aHCKOM BOMHbl.

1418-1427 rr.

nAPT~3AH

CKA~ BO~HA C K~TA~U,AM~. Bo3maBJ1f/J1aCb ne noeM.

1460-1497 rr. U,APCTBOBAH~E

JlE TXAHb TOHA. npM HeM Tbf/Mna M 6 btf1a OKOH'IaTef1bHO 3a a o eaaHa.

9 TOT BeK OTMe'leH npaKTM'IeCKM Henpepb!BHOM BOMHOM Me)I(JJ.Y KXMepaMM M mi1IcKMM u,apcTBOM A10rrxa f/. XoTfl HaM6onee a ne'laT!1fl/011.1,ero ycn exa - 3axaaTa CT0!1MLJ.bt, AHr Kopa yJJ,aJ10Cb JJ,06MTbCf/ Tai1Ju,aM, OHM 6 blf1M BnOCJ1eJJ,CTBMM Bbt6MTbl KXMe paMM, M a oi11Ha npoJJ.Of1)1(af1a 6ywe aaTb BeCb OCTaTOK BeKa; o6e CTOpO Hbl '!aCTO npeJJ,npMHMMaf1M Ha6erM M BTOp)l(eHMf/ pa3 HOM CTe n eHM MaCWTa6HOCTM; HepeJJ,KO KXMepbl yrpo )l(af1M CTOJ1MLJ,e, AIOTTXae. 1394-1401 rr. TA~CK~E BTOP>KEH~~- Ta i1Iu,bt 3aaoeaanM

6onbWYIO 'laCTb ceaepHoiii Ka M60JJ.)I(M, HO B KOHe'IHOM MTOre 6blf1M M3r HaHbl.

TA~CKOro rAPH~30HA B XAHOE. nocne mroKaKKMTaiiiu,bt KanM-

BO~CK Tb~Mnbl B AEJlbTY ME-

1427-1428 rr. OCAAA

1421-1426rr.

BTOP>KEH~E

1010-BOCTOLJHA~ A3V1~ KOHrA. HecMoTpH Ha O)l(eCTO'-IeHHYIO aoi4Hy c J4apcTaOM AIOTTXafl, KXMepbl OroMflM aTOp)l(eHMe.

1430-1431 rr. OCAAA AHrKOPA. nocne ceMMMeCH'-IHOM oca,D.bl 5opoMopa,D.)I(a II, 14apb A10rrxaM, C nOMOW,biO npe,D.aTeflbCTBa 3axaaTMfl KXMepCKYIO CTOflM/4Y.

1432 r. KXMEPCKOE KOHTPHACTYnnEHIIIE. TaMJ4bl 6bmM abi6MTbl M3 KaM60,IJ.)I(M. KxMepbl nepeHecnM CTOflM/4Y M3 AHrKopa a nHoMneHb; O,D.HaKO HOaoe KXMepCKOe J4apCTaO 6blfl0 y;Ke ,D.aneKO He CTOfl b 06WMpHbiM.

J>l:IPMA 3TOT aeK 6MpMaHCKOM MCTOpMM OTMe'-!eH Henpepb!aHOM a OM HOM Me)I(AY WeCTbiO HaM6onee MOW,Hb!MM COnepHM'-IaiOW,MMM cMnaMM. B npe,D.enax C06CTaeHHO bMpMbl 3TO 6blfl0 6MpMaHCKOe J4a p c TaO Aaa M MOHCKOe J4a pcTaO n ery; OHM n paKTM'-Ie CKM n ocTOHHHO aoeaa nM ,LJ.pyr c APYroM, a Ta K%e C M e HbWMM 6 Mp MaHCKMM J4a pcTaOM TyHry M C Wa HCKMMM ( Ta MCKMMM) nneM e HaMM ceaepoaOCTO'-IHOM 5Mp Mbl. H ecMOTPH Ha oTHOCMTenbHYIO M30flfi/4MIO, o6e cne '-IMaaawyi0Cf/ npM6 p e)I(HbiMM rop HbiMM 14enHMM, apaKaHJ4bl ()I(MTeflM J4apCTaa ApaKaH Mn M Pa KXaMH) TO)I(e '-!acTo aoe aanM M c Aaa, M c nery. n o'-ITM aecb aeKTOM,D.enonpOMCXO,D.MflM KMTa MCKMe aTOp)l(e HMf/ a ceaepHyiO 5 Mp My - AMHaCTMH MMH nb!Ta n acb YCMMPMTb npMrpa HM'-IHble roc y,D.apCTaa. n o'-ITM aecb nepMO,D. J4apcTaO A aa M TaMCKMe rocy,D.apcTaa no,D.'-IMHflflMCb KMTaMCKMM HaM eCTHMKaMKor,D.a peanbHO, a Kor,D.a acer o nMWb HOMMHaflbHO.

npaaneHMH6blflM nocaHW,eHbl O)l(eCTO'-IeHHbiM o6opOHMTeflbHbiM aoi;fHaM c J4apcTaaMMAaa, A10rrxaH, LfMeHrMai4 M pa3flM'-IHbiMM MeflKMMM TaMCKMMM M WaHCKMMM KHf/)l(eCTaaMM. /naaHyiO yrpo3y ,D.flfl nery npe,D.CTa anHno 6MpMaHcKoe 14apcTao Aaa, HO ee y,D.aflOCb OTapaTMTb C apaKaHCKOM nOMOW,biO. C OTpa)l(eHMeM nocne,D.Hero 6MpMaHCKOTO aTOp)l(eHMf/ ( 1417 r.) a neryHa'-!aflCf/ ,D.OflTMM nepMO,D. OTHOCMTeflbHOTO MMpa M npoJ4aeTaHMf/.

1404-1430 rr. KOH<t>nliiKTbl UAPCTBA ABA C APAKAHOM .

npe,D. aTeflbC Taa c ao ei;f W a HCKOM )l(eHbl .

1426-1440 rr. AHAPXIIISI B BEPXHE"' EiliiPME. lna aHyiO p onb a 3TMX 6 e cnopf/,D.KaX MrpanM WaHCKMe nneMeHa .

1438-1465 rr. KIIITA"'CKASI IIIHTEPBEHUIIISI. ,ll,MHaCTMfl MMH n b!Ta fla Cb YCM MPMTb npMrpaHM'-IHble r ocy,D.apcTaa, M Ha aOCCTaHoaneHMe nopH,D.Ka a Bepx HeM 5 MpMe 6 bma nocnaHa KMTaMCKaf/ apMMf/. BoeHa '-!aflbHMK BaH L(3M 3a aoeaan M no,D. '-IMHMn WaHCKMe r oc y,D.apcTaa .

1445 r. KIIITA"'CKOE BTOP>KEHIIIE B ABA. KMTaM/4bl noTepne nM

CnnowHaH '-!epe,D.a O)l(eCTO'-IeHHbiX Ha6eroa M oTaeTHbiX Ha6eroa, cnpoaoJ4MpoaaHHaH MHTpMraMM Pa3a,D.apMTa.

nopa)l(eHMe no,D. Ta rayHroM; Ba H L(3M n or M6.

1406 r. BO"'HA UAPCTBAABA C MOXHbliiHOM. MMHbKayHr no-

1446 r. B0306HOBnEHIIIE KliiTA"'CKOrO BTOP>KEHIIISI. npM6b!-

cnan a MoxHbMH KapaTenbHYIO aKcne,D.M/4MIO ao rnaae co cnoco6Hb!M aoeHa'-!anbHMKOMHaapaxToi4. Yrpo3a KMTaMCKOM MHTepaeHJ4MM 3aCTaaMna 6 MpMaHJ4ea OTCTynMTb.

TMe 6onbWOM KapaTeflbHOM 3 KCne,D.M/4 MM a biHYAMno 14apH HapanaTM (ro,D. blnpa aneHMH1443- 1469)npM3HaTb CI03e p eHMTeT ,D.MHaCTMM MMH. 3 aTeM KMTaMJ4bl nOMOTflM eMy aoc CTaHOaMTb nopf/,D.OK M no,D.a aMTb Mf/ Te)I(M. nocne,D.oaanM 35 cpaaHMTenbHo MMpHbiX neT.

1413 r. WAHCKOE BTOP>KEHIIIE B UAPCTBO ABA. «Cay 6a» ( T. e. «no aenMTen b») 14apcTaa W eHaM aToprcH a my6b TeppMTOpMM A aa M ,D.owe n AO coapeM eHHOM MbH yHrMbM, r,D.e noTe pnen nopa)l(eHMe oT 6 Mp Ma HJ4ea M 6 blfl OT6MT.

1414-1415rr. BTOP>KEHIIIE ABA B nErY. b blflO ao3rnaan eHO n p MHJ4eM MMHp eKbHac aoi4, Cb!HOM MMHbKa yHra; nocTaaMflO MOHCKOe J4a pcTaO Ha rpaHb KaTaCTpOrp b!.

1415 r. WAHCKIII E HAEiErlil B UAPCTBO ABA. CnpoaOJ4MpoaaHHble MHTp MraMM Pa3a,D.apMTa Ha6e rM aTM n pe,D.cTaanHnM ,D.nfl A aa cepb e3HYIO yrpo3y M a biHYAMflM M MHbKa y Hr a OT03aaTb Cb!Ha M3 n e r y.

1416-1417 rr. B0306HOBnEHIIIEBTOP>KEHIIISI ABAB nErY.

HIIIE MliiHbKAYHrA (BABE). OH a en MHO)I(eCTaO O)l(eCTO'-IeHHbiX aOMH C MOHaMM M apaKaHJ4aMM; ace ero n o nb!TKM n oKop MTb ner y K ycnexy He n p MaenM.

KoHe /4 aTop)l(eHMIO nono)I(Mna c MepTb n p MH/4 a MMHpeKbHacabl a ,D.enbTe l1paaa,D.M. Ap MMH A aa o nHTb oTc ryn Mna, '-IT06b! 3aHf/TbCf/ OTpa)l(eHMeM a0306HOaMaWMXCf/ Wa HCKMX Ha6e r oa; a p eM e HHO 6 opb6a A aa c ner y npeKpaTMflaCb.

1385-1423 rr. UAPCTBOBA-

1422-1426 rr. UAPCTBOBA-

HIIIE PA3AAAP111Tbl (B nErY). OH Haflf/flCfl npeaOCXO,D.HbiM aoeHa '-!aflbHMKOM M npaaMTen eM, a TaK)I(e yMefl biM,D.MnnoMaTOM. n epab!erO,D.blero

HIIIE CliiHEibiOWIIIHA TbliiXATY (CbiHA MliiHbKAYHrA; BABE).

1401-1422 rr. UAPCTBOBA-

509

OH noa en KapaTen bHYIO aKcne,D.MJ4MIO npOTMa W aHOa M norM6 M3- 3a

1481-1500 rr. EiECnOPSIAKiil Ill CTOnKHOBEHIIISI HA CEBEPE. KMTaMCKMM KOHTpOflb Ha,D. WaHCKMMM rocy,D.apcTaaMM ocna6, M Ha'-lanMcb '-!aCTble waHCKMe Ha6erM a BepxHIOIO b MPMY.

l:IH)J,OHE3l:IH bflM)I(e K KOH/4Y aeKa npMWfla a nOflHbiM yna,D.OK HaaHCKaf/ ,D.MHaCTMfl Ma,IJ.)I(anaxMT. B Ha'-!ane onMCb!aaeMoro nepMO,D.a PHA MH,D.OHe3MMCKMX rocy,D.apcTa ( a TOM '-!Mcne Ma,IJ.)I(ana XMT) OKa3aflMCb abiHY)I(,D.eHbl npM 3HaTb CI03epeHMTeT KMTafl M a bmna '-IMaaTb,D.aHb - TaKO a 6blfl p e3yflbT8T MOpCKMX nOXO,D.Oa KMTaMCKOTO a,D.MMpana Lf)l(aH Xa.

MAJIAH3l:IH B nepaoi4 nonoaMHe aeKa npaKTM'-IeCKM ace c TpaHbl M anai4cKor o no6epe)l(bfl HaXO,D.MflMCb no,D. KOHT-

510

KOHELJ, CPE,LJ,HV1X BEKOB. 1400-1500 rr.

poneM TaiiicKoro u.apcTaa AIOTTXaH,

MaJ],)I(anaXMTCKOM rpa)I(J].8HCKOM BOM-

c e 6e MMH M eraT-tlfcKeHJJ.e p -Wa x .

KOTopoe npeceKJ1o nocneJJ.HMe no-

Hbt6e)l(af1 M3 CTpaHbl B ManaKKY, rJ].e

J].o caMoiii era cMepTM (

nbtTKM MHJ].OHe3MMCKOM J].MH8CTMM

OCHOB8f1, no CYTM, nMpaTCKOe KOpO-

naKKa npOJ].Of1)1(8f18 WMpMTbCf/ M npo-

MaJ].)I(anaXMT BOCCTaHOBMTb 6btfTOe

neBCTBO; OH ycTaHOBMfT KOHTpOflb

LJ,BeTaTb.

a cepeJJ.MHe onMcbtaa-

HaJJ. ManaKKCKMM nponMBOM M CMaM-

eMoro nepMOJJ.a noJJ. pyKoBOJJ.CTBOM

CKMM 38fTMBOM M B3MM8f1 J].8Hb CO

1424 r.)

Ma-

aenMKoro TyH nepaKa Ha'lana CTpe-

acex nponnbtBa/011.1,MX Kopa6nei11.

0Kono 1450 r. - oKono 1498 r. AKTW路IECKOE AHKTATOPCTBO TYH n EPAKA. 3mT abtJJ.a1011.1,Mi1IcH

MMTefTbHY/0 3KCnaHCM/O ManaKKa;

tlfMnepaTopbt JJ.MHaCTMM MMH npM-

J],ef/Teflb CfT}?KMfT nepBbiM MMHMCTpOM

CM8MLJ,eB CT8fTM BbtTeCHf/Tb M3 10)1(-

3HanM era npaaMTeneM, He saaMcM-

npM 'leTbtpex cynTaHax; 6naroJJ.apH

HOM M /Oro-aocTO'IHoiii ManaiiiM, M

MbtM oTCMaMa

(1405 r.). 1409 r. nOCELUEHHE MAJlAK-

fTMTM'IecKoMy, ManaKKa 'lpesabt'laiii-

BfTMHHMe. Ho

HeOJ].HOKpaTHbte T8MCKMe nonbtTKM

era reHM/0, KaK aoeHHoMy, TaK M no -

BOCCT8HOBMTb B perMOHe CB0/0

KH KHTA~UAMH.

BflaCTb ycnexoM He yaeH'IanMcb.

CMfTbl 6btfla npOM3BeJ].eHa rjlfTOTOM

KMX M cyMaTpaHCKMX COCeJ].eM.

noJJ. KOMaHJJ.OBaHMeM Lf)l(aH Xa.

0Kono 1490 r. 05PALUEHHE B HCJlAM >KHTEJlE~ s:!Bbl. Ha'lanM

0Kono 1402-1404 rr. UAPCTBOBAHHEnAPAMEWBAP~.

npMHL./, naneM6aHra B pe3yflbT8Te

J].eMoHcTpaLJ,Mfl

0Kono 1414 r. nAPAMEWBAPA nPHHHMAET HCJlAM. OH B3flf1

HO YCMfTMf18Cb -

38 C'leT M8f183MMC-

aToT npou.ecc ToproaLJ,bt M3 ManaKKM.

Act>PV1 KA

511

APMKA CEBEPHAH APHKA He C4MTaH noHaneHMH nepabtX eaponeikKMX KonoHMill a.aonb no6epe)f(bfl MapoKKO, aTo 6btn nepMo.a nonHoill aHapx MM. HMKaKMX 3Ha4MTenbHbtX BOeHHbiX KaMnaHMM He npoMCXO,aMnO. Henpepb!BHO npo,aon)f(anMCb Men KMe CTbi4KM Me)f(,IJ.ypa3n M4HbiMM ,aMHaCTMHMM. B Ha4ane BTOpoill nonoaMHbt aeKa a MapoKKO npoM3owen .aaop/40Bbti11 nepeaopoT, M Ha cMeHy MapMHM,aaM npMwn M BaTTacM,abt. BocT04Hee Xalj)cM,abt Me,aneHHO BbtTeCHHnMcb M3 An)f(Mpa 3MHHM,aaMM; a anacTM Xalj)cM.aoa Ha.a TyHMCOM M TpMnon MTaHMeill nocToHHHO yrpO)f(anM apa6CKMe K04eBbte nn eMeHa M3 fO)f(HbiX M BOCT04HbiX nyCTbiHb. TeM apeMeHeM a Toill Me)f(.ao y co6MI4ei11aocnonb3oaanMc b,3ax aa TMB PHA 6 ep erOBbiX nna 14,aapMOB, nopTyran b/4bt M McnaH/4bt.

1415r. 3AXBAT nOPTYrAJlbUAM~ CEYTbl. 1437 r. nOPTYrAllbUbl OTEi~ Tbl OT T AH>KEPA. 1468 r. B3~T~E ~ CO>K>KEH~E nOPTYrAJlbUAM~ KACA611AHK~. TaKMM o 6 pa3 oM, Tpa,aM14MOHHaH onopHaH 6a3a n MpaTOB oKa3anacb apeMeHHO pa3pyweHa .

1470 r. 3AXBAT ~CnAHUAM~ MEJl~Jlb~.

1471 r. 3AXBAT nOPTYrAJlbTAH>KEPA.

UAM~

)J.MHa, noKopMn aecb cynTaHaT fliMIj)aT M oTaoeaan nopT 3ei11na Ha KpacHoM Mope, Heno.aaneKy aT coapeMeHHoro ropo.aa jJ,)f(M6yTM ( 1415 r.). KpoMe Taro, oH npoaen PHA KaMnaHMM no YCMMpeHMIO ceaepo-BOCT04HbiX npMrpaHM4HbiX rocy,aapCTB, a TaJOKe npOTMB MHTe)f(HbiX ¢anawei11 (alj)MoncKMX eapeea). OH HanpaanHn noconbcTaa KO .aaopaM aparoHcKoro KoponH Anblj)oHca V M )f(aHa, rep14ora 5eppMi11cKoro.

0Kono 1450-1500 rr. n.AAEH~EAJlbBbl.

9T0/4apcTBOHax o,aMnocb no.a Tfl)f(enbtM .aaaneHMeM ceaepocy,aaHCKMX MycynbMaH M B KOH!4e KOH/40B 6btno noKopeHo A6.aannaXOM )J.;KaMOM ( OKOn O 1500 r.) . 5onb11JaH 4aCTb 3eMenb 6btna 3aceneHa nneMeHeM lj)aHr, MMrpMp oaa awMM M3 ropHoro Ma ccMaa, p acnono)f(eHHor o a6nM3M coap eMeHHoill a lj)MonCKo-cy,aaHcKoill rpaHM/4bt.

0Kono 1450-1500 rr. 803MOMEiACbl. n p M WM-

BbiWEH~E

p a 3CKMX npa BMTenHx nopT M oM6a ca p a36oraTen 3a c 4eT Han oro a c ToproanM M cmn HaM6onee Mor y ll.leCTaeHHbtM ropo,aoM BOCT04HO-alj)pMKaHCKOrO no6ep e )f(bfl . Kp oMe Her o Bbt,aenHnMcb M anMHAM, KMnaa, oc Tpoaa neM6a, 3 aH3 M6ap M n aTe. KoMMe p 4ecKaH aKTMBHOCTb apa6oa cnoco6cTaoaana p a3BMTMto cyaxMnM ( H3biK 6aHTYC 3aMMCTBOBaHMHMM M3 apa6cKoro) .anH ToproanM c nneMeHaMM MaTepMKoaoill Alj)pMKM.

0Kono 1450-1500 rr. CTAHOBJlEH~E EiYH~OPO.

BOCfQqHAH APHKA B ecb BeKXpMCTMaHCKaH 9 1j)MOnMH aoeaana c oKpy)f(atoll.jMMM Mycyn bMaHCKMMM roc y.aapcTaaMM. K a mMy apeMeHM XpMCTMaHCKMMM B 80CT0 4HOM A lj)pMKe ocTaaanMc b TOn bKO 91j)MOnMH M fO)f(HOCy,aa HCKOe /4ap CTBO QJyHr.

1414-1429 rr. UAPCTBOBAH~E ~~CXAKA I. OH pa3rpoMMn iiiM<j)aTcKor o cynTaHa Caa.a - a.a-

n paBMTe nM nneMeHM nyo M3 ,aMHaCTMM 5MTO OCHOBanM 14ap CTBO B perMOHe 5yHMopo- KMTap o Ha BOCT0 4HOM 6ep e r y o3epa M o6YTy- Cece - CeKo ( .ao 1973 r. - 03 . An b6epTa a coap . Yr aH.ae M 3aMpe). LtapcTao aTo cyll.leCTaoaano ell.le a X IX a eKe.

1468-1478 rr. UAPCTBOBAH~E 63biA3-MAPb~MA, ~MnE

PATOPA

3~On~~-

OH oTpa)f(an Hana,aeHMH MycynbMaH, 4eM 3a HMManCH Mera CbiHM Hacne,aHMK biCKbiHAbtp (ro,abt npaaneHMH 1478-1494).

3AIIA)1;HAH APHKA n p MMe4aTenbHbte C06btTMH B p er MOHe CTanM npOMCXOAMTb, rna BHbiM o 6 p a3 oM, 6naro.aa p H n o p Tyran bc Koill aKcnaHCMM, KOTOpaH B Te4eHMe a c ero aeKa pa3B MBa n a cb Ha tor a.aonb aTnaHTM4ecKor o no6e p e )f(bfl. npa a,aa, nopTYran b/4aM TaKM He y,aa n o c b Bbt6MTb Mcna H14ea c KaHapcKMX OCTPOBOB. 8 onMCbtBaeMbiM ne pMO,a 3Ha 4MTen bHOr O 6oraTCTBa M MOryll.jeCTBa .aocTMrna aenMKaH HerpM THHCKaH MMnepMH CoHraill CO CTOnM!4ei11 a ToM6yKTy; nneMH coHr aill, npoMcx o.aMaw ee, c y,aH no aceMy, M3 ,aonMHbt HMna , ,aoMMHMpoaano a 14eHTpan bHOM HMre pe ell.je c VIII ae Ka. B XI aeKe OHM o6paTMnMcb a McnaM. B XV a eKe, npM aenMKMX npaaMTenHx CoHM - AnM M AcKMH- MoxaMMe,ae, MMnepMH CoHraill .aoMMHMpoaana no 4TM ao aceill ceaepo - 3ana.aHoi11 Alj)pMKe.

0Kono 1400 r. BOCCTAH~E B rAO. 9TOT COHraiiiCKMM TOp r OBbiM ropo.a B36yHToaancH npoTMB cna6etoll.lei11 MMnepMM ManM, KOTOpaH TaK pa3pocnacb, 4TOManMMCKMM 14apHM 6btno y;>Ke He ynpa BMTbCH CO CTOnb 0 6111MpHOM TeppMTOpMef11. no3)f(e M3no,a anacTM ManM oca o6o,aMnMcb ceHeranbCKMe nneMeHa TaKpyp M BOno¢ (OKano 1420 r.). B m )f(e apeMH ner KaH KaaanepMH nneMeH MOCM ( !4eHTpanbHbtM 5 ypKMHa - QJaco) CTa na coaepwaTb Ha6em a.aonMHY HMrepa .

1402-1404 rr.

3ABOEBAH~E

~CnAHUAM~ KAHAPCK~X

PO BOB. 1425 r.

OCT-

nOPTYrAJlbCKA~

cnEA~U~~

KAHAPCK~E

3KOC-

TPOBA. nocnaHHbte npMH/4eM reH PMXOM MopennaaaTeneM nopTyranb/4bt6btnM OT6MTbl MCnaH/4aMM. 1431 r. HAEiEr TYAPErOB HA TOMEiYKTY. ropo.a 6btn 3aXaa 4eH M CO)f()f(eH K04eBHMKaMM.

1434-1498 rr. noPTYrAllbCK~ E ~CCJl EAOBATEJl bCK~ E

512

KOHEU. CPE)J.HVlX BEKOB. 1400-1500 rr. CYHH AnH; HnH Anli16EPA) COHrAHCKOrO. 1466-1473 r. BOHHA COHrASI c :>KEHHE. COHM AnM pa3rpoMMfl 11 noKopun 6orame mproaoe rocy,ll,apcTBO )l(eHHe ( coap . rop0.£1. /],>KeHHe a Manu) Ha peKe 5aHMM ee npMTOKaX.

1468 r. B3SITHE 111 CO:>K:>KEHHE TOM6YKTY. ropO,ll,CKMe OTU,bl npumacunu CoHM AnMM36aBMTb roP0.£1. OT anacTM Tyaperoa.

1469-1488 rr. KAMnAHHH nPOTHB MOCH. nneMeHa Mocu (CM. Bb/We} npO,ll,Ofl>KanM Ha6erM 8 CoHraill . nepBb/e ,ll,Be KaMnaHMM, npoae,ll,eHHble CoHM Anu npoTMB ::JTMX nneMeH, oco6biM ycnexoM He yaeH'-IaflMCb ( 1469-14 70 11 14 781479 11.}, O,ll,HaKO O,ll,MH 113 KpynHb/X Ha6e/OB MOCM OH ycneWHO 0Tpa3Mfl ( 1480 r.) . TpeTbR KaMnaHMR yaeH'-/anacb ane'-lamR/Oll.leill no6e.D.oi71 CoHM Anu a6uTae npu Ko6u( 1483 r.). '-leTaepTaR KaMnaHMR ( 1488 r.) Bbl.£1.8nacb He CTOnb ycnewHoill.

0Kono 1475 r.l..I.APCTBO KOHro. 8 KOHU,e BeKa 3TO u,apCTBO,ll,OCTM/flO MaKCMMaflbHOill TeppMTOpManbHOill npoTR>KeHHOCTM: no.D. anacTb/0 KOH/0 HaXO,ll,MflMCb 3eMnM Me>KAY peKaMM KOH/0 11 noroHe 11 8 my6b MaTepuKa .D.O peKM KaaHro. IO>KHble 6eperOBble noceneHMR xOTb 11 c nepe6oRMM, HO BCe >Ke Bblnfla'-/MBanM ,ll,aHb.

0Kono 1481-1504 rr. l..I.APCTBOBAHHE 030nYA 3ABOEBATEnSI (CbiHA 3BAYPbl; 6EHHH).

A<PpiiiKaHcKoe opyJK111e:

1-10, 14-32- KOnbR, niiiKIII, 6oeeble ceKIIIpbl, MeTaTenbHble nan1111..1b1; 11-13 - HarpyAHIIIK, IJ4111T Ill BOeHHaR Tpy6a C BOCTO~HOrO 6epera; 33 - nyK-C3MOCTpen

3KCnE.Q.Ii11..1.111111. 0HMompaanRnMCb B,ll,Oflb a<jJpMKaHCK0/0 no6epe>Kbfl, /O>KHee Mb/ca 5o>Ka,ll,op .

CKOill BflaCTM. KpoMe T0/0, OH npoaen HeCKOflbKO BOMH, '-lpe3Bbl'-lai71HO pacWMpMBWMX TeppMTOpMIO u,apcTBa .

0Kono 1440-1480 rr. l..I.APCTBOBAHHE 3BAYPbl BEnHKOro (6EHII1H). 3TOTMOHapx, KOTOp0-

1450-1453 rr. B0306HOBnEHHE nOPTYrAnbCKHX HAnAAEHHH HA KAHAPCKHE OCTPOBA. Bee OHM 6blflM ycnewHo OTpa-

10 COBpeMeHHb/e eMy MCTO'-IHMKM OnMCb/BanM KaK BeflMK0/0 BOMHa 11 Mara, y'-lpe,ll,Mn a 5eHMHe Hacne.D.CTBeHHblill npMHU,Mn nepe,ll,a'-111 u,ap-

3TOT rp03Hb/M BOMH yCTaHOBMfl 6nM3KMe OTHOWeHMfl C nOpTylaflbU,aMM 11 HanpaanRn nocnoa anucca6oH. l...lapCTBO 6oraTeno, mpry>~ c eaponeiliCKMMM Kynu,aMM CflOHOBOill KOCTb/0, nanbMOBb/M MaCnOM 11 nepu,eM.

1483-1491 rr. BCTPE'iAnOPTYrAnbl..I.EB C KOHrOnE31..1.AMH. nopTyranbU,bl npOM3BenM Ha KOH/One3U,eB 6naronpMRTHoe ane'-lameHMe, 11 HeKOTOpble KOH/Ofle3U,bl CTaflM npMHMMaTb XpMCTMaHCTBO .

>KeHbl.

1492 r. KAMnAHHSI COHrASI nPOTHB ct»Ynb6E (HnHHHA'iEAct»YnH, HnH ct»YnAHH, HnH nEnb) . Bo3apa11.1a>~cb M3 smm no-

1464-1492 rr. l..I.APCTBOBAHHE COHH AnH (HnH HHA'iE-

xo.D.a, COHM Anu ymHyn npu nepenpaae '-lepe3 peKy.

Act>PV1 KA 1492-1493 rr. 60Pb6A 3A nPECTOJl B U,APCTBE COHrA171. Ha TpoH npeTeHIJ.OBanM CoHM 5apy,

HYBWMCb nocne nanOMHM~BCTBa 1173 MeKKM(1495-1497rr.), AcKMfl MyxaMMB/1. B HBCKOflbKO KaMnaHMM 3a-

Cb!H CoHM AnM, M O/l.MH M3 cnoco6HeMwMx BOeHa~aflbHMKOB COHM AnM- MyxaMMB/1. M6H a6M 5aKMP Type. 9TDT nocne/],HMM pa36Mn CoHM 5apy B 6MTBe npM AHrpao ( 12 anpenfl 1493 r.) M KOpOHOBaflCfl no/1, 117MBHeM AcKMfl MyxaMMe/],a (MnM MyxaMMe/],a I AcKMf/).

BOBBan nneMfl f/TeHra M3 rpynnbl nneMeH MOCM.

1493-1528 rr. U,APCTBOBA-

PO/l.bl, ADnrMe aeKa nepeMe~.J..~aBwM ecf! K 10ry, npO/],Ofl)f(aflM CB0/0 MB/1,flBHHY/0 MMrpaJ4MIO. OHM nocTeneH-

H~E

MYXAMMEAA I

ACK~SI.

era npaaneHMe MMnepMfl CoHraM

/],OCTMrna 3BHMTa MOryi.J..IBCTBa M 6oraTCTBa ( co6b!TMfl XVI aeKa.

1498-1502 rr. nOKOPEH~E COHrAEM n11EMEH~ SITEHrA (~3 rPYnnbl n11EMEH MOC~). Bep-

513 HOBb/X rap, nepeHf/flM y KOMCaH/4BB M 6ywMeHoB Pfl/1. ~.J..~enKa/0/.J..IMX 3BYKOB. TaKMM o6pa3oM, 3TM nneMeHa (HroHM) flMHrBMCTM~BCKM CTaflM OTflM~aTbCf/ OT HapOIJ.HOCTBM MaTepMKOBOM ~acTM pemoHa (cym).

0Kono 1480 r.

IO)KHAH APIIKA tOBOPfii.J..IMB Ha f/3b/Ke 6aHT}' Ha-

HO Bb/TBCHMflM KOMCaH/4BB, KOTOpb!B, B CB0/0 O~epe/1,b, Bb/TBCHMflM B nycTb/H/0 M ropb!6yWMBHOB. tOBOPfii.J..IMB Ha 6aHTY nneMeHa aocTo~Horo no6epe)f(bfl, )f(MBWMe 3ana/1,Hee jl,paKo-

~MnEP~~

OCHOBAH~E

MATAnA. OcHoaan 3TO

rocy/1,apCTBO Ha 3BMflfiX, flB)f(ai.J..IMX MB)f(IJ.Y peKaMM 3aM6e3M M flMMnOno, Hbf/TCMM6a, KOTOpb!M B3f/fl ce6e TMTyn «MBeHe Mamna» (T.e. «Pa3oPMTenb 3BMBflb»); TMTyn, no~eTHbiM M y)f(aCa/0/.J..IMM, CTan Hacne/],CTBBHHb/M. l1MeHHO no11. MMeHeM Mamna MMnepMf/ 3Ta M nony~Mna WMPOKY/0 M3BBCTHOCTb. KpoMe Taro, Hbf/TCMM6a nepeHec CTOflMJ4Y M3 3MM6a6ae Ha ceaep, K rope C!Jypa Ha 3aM6e3M.

514

KOHEU. CPE)J.HV1X BEKOB. 1400-1500 rr.

CEBEPHAH AMEPIIKA MEKCIIKA

wee Ha 3ana,D,HOM 6epery o3epa

Bo3s&tweHHe aqTeKos

peKpbiB nocTynneHMe Ty.n.a >KM3HeH-

TecKoKo, 3a6noKMposano ocTposa TeHO'ITMTnaH "" TnanbTenonbKO, neHO He06XO,D,MMb/X npMn8COB, BKfl/0-

8 H8'18ne XIV BeKa BOMHCTBeHHOe nneMR au,TeKOB OTKO'Iesano

c cese-

pa H8 MeKCMK8HCKOe H8rOpbe -

'18>1 CBe>Ky/0 BO,D,y.

pe3yflbT8Te OT-

'18RHHOi1 60pb6bl MMnepaTOp llfU,K08Tflb no6e.n.Mn TenaHeKOB, a 38TeM""

,D,OflMHy, H83B8HHYIO MMM AHayaK, T. e.

OC8,D,Mfl MX CTOflMU,Y- ACK8nOU,8flb-

«CTpaHa y BO,D,bl» . OHM nocenMnMCb

KO ( 1428-1430

Ha .n.syx ocTposax- TeHO'ITMTnaH ""

KM 38TeM pa3rpOMMflM apMM/0 C0/03-

rT.); B3RB ee, au,Te-

TnanbTenonbKO- nocpe.n.M o3epa

HOrO C U,8pCTBOM TenaHeKOB MOU{HO-

TecKoKo (oKono 1325 r.) . OcTposa

ro ropo.n.a-rocy.n.apcTBa Wo'IMMMnb-

3TM npe,D,CT8BflRflM co6oi1 npMpO,D,-

Ko(1430-1433 rr.).

co-

Hble au,TeKM nocTeneHHO pacnpocT-

1440-1468 rr. L.J.APCTBOBAHHE MOTEKYXCOMbl (T.E. BJlAAbiKH C CEPAHTbiM JlHU.OM) MOHTECYMbll - HJlYHKAMHHbl (T.E. CTPEJlKA, CTPEJlSIIOW,ErO B HESO). noxo,D,bl OH so.n.Mn, soc-

paHMnM CBOM Bfl8,D,eHMR H8 BCe MeK-

HOBHOM, H8 /Or OT COBpeMeHHOrO

CMK8HCKOM H8rOpbe.

MexMKO . B ero npasneHMe MMne-

Teflb au,TeKoB Awai1aKaU,MH He6na-

PMR au,TeKOB wMpMnacb ""npou,se-

ropa3yMHO pa3.n.enMn

HHE HMnEPATOPA HU.KOATJlSI (T.E. 'iEPHOrO 3MESI). 1428-1433 rr. BOIItHA C TEnAHEKAMH. OnacaRCb ycMneHMR

Tana.

H8 MHO>KeCTBO MeflKMX OTpR,D,OB,

1468-1481 rr. U.APCTBOBAHHE AWAIItAKAU.HHA (HJlH AWASIKATJlA). OH 'IBCTO BO,D,Mn noxo,D,bl

pa36MTbl T8p8CK8MM. Ha BTOpOCi .n.eHb 6MTBbl, nocne Toro, KaK 3ax-

8U,TeKOB, nneMR TenaHeKOB, 06MT8B-

K8K H8 BOCTOK, ,D,O 6eperoB MeKCM-

ne6Hynacb onpoMeT'IMBaR cppoH-

Hble KpenocTM -

6eperoM Mx

e,D,MHRnM TPM MCKyCCTBeHHb/e H8Cb/nM, Mfll/1 ,D,8M6bl, 06opy,D,OB8HHble no.n.beMHbJMM MOCTBMM . Y.n.a'IHO 80/0R M38Kfli0'18R COI03bl, arpeCCMB-

1427-1440 rr. U.APCTBOBA-

,D,8BHMMM He,D,pyrBMI/1 8U,TeKOB, T8p8CK8MM. Kor,D,a BOMCK8 COI03HMKOB 1/1 T8p8CKOB COWflMCb, np8BM-

cso10 apMM/0

KOTOpble OK838flMCb no O'lepe,D,M

K8HCKOrO 38flMB8, T8K 1/1 H8 /Or0-38-

TBflbHBR aTaKa, apMMR Tpoi1cTBeHHO-

na,D,, K TMXOMY oKeaHy.

ro co103a 6bma Haronoey pa36MTa.

1473 r. rPA)I(,QAHCKASI 801/tHA. )].sa ocTpOBHbJX ropo.n.a, TeHO'I-

OTCTynBIOU{MX ,D,O C8MOM rp8HMLI,bl.

TapacKM HeycTaHHO npecne.n.osanM

TMTnaH 1/1 Tn8flbTeflOflbKO, M3,D,8BH8

npe,D,nOflO>KMTeflbHO, 1/13 ,D,B8,D,U,8TM-

COnepHM'I8flM. 113 CTp8X8 1/1 38BMC-

'IeTblpeXTb/CR'IHOM apMMM BTOp>Ke-

TM K 6onee MOryll{eCTBeHHb/M C0-

HMR ,D,OMOM BepHynMCb TOflbKO OKO-

6p8TbRM npaBMTenM TnanbTenonb-

flO 4 TbJCR'I 'lenoseK. Bnpo'leM, au,-

KO o6pa3osan11

c pR,D,OM .n.pyrMx ro-

TeKM 6biCTpO onpaBMflMCb OT 3TOrO

po.n.os 8HTMTeHO'ITMTfl8HCKYIO K08-

nopa>KeHMR .

flMLI,MIO. Me>K,D,y .n.syMR ocTpOBHbJMM ropO,D,8MM pa3p83Mfl8Cb BOMH8, 1/1

1481-1486 rr. U.APCTBOBAHHE HMnEPATOPA THCOKH. no-

npe>K,D,e 'I eM Ha noMOU{b no.n.ocnenM

XO,D,bl OH BO,D,Mfl, K8K npaBMflO, H8

c nepe-

COI03HMKM TnanbTenonbKO , TeHO'I-

JOro-eocToK OT MexMKO -

TMmaH B KOpOTKOCi, HO O>KeCTO'IeH-

MeHHbJM ycnexoM .

HOM KaMnaHMM pa3rpoMMn conepHM-

1486-1502 rr. U.APCTBOBAHHE HMnEPATOPA AYHCOTJlSI.

Ka Haronosy. TeHO'ITMTnaH cyposo

OTOMCTMfl 1/1 Tfl8flbTeflOflbKO, 1/1 MX C0-

OH BO,D,Mn .n.anbHMe 11 ycnewHble no-

103HMK8M.

XO,D,bl, K8K H8 38n8,D,, T8K 1/1 H8 BOCTOK,

1478 r. SHTBA nPH CAMAKYBOIIIH CO W,IIITOM Ill KIIIHJKanOM. KynbTypa MOLIIIIKa

noKopeHHbli'i ropoA B o6paae BOIIIHa, CKnOHIIIBWerOCSI nepeA 6orOM BOHHbl a'-'TeKoB Ylll'-'lllnono'ITnSI

AYAKE. ,D,OB -

Boi1CKO C0/038 Tpex ropo-

TeHO'ITMmaHa , TnaKonaHa 11

TecKoKo -

ompaBMnacb eoeeaTb

"".n.ocTMr o6o11x no6epe>KMi1. 3a TpexneTH/010 KaMnaHM/0 ( 1495-1498 rr.) OH paCWMpMn 8U,TeKCKMe Bfl8,D,eHMR .n.aneKo Ha 10r.

OrYiaBaeHHe X. BORHA OIIHTb CTAHOBHTCH HCKYCCTBOM. 1000- 1200 IT. Boennhle TeH)J,enu;uu ...... ..... ..... ..... ...... ..... ..... .... .... 6 0p)')KJie JI )J,OCIIeXJI ... ..... ..... .... ..... ..... .... ..... ... 7 Oca)J,Hoe ncKyccrno JI cllopTIIcilHKau;mi ... ... .... 8 TaKTIIKa cyxorrynmx 6oeBhiX )J,eli:crnllli ... .... . 10 BoemmH CJI)')K6a B Cpe)J,HeBeKoBoli: EBporre .. 12 MopcKJie BOeHHbie )J,eli:cTBJIH ........ ........... ..... 13 lJ,epKOBh JI BOeHHaH IIOJIJITIIKa ....... ......... ...... 13 3ana.uuru~ EBpoua .... ...... ..... ..... ..... ..... ...... ..... ..... 15 AIITJIJIH . .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..... 15 illOTJiali)J;rm .... .... ...... .......... .......... ..... ..... ... ... 27 lipJiali)J;JIH .. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... . 28 CKali)J;JIHaBJIH . ... ............................ ..... ...... .... . 29 <!>paHIWH .... ..... .... ....... ..... ..... ..... ..... ............. . 32 fepMaHirn ..................................................... 34 IlpnMopcKJie ropo)J,a-rocy)J,apcrna CeBepHoli: liTaJIJIJI . ..... .... .. ...................... 49 HopMaHHCKJie KIIIDKecrna IOmHoli: liTaJIJIJI n CIIU;IUIIIJI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 H crraHirn .... ..... ............................... ..... ..... .... . 52 IJopryraJIJIH. 0KOJIO 1100- 1200 IT. ... .... ... .. 57 BocTOqnan EBpoua ... ..... ..... ..... ...... ..... ..... ..... ..... 59 IloJibrna ...... ..... .... ...... .......... .......... ..... ..... .... . 59 Pych ..... ..... ..... ..... .......... ..... ...... .................... 6 1

EBpa3un u Enumuuu BocTOK ... ...... .... ....... .......... 70 Bn3aHTillicKaH JIMrreprm ................................ 70 CTPaHbi ncnaMa ............ ..... ...... .... ................ . 82 KpecTOBhie rroxo)J,hi .. ..... ................................ 94 Boennoe 3Haqenne KpecTOBhiX rroxo)J,oB ..... 108 IOmuan A.3un ......... .......... .......... .... . ..... ........... 110 CeBepHaH liH)J,rm .......... ........... .......... ......... 11 0 IO)I{HaH liH)J,rm .. .......... .......... .......... ........... 111 IJ,eli:JioH (illpn-JiaHKa) ................................ 112 IOro-BocTOquan A.3un...................................... 11 3 Tali:JJhi ..... .......... .......... .......... ........... .......... 11 3 Pali:oH BheTHaMa ..... ............... ..... ..... ..... ..... . 11 3 KaM6o)J,il<a .......... .......... ......... ..... ..... .......... . 11 3 BnpMa ........................................................ 114 A<flpuKa . ...... .......... .......... .......... ..... ..... .......... . 115 BocTo~aH AcilpHKa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 5 3arra)J,HaH AcilpHKa....................................... 115 IOmHaH AcilpHKa .. ......... .......... .... ..... .......... . 115 BocTOquan u ll,eu-rpanbuan A.3un...................... 116 KHTali: ....... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 116 BHyrpeHHHH A3rm ....... .......... .......... ........... 118 KopeH ............ ..... ..... .................... ........... .... 119 .HrroHirn ..... .......... .......... ........... .......... ........ 119

XI. 3 IIOXA MOHfOJTOB. 1200- 1400 IT. Boennhle TeH)J,enu;uu...... .......... .......... ..... ..... .... . )J,ocrrexn .... ..... .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... Op)')KHe................... . .................................. Oca)J,Hoe nceyccrno JI cllopTIIcilHKaJIHH ...... .. . TaKTIIKa cyxorrynibiX 6oeBhiX )J,eli:crnllli ..... .

122 123 124 129 133

BoJIHcKaH cnym6a B 3arra)J,Holi: EBporre II03)1,Hero Cpe)J,HeBeKOBhH ....................... BocTOquan ull,eu-rpanbuan A.3un ............... ....... MoHroJIJIH JI MoiiTOJibCKaH HMrreprm .......... BoennaH cncTeMa MOIITOJIOB oKono 1225 r .....

133 150 150 160

OIJlABJlEHV1E

516

EBporreH.cKIIe KaMrramrn: MOHroJioB, 1236-1242 rr....................................... KlrraH. .........................................................

169 186 KopeH ......................... ..... ...... ..... ..... ..... ..... . 188 JirroHIDI ...................................................... 190 3aua,uuan EBpoua ........................................... . 194 CToneTHIDI Boll:Ha -

rrepBaH cpa3a,

1337-1396 rr............................ ..... .... .. 194 EpiiTaHCKIIe OCTPOBa ...................... ..... ..... .. 210 <l>paHI.J;IIH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 CKaH)WliaBCKIIC CTPaHhl ................... ..... ..... . 234 fepMaHIIH ..................... ... ..... .... ..... ..... ..... .. . 239 liTaJIIIH .. ..... ..... ..... ..... ...... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... . 246 fiiipeHCHCKIIH ITOJIYOCTPOB ............... ..... ...... 253 BocToquan EBpoua ..... ..... ..... ...... ..... ..... ..... ..... . 283 EoreMIIH II MopaBIIH ..... ..... ..... .... ..... ..... ..... . 283 lloJibiiia ... ..... ..... .... ...... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ...... 283 JIIITBa, 1300-1400 r r ..................... ..... ..... . 28 5 Pych .. ..... ..... ..... ..... ...... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... . 286 BeHrpiiH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 C ep 6IIH..... ..... ..... .... ...... ......... .......... ..... ...... 316 EonrapiiH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316

EBpa3un u Enum:uuu BocTOK ..... ....... .... ..... ..... .. 319 KpecTOBhle rroXOAE>I -

rro3)1HHH cpa3a,

1200-1396 IT... .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .... ... 319 BII3aHTIIH.cKaH IIMrrepiiH .. ..... ................ ....... 335 OcMaHCKaH IIMrrepiiH, 1290-1402 rr.... .... .. 339 EriiiTeT, CIIpiiH II MaMJIIOKII .... ..................... 340 IIepciiH II TypKeCTaH, 1200- 1405 r r .......... 341 Alf>puKa . .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ....... 344 CeBepHaH Acl>piiKa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 3 arraP.HaH Acl>piiKa ....................................... 344 BocTo~aH Acl>piiKa .......... ..... ..................... 345 IOm:uan A3UB .. .......... ........... .......... .......... ....... 348 CeBepHaH liHJWH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 IOm:HaH liH)WH ................ ..... ..... .... ...... ....... 354 lJ,eHIIOH (Illpii-JlaHKa) ..... ..... .... ..... ..... ........ 356 IOro-BocmqnaH A31IH ............................... ....... 357 TaH.w>I ....... ..... ..... ..... ..... ...... ... ...... .............. 357 BbeTHaMcKIIH. pernoH ..... ........... ..... ..... ..... .. 357 KaM6 0).l;:tKa .................................................. 358 DIIpMa ... ..... ................................................ 360 11H)]OHC3IIH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360

XII. KOHE:q CPE~HHX BEKOB. 1400- 1500 IT. Boeunbie TeH)]en~un... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ...... .. 364 0 63op ... ..... ..... ..... ..... .... .. ... ........................ 364 )l, ocrreXII . ..... ..... .... ...... ......... ..... ................. . 364 B o opy)l{eHIIe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 <l>op rncl>IIKai.liiOHHo e IIcKyccTBo II TeXHIIKa oca).l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

377 TaKTIIKa cyxorryrnux 6 o eBbiX ).lellcTBIIH. ...... 382 B oeHHaH opraHII3aJWH .......... .......... ..... ...... . 387 3aua,unaH EBpoua ...... ...... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .. 389 C ToJieTHIDI Boll:Ha. B TopaH cTa)]IIH,

1396-1457 rr... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .... .. 39 1 404 <l>paHI.J;IIH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 11 CKaH)]IIHaBIIH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 f ep MaHIIH .... ..... .... ...... .......... ......... ..... ..... .. . 42 1 IllBelli.lapiiH .... ..... .... ..... ..... ..... .................... 425 liTaJIIIH .. ..... .................................... ..... ..... . 433 fiiipeHCHCKIIH ITOJIYOCTPOB ..... ..... ..... ..... ...... 437 BocToquan EBpoua ... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ...... .. 453 EoreMIIH . ..... ..... ... ...... .......... .......... ..... ..... .. . 45 3 EpiiTaHCKIIe OCTPOBa ...................... ..... ...... .

lloJibiiia ...................................................... 470 475 488 Cep6IIH ....................................................... 490 A n6aHIIH ...... ..... ..... ..... .............. ..... ..... ..... .. 490 EBpa3UH, Enum:uuu BocTOK u Alf>pnKa .............. 492 BII3aHTIIH.cKaH IIMITepiiH. 1400- 146 1 IT..... 492 O cMaHCKaH IIMrrepiiH .. ................... ........... .. 495 EriiiTeT II CIIpiiH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501 IIep ciiH II TypKecTaH ........................... .... ... 502 IOm:uan A3UH .. ........... .......... .......... .......... ....... 504 CeBepHaH liHJWH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504 l())I{Hag liH).liiH II lJ,eHIIOH (Illp ii-JlaHKa) ..... 505 BocToqnaH A3uH ................................. ............. 506 KIITaH. .... ........... ..... ..... ................... ........... .. 506 K opeH ......................................................... 507 JirroHIDI .. ..... ..... ...... ..... ............... ..... ..... ..... . 507 IOro-BocmqnaH A3IIB ......................... ............. 508 Taliw>I ........................................................ 508 PeriioH BhernaMa ..... .................... ........... ... 508 Pych .............................................. ............. B eHrpiiH ............ ..... ..... .................. ........... ..

0 IJlABJl EH V1 E 508 509 509 509 Alf>puKa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511 CeBepHaH A4>pmm ... .......... .......... .......... ..... 511 KaM6oAJI{a ...... .......... ......... .......... .......... ..... EIIpMa ........................................................ ~OHe3llil ................................................. Manail3llil ..... .......... ..... ..... .......... .......... .....

517

BocTO'IHaH A4>piiKa ...... .......... .......... .......... 511 3arra~HaH A4>piiKa.......... ..... ..... .... ..... ..... ..... 511 IOJKHaH A4>piiKa .. ......... .......... ......... .......... . 513 CeBepnaH AMepuKa .......... ..... ............... ..... ...... 514 MeKciiKa .... ......... .......... .......... .......... ......... 514

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