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BOEHHbiE TEHAEHUJ.-1V1 <PnTHJ1bHbiH 3aMOK, ill0MTIOJ1 MymKeTa 6biJ1 ):lepeBHHHbiH. ,l];n:cTaHIIHH cTpenh6br ):IOCTn:rana Tenepb 200300 M. Ilynn: MymKeTa npo6n:Bann: caMble Tmi<eJJbie naTbi, 'ITO n:Meno pemaromee 3Ha'leHI1e B 6opb6e c Tli)KenoH: KaBanepn:eH:. 3apH):I BeCMJ1 TIOJ10BHHY Beca nynn, T.e. 25 rpaMMOB. MymKeT o6na):lan YJ:IOBneTBopn:TenbHOH MeTKOCThro ):10 150-200 maroB, HO Mor y6n:BaTb 'leJJOBeKa H Ha paCCTOHHHH ):10 400 maroB. 0T):Ia'la 6b!J1a O'leHb CHJJbHaH; 'IT06bi JJer'le 6hiJ10 nepeHOCHTb OT):Ia'Iy, MYIIIKeTep Ha):leBan Ha npaBoe TIJ1e'IO KO)KaHyro TIOJ:IYillKY, B KOTopyro ynn:pan npn:Kna):l MYIDKeTa. YcneillHoe n:cnonb30BaHI1e MYIDKeToB 11CTiaHIIaMH B 1525 ro):ly B cpa)KeHI15IX npn IlaBMI1 11 Map11aHHHO co3):1ano 6onbrnyro cnaBy 3TOMY opy)KHIO, o6na):laromeMY ny'lrnMMH 6annn:cTH'IeCKHMH CBOHCTBaMH, 'leM apKe6y3. llcrraHCKHH MYIIIKeT BeCHJ1 6 Kr. CKOHCTpyn:poBan MYIIIKeT MoKeTTo 113 BenneTpbr. B 1585 ro):ly rep11or Anb6a o):lo6p11n ycoBepmeHCTBOBaHHbiH MYffiKeT. CTBOJ1 ):IJ1HHOH 36 ):IIOHMOB (90 CM), Kann:6p 0,87 ):IIOHMa (12 MM), CHapy)KH rpaHeHb!H, n:ynH BeCOM B 12 30J1. (51 r), 3aMOK <Pn:THJJhHb!H. Bee MyrnKeTa He yKa3aH. Ilocne 11cnaHHI1 MymKeT 6biJJ npHHHT B fepMaHHll H BO <l>paHIIHH (1527 r. ), 3aTeM B J:~pyrn:x apMHHX. ,l];o 1567 ro):la MymKeTbi 6biJJH Be3):1e; MYIDKeT cTan py)KbeM oT6opHoH: neXOTbl. qT06bi ycneiiiHO BJ1a):leTb J:~JJHHHhiM n: TH)KeJJb!M MYIIIKeTOM, ):laiOil(HM npn: CTpenb6e CI1J1bHyiO OT):Ia'Iy, MYHIKerep ):IOJJ)KeH 6bm 6biTh CHJ1bHbiM H BbiHOCJ1HBbiM COJJ):IaTOM. IIepBoHa'lanbHO MYIIIKeTep, no):lo6Ho apKe6y3n:py, HMeJJ TIOM0Il(HI1Ka; BTIOCJ1e):ICTBI1H, c o6ner'leHn:eM MYIDKeTa, TIOM0Il(HI1K 6biJ1 ynpa3):1HeH. 06n erqeHHbre 11 yKopoqeHHhre MyrnKeTbi Ha3hmann:cb Ha 3ana):le MYIDKeTOHaMH, OHM CJ1Y)KHJ1H B Ka'leCTBe OXOTHH'Ihero H KaBanepMHCKOro opy)KHH. B Poccn:n: n: KaBanepn:H:CKHH o6pa3e11 H33biBancH MYIDKeToM. MymKeTOHbi BBe):leHbi so <l>paHIIHH B 1559 ro):ly , ):IJJHHa HX 6biJ1a 75 CM. ,l];o TOrO 6biJ1H BBe):leHbl rna):IKOCTBOJ1bHbie Kapa611Hhi o6pa311a 1542 ro):la.

AsyxcTBOJlbHbliii Koneci..IOBbliii mlcToneT HeMei..IKOiii pa60Tbl

nlfiCTOJleT-KifiH>KaJl C KpeMHeBbiM 3aMKOM

5epAbiW-PY>Kbe Ha"'ana

,JJ;mr yJ:~o6cTBa 3apH)KaHMH Ha KOHIIe CTBOJ1a MYIIIKeTOHa HMeJJOCb yrnn:peHHe B J:~yne n:nn pacTpy6. MymKeTOHOM )Ke H33bmanocb 1 ,5-Kann:6epHoe PY)Kbe, y KOToporo CTBOJJ 6hm He Kpyrnoro, a osanbHOro ce'leHn:H, CIIJ1IOil(eHHbiH CBepxy II CHI13Y, TaK 'ITO illHpOKHH ):111aMeTp KaeyHa CTBOn a 6bm B 1,5 pa3a mn:pe Y3Koro. TaKoti CTBOJ1 3apH)KaJ1H cpa3y J:IBYMH nyJJHMM. Opy)Kn:e npe):IHa3Ha<J:anocb ):IJJH KaBanepn:fiCKOH CTpeJ1b6bi C KOHH, 'IT06br nynn: paccen:Bann:cb 6onbrne B CTOpOHbi, a He BBepx H BHH3. KpeMHeBbiH MYHIKeToH ( c pacTpy6oM B J:~Y ne) Ha3biBaJJCH y <l>paHIIY30B TpOM60HOM. B 1530-x ro):lax B llcnaHn:n: noHBHJ1CH 6yMa)KHbiH naTpOH, COCTOHBilli1H 113 6yMa)KHOH ri1J1b3bi, B KOTOpoll: TIOMell(aJJHCb nopOXOBOH 3apH):I 11 nyJJH. B ecb naTpOH 6hm TaKoti TonmnHbi, 'ITO CB060):IHO BXO):IHJ1 B CTBOJ1 PY)KbH. Ilepe):l 3apH)KaHn:eM Heo6xoJ:IHMO 6biJ10 p330pBaTb rHJ1b3Y CO CTOpOHbi nopoxa, 'ITO ):lenan cTpenoK 3y6aMM, IIOTOMY 'ITO B O):IHOH pyKe ):lep)Kan py)Kbe, B J:~pyroti - rraTpoH; 113 naTpoHa oH oTcbman HeMHoro nopoxy Ha TIOJ1Ky, BeCb OCTaJJbHOH 3apH):I BCb!TiaJJ B CTBOJ1, 3aKynopn:BaJ1

XVI

CToneTifiSI

nyneH: C 6yMa)KHOH rHJ1b30H H npn:611BaJ1 moMnonoM. T aK KaK 6yMa)KHbrti naTpOH ycKOpHJJ 3apH)KaHHe py)Kb51, TO BTIOCJ1e):ICTBHH TaKMe naTpOHbi 6biJ1H npHHHTbi ):IJ1H BOeHHOrO opy)KMH noBceMeCTHO B EBpone. IJaTpOH ):IJ151 IIIOMTIOJ1bHbiX py)Kefi cTpenKM ):lenann: caMI1. fHJ1b3Y ( «KapTY3») cBopa'ln:Bann H3 nn:cqefi 6yMarn, CKJJeHBan n: KneticTepoM H3 MYKH, 3aKnenBan H nynro, cyrnHnn:, 3aTeM TyJ:~a noMemanH nopox. ,Il;JJH naTpoHOB npHcnoco6neHbl 6biJ1H cyMKH (rraTpOHTaiiill), KOTOpbie HOCHJ1HCb Ha peMHe qepe3 nne'lo 11J1H Ha noHce. B PoccnH naTpOHTam, HOCHMbiti Ha peMHe '1epe3 nne'Io , H33biBancH JJHJ:IYHKOH. IlaTpOHOB, BCJJe):ICTBHe HX nopHJ:IO'IHoro o6beMa H 6onhrnoro Beca, HOCHJ1H He 6onee 40 IIITyK. I111CTOJ1eTbl 3HaqHTeJ1bHO ycoBepmeHCTBOBaJJHCb B KaBan epnH. Bca):IHHKY Heo6xo):IHMO 6bmo HMeTb orHecTpenbHOe opy)Kn:e, He o6peMeHn:TeJ1hHoe npn: e3):1e, He6oJ1brnoe, nerKoe H ):laiOil(ee B03MO)KHOCTb CTpeJJHTb c O):IHOti pyKH, TaK KaK J:~pyraH 6bma 3aHHTa ynpaBJ1eHI1eM KOHeM. C o6ner'leHI1eM MYIDKeToB nony'IHJJHCb o6ner<J:eHHbie p y )KbH y MeHbmeHHbiX pa3MepoB, TaKHe py)KhH

V1CnAHCKOE KAPE V1 nV1HEli1Hblll1 KOPA6nb. 1500-1600 rr. CKOH aTaKM II npMMeHeHHe nMCTOJieTOB B KaBaJiepiiM BMeCTO ITMK cppaHUY3bl BCKope BBeJIM y ce6H. IIMKM eTaJIM 3aMeHf.!Tb ITMCTOJieTaMH. B

IIIHAYCCKIIIiit TOnop-niiiCTOlleT

XVI

BeKe rrpOL\OJI)I(aiOTCH rro-

IIbiTKJI COe):\JIHeHJif.! OrHeCTpeJibHOfO Opy)I(IIf.! C XOJIO):\Hb!M. 3TO npaKTJIKOBaJIOCb y)l(e ):laBHO. TaK, HanpMMep, B

CTOJieTMH 6bma LIY6MHKa-rrMc-

TOJieT. Opy)I(Me 3TO C):leJiaHo ueJIHKOM M3 )l(eJie3a 11 rrpe):ICTaBJIHeT co6oi1 rraJIKY C YTOJill!eHJieM K OL\HOMY KOH-

niiiCTOJleT-TeCaK C KOJleCI.IOBbiM 33MKOM

IIY . .IJ:ep)l(aJIJI rranKy B pyKe 3a TOHKMH KOHeU, f}:le HaXO):IHJIOCb KOJibUO ):\Jlf.! 110):\BeiiiMBaHMf.! opy)I(Mf.! Ha peMeHb.

C YTOJill!eHHOfO KOHUa MMeeT-

Cf.! BeyTpeHHHH KaHaJI, ):IOXO):If.!ll!MH ):10 pyKoHTKH, f):le 6b!JIO ycTpoeHo 3arraJihHoe OTBepcTIIe. Ha LIYJibHYIO qacTb LIY6IIHKJI HaBapeHo Tf.!)l(eJioe )l(eJie3HOe KOJibUO, 'IT06b! ):ly6JIHKa

niiiCTOJ1eT-KIJIH)I(3J1; 33MOK KpeMHeBbliit

6biJia yBeCMCTee. B .IJ:pe3):1eHcKoM My3ee MMeeTcH Torrop-rrMCTOJieT TO)I(e Ha3biBaJIHCb MYIIIKeTOHaMH; HX BCe 6oJiee yKopa~BaJIH, TaK qTo L\JIHHa

qeM aTaKy BeJIH KOJIOHHaMM B

15-

XV CTOJieTMH.

Torrop Becb )l(eJie3HbiH, B pyKOHTKe

IIIepeHf B my6nHy; Ka)l():laH IIIe-

BbiCBepJieH rrpOL\OJibHbiH KaHaJI, TaK

eM. KopoTKHH

peHfa, ITO):ICKaKaB Ha Bb!CTpeJI, OCTa-

qTo LIYJIO HaXOL\IITCH B KOHUe pyKo-

MYIIIKeTOH H MO)I(HO cqriTaTh npoTo-

HaBJIMBaJiaCb, ):laBaJia 3aJin no cppaH-

HTKM, a 3aTpaBKa -

TnnoM nHCTOJieTa. A3HaTCKHe nHCTO-

uy3aM II, paCCblllaHCb BrrpaBO II BJieBO,

CTpeJib6e opy)I(Me ):lep)l(aJIH 3a o6yx

JieTbl 6biJIH B BH):Ie KOpOTKOfO Kapa-

O~ll!aJia MecTo cJieL\yiOll!ei1; caMa )l(e

Tonopa. BrrocJie):ICTBMM rro):lo6Hhie

6HHa C YKOpoqeHHbiM CTBOJIOM H npH-

BbiCTPaHBaJiaCb B ThiJIY, 3apH)I(af.! opy-

OfHeCTpeJibHbie TOITOpbl CTaJIM ):le-

KJia):\OM py)l(eHHOfO Tuna. B nepHOL\

)I(Jie. 3TOT HOBbiH MaHeBp KaBanepMH-

JiaTb TaK, 'ITO LIYJIO KaHana B pyKOHT-

CTBOJia L\OCTHfaJia

KOJieCIIOBbiX 3aMKOB nOHBHJIOCb opy)I(He C KOpOTKHM CTBOJIOM H OC060H JIO)I(eH: He py)l(eHHOH, a B BH):Ie nHCTOJieTHOH pyKoHTH. TaKoe opy)l(ne CTaJIH Ha3biBaTb IIHCTOJieTOM; no-pycCKH -

«IIHCTOJIH», no HMeHM fOpO):Ia

IIncToH B MTaJIHH, f):le TaKoe opy)I(He H3fOTOBJIHJI MacTep KaMHJIHO BeTeJIJIH B

1536 fOLlY.

3aTeM CTaJIH BbiiiYC-

KaTb nMCTOJieTbl II L\pyrne MaCTepa. HecoMHeHHo, ~o nMcToJieTbi 6hiJIM 11 ):IO BeTeJIJIM. B PoccMM, HarrpMMep, MHOfOCTBOJibHbie ITMCTOJieTbl MMeJIHCb B

1538 fOL\y.

B MTaJIHM MHOfO-

CTBOJibHblli nHCTOJieT yrrOMHHaeTCf.! y Ccpopua B

1550

fOLlY n Ha3hrnaeTcH

MaJieHbKMM rrHTMCTBOJibHbiM py)l(heuoM, KOTOpOe HOCMJIM B KapMaHe

Tonopbi-KlleBI.Ibl c KoneCI.IOBbiMIII niiiCToneTaMIII a pyKOSITK3X

(AJihMeHM Ccpopua 6hiJI KaMepfepoM Ka3MMO, y6mofo MM B

1556 f.).

HeMeuKaf.! KaBaJiepnH BnepBbie rrpHMeHHJia nHCTOJieTbl Ha BOHHe. 3To 6biJIO B 6nTBe npn PaHTH B

1544

fOLlY· Tor):la HeMeUKMe petl:Tapbr ycrreiiiHO aTaKOBaJIM cppaHUY30B, rrpM-

niiiCTOJleTHbliit TOnOp C KOJleCI.IOBbiM 33MKOM HeMei.IKOiit pa60Tbl

B cepeL\IIHe. Ilpii

BOEHHbiE TEH,ll.EHUV1V1

11 MepOB, CH

~TO

~e.TIOBeK;

3a HIIM MO)J{eT yKpbiTbB QeHTpe li]IITa yKpen-

JTeH niiCTOJTeT C cpiiTIIJTbHbiM 3aMKOM. Bbiiiie niiCTOJTeTa IIMeeTCH OKOIIIe~KO, 3ali]IIII]eHHOe perneTKOH.

IIJ;IIT He npo6IInaeM nyneil. Ilon:o6Hbre II]IITbi CJTY)J{IIJTII eli]e II B

159 8

ron:y. IlrrcToJTeT 6hiJT Ka3H03apHD:Hbiii.

APTII.JI.JIEPIIH B XVI 8eKe nporpecc 8

apmnne-

PMM He nocne8an 3a co8epweHCT808aHMeM pyLJHOrD orHecTpenbHoro opy)I(MR ma8HbtM o6pa30M M3BCaAHIIIKIII, BOOpy>KeHHble KOJleCI..IOBbiMIII niiiCTOJleTaMIII.

1580-1591

rr.

3a T0/0, '-ITO apTMnnepMCTaM He y/l,a8anocb pa3pewMTb npo6neMy, KaK CO'-IeTaTb n0/1,8/11)1(HOCTb C /l,anb-

Ke BhlXO)JJLTIO II3 o6yxa Tonopa, TaK

Cepbe3HbiM II n:eilcTBeHHbiM opy-

'ITO nprr cTpenh6e He 6hiJTO Han:o6Ho-

)J{HeM OKa3biBaeTCH 6epJJ:biiii-py)J{be.

H060i!JHOCTb/O /11 01He80M MOlljb/0.

opy)J{rre pyKOHT-

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,ll,a8HO y)l(e 6btnO OC03HaHO, '-ITO

6oeBoil Tonop (6epn:biin). CTBOJT o6-

nyLJwei!J /l,anbH060i!JHOCTb10, TO'-IHO-

0KOJTO TOrO )J{e BpeMeHH nOHBH-

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na/l,a/OT nywKM, 8o-nep8btX, /l,n/11-

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Y3KIIH, npHMOH. Py)J{bC Boo6II]c

Hoi!t He MeHee

Tbipex II 6onee CTBOJTOB, CKpemreH-

o~eHb noxo)J{e Ha n:penKo 6epn:hrrna.

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CTH

nonopa~rrnaTb

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20 20

06-

KanM6p08 (TO

HbiX KOJTbQaMII, CHa6)J{eHHbiX IIHOr[(a

0THOCHTCH 3TO opy)J{He K Ha'!aJTy

KaK MMHMMYM 8

OCTpbiMll IIIHnaMH. CTBOJTbl 6biJTll

XVI CTOJTeTHH. lf3 cpaHTaCTH'leCKIIX

/1,/11T /l,MaMeTp KaHana) 111, 80-8TO-

KOpOTKHe llHMeJTH OD:HY 06IIIyiO nOJT-

pa3 npe80CX0-

o6pa3I..LOB

pb!X, TOnCTOCTeHHbte, CnOC06Hbte

Bee CTBOJTbi cTpeJTHJIII

opy)J{IIH ynOMHHeM 0 niiCTOJTeTe-

8bt/l,ep)l(aTb /l,a8neHMe, o6pa3yJO-

cpa1y. IloJTKa 3aKpbrnanach CKOJTb3H-

apanHIIKe. CTBOJT niiCTOJTeTa CKpbiT

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B KHYTOBHIIIe, [(JIHHa ero OKOJTO

KY, TaK

~To

)J{IIraJTII cpiiTIIJTeM. .1J:y6IIHKa IIMeJia

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[(JTIIHHOe n:peBKO, IIHOr[(a YCIIJTeHHOe

3aMaCK1IpOBaH 6axpOMOH, yKparnaiO-

)J{e.Tie3HbiMII nOJTOCKaMII.

li]eH KHYTOBIIII]e.

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Ca6nH-niiCTOJTeT IIMena KJTIIHOK

IIMe.TIIICb 6oenbre niiCTOJTeTHbie TOnO-

cpopMbi HTaraHa; Ha TOJTCTOM pe6pe

pbi (c

1580 r.).

( o6yxe) KJIIIHKa HaXO[(IIJTCH niiCTO-

Eonee oprrnmaJTbHbi nrrcToJTeTbi-

JTeTHblll CTBOJI He60JTbiiiOrO KaJTII6-

KIIH)J{aJTbi: KIIH)J{aJT C KpeMHeBbiM 3aM-

pa. B 3cpece noMell]eH Konecu:onhril

10 CM) CTBO-

3aMOK; cnyCK ycTpOeH 13 BII[(e KHOn-

JTOM, pacnOJTO)J{eHHbiM c6oKy KJTIIHKa

KII B D:pyroM KOHU:e Kpbi)J{a 3cpeca.

KOM II KOpOTKIIM ( OKO.TIO

KHH)J{aJTa; KHH)J{aJTbi C D:BYMH nHCTO-

KnuHOK ca6nu n:aMaCKOBbril, KopoT-

JTeTaMH, pacnOJTO)J{eHHbiMll no CTBO-

KHii ( OKOJTO

JTY C Ka)J{[(Oll CTOpOHbi KJTIIHKa, II, Ha-

CM [(JTIIHOM ).

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Ka)KJJ:biii, npuKpenneHbi Ka)KJJ:biii

120

KJTIIHKe KIIH)J{aJTa. 3aMOK KOJTeCQO-

K n:peBKY B

BbiH, cnycK KHOnKOH B03.Tie 3cpeca.

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o6II]IIH cnycK.

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B Ha~aJre

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XVI

30°.

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li]HTbi. IIJ:rrT )J{eJTe3HbiH TaKHX pa3-

OpyAIIIH. KoHel..l

XV-

Ha"'allo

XVI

BB.

V1CnAHCKOE KAPE V1 nV1HElllHbllll KOPA6nb. 1500-1600 rr:

n ..1U~anb. 1590 r.

Mopntpa

ray<J>Hiill43 (ra<J>yHiil143) . 1542 r.

Konbt4eBast n1111.1.1anb. XVI B.

n1111.1.13nb «CBIIITOK». 1591 r.

Ll.leecfl npu pa3pbtBe KpynHom nopoxoaoro 3apfi,D,a . nywKM CO CTBOflbHb/MM CTeHKaMM nOTOHbWe 1/7 3apfi>KeHHbte MeHbWMM 3apfi,D,OM nopoxa Mornu cTpenfiTb R.apaMM TOM >Ke MaCCbl, HO 3Ha'IMTenbHO MeHee TO'IHO M He TaK .aaneKo. B.ao6aaoK .aa>Ke caMbte nerKMe nywKM BCe paBHO 6btnM HeyKn/O>KM 1/7 rpoM03,D,KM, a npOM3BO,D,CTBO Ka>K,D,0/0 BbtCTpena Tpe6oaano .aonmill Tpy.aoeMKoill no.aroTOBKM. /113-3a BCeX 3TMX orpaHM'IeHMM npeBOCXO,D,CTBO B apTMnnepMM, 06-

peTeHHOe cjJpaHU,y3aMM B KOHU,e npe,D,bi.D.Yll.le/0 CTOneTMfl, OKa3anOCb 6btCTpO CBe,D,eHHb/M Ha HeT TeMM pa,D,MKanbHb/MI/7 ycoaepweHCTBOBaHMfiMM, 'ITO BHeCnM B KOHCTpyKU,M/0 1/7 B TaKTMKY npMMeHeHMfl py'IHoro omecTpenbHoro opy>KMfl MCnaHU,bl. /113-3a 3TOIO B Te'leHMe XVI aeKa 3Ha'leHue apTMnnepuu nowno Ha y6btnb no cpaaHeHM/0 c py'IHbtM 0/HeCTpenbHb/M opy>KMeM KpoMe KaK npu oca.aax, 3all.lMTe yKpenneHMill, a TaK>Ke Ha cjJnom. HaaepHoe, He 6btfl0 HM O,D,HOIO Kpyn-

ApTiilnneplilst XVI B. PeKOHCTPYK14111st . XIX B.

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Aae >Kene3Hble n111t11an111. XVI a.

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oxpaHRTb KaHOHI1pOB 11M npi1X0/1,11110Cb B 06011X CMb/CflaX: KaK OT npoTI1BHI1Ka , TaK 11 '-IT06 He pa36e>Ka1111Cb» 1• Opy>Kei!JHI1KI1 nocTORHHO 3Kcnepi1MBHTI1poaanl1 C HOBb/MI1 M0/1,Bf1fiMI1, a TaK>KB pa31111'-/Hb/MI1 KOM611Ha/411fiMI1 /],11aMeTpa KaHana CTBOJ1a , T0/1llji1Hbl CTBOflbHb/X CTBHOK, MOlljHOCTI1 nopoxoaoro R.n,ep.

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11 MaCCbt

pe3yf1bT8TB Tl1nOB apTI11111B-

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113-3a '-IBIO , B '-laCTHOCTI1 ,

Manucy, Albert. Artillery Through th e Ages. Washington, 1949. 1

KyneapiiiHa. 06bi'IHO AniiiHa cTaona a 20-40 pa3 6onbwe ero WIIIPIIIHbl. noA'beM CTBOna OCYIJ.IeCTBnSieTCSI nplll nOMOIJ.IIII npocToro MexaHIII3Ma, pacnono>KeHHoro a 38AHeiil <~aCTIII na<J>eTa

V1CnAHCKOE KAPE V1 JlV1HEVlHbiVl KOPA6Jlb. 1500-1600 rr. H83biB8flCfl «ne,!J,pepO» ( OT 111Cn8HCKOIO «pedrO» -

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lilcnaHcKoe OPYAIIIe. XVI B.

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Kr.

V1CnAHCKOE KAPE V1 nV1HEli1Hblll1 KOPA6nb. 1500-1600 rr.

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111 TaK ,tJ.O

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l!lCnAHCKOE KAPE l!1 nV1HEli1Hbllll KOPA6nb. 1500-1600 rr.

18 *

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V1CnAHCKOE KAPE V1 Jll!lHElllHbllll KOPA6Jlb. 1500-1600 rr.

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BcaAHHKJ.t" ane6apAIJ4HKH. XVI B. PetroHCTPYK14HH. XIX B.

V1CnAHCKOE KAPE V1 nvtHEVlHbllll KOPA6nb. 1500-1600 rr.

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V1CnAHCKOE KAPE V1 nVlHEVlHbiLil KOPA6nb. 1500-1600 rr.

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XVI BeKa K3.iK,ll.Oil poTe KOHHhlX

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«P11BeHAJK». AHmi1H, 1560 r. 6o11bWO~ '4eTblpexMa'4roBbl~ Tpexna11y6Hbl~ ra11eOH. BoopYJKeH TJ)11AL\3Tbl0 BOceMH 3AL\3TI1- 11 AeBSITI1cj> YHTOBbiMI1 KY11eBpi1H3 Ml1 MIOC He6011bWI1M K01111'4ecTBOM nenmx nyweK. noA KOM3HAOB3HI1eM Q)p3HatC3 Ape~Ka oH npi1HI1M311 yoqaCTHe B cpaJKeHI111 npoTI1B 11cnaHCKO~ Heno6eA11MO~ apMaAbl c 21 no 29111011511588 r . , KO~a B3SI11 B nneH ra11eoH «Pocapl1o» 11 noapeA1111 <<CaHTa-Q)e». «P11BeHAJK» npi1HI1M311 aiCTI1BHoe y'4aCTI1e B cj>I1H311bHO~ 611TBe y rpaae11a~Ha. PaaMepbl: A1111Ha 30,06 M, w11p11Ha no na11y6e 8,7 M, BOA0113Mel!\eHI1e 976 T, KOM3HA3 135 '4e110BeK

OCTaJII>Hble rprupcTBa C1paHhl H B3llTh JlOH,LI.OH. 0,LI.HaKO B 6opb6e npOTHB BOCCTaHHll Ha ceBepe C1paHhl EJIH3aBeTa onHpaJiacb Ha IIIHpOKHe CJIOH ,LI.BOpllHCTBa H 6yp:>KYa3HH 60JiblliHHCTBa rprupCTB AHrJIHH, noHHMaBIIIHX, "'TO no6e,LI.a

3An.A)J.HA$l EBPOnA

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1569 roga rrpaBH-

6oH MeJKAY HcnaHCKJtM" aHrnHHcKJtM ct>noTaMH. PacJ<paweHHaSI rpaa10pa. XJX a.

TeJihCTBeHHhiMM BOitCKaMM C 60JihiiiOit :>KecTOKOCThiO. MHorne rnasapH Boc-

HMe KaTOJIHKOB B AHmHH H HpnaH-

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CTaHMll ycrreJIH 6e'A<a.Th B lliOTJiaH,LJ,MIO,

AMM H TeM CalvlhiM IIOMOqf> BhiCa,z:J,Ke B

BOp, BCTpeqeHHhiit B JlOH,LJ,OHe BCeo6-

a 3aTeM B HcrraHMIO H PHM, OHM rrpo-

AHrJIHH HcrraHCKMX H <}>paHI.IY3CKMX

ll.IHM ogo6peHMeM, B <}>eBpaJie

AOJI)f(a.JIM orryga 6oph6y rrpOTHB EnM-

BOitCK, KOTOpbie ,LJ,OJI:>KHhi 6hiJIH 3a-

roga oHa 6biJia o6e3rJiaBJieHa.

3aBeThi. B

1570

rogy rrarra IlHit

1587

XBaTHTh JIOH,LJ,OH, pacrrpaBHThC.ll CO

Ka3Hh MapHH CTIOapT .siBMJiach

H3AaJI

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6ynny o6 OTpeiiieHHM EJIH3aBeThi OT

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cHap.sJAHJI AJISI ocymecTBJie-

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cocTO.siBIIIHlt rJiaBHhiM o6pa30M M3

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pe3 pyKM rocygapcTBeHHoro ceKpeTa-

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c HcrraHHelt- npoxogMJiagiDKeTalt-

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Ha.si rreperrHcKa MapHH. 3aroBopmH-

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p.s~g

Thlc.siq oT6opHhiX

ThiCJiq opygHlt. npoltTH

CKHe BoltcKa, HaxogHBIIIMec.s~ B HH-

AHrJIHM. KpynHeltiiiMM H3 HHX 6hiJI

KM B AHmHH 6hmH cxBaqeHhi H Ka3-

3aroBop Ba6MHrTOHa. 3aroBopmHKM

HeHhi B ceHT.si6pe

rrpegrronaraJIH y6HTh EJIH3aBery, oc-

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B ycThe TeM3hl, HeganeKo OT JioHgo-

Bo6ogHTh MapHIO, rrogHSITh BoccTa-

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Ha. HcrraHUhl paccqMThiBaJIM, qm HX

1586 roga.

MapH.si

gepnaHgax, M 3aTeM BhiCa,z:J,HTh geCaHT

lt1CnAHCKOE KAPE lt1 nlt1HEV1HbiV1 KOPA5nb. 1500-1600 rr.

BTOpllieHIIe 6y11:eT ITOMeplliaHO BOCCTaHIIeM aHr.JIIIiiCKHX KaTOJlliKOB. B AHrJIHII BoilHa c HcnanneH: noJI)''IIUia 3Haqenne 6opb6bi 3a HaiJ;IIoHaJibHyiO CaMOCTOHTeJibHOCTh CYpaHbl. Ehmii C03iJ:aHbi cyxonyYHaH apMIIH il:JIH omopa AeCaHTY II 3aiiUITbi IToHiJ:OHa II <t>noT. 12 moJIH 1588 ro11:a ApMaiJ:a Bbiiiina m ITa-KopJHbii II qepe3 HeCKOJibKO iJ:HeM iJ:OCTIIrJia aHrJIIIMCKIIX BOil: y Il.mruyra; OTCIOiJ:a OHaHanpaBIIJiaCb K ,il;roHKepey. 3To 6bm MOMeHT, YA06Hblli il:JIH aTaKII CO CTOpOHbl aHr.JI!IIIC-

JieM. <dJepbH y IICITaHIIeB BbiiiUillbiBaJIIICb Oil:HO 3a il:PYriiM»,- roBopiiJIII TOriJ:a aHrJIIIqaHe. DOJibiiiiie noTepii II iJ:eMOpaJIII3aiJ;IIH MOpHKOB II COJJ,!I;aT 3aCTaBIIJIII KOMaHiJ:OBaHIIe ApMaiJ:bi HaqaTh oTcryiTJienne. Ho CIIJibHbiM IOlliHbiM BeTep He ll03BOJIIIJI COBepiiiHTb o6parnoe ITJiaBaHIIe qepe3 ITa-MaHIII.

KOrO <t>noTa. MopcKIIe cpallieHIIH il:JIIIJIIICb @e HeAeJIII, II B HTore ApMaAa He cMorna iJ:OMTII 11:0 ,il;roHKepKa. HcITaHCKOMY <t>nory He yAanocb coeiJ:IIHHTbCH C cyXOllyYHbiMII BOMCKaMII; OH 6bm orrecHeH B CeBepHoe Mope, noTepHB 60JibiiiOe KOJIIIqeCTBO KOpa6-

C rn6eJibiO IIcnaHcKoH: ApMaiJ:bl 6biJIO ITOiJ:OpBaHO MOpCKOe MorymeCTBO HcnaHIIII. focnoACTBO Ha Mope cTano nepexoil:HTb K AHrJIHII II fonJiaHAIIII, qyo OTKpbiBaJIO nepe11: HIIMII B03MO)I{HOCTh ocymeCTBIITh 60Jibiiiiie KOJIOHIIaJibHble 3aXBaTbi II ycKOpiiTh

Pa3pa3IIBIIIaHcH 6ypH pa36pocana KOpa6JIII ApMaiJ:bi y 6eperoB IIIomaHAIIII II iJ:OBepiiiiiJia ee pa3rpoM. Ha 3aiTaiJ:HOM no6epe)l{be HpiiaHAIIII 6biJIO B3HTO B ITJieH 6onee 5 ThiC~ Bbi6poiiieHHbiX CIOiJ:a 6ypeH: IICITaHIIeB.

nocpeiJ:CTBOM rpa6ellia KOJIOHIIM npouecc nepBoHaqaJibHoro HaKOITJieHIIH II pa3BIITIIe KanHTaJIII3Ma. B 1596 roiJ:Y aHr.JIIIiiCKIIe Kopa6JIII pa3rpoMIIJIII IICITaHcKIIM <t>noT B raBaHII KaAIIca. B nocneAHIIe roAbi uapcTBOBaHIIH EJIII3aBeThi <t>noT OcT-HHiJ:cKoH: KaMnaHIIII no6biBaJI Ha OcYpoBax npHHocTeH: (MonyKKCKIIX OCTpOBax) II B IIHil:IIMCKOM nopry CypaT, nonolliiiB Haqano ToproBne AHrJIHII c HHiJ:HeM. Oco6ennocThiO aHr.JI!IIICKoro a6COJIIOTII3Ma 6biJIO TaKllie OTCYTCTBIIe ITOCTOHHHOM apMIIII. TIOiJ:Opbi, npaBIIBIIIIIe CYpaHOM C 1485 ITO 1603 roll:, rnaBHoe BHIIManne o6pamaJIII Ha co3iJ:aHIIe CIIJibHoro Boennoro <t>noTa, a aHr.JI!IIIcKaH apMIIH B XVI BeKe coxpaHHIIa xapaKTep cTapiiHHoro ononqeHIIH, co6IIpaeMoro II 3KIIITIIpyeMoro 3a cqey CB060iJ:HbiX ITOiJ:iJ:aHHbiX KOpOIIH B COOTBeTCTBIIII C HX IIMYIIIeCTBeHHbiM iJ:OCTaTKOM.

1485-1509 rr. UAPCTBOBAH~E rEHP~XA

VII.

Ll,eHTP811bH8>1

KOPOI1BBCK8>1 B/18CTb ynpO'I/t1118Cb, '18CTHbiB BPM/11/11 KpynHbiX cpBOA8110B 6bl/1/t1 nOA8BI1BHbl.

1509-1547 rr. UAPCTBOBAH~E rEHP~XA

VIII.

1511-1514 rr. BO~Hbl C Cl>PAHU~E~ ~ WOTJlAH,lJ,~E~.

111toHH

1520 r. «nOllE 30110-

TO~ nAP~~» (611~3 KAJlE). Ha HBM 6bl/1 38K/1/0'IBH HBA011TOBB'IHbiM co103 MB>KAY leHpMXOM

VIII 1t1 cppaHI.

U.Y3CK/t1M KOP011BM <:PpaHLJ,MCKOM

1522-1523 rr. AHrJl~~CK~E BTOP>KEH~SI BOCl>PAHU~IO. OHM OKOH'I/t111/t1Cb HBYAB'IHO.

1530-1534 rr. PA3PbiB C BAT~KAHOM. IBHPMX VIII Y'IPBA/1111 HB38B/t1C/t1MYIO 8HT/1/t1K8HCKYIO LJ,BPKOBb, 'ITO nocfly)l(/11110 nplt1'1/t1HOM 6YAYl.l..llt1X BHYTPBHHMX /t1 BHBWH/t1X KOHcpl1/t1KTOB. BcKope OH 6blf1 BbiHY>KABH noABBMTb nepaoe /113 HBCK0/1bK/t1X BOCCT8H/t1M

1536 r.). 1542-1550 rr.

K8T0/1/t1KOB (

BO~Hbl C Cl>PAHU~E~ ~ WOTJlAH,lJ,~E~. <:PpaHLJ,Y3CK/t1B ABC8HTbl H8 no6epe)l(bB AHmMM (

1545-1546 rr.) BbiHYAM-

11/11 leHpMxa

VIII pa3BBPHYTb KPYnHYIO

nporpaMMY BOBHHO-MOPCKOTO CTPO/t1TBI1bCTB8, 'ITO /t1 noC/1j?K/t1110 H8CTO>I-

reHpMxVIII (1509-1547 rr.)

l.l..l/t1M H8'18110M bp/t1T8HCKOTO KOPOI1BB-

3An.A)J.HA$l EBPOnA

cKoro cpnora. Ha4anocb raFOKe crpourenbcreo o6wupHow ceru 6eperoBbiXYJ<penneHMW.

1547-1553 rr. u,APCTBOBAH~E

3fJ.YAP/].A VI. OH yMep, He ,aoCTMTHYB COBepweHHOfleTV/f/. nepBb/e TO,llb/ ero uapCTBOBaHV/fl B ponM nop.aa-nporeKropa BbJcrynan eoeHa4anbHMK 3,ayap.a CewMyp, repuor CoMepcer.

1549 r. BHYTPEHH~E 6ECnOPSifJ.K~. repuor CoMepcer no,aaBMn

BOCCTaHMe KaTOflVIKOB B )J,eBOHWMpe. /(peCTbf/HCKOe BOCCTaHMe B HopcponKe, B03maeneHHoe Po6eproM KeroM, 6bmo no.aaeneHo KoponeecKMMM BOWCKaMM no,a KOMaH,llOBaHMeMJ])KOHa)J,a,anM, rpacpa YopBMKa.

1549-1550 rr. B0306HOBJ1EH~E BOPIH C PAHU~Elil ~ W OTJlAHfJ.~Elil. Ycnexu cppaHI..lY30B

B E;ynOHVI !.1 OTBOeBaHMe WOTnaH,al..laMM Xa.a.auHrroHa e cof./eTaHMM C BHyTpeHHVIMVI nonMT!.14eCKVIM!.1 !.1 06/.l.leCTBeHHb/MVI 6ecnopfl,aKaMM, a Ta/OKe He,llOBOflbCTBOM 3HaTM fl!.16epanbHb/M!.1 u,aef!MM repuora CoMepcera no3eonunu rpacpy YopBMKY nuWMTb ero enaCTVI ( CeHTfl6pb 1549 r.). 3areM YopBMK ( craewuw repuoroM HopryM6epneH,aoM) 3aKn/04Mn c <PpaHI..lMeW MMp, ycrynMB E;ynOHb B38MeH Ha ,aeHe)I(HY/0 BblnflBTY.

6-19 l1tonSI 1553 r. nEPEBOPOT fEPUOfA HOPTYM6EPJ1EHIJ.A.(fPAAYOPB~KA). Kor,aayMep

3,ayap.a VI, YopBMK nonbJTancfl noca,llV/Tb Ha TPOH BMeCTO 3aKOHHOW Hacne,aHM/..lbl - cecrpbl 3,ayap,aa, MaPMM - CB0/0 HeBeCTK}', ne,aM J])KeWH rpew, BH}I<lKY reHpMxa VII. nof./TVI BCfl crpaHa no.ao,ep)l(ana Mapu10 T10,aop; repuor HopryM6epneH,a 6bm cxea4eH, a ne.au J])KewH nocne ,aeBf!TM,aHeBHoro npaeneHMfl nuwunacb rpoHa M BMecre c HopryM6epneH,aoM 6bma Ka3HeHa.

1553-1558 rr. u,APCTBOBAH~E MAP~~

I TIOfJ.OP. 0Ha eepHy-

na crpaHy B flOHO K8TOfl!.14eCKOW uepKBM. E;paK ee c <PununnoM II VfcnaHCKMM 6bm KpawHe HenonynflpeH B crpaHe !.1 Bbi3Ban ycuneHMe penuTM03Horo 6pO)I(eHMfl; MHOTV/e aHrflVIWCKV/e KaTOflVIKVI, He ,aoeepflfl MCnBH/..lBM !.1 MCnBHCKOMY KaTOflVI/..lV/3MY, nepewnu B nporecraHrcreo.

Koponeaa EnH33BeTa. fpaBJOpa c K3pTHHbl KpHCTHH3 nacce. XVI B.

1554 r. BOCCTAH~E B KEHTE. Bo3maeneHo c9poM ToMacoM YawerroM, C9POM ToMacoM K9pb/O !.1 repl..loroM CycpcponKoM; 3aref!HO c l..lenb/0 eocnpenf!rcreoearb 6paey MapMMI c <PununnoM II. npu nonbJTKe B3f!Tb floliaOH Yawerr norepnen nop8)1(eHMe; pyKOBO,llV/TenM BOCCTaHV/fl 6bJn!.1 CXB84eHbl !.1 Ka3HeHbl.

1557-1559rr. BOPIHA C PAHU~Elil. E;paK Mapuu T10,aop

npMBen K BHmMWCKOMY y'laCTV//0

B HenpepbiBHb/X cppBHKO-MCnaHCKVIX BOWH8X.

1558-1603 rr. u,APCTBOBAH~E EJ1~3ABETbl

3fJ.YAPAA VI~

I (CECTPbl I TIOfJ.OP).

MAP~~

0Ha BOCCTBHOBMna B CTpBHe 8HTn!.1KaHCTBO !.1 CTapanaCb, no B03MO)I(HOCT!.1, !.136eraTb Yf./BCTV/fl B KOHTV/HeHTBflbHb/X BOWHaX, XOTfl nOCTOf/HHO crpouna nonMTM4eCKMe MHTpMrM, a MHor.aa nocbmana He6onbwue eowcKOBbJe COe,llMHeHV/fl Ha KOHTV/HeHT.

V1CnAHCKOE KAPE V1 JlV1HEli1Hblll1 KOPA6Jlb. 1500-1600 rr.

1 559-1560 rr. L\~S1

~HTEPBE H-

B WOTJlAH,O.~IO.

1562 r. AHfll~lilCK~E noxoJJ.bl BO Cf>PAHL..\~10. OHM npeJI.npMHMManMCb.ll.flfl OKa3aHJ1fl nOMOWM ryreHoraM.

1568-1572 rr.

HAPACTAH~E

BPA)f(JJ.E6HOCT~

ME)f(JJ.Y AHf-

Jl~Elil ~ ~CnAH~Elil.

1573 r. BPEMEHHOE

nP~

1585 r. AHfll~lilCKAS1 BOEHHAS1 nOMOU,\b H~,O.EPJlAH,o.AM. 1585-1586 rr. SKCnE,O.~L\~S1 CSPA Cf>PSHC~CA ,O.PElilKA B KAP~6CK~lil6ACCElilH.

Heno6e.qHMaR apMa.qa,

1586-1588rr. MapT 1586 r.

~cnAH~S1

nllA-

M~PEH~E c ~cnAH~Elil. OHo

H~PYET MOPCKOlil nOXO,O.nPO-

npOl130WflO 6naroJI.apfl roMy, 4rO BO <1>paH~l1l1 KO Bnacm npl1Wfll1 rl13bl.

T~B AHfJl~~. noxoJI. 6bm peKo-

1577 r. 3AKJ110"1EH~E C0103A C PECnYEiJl~KOlil H~,O.EP JlAH,O.bl. HMJI.epnaHJI.bl rorJI.a 6yHroeanM nporMB MCnaHCKOIO Bfl8/l.b!4ecrea, OJI.HaKo EnM3aeera I B03JI.ep)l(anacb or OrKpb!rOIO KOH<f>nMKra c VfcnaHMetli.

15 77-1580 rr. KPYfOCBETHOE nllABAH~E CSPA Cf>PSHC~ CA,O.PElilKA. no nyrM OH nuparcreoean Ha McnaHcKux M nopryranbcKux oKeaHCKMX rpaccax M coeepwan Han8.ll.eHMfl Ha MX 3aMOpCKJ1e KOflOHMM.

MeHJI.OBaH aJI.MUpanOM MapKl130M JI.e CaHra-KpycoM. Koponb <1>MnMnn II npuKa3an napMcKoMyrep~o ry AneKCaHJI.PY <1>apHe3e, KOMaHJI.OBaBWeMy MCnaHCKMM rapHl130HOM B HMJI.epnaHJI.ax, npuroroBMrbcfl ornnblrb co cBoetli apMMetli B AHmM/0 B conpoBo)l(.lJ.eHMM ¢nora MapKM3a JI.e CaHra-Kpyca.

Anpenb-VItoHb 1587 r. noxo,o. CSPA Cf>PSHC~CA ,O.PElilKA B KAA~C. OH 6bm B Kypce McnaHCKMX npMroroBneHMIIi M omnbm B K8.ll.MC C 9CKaJI.pOW, COCrOfiBWetli l13 23 KOpa6netli. B KaJI.MCe oH YHM4rO)I(Mn

33 MCnaHCKMX KOpa6nfl CaMOIO pa3HOIO rOHHa)l(a, reM CaMbiM «OnanMB 6opOJI.Y MCnaHCKOMY KOPOfl/0» { 19 anpenfl). Ha o6parHOM nyru JJ.petliK HeCKOflbKO pa3 Han8.ll.an Ha McnaHCKMe Kopa6nM y Mb!Ca CaHBMceHru, C)l(er f1Mcca6oHCKYIO raBaHb, a 6nM3 A30PCKJ1X ocrpOBOB 3axBarMn McnaHCKMIIi raneoH c rpy30M COKPOBMI.U {MaW-MIOHb).

1587-1588rr.

MapKM3 JI.e CaHra-Kpyc MeroJI.M4HO B03MecrMn HaHeCeHHbiW JJ.petliKOM ywep6, HO, He ycneB 3aBepwMrb npMrOrOBneHMW K nOXO.ll.Y, yMep {30 fiHBapfl 1588 r.). He MCKfl/04eHo, 4ro cMeprb ero, maBHbiM o6pa3oM, M cnacna AHmM/0 or MCnaHCKOIO BrOp)l(eHMfl. MapKM38 JI.e CaHra-Kpyca 3aMeHun AnoHCO nepec JI.e rycMaH, rep~or JI.e MeJI.MHa-CMJI.OHMfl, - 4enoBeK xpa6pb!W M He6ecranaHHbltli, HO He MMeBWMW HM MOPCKOIO, HM BOeHH010 onblra. 3aMecrMreneM ero 6bm aJI.MMpan J].Mero JI.e BanbJI.eC. rep~or AneKcaHJI.P <1>apHe3e JI.On)l(eH 6bm npMHflrb KOMaHJI.OBaHMe 06beJI.MHeHHb/Ml1 cunaMM <f>norMnMM, KOIJI.a ApM8JI.a npMnnb!Ber B HuJI.epnaHJI.bl. 1587-1588 rr. AHfll~lilCK~E nP~fOTOBJ1EH~S1. rnaBHOKOMaH.ll.YIO/.UMM aHmMWCKMM <f>norOM EnM3aBera I Ha3Ha4Mna nopJI.a roBapJI.a 3<f><f>MHI9Ma {21 JI.eKa6pfl 1578 r.). C9p <1>p9HCMC JJ.petliK KaK nM~o He6naropoJI.Horo npoucxo)l(.lJ.eHMfl6bm Ha3Ha4eH BM~e-aJI.MMpanOM. VfMerb JI.eno C <f>norOM roeapJI.y paHbWe He npMXO/l.MflOCb, HO OH nonaranCfl Ha nOJI.4MHeHHbiX eMy OnblrHbiX MOpennaBarenetli, oco6eHHO Ha JJ.petliKa. JJ.petliK MroBapJI. HacraMB8fll1 Ha ewe OJI.HOM petliJI.e no McnaHCKMM nopraM, JI.a6b! noMewarb ornnblrM/0 ApMa.ll.bl, HO 9rOMY BOCnporMBMnacb KoponeBaEnM3aBera{Mapr). Bnpo4eM, .ll.flfl orp8)1(eHMfll1CnaH~eB OHa co6pana 60-rb!Cfi4HYIO apMM/0 {MIOHb).

VltonSI

APMA,O.bl

ranHOH «CaH-MapTHH»- <&>narMaHCKVIH KOpa6nb KOM3HAYIO~ero «Heno6eAHMOH apMaAOH» rep14ora A. n. MeAHHbi-CHAOHHH. 1567 r.

~CnAHCK~E

nP~fOTOBJ1EH~S1.

1588 r. ~3

OTnllbiT~E

JlA-KOPYHb~.

<1>nor, OTnflbiBWMW l13 f1Mcca6oHa {20 Mafl), 6pocun fiKOPfl ef1a-KopyHbe, 4r06b! YKPblrbCfl or wropMa l1 n04l1HMrb HeCKOflbKO HenpMIO/l.HbiX K nnaBaHM/0 CY.ll.OB. B cocraB ApMaJI.bl

3An.A)J.HA$l EBPOnA exo.auno 20 6onbwux TaneoHoe, 44 roproebtX Kopa6nfl, nepeo6opy.aoeaHHbiX e eoeHHbte, 23 rpaHcnopra, 35 ManbtX cy.aoe, 4 Taneaca u 4 Tanepbt. MopfiKOB u pa6oe-TanepHMKOB 6btno 8500 4enoeeK, con.aar 19 Tb/Cf/4; nyweK Ha eoeHHbiX Kopa6nfiX CTOflnO, B 06~eiii CnOJKHOCH1, 2431. S13 HMX 1100 6btnVI Tf/JKenbiMVI, BKn/04afl 600 KyneBpVIH; OCTanbHble opy.aufl- 6onbwe nonoeMHbl or o6~ero 4MCna- fiBnflnMCb ManoKanVI6epHb/MVI M npe.D,Ha3Ha4anMCb .D,nfl npVIMeHeHVIfl npOTMB JKMBOiii CMnbl npoTMBHMKa. TaKMM o6pa3oM, VICnaH~bl nonaTanucb, maeHbtM o6pa30M, Ha .D,peBH/010, a6op.D,8JKHO-pyKOnaWHYIO TaKTMKY.

19 HIOnsl 1588 r. nOs:IBJlEHio1E APMA,O.bl. 0Ha 6btna 3aMe4eHa aHmVIiiiCKMMM CTOpOJKeBbiMVI Cy.D,aMVI y Mb/Ca f7M3ap.D, 1•

20 HI011SI 1588 r. JlOPA roBAPA 34>4>1r1Hf3M OTnJlbiBAET &.13 nJllr1MYTA. no.a eTO KOMaH.D,OBaHMeM HaXO.D,VInVICb: Henocpe.D,CTBeHHO nO.D,4MHeHHbliii foeap.ay ¢nor M3 34 Kopa6neiii, 9CKa.apa )J.peiiiKa, TOJKe COCTOfiBWafl M3 34 KOpa6neiii (TaiOI(e 6a3MpOBaBWaf/Cfl B nnuMyre), nOH.D,OHCKaf/9CK8,11,pa M3 30 Kopa6neiii VI e~e o.aHa 9CKa.apa M3 23 KOpa6neiii no.D, KOMaH.D,OBaHVIeM nop.aa feHpVI CeiiiMypa, eypcVIpoeaewafl Ha BOCTOKe J7a-MaHWa. KpoMe TOTO, MMenOCb OKOnO 50 pa3H006pa3Hb/X ecnoMoTarenbHbtX cy.aoe, c KpaiiiHe cna6btM nywe4HbiM eoopyJKeHMeM - B OCHOBHOM, TpaHcnopTHble, KOTOpble B 6oeBbiX .aeiiiCTBMfiX y4aCTVIfl npaKTM4eCKVI He npMHVIManu. Ha eoeHHbiX Kopa6nflx croflno, B 06~eiii CnOJKHOCTM, 1800 Tf/JKenbiX nyweK- B OCHOBHOM, .D,anbH06oiiiHbiX eyneepMH.

21 HI011SI 1588 r. CTbllfKA Y n1llr1MYTA. B pe3ynbrare ee 6btn noronneH O.D.VIH ucnaHCKMiii Kopa6nb; ucnaH~bt noHecnu raKJKe 3Ha4MrenbHbte norepu VI y~ep6 or OTHfl aHmVIiiiCKVIX .D,anbH060iiiHbiX nyweK. 1

CfMCJia npMBO,[{ll'l'Cll 3,[{eCb no CTapoMy

C'l'MJIIO M Ha

10 ,[{Hej;j

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3b!BaeMblX B KHMre fappem 1f3TTMHrJIM <<ApMa,[{a» (HbiO-MopK,

T. ):\IOniOM.)

1959).

(IlpMMe'!.

CpaJKeHHe y no6epeJKbSI <J>naH.QPHH. 28 aaryCTa 1588 r.

23HI011SI1588r.nEPECTPEJ1KA Y n06EPE)f(bs:l AEBOHA. 6oiii .anuncfl eecb .aeHb - nocne ~enoTo .D.Hfl6ec~enbHoro MaHeepupoeaHVIfl. S1 aHmMiiiCKMe, VI VICnaHCKVIe KOpa6nVI .aeiiiCTBOBanVI COBepweHHO HeKOOP.D.VIHMPOBaHHO; 6btno norpa4eHo MHOJKecreo 6oenpunacoe, HO cepbe3Horo y~ep6a He npM4MHeHo HVI O.D,HOiii Vl3 CTOPOH.

25 HI011SI 1588 r. 61r1TBA Y AOPCETA. AHmM4aHe nononHVInVI 6oenpunacbt; y ucnaH~ee raKoiii B03MOJKHOCTVI He 6btn0. fep~OT Me.D,MHa-CVI.D,OHVIfl OTKa3anCfl OT npeJKHeTO nnaHa BbiC8.D.VITbCfl Ha ocrpoee Yaiiir u Hanpaeuncfl K Kane, r.ae pacc4MTbtean nononHVITb 6oenpunacbt Ha apMeiiiCKVIX CKn8,/1,8X AneKCaH.D,pa 4>apHe3e.

26-27 HI011SI1588 r. KAHOHA-

AA Y KAJlE. bY.D.Y4M He e cocrofiHMM npo.aonJKMTb 6oeebte .aeiiicreufl 6e3 nononHeHMfl 6oenpunacoe, VlcnaHCKVIiii lj>nOT, B KOTOpOM OCTaeanOCb o6~MM c4eTOM 124 Kopa6nfl, 6pocun fiKOPfl 6nu3 Kane. B pacnopff)l(eHVIVI nop.aa foeap.aa 3l/>l/>MHT9Ma 6bmo 136 Kopa6neiii pa3nVI4HbiX runoe, pa36MTbiX Ha 4eTb/pe 9CKa.D,pbt; O.D,HOiii OH KOMaH.D,OBan CaM, OCTanbHbiMVI- C9p 4>peHCVIC)J.peiiiK, C9p)J.JKOH XoyKVIHC u c9p MapruH 4>po6uwep. foeap.a y.aoenereopuncfl o6crpenoM C .D,anbHeiii .D,VICTaH~MVI, HO 6onbWeiii 4aCTM lj>nora npVIKa3an BCTaTb Ha fiKOpfl BHe npe.aenoe .D,OCflraeMOCTM ucnaHcKoiii aprunnepuVI. OH noHMMan, 4TO He CMOJKeT npV14MHVITb MC-

naHCKOMY lj>nory cepbe3HOTO y~ep6a, ecnu He no.aoiii.aer no6nVIJKe, HO 9TO 03Ha4anO 6bl pMCKOBaTb a6op.aaJKeM. fep~or Me.auHa-Cu.aoHVIfl eo33Ban 0 nOMO~VI K AneKCaH.D.PY 4>apHe3e, HO TOT He MOT BblpBaTbCfl M3 6piOTTe,3a6noKVIpoBaHHOToronna~

CKVIM lj>nOTOM no.D, KOMaH.D,OBaHVIeM IOcruHa HaccaycKoTo.

28 HI011SI 1588 r. 61r1TBA Y no6EPE)f(bs:l 4>JlAHAPir11r1. nepe.a pacceeroM aHmM4aHe Hanpaeunu K MCnaHCKOMY lj>nory HeCKOnbKO 6paH.aepoe. 4ro6 M36eJKaTb cronKHOBeHVIfl C HVIMM, Tep~OT Me.D,MHaCM.D,OHVIfl npuKa3an py6VITb fiKOPHbte KaHaTbl. KOT.D,a onaCHOCTb MVIHOBana 6bl, OH nnaHVIPOBan CHOBa BCT8Tb Ha fiKOpfl, HO B npe.apacceeTHOM CyMpaKe eTO nO.D,4MHeHHb/e 3anaHMKOeanM. S13-3a He6naronpVIfiTHOTO eerpa ucnaH~bl He cyMenu nocrpoVITb CBOM KOpa6nM B .D,OnJKHOM nopfi.D,Ke, M .D,nMHHOiii 6ecnopfi.D,04HOiii ~enb/0 cranu .apeiiilj>oearb K ceeepy. AHmu4aHe nycrunVIcb e noTOH/0 u npecne.aoeanu eecb.aeHb 6yKeanbHO ennorHy/0; KOHe4HO, OTOHb MCnaHCKVIX neTKMX nyweK M apKe6y3 HVI B KaKOe cpaeHeHue He wen c 6oproebtMVI 3annaMVI aHmVIiiiCKVIX KyneBpVIH M .D.PYTMX mJKenbtX opy.aVIiii. AHmV14aHe .aepJKanucb c HaeerpeHHoiii cropoHbt; HeCKOnbKO MX KOpa6neiii COCpe.D,OT04MBanM OTOHb Ha OT.D,enbHbiX VICnaHCKVIXCy.D,aX. VfcnaH~b/OTCTpenVI BanMCb TepOM4eCKVI, HO Mano9lj>lj>eKTVIBHO,nOCKOnbey6oenpunaCOB

V1CnAHCKOE KAPE V1 JlV1HEli1Hblll1 KOPA6Jlb. 1500-1600 rr. peiii,a B nopT Ka.auc, Ha 6eper Ta/OKe Bb/C8)1(UBancR,aecaHT ( 1596 r.).

«ApK Poi:fSin» <t>narMaHcmi:f KOpa6nb nop.Qa r. 3<t><t>HHreMa.

1594-1603rr. BOCCTAHVIE fPA<PA TVIPOHA B VIPJlAHAVIVI.

1587 r.

.llflfl Tfl)l(eflbiX opy,au/4 y HMX He ocTaBanocb. HecMOTP>~ Ha To, 'lTO ucnaHCKMM KOpa6nfiM 6blfl0 HaHeCeHO MHO)I(eCTBO noBpe)l(,aeHu/4, a noTepu B )I(UBOW cune C ucnaHCKOW CTOPOHbl 6blflU BeCbMa 3Ha'lUTeflbHbiMU, noTOnneHO HU O.flHO CY.flHO He 6bmo; npaB,aa, K KOH/..lY .llHfl aHmU'laHe noWflU Ha c6nu)l(eHue, 'lT06bJ oTpe3aTb OT OCTaJibHOW cpnOTUflUU U 38XBaTUTb 16 Hau6onee noBpe.>K.lJ.eHHbJX cy,aoB. Cnac ucnaHcKue Kopa6nu TOflbKO BHe3anHO HaneTeBWUW WKB8fl.

29-30 HtonSI 1588 r. HE6JlAfOnPVISITHbiE BETPbl. t1cnaHcKul4 ¢noT He cMor npopBaTb ronnarcacKol4 6noKa,abJ no6epe)l(bfl ctJnarwpuu, r.ae repl.lor Me.auHa -Cu.aoHUR pacc'lUTbJBan npOU3BeCTU peMOHT, nonOflHUTb 6oenpunacbJ u o6be,auHUTb cunbl c AneKC8H.flPOM ctJapHe3e. nocne TOTO, KBK ucnaHCKMW cpnoT 'lYTb He cen Ha Menb y ocTpoBa 3enarwu>~, npwoM 'lTO U3MeHeHUW BeTpa He npe,aBU,aeflOCb, y UCnBHI..leB BOBCe He OCTaJIOCb WBHCOB ,ao6p8TbC>I.flO KaKOTO -HU6y,ab HU,aepnarcacKoro nopTa. rep/..lOT Me.auHa-Cu.aoHU>Ipewun B03BP811.1aTbCfl B t1cnaHUIO 'lepe3 CeBepHoe Mope, orn6a>~ bpuTaHcKue ocTpoea.

2 asrycTa 1588 r. nPOiiiAEH 3AJ1VIB 4>EPT-O<P-4>0PT. t1cnaHcKul4 cpnoT cyMen no.amHyrbcR unocTpouTbCR. Y npecne,aOBBBWUX 8HTflU'laH KOH'lUflUCb 3anaCbl npOBU3UU, U OHM B03BP8TUflUCb H8 CBOU 683bl.

B nocTO>IHHO M>~Te)I(HOW t1pnaH.auu no.a npe.aeo.auTenbCTBOM Xb/0 O'Hewna, rpacpa TupoHa, 6yHTnepepoc B nonHoMacwTa6Hy/O eoi4Hy. 06be,aUHUB CUflbl C B36yHTOBaBWUMCfl e11.1e paHbwe «PbJ)I(UM» Xb/0 O'J].oHHenoM, O'HeWI pa36un aHmu'laH y )f(enToro bpo.aa Ha peKe bn9KYOTep(aerycT 1598 r.) U, MBHeBpUpyfl, CyMen U36e)l(aTb CTOflKHOBeHUfl c cpaBopuToM Enu3aBeTbl I rpacpoM 3cceKcoM ( 1599-1600 rr.). B oTBeT Ha npu3bJB upnarwl.leB o noMOil.IM ucnaHcKaR 'leTb!peXTb/C>I'lH8fl apMUfl no.a KOMaH,aoBaHueM .aoHa XyaHa .a'AKunbJ BbJca.aunacb B t1pnarwuu u 3axBarunaKv1Hcet4n(1601 r.). 4epe3 HecKonbKO He.aenb B 6uTBe npu KuHcewne 4apnb3 6nayHT, nop.a MayHT_a)l(o/4, pa36un o6be,auHeHHYIO upnaH,acKo-ucnaHCKY/0 apMM/0. BcKope BOCCT8HUe 6blfl0 no,aaBneHO. )(;,10 O'Hewn c.aanc>~ u 6bm noMunoeaH KoponeM l1aKOBOM I ( 1603 r.) . MpmlHAHJI 61>ma rrepsoj;i aHrJIHHCKOH KOJIOHHej;i. Ee 3aBoeBaHHe Haqanoch B

XII

BeKe.

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AsrycT-ceHTst6pb 1588 r. 06PATHbliil nYTb. Ha nyTu CBOeM uc-

He IIOA<IHHJIJiach aHrJIH"'aHaM. AHmH-

nBH/..lbl UCnbiT8flU )I(}ITKUe TfiTOTbl U noHecnu Tfl)l(enewwue noTepu OT'lacTu U3-38 6ypb, HO, maBHbiM o6pa30M, oT rono.aa U)I(B.>K.lJ.bl. Tb!Cfl'lM 'le-

BOCTOqHoj;i IIpH6pe)f(HOH IIOJIOCe, Ha-

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nnbJBwux 20 Ma>~ M3 Jlucca6oHa, B ucnaHcKue nopTbl BepHynucb B ceHm6pe TOflbKO 67. l13 noTep>~HHbiX cy.aoB 15 6bmu noTonneHbl unu 3axBa'leHbl aHmu'laHaMu, a 19 pa36unucb y 6eperoB WomaH.auu u t1pnarwuu; cy,ab6a OCTaJibHbiX 33 HeU3BeCTHa.

1589-1596 rr. noXOAbl MAJlbiMVI CVIJlAMVI B KOHTVIHEHTAJlbHYIO EBPOnY.J/op.a neperpuH bepmu Yunnoy6u ornpaeunc>~ c 'leTbJpexrb!CR'lHOW apMue/4 e HopMaH,au/0 Ha noMOil.lb reHpuxy HaBappcKoMy ( 1589 r.). E11.1e MeHbWUe OTP>I.flbl BbJCa)I(UBaflUCb H8 6eper 3anuBa CeH-Mano u B PyaHe ( 1591 r.). Kor.aa opraHU30Bb!Banc>~

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XVI

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1495-1515 rr. nopa:lKeHVISI B KOpOJleBCTBe Heanonb oT «3Jlb fpaH Kanv.TaHan, 1495-1504 rr. 1495 r. BTOP>KEHVIE KAPJJA VIII B VITAJJVIIO. l1cnaHcKaR apMMR '4MCfleHHOCTb/O OKOflO 2100 'leflOBeK 6bma nocnaHa Ha no.a.aep)l(ey <J>eppaHTe ( MflM, MHa'le, <J>ep/l,MHaH.l1.Y II), aparoHCKOMY Kopon/0 HeanonR. KoMaH/l,YIOI.l.IMW vrcnaHI..IaMM 3pHaH.aec roHcano .ae Kop.aoea Bb/Ca/l,MflCR B Kana6pMM (26 MaR); 9TO 6blfl0 0/l,HO M3 HeMHOrMX HeanonMTaHCKMX Bfl8/l,eHMW, He 38XBa'leHHb/X lj>paHI..IY38MM (KOTOpb!MM KOMaH/1,0Ban BMI..Ie-Koponb, rep1..1or )l(vrnb6ep .ae MoHnaHcbe). 28 VIIOHSI 1 495 r. nEPB.AS1 6VITBA nPVI CEMVIHAPE. )J,e Kop.aoea M KOPOflb <J>eppaHTe, C 06be/l,MHeHHbiM, npMMepHO BOCbMMTb/CR'lHb/M BOWCKOM, norepnenM nop8)1(eHMe OT HeCKOflbKO MeHbWe/4 lj>paHI..IY3CKOW apMMM no/1, KOMaliaOBaHMeM bepanb.aa CTIOapTa, ceHbopa .a '06MHbM ( M3 WOTnaH/l,CKOrO KOponeBCKOrO po.aa CTIOapToB). 3ro 6bmo nepeoe M nocne.aHee nopa)l(eHMe .ae Kop.aoBbl. 1495-1498 rr. no6EAbl roHCAJJO AE KOPAOBbl. npvrcnoco6vre MCnaHCKO-MaBpMTaHCKMe MeTO/l,b/ Be,lJ,eHMR 6oeBb/X ,lJ,eWCTBMW K lj>paH/..IY3CKOW M WBeW/..IapcKOW TaKTMKe (Bee MTaflbRHCKOW pa3HOBM,l1,HOCTM) MBCR'leCKM M36eraR KpynHb/X cpa)l(eHMW, .ae Kop.aoea nocTeneHHO OTBOeBan y lj>paHI..IY30B nO'lTM BCe HeanonvrTaHCKMe ena.aeHMR. EMy 3Ha4MTeflbHO nOMOrno TO, 4TO flMHMM lj>paHI..IY3CKMX KOMMYHMKa/..IMW, TRHYBWMeCR 4epe3 CeeepHy/0 l1TanMIO, 6blflM O'leHb /l,flMHHb/MM M HeHa,lJ,e)I(Hb/MM. CaMo/4 ycnewHo/4 ero onepa/..IMe/4 RBMflaCb OCa,lJ,a MB3RTMe ATennbl(coep. ropo.aba3MflMKaTTa B l1TanMM), r.ae YKPbiBancR ¢paHI..IY3cKMI4 BMI..Ie-Koponb HeanonR rep1..1or )l(vrnb6ep .ae MoHnaHcbe (M/Oflb 1496 r.). B 9TOT nepM0/1, roHcano .ae Kop.aoea MYWTpoean 'laCTb ceoe/4 neXOTbl, 4T06bl Te YCBOMflM TaKTMKY WBeW/..IapCKMX KOneWWMKOB.

1498 r. OT6biTVIE fOHCAJJO AE KOPAOBbl. Kor.aa ¢paHI..IY3bl OTCTynMnM, OH BepHyflCR B VfcnaHM/0. ApMMR roHcano .ae Kop/l,OBb/ 6bma He.aonro .avrcnoL~MPOBaHa B MeccvrHe, Ha CMI..IMflMM. B KoponeecTee Heanonb Ha'lanacb rpa)I(IJ.aHcKaR eo/4Ha, 'leM He 3aMe/l,flMflM BOCnOflb30BaTbCR lj>paHI..IY3b/ MBTOpmMCb OnRTb (1499 r.). 1498-1515 rr. UAPCTBOBAHVIE JJIOAOBVIKA XII. CeHTS16pb 1500 r.- SIHBapb 1501r.3KCnEAVIUVI~fOHCAJJO

AE KOPAOBbl HAKE <t>AJJVIHVIIO.

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57 I..IY3bl nerKo B3RnM MvrnaH, nocne 'lero /l,BMHynMcb Ha 10r, K Heanon10. B TO )l(e epeMR vrcnaHCKMW ¢noT 3axeaTMn TapaHTO (MapT 1502 r.). 1502 r. B0306HOBJJEHVIE <t>PAHK 0- VICnAH CK 0"' BO"'H bl 3A HEAnOJJb. foHcano .ae Kop.aoee C 'leTb!peXTb/CR'lHOW apMMe/4 npoTMBOCTORfl faCTOH /l,e <J>ya, rep1..10r HeMIOPCKMW- c npMMepHo 10-TbiCR'lHOW. 0cTaBMB 60flbWYIO 'laCTb HeanonvrTaHCKMX ena.aeHMW B pyKax lj>paH1..1}'30B, .ae Kop.aoea 6bm BbiH}I)I(,lJ,eH OTCTynMTb B AnynM/0, K nopTY Gapnena. AsrycT 1502 r.- anpenb 1503 r. OCAJJ,A 6APJJETTbl. Konb1..10 6nOK8/l,bl 6blfl0 COMKHYTO He CflMWKOM nnoTHo; 06CTaHOBKY O)I(MBflRflM 'laCTble .l1.Y9flM M noe.aMHKM. Cpe.avr ¢paHI..IY30B maBHbiM no6e.avrTeneM RBflRflCR nbep Teppaiiinb .ae baRp/1, ( BOWe/l,WMW BMCTOPM/0 KaK «Chevalier sans peur et sans reproche» - «Pbl/..lapb 6e3 cTpaxa MynpeKa»). 21anpenSI1503r.6VITBAnPVI lfEPVIHbOJJE. nony'lMB MopeM no.aKpenneHMR, .ae Kop.aoea c wecTMTbiCR'lHOW apMMeW Bb/CTynMn M3 bapneTTb/ M 3aHRfl n03M/..IMIO Ha CKflOHe, 3a PBOM M 'laCTOKOflOM. <J>paHI..IY3b/ aTaKOBanM. VfcnaHCKaR apTMnnepMR c caMoro Ha'lana oKa3anacb coeepweHHO He ro.aHo/4, TaK KaK B3opeancR eecb 3anac nopoxa. npvr 9lj>lj>eKTMBHOW apTMnnepMWCKOW no.a.aep)I(Ke lj>paHI..IY3CKMe TR)I(eflble KaBanepMCTbl M WBeW/..IapcKMe KOneW/.UMKM aTaKOBanM, HO 6blflM C TR)I(eflb/MM noTepRMM OT6poWeHb/ OrHeM MCnaHCKMX apKe6y3MpOB M3 -3a pea M 'laCTOKOfla. noKa aTaKy/0/.UMe npe6b!BanM B CMRTeHMM, MCnaH/..Ibl KOHTpaTaKOBanM M o6paTMflM lj>paHI..IY3CKYIO apMM/0 B 6ercTBO. B cpa)l(eHMM norvr6 rep1..1or HeMIOPCKMW. BepoRTHO, 9TO 6bmo nepeoe B MCTOPMM cpa)l(eHMe, BbmrpaHHoe, maBHbiM o6pa3oM, 6naro.aapR PY4HOMY orHecTpenbHOMY opy.>KM/0. 21 anpenSI 1503 r. STOPA~ 6VITBA nPVI CEMVIHAPE. B TOT )l(e .aeHb, Kor.aa roHcano .ae Kop.aoea o.aep)l(an no6e.ay npvr 4epMHbone, vrcnaHcKaR apMMR pa36Mna npvr CeMMHape lj>paH/..1}'3CKOe BOWCKO no/1,

V1CnAHCKOE KAPE V1 JlV1HEli1Hblll1 KOPA6Jlb. 1500-1600 rr.

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13 MaS11503 r. nAAEH~E HEAnOJlSI. B3~B ropoJJ., .11.e Kop.11.oea

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llltoHb 1515 r. BTOP>KEHIIIE B IIITA1111110. YHacne.aoaaa aT caoero

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(llpiD.W-1. 3. M T. ):.\JOIIIOH).

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3An.A)J.HA$l EBPOnA

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HOW PllfMcKow VIMnepVIVI Kapn

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111 pe-

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24 <t>eapanSI 1525 r. 6"'TBA nP"' nAB"'"'· HvtKaKHe o)l(vt.aaewvtw

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CKaJI nexoTa, Boopy)KeHHaJI l'vf)'IIIKe-

rro.n. KOMaHJl.OBaHHeM repuora AJiaH-

TaMH, I'OCIIO,!l.CTBOBaJia Ha IIOJIJIX cpa-

coHcKoro He BC'I)'IIaJI B 6olt YBH,!l.eB

)KeHHH 6oJiee eTa JieT. Co BTopolt

IIOpiDKeHHe rJiaBHhlX CHJI 4JpaHUY30B, repuor rrpHKa3aJI

ap~>eprap.n.y

OTC'I)'-

noJIOBHHhl

XVI

BeKa HCIIaHCKaJI rre-

XOTa C<JHTaJiach JIY<JIIIell B EBpone.

14 S1HBapS1 1526 r. MA,Q,PL1ACKL11it AOrOBOP. 4T06b! nony4MTb ceo6o.ay, ct>paH~MCK I, Haxo.auewuiltcfl e Ma.apu.ae e 38K!I/04eHMM, no.anucan .aoroeop, no ycnoBMflM

IIHTh 3a peey TH':mHo H rrocJie rreperr paBhl cJioMaTh 3a co6ol!t MOCT.

X on:

ap~>eprap.n. H 6h1JI crraceH, HO ocTaTKH 4JpaHUY3CKOI'O BOJ!tCKa JIHIIIHJIHCh rryTH OTC'I)'IIJieHHJI. <l>paHUHCK

no-

IlaJI B IIJieH. IIoJIHTH<JeCKHM cJie,!l.CTBHeM rropiDKeHHJI 4JpaHUY30B B CeBepHoll JhaJIHH 6b1JIO c6JIH)£(eHHe KaTOJIH<JeCKOJ!t <f>paHUHH CO CBOHMH HCKOHHhlMH BparaMH- 'I)'pKaMH H HeMeUKHMH IIpOTeCTaHTCKHMH KHJI3hJIMH. 0Ka3aBIIIHCh B rrJieHy y KapJia

V, I

4JpaHUY3CKHI1 KopoJih <l>paHUHCK

opraHH30BaJI rreperoBophl c 'I)'peuKHM cyJITaHOM CyJieHMaHoM BeJIHKOJieiiHhlM 0 COBMeCTHOJ!t 6op1>6e C fa6c6ypraMH. IlHChMO <l>paHUHCKa K 1)'peuKorvty cyJITaHY JIBHJIOCh IIOBO,!l.OM ,!l.JIJI BTOp)KeHHJI TYPOK B BeHrpHIO.

IIpH Moraqe B IO:iKHoll BeHrpHH 'I)'pKH BCKOpe pa36HJIH COe,!l.HHeHHhle <JeiiiCKO-BeHrepCKHe CHJihl H B

1529

ro.n.y rro.n.olllJIH K BeHe. <l>paHK0-1)'peUKHlt COI03 OKa3aJICJI IIpO"'HhlM, TaK KaK fa6c6yprn 6h1JIH o6mHM BparoM 4JpaHUY3CKOI'O KOpOJIJI H 'I)'peUKOI'O cyJITaHa. IIoMep)f(Ka 4JpaHUY3CKHM KOpOJieM HeMeUKHX rrpoTeCTaHTCKHX KHJI3eJ1 TaK)Ke ocJia6JIJIJia fa6c6yproB H JIBJIJIJiaCh IIOJIHTH<JeCKHM cpe,!l.CTBOM B 6op1>6e C HHMH. B TaKTH<JecKoM oTHoiiieHHH B cpa)KeHHH rrpH IIaBHH MO)KHO BH,!l.eTh 01pHUaTeJihHhle IIOCJie,!l.CTBHJI II0'.3IIIeJIOHHOI'O BC'I)'IIJieHHJI 4JpaHUY3CKHX BOJ1CK B 6oH, "'TO IIpH o6meM paBeHCTBe CHJI o6ecrre<JHBaJIO HMIIepHJIM HX rrpeBOCXO,!l.CTBO Ha KroK,!l.OM 3Tane 6oeBhlX ,!l.eJ1CTBHJ1. Y 4JpaHUY30B OTCYTCTBOBaJIO B3aHMO,!l.eHcTBHe po.n.oB BOJ!tCK, BCJie,!l.CTBHe <Jero ycrreiiiHhle

<J>nep PHwap. Ct.tepTb npHHI.\3 TanbMOHa B 6HTBe npH naaHH.

,!l.eitCTBHJI 4JpaHUY3CKOJ1 apTHJIJiepHH

1823 r.

V1CnAHCKOE KAPE V1 JlV1HEli1Hblll1 KOPA6Jlb. 1500-1600 rr.

KOTOpOTO OTKa3b/BaflC>I OTO BCeX npMTR3aHYIW B llfTanMM, a TaK)I(e OT.aaean Kapny V 5ypryH.[f,MJO, ApTya M ct>naH.[!,pYI/0.

1526 r.

<PPAHU.~CK

ct>nopeH~MR. 24 HI011st

YAA~~. B pe3ynbTaTe reHy33CKoro

1526 r.

nAAEH~E

lopo.a 6bm3axea'-leH ucnaHcKol1 apMMeW no.[!, KOMaH.[f,OBaHMeM .ae flaHHya.

BTopaR soiJHa <PpaH~HcKa I

Mast

PMM Mno.aeepmu ropo.a cTpawHoMy pa3rpoMy(6 MaR).

M~JlAHA.

c KapnoM V, 1526-1530 rr. 22

ccf>opMupoean npoTMB Kapna V KoHbRKCKYJO f1Mry, B KOTOPYIO BOWflYI nana PMMCKMI1, MunaH, BeHe~MR M

AEHOHC~PYET MAAP~ACK~~

1527r. MAHEBP~POBAH~E AE JlOTPEKA ~ AE JlAHHYA.

3a>~eue,

B 3Tol1 eoi1He Ha MCTOI.l..leHMe cf>paH-

'-ITO no.[f,nYICb/Ban .[f,OK'jMeHT no.[!, npMHY>/(.[f,eHMeM. 4JpaH~Y3CKYIW KOPOflb

~Y3bJ nocTpa.aanu cunbHee. l1cnaH-

,o.oroBOP. OH c.aenan 3To,

CKMe Y1

HeMe~KYie

HaeMHYIKYI B3>1flYI

1528 r.

<PPAHU.Y3CK~E

HE-

BOCCTaHM>I, B03maeneHHOTO AH.[!,pea .[lopua, cf>paH~Y3bl flYIWYiflYICb 0.[/,HOW M3 ea)I(Hel1wux onopHbJX 6a3 e l1Tanuu. B 6MTBe npu flaH.apuaHo ( 19 YI/OHR) cf>paH~Y3CKaR apMYI>I no.[!, KOMaH.[f,OBaHMeM rpacf>a 4JpaHcya .[f,e CeH-nonR 6bma Haronoey pa36MTa.

1529 r. KAM6PE~CK~~ ,0.0rOBOP. OH Y13BeCTeH KaK «,llaMCKYIW MMP», nocKonbKY .aoroeopeHHOCTb 6bJna .[f,OCTYITHyTa 6naro.aapR nocpe.[!,HYI'-IeCTBY TeTM Kapna VMMaTepu ct>paH~McKa I. Kapn V 6bm o3a6o'-leH Type~KOW yrp030W Y1 He MeHbWe ct>paH~McKa I cTpeMuncR K MMpy. ct>paH~MCK I comacunc>~ HOMMHanbHO BbJnflaTMTb He60flbWYIO KOHTpM6y~YI/O Y1 CHOBa 38>1BWI 060TKa3e OT BCeX npMT>I38HYIW Ha llfTanMJO, a Kapn VOTKa3anCR OT npMTR3aHYIW Ha bypryH.[f,YI/0,' BOCCTaHOBYiflC>I Status quo.

1530 r.

nOPA)I(EH~E

<PJlO-

PEHU.~~.

nocne HeO)I(M.[f,aHHoro 3aKnJO'-IeHMR ct>paH~MCKOM I KaM6pel1cKoro MMpa cf>nopeHTMW~bJ ocTanucb 6e3 cf>paH~Y3CKOW nOMOI.l..IYI, O.[f,HaKO BCe paBHO npO.[!,Ofl)I(YiflYI HepaBHY/0 6opb6y co CBRI.l..leHHol1 PMMcKol1 MMnepuel1. Bo3maen>~n ux ucKfl/0'-IMTenbHO o.aapeHHbJW eoeHa'-lanbHMKct>paH'-IecKo ct>eppy'-IM; repMaHcKol1 apMMeW KOMaH.[f,OBan 4JMnM6epT, npMH~ OpaHCKMI1. l1 TOT, M .apyrol1 nom6nu e 6mee npu laeuHaHe (2 aerycTa). BcKope ct>nopeH~MR KanuTynupoeana ( 12 aerycTa).

1531r.

PEOPrAH~3AU.~~

<PPAHU.Y3CKO~ APM~~. ct>paH~YICK I yqpe.aun cf>paH~}'3CKMe nexoT-

HbJe neruoHbJ- perynRpHbJe coe.auHeHMR Y13 KOneWI.l..IYIKOB Y1 apKe6y3Mpoe '-IMcneHHOCTb/0 no 6 TbJCR'-1 '-lenoeeK, 6a3MpOBaBWMeCR B nuKap.[!,YIYI, flaHre.aoKe, HopMaH.[f,MM MWaMnaHM. TpeT&R H 'leTsepTaR soiJH&I <PpaH~HcKa I c KapnoM V, 1536-1544 rr.

1536-1538 rr. TPETb~ BO~ HA. KpynHaR cf>paH~Y3CKaR apMMR ltYKKapo. KapnV "<l>paH"'VICK I. <l>pecKa

HeO)I(M.[f,aHHO BTopmacb e l1TanMJO, 3axeaTuna TypMH, HO .ao MunaHa

3An.A)J.HA$l EBPOnA

.aofiim He cMoma. Kapn V npe,anpMHRn .aea noxo.aa eo 4>paH~M/O; c o.aHOfii apMMefii OH CaM BTOPTCR B npoBaHC, BTOPYIO ornpaBMfl B nMKap,aM/0. CeeepHOe BTOp)l(eHl1e BCKOpe 3axne6Hynocb. Kapn V .aowen .ao 3Kca, HO KOT,aa 06Hapy)I(Yffl, 'lTO 4>paHL!l1CKI TOTOB,aaTb 6ofiiy ABMHbOHa, pa3BepHyncR Vi orcryn11n B t1rafll110. B HMLI~e 6bmo nocnewHo no.anMcaHo .aecRTMnerHee nepeMMpl1e C L!eflb/0 BOCCTaHOBMTb Status quo. 4>paH~Y3bl coxpaHMnl1 ceo11 ena.aeHMR B CeeepHofii t1ranMl1.

1542-1544rr. liETBEPTASI BO"'HA. Bocnonb30BBBWl1Cb l1MnepCKl1Ml1 HeypR,al1~aMl1, 4>paH~l1CK I, K y)l(acyMHomx xpMCTMaH KaK4>paHLil1M, raK M ecefii EeponbJ, 3aKn/O'lMn co103 c ocMaHCKl1M cynraHoM CynefiiMaHOM I BenMKonenHbJM. AHrnl1fiiCKl1fii Koponb (eHpl1x Vlll3aKn/O'll1n C0/03 C KapnoM V. nepBb/e ,aBa ro.aa nepeeeca He y,aaeanocb .ao6MTbCR Hl1 rofii, HM ,apyrofii cropoHe; 6oeBb/e ,aefiiCTBl1R WflM, maBHb/M 06pa30M, B CeeepHofii t1ran1111 MB PyccMnboHe.

1543 r. B3SIH1E HVIL\L\bl. 06be,al1HeHHblfii cf>paHKO-TypeL!Kl1fii cf>noT no,a KOMaH,aOBaHl1eM a,aMl1pana Xafiipe.a,aMHa 6ap6apoccbJ; no.aeepr 6oM6ap.aMPOBKe, oca,a11n M C)l(er HM~~y, npMHa,ane)l(aBWY/0 CBR~eHHofii PMMCKofii l1Mnepl1l1.

CeHTS16pb-OKTS16pb 1543 r. BTOP)I(EHVIE KAPJlA VB nV~KAP足 JJ.V!IO. OH oca,a11n flaH,apecM (ceHm6pb). 3areM c 6onbwofii apMMefii no,aowen 4>paHLIMCK I ( OKTR6pb). nocne CflO)I(HOTO MaHeBpl1pOBaHl1R o6a BOfiiCKa OTOWflM Ha 3l1MHl1e KBapTl1pbl.

1543-1544 rr. COBMECTHbl"' AHfJlO-V!MnEPCKVI"' nJlAH BTOP)I(EHVISI BO PAHL\VIIO. (eHpMx VIII M Kapn V cownMcb Ha TOM, 'lTO aHmM'laHe 6y,ayr Hacrynarb co cropoHbl Kane, a MMnepcKaR apMMR 'lepe3 florapMHTM/0 11 WaMnaHb.

11 anpenSI1544 r. 6VITBA nPVI KbEPVI. /O)I(Hee TypMHa MaHeBpl1poeanl1 cf>paH~Y3CKaR apMMR no,a KOMaH,aOBaHl1eM 4>paH~l1CKa byp6oHa, rpacf>a 3HTMeHCKOTO, Vi MCnaHCKaR, no,a KOMaH,aOBaHl1eM MapKeca .aenb Bacro. 4McneHHOCTb

THI(HaH. MapKecAenb BaCTo o6pa~UaeTcst KC011AaTaM.

1540-1541 r. cf>paH~Y3CKOfii apMl1Yi COCTaBnRna npl1MepHO 15 Tb/CR'l 'leflOBeK: 4 Tb/CR'lM WBefiit~apCKl1X, 7 Tb/CR'l cf>paHLIY3CKl1X Vi 2 Tb/CR'lM l1TanbRHCKl1X neXOTMH~eB, a Ta/OKe 1500 KaBanepMCTOB- cf>paHLIY3CKl1X Vi MTaflbRHCKl1X, Tfl)l(eflbJX M nerKMX. t1MnepcKaR apMl1R COCTORna Yi3 7 Tb!CR'l naH,aCKHeXTOB, 6 Tb/CR'l MTaflbRHCKMX Vi 5 Tb!CR'l MCnaHCKl1X neXOTMHL!eB, a TaK)I(e npMMepHO Tb/CR'll1 KaBanepMCTOB. Ka)l(aaR cropoHa pac-

nonarana npM6nM3l1TenbHO 20 opy,aMRMM. nocne npo,aOfl)l(l1TeflbHOfii nepecrpenKM apKe6y3l1POB M .aonrofii aprMnnepMfiicKofii ,ay3nM 3aBR3anacb KpoeonponMrHaR pyKonawHaR; naH,aCKHeXTbl 6b!flM YHM'lTO)I(eHbl 'lYTbnl1 He,ao nocne,aHero 'lenoeeKa weefii~apcKofii nexorofii M cf>paH~Y3CKofii KaBanepMefii. B ro )l(e epeMR Ha neBoM ct>naHre rpacf>a 3HrMeHcKoro McnaHCKMe M HeMeLIKMe eerepaHbl 6pan11 eepx Ha.a cf>paH-

V1CnAHCKOE KAPE V1 nVlHEVlHbllll KOPA6nb. 1500-1600 rr. C0/03Hit1KaMI1, Kapn V BTOprC!il B /0)1(HY/0 <PpaHLji1/0. Era 3aTopM0311na ,ll,o6necTHa!il o6opoHa CeH-/1,113be ( 19 11/0H!il-18 aarycTa) , TaK 'ITO <PpaHLjMCK I ycnen OT03aaTb apMI1/0 113 /11Tan1111 11 C06paTb ,ll,OnOnHI1TenbHble Cl1nbl /],n!il 3al1.llt1Tbl nap11)1(8. MMnepcKa!il apMI1!il npeKpaTI1na HacTynneHI1e nocne 3axaaTa 3nepHe, Wam- Tbeppl1, CyaccoHa 11 Mo.

Kynesp111Ha c 6oraTo yKpaweHHbiM CTBOnOM Ill C pacnOpK3Miil AnSI KOnec, o6ecne'IIIIB3IOIJ.Ili1Miil yCTOH'IIiiBOCTb npliiTpaHCnOpTiilpOBKe

Ljy3CKOM neXOTOM. 0/l,HaKO rpac:J> 3Hn1eHCK11M 11cnpaa11n CI1Tyat..ji1/0 Kaaanepi1MCKOM aTaKOM C 06XO,ll,OM no cpnaHry. /],enb Bacm 6bm BbJHy)f(,IJ,eH OTCTyni1Tb, noTep!i!B 60nbWe 6 Tb/C!i/'1 'lenoaeK y611TbJMI111 3200 nneHHbJMI1. (/)paHLjy3CKI1e nOTepM COCT8BI1nl1 npi1MepHo 2 TbJC!i/'111 'lenoaeK y611TbJMM. B 3TOill 611TBe no,ll,TBep/1,11nc!il ,ll,aBHO ycaoeHHb/M ypoK, 'ITO nexom - apKe6y311Pbl, waeillt..japcKI1e KOneMLl.li1KI1 11n11 naH/],CKHeXTbl - cnoco6Ha OTpa311Tb n106y10 Kaaanep11MCKYIO amey; HO, 'ITO np11 CTOnKHOBeHI111 /l,BYX neXOTHb/X apMI1M, c:J>naHrGBbiM y,ll,ap KOHHI1Ljbl MO)I(eT C 60nbWOM aepO!i!THOCTb/0 OKa3aTbC!il pewa/0Ll.li1M.

1.110nb 1544 r. AHrnl.1&itCKOE BTOP>KEH1.1E. nepenpaan!ilnC!il a Kane reHpi1X VIII 'lpe3Bbi'I8MHO HeTOponni1BO, TaK 'ITO y <PpaHLji1CKa I 6bJnO apeM!i/ npl1rOTOBit1TbC!il /],aTb OTnOp. 8 COCT8B aHmi1MCKOM apMI111, /l,OCTI1raawei/t '111CneHHOCTb/O 40 Tb/C!i/'1 'lenoaeK, BX0/],11nO MHOrO HaeMHbiX COe/],11HeHI1M.

1911110nR- 4ceHTR6pR 1544 r. OCAAA AHrnW-tAHAMI.1 6YnOHI.1. ropo!l. reHpl1x VIII a3Hn, Ho HI1KOI1M o6pa30M He nbJTanC!il CKOOp/1,11HI1pOBaTb CB011X /],eMCTBI1M C HeMet..jKOM apMI1eill.

18 ceHTR6pR 1544 r. noAni.1CAHI.1E MI.1PA B KPEnl.1. Kapn V c rOTOBHOCTb/0 OTBeTI1n cornac11eM Ha npe,ll,nO)I(eHI1e Ml1pa, C,ll,enaHHOe <PpaHLjMCKOM I. CHoaa 6bJn aoccmHoaneH status quo. <PpaHLjY3bJ coxpaHMnl1 CBOI1 ceaepOMTanb!iiHCKI1e ana,ll,eH11!il; aHml1'1aHe o6Hapy)/(11nl1, 'ITO BHe3anHO OKa3ani1Cb 6e3 C0/03HI1KOB; OCT8811B B 5ynOHI1 rapHI130H, reHpi1X VIII B03BpaTI1nC!il B AHmi1/0.

1544 r.I.1MnEPCKOE BTOP>KEHI.1E. B cooTaeT-

9 OKTR6pR 1544r. «6Yn0HCKASI KAMI.1CAAA 1 ». <PpaHLjY3CKI1e

CTBI111 C nnaHOM, Bblpa6oTaHHb/M

BOMCKa nO/], KOMaH,ll,OBaHI1eM /l,0¢11Ha npi1Hl.ja AHpl1 (6Y!l.YLl.lero KOpan>l reHp11xa II) oca,ll,l1nl1 6ynOHb; oca,ll,a e,ll,aa He yaeH'Ianacb yen exaM, O/l,Ha KO c:J>paHLjY3bl 6blfll1 OTOrHaHbl 3Hepri1'1HOM Bb/fla3KOM rapHI130Ha.

Ma~-asrycT

1545-1546 rr. nPOAOn>KEHI.1E <l>PAHKO-AHrnl.1&itCKO&it BOIIIHbl. lt1H11Ljl1aTMBoill ana,ll,enl1

llerKoe apTiilnnepllliilcKoe OPYAiile XVI aeKa «CBIIIHbSI» o6naAano 6onbweiil AanbHOCTbiO cTpenb6bl no cpaaHeHIIIIO c KYneBpliiHOiil

c:J>paHLjY3bl, HO 60eBble ,l{eMCTBI1>1 np011CX0/],11nl1 TOnbKO B 5ynOHI1 11 6nl13 Kane; KPOMe Taro, 11Men11 Meem peilt,ll,bl a np116pe)I(HOM nonoce fla-MaHwa - no o6e cmpoHbJ nponuaa. nocne Hey/l,a'll1 nnaHI1poaaaweroc>~ c:J>paHLjy3aMI1 BTOp)l(eHI1>1 Ha 1 KaMHcap,a -

yCTapeswHi1 soeHHbli1 Tep-

MHH, 03Ha'lal0lli,11H HO'IHYIO aTaKy.

OCTPOB YaiiiT 6bJn 3aKn/O'IeH Ml1p, no ycnOBI1>1M KOTOporo 5ynOHb OCT8naCb 3a aHml1'1aHaMI1 ( 1546 r.).

nocne,qHflfl soiAHa Banya cra6c6ypraMH, f547-f559rr. 1547-1559 rr. ~PCTBOBA HI.1E rEHPI.1XA II (CbiHA <bPAHL1,1.1CKA I). nbJTa!i/Cb aocnonb30aaTbC!il aoiiiHaMI1 Kapna V c rypKaMI1 11 HeMel.jKI1MI1 npoTeCTaHTaMI1, reHpi1X II 3aKn/O'IMn C0/03 c npi1Hl.jeM Mopl1t..jeM CaKCOHCKI1M.

Anpenb 1552 r. <bPAHLI,Y3CKOE BTOP>KEHI.1E B nOTAPI.1Hrl.110. 5blfll13aXBa'leHbl Met..j, Tynb 11 Bep,ll,eH.

0KTR6pb-AeKa6pb 1552 r. OCAAA ME~. nocnewHo 3aKn/0'111B C npOTeCT8HT8MI1 nepeM11p11e, Kapn V nonbJTanc>~ OTaoeaaTb flomp11Hrl110, HO noTepnen nopa)/(eHI1e noi{Met..jOM.

1552-1555 rr. <bPAHLI,Y3CKOE BTOP>KEHI.1E B TOCKAHY. 0HO OKOH'II1nOCb npoaanOM. 8 611Tae npu MapwaHo ( 2 aarycm 1553 r.) Mapwan 5ne3 flaccepaH MacaHKOM, ceHbOP ,ll,e MoHn/OK noTepnen nopa)/(eHI1e OT 11MnepCKOiii apMI111 nO/], KOMaH,ll,OBaHI1eM MapK113a Map11Hb>IHO 11 OTCTyn11n a CueHy, r,ll,e nocne ,ll,anroiii OCa/l,bl Bb/Hy>K.IJ,eH 6bln Kan11T}'n11poaaTb ( 1553-1554 1-r.}.

1553-1556 rr. MAHEBPI.1POBAHI.1E BO <bnAHAPI.11.1. /],o611TbC!il ycnexa Hl1 0/l,HOiii 113 CTOpOH T8K 11 He yAanocb . 0/l,HO 113 aTOp)l(eHI1iii B ni1Kap/1,11/0 B03maaun ni1'1HO Kapn V, HO noTepnen nopa )/(eHI1e s Kaaanep11iiicKoiii CTbi'IKe np11 PeHTI1, r,ll,e OTnl1'111nC>I (/)pa Hcya ( Mnl1 (/)pa HLji1CK) I floTapi1HrCKI1iii, rept..jor /],e rl13 ( 12 aarycm 1554 r.).

<bespanb-HOR6pb 1556 r. BOCEnnbCKOE nEPEMI.1PI.1E. Ha/1,noMneHHbliii BOeHHb/MI1 Hey,ll,a'laMI1, Kapn V oTpeKC!il aT 11c naHcKoro npeCTona B nonb3Y Cb/Ha <:P11n11nna II (OKm6pb), a OT npecmna CB!illlleHHOiii P11MCKOiii I1Mnep1111 B nonb3Y 6paT8 <:Pep,l1,11HaH,ll,a. nepeM11p11e BCKOpe 6bJno HapyweHo.

1556-1557 rr. <l>PAHLI,Y3CKOE BTOP>KEHI.1E B IO>KHYIO 1.1TAnl.110. He cMoTp>~ Ha n11weH11>111

3AnA)J.HAs:l EBPOnA

nDKenbJe noTep1t1, repu,or ,l!e tlt13 3a-

t1Tanlt11t1, repu,or AHH ,l!e MoHMopaH-

41t1Cne nocne,l!Hit1X oKa3ancR 1t1 caM

Kpenlt1nCR 8 ce8epHbJX 3eMnflx Heano-

Cit1, Mapwan ct>paHU,It11t1, cyMen

co-

MoHMopaHCit1. Tenepb Ce8epHafl

fllt1TaHcKoro KOpone8CT8a . 0,l!HaKO

6paTb ,l!flfl OTnOpa 8TOp>KeHit1fl fllt1Wb

Cf>paHU,It1fl OCTa8anaCb C08epweHHO

KOr,l!a nplt1Wfllt1 lt138eCTit1fl 0 C/JpaHU,y3-

26-Tb/Cfi4HOe 80MCKO . t1cnaHCKafl

6e3 3al1.(1t1Tbl. 3MMaHylt1n-Cf>lt1fllt16epT XOTefl 6blfl0 ,l!81t1HYTbCfl Ha naplt1>K, HO

CKit1X nopa>KeHit1f/X Ha,l!pymx C/JpOHT8X,

apMit1fl He6naropa3yMHO 3a,l!ep>Ka-

,l!e tlt13 6blfl 8biHY>K,l!eH OTCTynlt1Tb

nacb oca>K,D,aTb CeH-KaHTeH, 3al1.(1t1-

OCTOpO>KHbiM Cf>lt1fllt1nn

( 1557 r . ) ;

11.(an KOTOpbiM He60flbWOi1 rapHit130H

Cfl noKa 8bl.l!81t1raTbCfl ,l!anbwe CeH-

OCTanaCb 4aCTb Ce8epOit1T8flbfiHCKit1X

nO,l! KOMaH,l!08aHit1eM a,l!Mit1pana lac-

KaHTeHa.

mpplt1TOplt1i1 8 pai1oHe Typlt1Ha .

napa ,l!e Konlt1Hblt1 .

1-iiOHb 1557 r. nP'-1COEA'-1HEHl-1E AHrnl-11-1 K BO~HE. AHrn1t1i1-

10aBrycTa 1557 r. 61-iTBAnP'-1 CEH-KAHTEHE. lepu,or ,l!e MoHMO-

27 aBrycTa 1557 r. nAAEHIIIE CEH-KAHTEHA. nocneo>KeCT04eH-

cKafl Kopone8a Maplt1RI TJO,l!op, cyn-

paHCit1 nonbJTancR nepenpa81t1TbCfl

II,

4epe3 CoMMy, 4T06bJ aTaK08aTb oT-

nO,[! 8flaCTbiO cfJpaHU,y308

II OTKa3bl8an-

HOro 60fl ropO,[! 6blfl 83f/T WTYPMOM .

06bf/8/t1fla Cf>paHU,It11t1 80i1Hy.

,l!enbHO CTOflll.(y/0 4aCTb lt1CnaHCKOi1

CeHTS16pb 1557 r. <1>1-inl-inn 11 nPIIIKA3biBAET OTCTYnATb B HliiAEPnAHAbl . /epu,orCa8oi1CK1t1i1

1-iiOnb-aBrycT 1557 r. BTOP>KEHl-iE <1>1-inl-innA II B CEBEPHYIO CI>PAHLI,IIIIO. BKnJ04aR ceMit1-

apMit11t1 1t1 CHRTb ocB,l!y c CeH-KaHTe-

6blfl ,l!O my61t1Hbl .l!YW1t1 803Myl1.(eH

Ha. noKa cppaHU,Y3bJ nepenpa8nfl-

TaKoi1 Hepewlt1TenbHOCTbJO . TeM

nlt1Cb, 3MMaHylt1n-Cf>lt1fllt16epT nplt1Ka-

8peMeHeM leHplt1x II OT038an lt13 t1TB-

TbJCfi4HOe aHrnlt1MCKOe 80MCKO, ap-

3afl lt1MnepCKOM Ka8aneplt11t1 KOHTpa-

fllt11t1 repu,ora ,l!e tlt13a 1t1 CTan OT4af/H-

pyra lt1CnaHCKOro KoponR Cl>1t1n1t1nna

Mit1fl ero HaC41t1Tbl8ana

Tb/Cf/4 4e-

TaK08aTb. ct>paHu,y3bJ 6blfllt1 Harono8y

HO nbJTaTbCfl 80CCTaH081t1Tb C/JpaH-

fl08eK. tfla8HOKOMaH,l!YIOI1.(/t1M 8bi-

pa3rpoMneHbJ; nono81t1He cppaHu,y3c-

U,Y3CKYIO apMit110.

CTynan Ca80MCK/t1M repu,or 3MMa-

KOi1 apM1t11t1 y,l!anocb cnaCTit1Cb 6er-

HY1t1fl-Cf>lt1fllt16epT. nocKonbKY u,8eT

CT80M, 6 Tb/Cf/4 4efl08eK 6blfl0 y61t1TO,

C/JpaHU,y3CKOi1 apM1t11t1 6blfl 3aHfiT 8

ell.(e CTOflbKO >Ke 3aX8a4eHO 8

HoS16pb-AeKa6pb 1557 r. AE rl-13 nEPEXBATbiBAET IIIHIIILI,IIIATIIIBY. Bocnonb308a8Wit1Cb Hepe-

nneH; 8

CMepTb Koponsl reHpl!lxa II Ha pbl~apcKoM TYPHI!Ipe, npol!lcweAweM 1 11110nS1 1559 r. B npeAMeCTbe Cs. AHTyaHa oKono 6aCTI!Inlillil. Ha rpas10pe aane"'aTneH Tparl!l"'eCKIIIiil MOMeHT r1116en111 KoponSI OT ClilnbHeiilwero yAapa no ronose, HaHeceHHoro eMy rpacj>oM MoHTroMepl!l. rpas10pa coaAaHa B 1570 r. Co6btTI!Ie 3TO npo1!13Beno cl!lnbHeiilwee sne"'aTneHI!Ie, TaK KaK 38 rOA 6btno npeACK838HO HOCTP8A8MYCOM

V1CnAHCKOE KAPE V1 JlV1HEVJHbiVl KOPA5Jlb. 1500-1600 rr.

LllVITenbHOCTb/0 VI 'lpe3MepHOM OCTOpQ)KHOCTb/0 C0/03HVIKOB, repu,or ,ae tV13 OTBa)I(VInCH nocnaTb HeCKOnbKO OTPHAOB C pei1J,aaMVI B WaMnaHb VI K ronnaH,acKoiii rpaHVILJ,e. TeM apeMeHeM OH C06pan B A6BVIne 25-Tb/CH'IHY/0 apMVI/0.

2-7 SIHBapSI 1558 r. nAJJ,EH~E KAJlE. 3HaH, 'ITO 3ai.J..IVII.J..IeH nopT cna6o, repu,or ,ae tV13 npe,anpVIHHn CMenoe VI TI.J..IaTenbHO paCC'IVITaHHOe HacTynneHVIe Ha Kane; cnepaa oH B3Hn WTYPMOM BHeWHVIe yKpenneHVIH, 3aTeM no o'lepe,aVI rpopTbt, noKa He6onbWOM rapHV130H, HaXO,QVIBLllVIMCH no,a KOMaH,QOBaHVIeM nop,aa ToMaca YaHryopTa, He KanVITynVIpoaan. TaKVIM o6pa3oM, aHrnVI'IaHe Haacer,aa nVIWVInVIcb nocne,aHero caoero nnau,,aapMa Ha rppaHu,yscKoiii 3eMne. Ma~-H~Hb1558r.~PAHUY-

3bl YAEP>K~BAIOT ~H~U~AT~ BY. IV13 noaen s WaMnaHb He6onbwy/O apMVI/0 Ha B3HTVIe TbOHBVInH. O,aHOBpeMeHHO Mapwan nonb ,ae TepMe3 BO maae BOMCKa 'IVICneHHOCTb/0 OKano 10500 'lenoaeK BbtcrynVIn Vl3 Kane s CeaepHy/0 ~naH,apVIIO Ha 3aXBaT jJ,IOHKepKa (30 VIIOHH). Harpa6VIB MHO)I(eCTBO ,ao6bt'IVI, rppaHU.Y3bl CTanVI OTCTynaTb K Kane, npecne,ayeMbte no nHTaM rparj)oM flaMopaneM 9rMOHTOM, KOMaH,ay/0I.J..IVIM VICnaHCKVIM rapHV130HOM BO ~naH,apVIVI.

H~HSI

nonO)I(VIn KOHeLJ, BOMHaM Banya C la6c6ypraMVI, a TaK)I(e nnaHaM VICnaHcKoiii KaMnaHVIVI a,aMVIpana KonVIHbVI. ~paHLJ,VIH OTKa3anacb aT acex CBOVIX VITanbHHCKVIX sna,aeHVIM ( KpOMe norpaHVI'IHoro MapKV13aTa Canyu.u.o), a TaJOKe aT 3eMenb, 3aaoeaaHHbtX repu,oroM ,ae tV130M Ha nocne,aHeM amne aoiiiHbl, KpoMe ropo,aoa Meu,a, TynH, Bep,aeHa VI Kane. (Meu,, Tynb VI Bep,aeH ocTanVIcb 3a ~paHu,VIeiii de facto, 6e3o BCHKoro IOPVIAVI'IeCKOrO 060CHOBaHVIH- TO 6btnVI He VICnaHCKVIe, a VIMnepCKVIe 3eMnVI, CBH J.J..~eHHaH )l(e PVIMCKaH VIMnepVIH nocne oTpe'leHVIH Kapna V rpaKTVI'IeCKVI c ~paHu,VIeiii He aoeaana VI MVIpa s KaTo-KaM6pe3VI He no,anVICb/Bana.)

Ei~TBA nP~

6ypmya3HH OCJia6JIHJIH II03HIJ;IDI KOpoJieBCKOH BJiacTH. Pa3YMeeTcH, ,o:aJieKo He Bee rrpe,o:cTaBHTeJIH 3THX cJioeB cpa3y H 6e3oroBopotiHo rrepecTaJIH IIO,O:,O:epmHBaTb u;eHTpaJibHOe rrpasHTeJibCTBO. TaKoe KpHTHIIecKoe IIOJIO)KeHHe )];JIH cppaHIJ;Y3CKOro a6coJIIOTH3Ma CJIO)KHJIOCb TOJThKO K cepeIJ:HHe 80-x ro,o:oB

XVI

BeKa. B rrepu-

o,o: me 60-70-x ro,o:oB rrpoTHB KopoJieBCKOH BJiaCTH OTKpbiTO BbiCTYIIHJIO crrepBa IO)KHOe CTapoe IJ:BOpHHCTBO, 3aTeM 6ypmya3HH IOmHhiX ropo,o:oB, rrpmeM HpKo cKa3 aJIHcb eme He H3)KHTb!e cerrapaTHCTCKHe TeH,O:eHIJ;IDI IO)KHbiX IIpOBHHIJ;HH H peBHHBO o6epera.BIIIHX CBOH cpe)];HeBeKOBble BOJibHOCTH I0)KH0cppaHIJ;Y3CKHX ropO,O:OB. Ha CeBepe 6ypmya3HH H omeJibHble

PEJ114rH03Hb/E BO~Hbl, 1560-1598 rr.

rpyrrrrbi «IJ:BOpHHcTBa rnrrarn» ,o:epmaJIH B

rropy -

XOTH IIOCJie,O:HHe H

He BIIOJIHe TBep,o:o )J;.JIIITeJThHCUI KpOBa.BaH Me)K):(oyco-

6m~a BTopoil IIOJIOBHHbi

XVI

BeKa,

cTopoey rrpa-

BHTeJThCTBa. IIocTOHHHYIO rroMepmKy, oco6eHHO Ha CeBepe, oKa3biBaJI

H3Becwaa rro,o: Ha3BaHHeM PeJIHruo3 -

a6coJIIOTH3MY TOT yme MHOrOIIHCJieH-

HbiX BOHH ( H.JIH ryreHOTCKHX BOHH), He

HbiH cJioil rocrro,o:cTByiOmero KJiacca,

6biJia CJI)"laHHbiM HBJieHHeM B HCTO-

KOTOpbiH ITO CBOeMy IIOJIO)KeHHIO 6biJI

pHH <!>paHIJ;IDI. Ilpwnnm 3THX BOHH

HaH6oJiee TeCHO CBH3 aH C IIOJIHTHKOH

6biJIH tipe3Bbi'IallHO CJIO)KHbi. MHp B Karo-KaM6pe3H He rrpHHec

AaJibHeilrnero YKPeiiJieHHH u;eHTpaJibHoil BJiacTH. CaMbie 6oraTh!e H BJIHH-

3HatiHTeJThHbiX rrepeMeH; OH He MOr

TeJibHble Kpyru «JIIO)];eH MaHTHH»,

IIpHOCTaHOBH'Th HatiaBIIIHeCH 3KOHOMH-

rJiaBHbiM o6pa3oM rrapll)KCKHH H rrpo-

tieCKHe 3aTpYIJ:HeHHH. TeppHTOpHaJTh-

BHHIJ;HaJibHble rrapJiaMeHTb!, a TaKme

Hble rrpupameHHH oKa3aJIHcb 6oJiee

tiacTb pMOBoro ,o:BopHHCTBa BO Bpe-

IITaJIHH 6biJia rroTe-

MH CMYThl OCTa.BaJIHCb HeH3MeHHO Ha

1J:JIH cppaHIJ;y3CKOrO IJ:BOpHHCTBa,

cropoHe KopoJieBcKoil BJiacrn. TaKHM

IIeM cKpOMHhiMH.

1558 r.

pHHCTBa IIIIIarH» H He,O:OBOJibCTBO

pHHa

rPABJl~HE. lparp 9rMOHT HarHan

Ka3Ha- coBeprneHHO rryCTa, a rocy-

o6pa3oM, B rrepuo,o: rpam,o:aHCKHX

OTCTyna /0/.J..IVIX rppa HLJ.Y30B Ha nee 'IaHbtX ,a10Hax 6nVI3 lpaanVIHa VI TYT )l(e aTaKoaan. O,aHoapeMeHHO K 6epery no,aowen aHrnVIiiiCKVIiii rpnoT VI oTKpbtn no rppaHLJ,Y3CKOM apMVIVI orOHb Vl3 KOpa6enbHbiX opy,aVIM. ~paHLJ,Y3bl VI HaHHTbte VIMVI naH,QCKHeXTbl 6btnVI Haronoay pa36VITbt; noTepVI VIX cocTaBVInVI OKano 5 TbiCH'I y6VITbiMVI VI 5 TbiCH'I nneHHbiMVI. CnacTVICb 6erCTBOM y,aanOCb 6yKBanbHO ropCTKe.

,o:apcTBeHHbiil ,o:oJir orpoMeH. ApMHIO

BOHH

pacrrycnum, He 3 aiiJiaTIIB eil rrpocpo-

THJI -

tieHHoro maJIOBaHbH. Kor,o:a rrpHBbiK-

mKY JIHIIIb OIJ:HOH tiaCTH IJ:BOpHHCTBa:

XVI

BeKa a6coJIIOTH3M YTPa-

,o:a H TO Ha BpeMH-

IIOA~J:ep

rnue K BOeHHbiM rpa6emaM ,o:BopHHe

rroMepmKy 3HaTH H tiacTH pMOBoro

BepeyJIHCb B CBOH IIOMeCThH, OHH Ha-

IJ:BOpHHCTBa, TepHBIIIero B TO BpeMH

IIIJIH TaM o6BeTIIIaJible CTpoeHHH H

CBOH 6biJible 3KOHOMHtieCKHe H IIOJIH-

BeCbMa COKpaTIIBIIIHeCH )];OXOIJ:bl.

THtieCKHe II03HIJ;HH. qTO KacaeTCH

Ha3peBaJio B03MymeHHe 3 a,o:aB-

6ypmya3IDI, TO H ee KOHcpJIHKT C a6-

JieHHbiX HeiiOCHJibHOH HY)KIJ:OH Ha-

COJIIOTH3MOM MOr HMeTh B 3TOT rre-

pO,O:HbiX Mace. PocJio He,o:oBOJibCTBO

pHOIJ: JIHIIIb BpeMeHHbiH xapaKTep.

6ypmya3HH. 0)];HOBpeMeHHO YCHJIH-

BpeMeHHbiH KpH3HC a6coJIIOTH3-

1558 r. BbiAE r~3A B n~KAP

BaJiaCb OIIII03HIJ;HH B cpe,o:e MeJIKOrO

Ma ,O:aJI B03MO)KHOCTh apHCTOKpaTHH

H cpe)];Hero IJ:BOpHHcTBa. 3HaTb 6biJia

rrpe,o:rrpHHHTb CaMyiO KpyrrHyiO H3

A~ 10. ,ll,eiiicTaosan oH cmnb cTpeMVI-

He,O:OBOJibHa u;eHTpaJIH3aiJ;HeH rocy-

BCeX CBOHX IIOIIbiTOK IIO)];'IHHeHHH

TenbHO, CMeno VI 9HeprVI'IHO, 'ITO VICnaHLJ,aM He y,aanocb aocnonb30BaTbCH nno,aaMVI lpaanVIHCKoiii no6e,abt.

,o:apcTBa H OTTeCHeHHeM BeJibMO)K OT

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IJ;eJIHM, 3aKJIIOIIaBIIIHMCH B orpaHHtie-

~ ~nb-asrycT CTYnllEH~E

Y CHJIHBaBIIICUICH OIIII03HIJ;HH a6co-

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3 anpenS11559 r. KATO-KAMEi-

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3An.A)J.HA$l EBPOnA

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HeHHe- JIHIIIb B HeKOTOpblX Kpyn-

no ce6e He MOrJIH 61>1 Bh13Ban CM)'T)'

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Ta.KOtt AJIHTeJibHOCTH H pa3Maxa, KaK

CTBa(oco6eHHO pacnpocTpaHHJICil OH

B uepKOBHhlX Bonpocax, 3TH ABaJiare-

XVI BeKa. OHM

B npoMbliiiJieHHO pa3BHTott HopMaH-

Pil apHCTOKpaTHqecKott onno3Ml.IHM,

Bh13BaJIH 60JibiiiOtt pe30HaHC TOJibKO

AHH), HOB o6meM CeBep ocTaJICil no

qacTHqHo nOMep)KaHHOtt ABOpiiH-

B CHJIY TOro, 'ITO C03,AaJiaCb o6cTa-

npeH!Vtyll.leCTBY KaTOJIHqecKHM.

peJIHrH03Hhle BOttHhl

CTBOM, MaJIO qeM OTJIHqaJIHCb Apyr OT

HOBKa Bee B03pacTaBIIIero 6po)KeHHil

<l>eOAaJibHail 3HaTb paCKOJIOJiaCb

HapOAHhlX Mace H onn03Ml.IMM 6yp~

Ha ABe 6oJibiiiHe rpynnhl. Bo maBe

qecKHX BonpocoB.

a3HH.

KaTOJIHqecKOro ABOpiiHCTBa CTaJI MO-

BHraJIH Ta.KHe 1pe60BaHHil, Ka.K npe-

fp~aHCKHe BOitHbl BTOpott no-

Apyra B peiiieHHH OCHOBHhlX nOJIHTH-

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rymecTBeHHhltt AOM repuoroB fH30B,

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pacnOJiaraBIIIHtt OipOMHhlMH BJI3,!l,eHH-

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iiMH B JIOTapHHrHH, BypryHAHH, IliaM-

AOJI)KHOCTett JIHI.IaM «6JiaropoAHOro»

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XVI BeKa,

paKTepHhle AJiil groro nepHOAa couH-

npOHCXO)K,AeHHil, paCIIIHpeHHe MeCT-

aJibH0-3KOHOMHqecKHe npouecchl,

HhlX ABOpiiHCKHX BOJibHOCTett 3a cqeT

B CBOIO oqepeAb OKa3aJIH HeMaJIOe

ueHTpaJibHOtt BJiaCTH.

pa3pyiiiaiOll.lee B03,AeitCTBHe Ha 3KO-

B 3TO BpeMil B nopeAeBIIIeM Jiare-

HOMHqecKOe COCTOiiHHe <l>paHI.IHM

pe 3all.IHTHHKOB a6COJIIOTH3Ma HaH60-

(pa3opeHHe ropoAOB, pa36ott B AepeB-

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H T. A·). Ba:JKHO OThteTHTh, qTO 3KO-

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HaqaJia Me~oyco6Ml.lhl, oco6eHHO Ha

BpeMeHH- 3HaqHTeJihHaH qacn ce-

lOre.

BepHott 6yp:>Kya3HH. l13 «JIIOAett

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MaHTHH» H 6yp~a3HH CJIO)KHJiaCb B

BO <l>paHI.IHM HaH6oJibiiiee pacnpocT-

HaqaJie rpaJY-AaHCKHX BOttH KaTOJIH-

XVI

qecKaH napTHii TaK Ha3h1BaeMhlX no-

paHeHHe noJiyqHJI K cepeAHHe

BeKa KaJibBHHH3M, rJiaBHhlM o6pa30M

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B ropoAax- B cpeAe HaeMHhlX pa6o-

Aep:>KI\')' Ta.K)Ke HeKOTOphle CJIOH pii-

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B Kpyrax 6yp~a3HH. llpHMKHyJia

AOBOJihHO cymecTBeHHble pacxo:;KAe-

K HeMy H qacTbABOpiiHCTBa, C1peMHB-

HHil Me:;KAy ABOpiiHCKHMH H 6yp~

qHx H peMeCJieHHHKOB H

lllaiiCil K ceeyJiilpH3al.IHH uepKOBHhlX

a3Hb1MH 3JieMeHTaMH 3TOtt napTHH,

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BCe «nOJIHTHKH» B l.leJIOM CTaBHJIH

pe<}>opMauHH Ha lOre H IOro-3an3,!J,e

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(3a HCKJIIOqeHHeM TyJiy3hl). ToproBaH

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no npeHM)'mecTBy 6yp~a3Hil lOra,

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caMail 6oraTaH qacTb TOrAaiiiHett

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<}>paHI.IY3CKOtt 6yp~a3HH, BOCnpHHii-

KpaTHq ec KHX Jiarepett n OJIHTHqecKH e

Jia KaJibBHHH3M Ka.K HaH60Jiee nOAXO-

AOCTH)KeHHil <l>paHI.IMM, CBi13aHHhle

Ailll.IYIO AJiil ce6i1 peJIHrH03HYIO HAeOJIOrHIO. Eme )KHByqHe cenapaTHCT-

nOJIHTHqecKOe eAHHCTBO CTpaHbl,

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C pa3BHTHeM a6COJIIOTHOtt MOHapXHH: napaAHbl~

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1516

3H C pOCTOM HaJIOroBoro o6JIO)KeHHil

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Hhle BoJIOHCKHM KOHKOpAaTOM

lOra H npHHYAHTeJibHhlX 3attMOB B

piiHCKaH napTHil, HMeHOBaBIIIaiiCil BO

roAa H o6ecneqHBaBIIIHe paHuHH

nocJieAHHe rOAhl HTaJibiiHCKHX BOttH.

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nancKoro npecToJia.

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K «noJIHTHKaM» H K Tott qacTH

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TH. Oco6eHHO MHoroqHcJieHHoe IO)K-

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H oe MeJIKOe ABOpiiH CTBO BH)l.eJIO B 33X1

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KHe 3JieMeHTbl npOiiBJiiiJIH nOJIHTH-

V1CnAHCKOE KAPE V1 JlV1HEli1Hblll1 KOPA6Jlb. 1500-1600 rr.

qeccyiO HeycToitqHBOCTh H qacTO nepexo,LI.HJIH B Jiarepb Ollll03Hl.IHH. <l>paHI.IY3CKHit npeCTOJI B 15591589 ro,LI.ax 6MJI nocJie,LI.oBaTeJibHO 3aHJIT TpeMJI cJia6blMH H Hecnoco6HhlMH KynpaBJieHHIO KOpOJIJIMH, ChlHOBbJIMH feHpHxa

II:

<l>paHI.IHCKOM

(1559-1560 rr.), KapJioM

(1560-1574 rr.) H feHpHXOM

IX III

(1574-1589 rr.), Ha KOTOpbiX HMeJia CHJibHoe BJIHJIHHe HX MaTh EKaTepHHa Me,LI.HqH (1519-1589 rr.), noJiy<}>paHI.Iy:lKeHKa, llOJIYHT3JlbJIHKa (no MaTepH OHa npOHCXO,LI.HJia H3 <}>paHI.IY3CKOit 3HaTH). 0Ha npHo6ll.IHJiaCb K ynpaBJieHHIO rocy,LI.apCTBeHHhlMH ,LI.eJiaMH eme B nepHO,LI.

4Mcna nporecraHTOB. Bo ct>paHL.IIIIM 060CTPIIIflMCb penMrM03HbJe pacnpM.

HblX cpe,LI.CTB ,LI.JIJI 6opb6hl KaK C Ha-

1560-1574 rr. u,APCTBOBAHl-'IE KAPJlAIX(MJlAAWErO 6PATA <t>PAHUl-'ICKA II; HA nPECTOJl B30WEJ11 0-JlETHl-'IM). Ha'lanocb

3BaHHhlX B OpJieaHe B KOHI.Ie 1560

OHO np/11 oneK}'HCTBe KOponeBb/ EKaTepMHb/ Me.alll'lM, B.ll.OBbJ leHpMxa II 111 conepHMLibJ .ae IM30B.

pO,LI.HblMH BOCCTaHHJIMH, TaK H CO cBoeBOJIHeM ,LI.BopJIH H 3HaTH. Ha co-

Ha'IaJie 1561 ro,LI.a feHepaJibHhlX

rnTaTaX npe,LI.CTaBHTeJib napTHH «noJIHTHKOB» KaHI.IJiep JlonHTaJib He CMOr ,LI.06HTbCJl npHMHpeHHJl Me:>f'-,AY ryreHOTCKHM H KaTOJIH'IeCKHM <}>eO,Ll.3JlbHblMH JiarepJI MH . .lJ:eHer lliTa-

1560 r. AM6YA3CKl-1171 3Af0BOP. 4acrbMenKonoMecrHoro.aeo-

Tbl TO:lKe He ,LI.aJIH. E,LI.HHCTBeHHhllt

PflHCTBa ( B OCHOBHOM, M3 4MCfl8 npoTeCT8HTOB-ryreHOTOB) npe.anp111Hflfl8 noxo.a Ha KoponeecKIIIIIi 38MOK AM6ya3 c L.leflb/0 ceep)l(eH/1/fl .ae IM3oe; Mf!Te)l( 6bm )l(ecroKo no.aaeneH.

TOM, 'ITO B 1561 ro,LI.y OHO 3aCTaBH-

ycnex npaBHTeJibCTBa 3aKJIIOqaJicJI B JIO AYXOBeHCTBO npo,LI.aTb qacTb uepKOBHbiX 3eMeJib, H 3Ta qacTH'IHaJI ceKYJIJipH3al.IHJl .Jl.OCTaBHJia,LI.eHbrH ,LI.JIJI no,LI.aBJieHHJI BoccTaHHit Ha IOre H

npaBJieHHJI cBoero My:lKa feHpHxa

YCMHpeHHJl He,LI.OBOJibHhlX 3JieMeH-

II. B

TOB Ha CeBepe.

TPYAHOit o6cTaHOBKe, CJIO:lKHB-

rneitcJI nocJie ero cMepTH, EKaTepHHaMe,LI.HqH C llOMOll.lbiO COBeTHHKOB

nepsaR pen!tfr!tf03HaR BOHHa, 1562-1563 rr.

H3 «JIIO,LI.elt MaHTHH» CTpeMHJiaCb OTCTOJITb rJiaBHhle ll03Hl.IHH a6co-

Bo maee ryreHoroe croflnlll npMHLI KoH.ae 111 lacnap II, rpalj> .ae Kon/1/HbM, 8.ll.MMpan 4Jp8HL.1111111; BO maee K8TOflMKOB- repL.IOr .ae l/113, KOHHeTa6nb MoHMopaHc/11 MKone6niOumllicfl6bJBwulli nporecraHT npiiiHLI AHryaH .ae 5yp6oH, Koponb HaeappbJ (6par npMHLIB KoH.ae M oTeLI leHpMxa HaeappcKoro). nocKOflbK}' C VfcnaH/1/e/li He.£I.8BHO 6b!fl 38Kfl/04eH MIIIP, BO 4Jp8HLIIIIM 6b!fl0 nonHO BOeHHOCfl}I)K8~IIIX, KOTOpbJM CT8fl0 He'leM 38HRTbCfl M TOTOBb/X yxBBTMTbCfl 38 nepBy/0 )l(e B03MO)I(HOCTb noeoeearb Mnorpa6MTb.

JIIOTH3Ma H He ,LI.OllYCTHTb BeJibMO:lK K

ynpaBJieHHIO

rocy,LI.apCTBOM.

BnJIOTb .Jl.O 80-x ro,LI.OB 3TO B ocHoBHOM YAaBaJIOCb. Bo BHernHeit noJIHTHKe OHa cyMeJia, He pa3pbiBaJI MHpHblX OTHorneHHit c HcnaHHeit, ycTaHOBHBlliHXCJI llOCJie OKOHqaHHJl HTaJibJIHCKHX BOitH, OTCTOJITb HHTepeCbl <l>paHI.IHH OT llOCJiraTeJibCTB <l>HJIHnna

II.

nep!tfo.q npHH~a KoH.qe, a.tJMHpana KonHH&!tf H EKaTepHH&J Me.qH'IH, 1560-1574 rr.

1559-1560 rr. u,APCTBOBAHl-'IE <t>PAHL.ll-'ICKA II. nomm1KY

1 MapTa 1562 r. 60171H51 8 BACCl-1. 3.aecb eollicKa IIII30B nepe-

CTp8Hbl B 3H84MTeflbHOW CTeneH/11 onpe.aenf!na eenM'lecreeHHafl l/>Mrypa norapMHrcKoro repl.lora ct>paHcya I .ae IM3a, craewero HaM6onee Bfllllf!TenbHbJM nu.aepoM eo ct>paHL.IMM. He .aoeepflfl .ae l1113y M )l(enafl npece% ero BMewarenbcreo B WOTn8H.ll.CKYIO nonMTMKY, /1/CnBHCKMW Koponb 4JIIInMnn II 111 aHmMIIicKafl Koponeea EnM3aeera I 38Kfl/04MnM BpeMeHHb/W C0/03 npOTMB .ae lM38 M wornaH.acKolli KoponeBbJ MapMM Cr10apr. 4ro Kacaercf! BHyrpeHHelli nonMTMK/11, TO peBHOCTHb!M K8TOflMK8M .ae lM38M 3.£I.eCb npOTMBOCTOflflM J110.£I.OBMK I 5yp6oH, npMHLI KoH.ae, lll.lJ.pyrMe Bb/CW/1/e BeflbMO)I(M M3

6MnM MeCTHb/X npoTeCT8HTOB. Cl>p3HL\Y3CKYie C01fA3Tbl. Cepe.QHH3

XVI B. PeKOHCTpYKL\HSI. XIX B.

Bopb6a Me)f(,Ll.y KaTOJIHKaMH H ryreHOTaMH HaqaJiaCb TaK Ha3blBaeMblMH y6HitCTBaMH B BaccH. BecHoit

1559-1560 rr. rYrEHOTCKOE ABOP51HCTBO 80 rllABE C nPl-'IHUEM KOH,O.E nonbiTAJlOCb 3AXBATl-1Tb BJlACTb nPl-1 ,O.BOPE («AM6YA3CKl-1171 3ArOBOP))), HO nOTEPnEJlO HEY,D.AliY.

1562 ro,LI.a <l>paHcya fH3, npoe3:lKaJI CO CBOeit CBHTOit qepe3 MeCTe'IKO BaccH, HanaJI Ha ryreHOTOB, co6paBlliHXCH Ha6orocJiy:lKeHHe. bhlJIO y6HTO HeCKOJibKO ,LI.eCHTKOB 'IeJIOBeK H OKOJIO 200 paHeHO. 3TO C06biTHe

1559-1560 ro,LI.ax noJio:lKe-

npHBeJIO K OTKpbiTOlt BOltHe Me)f(,Ll.y ryreHOTaMH H KaTOJIHKaMH. B Teqe-

HHe npaBHTeJibCTBa 6hlJIO oqeHb TJl-

HHe nocJie,LI.yiOll.IHX 30 JieT 6biJIO 10

:lKeJiblM. ToJibKO qTo 3aKOH'IHJIHCb

BOltH, nepepbiBbl Me~y KOTOpbiMH

,LI.OJirHe H pa30pHTeJibHble HTaJibJIH-

,LI.JIHJIHCb OT HeCKOJibKHX MeCJII.IeB ,LI.O

CKHe BOitHbi. He 6biJIO MaTepHaJib-

HeCKOJibKHX JieT.

3AnNJ,HA~

EB PO nA

Anpenb-HOS16pb 1562 r. BOCCTAHHE rYTEHOTOB. npv1HU. KoH.ae

28 IIIIOnSI 1563 r. nAAEHHE rABPA. AHrnMMCKaH apMMH no,a KO-

)J.o KOHU.a ro.aa a .aonMHe Jlyapbt wno aKTMBHOe MaHeBpMpOBaHMe.

Ma,aMMpan KonMHbM 3axaaTMnM OpneaH M npM3BanM npoTeCTaHTOB K 06l.l..leHaLJ,MOHanbHOMY BOCCTaHMIO. no BCeM

MaH,aoaaHMeM rparpa YopaMKa KanMTYnMpoaana.

MapT 1569 r. POSin HCTbl nEPEXBATbiBAIOT HHHLI,HATHBY.

BTopafl penlllriii03Hafl soifHa, 1567-1568 rr.

Mapwan lacnap .ae TaaaHH, MaHeapMpyH, nony~Mn TaKTM~ecKoe npeMMyl.l..lecTao Ha,a KoH,ae Me)f(.ay AHryneMoM M KoHbHKOM.

cTpaHenpoKaTMnacb6ecnopH.ao~HaH

BOnHa

CTbt~eK

M norpOMOB.

20 ceHTS16pSI 1 562 r. AH rJ1 H ~ CKASI HHTEPBEHLI,HSI. EnM3aaem I nocnana Ha noMOI.l..lb ryreHoTaM apMMIO no,a KOMaH,aOBaHMeM )J.)f(OHa )J.a,anM, rparpa YopaMKa; aHrnM~aHe Bbtca.aMnMcb 6nM3 laapa M 3axaaTMnM ropo.a.

26 oKTS16pSI 1562 r. nAAEHHE PYAHA. KaTonMKM npMCTynoM B3HnM OAMH M3 KpynHeMUJMX onnOTOB rppaHU.Y3CKOro npoTeCTaHTM3Ma; npM WTYPMe norM6 AHTyaH .ae 5 yp6oH.

19 .QeKa6pSI 1562 r. 6HTBA nPH APE. ApMMH ryreHOTOB ~MC neHHOCTbiO OKOnO 15 TbiCH~ ~eno BeK, we.awaH no.a KOMaH.aoaaHMeM npMHU.a KoH.ae M a,aMMpana KonMHbM K laapy Ha coe,aMHeHMe c aHrnM~a HaMM, HeO)f(M,aaHHO HaTKHynacb Ha KaTOnM~eCKYIO apMMIO, KOTOPOM HOMMHanbHO KOMaH,aoaan MOHMOpaHCM, a peanbHO - ,ae tM3. Ha CTOpOHe KaTOnMKOB 6btn HaeMHbiM OTPHA M3 5 TbiCH~ WBe£4u,apCKMXKOneMI.l..IMKOB; Ha CTOpOHe ryreHOTOB - npMMepHO CTOnbKO )f(e naH,aCKHeXTOB. nocne,aoaano O)f(eCTO~eHHOe M cyMaTOWHOe cpa)f(eHMe, .ao6MTbCH pewa101.1..1ero nepeaeca a KOTopoM He y.aanOCb HM OAHOM M3 CTOpoH; HO ,ao6neCTHOe KOMaH.aoaaHMe IM3a cnacno KaTOnMKOB OTpa3rpoMa M n03BOnMnO MM y,aep)f(aTb none 6oH. YHMKanbHOM OC06eHHOCTbiO 6MTBbl HBMnOCb TO, ~TO o6a KOMaHAYIOI.l..IMX- M KoH,ae, M 1M3- 6btnM 3axaa~eHbt a nneH. noTepM M TOM, M ,apyro£4 CTOpOHbl COCTaBMnM npMMepHO no 4 Tbi-

29 ceHTS16pS11567 r. BOCCTAHHE rYrEHOTOB. npMHU. KoH,ae, a,aMMpan KonMHbM M 500 .aaopHH-ryreHOTOB npe,anpMHHnM Hey,aa~HYIO nonbtTKY 3axaaTMTb a Meu.e KoponeaCKYIO ceMbiO. npaa,aa, .apymenpoTeCTaHTCKMe OTPHAbt 3axaaTMnM OpneaH ( ropo.a 6btn B3HT QJpa Hcya .ae Jla HY M nHTHa,au,aTbiO ryreHOTCKMMM pbtLJ,aPHMM), 03yap, BeH, BaneHKyp, HMM, MoHnenbe M MOHT06aH. npMHU. KoH.ae HeMe,aneHHO cmn co6MpaTb pa3,apo6neHHbte CMnbt npoTeCTaHTOB ,anH BbiCTynneHMH Ha napb!)f( (OKrn6pb-HOH6pb).

1o HoS16pSI 1567 r. EiHTBA nPH CEH -AEH H. MoHMopaHcM, KompoMymr.aa 6btno y;>~<e 74 ro.aa, aocnonb3oaancH pa3.apo6neHHOCTbiO ryreHoToa M C 16-TbiCH~HOM apMMeM BbiCTYnMn K CeH-)J.eHM, r.ae CTOHn KoH,ae c TpeMH C nonOBMHOM TbiCH~aMM ~eno BeK. npMHU. KoH,ae nocneWHO BbiCTpoMn BOMCKO ,aflH 60H, M- y,aMBMTenbHO, HO rpaKT- ryreHOTbl HeCKOnbKO ~acoa y.aep)f(MBanM none, noKa He 6btnM orrecHeHbt MCKniO~M TenbHO 3a c~eT no.aaanH101.1..1ero ~Mc neHHoro npeaocxo.acTaa npoTMBHMKa. MopanbHOe B03,aeMCTBMe, OKa3aHHOe CTOnb ,ao6neCTHOM o6opoHOM, 6btno mKoao, ~To Kor.aa KoH.ae HacKpe6 e1.1..1e 6 TbtCH~ ~enoaeK M onHTb npe,ano)f(Mn KaTonMKaM cpa)f(eHMe, MoHMopaHcM aTo npe,ano)f(eHMe OTKflOHMn.

CH~M ~enoaeK.

23 MapTa 1568 r. noAnHCAHHE MHPA B nOH>KIOMO. Kopo-

18 <IJespanSI 1563 r. Y6H ~ CTBO rEPU,OrAAE rH3A. 9mnpo-

neaa EKaTepMHa Me,aM~M nowna Ha Cyl.l..leCTBeHHbte ycTynKM ryreHOTaM.

M3owno, Kor.aa oH oca~an OpneaH. MapT 1563 r. AM6YA3CKH~ MHP. OH 6btn 3aKniO~eH Me)f(.ay.aayMH nneHHMKaMM, MOHMOpaHCM M KoH,ae, no MHMLJ,MaTMBe KOponeBbl EKaTepMHbt Me,aM~M, cpa3y nocne ~ero KaTOnMKM M ryreHOTbl BMeCTe BbiCTynMnM npOTMB 3aHHBWMX laap aHrnM~aH.

TpeThfl penlllriii03Hafl soifHa, 1568-1570 rr.

18 asrycTa 1568 r. POSin HCTCKOE nPEAATEnbCTBO. nonbiTKa c noMOI.l..lbiO npe,aaTenbcTaa 3axaaTMTb KoH.ae M KonMHbM He y.aanacb, HO Bbi3Bana HOBYIO BCnbtWKY BOMHbl.

13 MapTa 1569 r. >KAPHAKCKASI 6HTBA. TaaaHH HeO)f(M,aaHHO nepenpaaMncH ~epe3 WapaHTY ao3ne WaToHe¢a; a pe3ynbmTe aToM onepau,MM apMMH ryreHoToa, coaepweHHo He rOTOBaH K 6MTBe, noTepnena cepbe3Hoe nopa)f(eHMe. npMHU. KoH.ae 6btn 3axaa~eH a nneH M y6MT. A,aMMpan KonMHbM cyMen npece4b naHMKY M OTCTYnMTb c .aoaonbHO 3Ha~MTenbHOM ~aCTbiO ryreHOTCKOrO BOMCKa.

10 IIIIOHSI 1569r. nPHEibiTHE nOAKPEnnEHH~OTHEMELI,KHX nPOTECTAHTOB. y fTMMO)f(a K a.aMMpany KonMHbM npMcoe,aMHMnMcb OKOnO 13 TbiCH~ peMTapOB M naH,aCKHeXTOB.

HIOnb-ceHTS16pb 1569 r. OCAAA nPOTECTAHTAMH nYATbE. npM oca.ae c KonMHbM 6btn npMHU. leHpMx HaaappcKMM, nHTHa.au,aTMneTHMM ryreHOT, CbiH AHTyaHa .ae 5yp6oHa.

24 asrycTa 1569 r. 6HTBA nPH OPTE3E. OTpH)f(eHHbtM lacnapoM.ae KonMHbM rpa¢ la6pManb MoHTroMePM o,aep)f(an no6e.ay Ha,a reHepanoMpoHnMCTOM TeppM,ae M OT6Mn BTOp)f(eHMe ao ¢paHU.Y3CKYIO Haaappy

CeHTS16pb 1569 r. CHSITHE OCAAbl c nYATbE. Bo3o6HoaMa HacTynneHMe, Mapwan lacnap .ae TaaaHH BbtHy,aMn a,aMMpana KonMHbM CHHTb oca.ay nocne.aoaana KaMnaHMH MaHeBpMpOBaHMH B OKpeCTHOCTHX fly,aeHa.

3 OKTS16pSI 1569 r. 6HTBA nPH MOHKYTAHE. 8 pacnopH)f(eHMM Mapwana .ae TaaaHHa 6btnM 7 TbtCH~ Ka aanepMCTOB, 18 TbiCH~ neXOTMHLJ,eB M 15 nyweK; KonMHbM pacnonaran 6 TbiCH~aMM KaBanepMCTOB, 14 TbiCH~a MM nexoTMHu,ea M 11 nywKaMM. B coems poHnMCTCKOM apMMM BXO,aMnO KpynHoe waei4u,apcKoe no.apa3,aeneHMe. COBMeCTHaH aTaKa KOHHMLJ,bl KaTOnMKOB MWBe£4u,apCKOM neXOTbl 06paTMna KaaanepMIO npoTecTaHTOB

V1CnAHCKOE KAPE V1 JlV1HEli1Hblll1 KOPA6Jlb. 1500-1600 rr.

B 6erCTBO. 3aTeM K8TOfl!IIK!II6yKBBnbHO pa3.aae!lln!ll nexoTy ryreHoToe; oco6eHHO 6e3)t(anocTHbl 6bm!ll weeiiiuapUbl no OTHOWeH!II/0 K fl8H.tJ.CKHeXT8M. noTep!ll npOTeCT8HTOB COCT8B!IIfl!ll noi.IT!II 8 Tb/Cf!I.J 1.1enoeeK, pof!n!llcTOB, BepOf!THO, He 6onbWe Tb/Cf!f./!11. A.ll.M!IIpan Kon!IIHb!ll 6bm paHeH; 4>paHcya .ae f1aHy 3axBai.JeH B nneH.

Anpellb-HIOHb 1570 r. nPOTECTAHTbl nEPEXBATbiBAIOT I!'IHI!'IL.J.I!'IATII1BY. OnpaB!IIBW!IICb OT paHeH!IIfl, lacnap.ae Kon!IIHb!ll pew!IITenbHO Bb/CT}'n!lln CWeCT!IITb/Cf/1./HOW apM!IIeiii (HanonoB!IIHY Kaeanep!lliiicKoiii, HanonoB!IIHynexoTHoiii) e4eHTpanbHYIO 4Jp8HU!IIIO, yrp0)1(8f! nap!II;>Ky ( KOHeU !11/0Hfl).

8 aaryCTa 1570 r. CEH-:>KEPMEHCK1!'1171 MI!'IP. lyreHoTaM cHoea noo6eman111 ceo6o.ay eepo!llcnoee.aaH!IIfl, 8 T8/0Ke 3H81.J!IITenbHYIO BOeHHY/0 Ill non!IIT!III.JeCey/0 BBTOHOM!II/0.

.ae Kon!IIHb!ll. HoM!IIHBnbHbiM maeoiii ryreHOTOB CT8fl /OHb/W np!IIHU leHp!IIX HaeappcK!IIiii.Heci.J!IITBfl.ll.fl!IITenbHoiii OC8.tJ.b/ J1a-Powen111 pOflfl!IICTCKOW apM!IIeiii no.a KOM8H.tJ.OB8H!IIeM np!IIHU8 leHp!llxa, Mna.awero 6paTa Koponf! Kapna IX, 6oeBbiX .aeiiicTB!IIiii eenocb Mano. B 9TY eoiiiHy npoTecTaHTbl ycTBHOB!IIn!ll non!IIT!III.JeCK!IIW Ill BOeHHb/W KOHTponb noi.IT!II Ha.ao eceiii J0ro-3ana.n.Hoiii 4Jp8HU!IIeiii, KOTOP8fl CTBn8 </>aKT!III.JecK!II aBTOHOMHoiii. Bo3H!IIKna HOBaf! non!IIT!III.IecKaf! napT!IIf! «non!IIT!IIKOB»- yMepeHHb/XK8TOfl!IIKOB, roTOBb/X nOWT!II H8 YCTynK!II npoTeCT8HT8M PB.ll.!ll BOCCT8HOBneH!IIf! B CTpaHe M!llpa Ill e.tJ.!IIHCTB8. f1!11.tJ.ep8M!II «nOn!IIT!IIKOB» 6b!n!ll np!IIHUb/ KOponeBCKOW KPOB!II leHp!IIX ( 6y.aym111iii KOPOflb leHp!IIX Ill) 111 <t>paHcya, repuor AnaHCOHCK!IIiii. Pe3HJI 6biJia rroJIHTH'IeCKHM aKTOM, 3a.AYMaHHblM EKaTepHHoii Me-

'lerseprar~ penMrM03HaR sonHa,

AH'IH. KopoJiesa pacc<JHTblBaJia soc-

1572-1573 rr.

IIOJib30BaTbCJI MaCCOBblM CTe'IeHHeM ryreHOTCKOrO ABOpJIHCTBa B CTOJIH-

23-24 aarycTa 1572 r. BAP-

ue ITO CJiy'IaiO CB3,Ab6bl HX rJiaBbi,

<t>OJlOMEEBCKASI H04b. B nap!ll-

feHpHxa HasappcKoro, c cecTpoii

)l(e 6b!n!ll y6!11Tb/ Tb/Cf!f./!11 npoTeCT8HTOB, B TOM I.J!IICne Ill 8.ll.M!IIpan lacnap

KopoJIJI MaprapHToii, 'IT06bi rrepe6HTb BO)K,!J,eii H HaH60Jiee BHAHblX

rrpeACTaBHTeJieit rrapTHH ryreHOTOB, KOTOpaJI K 3TOMY BpeMeHH O'IeHb ycHJIHJiacb Ha 10re.

II pasoit

pyKoii

KopoJieBbl rrpH IIOArOTOBKe Bap<t>oJIOMeescKoit HO'IH CTaJI feHpHX fH3, JIH'IHO pyKoBOAHBIIIHii HCTpe6JieHHeM CBOHX IIOJIHTH'IeCKHX IIpOTHBHHKOB. IlOA06Hbie :>Ke KpOBaBbie C06biTHJI pa3blrpaJIHCb B ApyrHX ropoAaX- B OpJieaHe, Tpya, PyaHe, TyJiy3e, BopAo. Ho rrocJieACTBHJI Bap<t>oJioMeescKoii HO'IH OKa3aJIHCb HHblMH, <JeM O:>KHAaJia EKaTepHHa MeAH'IH. BcKope BCIIblXHyJia HOBaJI BOJ:iHa Me)K,!J,y o60HMH JiarepJIMH.

flepMO,CJ Tpex reHpMXOB1 1574-1589rr.

15 7 4-1589 rr. L.J.APCTBOBAHI!'IE fEHPI!'IXA Ill. OH 6bm TpeTb!IIM !113 Cb/Hoeeiii leHpMxa II M EKBTep!IIHbl Me.tJ.MI.IM, cTaBwMx Koponf!M!II 4>paHUM!II. nocKOflbKY OH, K8K Vi ero Mna,aWMW 6paT 4>paHcya AnaHcoH, 6bm 6e3.aeTeH, eonpoc o npecTonoHacne.n.MM CT8fl HeCKOflbKO 38nyT8HHb/M; HaM6onbwMe npaea npeTeH.aoBBTb H8 <f>p8HUY3CKMW TPOH 6b!n!t1 y leHpMxa HaeappcKoro, 1.1enoeeKa He CflMWKOM penMrM03HOTO, KOTOpb!M B 9TOT nepMo.a .aeMranM ecTeCTBeHHb/e nonMTMI.JeCKMe 8M6MUMM. KaTOflMKOB eo3maenf!n leHpMx I J1oTapMHrCK!IIiii, repuor .ae 1M3 - Cb/H 4>paHcya .ae IM38. nr~rar~ penMrM03HaR sonHa,

1575-1576rr.

1575 r. HOBASI BCnbiWKA B0171Hbl. Bcf! cTpaHa 6yKeanbHO

BaP<t>oiiOMeeacK.aR HOO.b. 24 aaryCTa 1572 r. fpaa10pa Ha Aepeae. KoHe"' XVI a.

6ypnMna. B 6onbWMHCTBe CTb/1./eK p83HOW CTeneHM M8CWT86HOCTM no6e)l(.lJ.8flM npoTecTaHTbl, xom repuor .ae 1M3 Vi o.aep)l(8fl 3H81.J!IITenbHYIO no6e.ay npM )J,opMaHe ( 10 oKm6pf! 1575 r.). «nonMTMKM» Bb/CTyn!llnM H8 CTOPOHe npoTeCT8HTOB, M KOPOflb leHpMX Iff, He 01./eHb-TO OXOTHO no.a.aep)I(MB8BWMW.tJ.e I!1130B, 01./epe.tJ.HOW pa3 npe.ano)I(Mn npoTecTaHTBM MMP M ceo6o.ay eepoMcnoee.aaHMf!; B bonbe (coep. ropo.a Gonbe-ne-f1ow B .aenapTaMeHTe 3H.ap 111 J1yapa) 6bm no.anMC8H MMp (5 M8f! 1576 r.).

3An.A)J.HA$l EBPOnA

1576 r. CBSILUEHHASI (KATOJWilfECKASI) JU1fA. 0Ha 6bma oc-

lM30B Onf!Tb .lJ,OCTMmM comaweHMfl (.aeKa6pb

1584 r.)

KYJO KOHTpaTaKy. CaMoyeepeHHO

no.a.aep)I(8Tb leH-

8T8KOB8B, POflfl!IICTCK8f! K8Banep!llfl

HOBaHa /eHp!IIXOM .tJ,e liii30M, KOTO-

pMxa .ae IM3a e Ka'lecTBe Hacne.o.HIII-

BCTpeTMfl8 COKPYW!IITeflbHbiW OT-

pbJW OTK838flCf! npM3H8Tb no.tJ,nM-

Ka npecTapenoro KBP.O.!IIHana Wap-

nop, nocne 'lero npoTecTaHTCKaf!

C8HHbiW B bOflbe MMp, 'lT06bJ BOC-

nfl .ae E>yp6oHa, KOToporo npo'lMn!ll

neXOT8 M K8Banep!llfl Cfl8)1(eHHO KOH-

nOflb30B8TbCf! wMpfll.i(!IIMCf! cpe.o.M

Ha npecTOn Henocpe.acTBeHHO 38

TP8T8KOB8flM M pa3HecnM poflnMcT-

K8TOflMKOB He.tJ,OBOflbCTBOM np!IIB!II-

leHpMXOM

Ill.

CKYJO nexoTy 6yKeanbHO e KnO'lKM. noTepM pOflfl!IICTOB COCT8BMflM 3 Tbi-

ner!llf!MM, npe.aocTaeneHHbJMM npoTeCT8HT8M. 0H BCTynMn B T8WHbJe neperoeopbJ c McnaHCKMM KoponeM <t>Mn!llnnoM

II,

Boc&MaR penHrH03HaR soiiHa, 1585-1589 rr.

KOTOPbli1 comac!llncf!

BMeW8TbCf! M B03BeCTM .tJ,e lM38 H8 lj)p8Hl.lY3CKMW npeCTOfl.

WecraR H ce.q&MaR enHrH03H&Je soiiH&J, 15 76-1580 rr.

0Ha T810Ke M3BeCTH8 K8K «BOWH8

If I,

caM repl.lor .ae .>Kyai1e3; leHp!llx noTepf!n MeHbwe

200

'lenoeeK. KoH-

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xpa6po. Bnpo'leM, pa3BMB8Tb ycnex

Tpex /eHpMXOB»: /eHp!IIX8

1585 r.

HAlfAJlO BOJiliHbl.

BcnbJXHyna OH8 M3-38 KOponeBCKOW HepeWMTeflbHOCTM. /eHpMX

1576-1577rr. WECTASI BOJiliHA. 0Ha cocTof!na ecero M3

Cf!'l!ll 'lenoeeK, e TOM 'lMcne nor1116 M

lfl,

no-

OHHe CT8fl.

0KTS16pb-HOSI6pb 1587 r. YCnEXl-1 KATOJll4KOB. lepl.lor .ae /1113

npe)I(HeMy OT'l8CTM H8XO.lJ,!IIBW!IIWCf!

o.aep)l(an no6e.O.bl npM BMMOPM M

no.a eo3.aei1cTBMeM ceoei1 MaTepM-

0Ho ( e coep . .aenapTaMeHTe 3p 111

O.lJ,HOW KOPOTKOW, H!ll4b!IIM nepeee-

MHTPIIITBHKM, HOMMH8flbHO no.a.aep-

flyap), ecne.acTBMe 'lero no.o.Kpen-

COM He OKOH'l!IIBWeWCfl K8Mn8H!II!II;

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1577 r.),

nO.tJ,TBep.tJ,!IIBWMW yc-

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1580 r. CEAbMASI BOJiliHA. 0Ha

maBHb/M!II onnoHeHT8MM M npM K8)1(-

nony'llllfl8 np03B8HMe «BOWHbl fl!0-

.lJ,OM Y.0.06HOM cny'lae BCT8Bflf!fl

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60BHMKOB» - M3-38 HeOCTOpO)I(HOTO

nanKM e Koneca KaTonM'lecKoi1

Koponb leHp!llx 1116e)l(an; HO HeKoTo-

E>onbe.

f1Mre, 'lT06 yMeHbW!IITb BflMf!HMe

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.ae I!1130B.

f1111re (MJOnb).

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20 OKTS16pSI 1587 r. 6l4TBA nPl-1 KYTPA. Bo rnaee apMIIIM e

23 ,neKa6pSI 1588 r. Y6l4171CTBO AE fl43A. 0Ho 6bmo MHCnM-

1580-1585 rr. Xl4TPOCnJlETEHl4E l4HTPl4f. nocKOflbKyteHpMx

nepeXB8TMfl .tJ,eCf!TMTb/Cf!'lHOe K8TO-

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ro, KBP.O.MHana .ae 1!1138. KaTonM'le-

n!llcb !IIHTepeCbl M K8TOflMKOB, M npoTeCT8HTOB, M «nOflMT!IIKOB». VfcnaH-

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cKaf! fl!IIT8 nO.tJ,Hf!fl8Cb npOTMB KOpO-

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6500

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Ill.

II J10T8PMHTCKO-

lt1CnAHCKOE KAPE V1 nV1HEli1Hbllll KOPA6nb. 1500-1600 rr.

rnaseHCTBO reHpHXa HasappcKoro, 1589-1598 rr.

2 asrycTa 1589 r. YSIAIIICTBO rEHPIAXA Ill. OH nan oT pyKM KamnM'-IecKoro MOHaXa, MCTMBWero 3a CMepTb ,.Qe 111308. YMMpa!O~Miil KOponb Ha3Ha'-1Mn CBOMM Hacne,.QHMKOM leHpvtxa HaBappcKoro. TpexcmpoHHMiil B npoWnOM KOH<J;nMKT HeCKOnbKO ynpOCTMnC}l, XOT}l Hl1'-IYTb He noTep}ln B O)l(eCTO'-IeHHOCTM. Tenepb c O..QHoiil cmpoHbl 6blna KaTonvt'-lecKa}l flvtra, KOTOpyiO noA,.Qep)I(MBano '-IYTb MeHbwe nonoBMHbl <t;paHLJY3CKoro HaceneHl1}1, a c ..Qpyroiil - leHpMx HaBappcKMiil, Komporo noA..Qep)I(MBanM npoTecTaHTbiM KaTonMKM-«nonMTMKM». KapAMHan Wapnb ,.Qe Eyp6oH, KOTOporo npoBo3macvtna KoponeM Kamnvt'-lecKa}l flvtra, Ha caMoM ,Gene }1Bn}1nC}1 nneHHMKOM leHpvtxa HaBappcKOro 11 npM3HaBan Taro KoponeM. Bo ctJpaH-

/41110 BCTynMnM MCnaHCKMe BOiiiCKa noA,.Qep)l(aTb flMry npOTMB /eHpMXa. HoBbiM maBoiil fl11r11 cTan Kapn floTapMHrCKMiil, rep14or ..Qe MaiileHH Mn8,lJ,Wl1ii16paT leHpMXa ,.Qe Jl13a. 21 ceHTst6pst 1589 r. SIATBA nPIA APKE (B COBP. AEnAPTAMEHTE nA-AE-KAJlE). Heno..QaneK'J oT ,£1benna leHpMx HaBappcKMiil c BOCbMl1Tb/C}1'-IHOii1 apMMeiil 3aMaHMn rep14ora ..Qe MaiileHHa, no..Q '-lbMM KoMaH..QOBaHMeM HaXO,.QMnOCb 24-Tb/C}l'-IHOe 06be,.QMHeHHOe BOiiiCKO <J;paH14Y3CKl1X KaTOnMKOB l1 npl16b/BWl1X 113 ctJnaH/],pl1l1l1M Ha nOMO~b l1CnaH/4eB B Y3KYIO TeCHMHY y peKM, r,.Qe 3apaHee oKonan o6opoHMTenbHble no3M/4l1Ml1 BbiCTaBMn nywKM. BenvtKonenHbliil TaKTl1'-leCKl1ii1 XO..Q BKyne C npeBOCXO..QHb/M npMMeHeHMeM apTMnnepl1l1 n03BOnl1nl1 /eHpMXY O..Qep)l(aTb no6e..Qy Ha,.Q npOTl1BHl1KOM, o6na,.QaBWl1M no,.QaBn}1/0~l1M '-IMCneHHb/M nepeBeCOM.

reHpiiiX IV

/ep14or ..Qe MaiileHH oTcrynvtn K AMbeHY )/(/J,aTb npl16b/Tl1}1l13 ctJnaH..QPl1l1 HOBb/X l1CnaHCKl1X nO,.QKpenneHMiil, nocnaHHb/X rep14oroM AneKcaH..QpoM ctJapHe3e. A leHpMx, Tenepb y)l(e c npvt6nl13l1TenbHO 20-Tb/C}l'-IHOiil apMMeiil, CTpeMMTenbHO BbiCrynMn Ha napl1)1( ( 31 OKm6p}1). 1 Host6pst 1589 r. nAPIA:>KCKASI HEYAA"'A./eHpMx HaBappcKvtii16bln OT6l1T KaTOnM'-IeCKMM rapHl130HOM. Tor..Qa oH npoBo3macvtn ce6}1/eHpl1xoM IV, a BpeMeHHOiil CTOnM14eii1 Typ. no BCeiil ctJpaH/41111 6yweBana rpa)/(/J,aHCKa}l BOiiiHa. Cl>espanb-MapT 1590 r. OCAAAAPE. Kor..Qa no..Qowna apMM}l..Qe MaiileHHa, leHpl1X IV CH}ln oca,.Qy l1 npl1rDTOBl1nC}1 ,.QaTb 6oii1 B03ne /11Bpl1 (COBp. /ITBpM-na-EaTaiil B ,.QenapTaMeHTe 3p). 14 MapTa 1590 r. SIATBA nPIA IABPIA. ApMM}l leHpvtxa IV HaC'-IMTbiBana 11 Tb/C}l'-1 '-lenoBeK, rep14ora ..Qe MaiileHHa - 16 Tb/C}l'-1. KaK 11 np11 KyTpa, leHpMX IV BbiCTaBMn cMewaHHbiM CTpOeM apKe6y3MpOB l1 KaBanepMIO, '-IT06bl MaKCMManbHO 3<fJ<J;eKTl1BHO vtcnonb30BaTb 11 Tex, 11 ..Qpyrvtx. Cpa)l(eHMe Bb/,.QanOCb '-lpe3Bb/'-laii1HOO)l(eCTO'-IeHHOe l1 cyM6ypHoe; apKe6y3l1pbll1 apTMnnepMCTbl ryreHOTOB 0Tpa3l1nl1 KaBanepvtiilcKy/0 amKy ..Qe MaiileHHa, a leHpMX IV B TO )l(e BpeM}l nM'-1Ho B03maBMn ycnewHy/0 KaBanepvtiiiCKY/0 KOHTpaTaKy Ha t4eHTp apMl1l1 KaTOnMKOB, KOTOpa}l BC}l o6paTMnacb B 6ecnop}1,.QO'-IHOe 6erCTBO, KpOMe OTp}l,.Qa WBeii114ap/4eB, KOTOpble He HapywvtnM cTp0}1l1 yrpo)l(anvt 6MTbC}1 HaCMepTb, ecnMMM He 6y,.QeT rapaHTl1pOBaHa )l(l13Hb; npaB,.Qa, B KOH/4e KOH/408 OHM COmacvtnMCb Ha nO'-IeTHY/0 Kanvtryn}l/41110. noTepM KaTOnl1KOB COCTaBMnM nO'-ITM 4 Tb/C}l'-111 y6MTb/Ml1; ryreHOTCKO-p0}1nl1CTCKl1eBCero OKOnO 500 '-lenoBeK. 0,.QHaKO ..QOCTMrHyTbliil y cnex leHpMX IV pa3Bl1Ban CnMWKOM Me,.QneHHO, TaK '-ITO KaTOnl1Kl1 ycnen11 co6paTbC}1 c cvtnaMM 11 no..QroTOBMTb napvt)l( K o6opoHe. MaM-asrycT 1590 r. OCAAA nAPIA:>KA. lopo..Q 6bln Ha rpaHM rono..Qa, HO KOr,.Qa AneKCaH,.Qp C!JapHe3e coe..QMHMnC}l y Mo c ..Qe MaiileHHOM, leHpMX IV6bln BbiHy)/(/J,eH CH}1Tb oca..Qy. B pacnop}l)l(eHMM rep14ora

3An.A)J.HA$l EBPOnA

KaaanepH~CKOe opy:ltme, AOCnexH H KOHCKOe CH3pH:lKeHHe. BTopaSI nonOBHH3 XVI B.

<t>apHe3e Haxo.aVInacb KaTonw~ecKaf! apMVIfl o6wetli •mcneHHOCTb/0 26 TblCfl~ ~enoeeK; apMVIfl reHpVIX8 IV 6blfl8 npVIMepHO T8KOW )l(e.

1590 r.

MAHEBP~POBAH~E.

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1591-1592 rr.

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BAH~E B CEBEPHO"' PAHU~~.

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VIGn8H~8MVI

V1CnAHCKOE KAPE V1 JlV1HEli1Hblll1 KOPA6Jlb. 1500-1600 rr.

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XVI

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200 JiaH):(-

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THBHHKa B 3TY CTOpOHy. fJiaBHbTe

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MHMO 3aM-

Ka MaypeHa 11 KJie6ep6epra.

V1CnAHCKOE KAPE V1 nV1HEli1Hblll1 KOPA6nb. 1500-1600 rr. BoiicKe. B

pH):(ax apheprap):(a Haqa-

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14 qacoB. B

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V1CnAHCKOE KAPE V1 JlV1HEli1Hblll1 KOPA6Jlb. 1500-1600 rr.

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T~B

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Otrono 1590 r.

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1526 r. PACnA,D. OP.Q.EHA TEB-

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06XO):\HhiX KOJIOHH JlaH):\CKHeXTOB H

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KOHHHUhl.

Ib 8 Thlc.!lq KpecTh.!IH 5 Thlc.!lq qeJioBeK. Ha

6hiJIO y6HTO

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1535 r. nOXO.Q.KAP.flAVBTYH~C.

610CT Kapna v pa6011>1 neoHe neoHH

1553 r. 6~TBA nP~ C~BEPC足 XAY3EHE. Cpa)l(eHVIe 6bmo npeVIMy~ecTBeHHO KBBanepVIiiiCKVIM; MopVI~ CaKCOHCKVIiii o.aep)l(an no6eP.Y HBP. KBTOflVI'leCKOiii BPMVIeiii nop, KOM8HP.OB8Hl1eM Anb6epTa <f>oH (oreH~onnepH-KynbM6axa, HO caM CKOH'l8flCR OT nony'leHHb/X B 6010 paH.

OKTSI6Pb1556r.OTPEYEH~E

KAP.flA. BnacTbHa.al1cnaHVIeiii, HeanonMTBHCKMM KOponeBCTBOM, rep~OrCTBOM MVInaHCKVIM, <PpaHw-KoHTe VI HVI.o,epnaHP.BMM yHacne.aoean

3An.A)J.HA$l EBPOnA ero Cb!H, Koponb 4>vmunn II VlcnaHCK!IItli. 3eMJI!II repM8HCK!IIX fa6c6ypTOB OTOWJI!II K 6p81'f Kapna, 4>ep.tJ.!11H8H.ll.Y I, KOTOPbltli 111 6bm !1136paH !IIMnepaTopoM.

1556-1564 rr. L\APCTBOBAHII1E 4>EPA111HAHAA I. Henpepb!BHo eoeean3a TPOH BeHrpuu 111 c ocMBHCK!IIM!II TYPK8M!II.

1564-1612 rr. 1..\APCTBOBAH 111SI MAKCII1M 111Jlii1AHA II 111 PYAOJlb4>AII. BIOro-BocroqHotliEepo-

nOJIO)I(!IIB et/i KOHeLt, /(p!IICT!II8H Iff e11.1e HeCKOJibKO pa3 ycneWHO BOeB8JI C J1106eKOM, TeM C8Mb/M 3H8q!IITeJibHO yMeHbW!IIB Ill 6e3 TOTO nB.tJ.81011.1ee Bfl!llf!H!IIe faH3etlicKoro co/038. B cepe.auHe eeKa KpucT!IIaH Ill BMewanca B nepBb!tli 9Tan repMaHCK!IIX PenuT!II03Hb!X eotliH, npu.aa Ha noMOil.lb npoTecTaHTaM. Bo BTopotli nonoeuHe BeKa LteHTp8JibH8fl BJI8CTb B ,fl,aH!II!IIYC!IIJI!IIJI8Cb38CqeTOCJI86JieH!IIfl ap!IICTOKPBT!II!II Ill TOPO.ll.OB.

ne npo.aomKanacb eotliHa c TYPKBM!II.

CKAH,llJIHABMH

97 KpHCTHaH

II c 1517 roga oTcTpaHHJI

pHrcpog OT BJiaCTH H IIpH6JIH3HJI K ce6e coBeTHHKOB- KYIII.IOB H He3HaTHhiX ABOpJIH, 3a qm H 6biJI npo3BaH apHCTOKpaTHqecKOlt HCTOpHOrpa<J:>Helt THpaHoM. Tio3,qHee KopoJib rrpegOCTa.BHJI ropOJKaHaM HCKJIIOqHTeJibHOe rrpaBO Ha BHeiiiHIOIO TOproBJIIO H HeCKOJibKO OCJia6HJI KpeiiOCTHYIO 3aBHCHMOCTb KpecTbJIHCTBa. nHiliHBIIIHCb IIOMepJKKH 6oJiblliHHCTBa ABOpJIHCTBa, pacTpaTHB CBOH BOeHHO-¢HHaHCOBhle pecypchl H IIO-

,lJ;aHHJI B XVI BeKe JIBJIJIJiacb HaH-

TepJIB rrpeCTHJK B HeygaqHblX IIOXO-

6oJiee HaCeJieHHOlt H 3KOHOMHqecKH

gax npOTHB IIIBegoB, KpHCTHaH II 6bm

pa3BHTOlt H3 CKaHAHHaBCKHX cTpaH.

HH3JIOJKeH B pe3YJibTa.Te apHCTOKpa-

)J;aTCKHM KOpOJIJIM IIpHHa,D.JieJKaJIH

THqecKoro 3aroBopa

(1523

r.).

HopBerHJI H llcJiaHAHJI, a B cocTaBe

XVI BeKe o6meeBporreltcKoe

CBJIIUeHHoj:j PHMCKolt HMrrepHH-

3HaqeHHe IIpHo6peJI Ta.K Ha3hiBaeMhllt

rept~orcTBa l.IIJie3BHr H foJibiiiTeltH.

6an:THltCKHlt Borrpoc, T. e. Bonpoc o

Ha 10re CKaHAHHaBCKoro rroJiyocT-

rocrrogcTBe Ha BaJITHltCKOM Mope.

poBa )J;aHHJI H3AaBHa BJia,D.eJia 6ora-

«PeBOJIIOI.IHJI t~eH», poeT ropogoB,

TbiMH o6JiacTJIMH CKoHe, XaJIJiaH-

pa3BHTHe MaHy<J:>rucryp, YBeJIHqeHHe

AOM H AP·

apMHH H <J:>JIOTa B CTpaHax 3ana,D.HOlt

cpegHeBeKOBaJI ,lJ;aHHJI HMeJla Kpyrr-

EBporrhi OTKphiJIH gopory AJIJI IIIHpo-

Hhle AJIJI Toro BpeMeHH ropoga, maB-

Koro H Bhlr0.LJ-HOro C6brra Ha 3aiia,D.HO-

HhiM o6pa30M IIOpTOBbie BO rJiaBe C

eBporreltCKHX phiHKax pyccKoro JibHa,

KorreHrareHoM, H 6oraToe eyrreqe-

IIOJIOTHa, IIeHbKH, KOJKH, geiTJI,

CTBO.

1520-1523 rr. YCnEWHOE BOCCTAHII1E WBEAOB. 1523-1527 rr. BHYTPEHHII1E 111 BHEWHII1E BOP!Hbl. nepuo.au-

OTJIHqHe oT lliBel.IHH

IIOJibCKOro H JIHBOHCKOro 3epHa, gaTCKHX rrpogyKTOB JKHBOTHOBO.LJ-CTBa, IIIBegcKoro JKeJie3a, MegH, noTaiiia, HopBeJKCKoro Jieca H pb16hl. PocT3KOHOMHqecKoro 3HaqeHHJI Ban:THKH H Bcero eBporrej:jcKoro ceBeparroBJieK 3a co6olt JKecToeyiO AJIHTeJibHYIO 6opb6y geP'A<aB 3a o6Jia,D.aHHe KpynHej:jiiiHMH rropr~m Ban:THj:jcKoro MopJI, ycTbJIMH BIIa,D.aiOIUHX B Hero peK, no6e-

1481-1513 rr. L\APCTBOBAHII1E XAHCA (1110AHHA) I. 1506-1513 rr. BOPIHA CO WBEU111EPI. 0Ha 38Bf/3anacb e pe3YflbTare nonb!TOK Kopona XaHca I C!IIJIOW BOCCT8HOB!IITb KaflbMBPCKY/0 YH!II/0.

1513-1523 rr. L\APCTBOBAHII1E KPII1CTII1AHA II.

peJKbeM npoJIHBOB. ,[VIJI eBponej:jcKoro ceBepa XVI BeK cTaJI rropolt eme He BH.LJ-aHHhiX

~eCb

BOOpYJKeHHblX CTOJI-

KHOBeHHj:j Ha cyme H Ha MOpe.

Ha py6eJKe XV-XVI BeKoB KOpoJieBCKaJI RJiaCTb B ,lJ;aHHH OKa3aJiaCb rrog rroJIHbiM KOHTPOJieM opraHa <J:>eogan:bHblX MarHaToB, CBeTCKHX H gy-

,lJ.AHHfl

xoBHhiX, rocygapCTBeHHOro COBeTa (pHrcpoga). lJJieHhi COBeTa.H36HpaJIH

B Haqane on!IICb!BaeMoro cToneT!IIfl KanbMapcKaf! YH!IIfl, .aaeHo }OKe Tpell.laBwaa no weaM, 6bma pacToprHyra, KOT.l1.8 WBe.tJ.CK!IIW KOPOflb fycT8B I Ba3a npoeo3macun He3aeucuMOCTb WeeLt!ll!ll. Ha npoTf!)l(eH!II!II.tJ.eCfiT!II neT nocne 9TOTO B ,fl,aH!II!II WJI8 rp8)1(.tJ.8HCK8fl BOWH8, H8 KOTOPYIO nep!IIO.ll.!lfqecK!II H8KJI8.ll.biB8JI!IICb 60eBb/e .tJ.eWCTB!IIfl npOT!IIB J1106eK8 Ill .ll.PYT!IIX T8H3eWCK!IIX TOPO.ll.OB. ,fl,8)1(e

KOpOJIJI, rrpaBga, H3 O.LJ-HOj:j H TOlt JKe (0JibAeH6yprcKoj:j) AHHaCTHH. KIDKAhlj:j HOBhJj:j KOpOJib B OC06olt rpaMOTe- KaiiHTYJIJII.IHH- IIOATBepJK)l.an: IIpHBHJierHH ABOpJIHCTBa B l.leJlOM H rocygapCTBeHHOro COBeTa B OC06eHHOCTH. TIOIIbiTKY BhlpBaTbCJI H3-IIOA BJiaCTH MarHaTOB rrpegrrpHHJIJI KOpOJib KpHCTHaH II. I1crroJib3YJI 6opb6y BHYTPH KJiacca <J:>eogaJioB Me~y MarHaT~IH

H pJJ)l.OBhiM.LJ-BOpJIHCTBOM,

3anaAHoeaponei:icKa.te AOcnexH •

Otrono 1 600 r.

3An.A)J.HA$l EBPOnA

UJBE1..4Hfl

BOeHHO-nOfllriTM4eCKOi!t MOLUM t8H-

3a:BMCMMoe lliBegcKoe rocygapcTBo JIBMJIOCh OAHO~ M3 CaMhlX IIpO'IHhlX

3ei!tCKOTO C0/038.

1534-1558 rr. LV\PCTBOBAIll.

H~E KP~CT~AHA

1563-1570 rr. BO"'HA CO WBEL\~E"'. HecMoTpli Ha <}>opMaJihHoe pac-

/yCTBB 3pMKCCOH 8838 BOCCTB-

cocJIOBHhlX MOHapxM~ EBporrhl Ha

HOBMfl He38BMCMMOCTb WBeUMM, 111 CTp8H8 CTBn8 paCWMpf!TbC>I HB BOC-

py6e)Ke HOBOI'O BpeMeHM.

TOK e.aonb 6eperOB b8flTMKM; K KOH-

Pe<}>opMai.IMM 6hlJia rrogroTOBJieHa

lliBei.IMM IIO'IBa AJIJI rro6eghl

UY BeKa OHB CTBn8 ee.ayLUMM rocy-

06ll.IMM HegOBOJihCTBOM OipOMHhlMH

.aapCTBOM CeeepHoi!t EeponbJ.

pasMepa:MH uepKOBHoro 3eMJieBJiage-

TOp)KeHMe gaTCKO-IIIBegCKO-HOpBe)K-

HMJI, a TaK)Ke TeM, 'ITO KaTOJIH'IeCKHe

XV-XVI BeKoB

IIpeJiaThl H CaM rrarra, OTJIY'IHBIIIM~

gy, gaTCKMe KOpOJIM eiiie AOJifO rrpo-

IIIBegaM B KpOBOIIpOJIMTHhlX BOltHax

IIIBegOB OT l.lepKBH, IIpOliBHJIH ce6JI

AOJI)Ka.JIM BhlABMraTh rrpMTII3aHMJI Ha

IIpMXOAMJIOCh OTpa)KaTh yrropHhle

Ka:K JIIOThle Bpa:rH IIIBegCKOJ;i He3a:BM-

IIIBegcKHlt rrpecTOJI. Bo BTOpolt rroJio-

IIOIIhlTKM gaTCKMX KOpOJie~ BOCCTaHO-

CMMOCTH. I1MeHHO Ha BhlCIIIee AYXO-

XVI BeKaga'I'!aHe BHOBh CTOJIK-

BMTh KaJihMapceyJO YHMJO ,[{aHMM c

BeHCTBO liiBei.IMM orrMpaJicJI KpMCTM-

CKOlt KanhMapcKolt YHMM B

BMHe

1523 ro-

HYJIMCh co IIIBega:MM . .[{arcKO-IIIBegcKaJI BOltHa

1563-1570 I'OAOB

COXpaHMJia

Eme Ha py6e*e

lliBei.IMe~. B rrocJieAHM~ pas TaKaJI

aH II ,[{aTCKHlt B CBOHX rrorrhJTKax yBe-

1518-1520 ro-

KOBe'IHTh KanhMapceyJO YHMJO. B TO

rrorrhiTKa ygaJiach B

Bhli'OAHhllt AJIJI ,[{aHMM status quo Ha

gaxgaTCKOMY KopoJIJO KpMCTMaHY

II,

)Ke BpeMJI IIpOIIOBeAHHKH HOBhlX,

BaJITHKe M, B qacTHOCTM, rrpa:so gaT-

)KeCTOKO pacrrpa:BMBIIIeMyCJI CO CBO-

JIJOTepaHCKHX MAe~ BhlCryiiaJIH KaK

qaH Ha 6ecrrpeiiJITCTBeHHYIO TOproB-

MMM IIpOTMBHMKaMM M3 qMcJia IIIBeg-

6op1.11>1 3a He3aBHCMMOCTh CTpaHhl.

JIIO c PoccMelt qepe3 HapBy. Eme rrpM

CKO~ 3HaTM M ropO)KaH («CTOKI'OJih-

Pe<}>opMa:I.IHJI 6hlJia Ha'IaTa KpyrrHhlM

1520 r.). Og-

rocygapcTBeHHhlM geJITeJieM- KO-

KpMCTMaHe II eym.lhl.[{aHMM -

coJ03-

MCKaJI KpoBa:BaJI 6aHJI»,

HMI.Ihl PoccMM B 6op1>6e rrpoTHB lliBe-

HaKo

Teppop

JIMIIIh HeHagoJiro

I.IMM -

rroJiyqMJIM B MocKBe TOpro-

rrpogJIMJI gaTcKoe rocrrogcTBO. Kpec-

poJieM fycTa:BOM Baso~ B H 3a:BepiiieHa B

1544

1527 rogy

rogy. KopoJih

Bhle IIpMBMJierMM. ,[{aTCKMe KOpOJIM

ThJIHCKoe BOCCTaHMe IIpOTMB MH03eM-

3axBaTMJI BCe uepKOBHhle 3eMJIH M

IIpMHJIJIM geJITeJihHOe M Ha rrepBhlX

HhlX rropa6oTMTeJie~ HaqaJioch Y*e B

ABH)KHMhle HMYmecTBa, HOBaJI uep-

rropax ycrreiiiHoe yqacTMe B geJie)Ke

1521

HaCJiegCTBa JlMBOHCKOfO opgeHa. OHM oBJiageJIM B

1559

rogy.

KOBh 6hlJia IIpliMO IIOA'IHHeHa rocy-

3ap_aqM OCB060AMTeJihHOJ;i 6oph6hl

gapcTBeHHO~ BJiaCTH. B liiBei.IMM, Ka:K M B gpyrnx CKaHAMHaBCKHX cTpaHax,

rogy 3CTOH-

BpeMeHHO c6JIM3MJIM C KpeCThJIH-

CKMM OC1pOBOM CaapeMaa M pHAOM

CTBOM qacTh fOCIIOACTBYJOII.Iero KJiaC-

6hlJI IIpHHJIT BeChMa yMepeHHhllt Ba-

6oraThlX TeppMTOpMlt B HhlHeiiiHelt

ca, oco6eHHO MeJIKoe M cpegHee ABO-

pMaHT Pe<}>opMa:I.IMH- Ta:K Ha3h1Bae-

pHHCTBO. HapogHoe orroJiqeHMe B03-

Moe Ayrc6yprcKoe BepoHcrroBegaHHe

rJiaBMJI ABOpliHMH fycTaB Ba3a,

1530 roga.

JlaTBMM M 3CTOHMM.

1588-1648 rr. LV\PCTBOBA-

M36paHHhllt IIOCJie M3rHaHMJI ga'I'!aH

B 6op1>6e Ka:K c KpecThi!HCKHMM

H~E KP~CT~AHA IV. npu HeM MO-

KopoJieM lliBei.IMM

(1523-1560 rr. ).

aHTMHaJIOfOBhlMM BOCCTaHMi!MH, Ta:K

ryLUeCTBO ,IJ,aHMM eo3pocno, a ee

B OTJIMqMe oT .[{aHMM, rge rrosgHee

M C l.lepKOBHO-apMCTOKpaTH'IeCKOJ;i OII-

6anTMi!tCKMe ena.aeHM>~ pacwupu-

cpegHeBeKOBhe OTMeqeHO yrra,z:J,KOM

II03M1.1He~ fycTa:B Basa M ero rrpeeM-

nucb.

COCJIOBHOI'O rrpegCTa:BMTeJihCTBa, He-

HMK3pMK XIV yKperrJIJIJIH IIIBegceyJO

3anaAHOeBpone~cKaSI

nexoTa. BTopaSI nonoBIItHa XVI B. PeKOHCTPYK141itSI. XIX B.

100

V1CnAHCKOE KAPE V1 JlV1HEVJHbiVl KOPA5Jlb. 1500-1600 rr.

uempa.rrH30BaHH)'IO MOHapxmo. C cepe~Hbl XVI BeKa illBeumi BKJIIOLIHJiacb B 6opb6y 3a rocno~cTBo B pailoHe EaJITHHCKoro MOpH. B 3TO BpeMH

B xo~e JIHBoHcKoil BOHHbi co3~a.rr CH BOeHHO-nOJIHTHLieCKHll COI03 illBe[(HH H PeLIH IIocnoJIHTOH, HanpaBJieHHhlll CBOHM OCTpHeM npoTHB PocCHH.

6Mfl ,IJ,aTCKYIO apMMIO, ompa BflBHHYIO a noMOI.J..Ib Tponne ( 1518 r.). 3aTeM a illBB/411110 BTOpmacb jJ,aTCKafl HaeMHafl apMMfl; Tenepb y%e caM CType

rpy3oo6opoT Ha Ea.rrTHKe poe H3 ro~a B ro~. 3KOHOMHLieCKOe npeo6Jia~a HHe B 3TOM pailoHe EBponbi nepexo~HJio TOr~a OT ~pHXJieiOI[(HX raH3ell-

MnaJJ.WMiii 6btn pa36MT M cMepTenbHO paHeH B 6MTBB Ha 03epe ManapeH (fiHBapb 1520 r.). PereHTOM WaeJ4MM cTan apxMenMcKon lycTaa Tponne.

CKHX ropo~oB K roJIJia~uaM. BoeRHoe rocno~cTBo uenKo ~ep)J{aJia B CBOHX pyKaX ,[l,aHHH, o6Jia~aBIIIaH

IIpH IIIBe~cKoM KopoJie HoaHHe III (1568~ 1592 rr.) B illBe[(HH CTaJIO 3aMeTHbiM BJIHHHHe noJibCKOH KYJibTYPhi H KaTOJIHUH3Ma. HaMeLiaJIOCb npH6JIH)J{eHHe IIIBe~cKoro 6orocJiy)J{eHHH K KaTOJIHLiecKoMy. C6JIH)!{eHHe o60HX roc~apCTB npOHBHJIOCb H

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B 3aKJIIOLieHHH ~HHaCTHLieCKHX 6paKOB. C 1592 ro~a illBeUHH H IIoJibiiia OKa3aJIHCb COe~HHeHHbiMH JIHLIHOll yHHeil: BOCnHTaHHHK He3yHTOB CH-

1520 ro,IJ,a KanMTynMpoaana. 1520-1523 rr. rPA>KAAHCKASI BOI/;HAME>KAYCTPAHAM~ KAJlbMAPCKOI/; YH~~. lycTaa

~OCTYUHOH H BMeCTe CTeM 6oraTOH ~06biL!e ~ K 3eMJIHM CJia6oro B BOeHHO-

noJIHTHLieCKOM OTHOIIIeHHH JilmOHCKO-

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9pMKccoH Ba3a npM no.a.aep%Ke flto6eKa (npOTMBHMKa )J.aHMM) OCB060,IJ,MflCf/ OT jJ,aTCKOrO JJ.OMMHMpOBaHMH

ro op~eHa B BocmLIHoil IIpH6a.JITHKe. 06Jia~aHHe JlHBOHHell ~ O~HOll H3 )J{HTHH[( EBpoiibi ~ 6biJio ueHHO He TOJibKO caMo no ce6e. B Pmy, PeBeJib

tieCKOll KOHTppecpopMa[(HH H no~H HeHHH PeLibiO IIocnoJIHToil. HaUHOHa.JibHo oKpaiiieHHoe aHTHKaToJIHLiecKoe ~BH)J{eHHe MeJIKoro

M noJJ. MMeHeM lycraaa l6btn M36paH KOponeM illBB/4MM(MIOHb 1523 r.).

H HapBy cxo~cb mproBble nyTH c BocmKa, H3 PoccHH H JlHTBbi, H3 ~a JieKHX a3HaTCKHX CTpaH. Tpa~HUHH rpa6HTeJibCKHX «BocTOLIHbiX nOXO~OB» 6biJIH )J{HBbi cpe~H nOTOMKOB IIIBe~CKHX BHKHHrOB H KpecToHocueB. Y)J{e fycTaB Ba3a

~OpHHCTBa,

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He3a~oJiro ~o cBoeil cMeprn nbiTaJI-

CH (B 1554 r.) B0 306HOBHTh arpecCHIO npornB PyccKoro rocy~apcTBa B KapeJIHH, HO Hey~aLIHo. YcnexH HBaHa fp o3Horo B JlHBOHCKoil BoilHe BCTpeBO)J{HJIH IIIBe~OB TaK )J{e, KaK H ~pyrHx gana~HbiX coce~eil PoccHH. KopoJib 3pHK

XIV

He 3a-

Me~JIHJI 3aXBaTHTh LiacTh 3eMeJib JIHBoHcKoro op~eHa. B 1561 ro~ IIIBe~bi OBJia~eJIH PeBeJieM (TaJIJIHHoM) H

ceBepHoil LiaCThiO 3cTOHHH. CeMHJieTHHH BOHHa 1563~ 1570 ro~OB BeJiaCb Me)!{~ ,Il,aHHeil H IIIBe[(Heil B 3HatiHTeJibHOll CTeneHH H3-3a TOrO, B

1501-1503 rr. B03BPAW,ECTEHA CTYPE CTAPWErO.

BJJ.oaa CType Mna,IJ,wero, KpMCTMHa ltonneHwepHa, npoJJ.Ofl%ana conpoTMBneHMe jJ,aT4aHaM, HO B CBHTR6pe

1523-1560 rr. UAPCTBOBArYCTABA I. 1531-1536 rr. WBEACKOAATCK~I/; COI03 nPOT~B11106E KA. C noMOI.J..Ibto raH3eiiicKMX coto3H~E

HMKOB M jJ,aTCKMX Mf1TB%HMKOB ( CM. Bbtwe) flto6eK 3axaaTMn KoneHrareH M ManbMe. Wae,IJ,bt noMornM ronwTMHCKoiii apMMM M3rHaTb raH3BMCKMe BOMCKa M BOCCTaHOBMTb B)J.aHMM MMp.

1543r.KPECTbSIHCKOEBOCB CMOJlAHAE. 0Ho 6btno

H~E

CTAH~E

HeJJ.OBOflbHbte npaaneHMeM XaHca I WBB,IJ,bl Onf/Tb npM3BaflM Ha pereHTCTBO CTeHa CType, HO TOT BCKOpe yMep ( 1503 r. ). Ha cMeHy eMy npM-

ao3rnaaneHo HMnbcoM )J.aKKe.

wen CaaHTe HMnbccoH CType ( Ky3eH Koponf! Kapna VIII), KOTOpbtiii ocTaaancf! pereHTOM JJ.O CMBpTM ( HHBapb

1512 r.). 1506-1512 rr. AATCKOWBEACKASI BOI/;HA. nocne cMepTM CaaHTe Crype a rocyJJ.apcTaeHHOM COBeTe B3flflM aepx CTOpOHHMKM Kanb-

1560-1568 rr. UAPCTBOBAXIV (CbiHA rYCTABA I). Era nonbtTKM Bbtcao60JJ.MTb H~E 3P~KA

WBB,IJ,CKYIO TOproanto 1173-nO,IJ,,IJ,aTCKOro MrepMaHCKOrO KOHTpOflfl He B nonHOM Mepe yaeH4anMcb ycnexoM. OH nojJ,aBMfl CMYTY, MHCnMpMpoaaHHYIO Pycbto M nonbweiii nocne Taro, KaK 9pMK XIV 3aKnto4Mn a TtopbMY caoero 6pam IOxaHa3a HecaHKJ4MOHMpoaaHHoe6pa4Hoe cornaweHMe c nonbCKMM

L!bHX pyKaX 6y~eT HaXO~HTbCH 6aJITHHCKaH ToproBJIH c PyccKHM rocy~apcTBOM . illBe~CKHe cpeo~a.rrbl HpO-

MapCKOfii YHMM, M BOiiiHa 3amoXJTa.

KoponeM CMrM3MYHJJ.OM II AarycmM

1513-1520 rr. PErEHTCTBO CTEHA CTYPE MllAAWErO. CbtH

(1562 r.). 8 1567 rDJJ.Y 9pMK f1K06bt

CTHO CTpeMHJIHCb He ~onycTHTb yTBep)J{~eHHH KpenHyl[(ero PyccKoro rocy~apcTBa Ha 6eperax EaJITHKH. 3TO HaiiiJIO CBOe BbipameHHe B TpeX

CaaHTe CType noJJ.Hfln Mf/Te% npoTMB coaem, 6btn npM3HaH pereHTOM M 3aKnto4Mn c )J.aHMeiii MMP (1513 r.). Pa3HOmaCMf/ Me)I(,IJ,y CTOpOHHMKaMM

no3%e 6btn oTpeweH aT npecTona M yMep B 3aKflto4BHMM ( 1577 r.) 1•

pyccKO-IIIBe~CKHX BOHHaX Ha npOTH)J{eHHH LieTBeprn BeKa ~ c 1570 no 1595 ro~. B XVI BeKe, o~HaKO, IIIBe-

CType M apxMenMcKona lycTaaa 9pMKccoHa Tponne, Bbtcrynaawero 3a yHMto, npMaenM K rpa%JJ.aHcKoiii

~aM el[(e He ~a.JIOCb nOJIHOCTbiO OTTeCHHTb PyccKoe rocy~apcTBO oT <l>HHCKoro 3a.JIHBa.

aoiiiHe ( 1516 r.); Tponne 6btn no6e%JJ.BHM yrO,IJ,Mfl B 3aKflto4BHMe( 1517 r.). BcKope CTeH Crype MnaJJ.WMiii pa3-

MCnbtTafl nCMXM4BCKMM CpbtB, rO,IJ,OM

1561 r.

3KCnAHC~SI

HA 6A11-

T~KE. nocne pacnajJ,a TeBTOHCKO-

1flo O)l;HO:it H3 BepcH:it ( C'lllTaJOIIJ;e:itCll HaH6oJiee BepoliTHO:it) 3pHK XIV, 3aRJIJO'!e!IHhl:it B 3aMKe fpHHCXOJihM, 6h!JI OTpaBJieH ITO IIpHKa3Y cBoero 6paTa, CTaBmero KoponeM !OxaHOM III.

3An.A)J.HA$l EBPOnA

101

3anaAHOeBponei:icKaH nexoTa. BTopaH nonoBHHa XVI B. PetroHCTPY~HH. XIX B. TO op.aeHa Peeenb ( coep. Tann!IIH) u COCe.tJ.HMe 9CTOHCKMe M flMBOHCKMe 3eMnM npucoe.auHunucb K Weeuuu, 4TO Bb/3B8fl0 HanpfVKeHMe OTHOWeHMtf C Pycb/0, ,aaHMetf M nonbWetf, KOTOpb!e T810Ke MMenM BM!J.bl H8 9TM TeppMTOPMM, M KOTOpb!e 38XB8TMflM 48CTb Op.tJ.eHCKMX 3eMenb.

1563-1570 rr. CEBEPHASI CEM~JlETHSISI BO~HA. Weeuufl eoeeana c ,aaHueti, J1106eKOM u nonbweti. WBe.tJ.bl o.aep)l(8flM H81J. IJ.8T48H8MM KpynHy/0 no6e.ay B MOpCKOM Cp8)1(eHMM y OCTPOB8 (OTn8H,lJ, ( 1564 r.) u e TOM )l(e TOIJ.Y HeHa.aonTo OKKYnMpoeanu TpoHxetiM, HO 3aKpenMTb M p83BMTb CBOMX ycneXOB He CMOTnM. nocne TOTO, K8K /OxaH /II OTpewun ompecTOna 9puKaXIV, WeeUMfl 38K!I/04Mfl8 C npOTMBOCTOf/BWMMM etf C0/03HMK8MM MMp ( 1570 r. ).

1568-1592 rr. UAPCTBOBAH~E

IOXAHA Ill. OH OTpewun OT

npecTOna ceoeTo 6paTa 9puKa XIV nocne TOTO, K8K TOT MCnb!T8fl nCMXM4eCKM?i Cpb!B. nocne CMepTM /OxaH8 Ill TpoH nepewen KeTo Mna.aweMY 6paTy Kapny IX. 1570-1595 rr. BO~HA C PYCbiO. nocTeneHHO WBeUMfl noKOpuna BC/0 9CTOHM/O MflMBOHM/0.

1592-1599 rr. u,APCTBOBAH~E C~f~3MYH,O.A

Ill BA3bl. nocne CMepTM IOxaHa Ill H848flMCb nonMTM4eCKMe u penMTM03HbJe pa3Homacufl Me)/(,[],y CMTM3MYHJJ.OM ( CbiHOM u Hacne.aHMKOM IOxaHa) u KapnoM (6paToM IOxaHa). CMTM3MYH/J., paHee M36p8HHb!tf KOponeM nonbWM, BTOPTCfl C nonbCKO?i apMMetf B Weeuu10, HO 6bm pa36MT npu CTeHTe6po(25ceHm6pfl1598r.), BbJTecHeH M3 CTP8Hbl, 8 38TeM OTpeweH OT npecTOna WBe.tJ.CKMM PMKCIJ.8TOM (1599 T.).

1599-1611 rr. UAPCTBOBAH~E

ThliHCTBa. B 3KOHOMHKe <l>HHJiliHAHH 60JibiiiOe MeCTO 3aHHMaJIO 3eMJie.LI.eJIHe. IIIupoKo pacnpoc1paHeHh16hlJIH CeJibCKHe npOMhlCJibl: OXOTa, pb160JIOBCTBO, CMOJIOKypeHHe, a TaiOKe A06hlqa :>KeJie3a chlpOAYTIIhlM cnoco6oM. B a,!J,MHHHCTpaTHBHOM OTHOIIIeHHH ¢HHJiliH.Li.Hll npe.LI.CTaBJiliJia co6oti <}>opMaJibHO paBHOnpaBHYIO COCTaBHYIO qacTh IIIBe.LI.CKoro rocy.LI.apcTBa H TaiOKe AeJIHJiaCb Ha JieHbl BO rJiaBe C HaMeCTHHKaMH. B pyccKO-IIIBe.LI.CKHX soitHax H B XO.LI.e BHyTpeHHHX yco6HU ¢HHJiliH.Li.Hll CJIY:>KHJia apeHOit 6opb6hl H Tli:>KeJIO OT 3Toro C1pa,~J,a.Jia. BoJiee cy-

KAPJlA IX.

poBhle, qeM B Illseuuu, ycJIOBHll KJIHMaTa H noqshl yxy.LI.IIIaJIH :>KH3Hb

Cl>lrfHR~HP.Irf~

<}>HHCKoro TPYAOBoro JIIO.LI.a. K Haqa.Jiy

XVI

BeKa TeppuTopiHI

<l>HHJiliHAHll nocJiy:>KHJia nocJie-

HblHeiiiHeit ¢HHJiliHAHH BCe eme OC-

AHHM OUJIOTOM.LI.aTCKHM rapHH30HaM

TaBa.JiaCb 3aCeJieHHOit JIHIIIb no MOp-

KpHCTHaHa II B HX 6e3ycneiiiHOM co-

CKOMY no6epeJKbiO. B

XVI

BeKe 3a-

npOTHBJieHHH fycTasy Ba3e. Ilpono-

ceJieHHe BHy1peHHHX pa.J;IOHOB CTpa-

Be.LI.b Pe<J:>opMauHH 6hlJia HaqaTa3.LI.eCb

Hhl AOCTHrJIO HeMaJiblX ycneXOB.

eme B 20-x ro.LI.ax XVI BeKa. U:epKoB-

HapliAY c KopeHHhlM <}>HHCKHM Hace-

Hhle npeo6pa30BaHHll He BCTpeTHJIH

JieHHeM B ¢HHJiliHAHH :>KHJIO MHOrO

CO CTOpOHhl Hapo.LI.a TaKOro conpOTHB-

IIIBe.LI.OB, COCTaBJiliBIIIHX UO.LI.aBJiliiO-

JieHHll, KaK B HopsernH H HcJiaHAHH.

li.Iee 6oJibiiiHHCTBO <J:>eo.LI.aJioB, 3Haqu-

Ycnexu 3KOHOMuqecKoro pa3BH-

TeJibHYIO qacTh ropo:>KaH H AYXOBeH-

THll CTpaHbl C03AaBa.JIH npe.LI.UOChlJIKH

cTBa H Kpa.J;IHe He60JibiiiYIO- Kpec-

AJill O'I)J,eJieHHll OT Illseuuu.

Taryro

102

V1CnAHCKOE KAPE V1 JlV1HEVJHbiVl KOPA5Jlb . 1500-1600 rr.

nonbiTKY npe.o:npmmn nocne cMepm

nO.JIHTHKa Mapiiia.Jia He BCTpe'!a.Jia

Be)!{CKHX nonaTHblX KpeCTbHH (TaK

fycTa.Ba Ba3bl era CblH HoaHH, nony-

noMep)!{KH. Eo.Jibiiie roro, 6ec'!HH-

Ha3blBaeMoe npaBo «onanb») non-

<JHBIIIHH <l>HH.JIHH):(HIO B Ka<JeCTBe rep-

CTBa era con.o:aTH oco6eHHO pacnpo-

Beprnncb no cpaBHeHHIO c )J,aHHeil

l(OrCTBa. IIonHHB METe)!{ npomB Ko-

cTpaHeHHe Co.JinaTCKOrO noCTOH Ha

H illBel(Heil MeHbiiieMy orpaHH'!e-

HoaHH oTIHpancH

pailOHbl 3ana):(HOH <l>HH.JIHH):(HH (3c-

Ha MeCTHYIO cpeo,J:(a.JibHYIO onn03H-

Tep60THHH), H3):(aBHa CB060):(Hble OT

HHIO CO CTOpOHbl BepXOBHOrO cpeo):(a.JibHOrO C06CTBeHHHKa- KOpO.JieBCKOH BnacTII. OcTa.JibHble Kpec-

ponH 3pnKa

XIV,

l(HIO. OnHaKO He3aBHCHMoe oT CroK-

3Toro 6peMeHH, npHBe.JIH TaM oceHbiO

ro.JibMa npasneHHe repQora nponon-

1596 rona K BOCCTaHHIO. l'I3BeCTHYIO

TbHHe CH):(e.JIH Ha 3eM.JIHX KOpO.JIH,

)Ka.JIOCb .JIHIIIb HeCKO.JlbKO .JieT; B 1663

ponb cblrpana H nponaraHna repQora

QepKBH H cBeTCKHX cpeonanoB. Hx

rony HoaHH nonan B pyKH 6paTa H

Kapna. KpecTbHHCKHe Boopy)!{eHHble

npaBO Ha 3eM.JIIO IOpHnH<JeCKH He

6bl.JI 3aK.JIIO'leH B KpenocTb, oTKy.o:a

OTpH):(bi, yBe.JIH'!HBaHCb B 'IHC.Jie, nBH-

6bl.JIO o6ecne'!eHo, cpeona.JibHaH

era OCB060):(H.JI HOBblll 3arOBOp -

HY.JIHCb Ha IOr, K A6o, rpoMH H C)!{H-

~e B caMoil illBeQHH. CTaB IIIBencKHM KOpO.JieM, OH ~e He nOMbliii.JIH.JI 06 oTne.JieHHH <l>HHMH):(HH.

raH rocnoncKHe ycanb6bl ( «BoilHa

apeH.o:a 6bl.Jla no 3aKoHy cpo'!Hoil H.JIH no)!{H3HeHHoil . B caMoM KpecTbHH-

ny6HHOK» ). Cna6ocTb PYKOBoncwa H HenocTaTOK BOopy)!{eHHH npHBe.JIH

Koe HMyll(eCTBeHHOe HepaBeHCTBO.

CnenyiOil(aH nonblTKa omeneHHH

3HMOH 1597 ro.o:a K pa3rpoMy 3TIIX

HMe.JIHCb 6oraTble xyropHHe c 10 -

XVI

oTpMOB nopo3Hb. OKano 3 TblCH'l

20 CTpOeHHHMH B yca):(b6e, C Kpyn-

BeKa, KOr):(a <l>HH.JIHH):(HH OKa3a.JiaCb

noBCTaHQeB 6bl.JIH 3aMY'leHbl. B ca-

HblMH CTanaMH. C npyroil CTOpOHbl,

HMena MecTo B caMoM KOHQe

XVI

cTBe H3naBHa cymecTBoBano rny6o-

KaK 6bl npoxonHblM nBopOM nnH

MOM KOHQe

BeKa rocno.o:cTBO

cymecTBOBa.JIO 3Ha'!HTe.JlbHOe KO.JIH-

IIIBencKHX BOHCK, HanpaB.JIHBIIIHXCH B

npHBep)!{eHl(eB Cnrn3MYHna B <l>HH-

<JeCTBO 6aTpaKOB (xycMeHOB), co6-

o'!epenHoil noxon npoTHB PoccHH.

.JIHHIJ:HH 6bl.JIO CBeprHyro. I(eHTpa.JIH-

CTBeHHOCTb KOTOpbiX COCTOH.Jla H3

ilOCTOH, Ha.JIOrH, HMCKHe nOBHHHOC-

3aTopcKaH nO.JIHTIIKa KOpo.JieBCKOll

K.JIO'!Ka 3eM.JIH. Ce.JibCKoe HaceneHHe

TH, Mapo.o:epCTBO pa3HOIIIepCTHOH

B.JiaCTII, nonO.JIHeHHe rocnO):(CTBYIOIl(ero K.Jiacca 3a c<JeT HHOCTpaHl(eB H

)!{H.JIO B HopBerHH (H B HcnaH.O:HH)

BCe 3TO ycyry6.JIH.JIO

6encTBHH KpeCTbHHCTBa. )J,eCHTII.Jie-

HepO):(OBH1b!X .JIHI(, BblnBHHYBIIIHXCH

)J,aHHH H B 6o.Jibiiieil <Jacm IIIBel(HH.

TIIH BOHH OC.Jia6H.JIH KOHTpO.Jib l(eHT-

Ha Kopo.JieBCKOH c.Jiy)K6e, cnoco6-

pa.JibHOH B.JiaCTII, H npOH3BO.JI cpeo.o:a-

CTBOBa.JIH C.JIHHHHIO cpHH.JIHHnCKOrO

.JIOB YCH.JIH.JICH. HaKonHBIIIHHCH HaponHblH rHeB

):(BOpHHCTBa C IIIBencKHM.

BblpBa.JicH Hapy)!{y B 90-x ronax, Kor-

HOPBErHfl

CO.JinaTHH -

xyTopaMH, a He .o:epeBHHMH, KaK B B Ha<Jane

XVI

BeKa HOpBe)!{cKoe

KpeCTbHHCTBO CTpa):(a.JIO He CTO.JlbKO OT CBOHX o6bl'!HblX apeHnHblX n.JiaTe)!{ell, XOTH H OHH B03paCTa.JIH, CKO.JlbKO OT KOpO.JieBCKHX Ha.JIOrOB H OT npo-

.o:a cpHH.JIHHnCKOe ):(BOpHHCTBO nO):():(ep-

H3BO.Jia .o:aTCKHX HaMeCTHHKOB. Mec-

)Ka.JIO Kopo.JIH illBeQHH H IIo.JibiiiH

3KOHOMH'!eCKHll H nO.JIHTII'!eCKHll

CHrH3MYHna B npoTHBoBec repQory

ynanoK, xapaKTepHbiH MH HopBernn

Kapny Ce.o:epMaH.JiaH.O:CKOMY H CTOHB-

eme c

XIV BeKa npo.o:o.JI)Ka.JicH H B HaXVI cTo.JieTHH. PenKoHaceneH-

THble KpeCTbHHCKHe BO.JIHeHHH CTa.JIH c KOHI(a

XV BeKa o6bl'!HblM HB.JieHH-

eM B )!{H3HH cTpaHbl. Hepe.o:Ko OHH

IIIHM 3a HHM naTpHOTII<JeCKHM CH.JiaM

'!ane

CaMOll illBel(HH. <l>HH.JIHH):(HH CTa.Jia

HaH, npeHMyll(eCTBeHHO CKOTOBO):(-

Te.JibHblll xapaKTep. TaKoBo 6bl.JIO

apeHOH KpynHeiliiieH 3a BCIO CBOIO

'!eCKaH, 3a.BHCeBIIIaH OT X.Jie6Horo HM-

HaH60.Jiee KpynHOe KpeCTbHHCKOe

HCTOpHIO KpeCTbHHCKOH BOHHbl.

nopTa cTpaHa c KOHQa

XIV

npHo6peTa.JIH HaponHO-OCB06onH-

BeKa

BOCCTaHHe no.o: PYKOBonCTBoM IJ:BOpH-

HaxO):(H.JlaCb B yHHH C )J,aHHell. <l>aKTII-

HHHa KHyTa A.JibcpcoHa B 1502 rony.

'!eCKH yHHH Bee 6onee npeBpamanacb

BoccTaBIIIHe ycTaHOBH.JIH CBH3b co

B no):('!HHeHHe 6onee cna6oll: H OTCTa-

IIIBe):(aMH, TaK)!{e nO):(HHBIIIHMHCH

IIocne BcrynneHHH B cnny IIIBe.o:-

noil HopBerHH naTCKOMY B.Jia):(bl'leCTily.

npoTIIB .o:aTcKoro KoponH. OnHaKo

r.) Mapiiia.JI

06Il(ell ):(HHaCTIIeH6bl.Jla naTCKaH, HOp-

ocBo6o)!{neHHIO HopBeruH oT naTcKo-

Knac <DneMHHr, KpyTIHeiliiiHil cpeonan

Be)!{CKHll H3blK BblTeCHH.JICH H3 KaHI(e-

ro rocno.o:cTBa Me III ana Ma.JIO'!Hc.JieH-

<l>HH.JIHH):(HH H KOMaH):(YI0Il(Hll IIIBe):(-

MpHH, H3 ne.JIOBOH )!{ll3HH, H3 .JIHTepa-

HOCTb ee HaceneHHH H oco6eHHO ro-

CKHMH BOHCKaMH B CTpaHe, nO.JIY'!H.JI

TYPbl. TeM He MeHee B Ha'!ane XVI BeKa

po)!{aH. H3BecTHYIO ponb Hrpana

OT CnrH3MYHna BeCbMa IIIHpoKHe

npol(eCC .JIHKBH):(al(HH HOpBe)!{CKOll He-

3):(eCb H 3KOHOMH'!eCKaH 3a.BHCHMOCTb

nO.JIHOMO'IHH, o6ecne'!HBIIIHe eMy KaK

3a.BHCHMOCTII eme He 3aBepiiiH.JICH.

oT 3eMnenenb<JecKoil )J,aHHH. Cneny-

HaMeCTHHKY <l>HH.JIHH):(HH cpaKTII<JeC-

HopBerHH coxpaHH.Jia co6cTBeHHoe

IOII(ee KpeCTbHHCKOe BOCCTaHHe npo-

KYIO He3aBHCHMOCTb oT CToKrO.JibMa.

npa.BHTe.JlbCTBO -

IIocne OTKpbiToro pa3pbiBa croKro.Jlb-

coBeT- pnrcpon H3 MecTHblx cpeona-

HHe fepnora fyncpaTa B 1508 ro.o:y-

MCKHX B.JiacTeil c CnrH3MYHnoM

.JIOB, CBeTCKHX H IJ:yxOBHblX.

TO)!{e 6bl.JIO no.o:aB.JieHo. CBo6ononi0-

«BOHHa p,y6HHOK»

cKo-no.JlbcKoil yHHH (1592

rocynapCTBeHHblll

TIIB naTCKHX HaMeCTHHKOB -

BOCCTa-

(1595 r.) <l>HH.JIHHnHH B .JIHI(e <l>ne-

ITo cpasHeHHIO co CBOHMH co6pa-

6HBble '!YBCTBa HOpBe)!{l(eB 6bl.JIH HC-

MHHra OCTa.JiaCb BepHa KOpO.JIIO-KaTO-

TbHMH B cocenHHX CKaH):(HHa.BCKHX

no.Jib30BaHbl KaTO.JIH'!e CKHM nyxoBeH-

.JIHKY H cpaKTII<JeCKH ome.JIH.JiaCb OT illBel(HH. Y IIIHpOKHX C.JIOeB HaCe.Jie-

CTpaHaX HOpBe)!{CKHll KpeCTbHHHH

CTBOM nnH opraHH3al(HH ynopHoro

HaxO):(H.JICH B HeCKO.JlbKO .JlY'!IlleM no-

conpoTIIB.JieHHH .JIIOTepaHcKoil Pe-

HHH H y .JIIOTepaHCKOro .o:yxoBeHCTBa

.JIO)!{eHHH. IIo3eMe.JlbHble npaBa Hop-

cpopMal(HH, OCyll(eCTB.JieHHOll naTCKH-

3AnNJ,HA~ MII BnaeTHMII B 1537-1539 IT. HeMHorotiiienemmH HopBemeKaH 3HaTh BO rn aBe e eiTIIeKOITOM Ona¢oM 3Hrenb6peKTeOHOM ytiaeTBOBana B «rpa¢eKoil paeiTpe» Ha empoHe paHee HII3nomeHHoro KpiiemaHa II. IIo6e~a ero ITpornBHIIKa - ~aTeKo ro KoponH KpiiernaHa III - ITpiiBena K yiTpa3~HeHIIIO B 1537 roey HOpBemeKoro piirepo~a. CTpaHa eTana 6eeiTpaBHOll ~aTeKOll ITpOBIIHQIIell, ~BOpHHeTBO II 3HatiiiTenbHaH tiaeTb HOBoro ~yxoBeHeTBa HopBerllll eoCTOHJIII ITO'ITII eiTJIOIIIb II3 IIHOeTPaHQeB: ~aTtiaH II HeMQeB. B 30-x ro~ax XVI BeKa HopBeriiH II36aBIInaeb OT TOprOBOll MOHOITOJIIIII raH3eileKIIX KyriQOB, paeiTopH)KaBIIIIIXeH ~o 3TOro B HopBerllll, KaK y ee6H ~oMa. Bene~ 3a TeM BeniiKIIe reorpa¢ll'IeeKIIe OTKpb!TliH, 3KOHOMIItieeKIIH ITO~beM H~epnaH~OB II AHrJIIIII ITOHeMHory Ha'IaJIII OKa3b!BaTb eBOe BniiHHIIe II Ha HOpBemeKYIO 3KOHOMIIKy. YeiiJIIIJieH eiTpoe aHrJIIItiaH, ronna~ QeB II ~pyriiX Ha HOpBemeKIIll cryoeBOll nee. Bo3HIIKnii ITepBh!e neeoiTliJibHII e BO~ KOneeoM, paeiiiiipliJilleb pb!6Hble n OBJIII, y HOpBemQeB ITOHBIIneH mproBh!H ¢noT. IIoTpe6HoeTb B HanoroBh!X ITOCTyriJieHIIHX, oiTaeHoeTb ITpiieoe~IIHe HIIH HOpBemQeB K eoee~elllliBeQIIII II ey~a B BOeHHOll ITOMOII(II ITpOTliB IIIBe~OB 3aeTaBIInii ~aTCKIIe BnaeTII etiiiTaTbeH e IIHTepeeaMII IIMYII(IIX enoeB HopBernii. C KOHQa XVI BeKa tiall(e eTan ITpaKTIIKOBaTbeH e03b!B MeeTHb!X eoenOBHO-ITpe~eTaBIITenh Hb!X eo6paHIIH, IIHor~a e ytiaemeM ~eiTYTaTOB oT KpeeTbHHeTBa. Bh!xo~ Qh!II3 MeCTHb!X ~OpHH eTanii ITOeTeITeHHO ~orryeKaTbeH K 3aHHTHIO BbleOKIIX ~on)KHoeTeil. B 16 28-1641 ro~ax 6h!na eo3~aHa perynHpHaH HOpBemeKaH apMIIH. Bo BpeMH ~aTe KO-IIIBe~eKIIX BOHH XVII BeKa HopBemQhl oKa3aJIII Hpoernoe eoiTpornBneHIIe IIIBe~eKIIM ¢eo~anaM B IIX arpeeeiiBHhiX ITOITh!TKax paetineHeHIIH eTpaHhl. B xo~e 3TIIX BOHH HaQIIoHaJihHOe eaMOe03HaHIIe HOpBemQeB ITOeTeiTeHHO KpeiTno. IIonomeHIIe HopBeriiii ITO~ BnaeTbiO ~aTeKIIX KOponeil 6h!no Bee me nYlJIIIe, tieM ITOnomeHIIe BHYTPeHHeil KonoHIIII IIIBe~ eKIIX <iJeo~anOB- <l>IIHJIHH~llll.

EB PO nA

103 KaHanbl, 6onoTa 111 6yxTo~KII1 cno-

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B aToT nepii10JJ. (KOTOpb!e

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TIIOABIIr co6paJI ocTaTKII cBoeM

npoBMHJ4MM H8 to)I(Hbte. EJJ.MHCTBeH-

KOHHli[(bi II TIOBeJI liX B TIOCJie}:(HIOIO

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aTaKy, B KOTopoM II caM norii6. Era

J4eB HBMJ1CH 38XB8T OCTpOB8 3MpMK-

4 Tb!CH-

3e B ycTbe BocTO'IHOM WenbJJ.bt

IIMeJIII pe3epBoB. IIexoTa II KOHHII[(a

'lll '!eJIOBeK, '!aCTb 6b!Jia B 35ITa B TIJieH

(B H8CTOHLljee BpeMH nepeCT8!1 HB-

paCTIOJiaraJIIICb B rJiy6oKIIX CTpOHX.

II Jiliiiib HeMHOriiM ynarrocb cnacmcb

f1HTbCH OCTPOBOM, Cf1MBWMCb C JJ.PY-

HIIKOB 6biJIII BbiTHHYTh! B JIIIHIIIO II He

PaHo yTpoM IIcnaHUH He6oJibiiiiiMII CIIJiaMII aTaKOBaJIII nexory Jhon-

BOMCKO TIOTepHJIO y6liTb!MII

6erCTBOM.

rMMM). fltoJJ.BMr 5y8co norM6, TlljeT-

B 6oro y nepeBHII MooK npoHBII-

Ho nbiTaHCb BOCnpenHTCTBOB8Tb 8T8-

BIIra Ha JIIIHIIII TpaHIIIeii. OnHaKo

JIIICb oco6eHHOCTII TaKTIIKII HaeM-

Ke MCn8HJ4eB no 06H8)1(MBWeMyCH

npOIICXO}:(liBIIIIIe B Te'leHIIe HeCKOJib-

HbiX BOMCK nepBoro nepiiO}:(a BOMHbi .

npM OTJ1MBe JJ.HY MOpH.

KIIX '!aCOB CTbl'IKII He BTHriiBaJIII B

HcnaHcKaH nexoTa BeJia 6oM Tepuii-

6oM rJiaBHbie CIIJibi o6eiiX CTOpOH.

HMII, ocyl[(eCTBJIHH rJiaBHYIO aTaKy.

3 OKTS16pSI 1576r. «HCnAHCKH!f; TEPPOP». Bs6yHTOB8BWMeCH MCn8HCKMe BOMCKa, KOTOpbiM 38J].OJ1-

B necHTb TiacoB yTpa HIIAepJiaHIJ:CKIIH

KoHHII[(a He B 3 aiiMO}:(eMCTBOBaJia c

BOeHa'laJibHIIK npiiKa3aJI BCeM CIIrHa-

neXOTOM II OKa3aJiaCb 06beKTOM

)1(8f1M )1(8f10B8 HMe, 38XB8TMJ1M AHTBep-

JIIICTaM Tpy6IITb Bbi30B npOTliBHIIKY

,o:eMCTBIIM npomBHIIKa. HcnaHCKIIe

neH M Y'IMHM!1M B ropoJ].e )l(eCTO'I8M-

Ha 6oM. ABIIJia KOJie6arrcH, TaK KaK

KOHHbie KOTieMI[(IIKII CBOeBpeMeHHO

WMM p8srpoM. 3T8 6oi1HH npMBe/18 K

pa3naBaJIIICb npenocTeperarorn:IIe co-

He nonnepmaJIII CBOIIX Ka pa6IIHe-

BpeMeHHOMY o6beJJ.MHeHMto cTp8Hbt;

BeTh! TIO}:('lliHeHHbiX eMy KOMaHAHpOB,

poB. Ycnex o6ecneTIIIJia IIX BHe3an-

8 HOH6pH

Y'!liThiBaBIIIliX II3MeHeHIIe COOTHOIIIe-

HaH KOHTpaTaKa B MOMeHT MaHeBpa

f1MKOB8!1M «teHTCKoe yMMPOTBope-

15 an-

TipOTliBHIIKa }:(JIH 3ap5I)KaHIIH TIIICTO-

HMe», rj)opM8!1bHO npeJ].CT8Bf1HBWee

JieTOB.

co6oi1 MMPHbtM JJ.OroBop Me)I(JJ.Y ce-

HliH CIIJI C Tipii6biTIIeM yTpOM peJIH CBe)KliX BOMCK.

HcnaHCKIIH BOeHa'!aJibHIIK, onaca-

HIInepJiaHACKIIM BOeHa'!aJibHIIK

HCb ynycTIITb CBOero TipOTliBHIIKa,

BCe el[(e TIOJib30BaJICH TaKTliKOM He-

BbiCJiaJI }:(OTIOJIHIITeJibHble CliJibi IJ:JIH

Me[(KIIX JiaH}:(CKHeXTOB, BbiCTpaiiBaH

leHep8!1bHbte WTaTbl ony6-

BepHoi1 M fO)I(HOM '18CTHMM CTp8Hbl.

1577 r. CJlO>KH biE nEPErOBOPbl. B HMX npMHMM8!1M Y'I8CTMe

aTaKII JieBoro Kpb!Jia TIIOABIIra. B pe-

AJIH 6oH rJiaBHYIO Macey nexoTbl on-

teHep8!1bHbte WT8Tbl ( rp8)1(,l1.8HCKOe

3YJibTaTe KOpOTKOM, HO CTpeMIITeJib-

HOM KBa,o:paTHoM KOJIOHHOM. IIexoTa

np8BMTef1bCTBO MHTe)I(HbtX HMJJ.ep-

110

V1CnAHCKOE KAPE V1 JlV1HEli1Hblll1 KOPA6Jlb. 1500-1600 rr.

0rCT)'nneHI1e 11cnaHuea 113 6pa6aHTa a 1577 r.

naH.O.CK/1/X npoB/1/HI.mtli), BlllnbrenbM OpaHCKIIIIIi 111 HOBbJtli !llcnaHCKIIIIIi HaMeCTH/1/K .aoH XyaH Aecrp!lltlicK!IItli. 4ro6bJ YMIIIPOTBOPIIITb Karon/1/KOB, BlllnbrenbM OpaHCKIIIIIi orowen or pyKoeo.acrea. Kor.aa neperoeopbJ copean/1/cb, 111 .O.OH XyaH cran roroB/1/TbCR OTBOeBb/B8Tb npOB/IIH~/11111, reHepaflbHb/e WT8Tbl Ha6panlll 20-Tb/CR'4HYJO apM/1110 no.o, KOM8HP.OB8H/IIeM C/1/pa AHryaHa .ae ryaHb/11. 31 SIHBapS11578 r. 6~TBAnP~ ~AM6nYPE (COBP. fOPOA :>KAM6nY B 6Enbr~~) . .贈1oH XyaH, K KOTOpOMY np/1/Wfl/11 no.o,KpenneH/1/R no.o, KOM8H.O,OB8H/IIeM AneKC8H.O.P8 4JapHe3e ( 6y.o,y~ero rep~ ora napMCKOTO), BO maBe np!116fl/113/IITenbHO 20-Tb/CR'4HOW apM/11111 Bb/CTynllln K )KaM6nypy. Kor.aa ro.n.naH.o,cKoe eotlicKo crano nocnewHo orcrynarb K 5pJOccenJO, 4JapHe3e o6owen 111xKaeanep!lltlicK!IItli apbeprap.a 111 norHan

pa36111TYJO ronnaH.O,CKY/0 KOHHIII~Y npRMO CKB03b KOflOHHbl OTCTynaJO~et/i ro.n.naHP.cKotli nexorbJ. B nocne.aoeaewetli 6otliHe ro.n.naH.O.~bl norepRn/11 6 TbJCR'4 qenoeeK, !llcnaH~bJ足 TOflbKO 20 qenoBeK. <t>eapanb-ceHTS16pb 15 78 r. BOCCTAHOBnEH~E AOHOM XYAHOM KOHTPOnSI HAA IO~Hbi足 M~ nPOB~Hl.U'1SIM~. 06e nporllleo6opcreyJO~IIIe cropoHbJ crpa.aan111 ror.o,a OT BHyrpeHH/1/X p83.0.0POB Ill He.O.OBep/1/R, T8K '4TO 6oeBbJe .O,eWCTB/1/R 38cronoplllnlllcb. 1 OKTS16pSI 1578 r. CMEPTb AOHA XYAHA. Ha nocry 11/cnaHcKoro HaMeCTH/1/Ka B ronnaH.0./11111 ero CMeH/1/fl AneKC8H.O.P 4JapHe3e. 29 SIHBapSI 15 79 r. YTPEXTCKASI YH~SI. CeeepoHIII.O.epnaH.o,cKIIIe npOB/IIH~/11111 yqpe.0,/1/fl/11 KOHcpe.o,epa~/1110, C KOTOpotli Ill Be.O,eT H8'48fl0 IIICTOPIIIR coepeMeHHotli ronnaJW./11111-

H!ll.o,epnaH.O,OB. WrarranbrepoM reHepanbHb/e wrarbJ H83H8'4111fllll BlllnbrenbMa OpaHcKoro. 1579-1589 rr. KAMnAH~~ YM~POTBOPEH~SI AnEKCAHAPA APHE3E. HeB3MpaR Ha cno)I(Hoe nonMTM'4ecKoe MaHeBpMpoeaHIIIe, KOTOpbJM 38HMM8fl/11Cb, C O.O,HOW CTOpOHbl, CJ03epeH C8MOTO 4JapHe3e- KOPOflb 4JMnMnn If, cppaH~}'3C足 KIIIW Koponb reHplllx Ill Mero Mna.o,wMIIi 6par 4JpaH~IIICK(4JpaHcya), rep~or AH:;zyllicKMIIi, a c .o,pyrotli, nocroRHHO cnopR~/1/e Me)I(JJ.y co6otli H!ll.o,epnaH.acK!IIe KaronMK/11 111 nporecraHTbJAneKcaH.O.P 4JapHe3e cMcreMaT/11qecKM 6pan B JO)I(HbJX H!ll.o,epnaH.aax ropo.a 38 ropo.o,oM, H8'4MHaR c Maacrp/1/xra(Mapr 1579 r.)M38K8H'4MB8R .aonrotli oca.aotli M3axearoM AHreepneHa ( 17 aerycra 1585 r.). BcKope nocne ::noro oH c.aenancR rep~oroM napMCKMM.

3An.A)J.HA$l EBPOnA 1 0 MJOJlSI 1584 r. Y6'-i&i'ICT80 8'-iJlbfEJlbMA OPAHCKOfO 8 AEJl<f>TE 6AJ1TA3APOM )f(EPAPOM. WrananbrepoM cran ceMHa.al..lamneTHMW CbJH BMnbrenbMa, MopMJ..l HaccaycKMW.

1585-1587 rr. AHfJl'-i&i'ICKASI '-1HTEP8EH l...l'-iSI. Po6epr ,D.a.anM, rpalf> flecrep, npMeen e HM.aepnaH,abJ WeCTl1TbiCS14HYIO apMM/0, l1 ronnaH,a/..lbl npe.aocraeMnM eMy lj>aKTM4eCKM ,aMKTaTOpCKMe nonHOM04Ms:T. Ho eoeHa4anbHMKOM oH npos:~eMn ce6s:~ coeepweHHO 6e3,aapHbJM, oco6eHHO 9TO Kacaercs:~ 6e3ycnewHol4 oca,abJ 3torl/>eHa ( 1586 r.). nocne cMeprM ct>MnMnna CM,aHM ( 1586 r.), CaMOTO cnoco6HOTO M3 CTapWMX Ol/>MJ..lepoe, H8XO.f1MBWMXCS1 B no,a4MHeHMM y Jlecrepa, aHTnM4aHe BbJBeflM BOWCKa ( 1587 r.). reHepanbHbJe wraTbl Ha3Ha4MnM MopMJ..la maBHbJM KanMTaHOM l1 a,aMMpanOM YHMM ( 1588 r.).

pe)l(bs:T HM,aepnaHJI.OB, 4eMy e HeMano/4 creneHM cnoco6creoean pa3rpoM Heno6e,aMMol4 apMa,abJ.

'-itoHb-MJOJlb 1591 r. MOP'-il...l HACCAYCK'-1&71 PACW'-iPSIET nOA8JlACTHbiE TEPP'-iTOP'-1'-1. b!laro.aaps:~

6bJCTpbJM nepeMel.l..leHMs:TM BOWCK M KOHl..leHTpaJ..lMM no,aaBfls:T/0I.l..leW orHeeo/4 MOI.l..IM, oH nocne ceMM,aHeeHowoca,abJ B3WI 3torl/>eH ( MJOHb), a nocne o,aMHHB.a/..lBTM,aHeeHo/4 - ,D.eeerep ( Mtonb). AsrycT-ceHTS16pb 1591 r. MO-

P'-il...l HACCAYCK'-1&71

nPOT'-18

111 AJlEK CAHAPA <f>APHE3E. BepHyeWMCb 113 4JpaHl..lMl1, repJ..lOT napMCKMW BbJcrynMn K Yrpexry. l1cnaHcKas:~ M ronnaHJI.CKas:T apMMM OCTOpO)I(HO MaHeBpMpoeanM Ha npOTMBOnOflO)KHbiX 6eperax Baana eo3ne ApHeMa. 3areM ct>apHe3e nony4Mn orct>MnMnna II npMKa3 eepHyrbCs:T BO 4JpaHJ..ll1/0 - Ha nOMOI.l..lb PyaHY, OCa>K;aaeMOMY reHpMXOM HaeappcKMM. CeHTS16pb-OKTS16pb 1591 r. MOP'-il...l HACCAYCK'-1&71 80306H08J1SIET HACTYnJlEH'-iE. CHoea BOCnOflb30BaBWMCb OTCYTCTBMeM

1587-1588 rr. nP'-ifOT08JlEH'-1SI AJlEKCAHAPA <f>APHE3E K 8TOP)f(EH'-110 8 AHfJl'-110. l13-3a pa3rpoMa Heno6e,aMMol4 apMa,abJ no.aroroeneHHas:~ AneKcaHJI.pOM ct>ap-

He3e 25-Tb/CS14Has:T apMMs:T HMey,aa He nonnbma.

1589 r. AJlEKCAHAP <f>APHE3E OTnPA8JlSIETCSI 80 <f>PAHI...l'-110. ct>MnMnn II 6bm yeepeH, 4TO ycMMpeHMe HM,aepnaH.aoe npaKTM4eCKM 3aeepweHo ( e pyKax ronnaHJI.l..leB OCTaeanMCb TOflbKO OCTpoea y no6epe)l(bs:T 3enaH,aMM, reppMTOPMM ceeepHee peKM Baan, a ra/OKe Yrpexr M HeCKOflbKO OT,aenbHbiX ropo,aOB Ha BOCTOKe CTpaHbl). repJ..lOT napMCKMW nOflY4l1fl npMKa3 BbJCrynMTb C OCHOBHOW 4acrb/O ceoe/4 apMMM eo ct>paHl..lM/0, 4T06bl OKa38Tb nOMOI.l..lb lj>paHLlY3CKl1M K8TOflMKaM B 6opb6e npOTMB reHpMxa HaeappcKoro.

1589-1590 rr. MOP'-il...l HACCAYCK'-1&71 nEPEXOA'-iT 8 HACTYnJlEH'-iE. Wrarranbrep He 3aMe,anMn eocnonb30BaTbCs:T orcyrcreMeM repJ..lora napMcKoro; caMbJM npMMe4arenbHbJM ero ycnexoM s:TBMnocb B3s:TTMe E,pe,abJ- .aecaHr cnps:~足 rancs:~ e 6ap)l(ax, KoropbJe npMweaproeanMcb Ha eeplj>s:~x. TeM epeMeHeM ronnaH,aCKMW lj>nor cran 6e3pa3,aenbHO rocno.acreoearb y no6e-

AocnexH repl,\ora AneKcaHApa <l>apHe3e. 1570 r.

112

V1CnAHCKOE KAPE V1 JlV1HEVJHbiVl KOPA5Jlb. 1500-1600 rr.

repu,ora napMCKoro, MopMU, OpaHCKVIiii npoae11 e1.1..1e O,aHy MOJ1HV1eHOCHYIO KaMnaHM/0, OTMe'leHHY/0 CTpeMV1Tef1bHbiMV1 nepeMei.J..IeHMRMVI, KaK

TeM OH 蔵opcMpOBaf1 Y13ep VI HeMe,aJ1eHHO npMrOTOBV1!1CR OCa)f(,aaTb HbMBnopT( 1 M/011R).

MOpCKVIMVI, TaK VI cyxonYTHbiMVI, KOpOTKVIMVI oca..aaMM VI npeaocxo,aHbtM Mcnof1b30BaHMeM apTV1!1!1epMM. OH B3Rf1 X1011cT ( 14 ceHTR6PR) VI HeiiiMe-

Hb~BnOPTE (Ei~TBA

reH (21 OKTR6pR).

1592-1594 rr.

MOP~U

HAC-

CAYCK~~ nPOAOJDKAET HACTYnATEJlbHbiE KAMnAH~~- AneKcaH..ap rtJapHe3e CKOH'Iaf1CR BO rtJpaHLJ,MM aT paH ( 1592 r. ). Hoabtiii McnaHCKMiii HaMeCTHVIK neTep MaHcr:Penb..a He cMor ar:Pr:PeKTMBHO npoTMBOCTORTb MopMu,y

1594-1596rr.

MOP~U

HAC-

CAYCK~~ OEibEA~ Hs:IET CEBEPHbiE H~AEPJlAHAbl. BpeMR OT apeMeHM OH ycTpaMBaf1 pefii,abt VI noXO,abt B npMrpaHM'IHbte 06!1aCTV1, o,aHOBpeMeHHO BCeMepHO yKpenf1RR VI o6y'laR apMVI/0 ,af1R 6y..ay/.1..1MX fO)f(HOHM,aepnaH,aCKVIX KaMnaHMfii. 24 SIHBapSI 1597 r. Ei~TBA nP~ TIOPHXAYTE. Bocnof1b30BaBWV1Cb Henoro..aoiii, MopMu, OpaHCKMiii ao rnaae npMMepHO CeMMTbiCR'IHOM apMVIVI npe,anpMHRJ1 BHe3anHbtfii Mapw6pOCOKV1 pa3rpOMV1!10T,aef1bHO,aMCf10LJ,V1pOBaHHOe yTIOpHXaYTa WeCTVITbiCR'IHOe MCnaHCKOe BOMCKO no,a KOMaH..aoaaHMeM )/(aHa ..ae PM, rparpa Bapaca. noTepM McnaHu,ea coCTaBV111V12 TbiCR'IVI 'lef10BeK y6MTbiMV1 (a TOM 'IMC!1e, norM6 VI caM rparp Bapac) VI 500- nneHHbiMVI. lOJ1!1aH,aU,bl noTepR!1V1 OKOJ10 100 'lef10BeK.

1597-1599 rr. BOEHHASI

noll~T~~ECKASI KOHC011~AA足 U~s:l. HaMeCTHMKOM McnaHcKoro KOp0!1R B HM,aep!1aH,aax CTaf1 9pLJ,repu,orA!1b6peXTABCTpV1fiiCKV1M,3RTb

KoponR rtJMnMnna II ( 1599 r.), o..aHaKo VI OH He MOr npOTVIBOCTORTb MoPMU.Y OpaHcKoMy

1600 r.

BTOP>KEH~E MOP~足

~ouonSI

1600 r.

Ei~TBA

n P~ B AIOHAX).

Y3Haa o npM6!1M)f(eHMM McnaHcKoiii apMMM, MopMu, OpaHCKMiii Bbtcnan OTpR,a K MOCTY flecPcPMHreM, 'IT06bt 3a,aep)f(aTb Anb6peXTa AacTpMiiicKoro ..ao no..axo..aa ocHOBHbtX ronnaH..acKMX CV1!1, KOTOpbte He MOrf1V1 nepenpaBVITbCR Ha ,apyrofii 6eper YCTbR /113epa, noKa He Ha'IHeTCR OTJ1V1B. t1cnaHU,bl onepe,aMnM VI pa36Mf1M BbtcnaHHbtiii MopMu,eM OTPR..a. B 8 'Ia co a YTPa apMMR MopMu,a a6po..a nepenpaaMnacb 'lepe3 ycTbe t13epa VI nocnewMna a..aonb ronoro 6epera Ha ceaepoBOCTOK, HaBCTpe'lyMcnaHLJ,aM. Cro!1KHOBeHMe npOV130Wf10 OKOJ10 nony,aHR, KaK pa3 KOr,aa OTJ1V1B CMeHV1!1CR npM!1MBOM. O..aHoapeMeHHO ronnaH..acKMe KOpa6!1V1 OTKpb1!1V1 no V1CnaHCKOMyaofiicKyoroHbV13,aaf1bH060fiiHb~

opy,aMiii, HO ar:Pr:PeKTa o6cTpen 9TOT npaKTM'IeCKM He B03btMen. Bo..aa CTaJ1a no,aHMMaTbCR, VI o6e apMVIVI oTcTynMnM arny6b 6epera, K nec'laHbtM ,a10HaM. ATaKa ronnaH,acKoiii KOHHVILJ,bl 6bl!1a OT6V1Ta, VI Al1b6peXT AacTpMiiiCKMiii, aae..aR a 6oiii pe3epa, 3aCTaBV1!1 rOJ1!1aH,aLJ,eB OTCTynMTb. O..aHaKo oroHb ronnaH..acKoiii apTMf1nepMM VI amKa KaaanepMiiicKoro pe3epaa OCTaHOBV1!1V1 npo,aBM)f(eHMe McnaHu,ea. 3aTeM MopMu, HaccaycKMiii npe,anpMHRJ1 KOHTpaTaKY BCeM cPPOHTOM. YTOMJ1eHHbte nocne HeCKOf1bKV1X ,aHefii Ha Mapwe MCnaHLJ,bl He Bbt,aep)f(af1V1 VI no6e)f(af1V1. noTepM VIX COCTaBV1!1V1 OKOJ10 3500 'lef10BeK, rOJ1!1aH,aCKV1e - 2 TbiCR'IVI. npecne,aoaaTb o6pai.J..IeHHoro a 6ercTao npoTMBHMKa WTaTraf1bTep VI He nbtTaf1CR, nOCKOJ1bKY era f1V1HV1V1 C006~.J..~eHMR C ceaepHbiMVI npOBVIHLJ,VIRMVI no-npe)f(HeMy Haxo,aMf1MCb no..a yrpo3oiii.

KaKB cpa)f(eHMRX, TaKVI OT60J1e3Hefii. TeM apeMeHeM VI AHmMR, VI rtJpaHLJ,VIR 3aKJ1/0'IV1!1V1 C t1cnaHMefii MVIp, TaK 'ITO ronnaH..aU.bt ocmnMcb 6e3 co/03HMKOB. X om MopMu, HaccaycKMiii o..aep)f(af1 MHO)f(eCTBO ,apyrMX no6e,a, noCTeneHHO CTaHOBV1!10Cb RCHO, 'ITO VI 3ai.J..IMI.J..IaTb OcTeH..ae, VI npoTMBOCTORTb pacry~.J..~eMy MCnaHCKOMY ,aa BJ1eHV110 HeB03MO)f(HO, TaK 'ITO nocne oca,abt ..anMTef1bHOCTb/O 3 ro..aa VI 71 ,aeHb /eHepa!1bHbte WTaTbl OT,aaf1V1 pacnopR)f(eHMe o c..aa'le ropo..aa (20 ceHTR6pR 1604 r.).

1604-1607 rr. 6E3YCnEWHbiE

H~AEPJlAHACK~E

KAMnA-

H~~.

t136e)f(aTb pa3rpoMa ronnaH..au,aM y..aanocbf1V1Wb 6naro..aapR caoeMy rocno..acTay Ha Mope. KynbMMHau,Meiii u,enoro pR..aa aoeHHO-MopcKMX ycnexoa RBMnacb no6e..aa a,aMMpana f1Ko6a aaH XeeMcKepKa a IM6panTapcKoiii 6MTBe ( 1607 r.); am BbtHy,aMno McnaHu,ea cornacMTbCR Ha apeMeHHoe nepeMMpMe - noKa ,af1RTCR neperoaopbt. CbiH BHJibr eJibMa OpaHcKoro Mopm~, H36paHHblll B 1585 ro):ly IIITaTTaJibTepOM foJIJiaHIJ:llllll 3eJiaHIJ:llll, 6blJI TaJiaHTJIHBblM TIOJIKOBO;c(QeM n CYMeJI He TOJibKO ocBo6oiJ:HTb o6JiaCTH, 3axBa'!eHHble paHee ncnaHQaMH, HO n

npncoe~J:HHHTh

K ceBep-

HblM npoBHHQHHM pHIJ: pailoHoB B CeBepHoM Epa6aHTe n <DJiaH):lpnn. 0;c(HOBpeMeHHO <jJJIOT pecny6JIHKH, HCTIOJib3YH OCJia6JieHHe llcnaHHH Ha Mope, BeJI aKTHBHble BOeHHble onepaQHH Ha ee MOpCKHX KOMMYHHKaQllHX ll B KOJIOHHHX, 3aKJia;c(blBaH 9THM OCHOBY 6y;c(YIIIeil KOJIOHHaJibHOilHMnepnn foJIJiaHIJ:HH . IIoHecH pHIJ: THmeJiblX BoeHHblX nopameHnil, McnaHHH BhlHym;c(eHa 6blJia B

1609 12

Mnpne Ha

rDAY 3aKJIIO'IHTh nepeJieT. ITo ):loroBopy

Mc-

CHRB oca..ay c HbMBnopTa, oH OTCTYnMn a ronnaH,acKy/0 rtJnaH,apMIO.

naHHH npn3HaJia He3aBHCHMOCTh Co-

~C足

BeCTH TOprOBJIIO C nopryraJibCKHMH

)f(eHMR, leHepa!1bHbte WTaTbl npMKa3aJ1V1 wmTranbTepy 3aaepwMTb noKopeHMe npM6pe)f(HbiX cPI1aH,apCKV1X 3eMen b ..ao H bM anopTa VI )J,IOHKepKa.

nAH UAM~ OCTEHAE. 3a TpeX!1eTHIOIO oca..ay noTepM ronnaH..au,ea cocTaaMnM30 TbtCR'I 'lenoaeK; HO rono..aa a ropo..ae y..aanocb He,aonycTMTb,

KOJIOHHHMH B OcT-llH;c(HH. Yc Tbe

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..aocTaB!1RR no..aKpenneHMR VI npMnaCbt MOpeM. noTepM MCnaHLJ,eB, aepoRTHO, COCTaBV1!1V1 a,aaoe 60J1bWe-

UA HACCAYCKOrO BO JlAHAP~IO. Hea3MpaR Ha ace era ao3pa-

1601-1604 rr. OCAAA

e~J:HHeHHblX npOBHHQllll ll npaBO HX

llieJib;c(bl 6blJIO 3aKpbiTO IJ:JIH TOproBJIH, 'ITO o6peKaJio AHTBepneH Ha He-

MHHyeMoe 9KOHOMH'IeCKOe pa3opeHHe. 3aKJIIO'IeHne nepeMnpnH

1609

ro):la 3HaMeHoBaJio co6oiO no6eAy p eBOJIIOQHH Ha ceBepe HnAepJiaH!J:OB.

V1CnAHCKOE KAPE V1 JlV1HEli1Hblll1 KOPA6Jlb. 1500-1600 rr.

114

1531 r. BO~HA ME:>KAY LU0PI!1XOM 111 KATOJ1111YECKII1MII1 KAHTOHAMII1. KynbMMHBI..IMelli ee fiBM-

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IlocTOi!HHO BPIDf'-AOBaBIIIHe Me)f(-

nocb nopa)l(eHMe I..IIOPMXCKOW apMMM

W8101.1..1ero nepeeeca He y,aanocb .ao-

AY co6oi:i HTaJibi!HCKHe rocyJJ.apcTBa

B 6vtree npM Kannene Ha peKe Typ

6Mrbcfl HM 0.[1HOW M3 CTOPOH.

( 11

KBHTOHOB( 1584 r.). HacropoHeKaro-

CaMH fJ.aJIH IIOBOJJ. K HHOCTpaHHblM BTOp)f(eHHi!M -

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1536r.

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HTAJHUI

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1541-1555 rr. nEP1110A111YECKII1E PEJlll1fii103HbiE fPA)f(,AAHCKII1E BO~Hbl. 1 564-1602 rr. BPEM ~ OT BPEMEHII1 BCnbiXII1BAET BO~HA ME:>KAY nPOTECTAHTCKII1MII1 KAHTOHAMII1 111 CABO~E~ 1 • 6epH,

TaK Ha3b1BaeMblM

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116

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MaHCKHM HMIIepaTOpOM IIOA HMeHeM

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lO)KHYIO

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Illa BO BpeMH HerrpepbiBHbiX BOeHHbiX

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):(eilcTBHH. HanoroBoe 6peMH ocTaBa-

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MeHT rrpeACTaBJIHJI L(JIH HHX YCllJIHB-

TO o6CTOHTeJibCTBO, 'ITO <j.>paHIJ,Y3hi,

IIIHHCH Kapn

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rrocrrernHo rroKHHYTh liTaJIHIO. CaBoHapona 6bm CXBa<JeH B

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pa3rpoMy H orpa6neHHIO. Pa3biCKH-

lo1T3nbSIHCKI-1X BOi.1H

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Vlll,

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):(bl B lfTaJIHIO. IlOIIbiTKa JliO):(OBHKa

XII

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1529

roAy

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JiaCb B liTaJIHH Ha HcrraHcKyiO. Pa3-

)Ke HeyAa'IHhre IIOIIhiTKH ll3rHaTh fa6-

ropenach 6oph6a Me)K):(y JliO):(OBHKOM

c6yproB H3l1TaJIHH. VITaJibHHCKHe Boil-

XII

HhT 3aKOH'IHJIHCb B

H HcrraHCKHM KoponeM ep):(H-

HaHAOM AparoHCKHM, KOTopoMy K

1559 roey MHpOM B

KaTo-KaM6pe3H, no KOTopoMy 6onh-

1504 rony yAaJIOCb BbiTeCHHTb <j.>paH-

rnaH <JaCTh liTaJIHH 6bma BKJIIO<JeHa B

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HMIIepHIO fa6c6yproB.

XII cyMeJI Ha BpeMH OBJia):(eTh ( c 1499 r.) MHJiaHCKHM repuorcTBOM.

Hoil 6oph6hT Me)KAY HHOCTpaHHbiMH

B rOAhi, KOrAa l1TaJIHH 6hma ape-

Eoph6a Me)K):(y <l>paHI1HeilHl1crraHH-

3aXBaT<JHKaMH, B CTpaHe IIOJIY<JHJIH

eil, B KOTopyiO BMeiiiaJIHCb TaK)Ke

O<JeHh IIIHpOKOe pacrrpOCTpaHeHHe

AHrJIHH H lilBeiliiapHH, orrpeAeJIHJia

OIIII03HlJ,HOHHhie ll peBOJllOIIHOHHhie

cyAh6y 6e33aii1HTHoill1TaJIHH. Tlarra,

BhiCTYIIJieHHH HapOAHhTX Mace rrpOTHB

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pe)KHMa ll rrpOTHB BTOpriiiHXCH B lfTa-

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1512 roAy HcrraHIIhi rronHOCThiO

H3rHaJIH <j.>paHIJ,Y30B H3 lfTaJIHH, HO rrpH paHIIHCKe

Mll pa3opeHHe CTpaHbi. CpeAH HapOAHhiX Mace CeBepHoil

6oph6a B0306HOBH-

H QeHTPaJihHOHVITaJIHH 6hiJIH rrrnpo-

nacb. Terrepb <j.>paHIIY3hi rrpeTeHAOBa-

KO pacrrpocTpaHeHhi epeTH'IeCKHe

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1516

ro):(y Ha

(BaJib):(eHCTBO, aHa6arrTH3M) ll pe<j.>opMaiiHOHHbie y<JeHHH, ll):(eH KOTOpbiX

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1519 ro):(y, CTaBWHH H rep-

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BHTeJib AHHaCTHH fa6c6yproB Kapn BeHe1..11113HCKI/Ie BOeHHble KOCTIOMbl

Tbl IIhiTaJIH )KHTeneil. HecKOJihKO Thi-

IIOCJie):(yiOIIIHe <j.>paHIJ,y3CKHe KOpOJIH

( BCKOpe, B

118

V1CnAHCKOE KAPE V1 JlV1HEVJHbiVl KOPA5Jlb . 1500-1600 rr.

nM no6e..ay Ha..a Hapo,aHbtM ononLfeHMeM, opraHM30B8HHbiM BOCCT8B11JMMM. nocne,aoaanM )J(eCTOKMe penpeCCMM, MHOrMe yLfaCTHMKM BOCCTaHMf/ 6btflM Ka3HeHbt. Y anacTM a pecny6nMKe npoLfHO YTBep..aMncfl naTpMLJ,MaT.

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traBrrree Bcro JioM6ap;c(llro ), HeanoJIII-

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;c(epeBHII II ropo;c(a, xoporrro BII;c(eB-

11cnaHIIII,OKOH'IaTeJibH0 3 aKpenJieH-

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piiHTIIH liCTiaHCKOrO npaBIITeJibCTBa,

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B03BpameHa 6oJibrrraH tracTh IlbeMoH-

ro ;c(BIImeHIIH KpeCTbHH, IIMeHyeMoro

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aJIIICTOM-ymTIIICTOM, ToMMa3o KaM-

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27 JieT npo-

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122

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ranMM BO BCeM 6accei1He VfHJJ.MWCKOTO OKeaHa. 1557-1578 rr. LtAPCTBOBAHVIE CE6ACTbS1HA I. 1578 r. 6VITBA nPVI AJlbKACP-AJlb-KE6VIPE. Koponb Ce6acTb>IH I nM4HO eo3maeMn eoeHHbJW noxo.a e MapoKKO MnoTepnen coKpyWMTenbHoe nopa)l(eHMe. B cpa)l(eHMM norM6nM Tpoe MOHapxoe: caM Ce6acTbRH I, npaeMTenb c:t>eca M npeTeHJJ.eHT Ha TPOH c:t>eca( COI03HMK Ce6acTb>!Ha 1). 1578-1580 rr. fPA)f(AAHCKAS1 BOli'IHA 3A nPECTOJl. no6e.ay o.aep)l(afl MCnaHCKMW KOPOflb c:t>MnMnn If, 6naro.aapR no6e.ae ero BOeHa4aflbHMKa rep~ora Anb6bl HaJJ. .aoHoM AHTOHMO .ae KpaTO e 6MTBe npM AnbKaHTape (25 aerycTa 1580 r. ). AHTOHMO .ae f(paTO 6e)l(afl B AHmMJO, a ony.aa eo c:t>paH~MJO. 1580-1 598 rr. LtAPCTBOBAHVIE <PVIJlVInnA II. 1582 r. MOPCKOE CPA)I(EHVIE 6JlVI3 TEPCEli!Pbl (A30PCKVIE OCTPOBA) . VfcnaHe~ Anbeapo .ae GacaH, MapKM3 .ae CaHTa-Kpyc, o.aep)l(an no6e.ay H8/1. ¢paH~Y3CKMM ¢noTOM no.a KOMaHJJ.OBaHMeM c:t>MnMnno CTpo~~M, KOTOPbiW nbJTanc>~ 3axeaTMTb A3opcKMe ocTpoea .an>~ AHTOHMO .ae KpaTo. 1583 r. MOPCKOE CPA)I(EHVIE 6JlVI3 CAH-MVIfEJlS1 (VIJlVI BTOPOE nPVI TEPCEli!PE). AHTOHMO .ae KpaTo BTOPM4HO nonbJTancR 38XBaTMTb npM ¢paH~Y3CKOW no.a.aep)I(Ke A3opcKMe ocTpoea- oH ece ewe He Tep>~n Ha.ae)l(ll.bl eepHYTb ce6e nopTyranbCKMIIi npecTOn. c:t>paHKo-nopTyranbCKMIIi ¢nor, KOMaHJJ.OBan KOTOpb!M AlliMap .ae WacT, cHoea noTepnen nop8)1(eHMe oT MapKM3a .ae CaHTa-Kpyca. VfcnaHM>I on>~Tb yTBep.aMnacb e ponM ena.abNM~bl AmaHTMKM. 1589 r. AHfJ1VIli!CKAS1 VIHTEPBEHUVIS1. AHTOHMO .ae KpaTo cHoea nonbiTBnCR OTBOeBaTb nopryranMJO,' np!il BbJCaJJ.Ke eMy oKa3bJBanM co.aetliCTBMeaHmMIIicKMe MOpcKMe MGy.l(OnYTHble CMflbl, B03maBn>!eMbJe, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, C9pOM c!Jp9HCMCOMJl,petliKOM M c9poM )l)KoHOM HoppMcoM. Me)l(ll.y pyKoeo.awen>~MM .aecaHTa cywecTBo-

127

«C3HTa KaT3pHH3 AO MONTe CHH3H>>. noptyramm. Otrono 1520 r. B 1520 r. noptyranbCKH~ aoeHHbl~ lj>noT BKniO•mn B CBO~ COCT3B 3ty OrpOMHYIO 6oeBYIO K3P3KKY. KapaKKa HMen3ABe M3'fTbl C npSIMbiM napyCHbiM BOOpy:>KeHHeM: BbiCOKYIO rpoT-M3'fty B 14eHTPe H lj>oK-M3'fTY cnepeAH, no..rn y caMOro lj>opw-reaHsr. VIMeeTcsrTaiOKe H BTopasr M3'fTa cnaTHHCKHM napyCHbiM aoopy)l(eHHeM, HMeHOB3BW3SfCSI «6oH3BeHtyp3», p3BHO K3K H M3pCenb H3 lj>OKM3'fle. KopMOB3SI H3ACTPO~K3, 33HHM3BW3SI npoCTP3HCTBO OT rpOT·M3'fTbl AO tropMbl, HMeeT TPH ypOBHSI: KB3p1epAeK, nonyiOT H KOpMOBO~ MOCTHK. 63KOB3SI H3ACTPO~K3 3H3'fHTenbHO BbiABHHyY3 anepeA33 npeAenbl HOC080~ nany6bl H HMeeT ABe pacnono)l(eHHble APYr HaA APYroM apTHnnepH~c trne 6aTapeH. Vla-aa caoe~ 'fHCneHHOCTH H BbiCOKOrO pacnonO)I(eHHSI H3A nany6o~OPYAHSI KB3p1epAeKa H nony6aK3 He HMenH 6onbWHX KanH6poa. B CY1.14Hocrn, 310 6blnH KPYnHble MYWKeTbl H Mentrne nyw~rn, yCTaHoaneHHble H3 M3HWHpe. Tonbtro nocpeAH CYAH3 H3 nany6e H3XOAHnHCb nalj>eTHble OPYAHSI, CTPenSIBWHe SIAP3MH conHAHOro aeca. Ha CYAHe HaXOAHnocb 140opyAH~

BanM pa3HOmaCM>I,' BnpOTMBOBeCO)I(MJJ.aHM>IM B03Myll..leHHOe aHmMWCKMMM rpa6e)l(aMM MeCTHoe HaceneHMe He nOJJ.HWIOCb Ha no.a.aep)I(J\Y .ae f(paTO. AHTOHMO .ae f(paTo 6bm Haronoey pa36w M6e)l(an eo c!JpaH~M/0. AHmM4aHe OTnflblflM JJ.OMOW.

128

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CTpen hl.\hi BhiCTpOHJIHCh Ha no)J,MOCT-

rna)J,KOCTBOJihHOro py)f(hH, 6ep)J,hirna

CTpeJibl.\bl Ha3biBaJIHCb CYpeMHHHbiMH.

Kax B OAHY rnepeHry 11 Ha'ia.JIH o6cTpe-

(Tonop, HMeTOrrrHli cpopMy nonyMeCH-

JIMBaTh ne)J,HHOli Ba.JI nyJIHMH. CTpenh-

ua, HaCa)f(eHHhlll Ha )J,JIHHHYTO )J,epe-

6a 3aKOH'IHJiacb Torna, Korna MHrneHh

Bl!HHYTO PY'~KY) H ca6JIH . B noxone

6hiJia IlOJIHOCTbTO pa3pyrneHa .

6ep)lbiiil ITOMerrraJICl! 3a CITHHOH, B

no )laHHhiM aHrJTH'laHHHa <l>JieT'le-

XVI BeKa HaC'iHThiBaJIOCh )..1,0 12 ThiCl!'i CTpeJibl.\OB, 113 HMX: 2 TbiCH'iH CTpeMHHHhiX, 5 ThiCl!'l MOCKOBCKHX TieiilHX H 5 ThiCH'l ropO)lOBhiX

pa, B KOHUe

CTpeJibl.\OB, T. e. paCTIOJTO)f(eHHbiX B

6010 OH HCTIOJib30BaJTCl! He TOJThKO KaK 6oeBOe opy)f(He, HO ll KaK nO)J,COillKa. KoHHhre cTpenhl.\hi TaK)f(e HMeJIH Ha BOOpy)f(eHHll nHrrraJIH, KOTOpbie BO BpeMH IlOXO)lOB TIO)lBH3hiBaJIIICh K cennaM.

npyrHX roponax. <J>paHUy3 Map)f(epeT

B HeKOTOphTX IICTO'!HIIKax yTBep-

10 ThiCH'laX MOCKOBCKHX

)f()J,aeTCH, 'ITO CTpeJThU:bl B CBOeM CO-

C006rrraeT 0

cTpeJihl.\OB. B nocnenHeif 'leTBepTH

CTaBe IIMeJIII OC06hie COTHH KOTieH-

XVI

ceBepo-3ana)J,HhiX ropo)J,OB o6bi'iHO

Il!liKOB1. HII OJliiH noKyMeHT He nonTBep)f()J,aeT 3TOrO npe)J,IlOJJO)f(eHHl!2.

COCTOl!JJH H3 CTpeJibl.\OB, nyuiKapeli,

Ecn11 B 3ana)J,HOii EBpone apKe6y3H-

BeKa rapHH30HhT norpaHH'!HhiX

BOpOTHI1KOB,nJIOTHl1KOB,KY3HeUOB,a

pbl 11 MywKeTepbr 6e3 nOAAep)f(KH

HHorna H Ka3aKoB. BoT naHHhTe 3a

niiKHHepoB 6hiJIII 6ecnoMOil!HhT npo-

1585- 1588 rO)J,hl ITO HeKOTOpbiM rap-

TIIB KOHHHl.\hl TipOTHBHHKa, TO CTpe.Jlb-

HH30HaM1 (CM. Ta6JIHUy).

1..\hi HMeJII.Y TO npeiiMyrrreCTBO, 'ITO

1 B neTOnHCHx 111\pyr Hx 1\0KyMeHTax ynoMHHaiOTCH 22 ropOI\3, HMeBWHe rapH1130Hbi: BeHeB, BeJlbl.l, BopoHa'l, ri\OB, )J,eAHJlOB, En11(jl3Hb, 11saHropOI\, 1136opcK, KonOMHa, Ka33Hb, KpaCHbtii, MolKaiicK, MypoM, HosropoA, H eBeJlb, 0CTPOB, OnO'IKa, npoHCK, nepeHCJ13BJlb, CsHHlKCK, Ce6elK, Tyna.

1 C EocOH6JleHcKuu. BoopylKeHHe pyccKHx BOHCK BXVI- XVII BB. II 11CTOpH'IeCKHe 3anHcKI1 AKaAeMHH HayK CCCP. I938. N24. C 276. 2 C MapzoJZuH. BoopylKeHHe CTPeJleLlKOro soi1cKall BoeHHO-HCTopw'leCKHii c6opHHK. Tpyl\bl rocyAapCTBeHHOro 11CTOpH'IeCKOro My3eH. 1948. Bbm. XX. C. 85- 101.

BOCTOLJHAs:l EBPOnA

137

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XVI seKe cTpe.llbUOB

liBI1JTOCb, no cyrueCTBY , 3apmK,D,eHHeM pyccKoro peryJTHpHoro BoilcKa. CTpeJTeuKaH ITexoTa MMeJTa 3JTeMeHThi peryJTHpHOCTli: OHa COXpaHHJTaCb ,[(Jill CJTy)f{6bi B MlipHOe BpeMH, ITOJTy •-taJTa co,a:ep)f{aHMe OT rocy,a:apcTBa (ITpaB,a:a, HeiTOJTHOe ), MMeJTa O):(H006pa3HOe BOopy)f(eHMe, O):(HHaKOBYTO Q>opMY O):(e)f()J,hi, oiTpep,eJTeHHYIO opraHH3aU11IO, ITpoxo,a:uJTa o6y'leH11e. Ho He 6biJTO eme COBMeCTHOrO (Ka3apMeHHOro 11Jll1 ITO KBapTMpaM) pa3Melll,eHMH BOeHHOCJTy)f(aurMX. CTpeJThUhi )f(MJTM c ceMhHMM B CBOMX ):(OMaX. He 6hiJTO IIOJTHOrO co,a:ep)f{aHlili OT rocyp,apCTBa, H no3TOMY CTpeJTbUhl OTBJTeKaJTHCh OT BOeH-

MOCKOBCKI/Ie BOIIIHbl.

XVI

HOH CJTy)f{6b! CBOHM X03HHCTBOM, peMeCJTOM MJTH ToproBJTeil. He MMeJTOCh perJTaMeHTaU1111 ITpaB, TO'lHhiX o6ll3aHHOCTei1 H p,eHTeJTbHOCTH BOHHOB B MHpHOe BpeMH M Ha BOHHe, T. e. OTCYTCTBOBaJTH ycTaBhT. Bee 3TO ITOHBHJTOCh IT03JJ:Hee. 3Ha'lHTeJThHYIO BOeHHYIO CliJTY COCTaBJTHJTli ropO,D,OBble Ka3aK11. 3TOT BH)J, BOHCKa IIOJTy'laeT HaH60JTblllee pa3BMTHe ITPM 11naHe

IV.

B JTeTOITM-

CHX ITepBOe M3BeCTMe 0 HeM OTHOCMTCll K ITOJTOBHHe

XV neKa.

113 ropo,a:o-

Bhrx Ka3aKOB COCTaBJTHJTHCh rapH1130Hhi rJTaBHhiM o6pa30M norpaHli'lHhiX ropo,a:oB, r,a:e OHH HeCJTli norpaHli'lHYTO cny)f(6y. fopo,a:onhre Ka3aKH pa3,a:eJTHJTHCh Ha KOHHhiX M ITelllMX; ITellMe, KOTOphie COCTaBJTHJTM Ba)f<HYTO 'laCTh pyccKoro ITexoTHoro soiicKa, 6hiJTM noopy)f(eHhr ITMuraJTHMM, xopomo o6y'leHhi, M MX ITOJTO)f(eHHe, ITO cyureCTBY, He OTJTli'laJTOCh OT IIOJIO)f{eHlill CTpeJibUOB. fopOJJ:OBbie Ka3aKH COCTaBJlliJTli, KaK 11 CTpeJibllhl, IIOCTOHHHOe BOHCKO H B CJTy'lae ITOXO):(a BKJTTO'laJTMCh B COCTaB ITOJTeBOH apMMM. MHOrHe 113 HMX 3a CBOTO CJTy)f(6y ITOJiy'laJlli IIOMeCThll, CTaHOBHCh TaKHM o6pa30M IIOMeCTHhiMH Ka3aKaMH. fopO,D,OBhiX Ka3aKOB HeJlb3ll CMeillMBaTb C Ka3aKaMH, )f(T!BillMMM B ITOrpaHM'lHh!X CTeiTHX. EoJThiDYIO ITO 'lMCJTeHHOCTH Macey B pyCCKOM BOHCKe COCTaBJIHJlli p,aTO'lHbie JllO)J,li, Ha6upaeMble BO Bpe-

AoHcKoiii Ka3aK.

XVI-XVII

BB.

V1CnAHCKOE KAPE V1 nVlHEVlHbllll KOPA6nb. 1500-1600 rr.

138

Mfl BOHHbl 113 CeJlbCKOrO 11 ropO!l,CKO-

Jl!Oil,l1, )J{I1Bllii1e B CTeiiHX, Ha rpaHI1-

ro T51TJioro M HeTarnoro HaceJieHMH.

u:ax rocy11,apcTBa. B

Ha6op npoM3BOil,MJICH B 3aBMCMMoc-

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XVI

BeKe 'lMC-

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Ha soopy)f(eHMM KperrocTeH M B

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40 neT. B 1545 roll,y no rocyll,ape-

pyccl111 IIOJ10)J{I1Jll1 Hal.JaJIO «HI130BO-

11MeJli1Cb KBaJI11<l>MI.I.MpOBaHHb!e Kall,-

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pb!. 3To 6b!Jll1 rrpe)J{Il,e scero rryrnKa-

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KOHHbiMI1 H neiiiHMH B B03paCTe OT il,O

ll,aMI1 HanpaBHJl B BOHCKO

1973

KOH-

opyil,MH, il,JlH np0113-

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Ka3aKM MMeJTM csoe ynpaBJTeHMe

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M CBOMX aTaMaHOB. )i{M3Hb B CTenHX,

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2 TbTClfllH 'leJTOBeK nH~aJTbHHKOB ( OT

no COCe):ICTBY C MHOrO'lMCJTeHHbTMH

peMeCJTaMM. B COCTaB HapHJJ:a BXO):IM-

llOCall,OB, pH!l,OB, norOCTOB ), 113 KOTO-

IIpOTI1BHI1KaMI1, BbiHY)J{Il,aJia Ka3a-

Jll1 BOpOTHI1KI1, oxpaHHBllii1e KpeiiOC-

pb!X Oll,Ha Tb!CHl.Ja 6b!Jla rrerneii, il,py-

KOB HaXO!l,I1TbCH B IIOCTOHHHOH 6o-

THb!e BOpOTa C ycTaHOBJleHHb!MI1 Ha

raH -

eBOH roTOBHOCTI1. Ka3a t.JeCTBO, )J{I1B-

6arnHe rryrnKaMI1, a TaK)J{e KY3HeiJ.bi 11

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CJTy)f(6y M3 TeX )f(e CJTOeB HaCeJTeHMH,

il,OCTHraJTa 20 TbTClfll 'leJTOBeK, a MHOr-

MY MOCKOBCKOe npaBMTeJlbCTBO BCH-

M3 KOTOpbiX KOMTTJTeKTOBaJTMCb M CT peJlbU.bl.

ll,a H 6onbrue. Boopy)J{eHI1e 11x ycTa-

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XVI

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CKoro soiicKa 6biJI HapH!l,. B

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no C006Il(eHHTO JieTlfepa, ryJIHH-

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JlaCb 3a crriiHY Ha peMHe ), caMorran

HHIOTCH. Bo BTopoli nonoBnne

(py~HIIIIa) II IIIICTOJlii.

BeKa rny60KIIe IIOCTpOeHHH Ha~IIHa

3aBeCHaH IIIIIIIaJlb COCTOHJla 113

XVI

IOT BhiTHriiBaTbCH ITO cppOHTY 3a C~eT

il:JlHHHOro )l(eJie3Horo cTBona, cKpen-

COKpaiiieHIIH rny6IIHhl, 'ITO II03BOJ1H-

neHHoro c AepeBHHHhiM npHMbiM rrp11-

Jl0 Hai160Jiee 3cpcpeKTIIBHO 11CIIOJlh30-

HhiX BOHHaX II 60HX Bbipa60TaJIO Bhi-

KJiaAOM. IIopox IIO)l;)I(JlraJICH ~epe3 3a-

BaTb BOHCKa, BOopy)l(eHHbie OrHe-

COKIIe 60eBhie Ka'leCTBa. lfHOCTpaH-

rran rOpHIIJHM cpHTIIJleM; BIIOCJie)l;CTBHII

CTpeJihHhiM opy)I(IIeM.

Hhie Ha6JIIO)l;aTeJIII rropa)l(aJIHCh CTOH-

IIOHBIIJICH KOJleCHO-<l>HTIIJlhHhiH 3aMOK.

KOCTII II BhiHOCJIIIBOCTII pyCCKIIX

qepe3 neBoe IIJieqo Ha)l;eBanach 6epeH-

BOIIHOB. lfHOCTpaHell qeHCJiep, rrpii-

AeliKa, IIJlH peMeHh c 3apHAIIaMH, Ha

MHOro'IHcJieHHoli apTIIJIJiep11eli. BBe-

KOTOpOMIIpHBeiDHBaJIHCh cpHTIIJlhHaH

AeHIIe Ha Pycii BrrepBhie B MIIpe rron-

II rryne'IHaH CYMKII II por c rropoxoM.

KOBOH apTIIJIJiepiiii 3Ha'IIITeJlhHO IIO-

PyccKoe BolicKo B MHoroqJlcJieH-

6hiBilliiH B MocKBY B

1553

roAy II

HaXO)l;IIBIDIIHCH TaM HeCKOJihKO MeCH-

TaKHM o6pa3oM , B

XVI BeKe Pych

pacrronarana caMoli MOIIJHOH II caMoil

IIeB, IIIICaJI: «He 3HaiO HII O)l;HOH CTpa-

Py~HaH IIIIIIIaJlh 6biJia Bee eiiie

Bh!CI1Jl0 )l;eHCTBeHHOCTh apT11JlJiepiiii

Hhl OKOJIO HaC, KOTOpaH CJiaBIIJiaCb 6bi

TH)I(eJlbiM opy)I(IIeM II CTpeJIHTh II3

B noneBoM 6oro. IIIIIpoKoe pa3BIITIIe

TaKHMII JliO)l;hMH ... »

Hee MO)I(HO 6biJ10 Jliiillh C IIO)l;CTaBKII,

omecTpeJihHoro opy)I(IIH npiiBeno B

ITo orrpe)l;eJieHIIIO CTecpaHa EaTo-

KOTOpOH CJIY)I(IIJl 6ep)l;blll , BThiKaB-

KOHIIe

piiH, pyccKIIe «B 3aiiii1Te ropOil:OB He

IIIIIHCH OCTpbiM KOHIIOM B 3eMJ110.

BeKa K nepeXOil:Y K HOBOH, JlHHeHHOH

il:YMaiOT 0 )1(113HII, XJla)l;HOKpOBHO CTa-

.lJ:IICTaHIIIIH )l;eHCTBIITeJlbHOrO OrHH

TaKTIIKe.

HOBHTCH Ha MeCTO y6IIThiX IIJlH B30p-

HeMHOriiM rrpeBhiiDaJla

50- 60

To'IHhiH rrpiiiieJihHhiH BhiCTpen 6hiJI

rpa)l()l;aiOT rrpOJIOM rpyil:hiO , )];HeM II

HeB03MO)I(eH, 3Ha'leHIIe HMeJI Jliiillh

HO~hiO cpa)l(aHCh, e):\HT 0):\IIH XJle6,

3aJIIIOBhiH OrOHh. B

XVI

BeKa II B Haqane

XVII

BaHHhiX )l;eHCTBIIeM IIO)l;KOIIa II 3a-

yMHpaiOT OT rOJlO)l;a, HO He C)l;aiOTCH».

XVI

ApTI1nnepl1R B

BeKe coBeprnaeTcH rrepe-

XVI BeKe pyccKIIe II nnoCTpaH-

Hhie MacTepa B MocKBe )l;06IIJIIICh

XVI

XOA oT cpiiTIIJlhHhiX py)l(eli K py)l(hHM

3Ha'IIITeJlbHhiX ycrreXOB B II3rOTOBJle-

BeKa EaJihTa3ap PyccoB Ha3hiBaJI pyc-

c KpeMHeBhiM 3aMKOM. BBOAHTCH II

HIIII OrHeCTpeJihHOrO opy)I(IIH. TieTO-

ABTop HeMeiiKOH xpoHIIKH

CKIIX «CHJihHhiMH BOeHHhiMH JliO)l;hMH».

rrepBhie py)l(eHHhie riiJih3hL IIonyqa-

IIIICII Ha3hrBaiOT pHil: IIMeH pyccKIIx

OHM, IIIICaJI OH, «HeYTOMIIMhl BO BCH-

IOT pacrrpocTPaHeHHe Kapa6IIHhi (yKo-

rrymKapeil, B TOM 'IIICJie AHApeH qo-

KOH orraCHOCTII II TH)I(eJlOH pa6oTe

po~eHHhie py)l(hH) II IIIICTOJieThi (rrii-

xoBa, CeMeHa .IJ:y6IIHIIHa, EynraKa

)];HeM II HO'IhiO ... )l;ep)l(aTCH B KpeTIOCTII

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C cepeAIIHhi

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XVI

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)l(eHIIII py)l(hH . B

1545

CTBOJlhi opyAIIH OTJIIIBaJIIICh c 11ancpaMH 1, )l;eJihcpiiHaMH 2, BIIHrpaAoM3 II TOpeJihi04 II3 Me)l;II IIJlH 6pOH3hl, IIJlH KOBaJIIICh II3 )l(eJie3a. OpyAIIH 3apH-

roAy OAIIH

)I(aJlHCh C AyJia , HO HMeJliiCh illilllaJIII,

TOJihKO HoBropOA IIOCJlaJl B BOHCKO

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2 ThiCH~II IIIIIIIaJihHHKOB.

ycoBepmeHCTBOBaHo py'IHOe orHe-

C yCOBepmeHCTBOBaHIIeM OrHe-

CTpeJihHOe opy)I(He , K KOTOPOMY OT-

CTpeJihHOrO opy)I(IIH 6oeBoli nopMOK

CTII.

rrymeK 6biJl BIIHTOBaJlbHhiH

IIOpmeHh , BCTpeqaJICH II KJliiHOBOM 3aTBOp. B cepe)l;nne

XVI BeKa rroHBII-

JliiCh Ha opyAIIHX rrpope3h II MYIDKa. B KOHIIe

XVI

BeKa B MocKBe 6hma

II3rOTOBJieHa Hape3HaH mmraJih.

1 IJ,an<!Jb! -

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<!JopMbl Ha cpe)IHeif '!aCTI1 CTBOJ!a. 2 )J,en b<IJHHb! -

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c Te p-

lKeHb, KOTOpblM OKaH'llillaJlaCb Ka3eHI1aH 'laCTb CT BOJ!a; HMeJI TO lKe Ha3Ha'leHHe, 'ITO 11 )leJlb<IJHHbl. 3 Topeilb- 3a)IHHH noBe pXHOCT b , CJ!YlKJID-

Wall /IHOM CT BOJ!a opy/IHH, CKOBaHHOr O 113 npo)IOJlbHb!X lKeJle3Hb!X nOJIOC. flp11 OTJIJIDKe opy1111H 113 6pOH3 bl TOpeilb CTaJla yKpawetmeM.

Y Ka3H03apHIIHb!X

opyn Hif ropen 11 He 6 b!JIO.

BOCTOLJHA~ B XVI BeKe II3romBJUI.JIIICb racpyHIIUbi WUI CTpeJTh6bi «):lp060M» (KapTe'lbiO) II HaBeCHOH CTpeJib6bi 5.l}];paMII. B 1543 rony pyccKIIH MaCTep HrnaTIIH II3roTOBIIJI racpYHIIUY, KOTDpaH IIMeJia: KaJIII6p- 131 MM, ):!JIIIHY- 98 eM, Bee- 110 Kr. KaMopa 3TDrO opy):!IIH 6biJia ):!JIIIHOH 22 CM II ):lllaMeTpOM 64 MM. illllll;aJIII- 6ecKaMOpHbie opy):ll!H HaCTIIJibHOH CTPeJTh6bi, pa3JimamrmeCH ITO KaJIII6paM, Becy II Ha3HatieHIIIO (noJiriie, rronympHbie, copoKOBbie, 3aTIIHHbie II np.). Hx CTaJill Ha3biBaTb IIylliKaMII BOTJili'llle OT pY<J:HbiX Illilll;aJieil. B 1563 roey MaCTep Eor):laH II3romBIIJI IIlllll;aJTh c uarrcpaMII, KoropaH IIMeJia: KaJIII6p - 91 MM, ):lJIIIHy2M, Bee- 800 Kr. 3):leCb Mbi Bll):lliM crpeMJieHIIe MacTepa YBeJili'lliTb ):ll!CTaHIIIIIO CTPeJib6bi IIyTeM y):lJIIIHeHIIH crnona opy):ll!H. Bo Bmpoil rroJIOBIIHe XVI BeKa B OIIIICII 3Ha'IIITCH IIIIIIIaJib EornaHa «B CTaHKY Ha KOJiecax>>, T. e. oTMe<J:aeTCH II):leH n acpeTa. IIIIIIIaJib XVI BeKa «Tpii aciiiina» IIMeJia CTBOJI ):10 100 KaJIII6poB II HBJIHJiaCb Ka3H03ap5.l}];HbiM Opy):llleM; B C'IEOJie Ka3eHHOH <J:aCTII HaxO):lliJIOCb rHe3nO Wffi KJIIIHOBOro 3aTBopa. illllll;aJTh «fpaHOBIITaH» rrpe):lCTaBJIHJia co6oil MHororpaHHIIK II 3aiiiipanacb c Ka3Hbi BBliH'lliBaiOIIIIIMCH BIIHrpa):loM; BHell IIMeJIIICb rrponoJibHbie Hape3bi Ha rny6IIHe 45-50 CM OT Ka3eHHOH tiaCTII. PyccKIIH MacTep AH):lpeil qoxoB C 1568 ITO 1632 ron II3rOTDBIIJI 60JibIIIOe KOJIII'leCTBO opy):ll!H KaJIII6poM OT 92 no 470 MM, ):!JIIIHOH no 6 M, BeCOM OT 1,2 no 7,2 T. B 158515 86 rr. OH OTJIIIJI «IJ:a pb-IIYIIIKY», KOTopaH HaxoniiTCH B KpeMJie . Ee KaJIII6p 89 CM, nJIIIHa CTBOJia 6onee 5 M, Bee 40 T. B XVI BeKe co3naBaJIIICb MHoroCTBOJibHbie opy):!IIH - «COpOKII», «OpraHbi», HBJIHBIIIIIeCH IIpOTDTliiiOM opyniiil 3aJIIIOBoro orHH. «OpraH» IIMeJI <J:eTbipe-IIHTb pMOB CTBOJIOB Ha BpaiiiaiOIIIeMCH 6apa6aHe II naBaJI IlOCJienoBaTeJibHO tieTbipe-IIHTb 3aJIIIOB. CoxpaHIIJiacb «CopoKa EpMaKa», rrpiiMeHHBIIIaHcH B CII6IIpcKoM rroxone EpMaKOM TIIMocpeeBII<IeM. 0Ha IIMeeT CeMb CTBOJIOB KaJIII6poM 18 MM, rrepeB03IIJIII ee Ha ):!ByxKOJiecHOH TeJie)!{Ke.

EBPOnA

ll3o6peTeHIIe KOJieCHbiX JiacpeTOB IIMeJIO Ba:ll<HOe 3HatieHIIe, TaK KaK rryiiiKII CTaJIII rronBII)I(HbiMII II IIOHBIIJiaCb B03MO)I(HOCTb IIpiiMeHHTb IIX B rroneBoM 6oiO. B 1547 roey Ha MocKOBCKOM rryrnetiHOM ):lBOpe 6biJIII OTJlliTbi 16-IIy)::!OBbie «BaJIKOHeHKII» (COKOJIKII ), KOTOpbie OTHOCHTCH K pa3pHny IIOJIKOBbiX opyniiH, IIpiirO):!HbiX MH rroJieBoro 6oH. ll3rOTaBJiliBaJIIICb TaKlKe cpaJibKOHeTbi - JierKIIe opyJJJIH MaJibiX KaJIII6poB nJIH CTpem,6bi MPaMII. anbKOHeTbi IIpiiMeHHJIIICb B IIOJieBOM 6oiO. YJIY<J:IIIaJiocb Ka<J:ecTBo rropoxarropoxoBaH MHKOTh 6biJia 3aMeHeHa 3epHIICTbiM IIOpOXOM, IIOBbiCliBIIIIIM 6aJIJIIICTIItiecKIIe CBOHCTBa opy):lllil. B 1531 roey yrroMIIHaeTCH rropoxoBoil ):!Bop B MocKBe. ApTIIJIJiepiiHCKIIe cHapflAbi 6biJIII HeCKOJibKIIX BIInoB: CIIJIOIIIHbie (KaMeHHbie II meJie3Hbie ), pa3pbiBHbie (KYBIIIIIHbi C3eJibeM), 3alKIIraTeJibHbie (KaMeHHbie Hnpa, o6nerrneHHbie ropiO'IIIM cocTaBOM), cBeTHIIIIIe. B XVI BeKe HatiaJIII II3rOTDBJIHTb 'I)'ryHHbie Mpa. C 1555 rona cTaJIII rrpiiMeHHTh Kpymano ):!JIH KaJIII6poBKII Hnep . llHor):la cTpeJIHJIII MPaMII, o6JIIITbiMII CBIIHIIOM, 'ITO IIOBbiiiiaJIO 6aJIJIIICTII'leCKIIe CBOHCTBa opy):ll!H. IIpii opyniiHX Bcerna IIMeJIIICb 6aHHIIKII, IlbilKeBHIIKII, rrpo60HHIIKII, KpymKII, COBKII, «pa3MepHbiH rrpyT>> (IIIKaJia), Kpymano, rrpiiiieJThHbie rrpiicrroco6JieHIIH TIIrra rrpocTeilrnero KBaApaHTa C OTBeCOM, IlaJibHIIK, a TaKme KJIIIH, CJIYlKIIBIIIIIH rronbeMHbiM MeXaHII3MOM. ITo cBoeMy TaKTIIIIecKoMy Ha3HatieHIIIO apTIIJIJiepiiH XVI BeKa neJIIInacb Ha «6om,rnoil HapM» (KperrocTHaH II oca)]JlaH a pTIIJinepiiH) II «IIOJIKOBOH HapHn», B COCTaB KOTOporo BXO):ll!Jia IIOJieBaH II co6cTBeHHO IIOJIKOBaH apTIIJIJiepiiH. Opy):ll!H oca):!Hoil apTIIJIJiepiiii IIMeJIII KpyrrHbie KaJIII6pbi (no 25 eM). IIoJIKOBYIO apTIIJIJiepiiiO COCTaBJIHJIII JierKIIe IlO):lBIIlKHbie 6 - 8-cpYHTOBbie (KaJIII6p 9 - 10 CM) opy):ll!H. K KOHIIY XVI BeKa Ha PM HaCIIIITbiBaJI ):10 3 - 3,5 TbiCH'lll opy):ll!H. KpyrrHoKaJIII6epHbie opy):ll!H CTPeJUIJIII ):10 3 KM, IIpaKTII'leCKaH me ):laJibHOCTb IIX CTpeJib6bi COCTaBJIHJia

143 600 - 800 M, rryrnKII Manoro KaJIII6pa CTpeJIHJIII no 600 M, M01K1KIIpbi (MOpTllpbi)- no 500 M, TIOcpHKIIno 150-200 M. CKopocTpeJibHOCTh apTHJIJiepiiii 6biJia BeCbMa HII3Koil: B XVI BeKe II3 KpyrrHbiX Opy):!IIH MOlKHO 6biJIO cneJiaTb BCero OT 2 no 8 BbiCTpeJIOB B neHb. IIpii llBaHe fpo3HOM, rrpiinaBaBrneM 6oJibiiioe 3HatieHIIe rryrne<IHOMY neny, apTIIJinepiiHCKIIH rrapK 6biJI 3Ha'IIITeJibHO YBeJIIIIIeH. PocciiH IIMena yme rrpiiMepHo 2 TbiCH<III pa3HbiX opy):lllil: rryrneK, Illllll;aJieH, TIOcpHKOB, BeniiiiiX CTpeJib6y IIpiiiieJibHyiO, HaBeCHYIQ II CTpeJib6y «):lp060M» (KapTe'lbiO ). KoJIIIIIecTBo apTHJIJiepiiii, yiiaCTBoBaBrneil B rroxonax, IICIIIICJIHJIOCb B 200 II 6onee opy):lllil. neT<Iep, aHrJIIIHCKIIH rrocoJI BMocKBe, B 1588 rony B CBOeM OT'leTe 0 IlOCOJibCTBe IIIICaJI: « .. .HII O):ll!H II3 XpiiCTHaHCKliX rOCy):lapeil He IIMeeT TaKOro xopornero 3arraca BOeHHbiX cHapMOB, KaK pyccKIIH uapb, <J:eMy OT'laCTH MOmeT CJIYlKliTh rroATBepmneHIIeM OpymeilHaH rranaTa B MocKBe, rne CTOHT B orpOMHOM KOJIII<J:eCTBe BCHKoro pona rryrnKII, JIIITble II3 Menii II BecbMa KpaCIIBbie» . PyccKaH a pTIIJIJie piiH ycrrernHo rrpiiMeHHJiacb B BoilHax XVI BeKa. TaK, B 1513 roey KHH3b BaciiJIIIH llBaHOBII'l rrpenrrpiiHHJI rrepBbiH IIOXO):l Ha CMoJieHcK. B 3TOM rroxo):le BMecTe c rrexomil Y<J:aCTBoBaJia II apTHJIJiepiiH. IIepBaH rrorrbiTKa 3aXBaTHTh ropo):l OKOH'lliJiaCb Hey):la<J:eH. B ceHTH6pe 1513 rona ropon BTopmHo 6biJI ocamneH BoilcKaMH BaciiJIIIH llBaHoBma. M Ha 3TOT pa3 BoilcKa BaciiJIIIH llBaHOBII<Ia BbiHymneHbi 6biJIII oTcTyrriiTh. KaK yTBepmnaeT IICTopiiK KapaM3IIH, apTIIJIJiepiiH ):leilcTBOBaJia He oco6eHHO IICKYCHO, II 31D 6biJIO O):!HOH II3 IIpll'IIIH Hey):la'III oca):lbi CMoJieHcKa. CoBceM IIHa<J:e ):leilcTBoBaJia pycCKaH apTHJIJiepiiH rron CTeHaMII CMoJieHcKa B 1514 rony, Korna BaciiJIIIH llBaHOBII'l rrpenrrpiiHHJI TpeTIIH IIOxon Ha CMoJieHcK. B BoilcKax BaCIIJIIIH llBaHOBII'la 6biJia MHOrO'IIICJieHHaH apTHJIJiepiiH, KOTOpOH yrrpaBJIHJI rryrnKapb CTecpaH. 06nomiiB ropon co Bcex cTopoH, BaciiJIIIH

146

V1CnAHCKOE KAPE V1 JlV1HEli1Hblll1 KOPA6Jlb. 1500-1600 rr.

Pyccme BOI1Hbl. KoHe!4 XVI a.

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no BOeHHOH pecpopMe IIOJIO)I(HJIO II3UaHHe B 1550 rouy yKa3a o6 orpaHH4eHHI1 MeCTHH'IeCTBa, B COOTBeTfocyJ(apCTBeHHaH J(eHTeJTbHOCTb

CTBIIH C KOTOpbiM IIpii Ha3Ha'leHHI1 H a

IV (fpo 3Horo) (15471584 IT.), nepBoro pyccKoro uapa,

KOMaHUHbie UOJI)I(HOCTII CTaJlii y'III-

l1BaHa

Chrna BacHJlHH

Ill,

TbiBaThCH BOeHHbie 3acny rii, a He

<tenoBeKa c CHJlb-

TOJlbKO 3HaTHOCTb pOLI,a. 3TIIM )l(e

HOH BOJieH II xapaKTepOM, npOTeKa-

YKa30M BnepBbie onpeJJ:eJTHJTCH II no-

Jla B 11CKJII0'111TeJlbHO CJlO)I(HOH BHYT-

paLI,OK CJly)l(e6HOM IIOL1,4HHeHHOCTI1

peHHeil II BHeiiTHeil o6cTaHOBKe. EMy

B apMIIH. floMeCTHaH CIICTeMa KOMTT-

IIpiiXOLI,HJIOCb BeCTII HaiipH)I(eHHyiO

JieKTOBaHIIH

6opb6y C 6oapCTBOM, BbiCTynaBIIIIIM

npOTIIB CIIJlbHOH rocy)J.a pCTBeHHOH

« YJlO)I(eHHeM 0 CJTy)l(6e» .

1555- 1556

6biJia

OQJOpMJieHa

roLI,ax cneuiianbHbiM

BJlaCTII H THffYBIIIIIM Pych K cTaphiM

« YJTo)!{eHHe» co3LI,aBano 3aHHTe-

nOp51LI,KaM, H C MHOrO<ti1CJTeHHbiMI1

pecoBaHHOCTb LI,BOpHHCTBa B CJiy)l(6e

BHeiiiHHMII BparaMII, TIOCTOHHHO Ha-

uapiO, ynyqruaJIO KOMTTJTeKTOBaHIIe

naLI,aBillHMH Ha Pycb II yrpo)l(aBlliH-

IIOMeCTHOrO BOHCKa, yKpenJIHJIO ero

MH ee CaMOCTOHTeJibHOCTII.

J(IICUIIIIJlHHY, o6ecrrelJIIBano poeT ero

BociiHTaHHe nonyl{HJI npii JJ.BOpe B roLI,bT 6oapcKoro npaBJleHHH (

153 8-

llHCJTeHHOCTII )J.O

80-100

TblC51ll <te-

JlOBeK. B OTJTH'IHe OT HaeMHOH CHC-

l!tBaH rpo3HbiH. PIIICYHOK, xpaHSIIJ.IIIIHCSI B P111Me

156

V1CnAHCKOE KAPE V1 nVlHEVlHbllll KOPA6nb. 1500-1600 rr.

OPeAnonaraeMoe HanpasneHI1e 6b1BWI1x cTeH

JieycTpeMJieHHOCThJO 11 l1MeJia npo-

KPeMnH

CD+

C::::J 1\c:.MeHHble ~.tePKBli ~

na iHHbl

~~~ ~;~~l~~~~r~~~~~~~1 ('JU"POeHbl

rpeccnBHbiH xapaKTep, TaK KaK B pe3YJ1bTaTe ee 3aBepmnncH npou,ecc u,eHTpann3au,nn PyccKoro rocyAap-

i514 · 1519 rr.)

CTBa l1 YTBepA11JIOCb ero Me)I{AyHapOAHoe TIOJlO)f(eHHe. 0):1HaKO AJlH ,[10CTI1)f(eH11H BHyTpnnoJTHTH'lecKnx u:eneff I1BaH

npl1MeHa:JT HeonpaB]:IaHHO

)l{eCTOKl1e MeTO)J,bi 6opb6bl. I1BaH

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ro-

o6 11BaHe fp03HOM, -

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MocKOBCKIIIi'i KpeMJlb. XII-XVI aa.

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rpOMOM npOTl1BHHKOB, 3a6narOBpe-

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M . 11.

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a:Bl1Bllli1MCH, no cyUJ,eCTBY, nepBb!M BO-

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HHCKl1M ycTaBOM B Poccl1l1.

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( C03)J,aHl1e Cl1CTeMbl 3aceqHb!X qepT

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YCHJlHH npOTHB JlHBOHCKOrO Op):(eHa.

HO pyKoBOAl1JT BolicKaMl1 B Ka3aHCKl1X

I1BaH

1545-1552 rO)J,OB, B TIOXO)J,e Ha IlOJTOlJ,K (1563 r . ), B Jll1BOHCKl1X llOXO)J,aX 1572 H 1577 rOAOB. B CTpaTernn 11BaH IV pyKOBOA-

B CB0l1X llOllb!TKaX npOTl1B Jll1B0Hl1l1;

CTBOBaJTcH TIOCJle):(OBaTeJlbHbTM pa3-

noff. 3Toff u,enn 11BaH

llOXO)J,aX

(fpo3Hhri1) 6brJT HacToliql1B

l1X C03HaTeJTbHOM u,eJTb!O 6bJJTO )J,aTb Poccnn BbTXOA K EanmffcKOMY Mopro, OTKpbrTb nyTn coo6ru:eHnH c EBpo-

He AOCTHr.

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npOTl1B 6JTOKa eBpO-

neMCKHX rocyAapcTB 11 KpbiMCKoro

1501-1503 rr. BOIIIHACJU1TBOIII. MocKOBI!Ifl OTaoeaana 'laCTb seMenb 5enopyccl!ll!l 111 Manopoc CI!II!I.

1502 r. KOHEL\ 30J10TOIII OPAbl. MocKOBCKI!Ii71 KHfl3b a co10se C Kpb!MCKI!IMI!I TaTapaMI!I pasrpOMI!Ifl AxMe,D,-xaHa, nocne,D,Hero npaBI!ITen>~ 3onoTOi71 Op,D,bl; AxMe,D,-xaH nom6.

1505-1533 rr. l..\APCTBOBAHl-1E BACl-1Jll-1SI Ill (CbiHA l-1BAHA Ill l-1 30l-1-CO<J>bl-1 nAJlEOJlOr). OH He TOnbKO o6he,D,I!IHI!In no,D, caoei71 anacTb/0 o6wlllpHble seMnl!l, saaoeaaHHble OTU.OM, HO 111 noKopl!ln ,D,Ba OCTaBaBWI!IXCfl He38BI!ICI!1Mb/MI!I PYCCKI!IX KHfl)l(eCTBa - ncKOBCKOe (1510r.) 111 P>~ saHcKoe (1517r.) , a TaK%e OTBOeaan y fli!ITOBU,eB CMOneHCK ( 1514 r.).

xaHCTBa) 11 KpaliHero o6ocTpeHl1a o6cTaHOBKH BHYTPH cTpaHhJ. THKe 11BaH

T aK-

HCXOAHJl H3 Heo6xo-

BoiiiHa c

l11.1TBOiil ...,

nonbweiit

(1512-1522 rr.)

AHMOCTH pa3rpoMa )I{HBOH CHJlbT npoT l1BHl1Ka B llOJTeBOM 6010, HO npl1)J.a-

KaK TOJTbKO 6bmo 3asepllleHo o6be-

BaJT Ba)I{HOe 3HaqeHl1e o6opoHe 11

AHHeHl1e pyccKl1X 3eMeJTb, r JiaBHhiM

ocaAe KpenocTeli.

BopoTa 111 6awHIII KIIITai'iropoACKoi'i CTeHbl

6opb6e 3a Kpe-

CO]:Iep)l{aHl1eM BHelllHeti llOJil1Tl1Kl1

nocTn IIDipOKO HCTIOJTb30BaJ1 apTHJl-

MOCKOBCKOrO KHH)I{eCTBa CTaJlO BOC-

JlepHIO H HH)I{eHepHbie cpe):(CTBa, B 'la-

COe):(HHeHHe OTTOPrHYThrx paHee 3e-

CTHOCTH MHHHO-TIO):(pbiBHbTe.

MeJTh Ha 3anaAe n aKTHBHaH o6opoHa

JO)KH0Wl1 BOCTOqHOW rpaHl1lJ,. Ilpe)I{-

OTJTl1qaJiaCb )J,aJibHOBl1)J,HOCTb!O l1 u,e-

Ae BCero He06XO,[Il1MO 6bill0 BOCCOe-

u,eJIOM Aea:TeJTbHOCTh I1BaHa

159

BOCTO'-IHAs:l EBPOnA CTBOM, KOTOpoe IIOCTOHHHO yrpO)!{aJIO MoCKBe C BOCTOKa II )lep)!{aJIO B CBOIIX pyKaX BOJI)!{CKIIH TOprOBbiH rryTh. KaK CMoJieHCK OTKphlBaJI rryTh Ha 3anaA, TaK Ka3aHh OTKpbiBaJJa !lOpory Ha BoCTOK. 6opb6a c Ka3aHCKI1M XaHCTBOM HBJIHJiaCb O)lHIIM ll3 3BeHbeB 60pb6bl C OCTaTKaMI1 30JlOTOH Opilbi, He pa3 Bbipa)!{aBWHMH npeTeH31111 Ha BOCCTaHOBJieHHe y IIJlaTbi )laHI1, KaK 3TO 6b1Jl0 BO BpeMH Ha6era B 1521 fOAY. 3TO 6b1Jll1 BOHHbl 3a o6ecneYeHI1e BOCTO'-IHOH rpaHI11.(bl PyccKoro rocy!lapcTBa. B

XVI

seKe

MOCKOBCKI1e KHH3bH npe)lrrp11HHJll1 pHil noxOAOB npoTHB Ka3aHH. B pe-

noXOAbl pyCCKI1X BOfi:CK:

3YJihTaTe O)lHOrO ll3 TaKIIX IIOXO):(OB B

>-+ ,__..

1523 ro)ly Ha Bonre, B 200 KM OT

-路_.,.

Ka3aHII, 6hrna 3aJimi<eHa KpenocTh

.,.._...._ neH>KeHH C:J?_e'iHOro O!pA:.a.a Mop030Ba

1547-1548 rr. 1549-lSSOrr. 1552r. c aprHnnepHeH H

BacHnbcypcK. B ilaJlbHei1wHx Ka3aH-

cH a p.RJ+~:eHH eM

1 nonK npasoR PYKI-t

4 6onbwol1 nonK

2 nonK n eeoH PYKH

5 uapcKast .npy>t<HHa

3 nepe,!I.oeoH n onK

6 cropO>KeeoA nonK

Ocu.a H BJliTHe Ka3aHH 23 aerycra-2 Ot<T.A6pst 1552 r. Ha 1<apre UH$PoH 1 o6oJHatteHa HoraAcKa;~ Op.a.a (xaHcrao

cKnx rroxo):(ax KperrocTh BacnnhcypcK CTaJia npoMe)!{yTOl(HOH 6a30H

CKHX JIIO):(eH, KOTOpbiX YBO):(HJIH B IIO-

pycCKOro BOHCKa.

JIOH 11 npoAaBaJJH B pa6cTBo. B cepe-

WI1M HapHAOM 11 3anacaMI1 npOAO-

XVI BeKa B03pocno soeHHo-rro-

BOJihCTBHH. ,[(JIH o6ecrreqeHHH CYAO-

AIIHe

AJIH rrepeB03KII cyAoBon paTH c 6onb-

1533-1584 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHliiE liiBAHA IV rP03HOrO (CbiHA BAClll11liiSI Ill). noM838H Ha u,ap-

JIIITIIqecKoe MorymecTBo TypUIIII,

BOH paTH B CBIIH)!{CKe cocpe.uoTOl(H-

IIO):():(ep)!{IIBaBIIIeti arpeCCIIBHb!e IIJia-

Banocb TPII rronKa. IleperrpaBbi Ha

Hhl KpbiMCKIIX II Ka3aHCKHX XaHOB.

Bonre Me)l{):(y BaciiJihcypcKoM II yc-

CTBO OH 6btfl B B03p8CTe Tpex neT. )J.O

Heo6xoAHMOCTh o6opoHhT OT rrocTo-

TheM peKH KaMa 6hiJIH 3aHHTbT OT-

,ll,OCTVI)KeH/IIR /liM COBepweHHOfleT/IIR

HHHhiX Ha6eroB Ka3aHCKHX 4Jeo):(aJIOB

.uenhHhiMII oTpH.UaMn.

( 1547 1.)

rro6y)l{Aana pyccKoe rrpaBIITeJihCTBO

Oco6eHHOCTh CTpaTerHYeCKOH

6oRpe.

YCKOpHTb peweHIIe Ka3aHCKOrO BOII-

06CTaHOBKH 3aKJIIO'-IaJlaCh B TOM, '-ITO

1547-1564 rr. nO,D,'iliiHEHliiE 60SIP. KynbMIIIH8U,fllei!t 3TO/O RBfllfiOCb )f(eCTOKOe no,D,aaneH/IIe tl/aaHOM IV 6oRPCKO/O MRTe)f(a ( 1564 I.). 1552-1557 rr. B3SITliiE KA3AHllllll ACTPAXAHlll. POCC/IIR OT-

poca.

rrpii rroxo):(e pyccKon paTH Ha Ka3aHb

BOeBana y TaTap ,ll,OflliiHY BOfl/111 H8 seeM npOTR)f(eH/11111 peK/11. KpbtMCKflli!t

11MeBW11H B KaYeCTBe BOeHHOH 6a3bl

BOi1

xaH )J.eaneT-Illlpei!t np111 no,D,cTpeKa-

6onhwoe 3HaYeHHe B 6opb6e 3a Ka-

(110 KM OT MocKBbi) 11 B KonoMHe

B CTpaHe maBeHCTBOB8fl/ll

PernaromeMy HaCTyrmeHnro Ha

Kpb!MCKIIe TaTapbi MOrJIII HaHeCTll etl:

Ka3aHb rrpe):(IIIeCTBOBana ilJIIITeJibHaH

yilap BO cpnaHr n TbiJI. 3m 6biJIO yq-

BOeHHaH H ):(IIIIJIOMaTHl(eCKaH IIO,[(rO-

TeHo B IIJiaHe cocpe)lOTOl(eHHH BORCK

TOBKa. BecHon 1551 ro)la y MecTa

)lJIH rroxo.ua, cornacHo KOTopoMy B

BIIa)leHIIH peKn CBIIHrn B Bonry 6biJI

MypoM (280 KM oT MocKBhlH 450 KM

nocYpoeH ropoA-KperroCTb CBHH)l{CK,

OT Ka3aH11) HanpaBJIHJIHCb cTopo)!{e-

nonK

11 epTayn, a B Kaw11pe

TenbCTBe cynTaHa Cynei!tMaHa Benfii-

3aHb. B caMoi1 Ka3aHI1 scnbiXHYJII1

(100 KM OT MocKBbi 11 650 KM OT Ka-

KonenHolo oplaHIII30Ban BTOp)f(eHflle

HOBbie yco611I..Ibl Me)!{):(y OT)leJibHbiMI1

3aHH) COCpe):(OT0'-111BaJli1Cb OCTaJih-

B Pocc11110 . OH ,D,owen ,ll,O MocKBbJ 111

rpynrr11posKaMH cpeo)lanos, ycHJIH-

Hbie CI1Jlbl. 3Ta rpyrrrr11pOBKa BOHCK,

38XB8T/IIfl CTOflliiU,y, HO 6b!fl OT6/IIT OT

nocb He):(OBOJibCTBO HapO):(HhiX Mace

pa3BepeyThiX Ha 0Ke II KJIH3bMe, )lOJI-

CTeH KpeMnR (

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II qacTII MeCTHOH 3HaTII IIOJIIITIIKOH

)l{Ha 6hiJia OTpa3HTb Ha6errr KpbiMC-

KpbiMCKHX CTaBJieHHHKOB.

KIIX TaTap. TaKoe pa3BepTbiBaHIIe

11saHy

IV yAanocb pacKOJlOTb KO-

pyCCKOH paTH B 06CTaHOBKe )lei1CTBI1H

Jli1TI1KI1 pyCCKOfO npaBHTeJibCTBa B

aJJHUHIO Myc ynhMaHCKHX rrpaBHTenei1

rrpoTHB AByx rrpoTHBHHKOB ):(asano

KOHI.(e 40-x-

II IIpiiBJieqb Ha CBOIO CTOpOHY HOraH-

B03MO)l{HOCTb rrepetini OT CTpaTerii-

HaqaJJe 50-X rG):(OB HBJIH-

JlOCb peweHHe Ka3aHCKOH npo6neMbl.

CKOro MYP3Y 11cMaHna. B 11IOHe 1552

YeCKOro o6ecrreYeHI1H 11 B3ai1MO)J,eH-

flOCTOHHHbie Harra)leHI1H Ha IOro-

rQ)la Ha'-laJlCH pewaiOIII11H ITOXO)l Ha

CTBI1H BOHCK K TaKTH'-IeCKOMY 11X o6ecrreYeHI110 11 B3ai1MO,[(ei1CTBI110.

BOCTO'-IHble py6e)!{H PyccKoro rocy-

Ka3aHb. Bo rnase pyccKoi1 apMHH,

)lapcTBa, Ka3aHCKIIX 4Jeo):(aJioB, oco-

HaCl(IITh!BaBIIIeti ilO 150 ThiCHl( qeno-

6eHHO YCIIJlllBWHeCH B rO):(hl 6oH:pC-

BeK, cTaJI caM l1BaH

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16 IIIOHH 1552 ro):(a pyccKaH paTh BhlCyYIIHJia II3 MocKBhl. Ilo Jl:Opore K

IIpHBO):(HJlll

IlnaH rroxo):(a 6biJI rro):(po6Ho o6-

K OIIYCTOIIIeHHIO pyccKIIX 3eMeJib, K

cy)l{):(eH Ha BOeHHOM COBeTe. 0Ky ll

o TOM, qTo KphiMCKIIe TaTapu HAYT Ha

rropa6omeHHIO ):(eCHTKOB TbiCHl( pyc-

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PH3aHb H KonoMHy. B CBH3II c 3TIIM

Koro

rrpaBJieHHH,

KonoMHe 6biJIO rronyqeHo )lOHeceHIIe

BOCTOYHAs:l EBPOnA 30 aBryCTa npOH30IIIJ10

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pe3yJibTaTe KOTOporo ITOJieBbTe BOHCKa TaTap 6hiJIH pa3rpOMJieHbi. qepe3 )l,Ba-TpH )l,HH BOHCKO fop6aToro-illyHCKOrO BHOBb BbTcrymmo H3-ITO.D: Ka3aHM 11

6 CeHTH6pH C 60eM B3HJ10

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KM oT Ka3aHH, B ApcKoM necy.

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30 CeHTH6pll pyccKHe BOHCKa IIOCne 60JlbiiiOrO B3pbiBa IIO)l,3eMHbiX MHH H ycneiiiHoro 6oH 3aHHJIH apcKy!O 6aiiiHTO H 3aKperrHJTHCb B Hen. K 3TOMY BpeMeHH C apCKOH CTOpOHbl Typbl H pa3MemaBIIIHeCll 3a HHMH opy)l.Hll 6bmH rrocTaBJTeHbi y caMoro ropo)l.cKoro pBa. PyccKoe BoiicKo yMeno MCIIOJ1b30Bano cTapbrii pyccKrrif rrprreM -

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OKTH6pH BOHCKa rOTOBHJIHCb K

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BcTynneHIIIe pyccKoro BOHCKa B Ka3aHb

HHe Bcero iJ.HH no ropo.n:y 6Hna apTrrJTnepm:r, ee orHeM 6hrna pa3pyrueHa

1556

qaCTb CTeHbl. Ilo)l,rOTOBKa IIITypMa

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no cyrrrecTBoBaTb. K

npoM3BO)l.liJlaCb no cne1..111aJTbHO pa3-

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pa60TaHHOMY ITJTaHy. qaCTb BOHCK

roll.y oT-

OKTH6pH Ha paCCBeTe ITOCJTe

ro xaHCTBa. AcTpaxaHb 6bma B3HTa

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CTeHbi BOiicKa C pa3HbiX HarrpaBJTeHirn

corrpoTMBJTeHITll. BoJT)I(CKITH rryTh Ha

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rrornnn Ha rnrypM. Eon 3a KperrocT-

BCeM ero rrpOTH)I(eHITIT C)l,eJTaJTCH BO)l,-

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HOH MariicTpanbiO PyccKoro rocy)l.ap-

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170

V1CnAHCKOE KAPE V1 JlV1HEVJHbiVl KOPA5Jlb. 1500-1600 rr.

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24 asrycTa 1516r. 5HTBA nPH MEPA>K-AA5HKE. CenMM I BbiCTpOMn CBOIO apMMIO TaK )l(e, KaK a Xan.aMpaHcKoill 6MTBe. MaMniOKM aTaKoaanM cTpoeM nonyMecRu,a. Ha rpna Hrax Hill TOM, Hill ,apyroilJ CTOpOHe .ao6MTbCfl nepeaeca He y.aanocb, HO B U,eHTpe CaMaf/ O)l(eCTO'-IeHHaf/ a TaKa MaMniOKOB 6b!fla OTpa)l(eHa OrHeM Typeu,Koill apTMnnepMM. KaHcy anblaypM nor1116, Ill rpnaHrM MaMniOKOB o6paTMnMcb a 6ercTao. Cpa)l(eHMe 3aKOH'-IMnOCb HaCTOnbKO 6b!CTpO, '-ITO noTe pill C 060MX CTOpOH OKa3anMcb cpaaHMTenbHO HeaenMKM. OcTaBMB CMpMIO, MaMniOKM oTcTynMnM a ErMneT.

AsrycT-OKTH6pb 1516 r. OKKYnAU,HSI CHPHH. CenMM I CTan roTOBMTb BTOp)l(eHMe a ErMneT. TeM apeMeHeM MaMniOKM Bb!6panM HOBb!M cynTaHoM TyMaH-6eR, nneMRHHMKa KaHcy anb-laypM.

28 OKTH6pH 1516 r. 5HTBA nPH XAH-IOHHCE. AaaHrap.a Typeu,Koill apMMM no.a KOMaH,aOBaHMeM aenMKoro ae3Mpa CMHaH-nawM pa36Mn Heno.aaneKy OT ta3bl BOMCKO MaMniOKOB.

SIHsapb 1517 r. BTOP>KEHHEB ErHnET. CenMM I BbiCTynMn '-lepe3 nycTbiHIO la3a, MMHoaan CanMXMIO

( 16 f/HBapR) 111 .aaMHyncR K Ka111py Y 9nb-XaHKM .aopory eMy nperpa.aMn TyMaH-6eill, KOTOPblill pacnonaran ,aa)l(e HeKOTOpb!M KOnM'-IeCTBOM apTMnnepMM ( '-laCTb nyweK 6bma cpo'-1HO KynneHa y BeHeU,MaHCKMX MOpf/KOB B AneKCaH,apMM, '-laCTb CHf/Ta C 6eperoab!X 6acTMOHoa). CenMM I pewMn o6oiliTM 9TM Ha cKopyiO PYKY coopy)l(eHHble o6opoHMTenbHble yKpenneHMfl. Typeu,Kafl apMMfl noaepHyna Haneao 111 nocne HO'-IHoro Mapwa nepe.a caMbiM paccaeToM BbiCTpOMnacb 6oeBbiM nopf/,aKOM y PM,aaHMM, Ha Kpa!O nycTbiHM. 22 HHBapH 1517 r. PHAAHH~ CKOE CPA>KEHH E. TyMaH-6eill nocnewHo pa3aepHyn cao10 apMMIO no.a npf/Mb!M yrnoM Hanpa ao 111 non biTancR nepeTalll,MTb Ha HOBble no3MU.MM cao111 6ecKonecHble nywKM. CenMM I He .aan eMy apeMeHM 3aaepWMTb MaHeap 111 Ha'-lan apTo6cTpen,

paCC'-IMTb!Baf/ cnpOBOU,MpOBaTb MaMniOKOB Ha aTaKY KaK OH Ill npe.anonaran, MaMniOKM o6pywMnMcb Ha U,eHTp TypeU,KOilJ apMMM, a BCnOMOraTenbHble nerKMe apa6cKMe no.apa3.aeneHMfl CTanM HaCKaKMBaTb C rpnaHroa. ATaKa MaMniOKOB 6bma CTOnb MOUI,HOilJ, '-ITO Ha OAHOM 1113 rpnaHroa o6pa3oaanacb CKB03Hafl 6pewb, HO ee nocnew111n 3aTKHYTb pe3epa no.a KOMaH.aoaaHMeM CMHaH-nawM; a nocne.aoaaaweill cxaaTKe CMHaH-nawa nor1116. MaMniOKM 6blfllll OT6MTbl; noTe pill MX COCTa BMnM OKOnO 7 Tb!Cf/'-1 y6MTbiMM, Typeu,KMe- OKOnO 6 Tb!Cf/'-1. CenMM HeMe,aneHHO .aaMHyncR Ha Ka111p.

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22 ceHTH6pH 1520 r. CMEPTb CEll H MA I. YMep oH, roTOBfl aKcneAMU.MIO Ha Po.aoc.

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3PA CYflEMMAHA,

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nepsaR </>a3a 3ana,QH&IX KaMnaHHif Cynei.fMaHa,

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171

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25 HIOHSI 1552 r TYPK~ BbiHA OCTPOBEO 0

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28 HIOnSI 1522 r o HA~AnO OCAAbl. nepBbiM MeCRLJ, oca,abt rpaKTM4eCKM CBOAMflCR K ,ayanRM apTMnnepMCTOB M canepoa; o6e cTopoHhl ,aeMCTBOBaflM 4pe3Bhl4aMHO 3HeprM4HO, yMeno M peWMTeflbHO. Oca)J(,aa/OlljMe HecnM orpoMHbte noTepM OT OrHR apTMnnepMCTOB-rocnMTanbepoa, nocKonbKY KpenocTHbte nywKM 6btnM sapaHee npMcTpenRHbt KO BCeM Kfl/04eBbiM T04KaM. XOTR 60flbWMHCTBO TypeLJ,KMX no,aKOnOB 6btnM rocnMTanbepaMM o6Hapy)l(eHbt

172

V1CnAHCKOE KAPE V1 JlV1HEVJHbiVl KOPA5Jlb. 1500-1600 rr.

M npece'leHbl, HeCKOnbKO MMH TypKaM yJJ.anocb no,lJ,aecTM K caMbtM CTeHaM M npoJ].enaTb B yKpenneHMRX orpoMHbte 6pewM (aarycT).

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JJ.aT ace npM6btaanM M npM6btaanM noJJ.KpenneHMR.

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1522-1525 rr. nEPII'IOAW·IECKII'IE CT011KHOBEHII1~ HA BEHrEPCKO~ rPAHII'IU,E (OCOEiEHHO B BA11AXII1111). 1524 r. AOrOBOP 0 HE~TPA Jlii'ITETE C nOJlbWE~. 9mpa3BR3ano Cynei1rMa HY I PYKM JJ.nR BTOp)J(eHMR a BeHrpMIO. 1526 r. MOXA'-ICKA~ KAMnA-

c KaKMMM TPYJJ.HOCTRMM npMXOJJ.MTCR CTanKMBaTbCR 3ai.J.IMTHMKaM, HO era y)J(acanM M orpoMHbte noTepM a co6CTBeHHbtX aoi1rcKax. OH npeJ].flO)J(Mn rocnMTanbepaM no'leTHbte ycnoBMR CJ].a'IM, rapaHTMpoaan, 'ITO MeCTHOe HaceneHMe MO)J(eT no caoeMy ycMOTpeHMIO nOKMHYTb OCTpOB MnM OCTaTbCR M 'ITO HMKaKMX penpeCCMM no KOH~eCCMOHanbHOMY npM3HaKy npOBOJ].MTbCR He 6yJ].eT. 0J].HaKO ne-

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23 an penH 1526 r. BbiCTYnJlEHII'IE 1113 KOHCTAHTII'IHOnOJl~. ApMMR Cynei1rMaHa I HaC'IMTbtaana

perOBOpbt6btnM copaaHbt, M 6oeabte J],eMCTBMR B0306HOBMnMCb.

70-80 TbtCR'I 'lenoaeK.

17-18 ,QeKa6pH 1522 r. TYPKII'I nPOHII'IKAIOT B nPEAEJlbl roPOAA. locnMTanbepbl He3aMeJ],-

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20 .QeKa6pH 1522 r. B0306HOB11EHII'IE nEPErOBOPOB.

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Mbtcnb o npoJJ.On)J(eHMM cTonb KpoaonponMTHbtX ynM'IHbtX 6oea 6onbworo 3HTY3Ma3Ma y Cynei1rMaHa I He Bbt3btaana. 5btn npoM3BeJ].eH o6MeH

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nneHHbtMM; TYPKM noKMHynM 3axaa'leHHbti1r a ropoJJ.e nnau,aapM M oTaenM BOMCKa Ha nonTopa KMnOMeTpa OT cTeH. Ben neperoaopbt M J].ep)J(an

HyncR Ha 10r, K Moxa'ly, rJJ.e era apMMR Bbtpocna JJ.O 25 TbtCR'I 'lenoaeK ( 12 TbiCR'I- KaaanepMR, 13 TbiCR'IneXOTa). B 3TOT MOMeHT B03HMKnM cnyxM, 'ITO Cynei1rMaH I aeJJ.eT300-TbtcR'IHYIO apMMIO, KOTOpbte noKone6anM pewMMOCTb fTIOJJ.OBMKa II M 'laCTM

cnoao Cynei1rMaH 16e3yKopM3HeHHO.

21 ,QeKa6pSI 1522 r. - 1 SIHBapSI 1523 r. 3BAKYAU,II1~ C POAOCA. /113 rapHM30Ha KpenocTM a )J(MBbtxocTaaanMcbnMWb 180 pbtu,apei1r M 1500 conJ].aT acnoMoraTenbHbtX

era COBeTHMKOB. Ho onbiTHbiM BOMH, apxMenMcKon ToMopM , npaaMnbHO OU,eHMBWMM 'IMCneHHOCTb TypeU,KOM

apMMM, cyMen y6eJ].MTb KOpOnR He MJ].TM Ha nonRTHbiM.

28 aBrycTa 1526 r. nPII'IEibiTII'IE TYPOK. Cynei1rMaH I c 10ra noJJ.OWen K Moxa'lcKoi1r paaHMHe. BbtcnaHHbtilr MM Ha pa3BeJJ.KY OTPRJJ. nerKOM KaaanepMM o6Hap}?KMn, 'ITO aeHrepcKaR apMMR BbiCTpOeHa 6oeBbiM nopRJ].KOM B U,eHTpe pa BHMHbl K IOr03anaJ].y oT Moxa 'Ia. Pen be~ MeCTHOCTM RBnRnCR MJ].eanbHbiM J].nR KaBanepMMCKOro cpa)J(eHMR- OCHOBy)J(e o6eMX apMMM COCTaBnRna MMeHHO KOHHMU,a.

28-29 aBrycTa 1526 r. BEHrEPCKOE nOCTPOEHII'IE. nexom - HanonOBMHY HaeMHaR ( HeMU,bl M np.), HanonoaMHY aeHrepcKaR6btna BbtcTpoeHa nepeJJ. Moxa'leM TpeMR 6onbWMMM ~anaHraMM; neBbtilr ee ~naHr npMKpbtaanM 6onom, TRHYI.J.IMecR BJJ.Onb )J.yHaR. )J.oaonbHO 3Ha'IMTenbHYIO J].OniO neXOTMHU,eB COCTaBnRnM apKe6y3Mpbt. ApTMnnepMR fTIOJJ.OBMKa II ( oKono 20 nyweK) 6btna BbtcTaaneHa nepeJJ. nepaoi1r ~anaH roi1r. KpynHbte KaaanepMi1rCKMe oTpRJJ.bt pa3Me~.J.~anMcb a npoMe)J(YTKax Me)J(J].y TpeMR ~anaHraMM; OCTanbHaR Ka aanepMR co eTa anRna pe3epa M HaXOJ].Mnacb 'IYTb J],anbWe K TblflY,

28-29 aBrycTa 1526 r. TYPEU,KOE nOCTPOEHII'IE. CyneilrMaH I BbtcTpoMn apMMIO TpeMR nMHMRMM, nepBbte J],Be 1113 KOTOpbiX COCTaBnRnM TMMapMOTbl. B HeKOTOpOM OTJJ.aneHMM 3a HMMM Cynei1rMaH I nocmaMn RHbt'lapoa, KOTOpbte J].On)J(Hbl 6btnM o6ecne'IMTb onopHyiO 6a3y Jl.flR KaaanepMi1rcKoro MaHeapMpoaaHMR; nepeJJ. RHbt'lapaMM 6btna BbtcmaneHa apTMnnepMR, C ~naHrOB - KOHHaR raapJJ.MR cynTaHa. WecTMTbtCR'IHbtilr OTPRJJ. TMMapMOTOB 6btn He3aMeTHO, 6naroJJ.apR oco6eHHOCTRM penbe~a, nocnaH a o6xoJ]. Ha 3anaJ]., 'IT06bt, KOrJJ.a 6MTBa 6yJJ.eT a pa3rape, HeO)J(MJJ.aHHO yJJ.apMTb aeHrpaM npaabtilr ~naHr.

29 aBrycTa 1526 r. Eiii'ITBA nPH MOXA'-IE. Typeu,Koe HaCTynneHMe 6btn0 BCTpe'leHO nywe'IHOM KaHOHaJ],OM. 3aTeM nepaaR nMHMR aeHrepcKoi1r TR)J(enoi1r KaaanepMM KOHTpaTaKoaana M orrecHMna nepBYIO Typeu,KyiO nMHMIO; OCTanbHaR aeHrepcKaR apMMR TaK)J(eJJ.BMHynacb

EBPA3V1~ V1 5JlV1>KHV1V1 BOCTOK a HaCTynneHMe, HO nyWKM 3a HaCTyna/0/..LIMMM He nocneaanM. To'IHO a TOT MOMeHT, KOr,[la aeHrpbt aTaKoaa11M aTopyiO Type!4KYIO 11MHMIO, a npaabtM rpnaHr MM y,!!apMna, noaeprHya a M3pf/,!!HOe CMf/TeHMe, nocnaHHaf/ Cynei4MaHoM I a o6xo,£l KOHHM!4a. Bnpo'leM, aTopaf/11MHMfl aeHrepcKo£4 KaaanepMM 9TY rpnaHroay/0 aTaKy oT6Mna. 3aTeM o6e 11MHMM aeHrepCKOM KaaanepMM pa3rpOMMI1M aTOpy/0 Type!4KYIO 11MHM/O M aTaKoaanM !4eHTp nocne,!!He£4, TpeTbeM, O,!!HaKO noHecnM Tf/)/(ef1bte noTepM oT orHfl Type14KOM apTM/111epMM M 9TY 11MHMIO npeO,£l0/1eTb He CMOri1M, nOCKOI1bKY nyWKM 6bii1M CKOaaHbl aMeCTe. Kor,[la f/Hbt'lapbt M KOHHaf/ raap,!!Mf/ cynTaHa KOHTpaTaKOaanM, YTOM/1eHHbte 6MTaOM aeHrpbt He abt,!!ep)l(af1M M 06paTMI1MCb a 6ercTaO. 0pecne,[loaaTb MX Cynei4MaH I, 'lbfl apMMfl TaJOKe noHecna Tfl)l(enei4wMe noTepM, He cTan; nMWb OTAe11bHbte no,!!pa3,£leneHMfl TMMapMOTOa, co6paaWMCb C cMnaMM nocne npe,[lbtAYLL~ero nopa)l(eHMfl, rHanM aeHrpoa Ha npoTf!)l(eHMM HeCKOI1bKMX KMI10MeTpoa. BeHrepCKMe noTepM 6bti1M orpOMHbiMM: 10 Tb!Cf/'1 neXOTMH!4ea M 5 Tb!Cf/ 'I KaaanepMcToa. Te HeMHOrMe, KTO nonanM a nneH K TypKaM, 6bti1M o6e3maaneHbt. KoponbfliO,!!OaMK II, apxMenMcKon ToMopM M 6onbWMHCTao aeHrepcKMX ao)l(,lle£4 norM6nM. CnacaiOJ..L~Mecf! 6ercTaOM OCKOI1KM aeHrepCKOMapMMM, OCTaaWMCb 6e3 pyKOaO,!lCTaa, npocTo paccef!nMcb. Typel4KMe noTepM HeM3aeCTHbl, O,!!HaKO, aepOf/THO, OHM 6bti1M He MeHbWe aeHrepcKMX. Cynei4MaH I TPM AHfl HMKyAa He ,!laMrancf! oT Moxa 'Ia M neperpopMMpOabtaa/1 apMM/0.

1 0 ceHTS16pSI 1526 r. OKKYnAUii1s:l EiYAbl. HMKaKoro npoTMao,[leMcTaMfl Cynei4MaHy I He oKa3 btaanocb. PewMa He aHHeKcMpoaaTb BeHrpMIO, cynTaH ao3aen Ha TPOH KOponeacTaa rnaay TpaHCM/1baaHCKOM 3HaTM flHOWa 3anOI1bf/M, KOTOpb!M npe,[laTenbCKM He RaMI1Cfl K Moxa'ly, M 3aCTaaM/1 abtn/1a'IMaaTb,£laHb OcMaHcKo£4 MMnepMM.

1526-1528 rr. rPA>KAAHCKASI B0171HA B BEHrPii1111. C Type!4KOM nOMO/..Lib/0 flHOW 3anOI1bf/M no,!l'IMHM/1 no'ITM ac10 BeHrpMIO, Kpo-

Me Y3KOM nonocKM 3eMnM Ha Ceaepe M 3ana,£le, ocTaaaawei4cfl no,£! anaCTb/0 C!Jep,[lMHaH,[la /a6c6ypra (wypMHa fliO,!!OaMKa II, 6paTa Kapna V M 6YAYJ..L~ero MMnepampa CaRJ..L~eH Ho£4 PMMCKOM MMnepMM). CrpopMMpoaaa Hoay10 aeHrepcKy/0 apMM/0 (fiAPOM KOTOpOM f/aM/1Cf/ npMae,[leHHbiM MM HeMe!4KMM OTPfiA), C!Jep,!!MHaH,£1 3axaaTMI1 Pa6, /paH M 5y,£ly, npecne,[loaan 3anonbf/M M o,[lep)/(a/1 Ha,£1 HMM no6e,£ly a 6MTae npM ToKae (1527 r.). flHOW 3anOI1bf/M a033aan o noMOJ..LIM K Cynei4MaHy I.

1528 r. CY11E171MAH I rOTOBii1TCs:l K HOBOMY nOXOAY B BEHrPii110. no,!lroTOaKa aKJT/O'Iana a ce6f! TaMHbiM C0/03 c C!JpaH14MeM npoTMa /a6c6yproa.

1529 r. BEHCKASI KAMnAHii1s:l. 10 MaSI-6 asrycTa 1529 r. TYPEUKOE BTOP>KEHII1E. CapMMe£4 'IMC/1eHHOCTb/O 60I1bWe 80 Tb!Cf/'1 'lenoaeK Cynei4MaH I abtc-rynMn K 9cceKy; no nYTM K HeMy npMCOe,[lMHM/1Cf/ flHOW 3anOI1bf/M C WeCTb/0 TbiCf/'laMM aeHrpoa.

3-8 ceHTS16pSI 1529 r. OCAAA 111 B3s:ITII1E EiYAbl. no'ITM aecb rapHM30H ropo,!!a 6bll1 nepe6MT.

1 0-23 ceHTS16pSI 1529 r. HACTYn11EHii1E HA BEHY. Cynei4MaH I ,!laMrancf! a,!!OI1b J].yHafl, a napannenbHO ,!laM)I(eHM/0 ero a pMMM nO,!lHMManacb no peKe -rype14Kafl rpnoTMI1Mf/. Bcf! HM)I(Hflfl AacTpMf/ 6bma pa3opeHa Type!4KOM nerKo£4 KaaanepMe£4. /apHM30H BeHbt HaC'IMTbtaan 17 TbtCf/'1 'lenoaeK; KOMaH,[lOaa/1 MM aaCTpMMCKMM nrpal1b!4rparp C!JMI1Mnn, HO peanbHO o6opoHoi4 pyKoao,£lMI1M no)I(Mno£4 rparp 3anbM M Mapwan BMnbrenbM rpoH PorreH,[loprp. VfMeHHO OHM, noKa TYPKMHac-rynanM, 9HeprM'IHO M arprpeKTMaHO roTOaM/1M rop0,£1 K o6opoHe.K,£lpeaHei4cpe,£!HeaeKoaoi4 CTeHe 6bti1M npMCTpOeHbl 6aCTMOHbl ,£l/1fl apTMnnepMM. Bo3ne cTeH ace, 'ITO Morna 6bt nepeKpbtaaTb none o6cTpena, 6bmo nocnewHo cpoaHeHo c 3eMnei4. BHYTPM 3a cTeHaMM 6bti1M oTpbtTbt ,!lononHMTenbHbte yKpenneHMfl - a MecTax, noTeH!4Mal1bHO yf/3aMMbtX ,£l/1fl apTM/111epMMCKOrO OrHf/ M MMHMpoaaHMfl. CAoMoa 6bii1MCO,!!paHbt ace ,!!epeaf/HHbte M TpOCTHMKOabte Kpb!WM.

173

23 ceHTS16pSI 1529 r. TYPEUKii1E B0171CKA OKPY>KAIOT BEHY C CYWII1. B Te'leHMe acero,!!Hfl npoMCXOAM11M perynf/pHbte CTbi'IKM Me)I(AY KaaanepMMCKMMM naTpynfiMM.

27 ceHTS16pSI 1529 r. OKPY>KEH li1E 3ABEPWEHO. no J].yHa/0 MMMO ropo,!!a nponnbtna Type!4Kafl pe'IHaf/ cPI10TMI1Mfl- nepeKpb!Tb nYTM coo6J..L~eHMfl BeHbt c 5aaapMei4 M5oreMMei4.

27 CeHTS16pSI-15 OKTS16pSI 1529 r. OCAAA BEHbl. 06e cmpoHbt cpa)l(af1MCb 'lpe3abt'laMHO 9HeprM'IHO; Type!4KMe apT06CTpel1bl M nO,!IKOn bl C MMHMpoaaHMeM apeMf/ OT apeMeHM nepeMe)l(af1MCb nonbtTKaMM npMCTyna ( OC06eHHO 9-15 OKTf/6pf/). 3ai..LIMTHMKM, KOTOpbte CTaaM11M Ha CTeHbl M aHeWHMe yKpenneHMfl eMKOCTM C aO,!lOM M no APO)I(aHM/0 noaepxHOCTM ao,[lbt onpe,[lel1f/11M, r,!le ae,!leTCf/ nO,!lKOn, aKTMaHO 3aHMMa11MCb KOHTpMMHMpoaaHMeM. 8 TO )l(e apeMf/ OHM ycTpaMaanM 'laCTbte abt/1a3KM, HaHOCfl cepbe3HbtM y1.11ep6 Type!4KMM noneabtM yKpenneHMfiM, nO,!lKOnaM M n03Ml4Mf/M OCa,[lHOM apTM/111epMM ( 29 CeHrn6pf!, 2 OKTf/6pf!, 6 OKTf/6pf/). 0pM611M)I(af1MCb XOI10,£la, M Cynei4MaHy I cmno f/CHO, 'ITO ycnexa eMy He ,!l06MTbCf/. OH oTcT}'nMn oT ropo,[la, npe,[laapMTenbHO npMKa3aa y6MTb acex a3pocnbtX MY)I('IMHnneHHbtX ( 14-15 OKTf/6pf/).

0KTS16pb-HOS16pb 1529 r. ABCTP111171Ubl nPECllEAYIOT OTCTYnAIO~Ii1X TYPOK. K Hea3ro,!laM TypoK, KPOMe 'laCTbiX Hana,[le-

HMM aacTpMMI4ea , npM6aaMnMcb paHHMe cHerona,!lbt, M3-3a 'lero AOporM CT811M HaCTOI1bKO HenpOXO,!lMMbiMM, 'ITO npMWI10Cb 6pOCMTb ace rpyproHbt M noao3KM. Pe'IHOM ¢noTMI1MM, nepea03Mawei4 Type!4KYIO OCa,!lHY/0 apTM/111epMIO, 6bll1 HaHeceH CMI1bHbtM y1.11ep6 npM o6cTpene M3 noaepHYTbfX K peKe KpenOCTHbiX OPYAMM ropo,!!a npecc6ypra ( coap. 5paTMcnaaa).

1530 r. ABCTP111171Ublli1 BEHrPbl nEPEXBATbiBAIOT li1Hii1Uii1ATii1BY. OHM a3f/11M /paH M XOAM11M c peM,[laMM ,£!0 oy,!lbl M 0ewTa.

1531 r. ABCTPO-BEHrEPCKAs:l OCAAA EiYAbl. npe,!!npMfiTMe aTo ycnexoM He yaeH'Ianocb.

174

V1CnAHCKOE KAPE V1 JlV1HEVJHbiVl KOPA5Jlb. 1500-1600 rr.

B..aonb ace£4 Typeu.Ko-aeHrepcKo£4 rpaHMI../,bl npOV1CXO.£lll1flll1 CTOflKHOBeHVIH, O,aHaKO ,ao6MTbCH ycnexa He y,aaaanOCb HVI O.£lHOM 1113 CTOpOH.

1532 r. B0306HOB11EHii1ETYPEU,KOrO BTOP>KEHII1S:L C 6onbwoi4 apMMeM Cynei4MaH I BblcTynMn 1113 5enrpa..aa Ha ceaep ( 25 111/0HH). Ha 3ai.J.IMTY BeHbl TaJOKe c 6onbwoi4 apMMe£4 BbiCTynMn Kapn V, HO Cyne£4MaH I, cTpeMHCb M36e)l(aTb pewMTenbHoro cTonKHoaeHMH, nowen ..aonMHOM Mypa M,ll,paabl Ha /Oro-3ana..a AacTpllllll. noKa rypeLJ,KaH nerKaH KaaanepMH ,aeMOHCTpaTMBHO pa30pHna oKpecTHOCTM BeHbl 111 HM)I(H/010 AacTpMIO, Cynei4MaH I oca..a111n lyHc ( coap. Ko)l(er), HO 6bm oT6MT. CoaepwMB 06MaHHb/M MaHeBp, '-IT06bl noKa3aTb, 6y..aTo 111,aeT Ha BeHy 111 ycTpoMa Hoay10 ..aeMoHcTpaLJ,M/0 cMnbl- Ha aToT pa3 a WTMPMM (Ho M36eraH npM6nM)I(aTbCH K /pau.y MnM Map6ypry)- Cynei4MaH I oTcTynMn BHV13 no Te'-leHM/0 jJ,paBbl. 9TOT era noxo..a OKOH'-IMncH coaepweHHO 6e3pe3ynbTaTHO.

1533 r. 3AK1110"1EHII1E Mli1PA ME>KAY CYJlE~MAHOM 1111 EPAii1HAHAOM rAEiCEiYProM. TypKaM He TepnenOCb BCeMM ClllflaMM o6pywMTbCH Ha nepcoa (eM. HM)I(e). 0o ycnOBVIHM «Be'-IHOrO Mlllpa» K C1Jep,aMHaH..ayoTxo..aMnM3eMnM aCeaepHo£4 111 3ana,aHOM BeHrpMVI ( OKOno TpeTM TeppV1TOpV1V1 CTpaHbl). 11 QJep,aMHaH..a /a6c6ypr, 111 fiHow 3anonbHM Bbmna'-IMBanM Cynei4MaHy ,aaHb. Ha Kapna V ..aoroaop He pacnpocTpaHHncH; CBHI.J.IeHHaH PMMCKaH MMnepMH npo..aon)l(ana aoeaaTb c TypKaMM Ha Cpe,aM3eMHOMOpbe.

A3HaTCKHe soi!tHhl Cynei!tMaHa, 1523-1559 rr.

1523-1525 rr. MSITE>Kii1 B Erli1nTE. 0HM6bmM no..aaaneHbil16parMM-nawoi4.

1525 r. 6YHT SIHbi"'APOB B KOHCTAHTii1HOn011E. OH 6bm no..aaaneH Cynei4MaHoM I. 1526-1527 rr. BOCCTAHII1SI B AHAT011111111. Bbi3BaHbl OHM 6blflll1 rnaBHbiM o6pa3oM penMrM03HbiMM TpeHMHMVI Me)l(.£ly CYHHVITaMVI 111 WVIMTaMM. '-IT06b! C 60flbWVIM Tpy,aoM

no..aaaMTb 111x, cynTaH Cynei4MaH I Bb/Hy)l(.£!eH 6blfl CpO'-IHO aepHyrbCH B Typi..J,M/0 1113 BeHrp111111. 1526-1555 rr. BO~HA C nEPCii1E~. nepcM,aCKMM wax TaxMacn aocnonb3oaancH TeM, '-ITO Cynei4MaH I ao10eT a Eapone, a TaK)I(e BOCCTaHMHMVI B AHaTOflllllll (He VICKfl/0'-leHO, '-ITO OH CaM )l(e VIX 111 VIHcnMplllpOBan) 111 BTOprCH B TypeLJ,KY/0 ApMeHM/0, a KpOMe Taro, OTBOeaan 5ar..aa..a, BaHM,apyrMe3eMnM, paHee 3axaa'-!eHHble CenMMOM I ( 1526 r. ).

1533-1534 rr. TYPEU,KOE BTOP>KEHII1E B A3EP6A~A>KAH. l16parMM-nawa 3axaaTMn Te6p1113

( 13 111/0flH 1534 r.), conpOTVIBfleHMe eMy 6bmo oKa3aHo aecbMa cna6oe.

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1 SIHBapSI 1535 r. nEPCbl OnSITb 3AXBATbiBAIOT TE6Pii13. Wax TaxMacn ocy~.J.~eCTBMn aTo, aocnonb3oaaawMCb TeM, '-ITO Cynei4MaH I 3aHHT a MeconomMMM.

Anpenb-IIIIOHb 1535 r. TYPKII1 OTBOEBbiBAIOT TE6Pii13. CepMe£4 CTpeMMTeflbHb/X Mapw-6pOCKOB Cynei4MaH I aepHyncH 1113 5ar..aa..aa; wax TaxMacn cHoaa oTcTynMn 6e3 60H.

li110nb-asrycT 1535 r. BTOP>KEHII1E B CEBEPHYIO nEPCii110. Cynei4MaH I nycTMflCH npecne..aoaaTb TaxMacna, HO nepcM,acKMM wax M36eran 6MTBbl. Tpy,aHOCTM c npoaMaHTOM BbiHY..l!MflM Cynei4MaHa I aepHYTbCH B Te6pll13, KOTOpb!M OH C)l(er ( aarycT), a 3aTeM L!epe3 ..aonMHY Earppam 111Anenno ompaaMncR o6paTHo a KoHcTaHTMHononb. 30 MapTa 1536 r. Y6111~CTBO li16PArli1M-nAWii1. CoaepweHo oHo 6bmo no npMKa3y Cynei4MaHa I, cy..aH no aceMy, no Hay~.J.~eHM/0 era pyccKoM )l(eHbl PoKconaHbl, KOTopaH MMena Ha cynmHa orpoMHoe anMRHMe, B TOM '-IVICfle 111 B nOflVITM'-IeCKVIX aonpocax.

1538 r. PE~Abl B nEPCii110. Cynei4MaH cHoaa 3axaaTMn Te6pM3. B nocne,ay!O~.J.~Me ro,abl Ha rypeu.KonepcM..acKo£4 rpaHMU.e Henpepb!BHO npOV1CXO.£lll1flll1 CTbi'-IKVI. 1545-1549 rr. CYJlE~MAH B0306HOB11SIET nEPC111ACKii1E KAMnAHii1111. fllii'-IHO B03maBMB apMVI/0, cynTaH 3axaaTMn BaH 111 Te6PM3; nepCbl CHOBa OTCTynMfllll 6e3 6oH ( 1548 r.). O..aHaKo Kor..aa Typeu.KaR apMMH aepHynacb Ha 3MMHMe KBapTMpbl B AHaTOfllll 10, nepCbl OnHTb 3aHHnM Te6pM3. TaKMM o6pa3oM, rypeLJ,KMe TeppVITOplllaflbHb/e npM06peTeHMR OKa3aflli1Cb Kpa£4He He3Ha'-IJI1TeflbHb/MV1 ( 1548-1549 rr.).

1552-1555 rr. nOCllEAHSISI A3A nEPC111ACKO~ BO~Hbl. Ton'-IKOM ..anR Hee nocny)I(Mno nepcM,acKoe HacTynneHMe, a pe3ynbTaTe KOTOporo 6blfl 3aXBa '-!eH 9p3ypyM ( 1552 r.). Cynei4MaH I nM'-IHO noaen apMVI/0 OTBOeBb/BaTb ropo,a, 3aTeM Bb/CTynMn B 3ana,aHy/O 0epCV110, KOTOPYIO onycTowMn 111 pa3op111n ( 1553-1554 rr. ). Ha aTOT pa3 oH ycTaHOBMn npO'-IHY/0 BflaCTb Ha,a 9p3ypyMOM, 9pMaaHbiO, BaHaM, Te6pM30M 111 lpy3Mei4, a TaK)I(e 3aaoeaan nnau...aapM Ha KacnMMCKOM Mope. KoHeu. aoi4He nono)I(Mflo no,anMcaHMe MMpHoro ..aoroaopa a AMacbe (1555 r.). 1553 r. HEA011rli1~ MSITE>K

SIHbi"'APOB. 1559 r. rPA>KAAHCKASI BO~ HA ME>KAY CbiHOBbSIMii1 CYJlE~MAHA. 0pM no..a..aep)I(Ke OTLJ,a CenMM pa36Mn a cpa)l(eHMM no..a KoHbe£4 caoero 6paTa 5aR3M,aa. nocne..l!HMM 6e)l(afl B 0epCV110, HO 6blfl TaM Ka3HeH no npMKa3y waxa, KOTOpb!M nony'-IMn aT Cynei4MaHa I KpynHy/0 CYMMY ,aeHer.

6op1.6a Ha Cpep,H3eMHOMOphe, 1532-1565 rr.

1532 r. MOPE~CKII1~ PE~A AHAPEAAOPii1A.l1MnepcKMM ¢noT no..a era KOMaH..aoaaHMeM 3axaaTMn KopOHVI 111 OCTaBVIfl TaM VICnaHCKVIM rapHV130H. C aToro 6epeT Ha'-!ano npo,aOfl)I(JI1TeflbHaH rypeLJ,KO-XpVICTVIaHCKaR 6opb6a 3a KOHTpOflb Ha,a Cpe,aM3eMHOMOpbeM.

EBPA3V1~ V1 5JlV1>KHV1V1 BOCTOK 1533 r. KAMnAHHH XA"'PEAAHHA EiAPEiAPOCCbl. AmKVIPCKVIM ,[!eM, aaccan OcMaHCKOM VIMnepVIVI, oH 6bm Ha3Ha4eH Cynei4MaHoM I Ha nocT Kany,llaH-naum ( a,llMVIpana) Typeu.Koro ¢noTa. OH oTaoeaan KopoHVI VI naTpbt.

1534 r. XA"'PEAAHH EiAPEiAPOCCA 3AXBATbiBAET TYHHC. 5btaWVIM cynTaH TyHVIca , Mynau/accaH 6e)l(an a Eapony, r,lle Vl3bRaVIn roToaHOCTb cTaTb aaccanoM Kapna V a o6MeH Ha noMOW.b npoTVIa TypoK VI /O)I(HOM VITanVIVI. H~Hb-H~nb

1535r.CYXOnYTHO-MOPCKASI 3KCnEAHUHSI KAPJlA V B TYHHC. VIMnepcKyto apMVIto 3a111,VI111,an r:PnoT AH,llpea )J.opVIa. B 6VITae y no6epe)l(bR TyHVIca oH HaHec pewVITenbHoe nopa)l(eHVIe XaupeJJ..llVIHY VIMnepcKo-VIcnaHcKaR apMVIR abtCa,[!VInacb VI 6btCTpO 3axaaTVIna TyHVIC, aOCCTaHOaVIa Ha cynmHCKOM TpoHe Mynau-/accaHa. nocne 3Toro TyHVIC HaXO,llVInCR no,ll VICnaHCKVIM npoTeKTOpaTOM n04TVI copoK neT( 1535-1574 rr.).

MapT 1536 r. COI03 PAHUHCKA I H CYJlE"'MAHA I. B L(eHTpanbHOM Eapone cHoaa Ha 4anacb aOMHa, VI Kapn V 6blfl abtHy)l(,lleH OTKa3aTbCR OT nnaHOa Hana,[leHVIR Ha An)I(VIp. Xai4pe.£lAVIH, aoccTaHoaVIa a An)I(VIpe r:PnoT, npe,llnpVIHRn pei4A Ha MVIHOPKY VI onycTOWVIn OCTpoa.

1537 r. CYJlE"'MAH I OEibSIBJlSIET BO"'HY BEHEUHH (SIKOEibl B OTBET HA nOJlY~EHHOE OT BEHEUHAHUEB OCKOPEillEHHE). OH npVIKa3an Xai4pe.£lAVIHY pa30pRTb VI onyCTOWaTb aeHei..J,VIaHCKVIe ana,lleHVIR. AAMVIpan Hanan Ha AnynVIto, a Typei..J,KVIe OTPRAbt cTanVI TeM apeMeHeM coaepwaTb Ha6erVI a my6b nonyocTpoaa 6nVI3 TapaHTO (VItonb). CaM )l(e Cynei4MaH I npVIaen apMVIto Ha an6aHcKoe no6epe)l(be, HanpoTVIa npVIHa,llne)l(aawero aeHe1../,VIaHu.aM rpe4eCKOro OCTpoaa Koprpy(VInVI KepKVIpa).

18 asrycTa- 6 ceHTH6pH 1537 r. OCAAA KOPY. HeKOTOpoe co,lleMcTaVIe rypei..I,KVIM cyxonyrHbtM VI MOpCKVIM CVInaM OKa3btaan ¢paHU.Y3CKVIM ¢noT. Kor,lla K OCTpoay CTan npV16nVI)I(aTbCR 06be,llVIHeHHbiM VIMnepcKo-aeHei..I,VIaHCKVIM ¢noT

no,ll KOMaH,llOaaHVIeM AH,llpea )J.opVIa, a QJep,llVIHaHA /a6c6ypr, no,ll4VIHVIawVIcb npVIKa3y Kapna V, o6bRaVIn TypKaM aoi4Hy a BeHrpVIVI, Cynei4MaH I 6bm abtHY)I(AeH CHRTb oca,lly

1538r. XA"'PEAAHH EiAPEiAPOCCA PA3BOPA~HBAET WHPOKOMACWTAEiHbiE OnEPAUHH B CPEAH3EMHOMOPbE. C1JnoT era HaaO,[!VIn CTpax Ha acto A,llpVIaTVIKY VI aecb 6accei4H 9rei4cKoro MOpR, a TaK)I(e Ha CVII../,VInVIMCKOe VI to)I(HOVITanbRHCKoe no6epe)l(bR. Xaupe,IJ.llVIH OTKflOHVIn a3RTKy, npe,[!nO)I(eHHYIO eMy KapnoM V 3a TO, 4T06bt oH ocTaaVIn cny)l(6y y Cynei4MaHa. XoTR aeHei..I,VIaHCKVIe rapHV130Hbt a HeanonVIce VI MoHeMaacVIVI (Ha no6epe)l(be MopeVI, T. e. nenonoHHeca) oTpa3VInVI Typei..J,KVIe aTaKVI, Xaupe,ll,llVIH 3axaaTVIn ace OCTanbHbte aeHei..J,VIaHCKVIe aaaHnOCTbl Ha OCTpOaax VI no6epe)l(be 9rei4cKoro MOPR, a TaK)I(e opraHVI30aan HeCKOnbKO peu,lloa Ha KpVIT. Y3ana,l!Horo no6epe)l(bR /peU.VIVI VI An6aHVIVI XaupeAAVIH VI 06be,llVIHeHHbiM VIMnepCKO-aeHei..I,VIaHCKVIM ¢noT no,[! KOMaH,[!OaaHVIeM AH,llpea )J.opVIa ,llonro VI 6e3pe3ynbTaTHo MaHeapVIpoaanVI ,llpyr npoTVIa,llpyra (aarycT-,lleKa6pb).

27 ceHTH6pH 1538 r. CPA>KEHHE Y nPEBE3bl. no6e,llbt He y,llanocbA06VITbCR HVI XaupeJJ..llVIHy, HVI )J.opVIa, HO HeKOTOpbtM nepeaec 6blfl ace )l(e Ha CTOpOHe Typei..I,KOro ¢noTa.

1539 r. BEHEUHS13AK1110~A ET MHP. )J.oroaop 3aKpennRn noTepto BeHei..J,VIei4 6btawVIx ee ana,lleHVIM a 9rei4cKoM Mope; K TOMY )l(e BeHeI..J,VIR nVIWanaCb VI TeX,llayx MOpeMCKVIX aaaHnOCTOa, KOTOpbte Xaf4pe,ll,llVIH 3axaaTVITb TaK VI He cyMen, a KpOMe Taro, o6ew.ana a Te4eHVIe 30 neT co6nto,llaTbHei4TpanVITeT. 3a npe,[!enaMVI A,llpVIaTVIKVI Vl30 acexcaOVIXCTpaTerVI4eCKVI 3Ha4VIMbtX ana,lleHVIM BeHei..I,VIR coxpaHVIna nVIWb Koprpy, 3aKVIHcP, KpVIT VI KVInp.

CeHTH6pb-OKTH6pb 1541 r. 3KCnEAHUHSI KAPJlA V B All>KHP. VfMnepaTop OTnnbtn, HeCMOTPR Ha npe,llynpe)l(,lleHVIR AH,llpea )J.opVIa 06 OCeHHVIX WTOpMaX. 21-TbiCR4HaR apMVIR abtCa,[!VInacb a 20 KM

175

K aOCTOKY OT An)I(VIpa (20 OKTR6pR). KaK TOnbKO Kapn Ha4an oca,lly, pa3pa3VInacb CVInbHeMWaR 6ypR VI YHVI4TO)I(VIna 6onbWYIO 4aCTb VIMnepCKOro ¢noTa. Oca)l(,llaeMbte aocnonb30aanVIcb 6ypei4, 4T06 ycTpOVITb abtna3Ky, a pe3ynbTaTe KOTOpOM repMaHCKOe aOMCKO noHecno TR)I(enbte noTepVI (24-26 OKTR6pR). Kapn V VI OCTa aWVIeCR OT era apMVIVI 14 TbiCR4 4enoaeK norpy3VInVIcb Ha yu.eneaWVIe ranepbt VI TpaHcnopTHbte cy,lla VI aepHynVIcb a Eapony(27 oKrn6pR).

1542-1544 rr. XA"'PEAAHH EiAPEiAPOCCA HABOAHT Y>KAC HA 3AnAAHOE CPEAH3EMHOMOPbE. VIHor,lla K an)I(VIPCKOMY ¢noTy npVICOe,llVIHRnCR ¢paHI..I,Y3CKVIM no,ll KOMaH,llOaaHVIeM C1JpaHI..J,VICKa (QJpaHcya), npVIHI..J,a 9HrVIeHCKOro. AH,llpea )J.opVIa yKpblflCR a leHye. C1JpaHU.Y3bt VI TYPKVI pa3opVInVI no6epe)l(be KamnoHVIVI, 3aTeM oca,llVInVI VI CO)I(rflVI HVIU.U.Y nepe3VIMOaaa Ha no6epe)l(be npoaaHca, Xaupe,[!,[!VIH npO,[!On)I(VIn CaOVI nVIXVIe peM,llbl Ha VITanbRHCKVIe 6epera. Kor,lla QJpaH1../,VICK I HeO)I(VI,llaHHO 3aKnto4VIn MVIP a KpenVI, Xai4pe.£lAVIH, nVIwVIaWVICb 6a3bt Ha 3anaAHOM Cpe,llVI3eMHOMOpbe, aepHyncR a KoHCTaHTVIHononb, r,lle ,llayMR ro,llaMVI no3)1(e VI yMep ( 1546 r.).

1546 r. nEPEMHPHE ME>KAY CYJlE"'MAHOM I H KAPJlOM V. 1551 r. B3SITHE TPHnOJlH. nocne KOM6VIHVIpoaaHHbiX cyxonyrHO-MOpCKVIX 6oeabtX Aei4cTaVIi4 rypKVI Vl3rHanVI C OCTpoaa ,ll06neCTHO 3a111,VI111,aawVIxcR pbti..J,apei4-rocnVITanbepoa.

1551-1553 rr. TYPEUKH"' JlOT EiEC~HHCTBYET HA 3AnAAHOM CPEAH3EMHOMOPbE. 0nRTb TypKaM OKa3btaanVI CO,lleMCTaVIe ¢paHU.Y3bt. Ha KopcVIKe rypKVI3axaaTVInVI 5aCTVIIO.

1 554-1 556 rr. TYP EUKASI 3KCnAHCHSI B CEBEPHO"' A<t>PHKE. Bo3masnRnacb a,llMVIpanoM Toprxay,llOM, CMeHVIaWVIM Xaf4pe,[!,llVIHa. 5onbWVIHCTao ceaepoa¢pVIKaHCKVIX MycynbMaHCKVIX KHR)I(eCTa npV13HanVI Cto3epeHVITeT OcMaHCKOM VIMnepVIVI.

1555 r. TOPrXAYA3AXBATbiBAET EiYrHIO. VlcnaHI..I,bt Vl3rHaHbt.

176

V1CnAHCKOE KAPE V1 JlV1HEVJHbiVl KOPA5Jlb. 1500-1600 rr.

1558 r. TOPD<AYA3AXBATbiBAET OCTPOB A>KEP6A. TaKMM o6pa3oM, TYPKM annoTHYIO no,lJ,ownM K TyHMcy, HaXOJJ.MBWeMycR noJJ. MC-

noTepRnM 240 pbtLJ,apeiii M 5 TbiCR'-1 '-lenoaeK M3 cocmaa acnoMoraTenbHbtX BOMCK.

naHCKMM npoTeKTopamM. TypeLJ,KMe BOBHHb/e M nMpaTCKMe rpnOTMnMM HaBOJJ.MnM y.!Kac Ha 3anaJJ.HOe CpeJJ.M3eMHOMOpbe; 6blflM 3aXBa'-IBHbl M

EsponeifcKIIIe soifHI>I CyneifMaHa, no3.QHRR cJ>a3a:

pa3opeHbl nopT-MaroH M OCTPOB MMHOpKa.

CeHTS16pb-,QeKa6pb 1537 r. ABCTPO-BEHrEPCKOE BTOP>KEHIIIE HA TEPPIIITOPIIIIO BEHrPIIIIII, nOABJlACTHYIO TYPKAM. no npMKa3y Kapna V rtJepJJ.MHaHJJ.Ia6c-

1560 r. AHA PEA AOPIIIA OTBOEBbiBAET OCTPOB A>KEP6A. Ho BCKOpe era rpnoT 6blfl OTOrHaH TypeLJ,KMM, a OCTaBneHHbiM )J.opMa rapHM30H nocne TpexMeCR'-IHoiii OCa,lJ,bl (MapT-MIOHb) BbiHY.!KJJ.BH 6blfl C,lJ,aTbCR.

1561 r. TYPEUKIIIE PE"'Abl HA CIIIU1111111110. 1 563 r. HACTYnll EH Ill E HA OPAH. 0Ho 6bmo oT6MTO McnaHu.aMM.

Malli-ceHTS16pb 1565 r. OCAAA MAll bTbl. Typeu.Koiii apMMeiii KOMaHJJ.OBan MycTarpa-nawa, oca.!KJJ.BHHbtMM rocnMTanbepaMM- aenMKMiii MarMCTp Op,lJ,eHa )f(aH JJ.B fla Banerr. nepBOHa'-lanbHaR '-IMCneHHOCTb TypeLJ,KOM apMMM COCTaBnRna 30 Tbi-

1537-1566 rr.

6ypr npMCOBJJ.MHMnCR K KOanMLJ,MM CBRLL4BHHoiii PMMCKoiii MMnepMM, Be-

lpaH (a arycT) M WTynbaaiiicceH6epr (ceHrn6pb). )J.aTb 6oiii maBHbtM aacTpMiiicKMM CMnaM, KOTOpbte rtJepj],MHaH,lJ, la6c6ypr JJ.ep.!Kan noJJ. BeHoiii, CyneiiiMaH I M He nbtTancR.

1544 r. CYJlE"'MAH I Ill <t>EPAIIIHAHA rA6C6YPr 3AK1110'-IAIOT MIIIP. flMWMBWMCb caoero rppaHU.Y3CKoro coi03HMKa, CyneiiiMaH OTKa3anCR OT nnaHOB BTOp.!KeHMR B AacTpMIO. B BeHrpMM onRTb BOCCTaHOBMnCR status quo; 3a rtJepJJ.MHaHj],OM la6c6yprOM OCTaBanMCb aeHrepcKMe 3eMnM Ha ceaepe M 3anaJJ.e cTpaHbt, a oH cornawancR

HBU.MM M nancKoro rocyJJ.apcTBa npOTMB TypLJ,MM M rtJpaHLJ,MM. no,lJ, 3cceKOM aBCTpMMCKaR apMMR, KOMaH,lJ,OBan KOTOpoiii fiHOW KaTBMaHep, 6b!fla OT6MTa M CTana OTC-rynaTb BABCTpMIO, nonYTM TaR OTTypeLJ,KOro npecnej],OBaHMR, OT XOnOj],a MOT

OnRTb Bbtnna'-IMBaTb ,lJ,aHb ( 1545 r.). 3To pa3BR3ano CyneiiiMaHy I pyKM JJ.flR BOMHbl c nepcMeiii.

JJ.e3epTMpCTBa. OcTaTKM aacTpMiiicKoiii apMMM 6btnM npaKTM'-IBCKM yHM'-ITO.!KeHbt TypKaMM B cepMM cTonKHOBeHMiii B03ne Bannoao ( 2 JJ.BKa 6-

OT6MTbl, HO CMOrnM, ycneWHO 060pOHRR npMrpaHM'-IHb/e KpenOCTM, OCTaHOBMTb TypeLJ,KOe KOHTpBTOp.!KeHMe. nocne aToro neT JJ.BCRTb nepM-

PR). AacTpMiiiU.bt noTepRnM B o6t1.4ei11 CnO.!KHOCTM 20 TbiCR'-1 '-lenoBeK; apMMR MX 6bma a6coniOTHO JJ.B3opra-

OJJ.M'-IeCKM npOMCXO,lJ,MnM norpaHM'-1Hbte CTOnKHOBBHMR ( 1553-1562 rr. ).

HM30BaHa. TypKM .!Ke BO,lJ,MnM Ha6erM Ha no6epe.!Kbe AnynMM.

1551-1553 rr. <t>EPAIIIHAHA rA6C6YPr B0306HOB11SIET BO"'HY C TYPKAMIII. OH amprcR B TpaHcMnbBaHMIO. AacTpMMLJ.bt 6bmM

1562r. nPA>KCKIII"'

MIIIP.

CR'-1; nO,lJ,KpenneHMM3a BpeMR OCa,lJ,bl npM6btno npMMepHO CTOnbKO .!Ke. noj], KOMaHj],OBaHMeM ,lJ,e fla BaneTTa HaXOj],MnMCb 500 pbtLJ,apeiii M BCnO-

llltonb-ceHTS16pb 1538 r. BOCCTAHIIIE B M011AABIIIIII. npM no-

rtJepJJ.MHaHJJ. la6c6ypr M CyneiiiMaH BenMKonenHbti113aKniO'-IMnM MMP, ycnoBMR KOTOporo HMKaKMX CYl1.4BCTBBHHbiX M3MBHBHMM B npe.!KHMM

MOraTenbHaR apMMR '-IMCneHHOCTbiO 8500 '-lenoBeK, B TOM '-IMCne HaeMHMKM M 4 TbiCR'-IM ManbTMMCKMX onon-

MOLL4M CBOMX BaccanoB, Kpb!MCKMX TaTap, CyneiiiMaH I pa36Mn MOnJJ.aBCKMX MRTB.!KHMKOB, 3aKniO'-IMBWMX

statUS quo He BHOCMnM. rtJep,lJ,MHaH,lJ, npoJJ.on.!Kan Bbtnna'-IMBaTb JJ.aHb. Ha CpeJJ.M3eMHOM Mope no-npe.!KHeMy

'-IBHLJ,eB; '-ITO KacaeTCR nO,lJ,KpenneHMM, TO CKB03b KOnbL/,0 OCa,lJ,bl cyMenM npOCKOnb3HYTb 80 pbtLJ,apeiii C 600 COnj],aTaMM. Q6e CTOpOHbl JJ.BM-

COI03 C rtJep,lJ,MHaH,lJ,OM la6c6yproM.

wnM 6oeBble JJ.eiiicTBMR Me)i(JJ.y CBRt1.4BHHoiii PMMCKoiii M OcMaHcKoiii MMnepMRMM.

CTBOBanM He MeHee MCKYCHO M 9HeprM'-IHO, '-IBM 43 roJJ.a Ha3aJJ. npM ocaJJ.e Po,lJ,oca. TypKM npaKTM'-IeCKM HenpepbtBHO aenM o6cTpen, '-!acTo xoJJ.MnM Ha npMCTyn, HO KpenOCTb M 3al1.4MTHMKM noj], BenMKOnenHbiM KOMaHj],OBaHMBM JJ.e fla Banerra cToRnM OJJ.MHaKoao HeKone6MMO. KorJJ.a Ha nOMOl1.4b OCa)i(JJ.BHHbiM npM6blflM McnaHCKMeapMMR M rpnoTaornaae c HeanonMTaHCKMM BMLJ,e- KOponeM lapcMeiii ToneJJ.CKMM, TYPKM CHRnM OCa,lJ,y. VfcnaHLJ,bl n03BOnMnM TypKaM 6ecnpenRTCTBBHHO norpy3MTbCR Ha KOpa6nM M OTnnb/Tb. TypeLJ,KMe noTepM COCTaBMnM, BepORTHO, 24 TbiCR'-IM y6MTbiMM; 3al1.4MTHMKM KpenOCTM

1540 r. CMEPTb SIHOWA 3An011bSIIII. rtJepJJ.MHaHJJ. la6c6ypr BTOprCR Ha nO,lJ,BnaCTHYIO TypKaM TeppMTOpMIO BeHrpMM, HO 6blfl OT6MT noJJ. 5yJJ.oiii. OH nocnan B nepcMIO caoero nocna noJJ.TOnKHYTb waxa K HanaJJ.eHMIO Ha TypLJ.MIO.

1541 r. CYJlE"'MAH YCMIIIPSIET Ill AHHEKCIIIPYET BEHrPIIIIO. 1542 r. BTOP>KEHIIIE <t>EPAIIIHAHAA rA6C6YPrA B BEHrPIIIIO. 0H 6blfl OT6MT OT newTa, KOTOpbtM TLL4BTHO nbtTancR oca)i(JJ.aTb. CyneiiiMaH I, roTOBMBWMiii o'-lepeJJ.HOiii noXOJJ. BBepx no )J.yHaiO, CHOBa 3aKn10'-IMn COI03 C rtJpaHLJ,Meiii.

Anpenb-ceHTS16pb 1543 r. BTOP>KEHIIIE CYJlE"'MAHA B ABCTPIIIIO. OH Bblc-rynMn aaepx no)J.yHaiO, a noToM no JJ.paae, 3axaaTMB

SIHsapb 1566 r. B0306HOB11EHIIIE BO"'Hbl B BEHrPIIIIII. Ha'-lano KaMnaHMM nono.!KMna cepMR peiiiJJ.OB, npeJJ.npMHRTbtX no npMKa3y Hoaoro MMnepaTopa, MaKCMMMnMaHa I.

llltonb-asrycT 1566 r. BTOP>KEHIIIE B ABCTPIIIIO. CTOTbiCR'-1HYIO apMMIO B03rnaaMn nM'-IHO CyneiiiMaH BenMKOnenHbiM, HBCMOTPR Ha caoM 72 roJJ.a M no,lJ,arpy.

5 asrycTa-8 ceHTS16pSI 1566 r. OCAAA Clll rETBAPA. KpenocTb JJ.06necTHO 3al1.4Ml1.4an rparp MMKnow 3pMHbM. KorJJ.a Typeu.KaR ocaj],HaR apTMnnepMR 6yKBanbHO CpOBHRna cTeHbl c 3eMneiii, M JJ.anbHeiiiwee conpoTMBneHMe CTano 6eCCMbtCneH-

EBPA3Vl>l V1 6JlV1>KHV1Vl BOCTOK

177

HbJM, MIIIKIIOW 3p!11Hblll no.o.Ben K nopOXOBOMY apceHany .ll.fl!IIHHbJe l/>IIIT/11fl/11111 3anan111n, a OCTaTK/11 rapH!1130Ha BbJBen B OT4af/HHYIO KOHTpaTaJ<Y, B Koropow BeHrpbJ nonem111 Bee .ao e.aMHoro ( 8 ceHTfl6pfl). Co THill rypoK, pBaHyBW!IIeCfl B KpenOCTb, nor!l16n!ll, Kor.aa B30PB8J/Cfl apceHan. )J.ByMfl .O.Hf!M/11 no3)1(e yMep CynewMaH I. CKpbJB cMeprb cynraHa, Ben!IIKIIIW Be3!11p OTBen apM/1110 Ha3a.O. B KoHCTaHTIIIHOnOflb.

flHK OCMAHCKOR 3KCflAHCHH, 1566-1600 rr. 1566-1574 rr. UAPCTBOBAH~E CEJl~MA II nPOnO&IIL..\bl.

<l:>eapanb 1568 r. AAP~AHO足 nOJlbCK~&/1 M~PHbl&/1 ,O.OfOBOP

C rA6C6YPfAM~. 1569 r. BOCCTAH~E B TYPEUK~X BJlAAEH~s:IX B APAB~~. 1569 r. 3AXBAT TYH~CA. An)I(IIIPCKIIIW.O.ew Yny.tJ.)I(-an!IIM3rHan McnaHL.leB. 1569 r. BO&IIHA C POCC~E&/1. Hey.aa4Haf! nonbJTKa KPbJMCKIIIX rarap BMeCTe C TypKaM/11 OTBOeBaTb AcrpaxaHb. s:!Haapb 1570 r. 80&/IHA C BEHEU~E&/1. Pecny6n!I1Ka orKa3anacb ycryn!IITb 0cMaHCKOW IIIMnep/11!11 K111np. Ha 3axBar ocrpoBa Cen!IIM II nocnan lj>nor no.a KOMaH.tJ.OBaH!IIeM a.tJ.M!IIpana nw:mb-naW!I1!1150-Tb/Cf14HYIO apM/1110 no.a KOMaH.tJ.OBaH!IIeM Jlana-Mycralj>bJ. K!llnpCKIIIW HaMeCTHIIIK H!IIKKono )J.aH.aono pa3.aen111n CBOIO 10-Tb!Cf/4HYIO apM/1110 Ha .O.Ba rapH!1130Ha, KoropbJe nocraB!IIn BH!IIKOC/11111111 <PaMarycre. 22 !IliOnSf - 9 CeHTS16pSI 15 7 0 r. OCAAA H~KOC~~. rapHM3oH 6bm Cfl!IIWKOM Mafl04111CfleHHbJM, 4T06bJ o6opoHfiTb ropo.acK!IIe yKpenneH!IIfl, coop)')KeHHbJe no nocne.o.HeMy cnoBY lj>opT!IIl/>!IIKal..j!IIOHHOW HayK/11. ropo.a 6bJn B3fiT WTYPMOM, BeCb rapH!1130H 111 6onbwafl 4acrb )/(/IITenew nepe6!11TbJ. 18 ceHTS16pS~1570 r. -1 aarycTa 1571 r. OCA,[J.A AMAfYCTbl. 3!11Mow OC8)1(.tJ.aFOll..l!lle npaKT!II4eCKIII H!IIKaK!IIX .tJ.eWCTBIIIW He npe.anp!IIHIIIMaJ/111, TOflbKO no.a.aep)I(!IIBan/11 6noKa.ay; HO HeKOTOpoe KOfl/114eCTBO

OcaAa aeHei.\H3HL\3MH TYPei.\KO~ Kpenocnt Conopo Ha OCTpoae Kopcj)y. 1570 r.

np111nacoB 111 no.o.KpenneH!IIW B ropo.a .aocraB!IITb Bee )l(e y.aanocb - B o6xo.a rype/..lKOro lj>nora. KoMeH.aaHT Kpenocr!ll MapK-AHTOHIIIO Gp!llra.o.MHO C TOflKOM 111CnOflb30Ban nepe.tJ.bJWKY, 4T06bJ yKpen!IITb .apeBH!IIe ropO.tJ.CK!IIe CTeHbl, .ll.flfl o6opOHbl KOTOpbJX oH pacnonaran rapH!1130HOM B 5 400 4enoBeK. JleTOM Ill 3/IIMOW wn111 O)l(ecro4eHHbJe 6o111; o6opoHflncfl bp!llra.O.!IIHO C 60flbWIIIM !IICKYCCTBOM. Kor.aa y Hero KOH4111flii1Cb 6oenp111nacbJ, a rapH!I130H coKpaT!IIncfl .11.0 .O.BYX Tb/Cf/4 4eflOBeK, OH np!IIHflfl ycnOB!IIfl Kan!IITYflfl/..lllllll, npe.ano)l(eHHbJe Jlana-Mycralj>ow, KOTOpbJW 3aTeM BeponOMHO nepe6vm OCTaBWIIIXCfl B )1(/IIBb/X 3all..I!IITH!IIKOB ( 4 aBryCTa). 1570-1571 rr. nAnA n~&/1 OCHOBbiBAET CBs:IW.EHHYIO Jl~fY. l..(enb/0 ero 6bJnO CHapfl.tJ.IIITb npOTIIIB TYPOK KpeCTOBbJW nOXO.tJ., 4T06bJ CHf/Tb OCG<aY C <PaMaryCTbl, HO !113-3a B3a!IIMHbJX no.ao3peH!IIW l1cnaHIIIIII 111 BeHel..l/11111 no.aroroBKa wna Cfl!IIWKOM Me.aneHHO. noKa XPIIICT/11aHCK/IIe apM/11111 co6Mpan!llcb B MecC!IIHe, <PaMarycra nana. ABryCT-ceHTS16pb 1571 r. TY-

PEUK~E

BOEHHO-MOPCK~E

OnEPAU~~. A.o.MIIIpan-nawa An111

MoH!I13!11H-.aa.ae onycrow111n BeHel..l/11aHcK!IIe Bna.aeH!IIfl B l10H/114eCKOM Ill 3reWCKOMMOPfl~ 3aTeM.O.BIIIHYflCfl Ha A.tJ.p!llaT!IIJ<Y Ill 6bln 38Me4eH B Henocpe.tJ.CTBeHHOW 6n!I130CTIII or BeHel..l/11111. nony4111B 1113BeCT!IIe, 4TO B Mecc111He co6Mpaercfl o6be.tJ.!IIHeHHaf! XPIIICT!IIaHCKafl lj>nOT!IIfllllfl, OH nocnewHo BepHyncfl B l1oH!I14ecKoe Mope. 22 ceHTS16pSI 1 5 71 r. C6 OP 06bE,O.~HEHHOfO JlOTA XP~足 CT~AHCK~X ,O.EP)I(AB 3ABEPWEH. <Pnor!llnlllfl HaC4111TbJBana oKono 300 KOpa6new Ill CY.Il.OB CaMbJX pa3fl/114Hb/X TlllnOB, KOMaH.tJ.OBan eFO .aoH XyaH ABcrp!IIWCKIIIW. 23 ceHTf/6Pfl OH ornnbm K Kop!IIHl/>CKOMY 3an!IIBY Ha nO/liCK rypel..jKOIO lj>nora.

5HTBa npH flenaHT0 1

7 OKTR6pfl 1571 r. Kor.aa paHo yrpoM 7 oKm6pfl rype/..lKIIIW lj>nor 6bm o6Hap)')KeH 6n1113 JlenaHro ( coBp. ropo.a HaBnaKToc B rpel..j!l1!116fl!l13 BXO.O.a B 38JIIIIB narpaHKOC), B pacnopf!)l(eH/11111 .aoHa XyaHa ABCTPIIIWCKOTO HaXO.O.IIIfl!IICb 108 BeHel..j!llaHCKIIIX ranep, 81 IIICnaHCKafl, 32 ranepbJ, o6ecne4eHHbJX nancK!IIM Ill .O.PYIIIIM/11 He6onbWIIIMIII rocy.aap-

178

V1CnAHCKOE KAPE V1 JlV1HEV1HbiV1 KOPA5Jlb . 1500-1600 rr.

CTBaMII1, a TaK)J(e 6 orpOMHbiX BeHe!4111aHCKII1X raneacoa.

C pe3epBOM, COCpe/],OTOLfeHHbiM LfYTb noo11.anb. He CLfii1Tafl Taro, LfTO

Cf/Lf. E/1,111HCTBeHHOe, LfeM 3TII1 c{JnOTbl OTnii1Lfanii1Cb OT c{JnOTOB, CKa)J(eM,

TypeJ4KII1i11 ¢noT HeMeAfleHHO Bbtwen 1113 raaaHII1 JlenaHTO. no11. KO-

Ha neaoM c{JnaHre TypeJ4KOro ¢noTa Kopa6nei11 pacnonaranocb 6onbwe,

apeMeH nyHII1LfeCKII1X BOMH, TaK 3TO TeM, LfTO Ha Hocyranep 111 BIJ.Onb 6op-

MaHAOBaHII1eM An111 MoHII13111H-AaAe HaXOA111nocb 270 ranep- a cpe/1,-

LfeM Ha npaaoM(LfTO roaop111no o3annaHII1poaaHHOM 06X0/1,HOM MaHeB-

TOB raneacoa ycmHaan111aanocb no HecKonbKO nerKII1X nyweK. Xp111CTII1-

HeM, 'WTb MeHee KpynHbiX, He)J(enll1 KOpa6nll1 Xpii1CTII1aHCKOM c{JnOTII1nll1111.

pe), HII1KaKII1M TaKTII1LfeCKII1M nnaHOM Hll1 Ta, Hll1 IJ.pyraf/ CTOpOHa He pacno-

aHCKII1e COn/],aTbl, LfaCTb KOTOpbtX COCTaBJ7f/nll1 apKe6y3111pbt, HOCII1nll1ner-

11 He 111CKn/OLfeHO, LfTO TypeJ4KII1e MOPfiKII1 6btnll1 He CTOnb OnbtTHbl, KaK eaponei11cKII1e.

naranll1- em aKa 11.enanacb TOnbKO Ha mpaH 111 a6op/],a)/(. 113 o6Ll.jei11 Lfii1CneHHOCTII1 CYIJ.OBbtX 3KII1na)J(ei11 xpll1c-

KII1e/],OCneXII1. TypKII1, a 6onbWII1HCTBe CBOeM, /],OCneXOB He 111Menll1, a BOOp}?KeHbt6biJ7111 nyKaMII1 111 ap6aneTa-

06a c{JnoTa BbiCTpOII1nii1Cb KJiaC-

TII1aHcKoro ¢noTa, 1J.OCTII1raawei11

MII1. cJJnOTbl, paCTfiHYBWII1eCf/ no

CII1LfeCKII1M 6oeBbiM nopf/IJ.KOM, npaKTII1LfeCKII1 He 1113MeHII1BWII1MCfl CO apeMeH 6111TBbl y MbtCa AKJ4111M- B OIJ.HY

84 Tb!Cf/Lf LfenoaeK, 20 Tb!Cf/Lf 6btnll1 COn/],aTaMII1 a6op/],a)J(HbiX KOMaH/1,; y TypoK aHanorii1LfHbte J4111cPPbl COCTaB-

cPPOHTY Ha 8-10 KM, np111wn111 B COnpii1KOCHOBeHII1e B nonOBII1He 0/],111HHa/],J4aToro yrpa. K nony/1,H/O ma BH bte

nii1HII110, TpeMf/ KpynHbiMII1 rpynnaMII1,

nf/nll1, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, 88 111 16 Tbl-

Cll1nbt o6eii1X CTOpOH 6btnll1 nonHOCTb/0 BOBnel.feHbl B 6111TBY. XaOTII1LfHOe cpa)J(eHII1e 11.n111nocb Lfaca Tpll1, nocne Lfero Hal.fano cKa3btBaTbCfl npeaocXO/l.CTaoxpll1cTII1aHcKoi11 CTOpOHbl KaK B no/],rOTOBKe MaTpOCOB, TaK 111 B BOOp}?KeHII1111. KToMy)J(e, HanpaaneHII1e BeTpa 6naronpll1f/TCTBOBano Xpii1CTII1aHCKOMyc{JnoTy- BnpoLfeM, 3T0/1,aaano He Cnii1WKOM cyll.jeCTBeHHbiM Bbtll1rpbtW. TypeJ4KII1i11 npaabtill c{JnaHr; He cyMeBWII1M OTOMTII1 /1,aneKO OT cyw111, 6bm npii1)J(aT K 6epery 111 YHII1LfTO)J(eH. B J4eHTpe 6111Taa npo/],On)J(anacb HeCKOnbKO /],OnbWe, HO 111 TaM, 6naro/1,apf/ npeBOCXO/],CTBY Xpii1CTII1aHCKOM CTOpOHbl, TypeJ4KOe conpoTII1BJ7eHII1e BCKOpe 6btno cnoMneHO. Y11.a LfHeill cpa)J(ancR TypeJ4KII1i11 neabtill c{JnaHr; r11.e Kopa6nei116btno 6onbwe, a KOMaH/],OBan 111M nyLfWII1M 1113 MycynbMaHCKII1X c{JnOTOB0/1,/4eB TOrO nep111011.a - an)J(II1PCK111i11Aei11 YnyiJ.)!(anll1. Ha 10ro-3ana11.e 6opb6a wna 6onee 111n111 MeHee Ha paBHbtX, noKa YnyiJ.)!(-anll1 He o6Hap}?KII1n, LfTO npo1113owno C OCTanbHbiM TypeJ4KII1M c{JnOTOM, 111 He OTCTyn111n - C 41113 CB0111X 95 (Ha MOMeHT Hal.fana 6111TBbl) Kopa6nei11, a TaK)J(e c O/l.HOill 3axaaLfeHHoi11 BeHeJ4111aHCKOM ranepoill. 5onbwe 1113 rypeJ4KOi11 ¢noT111n111111 HII1KOMycnacTII1CbHe y11.anocb: 60 ranep cen111 Ha Menb, 53 6blf7111 noTonneHbt, a 117 3axaal.feHbt. C 3axaal.feHHbtX M noTonneHHbtX rypeJ4KMX ranep 6btnll1 OCB060)!(/1,eHbl 15 Tb!Cf/Lf Xpii1CTII1aH-

Almpea ,!J;opua

CKMX pa6oa, XOTfl, no MeHbWeill Mepe, ell.je 1 0 TbtCf/Lf nownM Ha IJ.HO BMeCTe C OCMaHCKMMM KOpa6nf/MII1.

Cpa>KeHHe np11 JlenaHTO

TypeJ4KMe noTepM, y6MTbtMM M yroHYBWMMM, COCTaBMnMHeMeHee 15-

EBPA3Vl>l V1 6JlV1>KHV1Vl BOCTOK

179

1571-1572 rr. CTPOVITEJlbCTBO HOBOfO TYPEUKOfO <:J>JlOTA. Benocb oHo no 11HI1Lli18TI1ee eeni1Koro ee311pa MyxaMMe.aa CaKannl1, 11rpaewero maeHy/0 ponb B np8BI1TeflbCTBe 6e3JJ.8PHOTO cynT8H8 Cen11Ma II. 3a 311MY 6bmo nocTpoeHo n04TI1 200 HOBb/X KOpa6nei/i. XoTs:~ MHor11e 113 HI1X oml14anl1cb BeCbM8 nocpeJJ.CTBeHHbiMI1 MOpeXOJJ.HbiMI1 11 6oeBb/MI1 K84eCTB8MI1, 8 9KI1n8)1(11 11Menl1 M8fl0 onbJTa, Yny/l)/(-anl1 (Tenepb BJJ.MI1pan-nawa 0CM8HCKOW 11Mnep1111) H8 160 ranepax BbJwen 113 ,[J,ap.aaHeflfl (11/0Hb).

Cpa:lKeHHe npH nenaHTo. rpaa10pa. XVI a. 20 Tb/Cs:/4 con,aaT 11 MaTpocoe; e nneH 6bmo B3s:/TO ecero 300 TypoK. 06beJJ.I1HeHHbJe Xpi1CTI18HCKI1e Cl1flbl noTeps:1n11 13 ranep; 7566 4enoeeK 6bJnO y611TO 11 n04TI18 Tb/Cs:/4 paHeHO ( cpe.a11 HI1X- noTeps:~ew11!1i neey10 PYKY M11renb CepeaHTec). nocKOflbKY Ce30H 6bJn }?Ke JJ.OCT8T04HO n03JJ.HI1W, 11 rp0311fll1 OCeHHI1e 6yp11, Xpi1CTI18HCKI1W cpnoT eepHYflCs:/ e l1Tan1110 - nepe)I(JJ.8Tb .ao BeCHb/ 11 y)l(e TOTJJ.8 P83BI1B8Tb JJ.OC-

TI1THYTb/W ycnex. bi1TB8 np11 f1enaHTO s:/BI1fl8Cb OJJ.HOW 113 C8Mb/X pewa/Oll.li1X e Ml1poeolli 11CTOPI111. Ycnex epeMeHHO o6beJJ.I1HI1Bwerocs:~ xpl1cTI18HCKoro Ml1p8 nOfl0)1(11fl KOHel.l poC1}' Typel.lKOTO Bfl8JJ.bJ4eCTB8 B L{eHTp8flbHOM 11 3ana.aHoM CpeJJ.I13eMHOMOpbe; 9TO 6bJn, MO)I(HO CK838Tb, rpe6eHb BTOpolli BOflHbl 11Cfl8M8, roTOBI1BWellics:/ 38XfleCTHYTbXPI1CTI18HCJ<YIO Eepony; .aanbwe .aon)l(eH 6bm H848TbCs:/ OTK8T.

6HTBa npH nenaHro

VitoHb-aarycT 1572 r. HEPEWVITEJlbHOCTb COI03HVIKOB VI OTCYTCTBVIE CPE,O.VI HVIX KOOP,O.VIHAL\VIVI. 0)1(11JJ.8s:/ BOWHbl c ct>paHLll1elli, c1>11n11nn II l1cnaHCKI111i He no3BOnl1n .aoHy XyaHy AecTpl111icKoMy omnbJTb c cpnoToM e 3rellicKoe Mope. B KOHL.le KOHLlOB BeHel.li18HCKI1W 8JJ.MI1p811 ,[J,)I(aKono ct>acKapi1HI1 BbJwen B MOpe C cpnOTOM, JJ.OCTI1T8BWI1M 411CneHHOCTb/O 150 BbJMnenOB,' TOflbKO 20 cpeJJ.I1 HI1X 6bJni111Cn8HCKI1MI1 ( 88rycT). YMbJca MBTapaH oH 3aMeTI1n HOBb/W Typel.lKI1W cpnoT 11, 113YMfleH-

180

V1CnAHCKOE KAPE V1 JlV1HEli1Hblll1 KOPA6Jlb. 1500-1600 rr.

Hbliii ero 4/ifCneHHOCTbJO, yeen CB0/0 9CKa.apy K 6eperaM Kop<J>y, 4T06bJ ,ll,O)I(Iif,ll,aTbCfl no.aKpenneHMiii.

AarycT 1572 r. IACnAHL..lbl OTBOEBbiBAIOT TYHIAC. )J,oH XyaH ABCTplifiiiCKiifiii BOCCTaHOBiifn Ha TpOHe /1,/ifHacrMJO Xa</>cM.aoe.

CeHTS16pb-OKTS16pb 1572 r. B0306HOBJ1EHIAE XPIACTIAAHCKIAM <t>JlOTOM 60EBbiX AE~ CTBIA~. nonY41iiB, HaKOHe~, pa3peweH/ife c!>MnMnna II orKpbJTb eoeHHbJe .aeiiicTBiiffl npoTMB rypoK, .aoH XyaH AecrpMiiiCKMiii c 9CKa.apoiii npMMepHo e 60 BbJMnenoe npMcoe.aMHMncf! y 6eperoe Kop<J>y KO <j>nory ct>acKaPiiiHiif. 3areM o6be/l,MHeHHbJe cMnbJ /l,BiifHynlifCb HaBCTpe4y rypKaM. noH/ifMaf!, 4TO ecnlif npMMer cpa)l(eHMe C OnbJTHb/Miif XplifCT/ifaHCK/ifM/if MOpf!KaMiif, TO OCMaHCKiifiii </>nOT o6pe4eH, Yny.a)l(-anlif yKpbmcf! B yKpenneHHoiii Mo.aapcKoiii raeaHM, r.ae .aoH XyaH araKoearb ero He pMcKHyn. OH BbJca.aMn .aecaHr no.a KOMaH.aoeaHMeM AneKCaH,lJ,pa ctJapHe3e, rep~ora napMCKOTO, 4T06bJ aTaKOBaTb nopr c cywM, a caM reM epeMeHeM 6noKMpoean raeaHb. Type~ Kiifiii rapHiif30H c.aep)l(an HacrynneHiife .aecaHra ct>apHe3e, a noroM e~e Iii nony4Mn no.aKpenneHiiffl lif3 LteHrpanbHoiii /pe~liflif. Tor.aa .aoH XyaH AecrpMiiiCKMiii norpy3Mn apMMJO Ha Kopa6nlii Iii omnbm B l1ranMJO.

MapT 1573 r. BEHEUIASI 3AKJ1104AET MIAP. Bo3My~eHHbJe

Kone6aHiiff!Miif c!>MnMnna II eeHe~M aH~bJ ocraeMnlif KMnp. MliipHbJiii .ao-

reeana, xorf! Ha rpaHM~e HenpepbJBHO npO/ifCX0/1,/ifnlif CTb/4Kiif.

roeop 6bm no.anMcaH ronbKO no4Tiif 4epe3 ro.a ( <j>eepanb 1574 r.).

20 HIOHSI 1593 r. 61ATBA nPIA CIACCEKE. AecrpMiiicKaf! apMiiffl B

15 7 4-1595 rr. nPABJlEH IAE CYJlTAHA MYPAAA Ill. AarycT-ceHTS16pb 1574 r. MYCYJlbMAHE OTBOEBbiBAIOT TYHIAC. Yny.a)l(-anlif cHoea, Iii Ha

nyx Iii npax pa3rpoMMna eoiiicKo XacaHa, OCMaHCKOTO HaMeCTH/ifKa B bOCH/iflif. 3TO Bb/3Bano HerO/l,OBaH/ife CMHaH-nawM- eenMKoro ee3Mpa nplif cna6oM cynraHe Mypa.ae Ill, KOropbJiii noeen apMMJO erop)l(eHiiffl e AecrpMJO Iii BeHrpMJO.

9TOT pa3 OKOH4aTenbHO, 3aXBaT/ifn TyHMC Iii /a9ry. )J,oH XyaH AecrpMiiiCKiifiii Bb/Wen B MOpe, 4T06bJ ,ll,aTb 6oiii, HO BbJHy)l(,ll,eH 6bJn BepHyTbCfl o6parHo, raK KaK no nyrlif <J>nor ero cepbe3HO nocrpa.aan or 6yplif ( ceHTf!6pb).

1574-1581 rr. nEPIAO,Q.IA4ECKIAE BOEHHO-MOPCKIAE CTOJlKHOBEHIASI. )J,o6MTbCfl B HlifX pewMrenbHoro nepeeeca He y.aanocb Hlif 0/l,HOiii lif3 CTOPOH. Crbi4Kiif cny4an/ifCb, KaK npaB/ifnO, MenKMe; B KOH~e KOH~OB 6bm 3aK!IJ04eH Mlifp.

1577-1590 rr. B0306HOBJ1EHIAE BO~Hbl C nEPCIAE~. boeebJe .aeiiicTBiiffl Ha4an Mypa.a Ill. TypKM3aeoeeanM WMpeaH, TM</>nMc, )J,arecraH Iii JlypMcTaH. Type~KYJO apMMJO eo3maenf!n flana -Mycra<j>a, 38Boeearenb KMnpa.

1590 r. B0306HOBJ1EHIAECYXOnYTHbiX 60EBbiX AE~CTBIA~ C rA6C6YPrAMIA. l1Mneparop Py.aonb</> OTKa3anCf! BbJnna4/ifBaTb ,ll,aHb 38 nonocey eeHrepcKoiii 3eM!IM, no.aBnaCTHYJO aBCTplifiii~aM. KpynHb/X KaMnaHiifiii Hlif 0/l,Ha lif3 CTOPOH He 3a-

13 OKTS16pSI 1593 r. 83SITIAE BECnPEMA. Cy.afl no eceMy, CMHaH-nawa nnaHMpoean HacrynaTb .aanbwe, Ha BeHy; o.aHaKo f!Hbl4apbJ OTKa3anlifCb npO/l,On)l(aTb BOeBaTb 3/ifMoiii, Iii eenMKMiii ee3MP 6bm BbJHy)l(,ll,eH eepHyTbCfl B Genrpa.a. 1593-1594 rr. ABCTPIA~ CKIAE PE~Abl B BEHrEPCKIAE

3EMJ11A, nOABJlACTHbiE TYPKAM. bbm B3f!T Hoea-rpa.aMwKa Iii pfl.a.apyrMx npMrpaHM4HbJX ropo.aoe.

1594 r. BTOP)I(EHIAE CIAHAHnAWIA B CEBEPHYIO BEHrPIAIO. 0H Bb/HY/1,/ifn aBCTplifiii~eB CHf!Tb OCa.ay C /paHa ( 1 lif/OHfl), nOTOM 38XBaTiifn Pa6M pfl.a.apyrMxnpMrpaHM4HbJX ropo.aoe. OH .aonro oca)l(,ll,an KoMapHO ( e coep. BeHrpMM) - crparem4eCKiif 88)1(HYJO KpenOCTb Ha )J,yHae, HO 6bJn OT61iiT.

1595 r. BOCCTAHIASI B TPAHCIAJlbBAHIAIA, MOJlAOBE lA BAJlAXIAIA. TypKM 6bmlif epeMeHHO lif3rHaHbJ. Cno)l(lifBweiiicfl cMrya~Meiii eocnonb3oeancf! Kapn MaHc<j>enb.a Iii noeen B BeHrplifJO aBCTplifiiiCKYJO apM/if/0 BTOp)l(eH/iffl,' nplif /paHe OH pa36Mn MecrHyJO rype~KYJO apMMJO ( 4 aerycra). Bcf! ceeepHaf! rpaHM~a OcMaHcKoiii MMnep/iflif pywMnacb. nepenpaB/ifBW/ifCb 4epe3)J,yHaiii, BanaX/if co)l(mlif CMnMcrpy Iii BapHy.

1596 r. TYPKIA BOCCTAHABJliABAIOT KOHTPOJlb HAA BEHrPIAE~. HoBbJiii cynraH MoxaMMe.a Ill ero eenMKMiii ee3MP l16parMMnawa BbJcrynMnlif c rype~Koiii apMMeiii Ha ceeep Iii 0Tpa3/ifnlif aBCTplifiiiCK/ife BTOp)l(eHiiffl, 3aTeM /l,BiifHynlifCb .aanbwe Iii B3flnlif 3pnay( ceHrf!6pb). OreoeBbJBaTb 3pnay /l,BiifHynacb no4Tiif 40-Tb/Cf/4Haf! aBCTplifiiiCKaf! apMiiffl n0/1, KOMaH/l,OBaH/ifeM 9p~rep ~ora MaKC/ifMiifnlifaHa. no.a ero Ha4anoM cny)l(lifn )/(lifrMOH/1, baTOplifiii Iii

6HTBa aanaxoa c TYPKaMH y TblproaHWTe 16 OKTSIOJlH 1595 r.

EBPA3V1~ V1 5JlV1>KHV1V1 BOCTOK ( nneMHHHMK aenMKoro KoponH CTe¢aHa 5aTOPMH), B03rf18Bf1f/BWMM rpaHCMf1bBaHcKoeaoi4cKo. Type~KaH apMMf/ 'IV1Cf1eHHOCTbiO npMMepHO 80 Tb!Cf/'1 'lef10BeK BCTpeTMJ18 MX B 20 KM IOrO-BOCTO'IHee 9pnay

24-26 nP~

OKTH6pH

1596 r.

KEPEC~rE

5~T

181

nep-6eH, KOTOpbie ):lepmanH B CBOeM

IIOnb3YH BeHeu;HaHCKHX H ApyrHX

IIO):l<IHHeHHH BCeX neHHbiX Bna):leTe-

HH03eMHbiX crreu;HanHCTOB, OHH C0-

neH ):laHHOH rrpOBHHU:HH C HX ¢eo-

3):lanH 3Ha<IHTenbHhiH r anepHbiH H rra-

):lanbHbiM orromeHHeM. Ha Bo:H:Hy oHH

pycHhiH ¢ n oT, KOTOpbiH IIOCTOHHHbi-

6blnH o6.H3aHbi BbiCTyrraTb nH<IHO,

MH KOpcapCKHMH HaneTaMH IIO):lpbi-

B03rnaBmm 3TH BOHCKa. Kam):lhiH

Ban

3HneT ):len HncH Ha o6nacrn, Ha3biBa-

Cpe):!H3 eMHOM Mope H 6hln cepbe3-

HOpManbHYIO

TOproBniO

(B COBP.

eMbie caH):lmaKaMH. Bo rnaBe caH):l}l(a-

HhiM IIpOTIIBHHKOM BeHeiJ;HaHCKHX H

BEHrP~~). B nepabtM .aeHb aacT-

Ka CTOHn CaH):lmaK-6e:H, o6na):laBIIIHH

HCIIaHCKHX MOpCKHX CHn.

PMM~bt, o6opy,aoaaawMe o6opoHM-

TeMH me rrpaBaMH, <ITO H 6e:Hn ep-6e:H,

BHyTpeHHAA BoeHHo-rronHrn<Iec-

Tef1bHYIO n03M~V110 38 peKOM, 0Tpa3Mf1V1 rype~KMeamKM. nocne cyro'IHoro 3aTMWbfl Ha paccaeTe TYPKM ao3o6HOBM!1M Hana,aeHMe. AacTpMM~bt OT6MJ1V1 ero, KOHTpaTaKOB8!1V1 VI norHanM TypoK K MX narep10. B aTOT MOMeHT B Tblf1 8BCTpMM~aM y,aapM!1 nOCJ18HHbiM B o6xo,a KOHHbiM OTpf/,a no.a KOMaH.aoaaHMeM CMKana-nawM. AacTpMM~bt y.aapM!1MCb a naHMKY 11 ,aa)l(e 6pOCV1!1V1 CBOM 97 nyweK; o6paTMBWV1Cb B 6erCTBO, OHM noHeCJ1V1 orpoMHbte noTepM. B o6w,ei4 Cf10)I(HOCTM aBCTPMM~bl noTepf/!111 23 TbiCf/'IM 'lenoaeK; TYPKM, aepoHTHO, HeMHOrMM MeHbwe. Type~KaH apMMH 6btf1a HaCTOf1bKO ocna6neHa 11 ,ae3opraHM3oaaHa, 'ITO nycKaTbCH a npecne.aoaaHMe He cTana. 1597-1598 rr. ABCTP~I71L~bl

HO TOnbKO B rrpe):lenax cBoe:H o6nac-

KaH opraHH3 aiJ;HH rOCy):lapcTBa, OTBe-

rn. OH 6bln IIOA<IHHeH 6e:Hnep-6ero.

tiaBIIICUI B rrepByiO otiepe):lb 3a):latiaM

B0305HOB11S:UOT

BTOP>KEH~SI.

OHM B3flf1M Pa6 11 BecnpeM, HO 6blf1M OWMTbl OT 5y,abt ( OKTH6pb 1598 r.).

1598 r.

BOCCTAH~E

B ~PAKE.

0Ho 6bmo no.aaaneHo TypKaMM.

eo):lanbHoe orron<IeHHe, rrocTaBnH-

CO):lepmaHHH orpOMHOH BOeHHOH Ma-

eMoe ):lepmaTen HMH neHoB, rrpe):lCTaB-

IIIHHhi, C IIOMOiu;biO KOTOpOH ocyme-

nHno co6o:H B

XVI

BeKe ocHOBHYIO

CTBn.HnHCb 3 aBOeBaHIDI B HHTepecax

BOeHHyro CHnY HMrrepHH. IIpn Cyne:H-

Knacca zypeu;KHX ¢eo):lanoB, ):lenana

MaHe KaHYHH <IHcneHHOCTb ¢eo):lanbHoro orron tieHHH ):locTHrana

200

Thl-

CH<I <IenoBeK.

OcMaHCKYIO HMrrepHIO e):!HHCTBeHHo:H IIO):ln HHHO BOeHHOH ):lepmaBOH cpe):lHeBeKOBbH.

fnaBHbiM rrpe):lCTaBHTeneM rpam):laHCKOH a):!MHHHCTpaiJ;HH B IIpOBHH-

K KOHU:Y

XVI

BeKa, B TO BpeMH

Kor):la B EBporre Ha<IanH cKn a ):lbi-

U:HH HBnHnCH Ka):!HH, KOTOpbiH Be):lan

BaTbCH CHn bHble QeHTpanH30BaH-

BCeMH rpam):laHCKHMH H cy):le6HbiMH

Hble rocyAapCTBa, B o6rnHpHOH H

):lenaMH B IIO):!Be):lOMCTBeHHOM eMy

MHororrneMeHHOH OcMaHcKo:H HM-

OKpyre, Ha3 biBaBIIIeMCH «Ka3a». fpa-

rrepHH BHyTpeHHHe 3KOHOMH<J:eCKHe

HHIJ;bl Ka3bl o6bltiHO, IIO-BH):!HMOMy,

H IIOnHTH<J:eCKHe CBH3H He TOnbKO He

coBrra):lanH c rpaHHu;e:H caH):lmaKa.

yKperrnHnHCb, HO, Hao6opoT, CTanH

Ilo3TOMY Ka):!HH H CaH):l}l(aK-6e:H ):!On -

ocna6eBaTb. AHrn¢eo):lanbHhle ):lBH-

}l(Hbl 6bln H AeHCTBOBaTb cor nacoBaH-

meHHH KpeCTbHHCTBa H 6opb6a Hezy-

HO. 0):!HaKO Ka):!HH Ha3HatianHCb ITO

peU:KHX HapO):lOB 3a CBOe OCB060m):le-

cynTaHCKOMY )'Ka3y H IIO):l<IHHHnHCb

HHe OTpamanH HeiipHMHpHMble BHyT-

Herrocpe):lCTBeHHO CTaM6yny.

peHHHe rrpornBopetiiDI, rrpeo):loneTh

lli!hi<IapCKOe BOHCKO COCTOHnO Ha

KOTOpbie cynTaHCKCUI BnacTb 6bln a He

Ka3eHHOM manOBaHHH H KOMIIneKTO-

B COCTOHHHH. KoHCOnH):laQHH HMIIe-

BanOCb H3 XpHCTHaHCKHX IOHOIIIeH,

pHH Mernano TaKme TO o6cTOHTenb-

KOTOpbiX B B03pacTe

7-12

neT Ha-

cTBo, <ITO u;eHTPanbHaH o6naCTb HM-

focy):lapcTBeHHhiH CTpOH, a)];II.UI-

CHnbCTBeHHO OroHpanH OT pOAHTe-

rrepHH -

HHCTpaTIIBHCUI CTp)'Krypa H BOeHHCUI

ne:H, BOCIIHThiBanH B eyxe Mycynb-

OTHOIIIeHHH AHaTOnHH -

opraHH3 aU:IDI OcMaHCKOH HMIIepHH B

MaHCKOro ¢aHaTH3Ma B zypell;KHX ce-

He Morn a CTaTb ):ln .H IIOKOpeHHbiX Ha-

XVI

MbHX B

BeKe rrony<IHnH OTpameHHe B

3aKoHo):laTenbcTBe Cyne:HMaHa. CymaH pacrropiDKancH BCeMH ):lO-

AHaTOnHH,

IIO T OM

Y<J:HnHiu;ax B CTaM6yne HnH 3AHpHe

OTCTanaH B 3KOHOMH<J:eCKOM He CTana H

pO):lOB QeHTpOM 3KOHOMHtieCKOrO H rronnTH<IecKoro rrpHTIDKeHHH.

(AApHaHOIIOne). 3TO BOHCKO, tiHC-

Do Mepe pa3BHTHH TOBapHo-Ae-

XVI

HemHblx ornorneHHH YBen H<IHBanacb

xo):laMH HMIIepHH H ee BoopymeHHbi-

neHHOCTb KOToporo B cepe):lHHe

MH cHnaMH. IIpH rrocpe):lcTBe BenHKO-

BeKa ):locrnrana

ThiCH<I <IenoBeK,

3aHHTepeCOBaHHOCTb ¢eo):lanOB B IIO-

ro Be3Hpa H rnaBhi MycynbMaHCKoro

6h!no cepbe3HOH yAapHOH CHnOH B zy-

BbiiiieHHH ):lOXO):lHOCTH CBOHX BOeHHO-

):lyxoBeHcTBa- rne:Hx-ynb-HcnaMa,

peu;KHX 3aBoeBaHHHX, oco6o Ba}l(Hoe

n eHHbiX Bna):leHHH. 0HH CTanH CaMO-

KOTOpbie COBMeCTHO C APyrHMH BbiC-

3HatieHHe OHO HMeno B KatieCTBe rap-

BOnbHO rrpeBparu;aTb 3 TH ycnoBHhle

IIIHMH CBeTCKHMH H ):lyXOBHbiMH ca-

HH30HHOH OXpaHbi B Ba}l(HeHIIIHX ro-

Bna):leHHH B CBOIO C06CTBeHHOCTb.

HOBHHKaMH COCTaBmiJ!H ,lJ;HBaH ( COBeT

po):lax H KpeiiOCTIIX HMIIepHH, rrpem-

BoeHHble neHHHKH HatianH yKnOHHTh-

caHoBHHKoB), oH yrrpaBnHn CTPaHo:H.

):le Bcero Ha EanKaHCKOM rron yocTPo-

cH OT o6H3aHHOCTH CO):lepmaTb ):ln H

KaHIJ;en HpiDI Ben HKoro Be3Hpa Ha3bl-

Be H B apa6cKHX cTpaHax, r):le Bcer):la

cyn TaHa OTpH):lbi H OT y<IaCTHH B BO-

Banacb BhiCOKCUI IIopTa.

cymecTBoBana orracHOCTb Hapo):!Horo

eHHbiX IIOXO):laX, CTanH IIpHCBaHBaTh

BcH TeppHTopm:r OcMaHCKOH HM-

B03Myru;eHIDI rrponm zypeu;Koro Hra.

):lOXO):lbi OT neHHbiX Bna):leHHH. 0):lHO-

rrepHH 6bln a pa3):leneHa Ha rrpoBHHU:HH, HnH HaMeCTHH<J:eCTBa (3HneThi).

C cepe):lHHhi XV H oco6eHHO B XVI BeKe zypeu;Kne cynTaHhi y):lenH-

MemAy omenbHhiMH ¢eo):lanbHhiMH

Bo rnaBe 3HneTOB CTOHnH Ha3Ha<J:ae-

nH 6onbiiiOe BHHMaHHe C03):laHHIO

rpyrrrrHpOBKaMH 3 a o6na):laHHe 3eM-

Mhle cynTaHOM HaMeCTHHKH- 6e:H-

co6CTBeHHoro MopcKoro ¢noTa.

He-

n e:H, 3 a ee KOHU:eHTPau;HIO. KaK IIHcan

BpeMeHHO c 3THM Ha<J:anacb 6opb6a

182

V1CnAHCKOE KAPE V1 JlV1HEV1HbiV1 KOPA5Jlb . 1500-1600 rr.

COBpeMeHHIIK, «Me)K):Iy HliMli eCTb JIIOLIII, IIMeiOil(lle ITO

20-30

B KatiecTBe oTKyiTrn:IIKOB tiacm

TbHHe MaCCaMII pa30pHnliCb II, He-

II ):lmKe

Bb!CTyrraJIII ITpliLIBOpHb!e II ITpOBliHu;li-

CMOTpH Ha rp03liBIIIIIe liM Kapb!, 6e-

40-50 3eaMeTDB II TIIMapoB, IUIO-

aJibHble caHOBHIIKII. Eon brnoe Konii-

)Kanii CO CBOIIX 3 eMenb. li3 0):\HOM

):Ibl KOTOpb!X OHII ITO)KllpaiOT» . 3m

tiecTBo rocy):lapcTBeHHh!X 3eMeJib tie-

ITpOBIIHIJ;llli B L\pyryiO ITepeXO):IIInli

rocyL~apcTBeH

pe3 ITocpeL\CTBO oTKyiToB ITOITano B

TDniTbl ronOL(Hb!X II o6opBaHHb!X niO-

PYKII HHhltiap II CIIITaXIIeB.

):IeM B ITOliCKaX CHOCHb!X ycnOBliM

ITO

ITpiiBeno K mMy, IITD

HaH co6cTBeHHOCTb Ha 3eMJIIO CTaJia ocna6eBaTb II ITOCTeiTeHHO yTpatiii-

3TOT ITepiiOLI 3 aBoeBaTenbHaH

)Kll3Hll . KpecTbHH HaKa3b!Banii, 3a-

BaTb CBOe 3HatieHIIe, a BOeHHO-neH-

ITOnliTIIKa OcMaHCKOM IIMITepllli Ha-

cTaBJIHJIII ITnaTliTb ITOBb!IIIeHHble Ha-

HaH CIICTeMa- pa3naraTbcH. YciiJIII-

TaJIKIIBaJiacb Ha Bee 6onee cepbe3Hble

norn 3 a caMOBOJibHh!M yxo):l c 3eMnii.

BancH ¢eo):lanbHh!M ceiTapaTII3M.

ITpeiTHTCTBliH.

0):1HaKO 3TH Mepb! He ITOMOraJIII.

XVI BeKa ITOHBIIJIIICb HecoM-

CIInbHoe II Bee Bo3pacTaBrnee co-

IIpoii3Bon IIIIHOBHIIKOB, oTKyiT-

HeHHble ITpii3HaKli ocna6neHIIH cyn-

ITpomBneHIIe 3TOM ITOnliTIIKe OKa3bl-

Il(IIKOB, BCeB03MO)KHble ITOBIIHHOCTII

TaHCKOM Bnacm.

BaJili PocciiH, ABCTPIIH, IIoJibrna II Ha

II 0Tpa60TKII, CBH3aHHble C Heo6xo-

CpeL~II3eMHOM Mope -

LIIIMOCTbiO o6cnYMI!BaTh cyJITaHCKYIO

B KOHU:e

PacTOtiiiTenbHOCTb cynTaHoB II IIX ITpiiL\BOpHb!X Tpe6oBana orpOMHb!X

liciTaHIIH.

IIpiiiTpeeMHIIKe CyneliMaHa KaHY-

apMIIIO EO BpeMH ITOCTDeB, Bbl3b!Ba-

II (1566-1574 rr.)

nii BCITb!IIIKli He):IOBOnbCTBa cpe):III

cpeL\CTB. 3HatiiiTeJibHYI0 L(OniO rocy-

H I I - CeniiMe

L~apcTBeHHh!X

):IOXO):IOB IT Ornom: an

6h!n ITpeLIITPIIHHT ITOXOLI Ha AcTpa-

KpeCThHH B TetieHIIe ITOCne):IHeM tieT-

HeiTpepb!BHO pacryru:IIli 6IOpoKpam-

XaHb (1569 r. ). Ho 3TD MepoiTpiiHTIIe,

Bepm

tieCKIIM BOeHHO-a):(MliHIICTpaTIIBHbiM II

ITOTpe6oBaBIIIee 3HatiiiTenbHb!X 3aT-

¢liHaHCOBb!M aiiiTapaT rOCy):lapCTBa B

paT, He ITpiiHecno yciTexa: rypeu;KaH

XVI BeKa. 1591 roey ITpOII30IIIJio

BoccTa-

HIIe B ,lJ;IIHp6eKIIpe B OTBeT Ha )KeCTD-

u;eHTpe II B ITpOBIIHu;IIHX. OIIeHb 6oJib-

apMIIH IToTepiTena ITopmKeHIIe II 6b!Jla

KIIe Mepb!, ITpiiHHTble 6ennep-6eeM

rnaH tiacTb cpe):ICTB Tpamnacb Ha co-

Bb!HY)K):IeHa OTCTyrrliTh.

ITpii c6ope He):IOIIMOK C KpeCTbHH.

):lep)KaHIIe apMIIli HHbltiap, 'IIICneH-

1571

roey coeL~IIHeHHh!M ¢noT

CronKHOBeHIIH HaceneHIIH C BOMCKOM

1592-1593

HOCTh KOTOpb!X B03paCTaJia ITO Mepe

liciTaHllli II BeHeU:IIII HaHec B 3aniiBe

ITpOII30IIInli B

Taro, KaK pa3naranocb II coKparn:a-

fleiTaHTO COKpyrniiTenbHOe ITOpa)Ke-

palioHax 3p3YPYMa II Eam;a):la. B

nocb ¢eo):lanbHoe oiTontieHIIe, ITO-

Hlle rypeu;KoMy

Hey):latia ac-

roey BOCCTaHliH BCITh!XHynii B KepMa-

¢nary.

ro):laX B

1596

CTaBnHBrneecH neHHIIKaMII. LliicneH-

TpaxaHcKoro ITOXO):Ia II ITOpmKeHIIe

He II coce):IHIIX palioHax Manon A3llll.

HOCTb HHb!tiapCKOrO BOMCKa yBeniitiii-

ITpii fleiTaHTO CBII):IeTenbCTBOBaJili 0

Banacb ern:e II ITOTOMy, 'lTD cynTaHY

HatiaBIIIeMCH BOeHHOM ocna6neHIIli

o6rn:IIM, BhlniinOCb B KpeCTbHHCKOe

HYMHa 6h!na BOeHHaH ciiJia ):lnH ITO-

liMITe p lili .

BOCCTaHIIe, KOTOpoe OXBamno u;eHT-

):IaBneHIIH pacTYII(eli 6opb6bl rypeu:-

TeM He MeHee rypeu;KIIe cynTaHhl

KIIX II HerypeiJ;KliX HapOL\Hb!X Mace

ITpo):lon)KaJili Becm II3HYPIITenbHh!e

ITpOTliB ¢eo):laJibHOrO II HaiJ;IIOHaJib-

LIJIH Hapo):(Hb!X Mace BOMHhl . HatiaTaH

HOrO rHeTa. RHh!IIapcKaH apMIIH B

Hatiane

XVII BeKa ITpeBh!IIIana 90 Th!-

cHti IIenoBeK .

1578 roey II ITpiiHecrnaH orpoMHble

1599 ro):ly He):IOBOJibCTBO, CTaB Bce-

paJibHble II BOCTOIIHble o6nacru AHaTDJIIIII. Bo3Myll(eHIIe BoccTaBIIIIIX 6h!no II Ha 3TOT pa3 HarrpaBneHO ITpOTliB

¢e-

6e):ICTBIIH Hapo):laM 3aKaBKa3bH BOR-

O):IaJibHb!X IT06opoB, ITpOTliB HaJIOrOB,

Ha rypeu;Koro cynTaHa c Ce¢eBIIL~a

B3HTOIJHIItieCTBa II ITpOII3BOna cynTaH-

1590 roey ITO):IITII-

CKliX 'IliHOBHliKOB II OTKYITil(liKOB.

MHCb yBeniitiiiTh ):IOXOLibl Ka3Hbl, CTa-

CaHIIeM ):loroBopa B CTaM6yne, ITO

,lJ;BII)KeHIIe KpeCTbHHCTBa 6blnO liC-

na II3 ro):la B ro):l ITOBh!IIIaTh cTapb!e II

KOTopoMy 3a Typu;IIeli 3aKpeiTnHJIIICb

ITOnb30BaHO MenKIIMli neHHIIKaMII,

BBOL\liTh HOBble Hanorii. Hanor ):I)KII-

Te6pii3, illiipBaH, tiaCTh flypiicTaHa,

KOTDpb!e B CBOIO Otiepe):lb Bb!CTyrraJIII

XVI BeKa paBHh!M 2025 aKIIe c IIenoBeKa, K Hatiany XVII BeKa ):IOCTIIr 140 aKIIe, a tipe3Bb!IIali-

3aiTa):(HaH fpy3IIH II HeKoTopb!e LIPY-

ITPOTIIB y3ypiTaU:llli IIX ITpaB Ha 3eM-

riie palioHbl KaBKa3a. 0):1HaKo 3TH

niO Bb!XO):IU:aMII ll3 ITpiiL\BOpH0-6IO-

o6nacm (KpOMe rpy3IIHCKIIX) OHa

poKpaTIItieCKOM apiiCTOKpaTllll, Kpyrr-

HO 3noyrrOTpe6JIHBIIIIIe CBOIIMII ITOn-

CMOrna y):lep)KaTh ITO):( CBOeM BnaCThiO

Hb!Mll 3eMneBna):lenbu;aMII II oTKyiT-

HOMO'IliHMli c6opll(IIKII HanoroB ):10-

TOJibKO B TetieHIIe

focy):lapCTBeHHaH BnaCTb, CTpe-

3bH, B Hatiane

MII 3aKOHIIIInacb B

neT. CBOII BO-

Il(IIKaMII. MenKIIM aHaToniiMCKIIM

400-500

eHHble paCXO):Ibl rocy):lapCTBeHHOe

¢eo):lan Kapa 5I3h!L\)Kll, co6paB ap-

aKIJe . Bo3pocnii TaK)Ke ¢eo):laJibHble

Ka3HatielicTBo CTPeMIInocb KOMITeH-

MIIIO B

IT060pb!, B3IIMaBIIIIIeCH 3eMneBna-

ciipoBaTh 3a CtieT ):IOITOnHIITenbHb!X

CTaBIIIliX 3eMne):lenbiJ;eB, KOIJeBHIIKOB-

):leJibiJ;aMII . BMecTe c TeM Ka3Hatieli-

ITo6opoB c ITO):IaTHoro HaceneHIIH .

CKOTOBO):IOB II MenKIIX neHHliKOB, B

CTBo CTano OT):IaBaTb ITpaBO c6opa

BceB03MO)KHh!X IIpe3BbltiaMHh!X o6-

1600 ro):ly 3aBna):len ropOL\OM Kalice-

HanoroB c rocy):lapcTBeHHh!X 3eMenb

no)KeHIIM II Ha):l6aBOK K cyrn:ecTByiO-

pii, o6bHBIIJI ce6H cynTaHOM 3 aXBa-

oTKyrrrn:IIKaM . TaK ITOHBIInacbii Hatia-

Il(liM HanoraM 6h!no TaKoe MHO)Ke-

tieHHh!X o6nacTeM II OTKa3anCH ITOBII-

na yciiJIIIBaThCH HOBaH KaTeropiiH 3e-

CTBO, 'ITO, KaK ITIICan neTOITIICeU:,

HOBaTbCH CTaM6ynbCKOMY ):IBOpy.

BO):Illnll era IIHoma L\O

MenbHb!X Bna):leJibu;eB -

20-30 Tb!CH'I tienoBeK ll3 BOC-

OTKyrrll(IIKII,

«B ITpOBIIHu;IIHXrocy):lapcTBa IIpe3Bbl-

Eopb6a cynTaHCKIIX apMIIM c Hapo):I-

ITpeBpall(aBIIIIIeCH ¢aKTIItieCKli B ¢e-

IIaMHble Hanorii ):IOBenii ITOMaHHb!X

Hh!MII aHTII¢eo):lanbHb!Mli BOCCTaHII-

O):IaJibHb!X C06CTBeHHIIKOB u;enb!X o6-

):10 TOrO, 'ITO liM OITpOTIIBen 3TOT Mllp

HMli ITpOL(On)Kanacb B TetieHIIe ITHTll

naCTeM.

II Bee, 'ITO Haxo):IIITCH B HeM». Kpec-

neT

(1599-1603 IT.).

B KOHU:e KOH-

EBPA3V1~ V1 5JlV1>KHV1V1 BOCTOK

183

U:OB cyJITa.HY y):laJIOCb L(OrOBOpliTbCH C MHTe)l{HbiMII cpeOL(aJiaMII II )KeCTO-

«R, II HIIKTO L~pyroil». CpeM MHO)KeCTBa BCHKOrO po):la 3MIIpaTOB II

HbiX KHH3ell:. Bcnen3a 3TIIM oHH Bcry-

KO ITOL(aBIITb BOCCTaHIIe KpeCTbHH.

Xa.HCTB, Ha KOTOpbie TOr):la paCITa):laJI-

ITIIJIII B O)KeCTO"!eHHYIO 6opb6y C

HOM II ITpeBpaTIIJIIICb EO BJia):leTeJib-

Eru:e 6onee ciiJibHbiMII 6biJIII Boc-

CH HbiHeiiiHHll Hpa.H, Haii6onee Kpyrr-

IIIIIpBaH-IIIaxaMII, CTpeMHCb OTHHTb y

CTaHliH HerypeU:KIIX HapOL\OB IIMIIe-

HbiMII HBJIHJIIICb xaHCTBa Ha IOre

HIIX IIX BnaneHliH, paciTOJIO)KeHHbie Ha

piiii B EBpoiTe, oco6eHHO Ha EaJIKa-

A3ep6ail):I)Ka.Ha II Ha 3arra):le Hpa.Ha.

CeBepe A3ep6ailn)KaHa.

Hax, HarrpaBJieHHbie ITpOTIIB rypeu:Ko-

3TH pallOHbi L(OCTHrJIII 6onee BbiCO-

CTOHBIIIIIll Ha OTHOCIITeJibHO Bbi-

ro BJia):lbi'IecTBa.

KOrO ypOBHH 3KOHOMII"!eCKOrO pa3BII-

COKOll CTyrreHII COU:IIaJibH0-3KOHOMII<J:eCKOrO pa3BIITIIH A3ep6ail):I)KaH co-

Eopb6a c aHTHcpeo):laJibHbiMII II

Tll5I ITO cpaBHeHIIIO C llPyriiMII o6JiaC-

Ha pOL(HO-OCB060MTeJibHbiMII L(Bll)Ke-

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V1CnAHCKOE KAPE V1 JlV1HEVJHbiVl KOPA5Jlb . 1500-1600 rr.

oce~noro n Ko~eBoro HaceneHnH A3ep6a.ll,J:DKaHa, mecroKo CTIJa~aBIIIe ro OT rHeTa n 3KCITn yaTau;nn CO CTOpOHhl XaHOB n cpeo~anbHh!X 3eMneBnMenbiJ;eB. Bee ITpnBepmeHU:hl HeManna B 3HaK CBOeH ITpllH~emHOCTll K Illllll3MY HOcnnn ron oBHh!e y6ophl, OTn~HTenbHOH oco6eHHOCTblO KOTOpb!X 6h!nn ~eHMIJ;aTb KpaCHh!X CKna~OK, ITO ~cny ITO~HTaeMh!X IllllllTaMnnMaMOB-MeccnH. Bnaro~apH 3TOMY ronoBHOMY y6opy ITneMeHa, ITOMep)KllBaBIIIlle HcManna, ITony~ n n Ha3BaHne Khl3hln -6aiiin, T. e. KpacHoronoBh!e. Ilpo3Bllllie Khl3hln -6aiiin cKopo CTano CllHOHllMOM CecpeBn~oB. B pyccKnx ~oKyMeHTax XVIXVII BeKoB ~HacTHH n rocy~apcTBo CecpeB~OB ITpenMYIIIecTBeHHO HMeHYIOTCH Khl3hln -6aiiiaMn. HeMann CecpeBn~ ITon~nn ITO~ ~epmKy n cpe~n apMHHCKoro n ITepcn~cKoro ToproBo-peMecneHHoro HaceneHnH, cTpa~aBIIIero n 3-3a 3aXBaTa OcMaHCKOH nMIIepneil: cTapnHHh!X ToproBh!X ITyTeH, Be~IIInX n 3 HpaHa n 3aKaBKa3bH Ha 3arra~, nn33a cpeo~anbHh!X yco6nu;. IIepBh!M n 3 KHHmeCTB, ITO~BepriiinXCH HaiTa~e HniO Khl3h!n-6aiiieil:, 6h!n IIInpBaH, ITpaBnTenb KOTOporo C~nTanCH ncKOHHh!M BparoM ap~e6nnbCKnX IIIeHXOB. 3aXBaTllB IlleMaxy, BaKy n ~py rne ropo~a Ha CeBepe A 3ep6a~ma Ha, HeMann ~BnHyncH Ha IOr, r~e pa3rpoMnn r n aBHh!e cnnhl cynTaHa AK-KoiOHnyn3aHHnB 1502 roeyTe6pn3. 3~ecb HeMann (1502-1524 rr.) ITpoB03rnacnn ce6H IIIaxoM, a IIInn 3M - rocy~apcTBeHHOH pennrneil:. TaK cnomnnocb CecpeB~cKoe cpeo~anbHoe rocy~apcTBo.

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c OcMaHCKOH nMITepneil: ITpo~onma nacb n ITpn 6nnma.lliiieM ITpeeMHHKe HcManna- IIIaxe TaxMaciTe I (1524-1576 rr.). B 1534 ro~y rypeu;Kne cpeo~anh! BHOBb BToprn ncb B ITpe~enh! CecpeBn~cKoro rocy~a pcTBa. KaK n ITpe~e, OCHOBHh!Mn MeCTaMll cpameHHH 6h!nn 3aKaBKa3be n HpaK. TypKn 3axBamnn Te6pn3, a HeKoropoe BpeMH crrycTH n Barna~ (1534 r. ) . Te6pll3, ITpaB~a, 6h!n BCKOpe BHOBb 3aHHT Khl3h!fl-6aiiiaMn, HO Bar~a~ n HpaK HMonro ocTanncb B PYKax rypoK. OITacaHcb HeO)Kll~aHHO ro rypeu;Koro BTOpmeHHH, CecpeB~hl ITepeHecnn cronnu:y B ropo~ Ka3BnH, ITO~aflbiiie Ha BOCTOK OT rpaHniJ;hl C Typu;neil:. B 1547 roey Ha~anacb HOBaH BOHHa, ITpo~onmaBIIIaHCH CBh!IIIe BOCbMll n eT n 3aKOH~nBIIIaHCH B 1555 ro~y MnpHh!M ~OrOBOpOM, pa3~ennBIIInM 3aKaBKa3be Memey HpaHoM n Typu:neil:. Cne~rn:aH Han6onee ITpo~on)Kll TenhHaH Boil:Ha CecpeB~cKoro rocy~apcTBa c OcMaHCKOH HMITepneil: Ha~anacbB 1578roeynMHnaCb~o 1590 ro~a. Bo BpeMH 3TOH BOHHhl rypKn 3aHHnn Bee 3aKaBKa3be. Typeu;Kne c~a rrnaBann ITO KaciiHHCKOMY MopiO, ITpeph!BaH coo6rn:eHHe Memey ceBepHh!MHniO)KHh!Mn ero 6eperaMn.

1500-1524 rr. LI,APCTBOBAHii1E 111CMAII111A I. B caMoM Ha'-lane npaaneHvrR Hanan Ha WvrpaaH vr oTaoeaan y TaTap 5aKy( 1500 r.). 1500-1507rr.

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185

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KABKA3

H)ID IJ:PY:iKHHY, Ha6paHHyiO H3 cpe}:(bl

apMHH OKa3 a JIO peiiiaiOil(ee }:(eHCTBHe

K Ha<J:any XVI CToJieTHH pa3BHTHe

rro}:(BJiacTHoro IIJieMeHH, TBOpH cyiJ: H

Ha KOHe'!HbiH HCXOIJ: BOeHHbiX CTOJIK-

cpeo}:(aJIH3Ma B cTpaHax 3aKaBKa3bH

pacrrpaBy HaiJ: oce}:(Jib!M H KO<J:eBb!M

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}:(OCTHrJIO y:~Ke 60JibiiiOH 3 peJIOCTH. 3}:(eCb yCTaHOBHJIHCb THIIH<J:Hble }:(JIH

HaCeJieHH eM, XaHbl 3YJibKa}:(ap 'IYBCTBOBaJIH ce6H He MeHee CaMOCTOH-

1 590-1598 rr. BO~ HA C Y3-

cpeo}:(aJIH3Ma cpopMb! 3 eMeJibHOH co6-

TeJibHb!MH, '!eM CaM IUax. ,[l;Bop 3THX

EiEKAM~. Bo3maaneHHbte A6JJ.yn-

CTBeHHOCTH. ,[l;JIH fpy3HH TOrO Bpe-

XaHOB B IliHpa3 e 6b!JI CTOJib :IKe poc-

na-xaHoM II, Te 3axaaTMnM /epaT, Mec,lJ.)I(e,lJ.e M 6onbWYIO 'laCTb XopacaHa. 00'ITM CO BCeM TeppMTOpMM XopacaHa A66ac I MX nocTeneHHO BbtTecHMn, HO noTepnen TH)I(enoe nopa)l(eHMe y 5anxa ( 1598 r.). 06e CTOpOHbt6btnM MCTOI.JJ,eHbl BOMHOM M nOTOMY 3aKfliO'IMflM MMp; y36eKM COxpaHMflM 3a C060M He6on bWYIO 'laCTb XopacaHa c 14eHTPOM a 5anxe.

MeHH XapaKTepHO KpyrrHoe 6e3yCJIOB-

KOIIIeH, KaK H cecpeBH}:(CKHH }:(BOp.

HapH~J:y c TaKHMH BHOBb o6pa3oBaBIIIHMHCH Kbl3b!JI -6aiUCKHMH y}:(eJiaMH coxpaHHJIHCb cTapb!e cpeo}:(aJibHble BJia}:(eHHH C HaCJie}:(CTBe HHbiMH BJia}:(eTeJibHbiMH KH5I3b5IMH. K 'IHCJIY TaKHX KHH3eH, HaiipHMep, OTHOCHJICH XaH fHJIHHa, KOTOpb!H BeJI He3 aBHCHMYIO OT IUaXa BHeiiiHIOIO IIOJIHTHKY, OTrrpaBJIHH rrocJioB B CTaM6yJI K rypeu:KoMy cyJITaHy. Eopb6a c 3THMH XaH-

1598-1600 rr. U,~~

PEOPrAH~3A

nEPC~ACKO~

APM~~-

HOe HaCJie}:(CTBeHHOe 3eMJieBJia}:(eHHe KHH3 eH H IJ:YXOBeHCTBa, IIOJib30BaBIIIHXC5I IIOJIHb!M HMMYHHTeTOM; rpy3HHCKOe IJ:BOpHHCTBO ITO}:( ycJIOBHeM CJiy:iK6bl IIOMell(aJI OCb IIpeHMyll(eCTBeHHO Ha KHH)KeCKHX :IKe 3eMJI5IX. B A3ep6a:H}:(:~KaHe H ApMeHHH HapHIJ:Y C 6e3 yCJIOBHbiM HaCJie}:(CTBeHHb!M 3e MJieBJia}:(eHHeM- MYJibKOM6b!JIH pa3BHTbl Ha rOCYIJ:apCTBeHHb!X 3eMJIHX yc JIOBHble cpopMb! 3eMJieBJia-

186 ):(eHIUI -

VlCnAHCKOE KAPE V1 nVlHEVlHbllll KOPA6nb. 1500-1600 rr.

Tli)'Jih 11 COIOpraJI, 113 KOTO-

Opy)[(eHHHKOB, IOBeJI11pOB, KO)[(eBHH-

BacrrypaKaH, AJiaiiiKepT H EaH3eT

pblX nepsaH 03HU'faJIU BpeMeHHOe IIO-

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(ApMeHHH) OTXOL.\11JII1 K Typu1111, a

)f{aJIOBUHI1e C npaBOM c6opa peHTbl-

pbiHKax. PeMecJieHHI1KI1 o6be)lHHH-

socTOLIHhre '-IUCTI1 fpy3HHI1 ApMeHI111

HUJIOra, a BTOpaH -

JIHCh B uex11, TOprOBUbl -

11 secb A3ep6ann)f{aH -

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BJia):(eHHe, XOTH H ITO):( ycJIOBHeM

B Kyne'feC-

KHe 06oe):(HHeHI1fl. 3Ha'lHTeJibHaf!

K Cecpesl1-

naM. <l>eonaJihHaH yco6uua B IIpaHe

XVI seKa ocJia-

CJiy)[(6bi, C IIOJIHbiM HMMYHHTeTOM.

qacTh peMecJieHHHKOB 6brJia cpeo-

so BTopoH: rroJIOBMHe

MecTHhre cseTCKHe cpeoJJ:aJihi B pe-

naJihHO 3aBHCHMoil. CTOHBIIIHe Ha

6HJia CecpesHncKoe rocy)lapcTBO 11

3YJihTaTe BOHH 6biJII1 3):(ecb, oco6eH-

naBHllX TpaH311THbiX TOprOBbiX nyTHX

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HO B ApMeHI111, B 3Ha'li1TeJibHOH cTe-

ropona 3aKaBKa3hH, TaKI1e KaK T611-

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neHI1 3aMeHeHbi HH03eMHhiMH 3asoe-

JII1CI1, EpesaH, lllel\taxa, EaKy 11 )lp.,

1590

BaTeJIHMH.

1578-

r0)10B BCe 3aKaBKa3be OTOIIIJIO

apMHHCKOH

CTpan:aJIH OT 6eCKOHeqHbiX BOHH, a

K TypuHH. JlHIIIh rnaxy A66acy

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0):(HaKO

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ycry-

XV1- XVII BeKa -

nepHO)l O)[(e-

I rroc-

1603- 1612

fO)lOB yJlaJIOCb ):I0611TbCH BOCCTaHOBJieHHH rpaH11U, Orrpe):(eJieHHbiX )lOfO-

1555 roJJ,a. HosaH soH:Ha, pa3-

nasnme BaKycpHbiM BJia):(eHI1HM My-

CTO'leHHOH 6opb6hr 3a KasKa3 Me)KJJ:y

BOpOM

cyJibMaHCKOfO JJ:YXOBeHCTBa.

OcMaHcKoil 11Mnep11eH: 11 cecpeBI1)1-

pa311BIIIaHcH HeCKOJibKO JieT CIIYCTH

cKHM llpaHOM. Pa3ropeswaHCH B Ha-

IIOCJie 3UKJIIO'feHI1H [(OfOBOpa

paccMaTp11saeMhiH nep110JJ: B

'faJie

XVI

seKa Me)f{AY HI1MI1 soH:Ha

1555

rona,

1612

ro):la, rrponoJI)f{aJiacb c rrepepbrsaMI1 no

1639 ron:a 11 He BHecJia KaKMx-JIH6o

3aKaBKa3be IIpOJJ:OJI)f{aJIO fOCIIO):I-

3aKOHqi1JiaCb ):\OfOBOpOM

CTBOBaTh HaTypaJib HOe X03HHCTBO.

no KOTOPOMY 3aKaBKa3he 6hiJIO rrone-

cymecTBeHHhrx H3MeHeHHH B pacnpe-

0)lHaKO Cpe):(l1 rOpOJJ:OB 3aKaBKa3hH

JieHo Me)[()ly cyJITaHOM H rnaxoM:

neJieHHe 3aKaBKa3CKHX BJianeHHH

6hiJIH 3HU'lHTeJihHhie peMeCJieHHhie 11

l1MepeTHHCKOe uapCTBO, KHH)[(eCTBa

Me)[(ny Typu11efi H l1paHoM. B ccpepe

TOprOBble UeHTpb!. l13):(eJII1H MeCTHbiX

fyp11H B MerpeJIHH 11 3anan:HaH 'lUCTh

BJIHHHHH IIIaXOB OKa3aJICH 11 IIp11MOp-

peMeCJieHHHKOB, OC06eHHO TKa'feH,

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EBPA3V1~ V1 5JlV1>KHV1V1 BOCTOK U:HH H KpbiM crpeMIDIHCb paciTpocr-

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XVI-XVII

paHHTh CBOe BJIHHHHe Ha a)];blrCKHe

THX )J;arecTaHa B

ITJieMeHa CeBepHoro KaBKa3a.

CJIO)KHJIHCb MHHHaTIOpHble cpeo):(aJib-

BeKax

187

KpeCTbHHaMH H peMeCJieHHHKaMH H '!aCTh 3 eMJieBJia.o;eJibU:eB, .o;yxoBeHcTBa, KyiTe'!eCTBa.

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CyJITaHbl H IIIaxH Hepe.o;Ko ):(OJI)K-

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pa3BHBaBIIIHMHCH cpeO):(aJibHblMH OT-

Hbl 6blJIH cocpe.o;oTO'!HBaTh 6oJibiiiHe

OTIIOIIIeHHH .o;ep)KaB cpeO):(aJibHble ro-

HOIIIeHHHMH CYIIJ:eCTBOBaJIH ITaTPHap-

cy.o;apCTBa 3aKaBKa3bH OKa3 aJIHCbHe-

XaJibHble ITepe)KHTKH.

a ):(blrCKHX

BOeHHble CHJibl C U:eJibiO ITO):(aBHTb Hapo.o;Hoe coiTpOT HBJieHHe . fepoH-

XVI BeKe 6opb6a rpy-

CITOC06HblMH COXpaHHTb He3 aBHCH-

ITJieMeH CeBepHoro KaBKa3a, )KHB-

'!eCKOH 6blJia B

MOCTb . 3KOHOMH'IeCKaH H ITOJIHTH-

IIIHX B ycJIOBHHX HeiTOJIHOH OCe):(JIOC-

3HHCKoro Hapo.o;a ITpOTHB rypeU:KHX H

'!eCKaH pa3 06IIJ:eHHOCTb KaBKa3 CKHX

TH, He 6blJIO CKOJlbKO-HH6y):(b ITpO'!-

HpaHCKHX BOHCK, OTMe'!eHHaH TaKH-

HapO):(OB H HeCKOH'!aeMble Me)K):(O -

HblX H pa3BHTblX rocy.o;apcTBeHHblX

MH IT06e):(aMH, KaK fapHCCKaH 6HTBa

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o6pa30BaHHH. )J;JIH HaCeJieHHH BblCO-

c CecpeBH):(aMH B

MO)KHOCTH CITJIOTHTbCH ):(JIH omopa

KOrOpHbiX o6JiacTe:H KaBKa3cKoro

Bo6o)K.o;eHHe OT TypoK KpeiTOCTH

3 aBoeBaTeJIHM . B Ha'!aJie

XVI

1558 roey

HJIH oc-

BeKa

xpe6Ta xapaKTepHa '!pe 3Bbl'!aHHaH

fopH BO BpeMH BOCCTaHHH B KapTJIH

fpy3HH OKOH'!aTeJibHO paciTaJiaCb Ha

3TIIH'!ecKaH ITecTpoTa. ITo ypoBHIO

TPH u:apcTBa- llMepeTHHCKoe,

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BeKa TYPKH 6blJIH BblTecHeHbl H3 A3ep6a:H):()KaHa He TOJibKO cecpeBH.O:-

1598-1599 ro.o;ax. B

Ha'!aJie

XVII

KapTJIHHCKoe H KaxeTHHCKoe- H

pa3BHTHH 3TH o6JiaCTH OTCTaBaJIH OT

Ha HeCKOJibKO KHH)KeCTB, HeKOTOpble

paBHHHHblX H ITpe.o;ropHbiX '!aCTeH

cKHMH BOHCKaMH, HO H B pe3 yJibTaTe

H3 HHX, TaKHe KaK fypHH, MerpeJIHH

KaBKa3a. OcHOBHblM 3aHHTHeM rop-

BOCCTaHHH Mecrnoro HaceJieHHH, oc-

HJIH A6xa3HH, cpaKTH'!eCKH 6blJIH He-

u:eB 6blJIO OITOHHOe CKOTOBO):(CTBO .

Bo6o.o;HBIIIHX KpeiTOCTH )J;ep6eHT H

3 aBHCHMbl oT u:apcKo:H BJiacrn. Ka)K-

Po.o;oBble ornorneHHH coxpaHHJIH eme

EaKy. BoccTaHHe

.o;oe H 3 3THX u:apCTB pa3):(HpaJia Me)K-

ycroH'IHBOCTb, H ITpou:ecc cpeo):(aJIH-

Ka3be BblHYIJ:HJIO caMoro rnaxa A66a-

.O:Oyco6HaH 6opb6a KPYITHblX cpeo.o;a-

3aU:HH JIHIIIb Ha'!HHaJICH. HarnecTBHH 3aBOeBaTeJie:H coiTpo-

JIOB. B ApMeHHH B Ha'!aJie

XVI

1615 ro.o;a B 3aKaB-

ca CTaTb BO rJiaBe KapaTeJibHOH 3KCITe):(HUHH.

BeKa

BO)KIJ:aJIHCb pa3pyrneHHeM ITpOH3BO-

BOBCe He CYIIJ:eCTBOBaJIO apMHHCKHX

):(H T eJibHblX CHJI, yHH'!TO)KeHHeM

HecMoTpH Ha To, 'ITO BO BTOpo:H

rocy.o;apCTBeHHblX o6pa30BaHHH.

KYJibTYPHbiX u:eHHOCTeH, rH6eJibiO H

XVI H B ITepBo:H ITOJIOBHHe XVII BeKa PoccHH 6blJia 3 aHHTa B oc-

HOBHOM perneHHeM BHeiiiHeiTOJIHTH-

ITOJIOBHHe

B A 3 ep6a:H):()KaHe rocy.o;apcTBo IIIHp-

yroHOM B pa6CTBO ):(eCHTKOB TblCH'l

BaH-IIIaxoB, TeppmopHH KOTopor o 3 a-

JIIO.o;e:H. TaKHe HaH6oJiee 3Ha'!HTeJib-

'!e CKHX 3a):(a'! Ha CBOHX 3 aiia):(HblX rpa-

HHMaJia 60JibiiiYIO '!aCTb CeBepHbiX

Hble ropo.o:a 3aKaBKa3bH, KaK T6HJIH-

HHU:ax, ee ITOJIHTHKa Ha KaBKa3 e HMe-

pa:HoHoB A 3ep6a:H.o;)KaHa, H IlleKHHC-

CH, EpeBaH, IlleMaxa, .o;ecHTKH pa3

Jia 6oJibiiioe 3Ha'!eHHe KaK MH xo.o:a

Koe XaHCTBO ITpeKpaTHJIH CBOe cyiiJ:e-

ITepexo):(HJIH H 3 PYK B PYKH H ITO)U3ep-

HpaHo-zypeU:KHX BOHH, TaK H ):(JIH cy-

raJIHCb 6eciToma.o;HoMy pa3rpa6Jie-

.o;e6 Hapo.o;oB KaBKa3a.

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XVI BeKa B pe-

3YJibTaTe 3aBOeBaTeJibHOH ITOJIHTHKH

HHIO .

Bhlxo.o: PoccHH '!epe3 AcTpaxaHb

CecpeBH.O:OB. Ha TeppHTOpHH ApMe-

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HHH H A3ep6aH):()KaHa 6hiJIO BBe.o;eHo

Jia H HaCHJIHH 3 aBOeBaTeJieH 6blJIO H

'!aCThiO zypeu:Koe, '!aCThiO xapaKTep-

pa3pyrneHHe B

Hoe .O:JIH CecpeBH.O:CKoro rocy.o;apcTBa

3aHHIO rnaxa A66aca I KpyrrHoro u:eH-

1603

roey ITO ITpHKa-

K KaciTHHCKOMY MopiO YKPeiTJIHeT H pacrnHpHeT ee B JIHHHHe Ha KaBKa3 e .

1557

IIpHcoe.o;HHeHHe Ka6ap.o;bl B

ro.o:y K PoccHH, a TaK)Ke yKpeiiJieHHe

a):(MHHHCTpaTHBHOe ycTpo:HcTBo. B

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3aiTa.o;HoH ApMeHHH, HaxO):(HBIIIeHcH

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BblceJieHHeM era )KHTeJie:H BrJiy6b

Tern'!eCKH Ba)KHOM ITYHKTe -

6blJIH o6pa30BaHbl BHJiaHeTbl H CaH):(-

MpaHa . IIepHo.o; 6opb6bl TypU:HH H

Tpe CeBepHoro KaBKa3a ITPH BITa.o;e-

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cecpeBHIJ:CKoro

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ycTaHOBJieHbl CHOIIIeHHH fpy3HH C

craB CecpeBH):(CKoro rocy.o;apCTBa, -

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u:apiO JieBaHy pyccKoro BOeHHoro

cTaBHTeJIHM Kbl3blJI-6aiiiCKOH 3HaTH

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XVI-XVII BeKoB

HeKo-

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B 3TO TH)KeJioe MH Hapo.o;oB KaB-

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Ka3 a BpeMH HX 6opb6a ITPOTHB 3 aBoe-

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):(eHHH. 3TO ITpHBeJIO B ):(aJibHeHrneM

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KpbiMCKHX BolicK Ha MacKEY B

6a:H.o;)KaHe H ApMeHHH pMa omeJib-

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ro.o;y 3 aCTaBHJI pyccKHX BpeMeHHO

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B HeM ITpHHHMaJia Y'!aCTHe HapHey C

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1569 ro.o;a,

a 3a-

1571

188

V1CnAHCKOE KAPE V1 JlV1HEV1HbiV1 KOPA5Jlb. 1500-1600 rr.

IIocJie.a:mm tieTBepTh XVI BeKa 6biJia BpeMeHeM Ha.II60JThlilliX ycrrexoB cyJITaHOB B 6opb6e 3a OBJia):{eiDie KaBKa3oM. Typrum BbllliJia K KacmllicKoMY Mopro, 3.0:ecb rroHBIIJICH ryper.umll: cpJIOT, rrpeiiHTCTBOBaBIIIHM pyccKOM BOCTO'IHOMTOproBJie; rypeiiKIIe BOeHHbie cma CTpOIIJIHCb B TOM caMOM rrpiiCTaHII y Hn3a6aTa, Kma paHee rrpiixo):{liJIII pyccKIIe mproBbie cy.a:a; B03HIIK IIJiaH IIOCTpOMKII HeCKOJibKIIX rypeiiKIIX KpeiiOCTell B )J;areCTaHe II Ha TepeKe, a TaK)Ke rroxo.a:a Ha AcTPaXaHb co cmpoHbi KaBKa3a. B 3TO BpeMH, Kor.a:a pernaJiacb cy):{b6a Hapo.a:oB KaBKa3a, HX cHorneHHH c Pocciiell: II BOeHHbie .a:ell:cTBHH pyccKIIX BOMCK B ceBepoKaBKa3CKIIx o6JiaCTHX 6biJIH O):{HHM II3 cpaKTOpOB, KOTOpbie IIOMOrJIH BbiTeCIDITh rypoK II3 A3ep6all:IJ:)KaHa, ,IJ;areCTaHa II Boc-

TO'IHOM fpy3IIII. ITo rrpocb6e Ka6ap.a:HHCKHX KHH3eM II KaXeTIIHCKOrO rrapH AJieKcaH.a:pa, rrpiiHHBrnero B 1587 ro.a:y pyccKoe IIOMaHCTBO, IIOCJie ):{HIIJIOMaTHtieCKHX rreperoBopoB c ,IJ;arecTaHOM II rnaXOM, KaK IIp01liBHIIKOM cyJITaHa, 6biJ!a co3.a:aHa rreJiaH ciiCTeMa pyccKHX Kperrocrell: II YKperrJieiDIM Ha BoJire, TepeKe II y ycThH .a:pyrHX peK. ,IJ;opora B A3ep6all:IJ:)KaH tiepe3 CeBepHbiM KaBKa3 cHoBa OKa3aJiacb IIOJIHOCThiO 3aKpbiTOM .O:JIH rypoK. ,IJ;o AcTpaxaiDI II pyccKoro TepcKoro ropo.a:a B 90-x ro.a:ax XVI BeKa II B HatiaJie XVII BeKa rrpe.a:rrpHHIIMaJIIICb IIOXO):{bl pyccKHX BOMCK B )J;areCTaH C IIeJibiO rrpepBaTh CHOllieHIIH rypoK II KpbiMCKIIX TaTap C )J;arecTaHOM, OTpe3aTh KpbiMCKo-rypeiiKIIM CIIJiaM IIYTh B 3aKaBKa3be II yKpeiiHTh rroJio)KeiDie Kaxern.

HecMoTpH Ha To, 'ITO Haii6oJiee KpyrrHbill: rroxo.a:, 1604-1605 ro.a:oB, 3aKOHtiHJICH Hey.a:atieM, a B ):{aJibHeMrneM aKTHBHaH IIOJIIITHKa pyCCKOrO rrpaBIITeJibCTBa Ha KaBKa3e 6biJ!a rrpepBaHa HatiaBllieMCH IIOJibCKOM HHTepBeHIIIIeM II KpecThHHCKOM Boll:Holl:, HTOrn pyccKO-KaBKa3CKHX CHOllieHHM KOHrra XVI - HatiaJia XVII BeKa Ha.a:o IIpii3HaTh 3HatiHTeJibHbiMII II B BOeHHOM, II B IIOJIH1lltieCKOM OTHOllieiDIHX. IloJIHTlllJecKIIe CBH3II PoccHH Ha KaBKa3e paclillipiiJIHCb, BOCCTaHHH IIp01liB rypoK B HatiaJie XVII BeKa B ,IJ;ep6eHTe II A3ep6all):{)KaHe rrpHKpbiBaJIIICb c ceBepa pyccKIIMH KperrocTIThm, cTpaTeriitieCKIIe rro3IIIIIIII Typiiiiii 6biJIII ocJia6JieHbi. B .O:aJibHeMllieM cyJITaHaM ~e He manocb BepHYTh Ha KaBKa3e II03HIIIIII, YTepHHHbie B rrepBoe .a:ecHrnJierne XVII BeKa.

IO)f(HAs:l A3V1 S1

189

IO)I(HAH A3MJI CEBEPHMI HH~H B Ha'lane BeKa npo~omKanocb, yrp0)1(8fl rereMOHUU MYCYflbM8H B CeBepHoiii UH~uu, pa~)l(nyrcKoe B03PO)I(~eHue. Bo maBe pa,a)l(nyroB ror~a cro~m PaHa-CaHra, Koponb MeBapa (unu 4uropa), KoropbJiii BOCnOflb30B8JlCR pa3~0p8MU Me)/(/J.y acpraHCKOiii U rypeUKOiii 3H8Tb/O B~e flUWCKOM cynraHaTe. AHBPXMR B MycynbM8HCKUX rocy~apcTBax CeBepa

UH~uunpuBneKnara~eBHUMaHue

Ka6ynbcKoro npaBurenR 3axupek ~uHa MyxaMMe~a 5a6ypa ( o~Ho BpeMeHHO U 4UHTU3U~8, U TUMypu~8 no npoucxo)/(/J.eHU/0). nocne HecKonbKMX pa3Be~bJBarenbHbJX peiii~oB 5a6yp BToprcR B CeBepHy/0 UH~u/0, noKopun ee u ocHOB8Jl uMnepu/0 BenuKux MoronoB ( H83BBHHYIO T8K B CBR3U C MOHTOflbCKUMU npe~ K8MU). BcKope 5a6yp yMep. CbJHa ero, XyMa/OHa, cBepr nmKunoiii BOeHHbJiii reHuiii Wep-wax(~o 1539r.

Wep-xaH); HO BCKope nocne cMepru Wep-waxa XyMa/OH CHOBa OTBOeBan CeBepHy/0 UJ-CaU/0 u BepHyn K Bfl8CTU MOTOflbCKY/0 ~UHBCTU/0. nnaHbJ 38BOeB8TeflbHOiii K8Mn8HUU, pa3p868TbJB8BWUeCR 5a6ypoM U Wep-waxoM, nperBopun B )I(U3Hb CbJH XyMa/OHa, )])Kenan-ak/l,MH AK6ap. BoeHa'lanbHMKOM oH 6bm He CTOflb 6neCTR/..UUM, K8K ero Henocpe~CTBeHHbJe npe~wecrBeHHMKM,

HO BCe p8BHO O~HUM U3 BeflU48WWUX 38 BC/0 UH~UWCJ<.YIO UCTOPM/0. Ea6yp, 6h1BIIIH~ npaBHTeJih <DepraHbi, H3rHaHHbi~ H3 Cpe,L~,He~ A3HH KoqeBHHKaMH-y36eKaMH IIIe~6aHH xaHa, 61>m cnoco6Hh1M noJIKOBOAU:eM, ll0'3TOM H Ha6JIIO,L~,aTeJibHhlM llHCaTeJieM. Ero MeM:yapbi, HanHCaHHbie npoCThlM ll3biKOM, CJiyJKaT BIDKHe~liiHM HCTOqHHKOM HaliiHX 3HaHHit 06 3KOHOMHqecKO~ H llOJIHTHqecKO~ JKH3HH

Cpe,L~,He~ A3HH, AqlraHHCTaHa H CeBepHo~ MHAHH TOro BpeMeHH H co,L~,ep JKaT llpKHe xapah'TepHCTHKH ero coBpeMeHHHKOB.

B 1526

roAy Ea6yp,

OAePJKaB peiiiaromHe no6e,L~,bi npH IIaHHnare Ha,A npaBHTeJieM ,ll,eJIH~CKOro cyJITaHaTa M6paxHMOM noAH H npH CHKpH B MapTe

1527 ro,L~,a Ha,A

npe,L~,

BO,ll,HTeJieM pa,AJKnyTaHCKHX KHll3eit PaHoM CaHraMOM, noJIOJKHJI HaqaJio MoroJibCKolt HMnepHH 1 B MHAHH.

IIo6e,L~,aMH H3A HHAH~CKHMH <}>eoAaJiaMH Ea6yp 61>m o6H3aH cBoe~

OllhlTHO~, 3aKaJieHHO~ B 60liX apMHH, COCTOliBIIIe~ H3 TIOpKOB, Ta,Ll,JKHKOB H

a<}>raHU:eB, OTJJHqHo~ apTHJIJiepHH H HOBhlM npHeMaM Be,L~,eHHll 6oll (HanpHMep, npHKphlTHe CBOe~ neXOThl H apTHJIJiepHH 3arpiD£<;II.eHHeM H3 llOB030K, COe,ll,HHeHHhlX U:ellliMH).

11136HeHHe )l(i'!Tene~ CaMapKaHAa BOHHaMH 6a6ypa

MoroJiaMM Ha3btBaJJM HaceJieHMe MoroJIMCTaHa, K KOTOpOMY OTHOCMJIM pai'tOHbl CeBepHOi't llH.QMM M IOra U:eHTpaJibHoi't H Cpe.QHei't A3MM. IIroroMy H rocy.QapcTBO BbtXO.Ql.la M3 Cpe.QHei't A3MM Ea6ypa rroJiytJHJIO Ha3BaHMe MoroJibCKoro. EBporrei'tl.lbl Ha3btBaJIM MorOJJbCKYIO MMIJepMIO rocy.QapCTBOM BenMKoro MoroJia.

190

V1CnAHCKOE KAPE V1 JlV1HEli1Hblll1 KOPA6Jlb. 1500-1600 rr. 1530

rogy, pasge-

B oc rr oJI 1>30 BaBrnH Ch cJia6ocThiO

crpaHhl OT HallieCTBHH KO<JeBhlX IIJie-

JIHB rrepeg CMepTbiO CBOH BJia,AeHHll

rrpeeMHHKOB IIIep-xaHa, KOTOphle He

MeH C CeBepo-3arraga, HH IIO,AaBHTh

Ba6yp yMep B

Me)f(,!J;y ChlHOBhliMH. OcHOBHYIO qacTh

MorJIH crrpaBHThCll c 6op1>6olt pa3JIH<J-

KpecTbliHCKHe BOJIHeHHll. Co3,AaHHe

Hlf,l\HH oH O'IJl.aJI cTaprneMY ChlH)' XyMaroHy. Ka:JK,LJ,hllt H3 ChlHOBelt Ba6ypa

HhlX <J:>eogaJihHhlX KJIHK, XyMaiOH B 1555 rogy BTOprcll B HHAHIO H 3aHHJI

HMeHHO TaKOlt MOI.l.IHOH gepJKaBhl, CTOHBrnelt Ha crpaJKe HHTepecoB <J:>e-

1556 rogy XyMaiOH

C"'HTaJI ce6ll He3aBHCHMhlM IIpaBHTe-

,[{eJIH. B

JieM H He JKeJiaJI 6b1Th BaccanoM Xy-

HO yMep. TI3AHlliaxoM cTaJI ero

BHe3arr-

MaiOHa. Bop1>6ac 6paThliMH OTBJieKJia

JieTHHH c1>1H AK6ap. B pernaromen

CHJihl X yMaroHa. ~M BocrroJih30BaJI-

6HTBe IIpH TiaHHIIaTe B

cH IIIep-xaH, IIOTOMOK rupraHQeB H3

AK6apy yganoch pas6HTh CBOHX HaH-

rrJieMeHH cyp, o6HTaBlliHX B BeHraJIHH

6oJiee cephe3HhlX IIpOTHBHHKOB H

1556

13-

rogy

H BHxape. IIIep-xaH pas6HJI XyMaro-

yKperrHTh BJiaCTh MoroJihCKOH AHHa-

Ha B ABYX cpaJKeHHHX H KopoHOBaJICll

CTHH B ,[{eJIH.

B Ka<JecTBe rrpaBHTeJill HHAHH (1539-

1545).

Ha orrhlTe AJIHTeJihHoro rrepHoga

XyMaiOH BhJHy)fQJ.eH 6hlJI 6e-

yco6HU MHOrHe MycyJihMaHCKHe <J:>e-

JKaTh B HpaH, HO IIOSAHee, yKperrHBlliHCh Ha rupraHCKOlt TeppHTOpHH, OH

OAaJihl HHAHH y6ew.gaJIHCh B TOM, "'TT 6e3 CHJII>Horo rocygapcTBa HeBo3-

rrpogoJIJKaJI 6op1>6y 3a BJiaCTh.

MOJKHO HH opraHH30BaTh o6opoHy

oganoB, H ocymecTBHJI AK6ap, rrpaBHBlliHH C 1556 ITO

1605 rog. Ko~a AK6ap BCTYIIHJI Ha rrpecTOJI, ero BJia,AeHHll COCTOliJIH H3 paltOHOB ,[{enH H Arp1>1 H qacTH TieHgJKa6a, HO H 3TH 3eMJIH eme IIpHXO,AHJIOCh OTCTaHBaTb B 6oHx. B BaccaJihHOH 3aBHCHMOCTH OT AK6apa C<JHTaJICll Ka6yJI, T. e. ocHOBHaH qacTb HhlHernHero A<J:>raHHCTaHa. OgHaKO 3aBHCHMOCTh Ka6yJihCKolt TeppHTOpHH 6hlJia IIO"'TH HOMHHaJihHOlt. BoJihlliHHCTBO BHYTpeHHHX BOIIpOCOB HaMeCTHHK Ka6yJia <}>aKTWieCKH pelliaJI CaMOCTOliTeJihHO. BoeHHOH orropolt AK6apa 6hlJIH cpaBHHTeJihH 0 HeMH OI'O"'HCJI eHHhle OTPJJAhl rrpHrnegrnHX c Ba6ypoM H XyMaIOHOM 3aBOeBaTeJie8- MYCYJII>MaH, <JY)fQ].hlX ITO penHrnH H li31>1KY OCHOBHOlt Macce HH,AHltCKOrO HaCeJieHHll. AK6apy yganoch TeM He MeHee 3Ha<JHTeJihHO pacrnHpHTh orropy cBoelt BJiac™· OH rrpHBJieK HacBoiO cmpoey Bech KJiacc <J:>eoganoB Hlf,l\HH - KaK MYCYJihMaH, TaK H Hlf,l\YCOB, a TaJOKe TOproBOpoCTOBI.UH<JeCKHe 3JieMeHThl H3 Hlf)J,yCOB, CHKXOB H .LQKaitHOB. C IIOMOI.l.lhiO CBOelt apMHH H OTJIH"'aBllieltCll BhlCOKHMH 6oeBhlMH Ka<JeCTBat.IH P3AJK1IYTCKOH KOHHHUhlAK6ap pa3,ABHHYJI rrpe,AeJihl CBOelt gepJKaBhl oT rpaHHU TH6eTa Ha ceBepe go peKH fogaBapH Ha rore, OT fygJKapaTa Ha 3aii3Ae go BeHraJihCKoro 3aJIHBa Ha BOCTOKe. ToJihKO ror rroJiyocTpoBa, ~e rrpaBHJIH cyJITaHhl AxMegHarapa, BHAJKanypa, BHgapa, foJIKOHAhl H pHA MeJIKHX HH.LJ:YCCKHX KHll3elt, OCTaJICll3a rrpegenaMH MoroJihCKoro rocygapcTBa. BoJihrnoe 3Ha<JeHHe HMeJIO 3aBoeBaHHe B 1573 rogy 6oramlt rrpoBHHUHH fy)J;)KapaT c ee nopTaMH. 1488-1517 rr. UAPCTBOBAHVIE CVIKAHAAPA, CYJlTAHA .O.EJlVIPICKOro. OH )l(ecToKo npecne.aoean MH,ayMCTOB, 113-38 ~ero ~BCTO B03HMK8fll1 KOH(/>flMKTbl C MH,ayMCTCKMMM KHf/)l(eCTBBMM pa,a)l(nyTOB.

B co~eTaHMM

c pacnpRMM BHYTPM

CYflTBHBTB, 3TO Me,aneHHO, HO Bep83Sinte tcpenocnt roHAPH BO~CK3MH

6a6ypa

HO Beno ,aMHBCTM/0 J1o,a11 K yna,aKy.

IO)f(HAs:l A3V1 S1

191

1509-1529 rr. l.V\PCTBOBAH'-1E PAHA-CAHf'-1, KOPOJlSI MEBAPA. OH ycvm111n enacTb pa.ll)KnyTOB, o.n,ep)l(aB p!il.n, no6e.a Ha.a ,il,enuwcKMMM cynTaHaMM, a TaK)I(e MyCYflbMaHCKIIIMIII npaeuren!iiMM nnaTO ManBbJ 111 /y.ll,)l(apara.

1515-1523 rr. HA6Er'-1 6A6YPA B nEHA>!(A6. OHM !liMen Ill xapaKTep pa3ee.n,K!II 6oeM.

1516-1526 rr. l.V\PCTBOBAH'-1E '-16PAf'-1MA, CYJlTAHA AEJl'-1171CKOfO. 1524 r. JlA.XOPCKASI KAMnAH'-1SI6A6YPA. Bocnonb3oeaewucb BOCCTaH!IIeM B neH.D,)I(a6e, OH38XBaTIIIfl flaxop, HO 6blfl BbJTeCHeH neH.D,)l(a6CK!IIM HaMeCTH!IIKOM, nO.D,4111H!ii/OW!IIMC!il flo.n,!ll.

1525-1526 rr. BTOP)f(EH'-1E 6A6YPA B CEBEPHYIO '-1HA'-110. OH 38BOeean neH.ll,)l(a6 ( 1525 r.), a 3aTeM Bb/CTynMn Ha ,il,en111 ( MapT-anpenb 1526 r.). ApM!II!il ero HaC4!11TbJeana .aec!i/Tb TbJC!i/4 4enoeeK 111, npe.anOflO)I(!IITeflbHO, BKfl/04ana B CBOW COCTaB MYWKeTepOB Ill Typei..~K!IIX apT!IInnep!IICTOB 1; OCTaflbHbJe )l(e 6blfllll OnbJTHb/MIII I..~eHTpanbHOa3MaTCKIIIM!II KOHH!IIKaM!II, C KOTOpbJMIII 6a6yp BOeean npOTIIIB y36eKOB. ,il,OCTIIITHYB naHMnYTbl (B 30 M!llfl!i/X K ceeepy OT ,il,en!ll), b86yp Bbl!i/CH!IIfl, 4TO np!iiMO enepe.au Haxo.n,!IITC!il e Henocpe.acreeHHow 6nM30CTM apM!II!il .aenuwcKoro cynraHa l16parMMa, .aocruraIOWa!il 4111CfleHHOCTb/O 30-40 Tb/C!i/4 4enoeeK. E>a6yp HeMe.n,neHHO no.aroTOB!IIn o6opoH!IITenbHbJe no3!11l..IM!II; nexory111 apT!IInnepM/0 OH pa3MeCT!IIn 3a p!ii.D,OM CB!i/3aHHb/X BMeCTe nOBO30K. B pa3pbJBax, cnei..~ManbHO ocraeneHHbJX B I..~en!ll noeo3oK, OH pacnono)I(Mfl ceo10 rypei..~K}'/0 aprunnePIIIIO, npM4eM nyWK!II B K!laCC!II4eCKOW OCMaHCKOW MaHepe 6blfllll CKOBaHbl I..~en!iiM!II; .n,pyme pa3pb!Bbl 6bm!ll ocraeneHbJ .ll,fl!il KOHTpaTaK!II pe3epBHOW KaeanepMM. K apMMM ero npucoe.n,!IIHMnMcb HeCKOflbKO Tb/C!i/4 IIIH.ll,!IIWl..leB- KaK IIIH.D,YCOB, TaK Ill MYCYflbMaH, TOTOBb/X OXOTHO nocnoco6CTBOBaTb HIIICnpoeep)l(eH!II/0 .n,enMW1HeKOTOpbte HCTOpHKH COMHeBaiOTCll, 'ITO Ea6yp pacnoJiaraJI apTHJIJiepHeJ;t (npHMeq.

H T. _AIOITIOH).

npHeM nocnoa 6a6ypoM

CKOTO cynraHaTa. BMeCTe C HIIIM!II 4111CfleHHOCTb apM!IIIII E)a6ypa COCTaB!IIfla, eepo!iiTHO, 15 TbJC!i/4 4enoeeK.

20 anpenSJ1526 r. 6'-1TBA nP'-1 nAH'-1nYTE. HepewurenbHO noMe.n,nMB HeCKOflbKO .D,HeW, cynraH l16parMM araKoean. A TaKa 6bma ocTaHoeneHa nexorow 111 aprunnepuew E>a6ypa; 3areM KaeanepM!il E>a6ypa Bpe3anacb BO lj>naHrM apM!IIMVf6parMMa. HeKoropoe epeM!il.n,enMwcKMe eowcKa nb!TanMcb cpa)l(aTbC!il Ha TP!II lj>pOHTa, HO 3aTeM CMewanM p!ii.D,bl !II no6e)l(anu. CynraH norep!iln 15 TbJC!i/4 4enoeeK 111 nor1116 caM.

27 anpenSI 1526 r. 3AHSIT'-1E 6A6YPOM AEJl'-1. TeM caMbJM 6blfl0 nOflO)I(eHO Ha4ano IIIMnepMIII BenMK!IIX Moronoe.

1526-1537rr.nPABJlEH'-1E 6AXAAYP-WAXA fYA)f(APATCKOfO. 16 MapTa 1527 r. 6'-1TBA nP'-1 ATEXnYP -C'-1KAPE. PaHa-CaHra noeen npoT!IIB E>a6ypa o6be.n,!IIHeHHYIO apMIII/0 KOHl/>e.n,epa/..l!lllll pa.D,)I(nyTOB, .ll,OCTMraBWY/0 4!11CfleHHOCTb/O no4TM era TbJC!i/4 4enoeeK. ApMM!il MOTOflOB, He npeBbJWaBWa!i/ 20 Tb/C!i/4, Bb/CTyn!llna HaBCTpe4y PaHa-CaHre; cronKHOBeH!IIe npoM3owno B 65 KM 3ana.n,Hee Arpbl. 6a6yp CHOBa MCnOflb30Ban CBO!IIX MYWKeTepOB Ill apT!IInnepM/0 B Ka4eCTBe 6a3bl .ll,fl!il MaHeBpOB KOHH!IIl..lbl. PaHa-CaHra nony4Mn cepbe3Hoe paHeH!IIe. 3Hepr!114Ha!i/ KOHTpaTaKa MOTOflOB CMewana p!ii.D,bl pa.n,)l(nyr-

192

V1CnAHCKOE KAPE V1 JlV1HEli1Hblll1 KOPA6Jlb. 1500-1600 rr.

CKOfii apMMM, 11 pa.a,)l(nyTb/ o6paTMfll1Cb B 6erCTBO, noHeC51 np1.1 9TOM T51)1(eflbJe noTepM.

1528-1529 rr. 3ABOEBAH~E 6~XAPA~ 6EHrA.fl~~.

KynbMMHa~Mefii eofiiHbJ &a6ypa c a<J>raHCKMMM T/OpKaM/.1 51BMflaCb no6e.a,a B Tpex.ll,HeBHOfii 6MTBe Ha peKe rxarxpa ( 1529 r.) 6n!.13 n8THb/. Tenepb MMnep1.151 Moronoe npocTMpanacb oT AMy.aapbM.a,o &paxManyTpbJ. BcKope &a6yp yMep, He ycnee npo.aon)I(MTb 9Kcn8HCMIO ( 1530 r.).

OCTOpo:>KHOCTM, He llOI'aCHB npH 3TOM 33)l.Opa H He 33AYIIIHB npeAnpHHM<IHBOCTM. TpH BeJIHKHX no6eAJ>I Ba6ypa B CesepHoJ;t HHAHH, KIDK)l.a.JI npoTMB MHOrOKpaTHO npeBOCXOAllll.IHX CHJI npOTMBHHKa, o6ecne<JHJIH eMY MeCTO B P5!AY BeJIH<JaJ;iiiiHX noJIKOBOAU:eB Ha seeM npoTIIlKeHHH HCTOpHH. He 61>m OH 06AeJieH HJIHTeparypHI>IMH TaJiaHTaMH, "'TO AOKa3h1BaiOT ero BeCJ>Ma npHMe<JaTeJII>Hhle MeMYaphl H HeKOTOpoe KOJIH<JeCTBO BhJAaiOII.IHXCSI CTMXOTBOpeHHJ;i

(KOM. aem.).

1530 -1540 rr. TSiroThi, pa3o<JapoBaHIDI H nopa:JKe-

nPABJlEH~E

nEPBOE XYMAIOHA (CbiHA

HHSI nepBI>IX JieT SIBHJIHCI> llOJie3HOJ;i

6A6YPA).

IIIKOJIOJ;i AJIJI OCHOBaTeJISI AHHaCTHH

1531-1536 rr. BO~HA MOrOJlbCKO~ ~MnEP~~ C rYA-

BeJIHKHX MoroJioB H BbJY<IHJIH ero

>KAPATOM. np11 4MTope XyMaiOH p836Mn &axa.ayp-waxa, 38TeM B351n MaH.ay 11 4eHn8HMp. Ho &8xa.aypwax 9Heprwmo Ha6p8n HOBY/0 8pMMIO 11 !.13THan MOTOflOB 1.13 (y.ll,)l(8p8Ta.

1537-1539 rr. MSITE)I(WEPXAHA. 3ToT npocTOHapo.aHoro npoMCXO)I(.ll,eH/.151 65-neTHMfii 8</>TaHCKMfii TIOPK 6n8ro.a,ap51 K8K CBOMM cnoco6HOCT51M, T8K 11 Be3eHMIO Bb/Cfl}I)Kl1flC51 .il,O nOCTa HaMeCTHMK8 B bMXape. OH aHHeKcMpoean &eHran1.110, npMcoe.aMHMB ee K co6cTBeHHofii npoBMH/..lMM, 11 nocTeneHHO BOKpyr Hero CTBJI/.1 C06!.1p8TbC51 a<J>raHCKO-TIOpKCKMe BeflbMO)I(/.1, npOTMBOCTORU.me MoronaM. XyM8/0H BToprc51 B npoBMH/..lM/0 &Mx8p, HO Wep-xaH yK!IoH51ncR OT 6MTBbl, B TO )l(e BpeM51 CTap8RCb nepepe38Tb MapwpyTbl KOMMYHMK8l.ll1fii, CBR3bJBa/OWMe XyM810H8 c J],enM. no.a 3H8M51 Wep-xaHa cTeKanocb ece 6onbwe ceeepoMH.aMfiicKMX MycynbM8H, He.aoeonbHbJX npaBneHMeM MOTOflOB 11, B KOHI..le KOH/..lOB, OH peWMfl, 'lTO TOTOB .a,aTb XyMaiOHY 6ofii. B 6MTBe np1.1 4ayHwe Wep-xaH pa36Mn XyMa/OH8, 3aTeM npecne.aoe8n pa36MTOe MoronbcKoe eofiicKo BBepx no .aonMHe faHr8 11 o.aep)l(an ewe o.a,Hy KpynHy/0 no6e.ay np1.1 KaH8y.a,)l(e. XyM8/0H 6e)l(8fl B nepCMIO, a Wep-xaH 3aXBaTMfl MMnepCKMfii TpOH 11 CTBJI npaBMTb no.a, MMeHeM Wep-waxa.

1539-1545 rr. UAPCTBOBAWEP-WAXA. OH 6bJCTpo ycTaHOBMn TBep.ll,blfii KOHTPOflb Ha.ll, BCeM CeBepHbJM l1H.aocT8HOM, BK!I/0'4851 nel-(a)l(a6, a Ta/OKe Ha'48!19KCnaHCl110 Ha lOT, nOKOPMB TeppMTOPMIO nnaTO ManBa 11 Mapeap ( 1541-1545 rr.). nom6 OH OT CflYf48WHOTO B3pbJBa nopoxa np1.1 oca.ae KaHMH.ll,)l(apa ( 1545 r.). 3a CBOe KOpOTKOe npaBneHMe OH, MCXO.il,R 1.13 BeCbM8 3.ll,paBOfii BOeHHOfii .il,OKTPMHbl, ycnen opraHM30BaTb B BbJcwefii cTeneHM 6oecnoco6Hy/O peryn51PHYIO apMM/0 M3ano)1(!.1Tb OCHOBbl Wl1POKOMaCWTa6Hb/X pe<J>opM rocy.a,8pcTBeHHoro ynpaBneH/.151. VI 9TO np1.1 TOM, '4TO K Bfl8CTM OH np1.1wen B 68 neT 11 uapCTBOBan .ao 73. H~E

1545-1 555 rr. Xocpoa-xaH Hal>RBnsteT notropHOCTb 6a6ypy

AHAPX~SI

CEBEPHO~ ~HA~~. (eHepan XeMy

IO)f(HAs:l A3V1 S1

193

(M3 MH,ayCOB) cPBKTW~eCKM CT8fl ,aeflMMCKMM ,aMKTBTOpOM ( 15521555rr.).

1555 r. B03BPALl.\EH~E XYMAIOHA. OH cTan npaBMTeneM B Acf>raHMCTaHe. Yeu.aee, 4TO npe.aCTBBMnacb B03MO)I(HOCTb BepHyTb CBOe npe)I(Hee ~apCTBO, OH Bb/CTynMn 4epe3 neH,a)l(86 M 38XB8TMfl ,aenu. BcKope nocne 9Toro oH nom6 B pe3yflbT8Te HeC48CTHOTO CflY48fl ( 1556 r.).

1556-1557 rr. ME:>KAOYC06~UA B u,APCTBE BEJl~K~X MO-

fOJlOB. CrapWMM M3 38KOHHOpO)I(.aeHHb/X CbJHOBeM XyMa/OHa, 14-neTHMM AK6ap, Haxo.auncfl B neH.ll)Ka6e CO CBOMM CnOC06Hb/M COBeTHMKOM 5aMpaMoM. B .aonuHe laHra o6be.avtHMnvtcb TIOPKM-acf>raH~b/ BO maBe c XeMy, KOTOPbiM onfiTb 3BXBBTMn enacTb B ,aenu. B Acf>raHMCTaHe )l(e, CTBBWeM npaKTM4eCKM He38BMCMMbiM, npaeun cTapwMM 6paT AK6apa, Mu~ap MoxaMMe.a XaKMM. AK6ap M bBMPBM co6panM B neH.ll)Ka6e apMM/0 M ,aBMHYflMCb Ha,aenM ( OKTfl6pb 1556 r.). 5 HOS16pSI 1556 r. BTOPASI 6~TBA nP~ nAH~nYTE. Cpa)l(eHvte npoTeKano 4pe3Bbi4BMHO O)l(ecT04eHHo; 4McneHHO npeeocxo.afll.i.IBfl apMMfl XeMy 6bma y)l(e 6nvt3Ka K ycnexy, HOB pfl.aax ee eo~apunacb cyMfiTM~a, Kor.aa caM XeMy 6bm paHeH wanbHOM cTpenoM. AK6ap M baMpaM KOHTP8T8KOB8flM, Bb/MrpanM 6MTBY M BOCCTBHOBMflM ~apCTBO BenMKMX MoronoB.

1556-1605 rr. UAPCTBOBAH~E Wf(EJlAJl-AJJ.-A~HA

AK6A-

PA. nepBb/e 4eTbJpe ro.aa b8MP8M Bb/CTynan B K84eCTBe pereHTB M HB,ae)I(HO ynp04Mfl KOHTPOflb MOTOflOB Ha.a CeeepHbJM VIH.aocTaHoM; 3BTeM AK6ap OTCTPBHMfl pereHTB OT Bfl8CTM M CT8fl npBBMTb CBM.

1561-1562rr.

nOKOPEH~E

nJlATO MAJlBA.

1562-1567 rr. PAJJ.)fmYTAHbl.

nOKOPEH~E

KynbMMHB~MeM

fiBMnocb B3fiTMe AK6apoM 4vtTopa ( 1567 r.). 3aTeM AK6ap YMMPOTBOpvtn KHf/3eM pa,a)l(nyTOB - ynp04Mfl MX BflBCTb B KHfl)l(eCTBBX M OTMeHMfl CTBpbJe ,aMCKPMMMHB~MOHHbJe 38KOHb/ ,aenMMCKOTO cynTBH8T8 (no KOTO-

8be3A 6a6ypa BO ABOpel,\ cy.nTaH3 l16parHM3 B Arpe

pbJM MycynbMBHe Haxo.aunvtcb B npMBMnervtpOBBHHOM nOflO)I(eHMM OTHOCMTeflbHO MH,ayMCTOB). 3a MCKJ1/04eHMeM npaTana - MeBBPCKOro repofl, npo.aon)l(aBwero conpoTMBneHvte M CTOMKO o6opOHfiBWero KpenOCTM B ropax M nycTbJHfiX Pa.ll)KnyTBHbl, pa,a)l(nyTCKMe KHfl3bfl BCKOpe CTBflM H8M6onee BepHb/MM CTOPOHHMKBMM MOTOflOB. 1566 r. A<l>fAHCK~171 HA6Ef. 5paT AK6apa, Mu~ap MoxaMMe.a XaKMM, noeen Ha6er B neH.ll)Ka6, HO no.a yrpo3oM cpa)l(eHMfl c apMvteM AK6apa OTCTynun.

1573 r. 3ABOEBAH~E fYA)KAPATA. nepBb/M KOHTBKT~enan-a.a足 ,auHa AK6apa c nopTyranb~BMM.

1574-1576 rr. 3ABOEBAH~E 6~XAPA~ 6EHfAJl~~.

1576 r. nOXOAHAnJlATOAEKAH. Bo3maenflncfl CbJHOM ,a)/(enan-a.a-,auHa AK6apa, Mypa.aoM. npaBMTenM MYCYflbMBHCKMX cynTaHBTOB CeeepHOTO ,aeK8H8 COBMeCTHbiMM YCMflMfiMM OTp83MflM MOTOflbCKY/0 apMM/0. B nocne.ay1011.1Me ro,abJ AK6ap npaKTM4eCKM HenpepbJBHO BOeBan, nb/T8f/Cb 06be,aMHMTb no.a CBOeM BflBCTb/0 BeCb VfH,aOCTBH. 1581 r. HOBbl171 HA6Ef XAK~足 MA B nEHWf(A6. ~enan-a.a -,auH AK6ap HeMe.aneHHO BbJCTynun HaBCTpe4y apMMM XaKMMa, M3rHan acf>raH!~ee M3 neH.ll)Ka6a, BTOprcfl BAcf>raHMCTBH M nOKOpMn.

IO>KHA~ A3V1~ Hee- OT 6eperoa ry,ll,)KapaTa M Ma-

MMHMpOB8HMH Ha BCeM sana,lJ.HOM

na6apa B KpaCHOe MOpe M 0epCMJ].-

no6epe)f(be V1HJJ.MM.

CKMM sanMB, a J].anee, no cywe 'lepes

195 CKOM np0!1MBe OH 38XB8TMJ1 OCTpOB KeWM, KOHTp0!1MpOB8B11JMM BXOJJ. B

)J.'A!1b6yKepKM OC03H8B8!1 BCIO

0epCMJ].CKMM 3811MB M HBI1HB11JMMCH

ErMneT M nepCMIO, B CpeJ].M3eMHO-

B8)f(HOCTb Bf18J].bt'leCTBa Ha MOpe M

TOr,lJ.a OJ].HMM M3 rf18BHbiX LJ,eHTpOB

MOpbe M Eapony.

nepBbiM B MCTOpMM CMCTeMaTM'IeCKM

BOCTO'IHOM TOprOBJ1M (

J].06MB8!1CH ero M npMMeHHJ1 J].f1H J].O-

Bnpo'leM, CMI1, 'IT06 yJJ.ep)f(MBaTb ary

0pM6btTMe K Mana6apcKoMy no6epe)f(bl0 a

1498

1508 r.).

roJ].y He6onbwoi1

CTM)f(eHMH CTpaTerM'IeCKMX LJ,eJ1eM.

CTpaTerM'IeCKM B8)f(HYIO TO'IKy, y

nopT}T8!1bCKOM 3CK8J].pbt noJ]. KOM8H-

Xom Ha nocTy HaMeCTHMKa nopTy-

J1. 'A!1b6yKepKM 6blf10 He,lJ.OCTaTO'IHO,

J].OB8HMeM BacKO JJ.8 raMbl, npMWe,lJ.-

raf1bCKOM VfHJJ.MM OH npo6blf1 BCero

M OH OTnf1blf1 B KO'IMH.

weJ;i a o6xoJ]. Mbtca )J.o6poi1 HaJ].e)f(-

wecTb neT, sa aTo apeMH oH ycnen

JJ.bt, paspyWMJ10 M3J].8BHa Cf10)f(MB-

ycTaHOBMTb 6esyCf10BHOe nopTy-

1508 r. COI03 rYA>KAPATA C ErlllnTOM. ry,ll,)KapaTCKMM cynTaH

11JMeCH M8PWPYTbf TOprOBJ1M M nMpaTCTBa. K Ha'lany

XVI

aeKa 6bma

raf1bCKOe Bf18J].bl'leCTBO HaJJ. BCeM

MaxMyJJ. 5erapxa saK!110'1Mf1 co10s c

aKBaTOpMeM VfHJJ.MMCKOro OKeaHa.

erMneTCKMM npaBMTeneM KaHcyanb-

H8f18)f(eHa nOCTOHHH8H TOprOBJ1H

BnaJ].bt'leCTBO aTo, a TaK)f(e HaJJ. sa-

raypM, nbtT8HCb OCTaHOBMTb nopTy-

Me)f(J].y sanaJ].HOM VfHJ].MeM M 0opTy-

naJ].HbtM no6epe)f(beM V1HJJ.MM, nop-

raf1bCKOe BMe11JaTeJ1bCTBO B TOproB-

ra!1Mei1; Me,lJ.f1eHHO, HO aepHo nopry-

ryraf1bU.bt COXp8HHJ1M Bnf10Tb J].O KOH-

1110 Me)f(JJ.Y MycynbMaHCKMMM rocy-

ranbU.bt CT8HOBMJ1MCb CMJ10M, C KOTO-

u,a aeKa, xom nocne JJ.'Anb6yKepKM

JJ.apcTaaMM V1HJJ.MM M perMoHa Kpac-

poJ;i He06XOJJ.MMO 6blf10 C'IMT8TbCH Ha

MX KOJ10HM8!1bH8H 8KTMBHOCTb 38-

HoroMopH.

seeM sanaJJ.HOM no6epe)f(be V1HJJ.OC-

MeTHO nowna Ha cnaJJ..

1508 r. MOPCKOECPA>KEHIIIE Y AA5Y11A. 06beJJ.MHeHHbti1 MaMf110KCKo-ry,ll,)KapaTcKMi1 rj'JJ10T 8TaKO-

TaHa -

OT YCTbH V1HJJ.8 JJ.O MbtCa Ky-

HOM u,enbiO nopryranbu,ea 6btf1o Ha-

1500 r. nPIIIEibiHIE nOPTYrAllbCKOrO JlOTA B KAJlbKYTTY. 1500-1505rr. OCHOBAHIIIE nOPTYrAllbCKIIIX TOPrOBbiX ABAH nOCTOB (AKTOPIII~) BJJ.OI1b

!18JJ.MTb TOprOBf110, B OCHOBHOM nep-

acerosanaJJ.Horono6epe)f(bH V1HJJ.MM;

6o10norM6.

u,eM M JJ.pyrMMM cneLJ,MHMM, KOTOpbte

CaMbiM KpynHbiM M3 HMX H8XOJ].Mf1CH B

AeKa6pb 1508r. nPIIIEi~TIIIE A'Allb5YKEPKIII . 0HnpM6btf1 a Ko-

MapM. PeJ].KO KOrJ].a B MCTOpMM 6yKB8!1bHO ropcTKe !110JJ.ei1 yJJ.aaanocb TaK nOBf1MHTb Ha CYJJ.b6bt MMJ1!1MOHOB M M3MeHMTb BeCb XOJJ. MCTOpMM. rna a-

a Eapone

XVI

aeKa 6blf1M 6yKaanbHO CneJJ.YIO~.J..~ei1 no 3Ha-

Ko'IMHe (Ha TeppMTOPMM coap. wTa-

B8!1 611M3 l.Jayf1bl He60J1b11lYIO nopTyraf1bCKYIO 3CK8JJ.PY no,lJ. KOM8HJ].OB8HMeM flopeHu,o AnMei1JJ.bt; nepeaeca He YJJ.8!10Cb J].06MTbCH HM OJ].HOM M3 CTOpOH, OJ].H8KO flopeHLJ,O B 3TOM

aHCKOM aepbt. He MeHee 3Ha 'IMTenb-

1503 r. ). 1505 r. AJlME~AA HA3HA'-IEH nEPBbiM HAMECTHIIIKOM nOPTYrAJlbCKO~ IIIHAIIIIII. OHopraHM-

JJ.'Anb6yKepKM, nocaJ].Mf1 Taro noJJ.

sec sonaTa.

'IMMOCTM LJ,ef1bl0 6btf10 MMCCMOHepCTBO -

pacnpOCTpaHeHMe XpMCTM-

Ta Kepana;

'IMH, KOrJJ.a ctJpaHCMWKY AnMei1JJ.a roTOBM!1CH MCTMTb 38 CbtHa. AI1MeM,l1.8 OTK838!1CH npM3H8Tb nOf1HOMO'IMH

HbtM rj'JaKTOpOM npeJ].CTaBJ1HeTCH He-

soaanaaaHnocTbt Ha aocTO'IHOM no-

apecT M oTnf1blf1 Ha ceaep.

YKPOTMM8H rop,lJ.OCTb nopryraf1bLJ,eB,

6epe)f(be Arf;pMKM, a saTeM npMnf1blf1

nOJ].'IMHHBWMX Bf18CTM CBOero KpO-

c 6onbWMM rf;noToM Ha Mana6ap-

SIHBapb-4»eBpanb 1508 r. MECTb AJlME~Abl. OH 38XB8TMJ1 M

We'IHOrO KOp0!1eBCTBa C8Mbte J].8!1b-

CKoe no6epe)f(be, rJJ.e ocHoaan He-

C)f(er PHJJ. MycynbMaHCKMX nopToa,

HMe yrOf1KM 3eMJ1M.

CKOf1bKO yKpenneHHbiX noceneHMM.

BKJ110'18H roaM )J.a6y11.

5yKB8!1bHO 38 HeCKOJ1bKO J1eT Ha

0JJ.HMM M3 rna BHbiX ero nOMOI.J..IHMKOB

no6epe)f(be VfHJ].OCTaHa B03HMK u,e-

6blf1 Arj'JOHCY JJ.'A!1b6yKepKM, KOTO-

<l>eBpanb 1509 r. 5111TBA nPIII AIIIY. Bosne )J.My ctJpaHCMWKY An-

f1biM PHJJ. nopTyraf1bCKMX TOproBbiX

pb!M 38TeM B03BpaTMJ1CH B 0opTyra-

8B8HnOCTOB (MMeHOB8B11JMXCH rj'JaK-

f1MIO

TOPMHMM) -

(1506 r.).

Mei1JJ.a 06Hapy)f(Mf1 rj'JJ10T COI03HM-

CbtH AnMeMJJ.bt, flo-

KOB, 3HeprM'IHO 8T8KOB8!1 ero M YHM'ITO)f(Mf1, nocne 'lero saxaaTMf1 M

nopoJ;i C n03BOJ1eHMH

peHu,o, ocHoaan noceneHMe Ha Ltei1-

MeCTHOrO MHJJ.YMCTCKOrO Mf1M My-

f10He M OT MMeHM OTLJ,a 38Kf110'1Mf1

C)f(er )J.My; saTeM oH aepHyncH a Ko-

CYI1bM8HCKOrO npaBMTef1H, a KOr,lJ.a M

Toproabti1 JJ.Oroaop c ManaKKoi1

'IMH. KoponeacKoMy npMKasy nepe-

cMnoi1. HaM6onee npMMe'laTef1bHbt-

J].aTb

conepHMKaMM. Ko apeMeHM, KOrJJ.a

(1507 r.). 1507 r. A'Allb5YKEPKIII HA3HA'-IEH IIIHAIII~CKIIIM HAMECTHIIIKOM. ctJpaHCMWKY AI1Mei1J].a HM'Iero He 3H8!1 06 3TOM H83Ha 'leHMM. C He60f1b11JOM 3CKa,lJ.poJ;i JJ. 'Anb6y-

AnMei1JJ.aBKOHU.eKoHu,oanoJJ.'IMHM!1-

KepKM oTnf1blf1 M3 flMcca6oHa ; no

ero floneca JJ.e CMKei1py ocHoaaTb

cH KOp0!1eBCKOMY npMK83Y M nepe-

nYTM oH saxaaTMf1 ocTpoa CoKoTpa

rf;aKTopMIO a Manai1e.

J1.8!1 nOCT HaMeCTHMKa 0opryraf1bC-

(Ha rpaHMu,e ApaBMMCKoro MOPH M

KOM VfHJJ.MM JJ.'A!1b6yKepKM, OH }?Ke, C

AJJ.eHcKoro sanMaa, rf;aKTM'IeCKM,

1510 r. A'Allb5YKEPKIII 3AXBATbiBAET roA. nopT6bm oT6MT

noMOI.J..IbiO nocneJJ.Hero, JJ.06Mf1CH

OCTpOB 3TOT KOHTp0!1MpOB8!1 BXOJ]. B

y 5MJ1.)KanypcKoro cynmHa cMenoi1,

6esycnoaHoro nopTyranbcKoro JJ.O-

KpacHoe Mope). 3aTeM a OpMys-

3HeprM'IHOM aTaKOM.

MM rf;MrypaMM M3 CTpOMTeJ1eM nopryraf1bCKOM KOJ10HM8!1bHOM MMnepMM 6btf1M ctJpaHCMWKY AnMei1JJ.a M Arf;oHcy JJ. 'A!1b6yKepKM, BCKOpe CT8B11JMe

nOf1HOMO'IMH

HaMeCTHMKa

JJ. 'Af1b6yKepKM OH He nOJ].'IMHMJ1CH JJ.O Tex nop, noKa M3 flMcca6oHa He npM6blf1 HOBbiM rj'JJ10T.

1509 r. 3KCnEAIIIUIIISI B MAJlA~IO. )J.'Anb6yKepKM nocnan )J.M-

196

V1CnAHCKOE KAPE V1 JlV1HEVJHbiVl KOPA5Jlb. 1500-1600 rr.

1511 r. A'AllbEiYKEPKII'I 3AXBATbiBAET MAJlAKKY. TaM OH npoaen ro11., ynpo'laH anacTb Hall. CTpaTerll7'1eCKII7 Ba)I(HbiM aBaHnocTOM, KOHTpOn117py10111,117M rnaBHbiM nO,ll,X0/1, K l1H/1,117MCKOMY OKeaHy C BOCTOKa. 3aTeM, y)l(e 1173 ManaKKII7, OH nocbtnan 3Kcne/],117J4117117 K MonyKKCKII7M OCTpOBaM ( 1512-1514 rr.).

CeHTS16pb 1512 r. M~TE>K B roA. OH 6btn no/],aBneH ll.'Anb6yKep-

ero eMy TOJibKO B Ap:eHe, HO Bee paBHO 6narop:apH cpopTaM Ha CoKoTpe II MHO)l(eCTBY 6a3 B)];OJib IT06epembH ApaBIIHCKoro MOpH OH 6biJI B COCTOHHllll KOHTpOJIIIpOBaTb TOprOBJIID Memey HHAIIeli II periiOHOM KpacHoro MOpH. KJIID<IOM K yp:epmaHIIID 3TOH u;eiTO<IKII 6a3, paciTonomeHHbiX TaKIIM o6pa3oM, <IT06bl KOHTPOJIIIpoBaTb Bee KPYITHble raBaHII 3aiTa):IHOH HHL\IIII, HBJIHJICH ITOpT foa.

KII7 no B03Bpaw.eHII7117 1173 ManaKKII7.

1513r. 3KCnEA111U111~ B AAEH. Ac{JoHcy A'Anb6yKepK117 oca1J.117n nopT, HO B3HTb He CMOr.

1515r. A'AJlbEiYKEPKII'I on~Tb 3AXBATbiBAET OCTPOB KEWM B OPMY3CKOM nP011111BE. OcTpoa ocmaancH no11. snacTb/0 nopTyranb!4eB nonTopa aeKa.

1515r. A'AllbEiYKEPKII'I OT3biBAIOT B nOPTYrA1111110. Hecnpaae/1,flii7BO CHHTbtilt co caoero noem, OH yMep no nYTII7 /],OMOM. CyM ITO BCeMy, AcpoHcy p:' AJib6yKepKII ITepBbiM B liCTOpiiii OT'IeTJIIIBO OC03HaJI, 'ITO MOpCKOe BJia;J;bi<IeCTBO He B MeHbiiieH CTeiTeHII 3aBIICliT OT 6eperOBbiX 6a3 II KOHTpOJIH 3a TOprOBbiMll rryTHMII, tieM OT 6oeBbiX Ka<IeCTB cpJIOTliJIIIH. C CaMOro Ha<IaJia IIM Bnap:ena HaBH3'IIIBaH IIIJ:eH

YT-

BepL\liTbCH Ha rnaBHbiX ITpoxo):lax B HHAIIHCKIIH oKeaH, <IT06bl KOHTponiipoBaTh cyp:OXOIJ:CTBO ITO BCeH ero aKBaTOpiiii. He YLiaJIOCb L(06liTbcH cEo-

1518 r. nOPTYrAJlbUbiCTPO~T <t>OPT B KOJlOMEiO (UE"'-

JlOH). 1519 r. nOPTYrAllbUbl B Eiii'IPME. l1M117 6btna OCHOBaHa c{JaKTOPII7H B MapTa6aHe.

1528r. noKOPEHHEAHY. OH 6btn 3aXBa'leH nopryranbCKII7M HaMeCTHII7KOM HyHbO /],a-KyHbeilt. 1536-1537 rr. COI03 rYA>KAPATA C OCMAHCKO"' HMnEPII'IE"'. L{T06bt nii7WII7Tb nopTyranbJ4eB KOHTpOnH Ha/], TOproanei1f l1H/],117117 co cTpaHaMII7 3ana/],a, ry/1,)/(apaTCKII7i11 cynmH 5axa/1,yp 3aKn/0'1117n co103 c 0cMaHcKoi1t 117Mnep117ei1t. BcTpeBO)I(eHHbtilt np1176nll7)1(eHII7eM M011l,HOrO OCMaHCKOrO c{JnoTa, HyHbO Aa-KyHbH acTynll7n B neperoaopbt C 5axa/],ypoM. 0onaraHCb Ha /],aHHOe nopTyranbJ4aMII7 CnOBO ( Ac{JOHCY11.'Anb6yKepK117 CBOe cnOBO 11.ep)l(an acer11.a), cynTaH np1176btn AnH neperoaopoa Ha 6opT cfJnarMaHcKoro Kopa6nH Aa-KyHbll7, r11.e

6btn CXBa'leH 117 BeponOMHO y6117T BMeCTe CO BCeilt CBOeilt CBII7TOM. 1538 r. OCAAA AHY. 0cMaHCKII7i11 c{JnoT 117 ry/1,)/(apaTCKaH apM117H COBMeCTHO OCa/1,117nll7 117 6nOK117pOBanll7 ,llll7y, HO 6btnll7 OT6117Tbl nopTyranbJ4aMII7.

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OKO.flO 1542 r. nPVI6biH1E nOPTYfAJlbU,EB HA KIOCIO. OHM npMBe3JIM C co6oi1 MYWKeT, KOTOpbJW npOM3BeJI peBOJI/OI.lM/0 B ~nOHCKOW BOeHHOW CMCTeMe.

1549-1587 rr. PACnPOCTPAHEHVIE B SlnOHVIVI XPVICTVIAHCTBA. 0Ho ocywecrBnAAocb nopryranbCKMMM MMCCMOHepaMM, nepBb/M M3 KOTOpbJX 6blfl npwmcneHHbJW K flUKY CBmbJX B 1722 ro.ay MCnBHCKMW ue3yur ct>paHI.lMCK Kcaebe ( 15601652 rr.), npo3BBHHbJi1 AnocronoM l1H.aui1cKMM, - oH nponoee.aoean He TOJibKO B }/nOHMM, HO T8/0Ke M B loa, Ha /Oro-3ana.aHoM no6epe)l(be l1H.auu, B ManaKKe, Ha MonyKKCKMX ocrpoeax u Ha 4eWioHe.

1560-1568 rr. OAAH06YHArA HAYVIHAET BOCCOEAVIHEHVIE SlnOHVIVI. OH o6be/l.MHMn no.a ceoei1 enacTb/0 no4TM eecb ocrpoe XoHc/0 u nocraeun ceryHoM AcuKary EcuaKM.

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15 76 r. OAA H06YHAfA K.flAAET HAYA.flO 3nOXE CTPOL-1TE.flbCTBA 3AMKOB. 1577-1582 rr. B03BbiWEHVIE XVIA3ECVI. 6y.ay4M maBHbJM noM0/1.1HMKOM O.abJ Ho6yHaru, oH orBOeB8JI 60JibWYIO 48CTb 3an8/l.HOW }JnoHMM y KnaHa Mopu.

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1585-1590 rr. TOI:TOMIII XIIIA3i:CIII OEibEAIIIH~ET ~noHIIIIO.

215

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1592-1598rr. KOPE~CKA~ BO~HA.

AarycT 1598 r. CMEPTb TOI:TOMIII XIIIA3i:CIII. 1598-1600 rr. 60Pb6A 3A BJlACTb. 0Ha Benacb Me)I(Jl.Y HBM6onee Bb/COKOnOCT8BfleHHb/MM B8CC8fl8MM ToeTOMM XliiJ1.3eCM. no6ell.Y OJl.ep)l(an ToKyraBa l'bacy.

216

V1CnAHCKOE KAPE V1 JlV1HEVJHbiVl KOPA5Jlb. 1500-1600 rr.

IOrO-BOCTOqJIAH A3IUI IJMPMA B nepaoi1r nonoavrHe XVI aeKa ,D,aBHRR aoi1rHa waHcKvrx vr 6vrpMaHcKvrx Hapo,D,oa JJ.OCTvrma caoero anoreR, Kor,D,a rocy,D,apcTao Aaa 6btno no6eJK,D,eHo vr pasopeHo waHcKvrM u,apCTBOM MOXHbiiFH ( 1527 r. ). noKa waHbt no,D,4MHRnvr CeaepHy/0 vr l...!eHTpanbHY/0 5vrpMy, 6vrpMaHcKvre npaavrTenvr ,D,vrHacTvrvr TayHry nonbtTanvrcb o6be,D,vrHMTb no,D, caoei1r anacTb/0 BC/0 CTpaHy. nepay/0 nonbiTKY BOCCOe,D,MHeHMR 5vrpMbtnpe,D,npvrHRn Ta6vrHwaeXTvr ( 1531-1550 rr.), KOTOpbtilr nnaHvrpoaan paso6paTbCR c waHaMvr nvrwb nocne Taro, KaK saao/OeT 6oraToe MOHCKoe u,apcTao nery. nery oH saaoeaan ( 15351541 rr.), HO nOTOM 6esHa,D,eJKHO yaRs, nbtTaRCb noKopvrTb ApaKaHcKoe no6epeJKbe vr CvraM ( 15471548 rr.). MOHCKOe BOCCTaHvre nonoJKvrno KOHeu, era npaaneHvr/0 ( 1550 r.). OT xaoca 5vrpMycnac MOno4Hbti1r 6paT Ta6vrHwaexTvr, 5ai1rvrHHayH, ro,D,bt npaaneHvrR KOToporo ( 1551-1581 rr.) O,D,IIFH IIFS IIFCTOpiiFKOB Hassan «Benvr4ai1rwvrM aspbtBOM 4enoae4ecKoi1r aHeprvrvr sa ac10 vrcTopvr/0 5vrpMbt». KaMnaHvrvr 5ai1rvrHHayHa OTnM4ano y4aCTI!Fe B HIIFX nopTyranbCKIIFX HaeMHIIFKOB. 3a 30 neT OH BOCCOe,D,MHMn 5vrpMy, pasrpOMMn waHoa, pacwvrpvrn cTpaHy npvrMepHO JJ.O ee coapeMeHHbtX rpaHvru, vr noKopvrn Tpllr TaMCKIIFX u,apCTBa lfvreHrMai1r, A10rrxaR vrflaoc. CbtHy5ai1rvrHHayHa, HaH,D,e 5ai1rvrHy, npvrwnocb 6opOTbCR C MOI.J.jHbiM CI!FaMCKIIFM HaLJ,IIFOHanbHO-OCB060,D,MTen bHbiM ,D,BIIFJKeHvreM ao rnaae c npa HapeToM, KOTOpbtilr c6pocvrn 6vrpMaHcKoe vrro ( 1587 r.) IIF KOpOHOBanCR no,D, MMeHeM HapecyaHa (1590-1605 rr.). HaH,D,a 5ai1rvrH MHoroKpaTHO ycTpavraan BTOpJKeHMR B CvraM, HO BOCCTaHOBIIFTb TaM CB0/0 BnaCTb TaK IIF He cyMen. OTaeTHbte noxo,D,bt HapecyaHa npvraenvr, B KOHe4HOM IIFTOre, K CBepJKeHM/0 vr y6vri1rcTay HaH,D,bt 5ai1rvrHa

( 1600 r. ) ,

nocne 4ero a HvrJKH/010 5vrpMy BTOpmMCb apaKaHLJ,bl, a KHRJKeCTBa BepxHei1r 5vrpMbt OTKasanvrcb IIFM nO,D,411FHRTbCR. Ha HeCKOnbKO neT aou,apvrncR xaoc.

CHAM B nepaoi1r nonoavrHe onvrcbtaaeMoro BeKa ,D,Ba rna BHbiX TaMCKIIFX u,apCTBa A10rrxaR (vrnvr CvraM) vr lfvreHrMai1r- npaKTM4eCKIIF nOCTORHHO BOeaanvr JJ.pyr c JJ.pyroM, He C4MTaR KOpoTKoro, npvrMepHo nRTvrneTHero nepepbtaa. Bo ampoilr nonoavrHe CTOneTMR yco6vru,y Me)f(,[J,yTaMCKIIFMIIF Hapo,D,aMM SaTMMnM 6vrpMaHCKI!Fe saaoeaaHvrR. 5vrpMaHcKvri1r u,apb 5ai1rvrHHayH noKopvrn vr AIOTTXa/0, vr lfvreHrMai1r, vr flaoc. Bnpo4eM, nocne era cMepTvr cnepaa flaoc, noToM AIOTTXaR, a B KOHLJ,e KOHLJ,OB IIF lfvreHrMai1r ocao6o,D,vrnvrcb vrs-no,D, anacTvr 5vrpMbt. K KOHLJ.Y aeKa cvraMLJ,bt, aosrnaaneHHbte cvrnbHbtM vr cnoco6HbtM npaavrTeneM HapecyaHoM, saaoeaanvr o6wvrpHbte seMnvr a IOro-BocTo4Hoi1r 5vrpMe vr ,D,o6vrnvrcb aT lfvreHrMaR 6esoroaopo4Horo npvrsHaHvrR aaccanbHoi1r SaBMCIIFMOCTIIF.

1491-1529 rr. U,APCTBOBAHH E PAMbl TH50AHII. OH npvrHRn nepaoro nopTyranbcKoro nocna a CvraM - )J.yapTe ctJepHaH,D,eca, noKopvrTenR ManaKKvr vr no,D,nvrcan c HMM ,D,oroaop, no KompoMy nopTyranbu,aM npe,D,ocmanRnvrcb onpe,D,eneHHbte Toproabte npaaa a cvraMcKvrx nopmx.

OKOJlO 1530 rr. BO"'HAC~H EH rMAEM. VfHMLJ,MaTMBY y,D,epJKvraano MeHbWee u,apCTBO lfvreHrMai1r, KOTOpoe nocTORHHO ycTpavraano Ha6ervr IIF BTOpJKeHMR Ha TeppMTOpiiFIO u,apcTaa A10rrxaR, oco6eHHO a npoBMHLJ.M/0 CyKoTavr. BnacTvr A10rrxaR nepvro,D,vr4ecKvr npe,D,npvrHvrManvr npOTIIFB lfvreHrMaR KapaTenbHbte 3Kcne,D,MLJ,IIFIIF. 5naro,D,apR TOMy, 4TO Henpepb!BHO aenvrcb 6oeabte ,D,ei1r-

CTBMR, PaMa Tvr6o,D,vr cos,D,an cvrnbHY/0 apMvr/0- perynRpHy/0 vr c pas,D,eneHvreM no TeppvrTopvranbHbtM oKpyraM. Havr6onee cyi.J.jecTaeHHoilr 6vrTaoi1r sa ac10 aTy ,D,onry10 aoi1rHy RBvrnocb cpaJKeHvre npvr HaKXoHnaMnaHre, nocne KOToporo PaMa Tvr6oJJ.M MSrHan BOMCKa lfvreHrMaR IIFS npoBIIFHLJ,IIFIIF CyKOTallr.

1548 r. OTPA>KEH HE 5HPMAHCKOrO BTOP>KEHHSI B CHAM. 1563-1584 rr. 5HPMAHCKHE BTOP>KEH HSI. 3a aoeaaHvre vr OKKynau,vrR CvraMa.

1571 r. B03BPALUEHHE B CHAM nPHHLJ,A nPA HAPETA. OH 6btn sanOJKHIIFKOM B 5vrpMe, HO 5ai1rIIFHHayH oTocnan era a OKKynvrpoaaHHbtilr 6vrpMaHu,aMvr CvraM, pacc4MTbtaaR, 4TO npa HapeTCTaHeT6vrpMaHCKOi1r MapvroHeTKOM.

1584-1587 rr. BOCCTAHHE nPA HAPETA. 8 pesynbTaTe era 6vrpMaHLJ,bt6btnvr vrsrHaHbt vrs CvraMa. (CM. Bbtwe).

1587 r. BTOP>KEHHE KAMEiOA>KH"'CKOrO U,APSI CATTbl. 9To nosaonvrno pasrpoMneHHoi1r 6vrpMaHCKOi1r apMMIIF yi1rTM OT npecne,D,OBaHMR npa HapeTa; TOT OT6vrn KaM6o,[J,)I(vri1ru,ea, vrsrHan vrs CvraMa vr npecne,D,oaan JJ.O caMoi1r vrx cTonvru,bt, floaeKa.

1590 r. nPA HAPET BOCXOAHT HA TPOH nOA HMEHEM HAPECYAHA. 1590-1600 rr. HEnPEPbiBHbiE CHAMCK0-5HPMAHCKHE BO"'Hbl. HapecyaH oTpasvrn ampJKeHvrR 6vrpMaHcKoro npaavrTenR HaH,D,bt5ai1rvrHa, a saTeM a cao10 o4epe,D,b BToprcR a 5vrpMy vr saxaaTvrn Taaoi1r vr TeHaccepvrM ( 1593 r.) ; noTOM- MonaMbRilrH vr MapTa6aH ( 1594 r.).

1593-1594 rr. BTOP>KEHHE B KAM50A>KY. nocne oJKecm4eHHbtX 6oea HapecyaH asRn floaeK vr no,D,4MHvrn KaM6o,[J,)I(y

1595 r. JlAOCCKOE BTOP>KEHHE B ~HEHrMA"'. Tapaaa,D,vr, CbtH

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226

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Ko)KaHble IJ.IIIITbl COManllleB

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228

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HrpaJIO BOllCKO, KOTOpoe cpaKTH'IeCKH Ha3Ha<J:ano uapell:. K 3TOMY BpeMeHH OTHOCHTCH nepBOe CTOJIKHOBeHHe BJia):(biK CoHraH c cyJITaHaMH MapoKKO. MapoKKaHCKHH cyJITaH npeJJ:JiomHJI ycryTIHTb eMy coMHbie KonH Tara3bi. B OTBeT Ha 3TO acKHH HcHXaK nocJiaJI ryaperoB pa3opHTb IOmHoe MapoKKO . IlpH )J,ay,o:e (1549-1582 rr. ) MapoKKaHUbi HanaJIH Ha Taragy, y6HJIH Mecmoro npaBHTeJIH H pa3pYIIIHJIH COJIHHbie npoMbiCJibi. B 1582 ro.o:y MapoKKaHcKHil cyJITaH MyJiail: AXMe,o: aJib-MaHcyp nocJiaJI B Cy,o:aH 6oraTbie ,o:apbi, 'IT06bi nO'ITHTh BCT)'IIHBIIIero Ha npeCTOJI acKHIO MoxaMMe,o:a III. Ilo3,o:Hee MapoKKaHUbi CHapH,O:HJIH BOllCKO no,o: Ha'IaJibCTBOM )J,my.o:apa-naiiiH, COCT05IBIIIee B 60JibiiiHHCTBe CBOeM H3 HaeMHHKOB-eBponeilueB, HMeBIIIHX apTHJIJiepHIO, H H3 MeCTHbiX BOllCK, BOopymeHHbiX apKe6y3aMH H KOnbHMH. B 6HTBe npH ToHJJ:H6H (1591 r . ) coHrailcKaH apMHH, 'IHCJieHHO npeBOCXO/UIBIIIaH MapOKKaHCKyiO, HO BOopy)KeHHaH TOJibKO KOnbHMH H JIYKaMH, 6biJia pa36HTa. MapoKKaHUbi 3aHHJIH ToM6yKry H faa. IIpe,o:npHHHMaH 3aXBaT Cy,o:aHa, MapOKKaHCKHe cyJITaHbi paCC'IHTbiBaJIH 3aXBaTHTb B CBOH PYKH ToproBJIIO 30JIOTOM. IIepBbie pe3yJibTaTbi noxo,o:a, Ka3aJiocb, onpaBJJ:biBaJIH 3TY Ha,o:em,o:y. Ma poKKaHCKHe oTpHJJ:bi )J,my,o:apa-naiiiH orpa6HJIH ToM6yKry, )J,meHHe H faa H OTTipaBHJIH 6oraryiO ,o:o6bi<J:Y B MapoKKO. C<J:HTaeTcH, 'ITO cyJITaH MapoKKO noJiy<J:HJI 4,5 MJIH. cpyHTOB 30JIOTa, KOTOpoe OH o6paTHJI Ha yKpaiiieHHe CBOHX ):(BOpUOB H Me<J:eTeil. CoBpeMeHHHKH ,o:aJIH eMy npo3BaHHe AJib-MaHcyp A3-3axa6H, T. e. AJib-MaHcyp 3oJIOToil. 0):(HaKO QeJIH CBOell MapOKKaHCKHe cyJITaHbi He ,o:o6HJIHCb. Hx BOllCKa OKa3aJIHCb 6eCCHJibHbi cnpaBHTbCH C CoHraH. Y6e,o:HBIIIHCb B TOM, 'ITO B OTKpbiTOll 6HTBe MapOKKaHUbi, HMeBIIIHe orneCTpeJibHoe opymHe, o,o:epmHBaJIH Bepx, COHrallCKHe BOeHa'IaJibHHKH CTaJIH npOH3BO):(HTb BHe3aTIHbie HaTia,O:eHHH Ha MapOKKaHCKHe JiarepH, 3aMaHHBaH B gaca):(bl, oKpymaH H YHH'ITOmaH omeJibHbie OTPHJJ:bl npoTHBHHKa. MapoKKaHUbi oKa3aJIHcb B TPYJJ:HOM noJiomeHHH; HX no-

230

V1CnAHCKOE KAPE V1 nVlHEVlHbllll KOPA6nb. 1500-1600 rr.

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Ho>lot, MacKa 111 I..IIIIHOBKa c sepxHero KoHro

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rrJieHHble. OnHaKo 6b!Jio pa3BHTo H nonroBoe pa6cTBo. OcHoBy 3KOHOMH'!ecKoli )Kll3HH COCTaBJIHJIO 3eMJieneJIHe. fJiaBHaH pa6oTa rro Bo3neJib!BaHHIO IIOJieH IIpHXOnHJiaCb Ha noJIIO %eHil(HH, KOTOpb!e TpynHJIHCb Ha IIOJIHX c yTpa n o Bel!epa. My%'IHHbl Bb!IIOJIHHJIH TH)KeJible pa6oTbl rro pac'IHCTKe JieCOB, IIOJieH H IIOCTpOHKe XH%HH, a TaK%e crreu:naJIH3HpoBaJIHCb Ha H3rOTOBJieHHH U:HHOBOK, ceTeH, KOp3HH H T. II., Ha rOH'IapcTBe H o6pa6oTKe %eJie3a. Ky3HeU:bl cocTaBJIHJIH oc o6YIO rpyrrrry, OHH o6 pa6aTblBaJIH He TOJThKO %eJie30, HO no6b!BaJIH H o6pa6aTb!BaJIH TaK%e 30JIOTO H Me):(b. Ha 30JIOTb!X H MenHb!X PYnHHKax, HaxonHBIIIHXCH B BeneHHH u:apH, pa6oTaJIH rrpenMyru:ecTBeHHO pa6bl. 06MeH 6b!JI O'IeHb pa3BHT, cyru:eCTBOBaJIH oco6ble 6a3apHb!e nHH, orrpeneJieHHble e):(HHHIJ:bl o6MeHa, a HMeHHO: paKOBHHbl KaypH H MaKyTa (TKaHb orrpeneJieHHOH nJIHHbi), a TaK%e MenHble CJIHTKH oco6on cpopMb!, Ha3b!BaeMble xaHna. B rJiy6b cTpaHbl IIIJia COJib, a Bb!B0 3HJIHCb- CJIOHOBaH KOCTb, IIIKYPb! H IIJieTeHble H3neJIHH. CrroHBJieHHeM eBporrenu:eB xapaKTep TOprOBJIH H3MeHHJICH. fJiaBHOe 3Ha'!eHHe IIpHo6peJIH pa6bl H CJIOHOBaH KOCTb . B o6H3aHHocTH nepeBeHCKHX CTapOCT BXO):(HJIO Ha6JIIOneHHe 3a noporaMH, ITO KOTOpb!M rrpoxonHJIH KapaBaHbl HOCHJibll(HKOB; OHH noJI)KHbi 6b!JIH CTpOHTh XH)KHHbl ):(JIH IIYTHHKOB, coopy%aTb MOCTbl H3 JIHaH H nep%aTb HaroroBe JionKH. OHn %e Ha6JIIOnann 3a rrocryiiJieHHeM rronaTeli H o6H3aHbl 6b!JIH conep%aTbu:apcKHX IIOCJIOB . LlaCTb 06Il(HHHb!X 3eMeJib Bbl):(eJIHJiaCb CTapOCTaM, H 3TH YlJ:aCTKH o6pa6aTb!BaJIHCb BCeMH o6Il(HHHHKaMH. B o6ru:ecTBeHHoM rrpoH3BonCTBe pa6bl He nrpann oco6on poJIH. OHn %HJIH B ceMbe X03HHHa, Hx Ha3b!BaJIH MBaHa - Cb!HOBbHMH H Hepe):(KO %eHHJIH Ha neByru:Kax H3 CeMbH X03HHHa. O nHaKO 3a y6HlicTBo pa6a HaKa3aHHH He IIOJiaraJIOCb.

ro cy,qapCTBa AHrona 111 MoHoMoTana K IOry oT rocynapcTBa KoHro B XVI BeKe cyru:ecTBoBaJio rocynapcTBo AHrOJia, KOTopoe O):(HO BpeMH

231 COCTaBJIHJIO '!aCTb IO%Hb!X IIpOBHHU:HH KoHro . B 1565 rony rrocJie HaIIIecTBHH Hra AHroJia CTaJia caMocTomeJibHb!M rocynapCTBOM, HO BCKOpe rrop~aJibU:bl 3aBoeBaJIH ee H o6bHBHJIH BJianeHHeM IIopTyraJIHH ( 1589 r. ) . B cepen HHe XVIlBeKa rron pyKoBoncTBOM 3HeprH'!HOH rrpaBHTeJibHHU:bl rro HMeHH AHHbl 3nHraM6aHnn-HreJia BJia):(bl'!ecTBo rropryraJibU:eB 6b!JIO CBeprHyro. IlpH Hell %e ynanocb HaHecrn rropa%eHHe IIJieMeHaM Hra. B 1658 rony oHa paciiiHpnJia CBOH BJianeHHH 3a C'IeT IO)KHb!X palioHoB KoHro. 0nHaKO rrepnon pacU:BeTa 3TOro rocynapcTBa 6b!JI HerrponoJI)KHTeJieH. Y%e B 1671 rony rrop~aJibU:b! BHOBb 3aBJianeJIH AHroJioli. K BOCTOKY oT AHrOJibl B noJIHHe peKH 3aM6e 3H HaxonHJIOCb npyroe rocynapcTBo, H3Becrnoe rro rropryraJibCKHM HCTO'IHHKaM rron Ha3BaHHeM MoHoMoTarrbl. CBeneHHH o 6oraTcTBe BJianHK MoHoMoTaiibl rrpHBJieKaJIH IIOpTyraJibU:eB, KOTOpb!e IIb!TaJIHCb IIpOHHKHYTh B CTpaHy, HO IIOIIb!TKH HX He YBeH'!aJIHcb ycrrexoM. QeHTpOM IIOp~aJibCKHX BJia):(eHHH Ha BOCTO'IHOM 6epery AcppHKH noJIroe BpeMH OCTaBaJICH JlopeHU:O-MapKeC, ocHOBaHHb!H B 1545 rony. Becb BOCTO'!Hb!H 6eper AcppHKH K ceBepy OT peKH Ca6n KO BpeMeHH rroHBJieHHH IIOp~aJibU:eB HaxonHJICH BO BJia):(eHHH apa60B.

Apa6cKIIIe cynTaHaTbl BOCTOI.4Horo no6epe}l(bH Aci>PIIIKIII Han6oJiee KpyrrHb!M rroceJieHHeM Ha BOCTO'IHOM 6epery AcppHKH 6b!JI ropon KHJibBa KHcnBaHH, T. e. «KHJThBa Ha ocTpoBe» . 3necb eru:e B KOHU:e X BeKa rroceJIHJIHCb Bblxonu:H H3 Illnpa3a, rrpH6b!BIIIHe ciOna c AJIH 6eH-XacaHOM. B XII BeKe KHJibBa CTaJia u:eHTpoM Bcex apa6cKHX rroceJieHHH Ha BOCTO'IHOM 6epery AcppnKH H cyJITaHbl KHJThBbl BJianeJIH 3aH3H6apoM, Macpneli, IleM6on, MoM6acoli, AMy H IIaTe. B 1500 H 1501 ronax rropryraJibU:bl Ka6pan H XyaH ne HoBa Bb!CamHBaJIHCb B KHJThBe H BeJIH rreperoBopb! c cyJITaHOM. B 1502 roey BO BpeMH CBOero BTOporo rryTeIIIeCTBHH BacKo na faMa rron'IHHHJI IIIeHXOB, rrpaBHBIIIHX OTneJibHb!MH

232

V1CnAHCKOE KAPE V1 JlV1HEli1Hblll1 KOPA6Jlb. 1500-1600 rr.

ropo,.qaMM. KMJibBa 6bma c,.qeJiaHa CTOJIHUeJ;I IIOpT)'raJibCKHX BJia,z:t.eHMJ;I M H3XOAMJiaCb B Be,.qeHMM BHUe-KopoJiej;j HHAHM. C 1505 ro,.qa CTOJIHUa 6b1Jla nepeHeceHa B CO<}>aJiy. IIopryraJibl.laM He cpa3y y,.qaJiocb no,.qqHHHTb Bee 3TH apa6cK:w:e noceJieHHll. IIocTOliHHhle BOCCTaHMll OTMeqeHbi Ha rrpoTll)f(eHMM XVI-.A'VII BeKoB. BecbMa xapaKTepHa :w:cmp:w:ll IOcy<j>a 6eH-AXMe,.qa, KOTOphlJ;I, IIpHHliB

KpemeH:w:e B foa, noJiyq:w:JI MMll HepoHMMa M 6h1JI Ha3HaqeH rneJ;txoM MoM6acbi. BoJ;t,.qll B ,.qoBep:w:e K rropryraJibl.laM, oH B 1630 ro,.qy B03rJiaBHJI BOCCTa.HMe, 33XBaTMJI yKperrJieHHhJJ;I MOHaCThlpb M<j>opT MoM6ach1 M rrepe6:w:JI nopryraJibl.leB. B 1660 ro,.qy apa6bi BOCToqHoro no6epe)f(bll IIpH3BaJIM Ha IIOMOX.U:b ce6e apa60B MacKaTa. C 3Toro BpeMeHM Haq:w:HaIOTCll 6eCKOHeqHhJe BOJ;!Hhl, IIpHBe,.q-

lliMe K M3rHaHMIO nopryraJibl.leB B rrepBoJ;t TpeTM XVIII BeKa. Bepera BocmqHoJ;t A<j>pHKH eme AO IIOliBJieHMll IIOpTyraJibl.leB HeOAHOKpaTHO IIOCeiiJ;aJIM HapliAY Capa6aMM Mrrepcru.tM MH,.qMJ;ICKHe MKHTaJ;ICKHe Kopa6JIH. B KHTaJ;ICKHX :w:cmqHMKax y)f(e B 1060 ro,.qyyrroMMHaeTCll o ropo,.qe Ma-Jl:w:H (HhlHernH:w:J;t MaJIHHAH) Ha BOCTOqHOM 6epery Aq>pHKH. B HaqaJie XIII BeKa ynoMMHaeTCll 3aH3H6ap. MoHeTbi CyHcKoJ;t ,.q:w:HaCTMM 6biJIM HaJ;I,.qeHhl B 3aH3H6ape MMora,.qHrno. B Ha)J,IIHCM,AaTHpoBaHHoJ;t 1431-1432 ro,.qaMH, ynoMHHaeTCll 0 IIOCeiiJ;eHHM KHTaJ;ICKHMH KOpa6JiliMM B HaqaJie XV BeKa MHor:w:x ropo,.qoB BocmqHoro 6eperaA<j>pHKM. B KHTaJ;ICKHX :w:cmqHHKax BC1peqaiOTCll TaK)f(e orr:w:caHMll Mora,z:t.Hrno, M3 KoTOpbiX Mh1Y3HaeM, ~o eyrrl.lh13TOro ropo,.qa BeJIH Mopci\'YIO ToproBJIIO C,.qaJieKHMH CTpaHaMM.

BOCTOqHA.H A<PPHKA B XVI eeKe VICTOP/11>1 Bocro<motli AQ>pMKVI ceo.aVInacb npeVIMy~e足 creeHHO K 6opb6e 9l/>VIOnCKVIX XpVICTII18H-KOnTOB VI MycynbMBHCKII1X nneMeH COMBflVIWCKOTO no6epe)l(b>l; B 6opb6y9TYOK838fl8CbBOBfle4eHHOW nopryranVI>I.

1502 r. nOPTYfAJlbU.bl 3ACTABJ1SIIOT KIIIJlBY nJlATIIITb AAHb. 1505-1506 rr. noPTYfAJlbU.b13AXBATbiBAIOT Ill C)l(lllfAIOT KIIIJlBY Ill MOM6ACY. KpoMe roro, VIX Hana.aeHIIf>IM no.aeepmVICb nare, bpaea (e coep. CoManVI) VI flaMy ( e coep. KeHVIVI).

1520 r. nOPTYfAJlbCKOE noCOJlbCTBO B 3<PIIIOnli110. 0Ho nono)I(Mno Ha4ano nopryranbcKo9l/>VIoncKoMy co103y, noMorweMy CHII13VITb BflVI>IHVIe 0CM8HCKOW VIMnepVI/11 e crpaHax AQ>pVIKBHCKoro Pora.

1523-1543 rr. BOCCTAHIIIE B XAP3PE. MycynbMaHe 9Totli npoBVIH~II1VI ( HB TeppVITOpVI/11 COBp.

OpYJKHe "yrsapb HapoAOB Bocro'fHO~ Alj)pHKI-1

9lj)!l1-

onVIVI) B36yHTOB8flVICb npOTVIB 9l/>VIOnCKOTO uap>1 fle6Hbl /l,eHrana 111 HeMe.aneHHO CTBn/11 nOflY48Tb 60flbWYIO apa6CKYIO VI OCMBHCKY/0 nOMO~b.

Act>PV1KA 1528 r. nOPTYrAJlbUbl BTOPII1~HO

3AXBATbiBAIOT 111 C>KII1rAIOT MOM6ACY. OK0110 1540-1600rr. 3KCnAHCII1SI n11EMEHII1 rA1111A 111 COMAJ1111"'UEB. LtapcT80 CoManM npMwno Ha cMeHy apa6cKMM rocy/l,apCT8aM ArppMKaHcKoro Para, MCTOLl.jeHHbtM 80MHOM c 9rpMonMel4 ( 15251543 rr.), KompaR 8enacb no11. pyKo80IJ.CT80M a/l,ancKoro npa8MTenR AxMe/l,a lpaHR fle8WV1 ( AxMe/l,a V16H 06paXMMa anb-la3M). fl3b!LfeCKOe nneMR ranna ( MfTM ranna ce8 bt, MfTM opoMo) pacnpocTpaHMfTOCb noLfTM no 8cebi 9rpMonMM, oco6oro ycnexa A06M8WMCb 8 fO)I(HbiX ropHbiX paMOHaX, r/l,e VIM YIJ.8fTOCb noKopMTb MfTM 8btTeCHMTb npe)I(HMX o6MTaTenebi.

1541-1543rr. noPTYrAllbCKASI 111HTEPBEHU111SI. He6onbwaR, HO xopowo 8oopy)l(eHHaR nop-ryranbcKaR apMMR no/1, KOMaH/l,08aHMeM KpMcTo6aHa 11.a laMb! ( CbtHa BacKo 11.a laMb!) 8btCa/l,Mnacb y Maccaybt, LfT06bt OKa3aTb nOMOLl.jb arjJMOnaM. Jl.a laMa OKa3afT VIM CO/l,eMCT8Me 8 CHRTVIVI OCa/l,bl C Kaccaflbl, a 8 6MT8e npM BabiM-/l.ere ( 21 rpe8panR 1543 r.) HaHec pewatoll.jee nopa)l(eHMe apa6CKOM KOafTM/4VIV1, 803rfla8fTR8WeMCR AxMeiJ.OM lpaHeM fle8wobi; 8 3TOM cpa)l(eHMMipaHb norM6.

OK0110 1550-1600rr. B03BbiWEHII1E EiYrAHAbl. 9To J4ap-

233

1585-1589 rr. OCMAHCKASI BOCTO~HOAPII1KAHCKASI

111H-

TEPBEHU111SI. B 1585 ro11.y ocMaHCKMM rpnoT1J.8MHyncR Ha tor BIJ.Oflb no6epe)l(bR 0HAMMCKoro oKeaHa, o6eLl.jaR noMOLl.jb ropo/l,aM, KOTOpbte 836yHTYIOTCR npOTV18 nop-ryrafTbJ4e8. BoccTaHMe 8CnbtXHyno noLfTM Ha 8CeM no6epe)l(be ce8epHee ocTpo8a neM6a, 0/l,HaKO nop-ryrafTbCKVIM rjlfTOT, nocnaHHbiM 113 loa, /1,080flbHO 6btCTpo 80CCTaH08V1fT nopR/l,OK ( 1587 r.). TypKM npe/l,npMHRfTM 8Topyto aHanorMLfHYto nonbiTKY, HO VI Ha 3TOT pa3 He 1J.06MnMcb ycnexa ( 1588 r.). BMecTe CO C80V1MV1 arppMKaHCKVIMVI COI03HV1KaMM, npOV1CXO/l,V18WV1M 113 /l,OfTVIHbl 3aM6e3M, nneMeHeM CMM6a, nopTyraflb/4bl 8 TpeTMM pa3 83RfTV1 VI CO)I(rfTVI MoM6acy ( 1589 r.), nocne Lfero nocTpoMnM 3/l,eCb MOLl.jHyto KpenOCTb,

1559 r. CMEPTb UAPSI r AJlAB-

1505-1506 rr. TYAPErll1 noKOPSIIOT AII1P. AcKMR MoxaMMe/1, 8 /1,8e KaMnaHMVI nO/l,LfVIHVIfT HapO/l,HOCTVI, 06MTa8WMe 8 paMOHe C08peMeHHOrO Ara11.eca 8 HMrepMM.

1506-1543 rr. UAPCTBOBAHII1E A11bOHCA I (B KOHrO). Mana Taro, LfTO aToT npa8MTenb npMHRfT XpMCTMaHCKOe VIMR ( KaK ero OTe/4 VI npe/l,WeCT8eHHV1K, 0oaHH 1), - OH ell.je 11 nooll.jpRn o6pall.jeHMe 8 xpMCTMaHCT8o C80V1X noiJ..[},aHHbiX.

1507-1514 rr. BO"'HA COHrASI C n11EMEHEM Y11AHII1 111 UAPCTBOM EiOPrY. 5oe8bte /l,eM-

nonyLfM8WYIO Ha38aHMe ctJopT-0Mcyc

cT8MR npOTV18 rpynaHM 8efTMCb 8/1,0fTMHe HMrepa, a npoTM8 5opry8/l.Oflb nponeratoll.jeM no HMrepy rpaHMJ4bl co8peMeHHOM HMrepMM. LtapcT8Y CoHrabi conYTCT808an onpe-

nop-ryranbcKoe npMCYTCT8Me 8 BocTOLfHOM ArppMKe 8cer11.a 6bmo IJ.OCTaTOLfHO MafTOLfVICfleHHbiM -He 60flbWe 1000 LfefT08eK- VI peafJbHOrO KOHTpOfTR Ha/1, 80CTOLfHOarjlpMKaHCKV1MV1 3eMfTRMV1 OHM npaKTMLfeCKVI He ocyLl.jeCTBfTRfTVI.

1587 r. CO>K>KEHII1E COA11 bl. lopOIJ. 3TOT, pa36oraTe8WV1M Ha TOpr08fle 30fTOTOM, 6blf1 83RT VI pa3rpOMfleH nneMeHeM CMM6a, yLfMHM8WMM 8 Corpane )I(YTKYto 6oi4Hto.

3AITNJ:HAH APHKA

AEBOCA (K11ABA111SI). 9TOT arjJMoncKMM MOHapx, yHacne/l,08a8WV1M npecTon nocne fle6Hbt Jl.eHrana ( 1540 r. ), nom6 8 cpa)l(eHMM c noAHR8WMMM OLfepe/l,HOe 80CCTaHMe xapapCKVIMVI MRTe)I(HV!KaMM.

CbtH 03onya, aToT MOHapx npOIJ.OfT)I(afT nOfTVITMKy, HaLfaTyto OTJ40M, VI TaK%e no.a.aep)I(M8an xopowMe OTHOweHMR c nop-ryranb!4aMM.

( 1593-1594 rr. ). 0/l,HaKO 8 !4efTOM

CT8o, conepHVIKDYHMOpo, KCepe/l,MHe XVIII 8eKa cmno Lfpe38btLfai4Ho MOryll.jeCT8eHHbiM.

OK0110 1504-1530 rr. UAPCTBOBAHII1E3CII1rll1 (B 6EHII1HE).

8 3TOM CTOfleTMVI 8 3ana/l,HOM ArppMKe npOJ48eTanM TPM HerpMTRHCKMX rocy/l,apCT8a. no-npe)I(HeMy coxpaHRfTO MOLl.jb 14apcT80 CoHrabi,

/l,eneHHbtM ycnex, HO 8 KOHeLfHOM CLfeTe nOKOpMTb rpynaHM MoOpryTaK 11 He y11.anocb.

1512 r. COHrA"' nOKOPSIET A111APY. /l.Mapa (Ha ce8epo-3ana/l,e co8peMeHHOM HMrepMM) 6bma no/1,LfMHeHa acKMeM MoxaMMeiJ.OM 8 nepepbt8e Me)I(IJ.YAPYrMMVI ero KaMnaHVIRMM.

1516-1517 rr. BOCCTAHII1E KA6111"'CKOrO (11111111 KE66111"'CKOrO) HAMECTHII1KA KAPTbl. Q/l,VIH 113 rna8HbiX nOMOLl.jHV1K08 acKVIVI MoxaMMe/l,a, OH 803rfla8Mf1 80CCTaHMe, KOTOpoe 6blf10 8 KOHJ4e KOHno/l,a8fJeHO 80MCKaMM, COXpaHV18WV1MV1 8epHOCTb CoHrato. /408

1528r. A111HACTII1~ECKII1"' KPII13111C B COHrAE. CmpwMM CbtH

1563-1597 rr. UAPCTBOBAHII1ECAPUbiAEHrAJ1A. BoT8eTHa

XOTR VI KfTOHVIfTOCb K yna/l,Ky rna8HbiM o6pa3oM M3-3a nopa)l(eHMR, noHeceHHoro oT rpe1J.epaJ4MM Xayca, 803-

acKMM MoxaMMe/l,a, acKMR Myca, oTpewMn npecTapenoro 11 y)l(e noLfTM

MycynbMaHCKMe Ha6em 8 9pMTpeto aToT cnoco6HbtM npa8MTenb 11 8oeHaLfanbHMK opraHV1308bt8afT KOHTpaTaKM VI 0/l,ep)l(afl HeCKOflbKO 3HaLfM-

ma8neHHOM Ke66M. ctJe/l,epaJ4MR Xayca CTafTa HaM6onee 8fTV1RTefTbHbiM nOfTV1TV1K0-80eHHbiM o6pa308aHMeM K 80CTOKY oT peKM HMrep. Ce8epo-

enen oro OTJ4a oT npecTona 11 cocnan Ha OCTp08 Ha peKe HMrep. no6e/l,M8WV1M 8 /l,MHaCTMLfeCKOM 80MHe Mfla/1,WVIM CbtH acKMM MoxaMMe/l,a 0cMa-

TefTbHbiX no6e11., oco6eHHO 8 1578 11 8 1589 ro11.ax.

80CTOLfHee, 8 pabioHe o3epa L{aiJ., wMpMnocb 14apcT80 KaHeM (MnM 5opHy). CaMoropaCJ48eTa OHOIJ.OC-

MfT 8epHyfT OTJ4a 113 CCblfTKVI, HO TOT 8CKOpe yMep (1538 r.).

1567 r. XAP3P B3SIT 111 CO>K>KEH. 8 npOJ4eCce C80V1X MMrpa/4VIM nneMR ranna HaTKHYfTOCb Ha roP0/1. 11 pa3opMno ero.

TMrno 6fJM)I(e K KOH/4Y OnMCbt8aeMOro 8eKa, 8 npa8neHMe 0/l,pMca Ill (1571-1603 rr.).

1540-1591 rr. YnAAOKCOHrASI. Moryll.jeCT80 J4apCT8a Me/1,fTeHHO nO/l,TaLfV18afTOCb 6opb60M 3a npeCTOfT VI 8HYTpeHHV1MM6ecnopR/l,KaMM.

234

V1CnAHCKOE KAPE V1 JlV1HEli1Hblll1 KOPA6Jlb. 1500-1600 rr. 1550 r. EJJ.EPAI...l~S1 XAYCA nOKOPS1ET 017'10. BXOJJ.RI.l.IMe B cf>e,ll,epa~mo ~apcTea 5opry u Hyne 38-

eoeeanu ManeHbKOe TOCYJJ.BPCTBO Oiiio, pacnono)l(eHHoe fO)I(Hee.

OKOJlO 1571-1603 rr. nPAB(B l...lAPCTBE KAHEM-60PHY). npu JlEH~E ~AP~CA-AJlABMbl

HeM KaHeM-bOPHY JJ.OCTumo HauBbJcwero pac~eeTa u OKB3bJeano CMflbHeiifwee BflM>IHMe H8 BOCT04HbJe rocy,ll,apcTea cf>eJJ.epa~uu Xayca.

1570-1571 rr. HAnAJJ,EH~S1 HA KOHro. Ha6eru eouHcTeeHHoro 8HTOflbCKOTO nneMeHM >IT8 BbJHy,lJ,MflM KOHTOfle3CKOTO MOHapxa o6paTMTbC>I38 noMOI.l.lb/0 K nopTyranb~aM. Te BbJcnanu M3 CaH-ToMe He6onbWYIO apMM/0 ( 15 71 r. ), KOTOPB>I nocne O)l(eCT04eHHbJX 6oee M3rHana Rra.

OKOJlO 1590 r. HE3AB~C~足 MOCTb 017'10. Anacf>uH ( ~apb) OpoMnoTo c6pocun enaJJ.bl4ecTeo cf>eJJ.epa~uu Xayca. Cne,lJ,yR npuMePY CBOMX 6bJBWMX C/03epeHOB, OH OpT8HM30B8fl 3cf>cf>eKTMBHYIO K8B8nepuiiiCKYIO apMM/0. BcKope rocyJJ.BPCTBO Oiiio cTano OJJ.HMM M3 caMbJX MOryl.l.leCTBeHHb/X B peTMOHe; CTOflM~8 HBXOJJ.Mnacb e CTapoM Oiiio ( coep. KaToHr).

1591 r.MAPOKKAHCKOEBTOP:>KEH~E B COHrAlii. 4eTb!pexTbiCR4Hafl M8POKK8HCK8fl BPMMR, H86paHH8>1 npeMMYI.l.leCTBeHHO M3 MCnBHCKMX M nopTyTBflbCKMX HBeMHMKOB, eoopy)l(eHHbiX orHecTpenbHbiM opy)I(UeM ( npe.>K;ae HeM3BeCTHb/M B MBTepMKOBOW 4BCTM 3ana,ll,Hoiii Acf>puKM), BTOpmaCb B ~apCTBO COHTBW M Haronoey pa36una coHraiiicKue eoiii-

OpYJKwe" yTBapb HapoAOB IOro-3anaAHOH A<f>pwKJ.1

cKa. npuwenb~bl CO)I(TflM ToM6YKTYM pa3pywunu CTOflM~Y TOCYJJ.BPCTBB TOPOJJ. (ao, TeM C8Mb/M nOflO)I(MB KOHe~ ~apcTey CoHraiii.

CEBEPHAs:l V110)1(HAs:l AMEPV1KV1

235

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HMaHa )KHJIH omeJibHbiMH po,o:aMH,

3TIIM cJioBoM

242

V1CnAHCKOE KAPE V1 JlV1HEV1HbiV1 KOPA5Jlb . 1500-1600 rr.

XlDKHHa Morna 6biTb 3amrra 'I.JleHaMH

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.D:pyro:H o6rn:nHhi. Co6paHHe MHornx

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B Ha'laJibHbiH nepno,[( eBpone:H-

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pa. IOmHble nneMeHa 3aHHMaJIHCh

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Hbi npocn aBHJIHCh yrropHbiM conpo-

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npa3,[(HecTBa. B o6rn:HHe HMaHa He cy-

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nneMeHa, npnHa,[(JlemaBIIIHe K pa3-

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HbiM H3biKOBbiM rpynnaM, rJiaBHbiM

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HHe 6onee

200 neT 1 .

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liiH.Qeiiiu,bl BocTOLIHOiii 6pa3111m1111

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IIH'lecKoro nee a ocHOBHbiM MaTepHa-

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6onee MeJIKHe, 3aHHMaJIHCh npeHMy-

Hble KaMeHHble TOnOpbi, KOTOpbie

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JIH naJiaTKH-HaBecbi H 3

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XVI

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B 1773 ro.u;y He3aBMCHMocn Apa}'KaHMM

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cepewrne

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CEBEPHAs:l V110)1(HAs:l AMEPV1KV1

257

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258

V1CnAHCKOE KAPE V1 JlV1HEli1Hblll1 KOPA6Jlb. 1500-1600 rr.

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1911

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XVI

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XVI

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260

V1CnAHCKOE KAPE V1 JlV1HEV1HbiV1 KOPA5Jlb . 1500-1600 rr.

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261

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JIH Kaprra

Til qepe3 AHUhi. ATaryanhna 6biJI

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CKaJ!IICTYIO TeppiiTOpHIO II 3aTeM no

OlllM6Ky, KOrL(a

)J,BOpHHCKOe 3BaHMe II yTBep):(HJI ero

y3KOi1 TponMHKe npeononen TPYUHO-

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AOCTynHhie AHAhi. Ha O):(HOM II3 ne-

HIIII CBOIIX 6e3opylKHbiX BOIIHOB. ITo

KOTOpyiO npe):(CTOHJIO 3aBOeBaTb.

peBarroB HaXO)J,IIJiaCh 60JihiiiaH Ka-

npiiKa3y IT11cappo IIcnaHIIbi Y<fiiHIIJIII

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II36IIeHIIe IIHKOB II 3aXBaTIIJIII B nJieH

IIH):(eMIIbi He o6opOHHJIII nepeBaJI.

IIX BOJKM ATarya~llhrry, 'ITO ):(eMopa-

JIII30Barro Bce BOMCKO. TbiCH'liiiiH):(eM-

nopa6oll.leHue MHJJ.ei114ea nepy OTPRJl.OM nucappo 8 1531-153310)J.8X

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1532

ro):(a IICIIaHIIhl 6ec-

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npenHTCTBeHHO BCTynMJIM B OCTaB-

cKMX BOMHOB 6biJIM nepe6IIThi. Oc-

JieHHblM lKMTeJIHMM ropon KaKcaMap-

TaJihHhie, nOTepHB CBOerO BOlKL\H, B

1530 ro)J,a Ilwcappo OT-

Ka II pacnOJ!OlKMJIMCb B KpenOCTM, no-

cTpaxe pa36eJKanwch. HenoBOJihHhre

npaBIIJICH II3 HcnaHIIII B IO)fmyro

CTaBIIB TaM CBOII opy):(IIH. BOMCKO

BJiaCTbiO IIHKOB n.lJeMeHa

AMepiiKy, a 'Iepe3 ro):( oH OTIIJihiJI II3

ATaryaJihnhr pacnorraraJIOCh 3a ropo-

Ha'Ia.lJCH pacna):( KOHQJeAepallllll n~lle足

ITaHaMhi Ha Tpex Kopa6rrHx c 3KIIna-

AOM B rrarepe.

MeH. IT piiBeplKeHIIhi nor116rnero B

B HHBape

BOCCTa~llll.

180 'IeJIOBeK neXOTbi, 27 BCa)J,-

ITepBaH oiiiii6Ka IIHKOB 3aKJIIO'la-

MeJK):(oyco6HoM BOMHe fyacKapa npo-

HMKaMM w ABYMH He6orrhlllMMM opy-

nach B TOM, 'ITO OHM n03BOJIMJIM 3a-

HBIIJIM CTpeMJieHMe BHOBb 3aXBaTMTb

AIIHMII. BCTpe'IHbie BeTphr 3acTaBIIJIII

XBaT'IIIKaM 6ecnpeiiHTcTBeHHo npoii-

RlJaCTh. He6orrhrnoi1 oTpHA IIcnaHcKIIX

JKeM B

wcnaHireB BhiCa):(IIThCH B 6yxTe CBHToro MaT<fleH, OTKyAa oTpHA ITIIcappo nolllen 6eperoM K TyM6ecy. BcTpeTIIBniiiMCH Ha nyTII 6orrhrnofl: HaCeJieHHbiM nyHKT IIH)J,eMIIeB MCnaHCKMe KOJIOHM3aTOpbl pa3rpa6IIJIII, 3aXBaTIIB MHOrO 30JIOTa, cepe6pa M AparolleHHhiX KaMHeii. Ha 3TH cpe):(CTBa ITIIcappo oTnpaBIIJI ):(Ba Kopa6JIH B IlaHaMy M H11Kaparya 3a npiinacaMII, opyJKIIeM II JIIO):(hMII, a caM pacnOJ!OlKMJICH Ha OCTpOBe IlyHe, ceBepHee TyM6eca. Kopa6nh M3 HwKaparya npiiBe3 OKOJIO

100

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nO):(KpenrreHIIH. Teneph 3axBaT'IIIKII peiiiiiJIII ):(BIIHYTbCH )J,aJihiiie. 3JIOL(eMCTBa KOJIOHM3aTOpOB Bbl3BaJIII rHeB IIHAeiilleB. BhrcrraHHhiX BnepeA Tpex corr):(aT JKIITeJIII TyM6eca noBeCIIJIM M, pa3pylllMB ropon, 6eJKaJm B neca. l1cnaHIIhl BCTynMJ!ll BO BJiaL(eHMe rOpOL\CKMMM pa3BaJIMHaMM. ITpOABIIraHCh )J,arree, OHII rpa6IIJIII II lKrJIM HaCeJieHHbie nyHKTbl. B

cepe):(IIHe OKTH6pH

1532

ro)J,a

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40 TbiCH'l 'leJIOBeK. 3TOM CMJie MHL(eMIIeB IICnaHCKIIM aBaHTIOpiiCT MOr npoTIIBOnOCTaBMTb BCero IIeB II

110

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BCa):(HIIKOB. TexHII'IeCKOMY

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262

V1CnAHCKOE KAPE V1 JlV1HEVJHbiVl KOPA5Jlb. 1500-1600 rr.

KOJIOHH3a1DpOB BOCITOJTh30BaJICH ITO-

HhiX A06ena KaMHe:H, o6epHYThiX ITpo-

JIIITWieCKOH aHapXIIeH B CTIJaHe WIH

cMoJieHHOH Bam:H. CaM MaHKo e3AHJI

yrnepm}:(eHllii cBoero rociTOIJ:CTBa.

Ha HCITaHCKOH JIOIIIa}:(H, B HCITaHCKHX

ATaryaJibiTa ITpe}:(JiomuJI uciTaH-

phiuapcKHX IJ:OCITexax H ITpHMeHHJI

uaM BhiKyrr 3a CBOe OCB060m}:(eHHe.

MyrnKeTbi, B03MO)KHO, ITpHo6peTeH-

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35 KB.

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rnyiO KOMHaTy }:(Ba)K}:(bi HaiTOJIHHTh

MaRKO 6eman B ropbi, OTKYIJ:a ITpo-

cepe6poM. IIucappo ITOJIHOCThiO ITO-

IJ:OJimaJI ITaprn3aHCKHe Ha6ern Ha 3a-

JI)"'HJI BhiKYIT H BepOJIOMHO Ka3HHJI

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ATary anbrry.

BO)KIJ:H HHKOB, ern:e 6onee }:(e3opraHH-

llCTopHK IIpecKOTT ITHcan: «IIH-

30BaB coiTpornBJIHBIIIHXCH HHAe:HueB.

cappo Bhi}:(aJI ITOKopeHHhie HapOIJ:hi

Ha<J:anacb 6opb6a HCITaHCKHX

CBOeH pa3HY31J:aHHOH COJIIJ:aTHe, KOTD-

aBaHTIOpHCTOB 3a 6oraTCTBa IIepy.

1537 roAy IIucappo ITOJI)"'HJI ITOA-

paH B CBHII(eHHbiX MOHaCTbipHX YAOB-

JieTBOpHJia CBOIO ITOXOTh; ropo}:(a H

KpeiiJieHHH H3 llciTaHHH H BhiCTyrrHJI

cena omaBaJIHCh e:H Ha pa3rpa6ne-

ITpomB AJihMarpo.

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IIpuMeHAA HOBbie MYIIIKeThi c He-

6o:H Hec<J:aCTHhiX Ty3eMueB, KaK pa-

CKOJihKHMH C[(eiTJieHHhiMH O}:(Ha C

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1541 roey

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AJThMarpo H Ka3HHJI ero. B

YHH<J:Tomanu cTaAa, oiTycTornanu

IIucappo 6biJI y6uT HCITaHCKHMH 3a-

mHTHHUhi, pa3pyrnanu ITpeKpacHbie

roBoprn:HKaMH. HoB lOmHo:H AMepu-

coopymeHHH, ITOBbiiiiaBIIIHe IIJIO}:(Opo-

Ke yrnep}:(HJiaCb BJiaCTh eBpOITeHCKHX

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PaciTpaBHBIIIHCh c ATaryanhiTOH,

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IJ:OBOJibCTBeHHhiX Mara3HHOB, KOTO-

6eciTpeiTHTCTBeHHO BCTyrrHJIH B CTO-

paH paCIIIHpHJia B03MO)KHOCTH MaHeB-

JIHUY HHKOB, BO)K}:(eM KOTOpbiX OHH

pHpOBaHHH ITepyaHCKOH apMHH. 3Ta

K0110HH3AU,H~. OH OTKpbtn MHO)I(eCTBO OCTpOBOB, IO)I(HOaMepMKaHCKOe no6epe)l(be M LteHTpanbHYID AMepMKY M ace aTo o6bfiBMn ana/],eHMfiMM MCnaHCKOM KOpOHbl. l1cnaHCKMe aBaHTIOPMCTbl XflbiHYflM B HoBbiM CaeT. 711110HSI

1494r. TOPAECHJlb-

~CCKH~ AOrOBOP. CamacHo 3TOMY MCnaHO-nOpT}'rafl bCKOMY naKT}' /],eMapKaJ4MOHHaf/ flMHMf/ npOBO/],MflaCb B 370 flMrax(2057 KM) K 3ana/1,y OT OCTPOBOB Ka 60-8 ep/1,e ( OCTpoaa 3eneHoro Mbtca); l1cnaHMM npMHa/],fle)l(aflM MCKfliO'-IMTeflbHbte npaBa Ha MCCfle/],OBaHMfl M KOflOHM3a/4MIO 3ana/1,Hee 3TOM flMHMM, nopTyraflMM- BOCTO'-/Hee. nepBOHa'-/aflbHaf/ /1,eMapKa/4MOHHaf/ flMHMfl, npoBeAeHHafl nanoi1I PMMCKMM AneKcaHIJ.POM VI ( 1493 r.), npoxo/],Mna B 100 flMrax K 3ana/],y OT OCTpOBOB.

1508-1511 rr. nOKOPEHHE nY3PTO-PHKO.l1cnaHCKaf/3KCneIJ.MJ4Mfl, OTnflbiBWaf/ C OCTpOBa 9cnaHbOfla, 6e3 oco6oro TpyiJ.a OIJ.ep)l(ana Bepx Ha/1, MH/1,ei1JJ4aMM-KapM6aMM.

1511-1515 rr. 3ABOEBAHHE KY5bl. Bo3rnaanRnocb aHa ,lJ,Mero BenacKecoM 11.e KyanbfiPOM, ry6epHaTopoM 9cnaHbOflbt.

o6bHBHJIHMaHKO- 6paTa fyacKapa.

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1521-1535 rr. K0110HH3A-

TaK KOJIOHH3aTOpbi ITOJih30BaJIHCh

IJ:OM IIucappo, 3 aXBaThiBaBIIIHM Mara-

Me)KIJ:oyco6HOH BOHHOH HHKOB.

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JiaM He Morno H3MeHHTh o6rn:ux ycJIOBHH Be}:(eHHH BOHHhi.

1535

1522-1523 rr. nOKOPEHHE HHKAPArYA. Bo3rnaanRnocb aHa

roey oH 6eman B ropbi H Ha<J:an ITOAHHMaTh HHKOB Ha 6opb6y C KOJIOHH3aTopaMH. B

1535 roey IIucappo,

ocTaBHB B

IJACCE:HH KAPMIJCKOfO MOPH

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1536 ro}:(a MaHKo oca-

AHJI IIucappo B KycKo. OcaAa ITpoIJ:OJimanacb rnecTh MeCH[(eB. llciTaHCKHH rapHH30H 6biJI H3My<J:eH 6opb6o:H C ITOmapaMH, KOTOpbie HHKH ITpOH3BO}:(HJIH MeTaHHeM pacKaJieH-

12 OKTst6pst 1492 r. OTKPbiTHE AMEPHKH XPHCTOOPOM KOJlYM 50M. OH Mccne/],oaan MHO)I(eCTBO KapM6CKMX OCTpOBOB, BKn10'-/af/9CnaHbOfly(COBp. /aMTM), M BCe MX 06bf/BMfl C06CTBeHHOCTbiO MCnaHCKOM KOpOHbl.

1493 r. BTOPOE nllABAHHE K011YM5A. KaK nepBbtiii McnaHCKMiii BMJ4e-Koponb HOBbiX l1H/1,MM OH DC HOBan Ha 9cnaHbOfle nOCTOf/HHYIO KOflOHMIO.

1493-1502 rr. K011YM50Bbl HCC11EAOBAHH~, OTKPbiTH~ H

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1523-1530 rr. HCnAH CKH E PACnPH. KoHrpnMKT B03HMK Me)I(IJ.y XMneM loHcanecoM JJ.aaMnoiii M ctJpaHcMcKo 9pHaH/],ecoM 11.e Kop1J.Oaoi1I, no/1,'-IMHeHHbtM /1,apbeHcKoro ry6epHampa ne/],pO ApMaca /],e ABMflbl. Q/1,ep)l(aB Bepx Ha/], ctJpaHCMCKO 9pHaH/1,ecoM 11.e Kop/1,oaoi1I, ,lJ,aBMna, B cao10 o'-lepeiJ.b, noTepnen nopa)l(eHMe OT IJ.pyroro n0/1,'-/MHeHHOTO /],e AaMnbt, KpMcTo6anRAe OnMIJ.bt; TaKMM o6pa3oM, 11.e ABMna o6pen nonHbtiii KOHTpOflb Ha/1, TeppMTOpMeiii HMKaparya.

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V1CnAHCKOE KAPE V1 JlV1HEVJHbiVl KOPA5Jlb. 1500-1600 rr.

a paiiioHe coapeMeHHoii15oroTbl; noKopeHII1e ao3ma an>1n loHcano X111MeHec .Qe Keca.Qa. 1585-1586 rr. PE~Abl APE~ KA. AHmll1iiicKafl aKcneA111/4111fl noA KOMaH,QOBaHII1eM C9pa C1Jp9HCII1Ca JJ.peii!Ka co)l(ma CaHTo-,lJ,oMII1Hro, KapTaxeHy, CaH-ArycTII1H 111 aoo61.1..1e Haaena y)l(ac Ha BecT-l1HA11110.

MEKCHKA 1502-1520 rr. UAPCTBOBAHIIIE MOTEKYXCOMbl (T. E. «B11AAb1Kiil CCEPAIIITbiM CEPAUEM») WOKO~UIIIHA M11AAWErO (MOHTECYMbl II liiCnAHCKIIIX XPOHIIIK). OH BOA111n aoeHHble noxo.Qbl, KaK npaBII1flO, Ha BOCTOK 111 Ha /Or03ana,Q aT Mex111Ko. l13-3a o6umpHoCTII1 perii10Ha 111 TPYAHOCTeiii CO CHa6)l(eHII1eM np111nacaM111 KaMnaHII1111 Wflll1 C nepeMeHHb/M ycneXOM. nonii1TII14eCKII1e npoc4eTbl a14TeKoa np111aen111 K TOMy, 4TO 6b!BWII1e C0/03HII1KII1 cyl.l..leCTBeHHO K HII1M 0Xfla,Qeflll1.

1515-1519 rr. KAMnAHiillil nPOTIIIB rOPOAA-rOCYAAPCTBA T11AWKA11AH (11111111 T11ACKA11A). npoTII1B 9TOro J4apCTBa, ,QaBHero conepHII1Ka a14TeKoa, opraHII130Bb/Banocb HeCKOflbKO nOXOAOB, HO Hll1 B OAHOM 1113 HII1X He y.QaflOCb ,Q06111TbCf/ peWII1TeflbHOM no6e,Qbl. B f1111re Tpex /opo.Qoa 1113-3a rnaaeHcTaa TeH04TII1TnaHa Ha6n10Aan111cb TpeHII1f/. MoHTecyMa If MewKan c peweHII1eM acex 9TII1X npo6neM, nonaraf/Cb Ha coaeTbl )l(pe/40B, KOflAYHOB 111 4apo.Qeea. ,lJ,ononHII1TenbHoe BOflHeHII1e Bb/3Baflll1 1113BeCTII1fl, 4TO ,QaneKO Ha BOCTOKe, B

ABrycT 1519 r. KOPTEC C>KiilrAET KOPA611111. C)l(erwll1 BO 11136e)l(aHII1e .Qe3epTII1pcTaa rj)noT, KopTec OCHOBan BepaKpyc, nO,Q4111HII1fl He3aBII1CII1MOe J4apCTBO MeKCII1KaHCKII1X 111HAeii1!4eB Ta6acKo 111 Ha4an neperoaopbl c npaaii1TeneM a14TeKoa MoHTecyMoiii/1.

CeHTS16pb 1519 r. BTOP>KEHIIIE B UEHTPAJlbHYIO MEKCIIIKY. 3aKn/04111B co103 c nneMeHeM TOTOHaKOB, KopTeC BTOprCf/ B MaTepii1KOBYIO MeKCII1KY, r.Qe no6e.QII1n He3aBII1CII1Moe 14apcTao TnawKanaH, KOTOpoe 3aTeM BCTynll1flO C HII1M B co103 npoTII1B a14TeKoa. l13 TnawKanaHa OH Bb/CTyn111n Ha TeH04TII1TflaH. HecMOTP>I Ha P>IA npo1113owe.Qw111x no nyr111 CTb/4eK, MoHTecyMa If no3BOnll1n 111CnaHJ4aM BCT}'nii1Tb B ropo,Q KaKAPY3bf/M(8 HO>I6Pfl 1519 r.).

AeKa6pb 1519r. KOPTEC 3AXBATbiBAET MOHTECYMY. TaKII1M o6pa3oM, TeH04TII1TnaH oKa3anCfl npaKTII14eCKII1 B era BflaCTII1.

1520 r. nOXOA nAHIil110 AE HAPBA3CA. OH 6blfl nocnaH ,l1,111ero BenacKecoM .Qe Kyanb>IPOM ao rnaae apMII1111 1113 1500 4enoaeKnp111aecT111 a noKopHOCTb KopTeca 111 HaKa3aTb 3a HenO,Q4111HeHII1e npii1Ka3aM. Y3Haa, 4TO .Qe Hapaaac Bb/caA111flCfl a BepaKpyce, KopTec ocTaBII1n 3a rnaaHoro a TeH04TII1TnaHe ne.Qpo.QeAnbaapa.Qo, a caM ao rnaae 4aCTII1 CBOeM apMII1111 Bb/CTyn111n K no6epe)l(bf0, pa36111n OTP>IA .Qe Hapaaaca 111 npii1Hfln K ce6e Ha cny)/(6y TeX 1113 era COfl,QaT, KTO OCTaflCf/ B )1(111Bb!X. 3aTeM KopTec Hanpaa111nc>1 o6paTHO a TeH04TII1TnaH, r.Qe 1113-3a 4epec4yp )l(eCTKoro npaaneHII1fl .Qe Anbaapa.Qo a14TeK111 aoccTanll1 npoTII1B 111CnaHJ4eB.

MeKCII1KaHCKOM 3an111ae nof/BII1flii1Cb 6or111, o6111Ta101.1..1111e a nnaay4111x xpaMax- 9TO 6b!fla 111CnaHCKa)l 9CKa,Q-

30 IIIIOHSI 1520 r. OTCTYn11 EHIIIE 1113 TEHO'-ITIIIT11AHA (11111111 «HO'-Ib nE'-IAlllil»). Kor,Qa CTeMHe-

pa 9pHaHa KopTeca.

no, OTP>IA KopTeca, O)l(eCT04eHHO cpa)l(a)ICb Ha Ka)I(,QOM wary, OTCTynll1fl 1113 ropo.Qa, noHeCfl np111 9TOM Tfl)/(eflble noTepll1. B J4ap111aweii1 cyMaToxe MOHTeCyMa 6blfl y6111T 111CnaHJ4aMII1. no .QaM6e KopTec noaen caoii1Xfl/O.Qeii14epe3 o3epo TecKoKo Ha 3anaA K L{anynbTeneKy, HO 6bln 3aMe4eH a!4TeKaMII1. 3aBf/3aflOCb O)l(eCT04eHHeiiiwee H04Hoe cpa)l(e-

1518-1519rr. 3KCnEAiiiUiil~ 3PHAHA KOPTECA. HoMII1HanbHo OH HaXO,Q111flCf/ no,Q KOMaH,QOBaHII1eM ry6epHaTopa 9cnaHbOflbl ,l1,111ero BenacKeca .Qe Kyanbf/pa. Ocnywaawii1Cb ry6epHaTopcKoro npii1Ka3a, KopTec oTnnbln c 9cnaHbOflbl, 111Mef/ B CBOeM pacnopf/)l(eHII1111 600 4enoaeK, 17 nowa.Qeiii 111 10 nyweK.

Hll1e, 111CnaHJ4eB aTaKOBaflll1 CO BCeX CTOpOH. He B Cll1flaX npii1MeHII1Tb npOTII1B aJ4TeKOB, aTaKOBaBWII1X 1113 n111por C BOAbl 111 no Y3KOM HaCblnHOM ,QaM6e, Hll1 Kaaanep111111, Hll1 OrHeCTpenbHOro opy)/(111fl, KopTec noTeP>Ifl MHOrOfl/O,Qeiif; OC06eHHO Tf/)l(eflb/e noTepll1 noHecnll1 era 111HAeii1CKII1e co/03HII1KII1. Bnpo4eM, pa3BII1aaTb AOCTII1rHyroro ycnexa a14TeK111 He CTaflll1, YAOBfleTBOpii1BWII1Cb TeM, 4TO npii1HeCflll1 3aXBa4eHHb/X nneHHII1KOB (111 nowa.Qeiii) a )l(epTay 6ory aoii!Hbl Y11114111nono4Tn111. K 111CXOAY «H04111 ne4an111» KopTec .Qo6pancfl AO ceaepHoro KOHJ4a o3epa.

7 liltonSI 1520 r. CPA>KEH Ill E nPiil OTYMEiE. 3.Qecb 111cnaHJ4bl 6blflll1 BHOBb aTaKOBaHbl a14TeKaM111; 6111TBa Bbi.Qanacb .Qonroiii 111 O)l(ecTo4eHHoii1, HO B KOHJ4e KOHJ40B KopTeC o.Qep)l(an pewii1TenbHYIO no6e.Qy

ABrycT 1520 r.- Malli 1521 r. nOArOTOBKA K B0306HOB11EHiill0 KAMnAH Iiiii!. OTcTyn111a a TnawKanaH, KopTec cTan aKTII1BHO roTOBII1TbCfl K HOBOMY B3>1TII1/0 TeH04TII1TnaHa. Co3HaBafl, 4TO np111 wTypMe OCTpOBHOrO ropo,Qa Kfl/040M K ycnexy AOfl)I(Ha f/BII1TbCf/ BOeHHOMOpCKaf/ MOI.l..lb, KopTeC OCHOBan B TecKoKo onopHy/0 6a3y111 np111cryn111n K CTp0111TeflbCTBY rpnoTa 1113 13 6pll1raHTII1H, Ha Ka)I(.QY/0 1113 KOTOpb!X ycTaHaBflii1BaflOCb no nerKoiii nywKe. TeM apeMeHeM npaaii1Tenb TeHo4TII1TnaHa KB111TnayaK (Hacne,QHII1K MOHTeCyMbllf) yMep OT OCnbl- 3aBe3eHHOM 111CnaHJ4aMII1 6one3HII1, KOTOpaf/ 6yKBaflbHO KOCII1fla 111H,QeMJ4eB. 5b!BWII1e C0/03HII1KII1 a!4TeKOB, 4YBCTBY>I 111X HeMII1HyeMOe nopa)l(eHII1e, nepewn111 Ha CTOpOHY 111CnaHJ4eB.

31 MaSI- 14 aBrycTa 1521 r. OCAAA TEHO'-ITIIIT11AHA. Tl.l..laTenbHo no,QroTOBII1BWII1Cb, KopTec OCa,Q111fl ropo,Q. nepBb/M ,QeflOM OH nepeKpblfl ace nyr111 no.QB03a npoall13111111. 0cTaBWII1XCf/ no,Q era Ha4aflOM eaponeii114ea (npii1MepHo 1 Tb/Cf/4a con.QaT np111 MeHee 4eM 100 nowaAf/X 111 18 nywKax) oH pa3.Qenll1n Ha 4eTb!pe OTpf/,Qa: Tpll1 cyxonyrHb/X 111 O,Q111H - 9KII1na)l(ll1 03epHb/X 6pll1raHTII1H. OrHecTpenbHoro opy)/(111>1 Ha acex He xaaTano, TaK 4TO MHor111e con.QaTb!-eaponeii1J4bl 6blflll1 aoopy-

CEBEPHA~

IO)I(HA~

AM EPV1 KV1

265

%eHbl nyKaMM CO CTpenaMM, KOnbf/MM M Me'-/aMM. KpoMe TOTO, B pacnoPR%eHMM KopTeca HaXOJJ.MnMcb HecKonbKO Tb!Cf/'-1 MHj],eMCKMX COI03HM-

1524-1555 rr. nOKOPEH~E CEBEPH0171 MEKC~K~. 1529 r. BOCCTAH~E ~HAEIII足 UEB-TA5ACKO. 0Ho 6btno %ecTO-

MEKC~KO). BosMyl1.4eHHbte%eCTOKMM o6pal1.4eHMeM KOnOHM3aTOpOB, MHj],eML.lbl HananM Ha OTPRJJ. MCnaHCKMX COnjJ,aT. 0ocne TOTO, KaK npM6bt-

KOB. TpM cyxonYTHbiX OTPRJJ.a aTaKOaanM TOPOJJ. -c 10ra, aocToKa M 3anaJJ.a COOTBeTCTBeHHO; MX '-lpe3Bbl'-lafiiHO arprpeKTMBHO no,lJ,IJ.ep%MBanM

KO noJJ.aaneHo ctJpaHcMcKo JJ.e MoHTexo, npeeMHMKOM KopTeca. 1539 r. nOA'-I~HEH~E MA171S1. B KOHL.le KOHL.lOB, nocne l.lenoTo PRJJ.a KaMnaHMiii JJ.e MoHTexo yJJ.anocbJJ.06MTbCR ycnexa.

nM nOJJ.KpenneHMfl, MCnaHL.lbl B O%eCTO'-/eHHOM 6010 OTBOeaanM nya6no.

6pMTaHTMHbl, 0'-/MCTMB 03epo OT al.lTeKCKMX 6oeBbiX nMpOT M B KpMTM'-/eCKMe MOMeHTbl npMKpbtBaf/ OTHeM. 0pe0/1,0neBaf/ OT'-/af/HHOe conpOTMBneHMe npOTMBHMKa, MCnaHL.lbl M MX COI03HMKM Mej],fleHHO npOJJ.BMTanMCb K l.leHTpy ropoj],a. ,abtMf/l1.4MeCR pa3aanMHbl 03HaMeHOBanM KOHel.l l.lapCTBa al.lTeKOB, npocyl1.4eCTBOBaBWero 152 TOj],a. npa BMTenb KBaYTeMaK (yHacne/1,0BaBWMiii TPOH nocne KBMTnayaKa) 6btnsaxaa'-/eH a nneH(M TpeMR TOJJ.aMM no3%e noaeweH a /saTeMane). 3a actO KaMnaHMIO noTM6no, aepoRTHO, JJ.O 100 TbtCR'-1 '-lenoaeKKaK B 60RX, TaK MOT 6one3Hefii MnM TonoJJ.a ao apeMR ocaJJ.bt. Ha pyMHax TeHO'-ITMTnaHa KopTec ocHoaan HO-

1540-1542 rr. 3KCnEA~U~S1 KOPOHAAO. C OTPRJJ.OM a 350 aepxoabtX COn/1,aT, C nywKaMM M KpynHbiM CTaj],OM Mf/CO-MOnO'-IHOTO CKOTa, a TaJOKe B conpOBO%j],eHMM MHj],eMCKMX pa6oa M cot03HMKOB ctJpaHcMcKo BacKec JJ.e KopoHaJJ.o BbtCTYnMn M3 MeXMKo Ha ceaep, HaMepeaaRCb OTbtcKaTb neTeHJJ.apHbte CeMb 3onoTbtX /opoJJ.OB. Bosne CyHM-nya6no ( coap. HbtO-MeKCMKo) npoM3owno nepaoe sarj)MKCMpOBaHHOe XpOHMKaMM BOOpY?/(eHHOe CTOnKHOBeHMe Ha aMepMKaHCKOM tOro-sanaJJ.e; KopoHaJJ.o oTpa3Mn MHj],eMCKYIO aTaKY, a 3aTeM 3aXBaTMn nya6no ( MtOnb 1540 r. ). CHa-

Oca,ua TeHO'ITIITJiaHa HBHJiaCb on-

'-lana MHJJ.eiiil.lbl paJJ.yWHO npMBeTCTBOBanM MCnaHL.leB, M 3KCnej],Ml.lMfl sa3MMoaana a TMTe-nya6no (ao3ne

HOM H3 caMbiX ycneiiiHbiX ocanHhiX onepauHfl: 3a BCIO HCTOpHIO BOeHHOI'O nena. KopTec npoHBHJI ce6H O)lHHM H3 BeJIHt.raHIIIHX BOeHat.raJibHHKOB CBOero

coap. Anb6yKepKe). KoTJJ.a sanacbt npOBMaHTa nOJJ.OWnM K KOHL.lY, MCnaHl.lbl CTanM peKBM3MpOBaTb nML1.4Y, '-ITO Bbi3Bano PRJJ. CTbt'-leK C MHJJ.efiil.laMM.

BpeMeHH: TIOHeCH CpaBHHTeJibHO He60JibiiiHe TIOTepH, OH, CJie)lyH TlliaTeJibHO pa3pa60TaHHOMYTIJiaHY, 3aBOeBaJI u:enoe u:apcTBo. IIo6ena 3Ta o6ecnet.rHJia HCTiaHUaM rocnonCTBo B 6oJibiiie:H t.racrn HoBoro CBeTa. EoraTeHIIIHH pernoH no)lBeprancH 6ecno-

1546 r. BOCCTAH~E MA171S1. /11 Ha 3TOT pa3 OHO 6btn0 %eCTOKO no-

aytO cTonML.lY, MexMKO.

j],aaneHO.

1500-1530 rr. B nEPY nPOUBETAET MOrYLUECTBEHHOE UAPCTBO ~HKOB. 1531

r.3KCnEA~U~S1<1>PAH足

C~CKO n~CAPPO. PaHee OH MC-

cneJJ.OBan ceaepo-sanaJJ.HOe no6epe%be /O%Hoiii AMepMKM. Tenepb oH oTnnbtn Ha tOT M3 ,aapbeHa ao Tnaae OTPRJJ.a M3 180 '-lenoaeK npM 27 nowaJJ.fiX M 2 nywKaX. 8btCa/1,MnCR OH y TyMnMca (coap. CaH-MMTyanb), TJJ.e M cTan %JJ.aTb noJJ.KpenneHMiii, a 3aTeM BbiCTynMn B Tny6b MaTepMKa, MMef/ no/1, CBOMM Ha'-/anOM nepMCTa M 102 neXOTMHL.la.

62 KaBa-

16 HOH6pH 1532 r. 3AXBAT ATArYAJlbnbl. npaBMTenR MHKOB 0Mcappo aeponOMHO 3aXBaTMn 6nM3 coap. ceneHMR KaxaMapKa (MnM KacaMapKa).

29 aBrycTa 1533 r. Y5~171CTBOATArYA11bnbl. HecMOTPR Ha To, '-ITOATaTyanbna 3annaTMn BbtKyn,

1550-1600 rr. ~CCJl

IIEPY 11 3AIIA)1;HOE IIOEEPE)KbE

EAOBAH ~Sl

05W~PHbiE ~

3ABOEBA-

H~S1. 9KcneJJ.Ml.lMM nocbtnanMcb no

aceMy MeKCMKaHcKoMy sanMay, a

Ha3Ha'-/eHHbtfii MCnaHL.laMM 3a OCB060%/1,eHMe, eTo ace paaHo y6MnM; 3aTeM MCnaHL.lbl ycTaHOBMnM KOHTponb HaJJ. aceiii TeppMTOpMeiii l.lap-

ru:anHOMY pa3rpa6neHHIO, H Harpa6JieHHoe BbiB03HJIOCb B HcnaHHro; 3TO )lOTIOJIHHTeJibHO TIOCTIOC06CTBOBaJIO BeKOBOMY c JIHIIIHHM rnaBeHcTBy Hc-

T8K%e BJJ.Onb TMXOOKeaHCKOTO no6epe%bfl; 6btnM JJ.OCTMTHYTbf ctJnopMJJ.a M KanMrj)opHMR.

CAH-

npeJJ.BOJJ.MTenb MHKOB MaHKO KanaK

naHHH B EBpone H MHpe.

ArYCT~HA. /opoJJ. 6btn sano%eH

nOJJ.Hf/n BOCCTaHMe. l1HKM OCa/1,MnM MCnaHL.leB B KycKO, HO 6btnM OTpa%eHbt.

1522-1539 rr. 3ABOEBAH~E IO>KH0171 MEKC~K~ ~ CEBEPA UEHTPA11bH0171 AMEP~K~. KopTec JJ.OWen JJ.O CanbBaJJ.opa. 0co6eHHO O%eCTO'-/eHHO conpOTMBnRnMCb Ha TeppMTOpMM COBpeMeHHOTO IOHJJ.ypaca MaiiiR.

1524-1526 rr. 3KCnE,lJ,~U~S1 B rOHAYPAC. 0KOH'-IaTenbHO cnoMMTb conpOTMBneHMe MafiiR KopTecy TaK M He yJJ.anocb.

1565 r.

OCHOBAH~E

nej],pO MeHeHj],eCOM j],e AaMnecoM B Ka'-/ecTae onopHoiii 6a3bt Jl.flR6oeabtX JJ.efiiCTBMfii npOTMB He/1,aBHO OCHOBaHHOfii Ha 6epeTax peKM CeHTj],)l(oHc rppaHL.lY3CKOM KOnOHMM. noTOM MeHeHJJ.ec JJ.e AaMnec 3axaaTMn rppaHL.lY3CKMfii aaaHnOCT M nepe6Mn TapHM30H. ctJpaHL.lY3CKaf/ YTP03a MCnaHCKOM ctJnopMj],e 6btna TaKMM o6pa30M ycTpaHeHa.

8 HOH6pH 1598 r. Ei~TBA nP~ AKOMA-nY35110 (COBP. HbiO-

CTBa MHKOB.

1 535-1 536 rr. BOCCTAH ~ E ~HKOB. B OTCYTCTBMe 0Mcappo

1537-1548 rr. rPA>KAAHCK~E B0171Hbl ME>KAY ~CnAH足 UAM~. Ha'-lano MM nono%Mn 6yHT ,aMero JJ.e AnbMaTpo npoTMB 0Mcappo. noHa'-/any AnbMaTpo COnYTCTBOaan ycnex, HO saTeM oH noTepnen nopa%eHMe, 6btn cxaa'-/eH M Ka3HeH ( 1538 T.). 5ecnopRJJ.KM, anpo'-leM, npOJJ.On%anMcb; 0Mcappo T8K%e 6btn y6MT ( 26 MIOHf/ 1541 r.).

266

l!lCnAHCKOE KAPE V1 nV1HEli1Hblll1 KOPA6nb. 1500-1600 rr. BOCCTaHOBfleHM/0 B 0epy BflaCTJII JIICnaHCKOill KOpOHbl. 0MCappO-Mfla,D,-

1521-1555 rr. noPTYrAnbCKASI 3KCnAHCIIISI. B xo,D,e ee

WJIIM6btfl Ka3HeH.

6btfl0 CJIICTeMaTM'IeCKJII KOIIOHJI/3MpO-

1557-1569 rr. B nEPY nPOAOn>KAIOTCSI O>KECTO"'EHHbiE ME>KIIICnAHCKIIIE CTOnKHOBEHIIISI. 1569-1581 rr. BOCCTAHOBnEHIIIE B nEPY BnACTIIIIIICnAHCKOH KOPOHbl. BMLI,e-KopOIIb

BaHO no6epe)J(be coapeMeHHOill

C/JpaHCMCKO ,D,e Tone,D,o ycTaHOBMII MMp.

1579 r. HA6Erlil HA nEPYAHCKOE nOSEPE>KbE 3CKAAPbl <DP3HCIIICA APEHKA. 1587-1588 rr. nnABAHIIIE TOMACA KABEHAIIIWA. Em ac-

Gpa3MIIMM.

1555 r. nEPBASI <DPAHLI,Y3CKASI KOnOHIIISI. 0Ha 6btna ocHoaaHa Ha MeCTe COBpeMeHH0/0 PMO,D,e-)/(aHeillpo.

1556-1557 rr. noPTYrAnbCKOE HAnAAEHIIIE HA PIIIO-AE>KAHEHPO. MeM ,D,e Ca pa3pywMn C/JpaHU.Y3CKyJO KOIIOHJI/10.

PAHIJ,Y3CKAH AMEPMKA

Ka,D,pa ( COCTOf/BWaf/ Jl/3 Tpex aHmMillCKJIIX KOpa6neill) 3aXBaTMfla B BOCTO'IHOM 'laCTJII TMX0/0 OKeaHa

20 MCnaH-

CKJIIX /afleOHOB. nneHeHVIe BO>KASI BOCCTaHVISI VIHKOB TynaKAMapy. PVICYHOK 1113 XPOHVIKVI noMa Ae Ai.tsma.

XVI

IIOPTYrAJibCKAH

1540-1561 rr. 3ABOEBAHIIIE "'lilnlil. Ha'laTO OHO 6btfl0 ne,D,po ,D,e

AMEPMKA

1555-1557 rr. KOnOHIIISI B 6PA31!1nlillil. (CM. BbtWe). 1564 r. KOnOHIIISI BO <DnOPIIIAE. )f(aH ,D,e PM6o M PeHe ,D,e flo,D,OHbe ocHoaanM a ycTbe peKM CeHT/l.)J(OHC yKpenneHHOe noceneHMe, nony'IMBwee Ha3aaHMe C/JopT Kapo-

Banb,D,MBMeill M OTMe'leHo cepMeill

IIMHa.

mro,

7 IIIIOHH 1494 r. TOPAECI!InbSICCKIIIH AOrOBOP. CamacHo em

1565 r. IIICnAHLI,bi3AXBATbiBAIOT <DOPT KAPOni!IHY. PyKoao-

KaK Banb,D,MBMfl no1M6 a cpa)J(eHMM

YCIIOBJI/f/M nopTy!aflbLI,bl nony'lafiJII

,D,JI/11 JIIMJII ne,D,po MeHeH,D,ec ,D,e ABM-

( 1553 !.},

npaaa Ha 3eMJIJII, COOTBeTCTBY/0/.J..IMe

JieC.

lapcMR Ypm,D,o ,D,e MeH,D,oca.

BOCTO'IHO?i OKOHe'IHOCTJII COBpeMeH-

1546 r. KOPOnEBCKOE BMEWATEnbCTBO. Kapn V Ha3Ha'IMII

HOill Gpa3MIIMM.

1567 r. PEHA B <DOPT KAPOni!IHY. Weaanbe ,D,e lyp!B HeHa-

KaMnaHMM npOTJIIB BOJIIHCTBeHHb/X MH,D,eillu.ea-apayKaHu.ea. nocne

3aBOeBaHMe npO,D,Ofi>KJI/11

,IJ,Ofl/0 3aXBaTMII C/JOpT J11 nepe6Mfl

nepy. npM noMO/.J..IJII Ballb,IJ,JIIBJIIJII ,D,e

1 500-1 520 rr. <DPAH KOnOPTYrAnbCKOE COnEPHIII"'ECTBO. C/JpaHU.Y3CKMe M nopT}'!aflb-

11a JaCKa pa36Mfl B O>KeCTO'IeHHOM

CKMe 9Kcne,D,MU.MM o6cne,D,oaanM ce-

,D,eCOM ,D,e ABMfleCOM ,D,BYMfl m,D,aMM

cpa>KeHMM

aepo-aocTO'IHOe no6epe>Kbe IO>K-

paHee. 0,D,HaKO, OC03HaB, 'ITO CO-

ne,D,po ,D,e na lacKy BMLI,e-KoponeM a

( 1548 1.)

npM

WaKMWalyaHe

MCnaHCKJIIM 1apHM30H B OTBeT Ha 6oi11HJO, Y'IMHeHHYJO ne,D,po MeHeH-

0Mcappo

Hoill AMepMKM; HeCKOflbKO pa3 Me)J(-

nepHM'IaTb C MCnaHLI,aMJII BO C/JnOpM-

(Mna,D,wero 6pam C/JpaHCMCKo); no-

AY HMMM cny'lafiMCb aoopy)J(eHHbte

,D,e JIIM He nO/], CMfly, C/JpaHLI,Y3bl OCTa-

6e,D,a 9Ta npMaena K 'laCTJII'IHOMy

CTOIIKHOBeHJI/fl.

BJIIIIJII C/JOpT.

loHcaneca